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King (2026 film)

2026-05-07T21:38:38Z

Babakigadi123: made...

{{Short description|Upcoming Hindi film by Siddharth Anand}}
{{about|the upcoming Indian action thriller film|other uses|King (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = King
| image = King (Hindi film).jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Siddharth Anand]]
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sujoy Ghosh]]
* Siddharth Anand
* Suresh Nair
* Sagar Pandya
}}
| story = Sujoy Ghosh
{{Infobox | decat=yes | child=yes | label1=Dialogues by | data1=[[Abbas Tyrewala]]}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Gauri Khan]]
* Siddharth Anand
* Mamta Anand
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Shah Rukh Khan]]
* Suhana Khan
* [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
* [[Deepika Padukone]]
* [[Anil Kapoor]]
* [[Jackie Shroff]]
* [[Arshad Warsi]]
* [[Rani Mukerji]]
}}
| cinematography = Satchith Paulose
| editing = [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]
| music = {{ubl
| '''Score:'''
| [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| '''Songs:'''
| [[Sachin{{endash}}Jigar]]
}}
| studio = {{ubl
| [[Red Chillies Entertainment]]
| Marflix Pictures
}}
| distributor = {{ubl
| [[Pen Studios|Pen Marudhar]] (India)
| [[Yash Raj Films]] (International)
}}
| released = {{Film date|2026|12|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|350}} crore<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 November 2025 |date=8 November 2025|title=SCOOP: Shah Rukh Khan's King becomes India's costliest action film at Rs. 350 crores with 6 MEGA action sequences! |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-shah-rukh-khans-king-becomes-indias-costliest-action-film-rs-350-crores-6-mega-action-sequences |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
| gross = 
}}

'''''King''''' is an upcoming Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Action film|action thriller film]] co-written and directed by [[Siddharth Anand]]. It is produced by [[Gauri Khan]], Siddharth Anand, and Mamta Anand under [[Red Chillies Entertainment]] and Marflix Pictures. The film stars [[Shah Rukh Khan]], Suhana Khan, [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Arshad Warsi]], and [[Rani Mukerji]].

[[Principal photography]] began in May 2025, taking place in [[Mumbai]], [[Warsaw]], [[Berlin]],[[Cape Town]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=7 July 2025 |title=Shah Rukh Khan starrer King gears up for major European schedule in August |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-starrer-king-gears-major-european-schedule-august-report/ |access-date=22 April 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> The film's soundtrack is composed by [[Sachin–Jigar]], while the [[film score]] is composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]].

''King'' is scheduled for a theatrical release on 24 December 2026.

== Cast ==
{{castlist|
* [[Shah Rukh Khan]]
* Suhana Khan
* [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
* [[Deepika Padukone]]
* [[Anil Kapoor]]
* [[Jackie Shroff]]
* [[Arshad Warsi]]
* [[Rani Mukerji]]
* [[Jaideep Ahlawat]]
* [[Raghav Juyal]]
* [[Abhay Verma]]
* [[Akshay Oberoi]]
* [[Karanvir Malhotra]]
* [[Saurabh Shukla]]
* Kashvi Majmundar<ref>{{Cite web|title='King:' Child actress Kashvi Majmundar lands 'mini role' in Shah Rukh Khan's next, after playing young Priyanka Chopra in Citadel:Honey Bunny'|website=[[Times of India]]|date=21 November 2025|access-date=18 April 2026|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/king-child-actress-kashvi-majmundar-lands-mini-role-in-shah-rukh-khans-next-after-playing-young-priyanka-chopra-in-citadel-honey-bunny/articleshow/125468491.cms}}</ref>}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
Following the commercial success of ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]'' (2023), reports emerged that [[Shah Rukh Khan]] would collaborate with director [[Sujoy Ghosh]] on an action thriller film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-27 |title=Sujoy Ghosh to direct Shah Rukh Khan and Suhana Khan's upcoming thriller: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sujoy-ghosh-to-direct-shah-rukh-khan-and-suhana-khans-upcoming-thriller-report-2398594-2023-06-27 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The project, reportedly produced by [[Siddharth Anand]] and [[Gauri Khan]], was also said to feature Suhana Khan in her feature film debut.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shah Rukh Khan and Suhana Khan to team up for Sujoy Ghosh's next action thriller: Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-and-suhana-khan-to-team-up-for-sujoy-ghoshs-next-action-thriller-report/articleshow/101304069.cms |access-date=2025-09-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Initially titled ''King'', the film was scheduled to begin production in November 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shah Rukh Khan and daughter Suhana Khan to share screen in high-octane action thriller, shooting begins November 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-and-daughter-suhana-khan-to-share-screen-in-high-octane-action-thriller-shooting-begins-november-2024/articleshow/104530327.cms |access-date=2025-09-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Suhana Khan starrer Sujoy Ghosh film to kick-start from January, here's what it is titled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-suhana-khan-starrer-sujoy-ghosh-film-to-kick-start-from-january-heres-what-it-is-titled/articleshow/105381854.cms |access-date=2025-09-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The title had previously been acquired by [[Sajid Nadiadwala]] for a planned project starring [[Hrithik Roshan]] and directed by [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]], which was later shelved; Nadiadwala subsequently transferred the rights to [[Red Chillies Entertainment]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 January 2024 |title=Sajid Nadiadwala gives the title KING to Shah Rukh Khan for free; hopes to collaborate with him in the future |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sajid-nadiadwala-gives-title-king-shah-rukh-khan-free-hopes-collaborate-future |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=10 January 2024 }}</ref>

Filming was originally planned to take place between November 2024 and March 2025, allowing Khan to prioritize other commitments, including ''Tiger vs Pathaan''; however, these plans were not realized.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=CONFIRMED! Shah Rukh Khan, daughter Suhana to share screen together in Sujoy Ghosh's next {{!}} Bollywood News – India TV |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-daughter-suhana-to-share-screen-together-in-sujoy-ghoshs-next-2023-10-18-898526 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> The schedule was later revised to January 2025, but this too was postponed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-11-21 |title=Here's when SRK and Suhana Khan will kickstart shoot for Sujoy Ghosh's King; Siddharth Anand to take charge of action |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/heres-when-srk-and-suhana-khan-will-kickstart-shoot-for-sujoy-ghoshs-king-siddharth-anand-to-take-charge-of-action-scenes/na20231121141242146146766 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> In August 2024, Khan confirmed the project at the [[Locarno Film Festival]] in [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-12 |title=Shah Rukh Khan confirms his next film 'King' with Sujoy Ghosh; says he is losing weight |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shah-rukh-khan-confirms-his-next-film-king-with-sujoy-ghosh-says-he-is-losing-weight/article68515357.ece |access-date=2025-09-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Shah Rukh Khan on his upcoming movie 'King' with Sujoy Ghosh: 'It's a cool, massy, action-packed, emotional film' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-on-his-upcoming-movie-king-with-sujoy-ghosh-its-a-cool-massy-action-packed-emotional-film/articleshow/112533590.cms |access-date=2025-09-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In December 2024, Anand replaced Ghosh as director for undisclosed reasons.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 December 2024 |title=Shah Rukh Khan and Suhana Khan's King to be helmed by Siddharth Anand and not Sujoy Ghosh: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-and-suhana-khans-king-to-be-helmed-by-siddharth-anand-and-not-sujoy-ghosh-report-101734943226421.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-24 |title=Siddharth Anand replaces Sujoy Ghosh as director for SRK's King: Reports |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/siddharth-anand-replaces-sujoy-ghosh-director-shah-rukh-khan-king-stmp-2654749-2024-12-24 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The film is reportedly inspired by the 1994 French film ''[[Léon: The Professional]]''.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 February 2024 |title=Shah Rukh and Suhana Khan starrer ‘King’ inspired by THIS Hollywood flick |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-and-suhana-khan-starrer-king-inspired-by-this-hollywood-flick/articleshow/108076635.cms |publisher=|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 February 2024 |title=SCOOP: Shah Rukh Khan & Suhana Khan's King is inspired by Leon: The Professional |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-shah-rukh-khan-suhana-khans-king-inspired-leon-professional |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=28 February 2024}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Khan and his daughter Suhana were officially confirmed as part of the film in February 2024, marking Suhana’s theatrical debut following her appearance in ''[[The Archies (film)|The Archies]]'' (2023).<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 February 2024 |first=Himesh |last=Mankad |title=EXCLUSIVE: Shah Rukh Khan & Suhana Khan to start Sujoy Ghosh's King from May; Prep work begins |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-shah-rukh-khan-prep-work-begins-1281699 |work=Pinkvilla |date=26 February 2024 }}</ref> While early reports suggested that Khan would appear in an extended cameo, it was later clarified that he plays a full-fledged lead role.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 April 2024 |title=King to be a Shah Rukh Khan film with Suhana Khan as the parallel lead: Report |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/king-shah-rukh-khan-film-suhana-khan-parallel-lead-report/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=18 April 2024 }}</ref> He is reportedly cast as a sleek, highly skilled assassin, with Suhana portraying his protégé—an apprentice navigating the dangerous world under his guidance.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 October 2024 |title=Shah Rukh Khan to play assassin in King: Report |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-play-assassin-king-report |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=17 October 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 October 2024 |title=King: Shah Rukh Khan to play a professional assassin in his first film with daughter Suhana Khan? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/king-shah-rukh-khan-to-play-a-professional-assassin-in-his-first-film-with-daughter-suhana-khan-101729174256108.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 October 2024 }}</ref> In July 2024, [[Abhishek Bachchan]] joined the project as the film’s primary antagonist.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 July 2024 |title=Shah Rukh Khan to face off against Abhishek Bachchan in Siddharth Anand's King directed by Sujoy Ghosh: Report |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-face-off-abhishek-bachchan-sujoy-ghoshs-king-report/ |website=Bollywood Hungama|date=15 July 2024 }}</ref> [[Abhay Verma]] was cast in a pivotal role in August 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=20 August 2024 |first=Himesh |last=Mankad |title=EXCLUSIVE: Abhay Verma joins Shah Rukh Khan, Suhana Khan, and Abhishek Bachchan in Siddharth Anand's King |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-abhay-verma-joins-shah-rukh-khan-suhana-khan-and-abhishek-bachchan-in-siddharth-anands-king-1336824 |work=Pinkvilla |date=8 August 2024 }}</ref>

[[Deepika Padukone]] was confirmed in April 2025 after initially declining due to personal commitments.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 April 2025 |title=Deepika Padukone-SRK to reunite for 5th time in King, shooting details out: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/deepika-padukone-shah-rukh-khan-to-reunite-for-5th-time-in-king-shooting-details-out-report-2717250-2025-04-30 |work=India Today |date=30 April 2025 }}</ref> During that period, the role had been offered to several leading actresses, including [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]], [[Sonam Bajwa]], [[Katrina Kaif]], and [[Preity Zinta]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 April 2025 |title=No Deepika Padukone in King with Shah Rukh Khan; Siddharth Anand in talks with Sonam Bajwa |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/no-deepika-padukone-king-shah-rukh-khan-siddharth-anand-talks-sonam-bajwa |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=8 April 2025 }}</ref> However, following scheduling adjustments and at Khan’s request, Padukone ultimately joined the film.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 April 2025 |title=BEHIND THE SCENES SCOOP: How Deepika Padukone came on board Shah Rukh Khan's King |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/behind-scenes-scoop-deepika-padukone-came-board-shah-rukh-khans-king |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=30 April 2025 }}</ref> In the same month, [[Arshad Warsi]] joined the cast.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 May 2025 |title=King BIG Update: Arshad Warsi Joins Shah Rukh Khan Film In Small But Pivotal Role; Actor Could Not Say No Because... |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/king-big-update-arshad-warsi-joins-shah-rukh-khan-film-in-small-but-pivotal-role-actor-could-not-say-no-because-article-151568299 |work=Times Now |date=5 May 2025 }}</ref> In May 2025, [[Anil Kapoor]] and [[Jackie Shroff]] joined the cast.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=14 May 2025 |title=Ram Lakhan duo Jackie Shroff and Anil Kapoor to reunite for SRK's King: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ram-lakhan-duo-jackie-shroff-and-anil-kapoor-to-reunite-for-srks-king-report-2724783-2025-05-14 |website=India Today |date=14 May 2025 }}</ref> [[Rani Mukerji]] was also confirmed to play Suhana’s mother in the same month.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 May 2025 |title=King finds its 'Rani': Shah Rukh Khan, Rani Mukerji to reunite on-screen after 19 years for Suhana Khan-starrer King |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/shah-rukh-khan-rani-mukerji-to-reunite-in-king-to-play-suhana-khans-mom-in-comeback-deepika-padukone-also-on-board-101747480164204.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 May 2025 }}</ref>

In June 2025, [[Jaideep Ahlawat]], [[Raghav Juyal]], and [[Saurabh Shukla]] were confirmed to be part of the film.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 June 2025 |title=Jaideep Ahlawat confirms role in Shah Rukh Khan's King; says, "Who could say no to Shah Rukh Khan" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/jaideep-ahlawat-confirms-role-shah-rukh-khans-king-says-say-no-shah-rukh-khan |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=22 June 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 May 2025 |first=Himesh |last=Mankad |title=EXCLUSIVE: Raghav Juyal and Saurabh Shukla join Shah Rukh Khan on Siddharth Anand's King |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-raghav-juyal-and-saurabh-shukla-join-shah-rukh-khan-on-siddharth-anands-king-1389248 |work=Pinkvilla |date=24 May 2025 }}</ref> Later, in September 2025, [[Akshay Oberoi]] and [[Karanvir Malhotra]] joined the cast.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akshay Oberoi Confirms Joining Shah Rukh Khan In King: Said Yes Without Asking For Script {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/akshay-oberoi-confirms-joining-shah-rukh-khan-in-king-said-yes-without-asking-for-script-exclusive-article-152916321 |publisher= |date=29 September 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025|website=Times Now}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 September 2025 |title=Karanvir Malhotra Joins Shah Rukh Khan And Suhana Khan In King: Report |work=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/karanvir-malhotra-joins-shah-rukh-khan-and-suhana-khan-in-king-report-ws-l-9591716.html }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] was initially scheduled to begin in early 2025, but was delayed after Anand reworked the script.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 March 2025 |title=SCOOP: Shah Rukh Khan's King shoot pushed to June; Siddharth Anand reworking on script to ensure a larger-than-life spectacle! |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-shah-rukh-khans-king-shoot-pushed-june-siddharth-anand-reworking-script-ensure-larger-life-spectacle |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=5 March 2025 }}</ref> Filming commenced in May 2025 at [[Mehboob Studio|Mehboob Studios]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 May 2025 |title=Suhana Khan and Abhay Verma begin 'King' movie shoot without Shah Rukh Khan; superstar to join production later |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/suhana-khan-and-abhay-verma-start-filming-king-without-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/121305974.cms |work=Times of India |date=21 May 2025 }}</ref> In June 2025, an action sequence set in a jail environment was shot at the same location with approximately 200 stunt performers, for which large-scale prison sets were constructed.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 June 2025 |title=SRK begins filming intense jail action scene for King with 200 stuntmen: Report |date=18 June 2025 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shah-rukh-khan-begins-filming-intense-jail-action-scene-for-king-2742585-2025-06-18 |publisher=India Today}}</ref> During production, Juyal sustained a leg injury while performing stunt sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Raghav Juyal suffers injury while shooting for Shah Rukh Khan's 'King', source says 'He was in considerable pain and...' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/raghav-juyal-suffers-injury-while-shooting-for-shah-rukh-khans-king-source-says-he-was-in-considerable-pain-and-13894564.html |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> In July 2025, Khan also suffered a muscular injury while filming action scenes at the Golden Tobacco Factory in [[Vile Parle]], Mumbai, and subsequently travelled to the [[United States]] for medical treatment, resulting in a brief delay in the schedule.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=19 July 2025 |title=Shah Rukh Khan sustains injury on King sets while filming action sequence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/shah-rukh-khan-injured-during-shoot-of-next-release-king-while-attempting-action-sequence-sources-2758171-2025-07-19 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=19 July 2025 |title=SCOOP: Shah Rukh Khan injured on the sets of King; advised to take a one-month break from work |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-shah-rukh-khan-injured-sets-king-advised-take-one-month-break-work |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=19 July 2025 }}</ref>

The second schedule began in September 2025 in [[Warsaw]], Poland.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 September 2025 |title=Siddharth Anand currently shooting Shah Rukh Khan starrer King in Poland, Arshad Warsi confirms role |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/siddharth-anand-currently-shooting-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-king-poland-arshad-warsi-confirms-role |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=5 September 2025 }}</ref> Warsi confirmed his participation by sharing a photograph from Warsaw’s [[Old Town, Warsaw|Old Town]] on social media, to which Anand responded with the comment “Welcome to the Kingdom”.<ref name="TOI_WarsiJoins">{{cite web |title='King': Arshad Warsi starts shooting for Shah Rukh Khan starrer in Poland - See Pic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/king-arshad-warsi-starts-shooting-for-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-in-poland-see-pic/articleshow/123680292.cms |website=The Times of India |date=3 September 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref> Filming resumed in December 2025 after a six-week break for Khan’s recovery.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=19 December 2025 |title=Shah Rukh Khan returns to filming King with action-heavy schedule from December 20 after six-week break: Report |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-returns-filming-king-action-heavy-schedule-december-20-six-week-break-report/ |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> A large-scale action sequence featuring Khan and Bachchan, reportedly mounted on a budget of ₹50 crore, was subsequently filmed in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 January 2026 |title=SCOOP: Shah Rukh Khan & Siddharth Anand film a jaw-dropping Rs. 50 crore action sequence for King |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-shah-rukh-khan-siddharth-anand-film-jaw-dropping-rs-50-crore-action-sequence-king |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> In March 2026, an eight-night long [[Vijayadashami]] action sequence involving Khan and Suhana was filmed at Ellora Studios, Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=6 March 2026 |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Suhana Khan Complete Grand Vijayadashami Sequence In King |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-suhana-khan-complete-grand-vijayadashami-sequence-in-king-aa-ws-l-9946340.html |website=News18}}</ref> In April 2026, a desert sequence featuring Kapoor and Suhana was scheduled to be filmed in [[Dubai]]; however, it was cancelled due to the ongoing [[2026 Iran war|crisis in the Middle East]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=31 March 2026 |title=Dubai shoot cancelled for Shah Rukh Khan-starrer King amid West Asia tensions: Report |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2026/Mar/31/dubai-shoot-cancelled-for-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-king-amid-west-asia-tensions-report |website=Cinema Express}}</ref> The sequence was subsequently shifted to [[Mumbai]] for filming.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 March 2026 |title=Shoot of Shah Rukh Khan’s King in Dubai cancelled amid Middle East tensions, desert sequence shifted to Mumbai: Report |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shoot-shah-rukh-khans-king-dubai-cancelled-amid-middle-east-tensions-desert-sequence-shifted-mumbai-report |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> In May 2026, filming relocated to [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]], where a song sequence featuring Shah Rukh Khan and Deepika Padukone was shot.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=1 May 2026 |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Deepika Padukone seen holding hands in LEAKED King photos from Cape Town |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukone-seen-holding-hands-in-leaked-king-photos-from-cape-town/ |access-date=4 May 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film's soundtrack is composed by [[Sachin–Jigar]], replacing [[Siddharth Anand]]'s norm collaborator [[Vishal–Shekhar]], and marking the duo's first collaboration with [[Shah Rukh Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Sachin-Jigar Tease Big Surprise In Shah Rukh Khan Starrer King: ‘You’re Going To See Him Lip-Syncing…’ |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/sachin-jigar-tease-big-surprise-in-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-king-youre-going-to-see-him-lip-syncing-ws-l-9935572.html |access-date=28 April 2026 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> The [[film score]] is composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], marking his first collaboration with Anand and second with Khan after ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |title=After Jawan, Shah Rukh Khan to reunite with music director Anirudh Ravichander for King: Report |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/jawan-shah-rukh-khan-reunite-music-director-anirudh-ravichander-king-report/ |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

It was reported that British singer-songwriter [[Ed Sheeran]] contributed to a track for the film. This rumor began from Shah Rukh Khan's appearance in the music video "[[Sapphire (song)|Sapphire]]" by Sheeran and his related social media activity.<ref>{{cite web |last= |date=8 July 2025 |title=Did Ed Sheeran confirm he sang a Hindi song for Shah Rukh Khan's King? Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/did-ed-sheeran-confirm-he-sang-a-hindi-song-for-shah-rukh-khan-suhana-khan-siddharth-anand-king-sapphire-arijit-singh-101750219968190.html |access-date=9 July 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = They Call Him King (King Theme)
| length1 = 1:15
| lyrics1 = Heisenberg
| extra1 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
}}

== Marketing ==
In early October 2025, during ongoing filming, Anand posted a cryptic message, “Tick. Tock. Tick. Tock.,” on [[X (social network)|X]]. The post, which did not explicitly reference the film, prompted speculation among fans that it signalled a countdown to the release of the film’s first look.<ref name="TimesNow_AnandTease">{{cite web |title=Did Siddharth Anand Tease King First Look With Cryptic Countdown Post On X? Shah Rukh Khan Fans Think So |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/did-siddharth-anand-tease-king-first-look-with-cryptic-countdown-post-on-x-shah-rukh-khan-fans-think-so-article-152972591/amp |website=Times Now |date=9 October 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref> Around the same time, he also shared behind-the-scenes content on [[Instagram]], including an image of the crew taken during an early morning shoot.<ref name="Zoom_AnandHint">{{cite web |title=Did Siddharth Anand Hint at the First Look of King with a Mysterious Countdown on X? Fans of Shah Rukh Khan Believe So. |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/siddharth-anand-countdown-srk-first-look-article-152972968 |website=Zoom TV |date=10 October 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>

The title reveal and first-look poster of the film were unveiled on 2 November 2025, coinciding with Khan’s 60th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Darr Nahi, Dehshat Hoon': Shah Rukh Khan Unleashes Brutal Action In KING Title Reveal {{!}} Watch |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/darr-nahi-dehshat-hoon-shah-rukh-khan-unleashes-brutal-action-in-king-title-reveal-watch-9674855.html |access-date=2 November 2025 |publisher=News18}}</ref> The poster showcased Khan in a distinctive salt-and-pepper look.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 November 2025 |title=Shah Rukh Khan embraces salt and pepper hair in King, unveils first look on 60th birthday |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/shah-rukh-khan-embraces-salt-and-pepper-hair-in-king-unveils-first-look-on-60th-birthday-dar-nahi-dehshat-hun-101762067457414.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Prior to the official announcement, Anand teased the film’s release date on X through a series of cryptic tweets.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=19 January 2026 |title=Siddharth Anand’s cryptic post fuels speculation on Shah Rukh Khan’s King release date announcement |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/siddharth-anands-cryptic-post-fuels-speculation-shah-rukh-khans-king-release-date-announcement |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> The release date was eventually confirmed on 24 December 2026 via an announcement video.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 January 2026 |title=King: Bloodied Shah Rukh Khan roars in action-packed teaser, film to release on Dec 24 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/king-bloodied-shah-rukh-khan-roars-in-action-packed-teaser-film-to-release-on-dec-24-10492580/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''King'' is scheduled for a theatrical release on 24 December 2026, coinciding with [[Christmas Eve]] with dubbed versions in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], and [[English language|English]], in addition to its original Hindi language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2026 |title=Shah Rukh Khan starrer KING locks Christmas 2026 release; explosive new teaser take fan frenzy to the next level |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-starrer-king-locks-christmas-2026-release-explosive-new-teaser-take-fan-frenzy-next-level/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=24 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 January 2026 |title=‘King’: Shah Rukh Khan’s actioner gets release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/king-shah-rukh-khans-actioner-gets-release-date/article70546123.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shah Rukh Khan declares 'King' a pan-wold film; says Indian fans have 'taken me to places I thought was impossible' - WATCH |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-declares-king-a-pan-wold-film-says-indian-fans-have-taken-me-to-places-i-thought-was-impossible-watch/articleshow/114908300.cms|work=The Times of India |date=2 November 2024 |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref>
=== Distribution ===
The film will be distributed in India by [[Pen Studios|Pen Marudhar]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2026|access-date=20 April 2026|title=SCOOP: Pen Marudhar secures Shah Rukh Khan-Siddharth Anand’s King in a whopping Rs. 250 crore theatrical deal|website=Bollywood Hungama|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/scoop-pen-marudhar-secures-shah-rukh-khan-siddharth-anands-king-in-a-whopping-rs-250-crore-theatrical-deal/}}</ref> while the overseas distribution will be handled by [[Yash Raj Films]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 February 2026|access-date=3 February 2026|website=Bollywood Hungama|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-starrer-king-goes-global-red-chillies-marflix-yrf-join-hands-international-release-christmas-2026/|title=Shah Rukh Khan starrer King goes global: Red Chillies, Marflix and YRF join hands for international release on Christmas 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|28228084|King}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|id=king}}

{{Red Chillies Entertainment}}
{{Siddharth Anand}}
{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2026 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Siddharth Anand]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Category:Red Chillies Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Warsaw]]
[[Category:Upcoming Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2026 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sachin–Jigar]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Yash Raj Films]]
[[Category:2020s prison films]]
[[Category:Indian prison films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of French films]]

Manjima Mohan

2026-05-07T15:24:53Z

Babakigadi123:

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Indian name|Manjima|Mohan}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manjima Mohan
| image = Manjima Mohan interview.jpg
| caption = Manjima in 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|03|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Gautham Ram Karthik]]|28 November 2022}}
| mother = Kalamandalam Girija
| father = [[Vipin Mohan]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]|[[Television presenter|TV host]]}}
| years_active = 1997–2001 (child artist); 2015–present
| alma_mater = [[Stella Maris College, Chennai]]
}}

'''Manjima Mohan''' is an Indian actress who primarily appears in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. She started her career as a child artist in Malayalam films. she made her debut as a lead actress with ''[[Oru Vadakkan Selfie]]'' (2015) in [[Malayalam]] and ''[[Achcham Enbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' (2016) in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. She won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/64th-filmfare-awards-south-2017-madhavan-suriya-best-actor-983322-2017-06-18 |title=64th Filmfare Awards South 2017: R Madhavan wins Best Actor, Suriya bags Critics Award |website=India Today |date=18 June 2017 |access-date=14 July 2017 |archive-date=11 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711164455/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/64th-filmfare-awards-south-2017-madhavan-suriya-best-actor/1/981419.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Deccan Chronicle">{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150513/entertainment-kollywood/article/manjima-new-heroine-simbu |title=Manjima is the new heroine for Simbu |date=14 May 2015 |access-date=21 May 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124822/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150513/entertainment-kollywood/article/manjima-new-heroine-simbu |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life ==

Manjima is the daughter of veteran cinematographer [[Vipin Mohan]] and dancer Kalamandalam Girija. After completing her schooling at [[Nirmala Bhavan Higher Secondary School]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], she pursued a [[B.Sc.]] degree in mathematics from [[Stella Maris College, Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. She married actor [[Gautham Ram Karthik]] on 28 November 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/gautham-karthik-manjima-mohan-wedding-first-photos-mani-ratnam-sivakumar-attend-8293883/ |title=Gautham Karthik and Manjima Mohan are now married, see first photos |date=28 November 2022 |publisher=New Indian Express |access-date=29 November 2022 |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129040754/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/gautham-karthik-manjima-mohan-wedding-first-photos-mani-ratnam-sivakumar-attend-8293883/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Manjima was a leading child artist in Malayalam film industry in early 2000s later she also hosted a television call-in show for kids by the name ‘'Hai Kids'’ on [[Surya TV]] for three years which rose her fame among Malayali audience.

Despite having had acting experience, she said that she was "not at all confident" when she started shooting for the film and that the initial days were "terrifying".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/She-is-Back/2015/02/03/article2649341.ece |title=She is Back! |access-date=21 May 2015 |archive-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124132416/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/She-is-Back/2015/02/03/article2649341.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Oru Vadakkan Selfie]]'', which was directed by [[G. Prajith]] and scripted by [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], featured Manjima Mohan as the female lead.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/selfie-clicks-becomes-years-first-superhit/article7070011.ece |title=Selfie clicks, becomes year's first super-hit |first=G. |last=Krishnakumar |date=5 April 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=18 July 2018 |archive-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205205829/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/selfie-clicks-becomes-years-first-superhit/article7070011.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

Upon the release of ''Oru Vadakkan Selfie'', Manjima landed her first Tamil film, ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada|Achcham Enbadhu Madamaiyada]]''.<ref name="Deccan Chronicle"/> Its director [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], who was impressed with her work in ''Oru Vadakkan Selfie'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/manjima-mohan-is-str-s-heroine-in-gautham-menon-film-news-malayalam-pfnjexedghgbc.html |title=Manjima Mohan is STR's heroine in Gautham Menon film! |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=21 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516040033/http://www.sify.com/movies/manjima-mohan-is-str-s-heroine-in-gautham-menon-film-news-malayalam-pfnjexedghgbc.html |archive-date=16 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> cast Manjima as the female lead, after she had gone through an audition.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150513/entertainment-mollywood/article/lady-luck-smiles-manjima-mohan |title=Lady luck smiles on Manjima Mohan |date=14 May 2015 |access-date=21 May 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132740/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150513/entertainment-mollywood/article/lady-luck-smiles-manjima-mohan |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017 she had two Tamil films, one opposite [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] - ''[[Ippadai Vellum]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/lyca-signs-udhayanidhi-to-be-directed-by-gaurav-narayanan-news-tamil-qgvj6Eebgehhi.html |title=Lyca signs Udhayanidhi to be directed by Gaurav Narayanan |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110020653/http://www.sify.com/movies/lyca-signs-udhayanidhi-to-be-directed-by-gaurav-narayanan-news-tamil-qgvj6Eebgehhi.html |archive-date=10 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the other, ''[[Sathriyan (2017 film)|Sathriyan]]'', opposite [[Vikram Prabhu]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Manjima-Mohan-cast-opposite-Vikram-Prabhu/articleshow/50167381.cms |title=Manjima Mohan cast opposite Vikram Prabhu |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-date=4 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204000329/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Manjima-Mohan-cast-opposite-Vikram-Prabhu/articleshow/50167381.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, she made her come back to Malayalam with [[Mikhael (film)|''Mikhael'']] opposite [[Nivin Pauly]] for the second time . She also has a few Tamil films in her career, including [[Tughlaq Durbar]] with [[Vijay Sethupathi]], and [[Raashii Khanna]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Vijay Sethupathi's Tughlaq Durbar to get a direct OTT release? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/article/vijay-sethupathis-tughlaq-durbar-to-get-a-direct-ott-release/748327 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504073812/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/article/vijay-sethupathis-tughlaq-durbar-to-get-a-direct-ott-release/748327 |archive-date=4 May 2021 |access-date=4 May 2021 |website=[[Times Now]]|date=22 April 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=22 April 2021 |title=Vijay Sethupathi announces release date for Laabam as Tughlaq Durbar goes the OTT way |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-sethupathi-announces-release-date-for-laabam-as-tughlaq-durbar-goes-the-ott-way-7284864/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504155122/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-sethupathi-announces-release-date-for-laabam-as-tughlaq-durbar-goes-the-ott-way-7284864/ |archive-date=4 May 2021 |access-date=4 May 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Vijay Sethupathi's 'Tughlaq Durbar' skips theatrical release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-tughlaq-durbar-skips-theatrical-release/articleshow/82194465.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504105208/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-tughlaq-durbar-skips-theatrical-release/articleshow/82194465.cms |archive-date=4 May 2021 |access-date=4 May 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 April 2021 }}</ref> Her first release in 2023 was a [[Horror Thriller]] film [[Boo (2023 film)|Boo]] directed by [[A. L. Vijay]] that directly premiered on [[JioCinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-26 |title=Director Vijay's horror thriller 'Boo' to premiere directly on OTT |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-vijays-horror-thriller-boo-to-premiere-directly-on-ott/articleshow/100529789.cms |access-date=2023-06-01 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601060619/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-vijays-horror-thriller-boo-to-premiere-directly-on-ott/articleshow/100529789.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and in 2025, she made special appearance in ''[[Suzhal: The Vortex]]'' season 2.

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Language
!class=unsortable scope="col"| Notes
!Ref.
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Kaliyoonjal]]'' || Younger Ammu || rowspan="9" |[[Malayalam]] ||Rowspan="8"| Child artist ||
|-
| 1998|| ''[[Mayilpeelikkavu]]'' ||Gayathri's relative ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Suresh Gopi filmography|Saaphalyam]]'' || Sreethumol ||
|-
| rowspan=4|2000 || ''[[Priyam (2000 film)|Priyam]]'' || Anu ||
|-
| ''[[Thenkasipattanam]]'' || Younger Devootty ||
|-
| ''[[Madhuranombarakattu]]'' || Maya ||
|-
| ''[[Kabooliwala]]'' || ||
|-
|2001 ||''[[Sundara Purushan (2001 film)|Sundara Purushan]]'' || Suryanarayanan's daughter ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Oru Vadakkan Selfie]]'' || Daisy George ||Debut as lead||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016 || |''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' || Leela Raman || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|| ||
|-
|''[[Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo]]''
| Leela
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2017 || ''[[Sathriyan (2017 film)|Sathriyan]]'' || Niranjana || rowspan="2" |Tamil || ||
|-
| ''[[Ippadai Vellum]]'' || Bhargavi || ||
|-
|rowspan=4|2019|| ''[[NTR: Kathanayakudu]]'' ||rowspan=2 | Nara Bhuvaneshwari || rowspan="2" | Telugu || ||
|-
| ''[[NTR: Mahanayakudu]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Mikhael (film)|Mikhael]]'' || Mary || Malayalam || ||
|-
| ''[[Devarattam]]''|| Madhu || rowspan="4" | Tamil || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021|| ''[[Kalathil Sandhippom]]''|| Kavya || ||
|-
| ''[[Tughlaq Durbar]]'' || Manimegalai || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manjima Mohan onboard for Vijay Sethupathi's Tughlaq Darbar |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/aug/05/manjima-mohan-onboard-for-vijay-sethupthis-tughlaq-darbar-13443.html |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=5 August 2019 |language=en |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510104936/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/aug/05/manjima-mohan-onboard-for-vijay-sethupthis-tughlaq-darbar-13443.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2022
| ''[[FIR (2022 film)|FIR]]'' ||Prarthana Raman|| ||
|-
|2023
|''[[Boo (2023 film)|Boo]]''
|Neelu
|Tamil / Telugu
|Released on [[JioCinema]]
|
|-
|}
;Television
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Manjima Mohan television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Suzhal: The Vortex]]'' || Nagamma ||Season 2
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
|2001|| [[Asianet Film Awards]]|| Best child artist||''[[Priyam (2000 film)|Priyam]]''||{{Won}}
|-
|2001||[[Kerala State Film Award ]]||[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist]]||''[[Madhuranombarakattu]]''||{{Won}}
|-
|2001||Kerala State Television Award||Kerala State Television Award for Best Child Artist||''Kabulivaala''||{{Won}}
|-
|2016||[[SIIMA]]||Best Debut-Female (Malayalam)||''[[Oru Vadakkan Selfie]]''||{{Nom}}
|-
|2017||[[Filmfare Award]]||[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South]]||rowspan=3|''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]''||{{Won}}
|-
|2017||[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards]]||Best Debut-Female (Tamil)||{{Nom}}
|-
|2017||[[Edison Awards (India)]]||Best debut actress||{{Won}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-15 |title=Manjima Mohan talks about women's safety on Independence Day; Says, 'It feels like a distant dream’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manjima-mohan-talks-about-womens-safety-on-independence-day-says-it-feels-like-a-distant-dream/articleshow/112545570.cms |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=People claimed that my father-in-law wasn't happy with our marriage: Manjima Mohan |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/05/28/manjima-mohan-gautham-karthik-marriage-rumours-kollywood.html |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=People claimed that my father-in-law wasn't happy with our marriage: Manjima Mohan |language=en}}</ref>

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7222220}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, Manjima}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Stella Maris College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]

Indian Maritime University Kolkata

2026-05-03T18:21:16Z

Babakigadi123:

{{Short description|Research University in Kolkata, India}}
{{morefootnotes|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Maritime University Kolkata
| image = Indian Maritime University Kolkata Seal.png
| image_upright = .7
| former_names = Marine Engineering And Research Institute
| motto = {{IAST3|samudra jñānaṃ jñāna samudram}}
| mottoeng = “Knowledge is an ocean; the ocean is knowledge”
| established = {{circa|{{start date and age|df=yes|1949}}}} (as DMET)
| type = {{ulist|[[Public university]] | [[Central university (India)|Central University]]}}
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]}}
| director = '''Dr. RAdm. (Amit Bose ) (IN) (Retd.)'''
| city = [[Kolkata]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coor = {{Coord|22|31|36.26|N|88|17|50.56|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title, inline}}
| campus = [[Metropolis]] {{convert|33|acre|ha}}
| language = English
| parent = [[Indian Maritime University]]
| nickname = IMU-KC
| website = {{url|https://www.imu.edu.in/imunew/kolkata-campus}}
| academic_staff = 33
| students = 1,124
| undergrad = 984
| postgrad = 140
| logo = Indian Maritime University Kolkata Wordmark logo.svg
}}
The '''Indian Maritime University - Kolkata Campus''' (formerly known as the '''Marine Engineering and Research Institute (MERI)''' and the '''Directorate of Marine Engineering Training (DMET))''' is a post-secondary institution in India specialising in marine engineering.

==History==
Marine engineering training in India had its beginning in 1927 on board the training ship ''Dufferin''. Eight years prior, the first Indian owned vessel, the S.S. ''Loyalty'' sailed out of [[Bombay]] [[Harbour]] on 5 April 1919 for [[London]]. The vessel was owned by [[Walchand Hirachand|M/S. Scindia Steam Navigation Company]]. The Master and the other officers were British. Subsequently, [[Sir P. S. Sivaswami Iyer|Sir P. S. Sivaswamy Iyer, KCSI, CIE]] moved a resolution in the Indian Legislature to train Indians for the merchant marine. The R.I.M.S. ''Dufferin'' was acquired by the Department of Commerce and commissioned as a training ship.

In November 1927, the first batch of 50 nautical cadets joined the I.M.M.T.S. ''Dufferin'' under the command of Capt. Superintendent Sir Henry Digby Beste. In 1935, training of engineering cadets commenced on the ''Dufferin'' with each batch consisting of 25 nautical and 25 engineering cadets.

Some famous graduates were Capt. M. J. Sayeed of NOL,<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/1073059/sayeed-of-singapore Capt. M. J. Sayeed of NOL]</ref> Vice Admiral R. D. Katari,<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Navy-Chiefs/Chiefs-Navy05.html Vice Admiral R. D. Katari] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825145114/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Navy-Chiefs/Chiefs-Navy05.html |date=25 August 2006 }}</ref> India's first Indian Chief of Naval Staff, DMET's founding Deputy Directors S. Kasthuri (who later went on to head INS Shivaji<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060529223206/http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/INS_Shivaji.html INS Shivaji]</ref> and [[Cochin Shipyard]]) and T.K.T. Srisailam<ref>[http://shippingstarnet.com/legends.htm T.K.T. Srisailam]</ref> At least eight of the Dufferin's graduates rose to be [[admiral]]s. Many of the graduates rose to be the Principal Examiner of Engineers and the Chief Surveyor to the Government of India. At least one, K. Ramakrishna, was appointed as the Principal Examiner of Engineers at the Department of Trade, UK.

In 1947, the newly independent country's founders foresaw the need for an up-to-date Merchant Marine. Article 246 of the Seventh Schedule of the [[Constitution of India]] mandates that the Indian Union has jurisdiction and the responsibility for "Maritime shipping and navigation, including shipping and navigation on tidal waters; provision of education and training for the mercantile marine and regulation of such education and training provided by States and other agencies."

On the recommendation of the Merchant Navy Officers Training Committee, constituted in 1947 by the Government of India, the function of pre-sea training of marine engineers was transferred ashore under a new name. The Directorate of Marine Engineering Training (DMET) began operations on 10 August 1949, in temporary facilities in Boribunder in Bombay, and Gorachand Road in Park Circus, Calcutta, with a total intake of 50 students (20 at Bombay and 30 at Calcutta). The institute moved into new facilities in Taratala Road in 1953 and Lower Parel in 1966.

The new building in Calcutta was inaugurated as the Marine Engineering College on 14 December 1953 by Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], with the Transport Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] in attendance. J.S.H. Stephenson assumed Directorship in Calcutta. S. Kasthuri was Deputy Director at Calcutta and T.K.T. Srisailam was appointed Deputy Director at Bombay. K.S. Subramaniam, Motee L. Jagtianie and B.D. Merchant were appointed as officers in the Calcutta branch.

Students trained at marine workshops during the day and attended classes by at night for the three years of the program. The fourth year was devoted fully to classroom instruction at Calcutta. In August 1958, the intake was increased to 60 students and to 100 in the subsequent year. In 1962, an all-India entrance examination was introduced to streamline the standard of the incoming class. In 1982, the Institute of Engineers (India) started recognizing DMET graduates with a First Class (Motor or Steam) licence as equivalent to a graduate engineer, with the right to be called a Chartered Engineer and use "C. Eng (I)" after their names.

In 1975, the Indian shipping industry for the first time felt the requirement for graduate mechanical engineers. Since then, graduate mechanical engineers from institutions like NITs, Punjab Engineering College (PEC), UIET (Chandigarh), College of Engineering Pune and state government colleges have been passing out from MERI (DMET), Bombay. Initially, the course was for six months and was named as Post-Graduate Course in Marine Engineering issued by Govt. of India. Later the course gained its recognition as Post-Graduate Diploma in Marine Engineering (PGDME) issued by IMU.

In 1977–78, an expert committee nominated by the government of India, headed by Prof. Shankar Lal, ex-Director of IIT Kharagpur, recommended changes in the DMET course curriculum, mainly pertaining to class contact hours and practical training. The incorporation of these changes led to the recognition of the graduation certificate of the four-year course at DMET, as being equivalent to a first degree in Marine Engineering, by the Government of India, starting in 1983.

As part of a revamp of the marine engineering training process in India, in October 1991, the government of India appointed a Committee on Maritime Education and Training (COMET), under the chairmanship of Dr. [[Chandrika Prasad Srivastava]], ex-Secretary General of [[International Maritime Organization]], to study the status of all maritime training institutes in the country and present recommendations. Based on COMET's findings, the Merchant Marine Education and Research Trust (MMERT) was formed with the assistance of ship owners' associations, as a first step towards the formation of an Indian Maritime University, to supervise and control maritime education at Indian institutes. In 2001, MERI (Mumbai) launched a dual-degree course in Maritime Science, with admissions through IIT-JEE Extension List.

The Indian marine engineer became synonymous with DMET. Almost every major shipping company in the world has at least one DMETian in its onshore management personnel or floating staff. Many of the world's largest vessels, the ULCCs, are crewed by Indian marine engineers. DMET graduates went on to found marine engineering workshops, build companies, found maritime training institutes, develop surveying standards, and pursue careers in management.

=== Recent history ===
The four government-owned maritime institutes – LBS CAMSAR Mumbai, TS Chanakya, Navi Mumbai, MERI Kolkata, and MERI Mumbai – were integrated under the auspices of the Indian Maritime University in 2008.<ref>[http://www.nipm.tn.nic.in/ Indian Maritime University] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409223050/http://www.nipm.tn.nic.in/ |date=9 April 2009 }}</ref>

DMET/MERI celebrated its Diamond Jubilee on 14 December 2010.

On June 28, 2025, a significant milestone was achieved at the Indian Maritime University’s Kolkata Campus in Taratala with the laying of the foundation stone for the Dr. '''Ravi K Mehrotra Centre of Excellence in Maritime (CoEM)'''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Debraj |date=21 Jan 2025 |title=Centre of excellence at maritime varsity to focus on innovation and research |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/centre-of-excellence-at-maritime-varsity-to-focus-on-innovation-and-research/cid/2078669 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522193419/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/centre-of-excellence-at-maritime-varsity-to-focus-on-innovation-and-research/cid/2078669 |archive-date=22 May 2025 |access-date=21 Jan 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]] 21.01.25, 07:38 AM}}</ref> As a Centre of Excellence, the CoEM is poised to become a leading hub for advanced [[maritime studies]] and [[innovation]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Kishore Dattatraya |date=23 Jan 2025 |title=Centre of excellence at maritime university |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/centre-of-excellence-at-maritime-university-1503389556.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123043825/https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/centre-of-excellence-at-maritime-university-1503389556.html |archive-date=23 Jan 2025 |access-date=23 Jan 2025 |work=[[The Statesman (India)]] January 23, 2025 10:02 am}}</ref> It is expected to focus on critical areas such as Maritime technology, Sustainable shipping practices, Training and development of skilled professionals for the global maritime sector.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 Aug 2024 |title=Indian Maritime University establishes a Centre of Excellence in Kolkata |url=https://www.maritimegateway.com/indian-maritime-university-establishes-a-centre-of-excellence-in-kolkata/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627184656/https://www.maritimegateway.com/indian-maritime-university-establishes-a-centre-of-excellence-in-kolkata/ |archive-date=27 June 2025 |access-date=8 Aug 2024 |work=Maritime Gateway}}</ref>

== Academic Programs ==
=== Undergraduate Programs ===
* [[B.Tech]] in [[Marine Engineering]]

=== Postgraduate Programs ===
* [[M.Tech]] in [[Marine Technology]]
* [[MBA]] in Port Management

==Training==
IMU Kolkata has a workshop with machinery, equipment, steam engine and a diesel engine (Kawasaki-MAN, 6000 BHP) for training and to meet IMO and [[AICTE]] requirements. Students visit marine workshops for on the job training. Laboratories are provided for cadets/students to conduct practical experiments. Class rooms and teaching aids are in compliance with AICTE requirements.

A new establishment for the training of cadets in basic firefighting is being set up in the campus and is projected to near completion soon.

IMU Kolkata Campus now holds the honor of having a humongous working steam reciprocating engine by the efforts of the cadets and the workshop faculty itself who have restored the previously idle engine. It receives steam from a '''CT Package boiler''', or a Foster Wheeler boiler that is independently fired and is capable of superheating the steam.

The Ministry of Education and Culture accorded approval to the graduation certificate issued by the institution as being equivalent to a bachelor's degree in Marine Engineering with effect from 1980–1983 course for the purpose of recruitment to posts under the Central Government.

The Graduation certificate issued by the institution received recognition from the Institution of Engineers (India) as an exempting qualification from their A and B examinations from 1982 onwards.

The course has the approval of [[AICTE]].

In order to meet the IMO requirements for marine engineers working on board ship the training curriculum has been oriented to comply with the requirements of the [[STCW]] 95 convention.

For quality accreditation, the institute is a certified ISO-9001 institute. It complies with the Indian Government's Right to Information Act.

==Admissions==
IMU Kolkata offers 246 seats for admission into the B.Tech. Marine Engineering program and 20 seats for the M.Tech. program and 15 for MBA program. Admissions to both the B.Tech. and M.Tech. programs are conducted through the IMU CET entrance examination. For M.Tech. admissions, GATE scores are also considered alongside IMU CET results.

Candidates applying for the B.Tech. program must have completed 10+2 with Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics. The minimum age requirement is specified in the prospectus, with age relaxation for certain categories as mentioned.

==Infrastructure==
The campus, spanning over 33 acres, is equipped with state-of-the-art infrastructure to support the academic and practical training of cadets. It includes a wide range of specialized laboratories, such as those for Mechanical Engineering, Hydraulics, Heat, Electronics, Electrical, Control Engineering, Boilers, Computers, MARPOL, Fire Fighting, Simulation, and Seamanship.

The institute also features a comprehensive technical library, stocked with an extensive collection of books, journals, videos, and periodicals to facilitate in-depth learning.

A well-equipped workshop houses advanced machinery, including a test rig, Allen 2-stroke engine, Yanmar engines, and operational models of ship machinery and components, offering cadets practical experience.

==Hostels==
* Junior Hostel for 1st-year cadets.
*New Junior Hostel (currently under construction).

East Wing designated for 2nd-year cadets.

West Wing designated for 2nd-year cadets.

Outer Block Complex (OBC Hostel) for 3rd-year cadets.

L-Wing for final-year cadets.

Senior Hostel for final-year cadets.

Girls' Hostel for lady cadets.

M.Tech and MBA Hostel.

Residence on campus is compulsory, with separate hostels and dormitories for male and female cadets. Cadets are required to wear uniforms throughout their training.

==Notable alumni==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Position
|-
| Ranjit Singh || CEO of Essar Shipping
|-
| P.K. Banerjee || CEO and Country Manager of Lloyd's Register of Shipping (India and Sri Lanka)
|-
| Sanjay Dixit || Officer of the Indian Administrative Service; Principal Secretary to the Government of Rajasthan; Secretary General of the Rajasthan Cricket Association; member of the Finance Committee, BCCI
|-
| Yatin Gangla || COO of Thome Group
|-
| Hemant Singh Pathania || Managing Director and COO of NYK Ship Management; Corporate Officer of NYK Line
|-
| A.K. Gupta || Chairman and Managing Director of The Shipping Corporation of India
|-
| S. K. Gupta || Global Vice President of Operations at Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company (SSC)
|-
| Ravi Kumar Mehrotra || Marine engineer; founder of Foresight Limited; established the shuttle service for Iranian oil during the Iran/Iraq War; awarded Honorary CBE by Queen Elizabeth II in 2006
|-
| Ehsan Mesbahi || Served on the United Nations' Marine Environmental Protection Committee; Dean and CEO of Newcastle University International Singapore; founder and director of Newcastle University Marine International
|-
| Bala Subramaniam || Retired Executive Director of Adani Shipping Pte Ltd.; served the United Nations as Principal Adviser and Senior Maritime Specialist
|-
| B.S. Teeka || Founder of the Executive Group of companies; oversees a global organization with 12 offices and over 6000 employees
|-
| T. M. Vasudev || Former Director General of Shipping, Government of India
|-
| S. S. Rawat || Renowned marine engineer with extensive experience in maritime operations
|-
| M. K. Rathi || Worked with major shipping lines; known for contributions to maritime safety and engineering
|-
| R. K. Gupta || Marine engineer and consultant involved in high-profile maritime projects
|-
| S. K. Mishra || Marine engineer and consultant recognized for expertise in marine engineering and vessel management
|-
| A. P. Singh || Director of Marine Training at a major maritime organization; influential in maritime education and training
|-
| N. C. Sharma || Executive Director of a prominent maritime company; contributions to shipbuilding and management
|-
| R. C. Verma || Maritime expert and educator; worked extensively in maritime training and research
|-
| Dr. Rajoo Balaji || Pro Vice Chancellor of Indian Maritime University; graduated from Marine Engineering College, Kolkata; former Director of IMU Chennai Campus; expertise in Maritime Education and Marine Environment
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of maritime colleges]]
* [[World Maritime University]]
* [[Naval architecture]]
* [[Marine propulsion]]
* [[Indian Institute of Technology]]
* [[Indian Maritime University]]
*[[Common University Entrance Test|CUET]]
*[[JEE-Main]]
*[[JEE-Advanced]]

==External links==
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.imu.edu.in|title=Welcome to Indian Maritime University|website=www.imu.edu.in|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617132418/http://www.imu.edu.in/|archive-date=17 June 2016|url-status=dead}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Universities in West Bengal}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marine Engineering And Research Institute}}
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1949]]
[[Category:Maritime colleges in India]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Mumbai]]

Komarpant

2026-05-03T10:08:14Z

Babakigadi123: done...

{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Komarpant
|image=
|population =
|popplace =
|region1 = India
* [[Karnataka]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Goa]]

|languages =Halegannada ([[Old Kannada]]), Marathi, Konkani
|religions = Hinduism
|related =
}}

The '''Komarpant''' (or '''Komarpant Naik''' or '''Komarpaik''') are a social group centred in and around [[Karwar]], which is a coastal town in Karnataka and also in various parts of [[Goa]].{{cn|date=October 2023}} Prominent surnames used by the community include Naik, Pujari, Phondekar, Belurkar, and Metri.<ref>[https://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/7635234908151110989.pdf National Commission for Backward Classes - Advice on Komarpant], p. 8. See also Karnataka Government Order SWD 225 BCA 2000.</ref>
== Surnames and Regional History ==
Historically, the Kshatriya Komarpanth served in both martial and civic roles.<ref name="NCBC">National Commission for Backward Classes - Advice on Komarpant, p. 8. See also Karnataka Government Order SWD 225 BCA 2000.</ref><ref name="Keladi">Chitnis, K.N. (1974). ''Keladi Polity''. Research Publication Series, Volume 17, Karnatak University, Dharwad.</ref> Within this community, families bearing the '''Metri''' surname historically served as military headmen and regional administrators.<ref name="NCBC"/><ref name="Keladi"/> Prominent surnames used by the broader community include Naik, Pujari, Phondekar, and Belurkar.<ref>People of India : Goa (Vol XXI) by Shri KS Singh.</ref>

== Government Classification ==
The Komarpanth community is officially recognized under the Other Backward Classes (OBC) category. In Karnataka, the community is included in the Central List of OBCs and the state-level OBC list as Category 2(A).<ref>Central List of OBCs for the State of Karnataka, No. 64. See also Government of Karnataka, Backward Classes Welfare Department.</ref><ref>National Commission for Backward Classes - Advice on Komarpant, p. 8.</ref> In Goa, the community is likewise recognized in the State Backward Classes list for social and educational revitalization.<ref name="NCBC"/>
==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ‘Keḷadi polity’ By K.N. Chitnis, 1974, Research Publication Series, Volume 17, Karnataka University, Dharwad
* ‘Studies in Keladi history: Seminar Papers’ Edited by Giri S. Dikshit, 1981, Mythic Society, Bangalore
* ‘Shivatatva ratnakara of Keladi Basavaraja: A Cultural Study’ By Radha Krishnamurthy, 1995, Keladi Museum and Historical Research Bureau
* ‘The Nayakas of Ikkeri’ By K.D. Swaminathan, 1957.

[[Category:Social groups of Goa]]

Raja Ka Rampur

2026-05-01T05:07:07Z

Babakigadi123: creating a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Raja Ka Rampur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27|36|N|79|12|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Etah district|Etah]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 14960
| population_as_of = 2018
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|http://etah.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Raja Ka Rampur''' is a town, and one of the oldest [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Etah district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Cities and towns in Etah district Etah |publisher=District Etah Official website| url = http://etah.nic.in/history.htm | accessdate = 2014-05-28 }}</ref>

It is situated on Etah-Aliganj-Rudain-Kampil-Kaimganj road route.

==History==
It began as a settlement of farmers and tribes of [[Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Panchal Kingdom]], close to banks of [[Ganges|Ganga]] and Kampil rivers. It was part of Kingdom of Rudrayan of Mahabharat period (now Rudain). In the 14th century, Ramsingh from Kannauj migrated there with families of various castes and established a small and local kingdom. However, during the British period, Raja-Ka-Rampur became an important town. The Lord Dau Ji temple is there.

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Indian census|2011 Indian Census]], Raja Ka Rampur had a population of 35,740. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Raja Ka Rampur has an average literacy rate of 52%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 60%, and female literacy is 44%. In Raja Ka Rampur, 18% of the population is under 6.

==Transport==
The nearest Railway Stations are Ballupur and Rudain, which come under NER. Rail services connect directly to Farrukhabad-Kanpur on one side and Kasganj-Hathras-Mathura-Agra on the other side. Bus service reaches District Headquarters Etah, Aligarh- Delhi route, which is also connected to Bareilly.

==Education==
The districts oldest{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} college is BDRS Inter College. Two more Intermediate colleges: RBL Inter College and the Govt. Girls Inter College are present. It has one post-graduate degree college, Dr RKGD College.
The schools in the town include Amar Shahid Mahaveer Singh Smarak Balika Vidyalaya, Champa Devi Junior Girls High School, and Adarsh Vidhya Mandir Junior High School. Mahavir singh Academy & S.N. Memorial Public School.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Etah district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Etah district]]

{{Etah-geo-stub}}

Khudadin Ansari

2026-04-24T17:47:41Z

Babakigadi123: made...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Khudadin Ansari
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| native_name = ख़ुदादिन अंसारी
| country = [[India]]
| term_end = Mar 1985
| term_start = June 1980
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Khudadin Ansari''' was an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] from [[Fazilnagar Assembly constituency]] as a member of [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]] party from June 1980 to Mar 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Khudadin Ansari, Fazilnagar Assembly Elections 1980 LIVE Results {{!}} Election Dates, Exit Polls, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News, Articles & Statistics {{!}} LatestLY.com |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/1980/fazilnagar/khudadin-ansari/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khudadin Ansari : Political Career |url=https://www.electionfate.in/candidates/Khudadin%20Ansari |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=www.electionfate.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fazilnagar Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/fazilnagar-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fazilnagar Assembly Constituency Election Result 2022 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/fazilnagar.html |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-31 |title=Fazilnagar 1980 Assembly MLA Election Uttar Pradesh {{!}} ENTRANCE INDIA |url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/fazilnagar-constituency-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-1980-results-mla-voters-political-parties-data/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ansari, Khudadin}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1980–1985]]

{{UttarPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

P. V. V. Suryanarayana Raju

2026-04-24T13:15:28Z

Babakigadi123: creating new info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. V. V. Suryanarayana Raju
| image =
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of Legislative Council Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = March 2023
| party = [[Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party]]
| constituency = MLA quota
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1966|07|6}}
| occupation = Politician
| parents = Penumatsa Sambasiva Raju and Penumatsa Venkata Ramanamma
| spouse = Penumatsa Roja Rani
}}
'''Penumatsa Varaha Venkata Suryanarayana Raju''' (born 6 July 1966) also known as Suresh Babu, is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is son of Penumatsa Sambasiva Raju who was a former Transport Minister and an eight-time MLA.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Vizianagaram: P Suryanarayana Raju likely to get MLC post |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/vizianagaram-p-suryanarayana-raju-likely-to-get-mlc-post-638880 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=The Hans India |date=12 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Council]] on behalf of the [[YSR Congress Party]] by an MLA quota election.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Member's Information - Legislative Council - Liferay DXP |url=https://aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/member-s-information?p_p_id=CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_KnYF8RXrn8M0&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&_CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_KnYF8RXrn8M0_javax.portlet.action=getPartyMemberDetails&_CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_KnYF8RXrn8M0_mem_id=145&p_auth=OPLKQBNm |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=aplegislature.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AP MLA Quota MLC elections Result 2023 winners list: Check full list of MLC winners of YSRCP, TDP in Andhra Pradesh, Politics News, Business News {{!}} Zee Business |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/politics/news-ap-mla-quota-mlc-elections-result-2023-winners-list-check-full-list-of-7-mlc-seats-winners-of-ysrcp-tdp-and-others-227346/amp |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=www.zeebiz.com}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born to Penumatsa Sambasiva Raju and Penumatsa Venkata Ramanamma. Later he married Penumatsa Roja Rani.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]

Shekar (film)

2026-04-24T04:51:50Z

Babakigadi123: started new article

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shekar
| image = Shekar (film) poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jeevitha|Jeevitha Rajashekar]]
| producer = Beeram Sudhakara Reddy Shivani Rajasekhar Shivathmika Rajasekhar Boggaram Venkata Srinivas
| story =
| writer = Lakshmi Bhupala
| screenplay = Jeevitha Rajashekar
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Joseph (2018 film)|Joseph]]''|[[Shahi Kabir]]}}
| starring = [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Dr. Rajasekhar]] [[Athmiya Rajan]]
| cinematography = Mallikarjun Naragani
| editing =
| music = [[Anup Rubens]]
| studio = Pegasus Cinecorp LLP Taurus Cinecorp Sudhakar Impex IPL Tripura Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|5|20}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}
'''''Shekar''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Thriller film|thriller]] film<ref name=type>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/050221/rajasekhar-to-don-uniform-again-shekhar-is-an-investigative-thriller.html|title=Rajasekhar to don uniform again Shekhar is an investigative thriller|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=5 February 2021 }}</ref> directed by [[Jeevitha|Jeevitha Rajashekar]]. A remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Joseph (2018 film)|Joseph]]'' (2018), the film stars [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Dr. Rajashekar]] and [[Athmiya Rajan]], who reprises her role from the original. This film marks Jeevitha's return to direction after a break.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/291121/jeevitha-returns-to-directing-with-shekar.html | title=Jeevitha returns to directing with 'Shekar' | first=Sashidhar | last=Adivi | newspaper=Deccan Chronicle | date=29 November 2021 | accessdate=1 May 2022 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
A retired police officer with adept investigative skills, gets involved in a crime case after his ex-wife's unexpected demise.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Dr. Rajashekar]] as Shekar
*[[Athmiya Rajan]] as Indu, wife of Shekar
* Muskaan Khubchandhani
* [[Shivani Rajashekar]] as Shekar's daughter<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rajashekar-and-daughter-shivani-in-jeevitha-rajashekars-telugu-film-shekar/article64825427.ece|title=All in the family for 'Shekar'|date=11 January 2022|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Mallikarjun
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
* [[Sameer Hasan|Sameer]]
* [[Abhinav Gomatam]]
* Bharani Shankar
* Shravan Raghavendra
*[[Ravi Varma Adduri]] as Shekar's friend
* [[Prakash Raj]] as an advocate (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
The film was initially announced with newcomer Lalith as the director.<ref name=type/> The film is the first time Rajasekhar is in a film with both his wife Jeevitha and daughter Shivani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/jan/10/rajasekhar-shivani-team-up-for-shekar-28924.html|title=Rajasekhar, Shivani team up for Shekar|work=Cinema Express|date=10 January 2022}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music = [[Anup Rubens]].
| headline = Sekhar Soundtrack
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Love Gante
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandra Bose]]
| length1 = 04:09
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]], Anup Rubens, [[L. V. Revanth|Revanth]]
| title2 = Kinnera
| lyrics2 = [[Ananta Sriram]]
| length2 = 04:38
| extra2 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| title3 = Chinni Chinni Praanam
| lyrics3 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| length3 = 5:13
| extra3 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], Hymath Mohammed, Haripriya
| title4 = Satyam Shivam Sundharam
| lyrics4 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| length4 = 04:23
| extra4 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], Uma Neha
| total_length = 22:25
}}

== Release ==
The film was scheduled to release on [[Sankranthi]] but was delayed and released on 20 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/may/17/rajasekhar20dr-rajasekhars-91st-film-shekharscreens-on-may-20-2454351.html|title=Rajasekhar 2.0: Dr Rajasekhar's 91st film, Shekhar screens on May 20|work=Cinema Express|date=17 May 2022|first=Murali|last=Krishna C. H.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/jan/03/dr-rajasekhars-sekhar-joins-sankranthi-race-28783.html|title=Dr Rajasekhar's Sekhar joins Sankranthi race|website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=3 January 2022}}</ref>

Following the film's release, financer A. Parandhama Reddy approached the city civil court in [[Hyderabad]], and petitioned that Jeevitha and Rajashekar have failed to repay the loan of {{INR}}65 [[lakh]]. As the makers failed to repay payback the loan within the given deadline, the court halted the screening of film on 22 May 2022, attaching its world negative rights. Actor Rajasekhar responded through [[Twitter]] that "some people have conspired and stopped our film from screening."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krindinti |first=Ashok |date=2022-05-22 |title=కోర్టు ఆదేశాలతో 'శేఖర్' సినిమాకు బ్రేక్.. రాజశేఖర్ ఎమోషనల్ పోస్ట్ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/city-civil-court-orders-to-stop-hero-rajasekhar-movie-sekhar-in-theaters-due-to-financial-issues/articleshow/91723477.cms |access-date= |website=[[Samayam Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref> As of 24 May 2022, the court allowed the screening of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/court-permits-the-screening-of-jeevithas-shekar/articleshow/91762179.cms|title=Court permits the screening of Jeevitha's 'Shekar'|date=24 May 2022|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Prakash Pecheti of ''[[Telangana Today]]'' wrote that "Though ''Shekar'' does vary from the Malayalam {{sic|styke}} of making, the Telugu version is a stimulating drama. Jeevitha deftly steers the film to perfection by staying true to the original".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/rajasekhar-plays-his-age-and-scores-a-hit-with-shekar-movie|title=Rajasekhar plays his age, and scores a hit with 'Shekar' Movie|date=20 May 2022|work=Telangana Today|last=Pecheti|first=Prakash}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that "''Shekar'' is a detour from the norm for Telugu cinema and is an earnest attempt. If only it had more spark in the performances and better music".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/shekar-movie-review-this-slow-burn-crime-drama-has-its-moments/article65439029.ece|title='Shekar' movie review: This slow-burn crime drama has its moments|work=The Hindu|date=20 May 2022|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi}}</ref> Thadhagath Pathi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that "the film manages to hold its own despite a few tweaks, sticking to the soul of the original".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/shekar/movie-review/91688551.cms|title=Shekar Movie Review by The Times of India|date=20 May 2022|last=Pathi|first=Thadhagath|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category: Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anoop Rubens]]

Santhi Mayadevi

2026-04-19T19:12:08Z

Babakigadi123: started new biography

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Santhi Mayadevi
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Nedumangad]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=kglhnzlkSx77wPwY&v=PrNUfdBatu8&feature=youtu.be |title=Shanthi Mayadevi {{!}} RJ Mike {{!}} Red Carpet {{!}} Red FM Malayalam |date=2021-02-28 |last=Red FM Malayalam |access-date=2025-02-03 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Kerala Law Academy]]
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actress|television presenter|screenwriter}}
| years_active = 2019–present
| parents =
}}
'''Santhi Mayadevi''', also known as '''Santhi Priya''' is an Indian actress and lawyer who primarily works in [[Malayalam film industry|Malayalam]] films.

Mayadevi debuted as an actress alongside [[Mammootty]] in ''[[Ganagandharvan]]'' (2019). She worked with director [[Jeethu Joseph]] for the films ''[[Drishyam 2]]'' (2021) and [[Neru (film)|''Neru'']] (2023), which she co-wrote. In 2023, she acted alongside [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in the film, [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-08 |title=Malayalam Actress Santhi Mayadevi Joins The Cast Of Thalapathy Vijay's Leo |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/malayalam-actress-santhi-mayadevi-joins-the-cast-of-thalapathy-vijays-leo-7756015.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life ==
Santhi Mayadevi born to Velayudhan Pillai and Radha Velayudhan Pillai in [[Nedumangad]], [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmPOSohP6rA |title=Santhi Mayadevi {{!}} Neru {{!}} Interview |date=2023-12-07 |publisher=Ginger Media Entertainments |access-date=2024-06-29 |via=YouTube}}</ref> She holds a [[Bachelor of Laws]] from the [[Kerala Law Academy]] and is a practicing advocate.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrNUfdBatu8 |title=Shanthi Mayadevi |date=2021-02-28 |publisher=Red FM Malayalam |access-date=2024-06-29 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role(s)
! scope="col" |Notes
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Ganagandharvan]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Anamika || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=2019-09-28 |title=Ganagandharvan review {{!}} Pleasantly absurd and relevant |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/Sep/28/ganagandharvan-review--pleasantly-absurd-and-relevant-2040090.html |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Drishyam 2]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Renuka ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-27 |title=Fahadh Faasil confirms a new film with 'Drishyam' director Jeethu Joseph |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/fahadh-faasil-confirms-a-new-film-with-drishyam-director-jeethu-joseph/articleshow/110187250.cms |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''Naalam Mura'' || [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] Reema John [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naalaam Mura review: Biju Menon's interrogation drama is a torture best avoided |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/naalaam-mura-movie-review-biju-menons-interrogation-drama-is-a-torture-best-avoided/7ee39fb3b9384 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Biju Menon, Guru Somasundaram's Naalam Mura is a suspense drama based on true incidents: Deepu Anthikad |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-biju-menon-guru-somasundarams-naalam-mura-is-a-suspense-drama-based-on-true-incidents-deepu-anthikad/d611605efe34 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' || Parthiban's/Leo's Advocate || Tamil film<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-08 |title='Drishyam 2' actress Santhi Mayadevi joins the cast of 'Leo' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/drishyam-2-actress-santhi-mayadevi-joins-the-cast-of-leo/articleshow/100065457.cms |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
|-
| ''[[Neru (film)|Neru]]'' || Ahaana ||Also screenwriter
|-
| rowspan="3" |2026
|''[[Valathu Vashathe Kallan]]''
| Forensic Surgeon Seetha
|
|-
| {{Pending film|[[Drishyam 3]]}} || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Renuka ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-27 |title=Fahadh Faasil confirms a new film with 'Drishyam' director Jeethu Joseph |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/fahadh-faasil-confirms-a-new-film-with-drishyam-director-jeethu-joseph/articleshow/110187250.cms |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{pending film|Untitled Fahadh Faasil Project}} || {{endash}} || Screenwriter<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-05-16 |title=Fahadh Faasil joins hands with ‘Drishyam’ director Jeethu Joseph |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fahadh-faasil-joins-hands-with-drishyam-director-jeethu-joseph/article68182306.ece |access-date=2026-02-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*{{IMDb title|12304446|Santhi Mayadevi}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mayadevi, Santhi}}
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Datia Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:36:27Z

Babakigadi123: made new entry w/ sources.

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Datia
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 22
| map_image = 22-Datia.svg
| mla = Vacant
| party = Vacant
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Datia district|Datia]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhind Lok Sabha constituency|Bhind]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Narottam Mishra]]
| incumbent_image =
}}

'''Datia Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=5 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the 48 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Vindhya Pradesh]] state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_VP.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Vindhya Pradesh|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website}}</ref>

==Overview==
Datia (constituency number 22) is one of the 3 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Datia district]]. This constituency covers the entire Datia Municipality and part of Datia [[tehsil]] of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=228, 250}}</ref>

Datia is part of [[Bhind (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhind Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Bhander Assembly constituency|Bhander]] and [[Sewda Assembly constituency|Sewda]] in this district and [[Bhind Assembly constituency|Bhind]], [[Ater Assembly constituency|Ater]], [[Lahar Assembly constituency|Lahar]], [[Mehgaon Assembly constituency|Mehgaon]] and [[Gohad Assembly constituency|Gohad]] in [[Bhind district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ [[Vindhya Pradesh]]
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|[[Shyam Sunder Shyam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Shyam Sunder Shyam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Pandit Surya Deo Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Shyam Sunder Shyam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jana Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Gulab Chand Kanoolal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=2|[[Shyam Sunder Shyam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Rajendra Bharti|Rajendra Kumar Bharti]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Shambhu Tiwari
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Ghanshyam Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|[[Rajendra Bharti|Rajendra Kumar Bharti]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Ghanshyam Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|rowspan=3|[[Narottam Mishra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan= 3}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Rajendra Bharti|Rajendra Kumar Bharti]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Datia<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rajendra Bharti]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:88977}}
|percentage = 50.34
|change = +3.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Narottam Mishra]]
|votes = {{formatnum:81235}}
|percentage = 45.96
|change = -3.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1452}}
|percentage = 0.82
|change = -0.59
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7742}}
|percentage = 4.38
|change = +2.58
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:176759}}
|percentage = 80.2
|change = +3.0
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = 4.38
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Datia<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Narottam Mishra]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:72209}}
|percentage = 49.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rajendra Bharti]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:69553}}
|percentage = 47.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2085}}
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2656}}
|percentage = 1.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:147370}}
|percentage = 77.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Datia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|25.67|78.45|display=title}}

[[Category:Datia district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Ghorasahan Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T14:07:28Z

Babakigadi123: made basic post basic info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ghorasahan
| type= SLA
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[East Champaran district|Purvi Champaran]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]
| established = 1951
| abolished = 2010
}}
'''Ghorasahan Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[East Champaran district|Purvi Champaran district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. The railway station is under [[Sonpur, Bihar|Sonpur]] division. It is under Dhaka subdivision and under Dhaka court jurisdiction. It depends on Dhaka town for its requirements.

==Overview==
It is part of [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Details for Assembly Segments of Parliamentary Constituencies |work = 12. Sheohar | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-10-25 }}</ref>

As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]], Ghorasahan Assembly constituency ceased to exist in 2010.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

== Members of Vidhan Sabha ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Mangal Prasad Yadav
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Rajendra Pratap Singh

|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Ram Ayodhya Prasad
| style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="4" |Rajendra Pratap Singh
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Pramod Kumar Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Lal Babu Prasad
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="3" |Laxmi Narayan Yadav
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''2010 onwards: Constituency does not exist''}}
|}<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-results/ghorasahan.php |title = Ghorasahan election results from 1977 | publisher = Travel India Guide |access-date = 2011-01-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp15.htm |title = 15 - Ghorasahan Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-01-06 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of East Champaran district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments in India]]
{{coord|26|54|18|N|84|54|16|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}

Tamenglong Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:51:51Z

Babakigadi123: started new data

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tamenglong
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Tamenglong district|Tamenglong]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = ST
| type = SLA
| constituency_no =
| mla = [[Janghemlung Panmei]]
| party = {{Party index link|National People's Party (India)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:35888}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
}}
'''Tamenglong''' is one of the 60 [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamenglong constituency results |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/tamenglong-manipur-assembly-constituency |website=Result University |accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref><ref>[Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the [[Election Commission of India]] [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf]</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/manipur/assembly-constituencies/tamenglong.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Tamenglong Assembly Constituency]</ref>

It is part of [[Tamenglong district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of Assembly ==
*1967: [[Kakhangai]], Independent
*1972: [[T. P. Kiulengpou]], Independent
*1974: [[T. P. Kiulengpou]], [[Manipur Hills Union]]
*1980: [[K. Huriang]], Independent
*1981: [[J. Panmei]], Independent
*1984: [[Jangamlung Panmei]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1990: [[Daisin Pamei]], [[Janata Dal]]
*1995: Samuel, [[Samta Party]]
*2000: [[Samuel Jendai]], [[Manipur State Congress Party]]
*2002: [[Samuel Jendai]], [[Federal Party of Manipur]]
*2007: [[Khangthuanang Panmei]], Independent
*2012: [[Janghemlung Panmei]], [[Manipur State Congress Party]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Samuel Jendai]]<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/magazine/2019/gels/CEO%20Report%202019%20.pdf |title= Report - General Election to Lok Sabha, 2019|website=ceomanipur.nic.in |date= |author=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= December 27, 2020}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}|34.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|53.44}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}|41.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|41.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Federal Party of Manipur}}|53.91}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}|44.47}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Samata Party}}|41.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|32.95}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.16}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|36.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Manipur Hills Union }}|43.20}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|35.50}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|50.04}}
}}
=== Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tamenglong<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Janghemlung Panmei]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=10,456 |percentage=34.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Huri Golmei |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,147 |percentage=29.84% |change=-23.60% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Samuel Jendai]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=6,447 |percentage=21.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangthuanang Panmei |party=Naga People's Front |votes=4,481 |percentage=14.62% |change=-30.60% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,309 |percentage=4.27% |change=-3.95% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,653 |percentage=85.41% |change= 9.18% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,888 |change =12.26% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= -19.33% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tamenglong<ref name=results2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Samuel Jendai]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,023 |percentage=53.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Janghemlung Panmei]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=11,019 |percentage=45.21% |change=24.15% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Janghemlung Panmei]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=215 |percentage=0.88% |change=-36.79% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,004 |percentage=8.22% |change=4.64% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,371 |percentage=76.23% |change= 2.12% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,970 |change =27.36% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= 12.18% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tamenglong<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Janghemlung Panmei]] |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=7,675 |percentage=41.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangthuanang Panmei |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,009 |percentage=37.67% |change=23.31% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Samuel Jendai]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,918 |percentage=21.06% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=666 |percentage=3.58% |change=-7.52% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,604 |percentage=74.10% |change= -7.07% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,103 |change =-0.82% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= -0.10% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tamenglong<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangthuanang Panmei |party=Independent politician |votes=8,498 |percentage=41.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Samuel Jendai]] |party=Independent politician |votes=6,217 |percentage=30.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Janghemlung Panmei]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,952 |percentage=14.37% |change=-26.23% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Digao Pamei |party=Independent politician |votes=2,818 |percentage=13.71% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,281 |percentage=11.10% |change=-2.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,548 |percentage=81.19% |change= -6.18% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,310 |change =22.13% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Federal Party of Manipur |swing= -12.55% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tamenglong<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Samuel Jendai]] |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=9,696 |percentage=53.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangthuanang Panmei |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,302 |percentage=40.60% |change=31.41% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Achong Gangmei |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=987 |percentage=5.49% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,394 |percentage=13.31% |change=-5.54% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,985 |percentage=87.37% |change= -0.70% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,724 |change =3.38% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Federal Party of Manipur |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= 12.62% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tamenglong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Samuel Jendai]] |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=7,572 |percentage=44.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangthuanang Panmei |party=Samata Party |votes=4,361 |percentage=25.61% |change=-15.69% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Achong Gangmei |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=2,540 |percentage=14.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daisin Pamei |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,565 |percentage=9.19% |change=-29.02% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Guiliangliu Panmei |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=964 |percentage=5.66% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,211 |percentage=18.86% |change=15.78% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,029 |percentage=85.53% |change= -2.54% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,047 |change =11.18% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Samata Party |swing= 3.17% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tamenglong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Samuel Jendai]] |party=Samata Party |votes=6,515 |percentage=41.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daisin Pamei |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,029 |percentage=38.21% |change=13.31% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thuankubui Pamei |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=2,079 |percentage=13.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Janghemlung Panmei]] |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=839 |percentage=5.32% |change=-12.46% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Makuga Rongmei |party=Independent politician |votes=315 |percentage=2.00% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=486 |percentage=3.08% |change=-4.97% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,777 |percentage=88.07% |change= -0.09% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,031 |change =3.22% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Samata Party |loser=Janata Dal |swing= 8.35% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tamenglong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Daisin Pamei |party=Janata Dal |votes=5,024 |percentage=32.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Phenrong |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,797 |percentage=24.90% |change=-19.26% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Janghemlung Panmei]] |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=3,716 |percentage=24.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthan Panmei |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,711 |percentage=17.78% |change=15.66% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,227 |percentage=8.05% |change=-14.89% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,248 |percentage=88.16% |change= 5.72% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,469 |change =23.42% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -11.21% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tamenglong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Janghemlung Panmei]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,035 |percentage=44.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthan Panmei |party=Independent politician |votes=2,420 |percentage=21.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Phenrong |party=Independent politician |votes=1,770 |percentage=15.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dikambui |party=Independent politician |votes=1,711 |percentage=15.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Z. D. Bonngangmei |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=242 |percentage=2.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. P. Kiuliangpou |party=Independent politician |votes=223 |percentage=1.96% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,615 |percentage=22.94% |change=9.09% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,401 |percentage=82.44% |change= 9.43% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,154 |change =9.35% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 8.12% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tamenglong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Huriang |party=Independent politician |votes=3,318 |percentage=36.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phenrong |party=Janata Party |votes=2,043 |percentage=22.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. P. Kiuliangpou |party=Independent politician |votes=1,196 |percentage=12.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Aching |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=996 |percentage=10.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Z. D. Bonngangmei |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=967 |percentage=10.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Achum Kamei |party=Independent politician |votes=685 |percentage=7.44% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,275 |percentage=13.85% |change=-7.39% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,205 |percentage=73.01% |change= -4.25% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,944 |change =34.40% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Manipur Hills Union |swing= -7.16% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tamenglong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. P. Kiuliangpou |party=Manipur Hills Union |votes=3,152 |percentage=43.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Huriang |party=Independent politician |votes=1,602 |percentage=21.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Tundou |party=Independent politician |votes=1,550 |percentage=21.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dijinang |party=Independent politician |votes=933 |percentage=12.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. L. Samuel |party=Independent politician |votes=59 |percentage=0.81% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,550 |percentage=21.24% |change=11.97% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,296 |percentage=77.26% |change= 20.19% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,631 |change =32.04% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Hills Union |loser=Independent politician |swing= 7.70% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tamenglong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. P. Kiuliangpou |party=Independent politician |votes=1,435 |percentage=35.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dijingang |party=Independent politician |votes=1,060 |percentage=26.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. M. Tundou |party=Independent politician |votes=1,015 |percentage=25.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. P. Ningthan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=357 |percentage=8.83% |change=-23.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Houreirung Golmei |party=Independent politician |votes=175 |percentage=4.33% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=375 |percentage=9.28% |change=-8.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,042 |percentage=57.07% |change= 48.55% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,294 |change =-52.16% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= -14.54% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Tamenglong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kakhangai |party=Independent politician |votes=622 |percentage=50.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. M. Tundas |party=Indian National Congress |votes=396 |percentage=31.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Mathiuhom |party=Independent politician |votes=165 |percentage=13.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nolendro |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=40 |percentage=3.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Humannang |party=Independent politician |votes=20 |percentage=1.61% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=226 |percentage=18.18% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,243 |percentage=8.52% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,246 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Tamenglong district]]
*[[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
*[[List of constituencies of Manipur Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.99|93.5|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Tamenglong district]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Manipur]]

Mahadev Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T22:38:06Z

Babakigadi123: Started New Post...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Himachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mahadev
|type= SLA
|state = Himachal Pradesh
|established = 1952
|abolished = 1957
|electors = 12,022
|mla = Karam Singh
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district = [[Mandi district|Mandi]]
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Mahadev Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Karam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahadev<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191147/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Karam Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,311 |percentage=86.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=294 |percentage=7.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tej Singh |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=133 |percentage=3.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. M. Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=73 |percentage=1.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,017 |percentage=79.17% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,811 |percentage=31.70% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,022 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{coord|31.54|76.91|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1952]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1952]]
[[Category:1952 disestablishments in India]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Phoolpur Pawai Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:32:11Z

Babakigadi123: creating new pg

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Phoolpur Pawai
| map_image = 349-Phoolpur Pawai.svg
| mla = [[Ramakant Yadav (politician)|Ramakant Yadav]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,28,807
| constituency_no = 349
}}
'''Phoolpur Pawai''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Phoolpur Pawai in the [[Azamgarh district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Phoolpur Pawai is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Lalganj Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 349 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Phoolpur Pawai<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ramakant Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:81164}}
|percentage = 42.0
|change = +20.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramsurat Rajbhar
|votes = {{formatnum:55858}}
|percentage = 28.91
|change = -9.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shakeel Ahmed
|votes = {{formatnum:49495}}
|percentage = 25.61
|change = -8.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1058}}
|percentage = 0.55
|change = -0.36
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25306}}
|percentage = 13.09
|change = +9.0
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:193244}}
|percentage = 58.77
|change = +0.25
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate '''Arun Kumar Yadav''' won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate '''Abul Qais Azmi''' by a margin of 7,295 votes.<ref name="results2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Phoolpur Pawa<ref name="results2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Arun Kumar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:68435}}
|percentage = 38.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Abul Qais Azmi
|votes = {{formatnum:61140}}
|percentage = 34.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shyam Bahadur Singh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:38099}}
|percentage = 21.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Ramsurat
|votes = {{formatnum:4012}}
|percentage = 2.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1609}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7295}}
|percentage = 4.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:178455}}
|percentage = 58.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#666; color:white;" colspan="2"|Year
! style="background:#666; color:white;"|Member
! style="background:#666; color:white;"|Political Party
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|| 1951 || [[Shiva Nath Katju]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|| 1957 || Shiv Murti || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|| 1957 || Sukhi Ram Bhartiya || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|| 1962 || Muzaffar Hasan || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|| 1967 || Ram Bachan || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party}}" |
|| 1969 || Ram Bachan || [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party}}" |
|| 1974 || Ram Bachan || [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|| 1977 || Padmakar || [[Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|| 1980 || Abul Kalam || [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|| 1985 || [[Ramakant Yadav (politician)|Ramakant Yadav]] || [[Indian National Congress (Jagjivan)]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|| 1989 || [[Ramakant Yadav (politician)|Ramakant Yadav]] || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|| 1991 || [[Ramakant Yadav (politician)|Ramakant Yadav]] || [[Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|| 1993 || [[Ramakant Yadav (politician)|Ramakant Yadav]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|| 1996 || [[Ram Naresh Yadav]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|| 2002 || [[Ram Naresh Yadav]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|| 2007 || [[Arun Kumar Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Arun Kumar Yadav]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|| 2012 || Shyam Bahadur Yadav || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| 2017 || [[Arun Kumar Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Arun Kumar Yadav]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|| 2022 || [[Ramakant Yadav (politician)|Ramakant Yadav]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.18|82.73|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Azamgarh district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

2008 Delhi Daredevils season

2026-04-12T09:33:48Z

Babakigadi123: Made First Bio W/ Refs!

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club =[[Delhi Daredevils]]
| season =2008
| coach = [[Greg Shipperd]]
| captain = [[Virender Sehwag]]
| ground = [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], Delhi
| comp1 = [[2008 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = fourth
| most runs = [[Gautam Gambhir]] (534)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/records/batting/highest_career_strike_rate.html?id=3519;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2008/ Records / Most runs|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 June 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919111223/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/records/batting/highest_career_strike_rate.html?id=3519%3Btype%3Dtournament|archivedate=19 September 2015}}</ref>
| most wickets =[[Yo Mahesh]] (16)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=3519;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2008/ Records / Most runs|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 June 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919111211/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=3519%3Btype%3Dtournament|archivedate=19 September 2015}}</ref>
| prevseason =
| nextseason = [[Delhi Daredevils in 2009|2009]]
}}
[[Delhi Daredevils]] are a franchise cricket team based in Delhi, India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the eight teams that competed in the [[2008 Indian Premier League]]. They were captained by [[Virender Sehwag]]. Delhi Daredevils finished fourth in the IPL and did not qualify for the Champions League T20.

==Squad==
[[Virender Sehwag]] was the [[icon player]] and captain.<ref>{{cite news |title=Icon status for Sehwag but not Laxman |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icon-status-for-sehwag-but-not-laxman-337920 |access-date=12 April 2026 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=19 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Daredevils Indian Premier League 2007/08 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2007-08-313494/delhi-daredevils-squad-338089/series-squads |access-date=12 April 2026 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:95%"
|-
! width=5%|No.
! width=15%|Name
! width=5%|Age
! width=15%|Nationality
! width=15%|Batting style
! width=20%|Bowling style
! width=15%|Signing price
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| [[Batsman|Batsmen]]
|-
||0||[[Shikhar Dhawan]]<ref name=Dhawan>{{cite web|url=http://cricket.indiatimes.com/Daredevils_bag_Manhas_Dhawan/articleshow/2808593.cms|title=Daredevils bag Manhas, Dhawan|publisher=Indiatimes|date=2008-02-23|accessdate=2008-02-23}}</ref> || 22 ||{{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || Left-handed || [[Off spin|Right-arm off-break]] ||
|-
||5||[[Gautam Gambhir]]|| 26 ||{{flagicon|India}} India|| Left-handed ||[[Leg spin|Right-arm leg-break]] ||[[US$]] 725,000
|-
||9||[[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]]|| 22 ||{{flagicon|India}} India || Right-handed ||Right-arm leg-break ||US$ 675,000
|-
||44||[[Virender Sehwag]] || 29 ||{{flagicon|India}} India||Right-handed ||Right-arm off-break || US$ 833,750
|-
||55||[[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] ||31 ||{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lanka]] || Right-handed ||Right-arm off-break ||US$ 250,000
|-
||||[[Mithun Manhas]]<ref name=Dhawan/> || 28 ||{{flagicon|India}} India || Right-handed ||Right-arm off-break ||
|-
||||[[Mayank Tehlan]]<ref name=Sought>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.cricinfo.com/iplbuzz/2008/03/signed_signalled_and_sought.php|title=Signed, signalled and sought|publisher=Cricinfo|date=2008-03-01|accessdate=2008-03-03}}</ref>|| 21 ||{{flagicon|India}} India || Right-handed ||Right-arm off-break ||
|-
||||[[Tejashwi Yadav]] || 18 ||{{flagicon|India}} India || Right-handed ||Right-arm off-break ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| [[All-rounder]]s
|-
||6||[[Shoaib Malik]] ||26 ||{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]] || Right-handed ||Right-arm off-break ||US$ 500,000
|-
||15||[[Daniel Vettori]] ||29 ||{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand]]|| Left-handed ||[[Left arm orthodox spin]] ||US$ 625,000
|-
||23||[[Rajat Bhatia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=68470|title=IPL the new mantra for domestic cricketers|publisher=Indiatimes|date=2008-02-24|accessdate=2008-02-24}}</ref> || 28 ||{{flagicon|India}} India || Right-handed ||[[Fast bowling|Right-arm medium]] ||
|-
||28||[[Farveez Maharoof]] ||23 ||{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} Sri Lanka || Right-handed ||Right-arm fast-medium ||US$ 225,000
|-
||||[[Yogesh Nagar]] || 18 ||{{flagicon|India}} India || Right-handed ||Right-arm off-break ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| [[Wicket-keeper]]s
|-
||17||[[AB de Villiers]] ||24 ||{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South Africa]] || Right-handed ||Right-arm medium ||US$ 300,000
|-
||46||[[Dinesh Karthik]] ||22 ||{{flagicon|India}} India || Right-handed || ||US$ 525,000
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowlers]]
|-
||11||[[Glenn McGrath]] ||38 ||{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]] || Right-handed ||Right-arm medium-fast ||US$ 350,000
|-
||21||[[Yo Mahesh]]<ref name=Sought/> || 20 ||{{flagicon|India}} India || Right-handed || Right-arm medium-fast ||
|-
||26||[[Mohammad Asif (cricketer)|Mohammad Asif]] ||25 || {{flagicon|Pakistan}} Pakistan || Left-handed ||Right-arm fast-medium ||US$ 650,000
|-
||63||[[Brett Geeves]]|| 25 ||{{flagicon|Australia}} Australia || Right-handed ||Right-arm fast-medium ||US$ 50,000
|-
||99||[[Amit Mishra]] || 25 ||{{flagicon|India}} India || Right-handed || Right-arm leg-break ||
|-
|| ||[[Pradeep Sangwan]]|| 17 ||{{flagicon|India}} India || Right-handed ||Left-arm fast-medium ||
|-
|}

==Standings==
Delhi Daredevils finished fourth in the league stage of IPL 2008.
{{:2008 Indian Premier League|team=DD}}

==Match log==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 1 || 19 April|| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Feroz Shah Kotla|Delhi]] || Won by 9 wickets, [[Man of the match#Cricket|MoM]] – [[Farveez Maharoof]] 2/11 (4 overs)
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 2 || 22 April|| [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] || Won by 9 wickets, [[Man of the match#Cricket|MoM]] – [[Virender Sehwag]] 94[[Not out|*]] (41)
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 3 || 27 April|| [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]] || Lost by 4 wickets
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 4 || 30 April|| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || Delhi || Won by 10 runs, [[Man of the match#Cricket|MoM]] – [[Glenn McGrath]] 4/29 (4 overs)
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 5 || 2 May|| [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]] || Won by 8 wickets, [[Man of the match#Cricket|MoM]] – [[Virender Sehwag]] 1/21 (2 overs) and 71 (41)
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 6 || 4 May|| [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[DY Patil Stadium|Navi Mumbai]] || Lost by 29 runs
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 7 || 8 May|| [[Chennai Super Kings]] || Delhi || Lost by 4 wickets
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 8 || 11 May|| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Jaipur]] || Lost by 3 wickets
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 9 || 13 May|| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Lost by 23 runs
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 10 || 15 May|| [[Deccan Chargers]] || Delhi || Won by 12 runs, [[Man of the match#Cricket|MoM]] – [[Amit Mishra]] 5/17 (4 overs)
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 11 || 17 May|| [[Kings XI Punjab]] || Delhi || Lost by 6 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis method|D/L Method]])
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 12 || 19 May|| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Won by 5 wickets
|- style="background:white;"
| 13 || 22 May|| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || Delhi || Match abandoned due to rain
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 14 || 24 May|| [[Mumbai Indians]] || Delhi || Won by 5 wickets, [[Man of the match#Cricket|MoM]] – [[Dinesh Karthik]] 56* (32)
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 15 || 30 May|| [[Rajasthan Royals]] (semi-final #1) || [[Wankhede Stadium|Mumbai]] || Lost by 105 runs
|}

== Statistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most runs
!'''Player'''
!Runs
|-
|[[Gautam Gambhir]]
|534
|-
|[[Virender Sehwag]]
|406
|-
|[[Shikhar Dhawan]]
|340
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most wickets
!'''Player'''
!Wickets
|-
|[[Yo Mahesh]]
|16
|-
|[[Farveez Maharoof]]
|15
|-
|[[Glenn McGrath]]
|12
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Delhi Daredevils}}

[[Category:Delhi Capitals seasons]]
[[Category:2008 Indian Premier League]]

Sheetala Chaukiya Dham

2026-04-10T22:20:28Z

Babakigadi123: started stub

{{Short description|Hindu Temple in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sheetla Chaukiya Dham Temple
| image = Sheetala Mata Mandir.jpg
| image_upright =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.765299|82.718486|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:5000|display=inline,title}}
| alt =
| caption = Sheetla Chaukiya Dham Temple
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_caption = Sheetla Chaukiya Dham
| native_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
| locale = [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Sheetla Devi ([[Shitala]])
| festivals= [[Navaratri|Maha Navaratri]]
| architecture = [[Mandir]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = Heerchand Yadav (Ahir Ruler)
| website = https://sheetalamatachaukiya.com/
}}
{{Hinduism small}}

'''Sheetla Chaukiya Dham Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Shitala|Goddess Sheetla]]. It is located in Chaukiya Dham, in [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The temple is a [[Hindu pilgrimage sites in India|Hindu pilgrimage site]]. The presiding deity is known by the names Shitala and Sheetala (शीतला śītalā), meaning ''Goddess Of Coolness''.
This is an ancient temple of Maa Sheetla Chaukiya Devi.

==History==
The History of '''Sheetla Chaukiya Dham''' is a blend of Royal patronage, ancient tribal traditions, and deep-seated religious folklore. Historical records indicate that during the era of Hindu monarchs, Jaunpur was governed by Heerchand who traditionally recognized as the first ruler of this region. His clan (Group) is believed to have constructed the temple in honor of their clan-deity. Many historians argue that the temple was actually built by the ''Bhars'', a non-Aryan group that held significant power in ancient Jaunpur. The Bhars were devoted worshippers of Shiva and Shakti and were known for constructing sacred ponds; the existence of the large pond next to the temple supports this theory.
The Temple's name reflects its humble beginnings Evolution of the Name '''Chaukiya Devi'''. At first, the Devi must have been installed on a raised platform or mound, locally called a ''Chauki'' and probably because of this she was referred to as ''Chaukiya Devi''. ''Maa Sheetala'' represents the divine blessing of bestowing cool relief from the human suffering i.e ''Diseases''.Devi is consider as the representative of blissful aspect of the Divine Mother. The temple is open daily and is most crowded on ''Monday and Friday'', and during the ''Navratri festivals''.

==Mythological Origins / Legends==
The spiritual History of the Goddess is tied to the [[Puranas]] and local folklore
One story says [[Goddess Durga]] has incarnated as little [[Katyayani]], the daughter of sage ''Katyayan'' to destroy all arrogant evil demonic forces of the world, in her real form as Durga, she killed many demons that were sent by ''Kaalkeya''.

A demon named [[Jvarasura]], the demon of fever, started spreading incurable diseases to ''Katyayani's childhood friends'', such as [[cholera]], [[dysentery]], [[measles]], [[smallpox]] etc. [[Katyayani]] cured the diseases of some of her friends. To relieve the world from all fevers and diseases, Katyayani assumed the form of [[Shitala Devi]]. Each of her four hands held a short broom, winnowing fan, jar of cooling water and a drinking cup. With her power, she cured all the children's diseases. ''Katyayani'' then requests her friend, ''Batuk'' to go out and confront the demon ''Jvarasura''. A battle ensued between the young ''Batuk'' and demon ''Jvarasura''. ''Jvarasura'' succeeds in defeating ''Batuk''. Then, ''Batuk'' lying dead, magically faded into dust. ''Jvarasura'' was shocked that ''Batuk'' disappeared and wondered where he went. Then, what he doesn't know that ''Batuk'' has assumed the form of an awful male figure with three-eyed and had four arms. He held a battle-axe, sword, trident and demon head. He was pitch-black in color. His hair was flowing. Eyes blazed with fury. This figure wore a tiger-skin and a [[Mundamala|garland of skulls]]. ''Batuk'' assumed the form of [[Lord Shiva]]'s ferocious form, the terrible ''Bhairav''. ''Bhairav'' reprimands ''Jvarasura'' and told him that he is the servant of [[Goddess Durga]] ''(incarnate as Katyayani)''. A long discussion ensued but then converted into battle. ''Jvarasura'' created many demons from his powers but ''Bhairav'' managed to destroy all of them. Finally, ''Bhairav'' wrestled with ''Jvarasura'' and killed him with his [[trident]].

==Festivals==

The primary festivals at Sheetla Chaukiya Dham revolve around the worship of Goddess Sheetla, with the temple serving as a major spiritual hub in the ''Purvanchal'' region. The most significant celebrations include the annual Shringar Mahotsav, Sheetala Ashtami, and the bi-annual Navratri fairs.

*'''Shringar Mahotsav:''' A grand three-day annual festival featuring elaborate floral decorations (shringar) of the deity using flowers from Varanasi and Kolkata. The event includes evening Bhajan Sandhyas and cultural programs.

*'''Sheetala Ashtami / Basoda:''' Also known as Basoda, this is the most important day for the deity. Devotees offer pre-cooked "cold" food (Basoda) to the goddess, seeking protection from diseases.

*'''Chaitra Navratri:''' A nine-day spring festival where the temple experiences a massive surge in devotees. It culminates with [[Ram Navami]].

*'''Sharad Navratri:''' The most widely celebrated [[Navratri]], marked by grand rituals and fairs. Maha Ashtami will be observed in October and the festival concludes with [[Vijayadashami]].

==Modernization Projects==
The '''Uttar Pradesh Tourism Department''' has recently initiated a major modernization and beautification project for '''Sheetla Chaukiya Dham''' in Jaunpur, with an investment of approximately '''₹6 crore'''.
This project aims to transform the ''shrine'' into a '''grand religious corridor''', drawing inspiration from the '''Vindhyavasini Corridor''' in Mirzapur.

'''Key Modernization Features:'''

*'''Grand Entry Gates:''' Two new entrance gates are being constructed—one on the Shahganj route and another on the Pachatiya-Sheetla Chaukiya route—to manage crowd flow.

*'''Main Entrance Revamp:''' The main gate will be redesigned to include a statue of Goddess [[Shitala|Sheetla]] and an idol of [[Lord Ganesha]], creating a more spiritual welcoming atmosphere.

*'''Renovated Verandas:''' Old tin sheds over the temple courtyard (''veranda'') are being replaced with modern, architecturally aesthetic structures to give the temple a "magnificent and grand" look.

*'''Sagar (Sacred Pond) Beautification:''' The historic pond behind the temple will feature new fountains, updated stone designs on walls, and spiritual paintings.

*'''New Amenities:'''
*Dedicated Sitting Areas for pilgrims.
*A Cultural Stage for hosting religious events and festivals.
*CC Roads and Interlocking Tiles in the surrounding lanes for easier access.
*New Sulah Shauchalaya (public restrooms) and improved drainage systems.

==Transport==
The temple is easily accessible from local and regional transport hubs.

'''By Air:''' The nearest airport is [[Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport]] in [[Varanasi]], approximately 50 km away.

'''By Train:'''
[[Jaunpur Junction]] (JNU): Located about 3 km from the temple.
[[Jaunpur City railway station|Jaunpur City Station]] (JOP): Located about 8 km from the temple.
[[Yadvendranagar]] (YDV): Located about 1.5 Km from the temple.

'''By Road:''' The ''Jaunpur Bus Stand'' is about 5 km away. If driving your own vehicle, the temple offers free parking facilities. Small vehicles can go directly to the main gate, which is helpful for senior citizens.

==External links==
*Official Website : https://sheetalamatachaukiya.com/
{{Commonscatinline}}

{{Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Portal bar|India|Hinduism|Religion}}

[[Category:Jyotirlingas]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shakti temples]]

Dinhata railway station

2026-04-07T05:34:53Z

Babakigadi123: made some post first draft

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Dinhata Railway Station
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|25px]] [[Indian Railways]] Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Dinhata Railway Station Road, Bhangni Pratham Khanda, PS; Dinhata, Dist - Coochbehar, Pin; 736135
State: West Bengal
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.13|89.47|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|39.00|m|ft}}
| line = [[Alipurduar–Bamanhat branch line]]
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection (road)#At grade railways|At grade]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2 (broad gauge)
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = DHH
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| division = [[Alipurduar railway division|Alipurduar]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_dot_label = '''Dinhata Railway Station'''
| map_size = 300
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_caption = Location in [[West Bengal]]##Location in India
}}

'''Dinhata Railway Station'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Departures from DHH/Dinhata (2 PFs)|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/dinhata-dhh/7546|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> serves the city of [[Dinhata]] lying in [[Alipurduar–Bamanhat branch line]], [[Cooch Behar district]] of [[West Bengal]]. The station lies under [[Alipurduar railway division]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway]] zone.

==Trains==
===Major Trains===
*[[Uttar Banga Express|Sealdah-Bamanhat Uttar Banga Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sealdah Bamanhat Uttar Banga Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-uttar-banga-express-13147/1185/325/551|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
*[[Siliguri Bamanhat Intercity Express]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siliguri-Bamanhat Intercity Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-siliguri-bamanhat-express-15467/17335/445/7550|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway junction stations in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Ajay Dalai

2026-04-04T00:58:38Z

Babakigadi123: Made Basic Pg Initial Version!

{{Short description|Indian Canadian chemical engineer (born 1959)}}

{{Infobox academic
| name = Ajay Dalai
| image =
| image_size = 230px
| caption =
| birth_date ={{birth date and age|1959|04|13}}
| birth_place =[[Orissa, India]]
| occupation =
| education = BSc, 1979, [[Utkal University]] BSc, Chemical Engineering, 1982, [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University|Nagpur University]] M.Tech, 1984, [[Indian Institute of Technology]] PhD, 1990, [[University of Saskatchewan]]
| thesis_title =Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in a tube-wall reactor using cobalt, iron and cobalt-iron bimetallic catalysts : experimental and modelling studies.
| thesis_year =1990
| known_for =
| spouse = Debasmita
| children =
| awards = [[Miroslaw Romanowski Medal]]
| website =
| workplaces = University of Saskatchewan
}}
'''Ajay Kumar Dalai''' (born April 13, 1959) is an Indian-Canadian chemical engineer. He is a professor and [[Canada Research Chair]] of Bioenergy and Environmentally Friendly Chemical Processing at the [[University of Saskatchewan]].

==Early life and education==
Dalai was born on April 13, 1959, in [[Orissa, India]].<ref name="CV">{{cite web |title=Professor Ajay Kumar Dalai |url=https://www.cup.edu.cn/pub/heavyoil/docs/20110422163326725572.pdf |access-date=September 18, 2021}}</ref> He completed his [[Bachelor of Science]] and [[Bachelor of Technology]] degree from [[Laxminarayan Innovation Technological University|Laxminarayan Institute of Technology]] before earning his Master of Technology at the [[Indian Institute of Technology]]. Following this, Dalai moved to North America and completed his PhD from the [[University of Saskatchewan]] (USask) in Chemical Engineering in 1990.<ref name="sask bio">{{cite web|title=Ajay K. Dalai PhD, P.Eng.|url=https://engineering.usask.ca/people/cbe/Dalai,Ajay.php|publisher=University of Saskatchewan|access-date=September 19, 2021|archive-date=September 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915060904/https://engineering.usask.ca/people/cbe/Dalai,Ajay.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
As an [[associate professor]] of chemical engineering at the University of Saskatchewan (USask). Dalai was awarded the 2000 Petro-Canada Young Innovator award to further his research into developing safer materials for gasoline production in oil refineries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Campus connection |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85531025/campus-connection/ |access-date=September 19, 2021 |publisher=Star Phoenix |date=February 8, 2000|via=newspapers.com}}</ref> While conducting this research, he was asked to develop a [[Canada Research Chair]] (CRC) application focused on bioenergy renewable energy generated from organic matter. His application was accepted in 2001 and he became one of USask's CRC of Bioenergy and Environmentally Friendly Chemical Processing.<ref name="Hoffman">{{cite web |last1=Hoffman |first1=Donella |title=USask's Dalai one of Canada's longest-serving CRCs |url=https://educationnewscanada.com/article/education/level/university/1/874996/usask-s-dalai-one-of-canada-s-longest-serving-crcs.html |publisher=Education News Canada |access-date=September 19, 2021 |date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> A few years later, he received funding through a joint venture between the BIOCAP Canada Foundation and the [[Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council]] (NSERC) to create a biodegradable lubricating additive for diesel engines.<ref>{{cite news |title=Research aimed at reducing engine wear |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85530994/research-aimed-at-reducing-engine-wear/ |access-date=September 19, 2021 |publisher=Saskatoon Sun |date=December 7, 2003|via=newspapers.com}}</ref>

As a chemical engineering professor and Canada Research Chair, Dalai was awarded $525,000 to develop a method to produce biodiesel from low-cost raw materials.<ref>{{cite web |title=U of S researchers to explore green energy, social media, plasma physics and beer |url=https://news.usask.ca/media-release-pages/2011/u-of-s-researchers-to-explore-green-energy-social-media-plasma-physics-and-beer.php |publisher=University of Saskatchewan |access-date=September 19, 2021 |date=June 28, 2011}}</ref> He was also granted a [[Fulbright Scholarship]] Award to conduct research at the [[University of California, Davis]] to develop an integrated process for the complete conversion of biomass to alcohols, phenols and methane using supercritical technology.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ferguson |first1=Mark |title=U of S bio-energy researcher wins Fulbright |url=https://news.usask.ca/articles/research/2011/u-of-s-bio-energy-researcher-wins-fulbright-2.php |publisher=University of Saskatchewan |access-date=September 19, 2021 |date=October 7, 2011}}</ref> As a result of his research, Dalai was elected a Fellow of the [[Engineering Institute of Canada]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ajay Dalai - nominated by the Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering |url=https://eic-ici.ca/honours_award/cit11/Dalai.pdf |publisher=[[Engineering Institute of Canada]] |access-date=September 19, 2021 |date=March 5, 2011}}</ref> A few years later, he was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada]] (RSC).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thoma |first1=Jennifer |title=Two University of Saskatchewan researchers named Fellows of Royal Society of Canada |url=https://news.usask.ca/media-release-pages/2014/two-university-of-saskatchewan-researched-named-fellows-of-royal-society-of-canada.php |publisher=University of Saskatchewan |access-date=September 19, 2021 |date=September 9, 2014}}</ref>

In January 2020, Dalai was granted the title of Distinguished Professor by the University of Saskatchewan (USask), recognizing that his research has significantly enhanced his field of knowledge.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dalai receives 'Distinguished Professor' title |url=https://engineering.usask.ca/news/2020/01-dalai-receives-distinguished-professor-title.php |publisher=University of Saskatchewan |access-date=September 19, 2021 |date=January 7, 2020}}</ref> Following this, he was awarded [[Miroslaw Romanowski Medal|the Royal Society of Canada’s (RSC) Miroslaw Romanowski Medal]] for outstanding contributions to environmental science.<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Society of Canada honours renowned USask researchers Creed, Dalai |url=https://news.usask.ca/articles/research/2020/royal-society-of-canada-honours-renowned-usask-researchers-creed,-dalai.php |publisher=University of Saskatchewan |access-date=September 19, 2021 |date=September 15, 2020}}</ref> Dalai also became the 2021 winner of the J.W. George Ivany Award for Internationalization at the People Around the World Conference.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dalai receives kudos for international collaboration |url=https://engineering.usask.ca/news/2021/dalai-receives-kudos-for-international-collaboration.php |publisher=University of Saskatchewan |access-date=September 19, 2021 |date=February 7, 2021}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Dalai and his wife Debasmita have children together.<ref name="Hoffman"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Google Scholar id | VVGHC_wAAAAJ }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dalai, Ajay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Indian chemical engineers]]
[[Category:Canadian chemical engineers]]
[[Category:Utkal University alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:University of Saskatchewan alumni]]
[[Category:Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Saskatchewan]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada]]
[[Category:Canada Research Chairs]]

Islamism

2026-03-30T05:12:53Z

Babakigadi123: quick expanded citations to improve readability and added references per sources

{{Short description|Politico-religious ideology}}
{{About|an Islamic political ideology|the religion itself|Islam|politics in Islam generally|Political aspects of Islam}}
{{Distinguish|Political Islam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Islamism sidebar|all}}
{{Islam |related |width=21.5em}}
'''Islamism''' is a range of [[Religion|religious]] and [[Politics|political]] ideological movements that believe that [[Islam]] should influence political systems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamism |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/islamism |website=Cambridge dictionary}}</ref> Its proponents believe Islam is innately political, and that Islam as a political system is superior to [[communism]], [[liberal democracy]], [[capitalism]], and other alternatives in achieving a just, successful society.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Caroline |date=June 2003 |title=The 'West', Islam and Islamism |url=https://civitas.org.uk/pdf/cs29.pdf |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society}}</ref> The advocates of Islamism, also known as "al-Islamiyyun", are usually affiliated with Islamic institutions or social mobilization movements,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamism |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012444 |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Oxford Reference|archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825061146/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012444 |url-status=live }}</ref> emphasizing the implementation of ''[[sharia]]'',<ref name="eikmeier-2007">{{cite journal |last1=Eikmeier |first1=Dale |title=Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism |journal=The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters |date=2007 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=85–97 |doi=10.55540/0031-1723.2340|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[pan-Islamic]] political unity,<ref name="eikmeier-2007" /> and the creation of [[Islamic state]]s.<ref>Soage, Ana Belén. "Introduction to Political Islam." Religion Compass 3.5 (2009): 887–96.</ref>

In its original formulation, Islamism described an ideology seeking to revive Islam to its past assertiveness and glory,<ref name="Burgat-IMiNA-1997" /> purifying it of foreign elements, reasserting its role into "social and political as well as personal life";<ref name="Berman, S 2003, p. 258" /> and in particular "reordering government and society in accordance with laws prescribed by Islam" (i.e. Sharia).<ref name="BYERS-2013" /><ref name="shepard-1996-40" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tibi|first=Bassam|date=1 March 2007|title=The Totalitarianism of Jihadist Islamism and its Challenge to Europe and to Islam|journal=Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions|volume=8|issue=1|pages=35–54|doi=10.1080/14690760601121630|issn=1469-0764|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bale|first=Jeffrey M.|date=1 June 2009|title=Islamism and Totalitarianism|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14690760903371313|journal=Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions|volume=10|issue=2|pages=73–96|doi=10.1080/14690760903371313|s2cid=14540501|issn=1469-0764|access-date=10 September 2021|archive-date=6 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806233015/https://doi.org/10.1080/14690760903371313|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> According to at least one observer (author [[Robin Wright (author)|Robin Wright]]), Islamist movements have "arguably altered the Middle East more than any trend since the modern states gained independence", redefining "politics and even borders".<ref name="WRIGHT-SHI-10-1015">{{cite journal|date=10 January 2015|title=A Short History of Islamism|url=http://www.newsweek.com/short-history-islamism-298235|journal=Newsweek|last1=Wright|first1=Robin|access-date=23 December 2015|archive-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165123/http://www.newsweek.com/short-history-islamism-298235|url-status=live}}</ref> Another sole author ([[Graham E. Fuller]]) has argued for a broader notion of Islamism as a form of [[identity politics]], involving "support for [Muslim] identity, authenticity, broader regionalism, revivalism, [and] revitalization of the community."<ref name=Fuller-Future-21>Fuller, Graham E., ''The Future of Political Islam'', Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 21</ref>

Central and prominent figures in 20th-century Islamism include [[Rashid Rida]],<ref name="Zhongmin 2013 23–28">{{Cite journal|last=Zhongmin|first=Liu|year=2013|title=Commentary on "Islamic State": Thoughts of Islamism|journal=Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (In Asia)|publisher=Routledge: Taylor & Francis group|volume=7|issue=3|pages=23–28|doi=10.1080/19370679.2013.12023226|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Hassan al-Banna]] (founder of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]), [[Sayyid Qutb]], [[Abul A'la Maududi]],<ref name=Fuller-Future-120>Fuller, Graham E., ''The Future of Political Islam'', Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 120
</ref> [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] (founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran), [[Hassan Al-Turabi]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhongmin|first=Liu|year=2013|title=Commentary on "Islamic State": Thoughts of Islamism|journal=Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (In Asia)|publisher=Routledge: Taylor & Francis group|volume=7|issue=3|pages=38–40|doi=10.1080/19370679.2013.12023226|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Syrians|Syrian]] [[Sunni]] [[Ulama|cleric]] Muhammad Rashid Riḍā, a fervent opponent of [[Westernization]], [[Zionism]] and [[nationalism]], advocated Sunni internationalism through revolutionary restoration of a [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamic]] [[Caliphate]] to politically unite the [[Muslim world]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Matthiesen |first=Toby |title=The Caliph and the Imam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-19-068946-9 |location=New York, NY |pages=270–271, 276–278, 280, 283–285, 295, 310–311 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190689469.001.0001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Milton-Edwards |first=Beverley |title=Islamic Fundamentalism since 1945 |publisher=Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group |year=2005 |isbn=0-415-30173-4 |location=New York |page=141 }}</ref> Riḍā was a strong exponent of Islamic vanguardism, the belief that [[Muslim community]] should be guided by clerical elites (''[[Ulama|ulema]]'') who steered the efforts for religious education and [[Islamic revival]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=B. Hass |first=Ernst |title=Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: Volume 2 The Dismal Fate of New Nations |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-8014-3108-5 |location=Ithaca, New York |pages=91 }}</ref> Riḍā's [[Salafi movement|Salafi]]-[[Arabist]] synthesis and Islamist ideals greatly influenced his disciples like Hasan al-Banna,<ref>{{Cite book |last=B. Hass |first=Ernst |title=Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: Volume 2 The Dismal Fate of New Nations |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-8014-3108-5 |location=Ithaca, New York |pages=91 |chapter=2: Iran and Egypt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Matthiesen |first=Toby |title=The Caliph and the Imam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-19-068946-9 |location=New York, NY |pages=280, 284–285, 295 |chapter=10: The Muslim Response |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190689469.001.0001}}</ref> an [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] schoolteacher who founded the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] movement, and [[Hajj Amin al-Husayni|Hajji Amin al-Husayni]], the [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]] [[Grand Mufti of Jerusalem]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pappe |first=Ilan |title=The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty: The Husaynis 1700–1948 |publisher=University of California Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-520-26839-5 |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, United States |pages=147–148 |translator-last=Lotan |translator-first=Yaer}}</ref> Al-Banna and Maududi called for a "[[Reformism|reformist]]" strategy to re-Islamizing society through [[grassroots]] social and political activism.<ref name=ORFPI1994:24>[[#ORFPI1994|Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'', 1994]]: p. 24</ref><ref name="Ham">{{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2015/10/01/what-most-people-get-wrong-about-political-islam/ |title=What most people get wrong about political Islam |author=Hamid, Shadi |date=1 October 2015 |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929132235/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2015/10/01/what-most-people-get-wrong-about-political-islam/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Other Islamists (Al-Turabi) are proponents of a "[[revolutionary]]" strategy of [[Islamization|Islamizing]] society through exercise of state power,<ref name=ORFPI1994:24/> or ([[Sayyid Qutb]]) for combining grassroots Islamization with armed revolution. The term has been applied to non-state reform movements, political parties, militias and revolutionary groups.<ref name=Nugent-Wapo-23-6-2014>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/06/23/what-do-we-mean-by-islamist/ |title=What do we mean by Islamist? |last1=Nugent |first1=Elizabeth |date=23 June 2014 |newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326012347/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/06/23/what-do-we-mean-by-islamist/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Islamists themselves prefer terms such as "Islamic movement",<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/articles/africa/8087-how-credible-is-the-claim-of-the-failure-of-political-islam|title=How credible is the claim of the failure of political Islam?|date=31 October 2013|author=Rashid Ghannouchi|newspaper=MEMO|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104630/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/articles/africa/8087-how-credible-is-the-claim-of-the-failure-of-political-islam|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> or "Islamic activism" to "Islamism", objecting to the insinuation that Islamism is anything other than Islam renewed and revived.<ref name="ICG">{{cite web|title=Understanding Islamism |work=International Crisis Group |url=http://merln.ndu.edu/archive/icg/Islamism2Mar05.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307123849/http://merln.ndu.edu/archive/icg/Islamism2Mar05.pdf |archive-date=7 March 2013 |page=5}}</ref> Because of its connotations in media, critics say the term may lead to Islamophobia and stereotyping.<ref name="Poljarevic-def">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2015|title=Islamism|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://www.academia.edu/6916999|access-date=1 February 2017|author=Emin Poljarevic|editor=Emad El-Din Shahin|quote=Islamism is one of many sociopolitical concepts continuously contested in scholarly literature. It is a neologism debated in both Muslim and non-Muslim public and academic contexts. The term "Islamism" represents a form of social and political activism grounded in the idea that public and political life should be guided by Islamic principles. In other words, Islamists are those who believe that Islam has an important role to play in a Muslim-majority society and seek to implement this belief.|archive-date=25 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325062108/https://www.academia.edu/6916999|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Shepard>{{cite encyclopedia |author=William E. Shepard |author2=FranÇois Burgat |author3=James Piscatori |author4=Armando Salvatore |title=Islamism |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor=John L. Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2009 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0888 |url-access=subscription |quote=The term "Islamism/Islamist" has come into increasing use in recent years to denote the views of those Muslims who claim that Islam, or more specifically, the Islamic sharīʿah, provides guidance for all areas of human life, individual and social, and who therefore call for an "Islamic State" or an "Islamic Order." [...] Today it is one of the recognized alternatives to "fundamentalist", along with "political Islam" in particular. [...] Current terminology usually distinguishes between "Islam," [...] and "Islamism", referring to the ideology of those who tend to signal openly, in politics, their Muslim religion. [...] the term has often acquired a quasi-criminal connotation close to that of political extremism, religious sectarianism, or bigotry. In Western mainstream media, "Islamists" are those who want to establish, preferably through violent means, an "Islamic state" or impose sharīʿah (Islamic religious law)—goals that are often perceived merely as a series of violations of human rights or the rights of women. In the Muslim world, insiders use the term as a positive reference. In the academic sphere, although it is still debated, the term designates a more complex phenomenon. |isbn=9780195305135 |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204102032/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0888 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prominent Islamist groups and parties across the world include the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], Turkey's [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]], [[Hamas]], the Algerian [[Islamic Salvation Front]], the Malaysian [[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|National Trust Party]], [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] in [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Bangladesh]] and [[Jamaat-e-Islami (Pakistan)|Pakistan]] and Bosnia's [[Party of Democratic Action]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Abbas |first1=Tahir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r3N0DwAAQBAJ |title=Political Muslims: Understanding Youth Resistance in a Global Context |last2=Hamid |first2=Sadek |date=2019-02-11 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0-8156-5430-8 |language=en}}</ref> Following the [[Arab Spring]], many [[Post-Islamism|post-Islamist]] currents became heavily involved in democratic politics,<ref name=WRIGHT-SHI-10-1015/><ref name="foreignpolicy1">{{cite web |url= https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/16/the_new_islamists |title= The New Islamists |first= Olivier |last= Roy |publisher= foreignpolicy.com |date= 16 April 2012 |access-date= 7 March 2017 |archive-date= 9 October 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141009193849/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/16/the_new_islamists |url-status= dead }}</ref> while others spawned "the most aggressive and ambitious Islamist [[militia]]" to date, such as the [[Islamic State]] of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).<ref name=WRIGHT-SHI-10-1015/> ISIL has been rejected as blasphemous by the majority of Islamists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suspected ISIL chief killed in Syria, says Turkish president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/1/erdogan-says-turkey-has-killed-suspected-isil-leader |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

==Terminology==
Originally the term ''Islamism'' was simply used to mean the religion of Islam, not an ideology or movement. It first appeared in the English language as ''Islamismus'' in 1696, and as ''Islamism'' in 1712.<ref name=OED>{{cite web|title= Islamism, n.|url= http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/99982|work= Oxford English Dictionary|publisher= Oxford University Press|access-date= 27 December 2012|archive-date= 29 November 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141129015810/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/99982|url-status= live}}</ref> The term appears in the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] decision in ''In Re Ross'' (1891). By the turn of the twentieth century the shorter and purely Arabic term "Islam" had begun to displace it, and by 1938, when Orientalist scholars completed ''The [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'', ''Islamism'' seems to have virtually disappeared from English usage.<ref>{{cite web|title= Islamism, n. {{pipe}} Frequency|url= https://www.oed.com/dictionary/islamism_n?tab=frequency|work= Oxford English Dictionary|publisher= Oxford University Press|access-date= 2024-11-24}}</ref> The term remained "practically absent from the vocabulary" of scholars, writers or journalists until the [[Iranian Revolution|Iranian Islamic Revolution]] of 1978–79, which brought [[Ayatollah Khomeini]]'s concept of "Islamic government" to Iran.<ref>{{cite journal |title=What is Islamism? The History and Definition of a Concept |journal=Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions |volume=8 |issue=1 |date=March 2007 |access-date=17 January 2023 |author=Mehdi Mozaffari |url=https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/22326292/What_is_Islamism_Totalitarian_Movements_article.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101050824/https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/22326292/What_is_Islamism_Totalitarian_Movements_article.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

This new usage appeared without taking into consideration how the term ''Islamist'' (m. sing.: ''Islami'', pl. nom/acc: ''Islamiyyun'', gen. ''Islamiyyin;'' f. sing/pl: ''Islamiyyah'') was already being used in traditional Arabic scholarship in a theological sense as in relating to the religion of Islam, not a political ideology. In heresiographical, theological and historical works, such as [[Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari|al-Ash'ari]]'s well-known encyclopaedia ''[[Maqālāt al-Islāmiyyīn]]'' (''The Opinions of The Islamists''), an Islamist refers to any person who attributes himself to Islam without affirming nor negating that attribution. If used consistently, it is for impartiality, but if used in reference to a certain person or group in particular without others, it implies that the author is either unsure whether to affirm or negate their attribution to Islam, or trying to insinuate his disapproval of the attribution without controversy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=تأملات في معنى مصطلح إسلامي |url=https://thenewkhalij.news/article/16712/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A |access-date=4 May 2023 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504085440/https://thenewkhalij.news/article/16712/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=AYARI |first=Badreddine |date=19 July 2012 |title=بين المسلم والاسلامى:مصطلح ( اسلامى) بين الاجتهاد والبدعة |url=https://drsabrikhalil.wordpress.com/2012/07/19/%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d9%84%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%89%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%89-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86/ |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=الموقع الرسمي للدكتور صبري محمد خليل خيري |language=ar |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504085440/https://drsabrikhalil.wordpress.com/2012/07/19/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=31 March 2021 |title=الفرق بين "المسلمين" و"الإسلاميين" |url=http://alharakalseyasi.com/4921/ |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=صحيفة الحراك السياسي |language=ar |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504085441/http://alharakalseyasi.com/4921/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nawal.Alali |title=إسلامي أو إسلاموي: نقلات فوق رقعة من المصطلحات |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%88-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A-%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=alaraby.co.uk/ |language=ar |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504090936/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%88-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A-%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=" مسلم " أم " إسلامي " أم "إسلاموي " .. أين الصواب ..؟ |url=https://montada.echoroukonline.com/showthread.php?t=178006 |website=الشروق |access-date=4 May 2023 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504085433/https://montada.echoroukonline.com/showthread.php?t=178006 |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast, referring to a person as a [[Muslims|Muslim]] or a [[Kafir]] implies an explicit affirmation or a negation of that person's attribution to Islam. To evade the problem resulting from the confusion between the Western and Arabic usage of the term Islamist, Arab journalists invented the term ''Islamawi'' (''Islamian'') instead of ''Islami'' (''Islamist'') in reference to the political movement, though this term is sometimes criticized as [[Grammar|grammatically]] incorrect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali al-Juzu |first=Mustafa |title=زيادة الألف والواو في النسبة |url=https://alarabi.nccal.gov.kw/Home/Article/19698 |access-date=4 May 2023 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504085441/https://alarabi.nccal.gov.kw/Home/Article/19698 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Definitions===
Islamism has been defined as:
* "the belief that Islam should guide social and political as well as personal life" ([[Sheri Berman]]);<ref name="Berman, S 2003, p. 258">{{cite journal |last=Berman |first=Sheri |title=Islamism, Revolution, and Civil Society |journal=Perspectives on Politics |volume=1 |issue=2 |year=2003 |page=258 |doi=10.1017/S1537592703000197|s2cid=145201910 }}</ref>
* the belief that Islam should influence political systems ([[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge English Dictionary]]);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/islamism|title=Islamism |work=Cambridge English Dictionary}}</ref>
* "the [Islamic] ideology that guides society as a whole and that [teaches] law must be in conformity with the [[Islamic Shari'a|Islamic sharia]]", (W. E. Shepard);<ref name=shepard-1996-40>Shepard, W. E. ''Sayyid Qutb and Islamic Activism: A Translation and Critical Analysis of Social Justice in Islam''. Leiden, New York: E.J. Brill. (1996). p. 40</ref>
* a combination of two pre-existing trends
** movements to revive the faith, weakened by "foreign influence, political opportunism, moral laxity, and the forgetting of sacred texts";<ref name=ORFPI1994:4>[[#ORFPI1994|Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'', 1994]]: p. 4</ref>
** the more recent movement against imperialism/colonialism, morphed into a more simple anti-Westernism; formerly embraced by leftists and nationalists but whose supporters have turned to Islam.<ref name=ORFPI1994:4/>
* a form of "religionized politics" and an instance of [[religious fundamentalism]] that imagines an Islamic community claiming global hegemony for its values ([[Bassam Tibi]]);<ref>{{cite book|author=Bassam Tibi|author-link=Bassam Tibi|title=Islamism and Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HyEyLXcIXgUC&pg=PA22|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2012|page=22|isbn=978-0300160147}}</ref>
* "political movement that favors reordering government and society in accordance with laws prescribed by Islam" ([[Associated Press]] stylebook);<ref name="BYERS-2013">{{cite news |last1=Byers |first1=Dylan |title=AP Stylebook revises 'Islamist' use |url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2013/04/ap-stylebook-revises-islamist-use-160943 |access-date=6 February 2023 |agency=Politico |date=5 April 2013 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603060733/https://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2013/04/ap-stylebook-revises-islamist-use-160943 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=cair-5-4-2013/>
* a political ideology which seeks to enforce Islamic precepts and norms as generally applicable rules for people's conduct; and whose adherents seek a state based on Islamic values and laws (sharia) and rejecting Western guiding principles, such as freedom of opinion, freedom of the press, artistic freedom and freedom of religion (Thomas Volk);<ref name="Volk-KAS-2015-1">{{cite journal |last1=Volk |first1=Thomas |title=Islam – Islamism Clarification for turbulent times |journal=Konrad Adenauer Stiftung FACTS & FINDINGS |date=February 2015 |issue=164 |page=1 |url=http://www.jstor.com/stable/resrep10078 |access-date=6 February 2023}}</ref>
* a broad set of political ideologies that use and draw inspiration from Islamic symbols and traditions in pursuit of a sociopolitical objective—also called "political Islam" ([[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]);<ref name="Zeidan-EB">{{cite web |last1=Zeidan |first1=Adam |title=Islamism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamism |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=5 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605040447/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamism |url-status=live }}</ref>
* "[...] [has become shorthand for] 'Muslims we don't like.'" ([[Council on American–Islamic Relations]]—in complaint about AP's earlier definition of Islamist);<ref name=cair-5-4-2013>{{cite web|title=You are here: Home Press Center Press Releases CAIR Condemns Series of Terror Attacks in France, Tunisia and Kuwait CAIR Welcomes AP Stylebook Revision of 'Islamist'|url=https://www.cair.com/press-center/press-releases/11808-cair-welcomes-ap-stylebook-revision-of-islamist.html|website=Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR)|access-date=29 June 2015|date=5 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907184257/https://www.cair.com/press-center/press-releases/11808-cair-welcomes-ap-stylebook-revision-of-islamist.html|archive-date=7 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** In "Western popular discourse generally uses 'Islamism' when discussing the negative or 'that-which-is-bad' in Muslim communities. The signifier, 'Islam,' on the other hand, is reserved for the positive or neutral." (David Belt).<ref name="Belt-2009">{{cite journal |last1=Belt |first1=David |title=Islamism in Popular Western Discourse |journal=Policy Perspectives |date=July–December 2009 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=1–20 |jstor=42909235 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42909235 |access-date=6 February 2023 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206182535/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42909235 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* a movement so broad and flexible it reaches out to "everything to everyone" in Islam, making it "unsustainable" (Tarek Osman);<ref name=Osman.p111/>
** an alternative social provider to the poor masses;
** an angry platform for the disillusioned young;
** a loud trumpet-call announcing "a return to the pure religion" to those seeking an identity;
** a "progressive, moderate religious platform" for the affluent and liberal;
** "[...] and at the extremes, a violent vehicle for rejectionists and radicals.<ref name=Osman.p111>Osman, Tarek, ''Egypt on the brink'', 2010, p. 111</ref>
* an Islamic "movement that seeks cultural differentiation from the West and reconnection with the pre-colonial symbolic universe", ([[François Burgat]]);<ref name=Burgat-IMiNA-1997>Burgat, François, "The Islamic Movement in North Africa", U of Texas Press, 1997, pp. 39–41, 67–71, 309</ref>
* "the active assertion and promotion of beliefs, prescriptions, laws or policies that are held to be Islamic in character," ([[International Crisis Group]]);<ref name="ICG"/>
* a movement of "Muslims who draw upon the belief, symbols, and language of Islam to inspire, shape, and animate political activity;" which may contain moderate, tolerant, peaceful activists or those who "preach intolerance and espouse violence", ([[Robert Pelletreau|Robert H. Pelletreau]]);<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bureaus/nea/960508PelletreauMuslim.html |author=Robert H. Pelletreau, Jr. |title=Dealing with the Muslim Politics of the Middle East:Algeria, Hamas, Iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010091754/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bureaus/nea/960508PelletreauMuslim.html |archive-date=10 October 2017 |work=Council on Foreign Relations |date=8 May 1996}}</ref>
* "All who seek to Islamize their environment, whether in relation to their lives in society, their family circumstances, or the workplace ...", ([[Olivier Roy (political scientist)|Olivier Roy]]).<ref name=cwdi-viii>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Olivier|last2=Sfeir|first2=Antoine|title=The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism|date=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press.|page=viii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNrMilgHKKEC&q=principles%20of%20%20islamism&pg=PR8|access-date=15 December 2015|isbn=978-0231146401}}</ref>

===Relationship between Islam and Islamism===
{{further|Political aspects of Islam}}
[[File:A public demonstration demanding Sharia in Britain.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Islamists' public demonstration in the [[United Kingdom]] for [[sharia]], October 2009]]
Islamists simply believe that their movement is either a corrected version or a revival of [[Islam]], but others believe that Islamism is a modern deviation from Islam which should either be denounced or dismissed.

A writer for the [[International Crisis Group]] maintains that "the conception of 'political Islam'" is a creation of Americans to explain the [[Iranian Revolution|Iranian Islamic Revolution]], ignoring the fact that (according to the writer) Islam is by definition political. In fact it is [[Political quietism|quietist]]/non-political Islam, not Islamism, that requires explanation, which the author gives—calling it an historical fluke of the "short-lived era of the heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970".<ref name="ICGUnderstandingIslam">{{cite web|title=Understanding Islamism|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/North%20Africa/Understanding%20Islamism.pdf|publisher=[[International Crisis Group]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808200810/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/North%20Africa/Understanding%20Islamism.ashx|archive-date=8 August 2010|date=2 March 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Hayri Abaza argues that the failure to distinguish Islam from Islamism leads many in the West to equate the two; they think that by supporting illiberal Islamic (Islamist) regimes, they are being respectful of Islam, to the detriment of those who seek to [[Secularism|separate religion from politics]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/it-islamic-or-islamist-73961|title=Is It Islamic or Islamist?|date=22 October 2010|newspaper=Newsweek|author=Hayri Abaza|access-date=12 March 2014|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004035508/https://www.newsweek.com/it-islamic-or-islamist-73961|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another source distinguishes Islamist from Islam by emphasizing the fact that Islam "refers to a religion and [[Islamic culture|culture]] in existence [[History of Islam|over a millennium]]", whereas Islamism "is a political/religious phenomenon linked to the great events of the 20th century". Islamists have, at least at times, defined themselves as "Islamiyyoun/Islamists" to differentiate themselves from "Muslimun/Muslims".<ref>''Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report'', W.W. Norton & Company, New York, (2004), p. 562</ref> [[Daniel Pipes]] describes Islamism as a modern ideology that owes more to European utopian political ideologies and "isms" than to the traditional Islamic religion.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://nationalinterest.org/article/islam-and-islamism-faith-and-ideology-748|title=Islam and Islamism: Faith and Ideology|date=1 March 2000|journal=The National Interest|issue=Spring 2000|author=Daniel Pipes|access-date=12 March 2014|author-link=Daniel Pipes|archive-date=12 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512141047/http://nationalinterest.org/article/islam-and-islamism-faith-and-ideology-748|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Salman Sayyid, "Islamism is not a replacement of Islam akin to the way it could be argued that [[communism]] and [[fascism]] are secularized substitutes for Christianity." Rather, it is "a constellation of political projects that seek to position Islam in the centre of any [[social order]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sayyid |first=Salman |title=Recalling the Caliphate: Decolonisation and World Order |publisher=Hurst |year=2014 |location=London |pages=9}}</ref>

==Ideology==
===Islamic revival===
{{further|Islamic revival}}
[[File:A public demonstration calling for Sharia Islamic Law in Maldives 2014.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Islamist demonstrators carry signs reading "Islam will dominate the world" and "To hell with democracy" in [[Maldives]], September 2014]]
The modern revival of Islamic devotion and the attraction to things Islamic can be traced to several events.

By the end of World War I, most Muslim states were seen to be dominated by the Christian-leaning Western states. Explanations offered were: that the claims of Islam were false and the Christian or post-Christian West had finally come up with another system that was superior; or Islam had failed through not being true to itself. The second explanation being preferred by Muslims, a redoubling of faith and devotion by the faithful was called for to reverse this tide.<ref>Edward Mortimer in ''Faith and Power: The Politics of Islam'', in Wright, ''Sacred Rage'', Simon & Schuster, (1985), pp. 64–66</ref>

During the [[Cold War]] following [[World War II]], the United States and the United Kingdom launched covert and overt campaigns to encourage and strengthen Islamic fundamentalists in the Middle East, North Africa, and southern Asia. These Islamic fundamentalists were seen as a hedge against potential expansion by the [[Soviet Union]], and as a counterweight against [[Nationalism|nationalist]] and [[Socialism|socialist]] movements that were seen as a threat to the interests of the Western nations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dreyfuss |first=Robert |title=Devil's game: how the United States helped unleash fundamentalist Islam |date=2005 |publisher=A Holt Paperback |isbn=978-0-8050-7652-3 |series=The American empire project |location=New York|pages=1–4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Davidson |first=Christopher M. |title=Shadow Wars: The Secret Struggle for the Middle East |date=2016 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |isbn=978-1-78607-002-9 |location=La Vergne|pages=43–45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Curtis |first=Mark |title=Secret affairs: Britain's collusion with radical Islam |date=2012 |publisher=Serpent's Tail |isbn=978-1-84668-764-8 |edition=New updated version |location=London|pages=65–68}}</ref>

According to some estimates, between 1960s and 2016, the Saudis funnelled over USD 100 billion to spread [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi Islam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-30 |title='Tsunami of money' from Saudi Arabia funding 24,000 Pakistan madrassas |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/tsunami-of-money-from-saudi-arabia-funding-24000-pakistan-madrassas/articleshow/50781972.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> According to [[Political science|political scientist]] Alex Alexiev, the impetus for the [[International propagation of the Salafi movement and Wahhabism|international propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism]] by Saudi Arabia was "the largest worldwide [[propaganda campaign]] ever mounted"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jr |first=Frank Gaffney |date=2003-12-08 |title=Waging the 'War of Ideas' |url=https://centerforsecuritypolicy.org/waging-the-war-of-ideas-2/ |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=Center for Security Policy |language=en-US}}</ref>, [[David A. Kaplan]] described it as "dwarfing the [[Active measures|Soviets' propaganda efforts]] at the height of the Cold War".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jr |first=Frank Gaffney |date=2003-12-08 |title=Waging the 'War of Ideas' |url=https://centerforsecuritypolicy.org/waging-the-war-of-ideas-2/ |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=Center for Security Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> In a 2018 interview with The Washington Post, [[Mohammed bin Salman]], the de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia, said that Saudi Arabia's [[International propagation of the Salafi movement and Wahhabism]] was "rooted in the Cold War, when allies asked Saudi Arabia to use its resources to prevent inroads in Muslim countries by the [[Soviet Union]]."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-23 |title=Saudi prince denies Kushner is ‘in his pocket’ |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/saudi-prince-denies-kushner-is-in-his-pocket/2018/03/22/701a9c9e-2e22-11e8-8688-e053ba58f1e4_story.html |access-date=2026-01-26 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In 2013, the [[European Parliament]] identified [[Wahhabism]] as the main source of global terrorism.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporters |first=Telegraph |date=2016-03-29 |title=What is Wahhabism? The reactionary branch of Islam from Saudi Arabia said to be 'the main source of global terrorism' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/03/29/what-is-wahhabism-the-reactionary-branch-of-islam-said-to-be-the/ |access-date=2026-01-26 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

The connection between the lack of an Islamic spirit and the lack of victory was underscored by the disastrous defeat of Arab nationalist-led armies fighting Israel under the slogan "Land, Sea and Air" in the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], compared to the (perceived) near-victory of the [[Yom Kippur War]] six years later. In that war the military's slogan was "God is Great".<ref>Wright, ''Sacred Rage'', pp. 64–66</ref>

Along with the Yom Kippur War came the [[1973 oil crisis|Arab oil embargo]] where the (Muslim) Persian Gulf oil-producing states' dramatic decision to cut back on production and quadruple the price of oil, made the terms oil, Arabs and Islam synonymous with power throughout the world, and especially in the Muslim world's public imagination.<ref>Wright, ''Sacred Rage'', p. 66 from Pipes, Daniel, ''In the Path of God'', Basic Books, (1983), p. 285</ref> Many Muslims believe as Saudi Prince Saud al Faisal did that the hundreds of billions of dollars in wealth obtained from the Persian Gulf's huge oil deposits were nothing less than a gift from God to the Islamic faithful.<ref>from interview by Robin Wright of UK Foreign Secretary (at the time) Lord Carrington in November 1981, ''Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam'', by Robin Wright, Simon & Schuster, (1985), p. 67</ref>

As the [[Islamic revival]] gained momentum, governments such as Egypt's, which had previously repressed (and was still continuing to repress) Islamists, joined the bandwagon. They banned alcohol and flooded the airwaves with religious programming,<ref name="Mu">Murphy, ''Passion for Islam'', (2002), p. 36</ref> giving the movement even more exposure.

===Restoration of the Caliphate===
{{See also|Khilafat Movement|}}
[[File:Cover_of_the_second_issue_of_al-Manar_magazine,_1899.jpg|thumb|''[[Al-Manār (magazine)|Al-Manār]]'' magazine, the most popular 20th century Islamic journal that called for the restoration of Caliphate]]
The [[abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate]] by the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] on 1 November 1922 ended the [[Ottoman Empire]], which had lasted since 1299. On 11 November 1922, at the [[Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923|Conference of Lausanne]], the sovereignty of the Grand National Assembly exercised by the [[Ankara Government|Government in Angora]] (now [[Ankara]]) over Turkey was recognized. The last sultan, [[Mehmed VI]], departed the Ottoman capital, [[Ottoman Constantinople|Constantinople]] (now [[Istanbul]]), on 17 November 1922. The legal position was solidified with the signing of the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] on 24 July 1923. In March 1924, [[Abolition of the Caliphate|the Caliphate was abolished]] legally by the Turkish National Assembly, marking the end of Ottoman influence. This shocked the Sunni clerical world, and many felt the need to present Islam not as a traditional religion but as an [[Bidʻah|innovative]] socio-political ideology of a modern nation-state.{{sfn|Rahnema|2005|p=101}}

The reaction to new realities of the modern world gave birth to Islamist ideologues like [[Rashid Rida]] and [[Abul A'la Maududi]] and organizations such as the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in Egypt and [[Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam]] in India. Rashid Rida, a prominent Syrian-born Salafi theologian based in [[Egypt]], was known as a revivalist of [[Hadith studies]] in Sunni seminaries and a pioneering theoretician of [[Islamic state|Islamism]] in the modern age.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olidort |first=Jacob |title=In Defense of Tradition: Muḥammad Nāșir AL-Dīn Al-Albānī and the Salafī Method |publisher=Princeton University |year=2015 |location=Princeton, NJ, U.S.A |pages=52–62 |chapter=A New Curriculum: Rashīd Riḍā and Traditionalist Salafism |quote="Rashīd Riḍā presented these core ideas of Traditionalist Salafism, especially the purported interest in ḥadīth of the early generations of Muslims, as a remedy for correcting Islamic practice and belief during his time."}}</ref> During 1922–1923, Rida published a series of articles in seminal ''[[Al-Manār (magazine)|Al-Manar]]'' magazine titled "''[[The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate (book)|The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate]]''". In this highly influential treatise, Rida advocates for the restoration of Caliphate guided by [[Faqīh|Islamic jurists]] and proposes gradualist measures of education, reformation and purification through the efforts of ''[[Salafiyya]]'' reform movements across the globe.<ref name="Willis 2010 711–732">{{Cite journal |last=Willis |first=John |date=2010 |title=Debating the Caliphate: Islam and Nation in the Work of Rashid Rida and Abul Kalam Azad |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25762122 |journal=The International History Review |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=711–732 |doi=10.1080/07075332.2010.534609 |jstor=25762122 |s2cid=153982399 |issn=0707-5332 |access-date=7 May 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327015041/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25762122 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sayyid Rashid Rida had visited India in 1912 and was impressed by the [[Darul Uloom Deoband|Deoband]] and [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama|Nadwatul Ulama]] seminaries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Allāh |first='Abd |date=29 February 2012 |title=Shaykh Rashid Rida on Dar al-'Ulum Deoband |url=https://friendsofdeoband.wordpress.com/2012/02/29/rashid-rida-and-dar-al-ulum-deoband/ |access-date=7 May 2022 |website=Friends of Deoband|archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327015044/https://friendsofdeoband.wordpress.com/2012/02/29/rashid-rida-and-dar-al-ulum-deoband/ |url-status=live }}</ref> These seminaries carried the legacy of [[Sayyid Ahmad Shahid]] and his pre-modern Islamic emirate.<ref>B. Metcalf, "Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900", pp. 50–60, Princeton University Press (1982).</ref> In [[British Raj|British India]], the [[Khilafat movement]] (1919–24) following [[World War I]] led by [[Shaukat Ali (politician)|Shaukat Ali]], Maulana [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar]], [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]] and [[Maulana Azad]] came to exemplify South Asian Muslims' aspirations for [[Caliphate]].

===Anti-Westernization===
{{Further|Anti-Western sentiment}}
Muslim alienation from Western ways, including its political ways.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2500?_hi=19&_pos=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528231208/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2500?_hi=19&_pos=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 May 2012 |title=From the article on westernization in Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxfordislamicstudies.com |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref>
* The memory in Muslim societies of the many centuries of "cultural and institutional success" of Islamic civilization that have created an "intense resistance to an alternative 'civilizational order'", such as Western civilization.<ref>Fuller, E., ''The Future of Political Islam'', (2003), p. 15</ref>
* The proximity of the core of the Muslim world to Europe and Christendom where it first conquered and then was conquered. [[Al-Andalus|Iberia]] in the eighth century, the [[Crusades]] which began in the eleventh century, then for centuries the [[Ottoman Empire]], were all fields of war between Europe and Islam.<ref>''Islam and the Myth of Confrontation'', Fred Halliday; (2003) p. 108</ref>

:In the words of [[Bernard Lewis]]:
:<blockquote>For almost a thousand years, from the first Moorish landing in Spain to the second Turkish siege of Vienna, Europe was under constant threat from Islam. In the early centuries it was a double threat—not only of invasion and conquest, but also of conversion and assimilation. All but the easternmost provinces of the Islamic realm had been taken from Christian rulers, and the vast majority of the first Muslims west of Iran and Arabia were converts from Christianity ... Their loss was sorely felt and it heightened the fear that a similar fate was in store for Europe.<ref>Lewis, Bernard, ''Islam and the West'' Oxford University Press, p. 13, (1993)</ref></blockquote>

For Islamists, the primary threat of the West is cultural rather than political or economic. Cultural dependency robs one of faith and identity and thus destroys Islam and the Islamic community (''[[ummah]]'') far more effectively than political rule.<ref name="Haddad/Esposito1">Haddad/Esposito p. xvi</ref>

===Strength of identity politics===
Islamism is described by Graham E. Fuller as part of [[identity politics]], specifically the religiously oriented nationalism that emerged in the Third World in the 1970s: "[[Hindu nationalism|resurgent Hinduism]] in India, [[Religious Zionism]] in Israel, [[Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war|militant Buddhism in Sri Lanka]], resurgent [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale|Sikh nationalism]] in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], '[[Liberation Theology]]' of [[Catholicism]] in Latin America, and Islamism in the Muslim world."<ref>Fuller, Graham E., ''The Future of Political Islam'', Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), pp. 70–71</ref>

===Anti-communist stances===
{{Further|Anti-communism}}
By the late 1960s, non-Soviet Muslim-majority countries had won their independence and they tended to fall into one of the two cold-war blocs – with "Nasser's Egypt, Baathist Syria and Iraq, Muammar el-Qaddafi's Libya, Algeria under Ahmed Ben Bella and Houari Boumedienne, [[South Yemen|Southern Yemen]], and Sukarno's Indonesia" aligned with Moscow.<ref>Kepel, ''Jihad'', 2002, p.46</ref> Aware of the close attachment of the population with Islam, "school books of the 1960s in these countries "went out of their way to impress upon children that socialism was simply Islam properly understood."<ref>Kepel, ''Jihad'', 2002, p. 47</ref>
[[Olivier Roy (political scientist)|Olivier Roy]] writes that the "failure of the 'Arab socialist' model ... left room for new protest ideologies to emerge in deconstructed societies ..."<ref name=ORFPI1994:52>[[#ORFPI1994|Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'', 1994]]: p. 52</ref> Gilles Kepel notes that when a collapse in oil prices led to widespread violent and destructive rioting by the urban poor in Algeria in 1988, what might have appeared to be a natural opening for the left, was instead the beginning of major victories for the Islamist [[Islamic Salvation Front]] (FIS) party. The reason being the corruption and economic malfunction of the policies of the [[Third World socialism|Third World socialist]] ruling party (FNL) had "largely discredited" the "vocabulary of socialism".<ref>Kepel, ''Jihad'', 2002, pp. 160–1</ref>
In the [[Postcolonialism|post-colonial]] era, many Muslim-majority states such as Indonesia, Egypt, Syria, and Iraq, were ruled by authoritarian regimes which were often continuously dominated by the same individuals or their cadres for decades. Simultaneously, the military played a significant part in the government decisions in many of these states ([[Deep state in Turkey|the outsized role played by the military]] could be seen also in democratic Turkey).<ref name="Wi">''The History of the Modern Middle East'' by William L. Cleveland and Martin Bunton, 2008, p. 371.</ref>

The authoritarian regimes, backed by military support, took extra measures to silence leftist opposition forces, often with the help of foreign powers. Silencing of leftist opposition deprived the masses a channel to express their economic grievances and frustration toward the lack of democratic processes.<ref name="Wi"/> As a result, in the [[Post–Cold War era|post-Cold War era]], civil society-based Islamist movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood were the only organizations capable to provide avenues of protest.<ref name="Wi"/>

The dynamic was repeated after the states had gone through a [[democratization|democratic transition]]. In Indonesia, some secular political parties have contributed to the enactment of religious bylaws to counter the popularity of Islamist oppositions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/11/19/political-parties-clash-over-sharia-based-bylaws.html |title=Political parties clash over sharia-based bylaws |work=The Jakarta Post |access-date=6 March 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411130737/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/11/19/political-parties-clash-over-sharia-based-bylaws.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In Egypt, during the short period of the [[2012 Egyptian presidential election|democratic experiment]], Muslim Brotherhood seized the momentum by being the most cohesive political movement among the opposition.<ref>The Unbreakable Muslim Brotherhood: Grim Prospects for a Liberal Egypt, by [[Eric Trager]], ''Foreign Affairs'', 2011.</ref>

==Influence==
[[File:Tahar Djaout 1980.jpg|thumb|Algerian [[secularism|secularist]] journalist [[Tahar Djaout]] was assassinated in 1993 by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria|Armed Islamic Group]]]]
Few observers contest the immense influence of Islamism within the [[Muslim world]].<ref name="murphy-160">Murphy, Caryle, ''Passion for Islam'', (c. 2002), p. 160</ref><ref name="cook">Cook, Michael, ''The Koran: A Very Short Introduction'', Oxford University Press, (2000)</ref><ref name="murphy-161">Murphy, Caryle, ''Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience'', Scribner, (c. 2002), p. 161</ref> Following the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]], political movements based on the liberal ideology of free expression and democratic rule have led the opposition in other parts of the world such as Latin America, Eastern Europe and many parts of Asia; however "the simple fact is that political Islam currently reigns [circa 2002-3] as the most powerful ideological force across the Muslim world today".<ref>Fuller, ''The Future of Political Islam'', (2003), p. 67</ref><ref>Referring to the success of radical transnational Islamism and specifically the party [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]], [[Zeyno Baran]] writes that "all religions have radicals, but in contemporary Islam the radicals have become the mainstream, and the moderates are pushed to the sides of the debate." (source: {{cite web |last1=Baran |first1=Zeyno |url=http://www.bits.de/public/documents/US_Terrorist_Attacks/Hizbut-ahrirIslam'sPoliticalInsurgency.pdf |title=Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam's Political Insurgency |publisher=Nixon Center |date=December 2004 |access-date=30 March 2016 |page=13 |ref=ZBHTIPI2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210214407/http://www.bits.de/public/documents/US_Terrorist_Attacks/Hizbut-ahrirIslam%27sPoliticalInsurgency.pdf |archive-date=10 December 2015 |url-status=dead }})</ref>

The strength of Islamism also draws from the strength of [[religiosity]] in general in the Muslim world. Compared to other societies around the globe, "[w]hat is striking about the Islamic world is that ... it seems to have been the least penetrated by [[irreligion]]".<ref name="cook-43"/> Where other peoples may look to the physical or social sciences for answers in areas which their ancestors regarded as best left to scripture, in the Muslim world, religion has become more encompassing, not less, as "in the last few decades, it has been the fundamentalists who have increasingly represented the cutting edge" of Muslim culture.<ref name="cook-43">Cook, Michael, ''The Koran: A Very Short Introduction'', Oxford University Press, (2000), p.42-3</ref>

Writing in 2009, German journalist Sonja Zekri described Islamists in Egypt and other Muslim countries as "extremely influential. ... They determine how one dresses, what one eats. In these areas, they are incredibly successful. ... Even if the Islamists never come to power, they have transformed their countries."<ref name="qantara">{{cite web |url=http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-476/_nr-924/i.html |title=The Islamism Debate: God's Counterculture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403133042/http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-476/_nr-924/i.html |archive-date=3 April 2008 |author=Sonja Zekri |author-link=Sonja Zekri |work=Süddeutsche Zeitung |date=2008 |translator=Phyllis Anderson}}</ref> Political Islamists were described as "competing in the democratic public square in places like [[Turkey]], [[Tunisia]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]]".<ref>Farr, Thomas F. "Islam's Way to Freedom", ''First Things'', November 2008, pp. 24–28 [26]</ref>

==Types==
Islamism is not a united movement and takes different forms and spans a wide range of strategies and tactics towards the powers in place—"destruction, opposition, collaboration, indifference"<ref name=ORFPI1994:24/>—not because (or not just because) of differences of opinions, but because it varies as circumstances change.<ref name=ORFPI1994:109>[[#ORFPI1994|Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'', 1994]]: p. 109</ref><ref name="Valbjørn-POMEPS"/>p. 54

Moderate and reformist Islamists who accept and work within the democratic process include parties like the Tunisian [[Ennahda Movement]]. Some Islamists can be religious [[Populism|populists]] or far-right.<ref name="k356">{{cite journal | last1=Barton | first1=Greg | last2=Yilmaz | first2=Ihsan | last3=Morieson | first3=Nicholas | title=Religious and Pro-Violence Populism in Indonesia: The Rise and Fall of a Far-Right Islamist Civilisationist Movement | journal=Religions | volume=12 | issue=6 | date=29 May 2021 | issn=2077-1444 | doi=10.3390/rel12060397 | doi-access=free | page=397}}</ref>
[[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] of Pakistan is basically a socio-political and "[[vanguard party]]" working within Pakistan's Democratic political process, but has also gained political influence through military coups d'état in the past.<ref name=ORFPI1994:24/> Other Islamist groups like [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]] and [[Hamas]] in [[Palestine]] claim to participate in the democratic and political process as well as armed attacks by their powerful paramilitary wings. [[Jihadist]] organizations like [[al-Qaeda]] and the [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad]], and groups such as the [[Taliban]], entirely reject democracy, seeing it as a form of ''[[kufr]]'' (disbelief), calling for [[offensive jihad]] on a religious basis.

Another major division within Islamism is between what [[Graham E. Fuller]] has described as the ''conservative'' "guardians of the tradition" ([[Salafism|Salafis]], such as those in the [[Wahhabi]] movement) and the ''revolutionary'' "vanguard of change and Islamic reform" centered around the [[Muslim Brotherhood]].<ref name="Fuller, 2003 pp. 194">Fuller, ''The Future of Political Islam'', (2003), pp. 194–95</ref> [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] argues that "[[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[pan-Islamism]] underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the 20th century" when the Muslim Brotherhood movement and its focus on Islamisation of [[pan-Arabism]] was eclipsed by the [[Salafi]] movement with its emphasis on "sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions".<ref>Roy, Olivier, ''The Politics of Chaos in the Middle East'', Columbia University Press, (2008), pp. 92–93</ref> Following the [[Arab Spring]] (starting in 2011), Roy has described Islamism as "increasingly interdependent" with democracy in much of the [[Arab world|Arab Muslim world]], such that "neither can now survive without the other." While Islamist political culture itself may not be democratic, Islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy. At the same time, their popularity is such that no government can call itself democratic that excludes mainstream Islamist groups.<ref name="foreignpolicy1"/>

Arguing distinctions between "radical/moderate" or "violent/peaceful" Islamism were "simplistic", circa 2017, scholar Morten Valbjørn put forth these "much more sophisticated typologies" of Islamism:<ref name="Valbjørn-POMEPS">{{cite web |last1=Valbjørn |first1=Morten |title=Bringing the 'Other Islamists' back in: Sunni and Shia Islamism(s) in a sectarianized new Middle East |url=https://pomeps.org/bringing-the-other-islamists-back-in-sunni-and-shia-islamisms-in-a-sectarianized-new-middle-east |website=POMEPS, Project on Middle East Political Science |publisher=Elliott School of International Affairs |access-date=27 January 2023 |date=c. 2017}}</ref>
{{blockquote|
* resistance/revolutionary/reformist Islamism,<ref name="Robinson, 2007">Robinson, Glenn E. (2007). "The battle for Iraq: Islamic insurgencies in comparative perspective". Third World Quarterly, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 261–273.</ref>
* Islahi-Ikhwani/Jihadi-Ikhwani/Islah-salafi/Jihadi-salafi Islamism,<ref name="Utvik, 2011">Utvik, Bjørn Olav (2011). Islamismen, Oslo: Unipub.</ref>
* reformist/revolutionary/societal/spiritual Islamism,<ref name="Yavuz, 2003">Yavuz, M. Hakan (2003). Islamic Political Identity in Turkey, Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref>
* Third Worldist/Neo-Third Worldist Islamism,<ref name="Strindberg and Wärn, 2005">Strindberg, Anders & Mats Wärn (2005). "Realities of Resistance: Hizballah, the Palestinian rejectionists, and al-Qa'ida compared". Journal of Palestine Studies, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 23–41.</ref>
* Statist/Non-Statist Islamism,<ref name="Volpi-and-Stein-2015">Volpi, Frédéric & Ewan Stein (2015). "Islamism and the state after the Arab uprisings: Between people power and state power". Democratization, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 276–293.</ref>
* Salafist Jihadi/Ikhwani Islamism,<ref name="Lynch, 2010">Lynch, Marc (2010). "Islam Divided Between 'Salafi-jihad' and the 'Ikhwan'". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 467–487.</ref> or
* mainstream/irredentist jihadi/doctrinaire jihadi Islamism.<ref name="Gerges, 2005">Gerges, Fawaz (2005). The Far Enemy : why jihad went global, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>}}

===Moderate and reformist Islamism===
{{See also|Islamic democracy}}

Throughout the 1980s and '90s, major moderate Islamist movements such as the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] and the Ennahda were excluded from democratic political participation. At least in part for that reason, Islamists attempted to overthrow the government in the [[Algerian Civil War]] (1991–2002) and waged a [[terrorism in Egypt|terror campaign in Egypt]] in the '90s. These attempts were crushed and in the 21st century, Islamists turned increasingly to non-violent methods,<ref name="Is">{{cite journal |url=http://carnegieendowment.org/files/pb40.hamzawy.FINAL.pdf |title=The Key to Arab Reform: Moderate Islamists |journal=Carnegie Endowment for Peace |pages=2 |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004005113/https://carnegieendowment.org/files/pb40.hamzawy.FINAL.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and "moderate Islamists" now make up the majority of the contemporary Islamist movements.<ref name="Ham"/><ref name="Fuller, 2003 pp. 194"/><ref name="Om">Moussalli, Ahmad S. ''Islamic democracy and pluralism''. from Safi, Omid. ''Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism''. Oneworld Publications, 1 April 2003.</ref>

Among some Islamists, Democracy has been harmonized with Islam by means of ''[[Shura]]'' (consultation). The tradition of consultation by the ruler being considered [[Sunnah]] of the [[Islamic prophet|prophet]] [[Muhammad]],<ref name="Om"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alhewar.com/SadekShura.htm|title=The Shura Principle in Islam – by Sadek Sulaiman|website=alhewar.com|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-date=24 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724034351/http://www.alhewar.com/SadekShura.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Esposito, J. & Voll, J., 2001, Islam and Democracy, ''Humanities'', Volume 22, Issue 6</ref> (''Majlis-ash-Shura'' being a common name for legislative bodies in Islamic countries).

Among the varying goals, strategies, and outcomes of "moderate Islamist movements" are a formal abandonment of their original vision of implementing ''[[sharia]]'' (also termed [[Post-Islamism]]) – done by the [[Ennahda Movement]] of Tunisia,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/ennahda-gives-political-islam|title=Ennahda is "Leaving" Political Islam|date=20 May 2016|work=Wilson Center|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824012939/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/ennahda-gives-political-islam|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Prosperous Justice Party]] (PKS) of Indonesia.<ref name="Al">Al-Hamdi, Ridho. (2017). ''Moving towards a Normalised Path: Political Islam in Contemporary Indonesia''. JURNAL STUDI PEMERINTAHAN (JOURNAL OF GOVERNMENT & POLITICS). Vol. 8 No. 1, February 2017. p. 53, 56–57, 62.</ref> Others, such as the National Congress of Sudan, have implemented the sharia with support from wealthy, conservative states (primarily Saudi Arabia).<ref name="Human Rights Watch Report">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/sudan/ |work=Human Rights Watch Report |date=November 1994 |volume=6 |issue=9 |title=SUDAN: "IN THE NAME OF GOD", Repression Continues in Northern Sudan |access-date=2 December 2016 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005172932/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/sudan/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Fuller, Graham E. 2003 p. 108">Fuller, Graham E., ''The Future of Political Islam'', Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 108</ref>

According to one theory – "inclusion-moderation" – the interdependence of political outcome with strategy means that the more moderate the Islamists become, the more likely they are to be politically included (or unsuppressed); and the more accommodating the government is, the less "extreme" Islamists become.<ref>Pahwa, Sumita (2016). ''Pathways of Islamist adaptation: the Egyptian Muslim Brothers' lessons for inclusion moderation theory''. Democratization, Volume 24, 2017 – Issue 6. pp. 1066–1084.</ref> A prototype of harmonizing Islamist principles within the modern state framework was the "[[Turkish model]]", based on the apparent success of the rule of the Turkish [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]] (AKP) led by [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/12/19/can-turkish-model-gain-traction-in-new-middle-east |title=Can the Turkish Model Gain Traction in the New Middle East? |author1=Sinan Ülgen |author2=Marwan Muasher |author3=Thomas de Waal |author4=Thomas Carothers |work=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |date=19 December 2011 |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130043236/http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/12/19/can-turkish-model-gain-traction-in-new-middle-east |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turkish model, however, came "unstuck" after [[Gezi Park protests|a purge and violations of democratic principles by the Erdoğan regime]].<ref name=surreal>{{cite journal|last=de Bellaigue|first=Christopher|title=Turkey: 'Surreal, Menacing…Pompous'|journal=New York Review of Books|date=19 December 2013|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/dec/19/turkey-surreal-menacing-pompous/?pagination=false|access-date=12 December 2013|archive-date=17 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717145313/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/dec/19/turkey-surreal-menacing-pompous/?pagination=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYT-23-7-16">{{cite news|last1=Akyol|first1=Mustafa|title=Who Was Behind the Coup Attempt in Turkey?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/22/opinion/who-was-behind-the-coup-attempt-in-turkey.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/22/opinion/who-was-behind-the-coup-attempt-in-turkey.html |archive-date=3 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=23 July 2016|work=The New York Times|date=22 July 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Critics of the concept – which include both Islamists who reject democracy and anti-Islamists – hold that Islamist aspirations are fundamentally incompatible with the democratic principles.

===Salafi movement===
{{Main|Salafi movement}}

{{Salafi|Related}}
[[File:Ansar Dine Rebels - VOA.jpg|thumb|[[Ansar Dine]], a Salafi Islamist group operated between 2012 and 2017, sought to impose absolute [[sharia]] across [[Mali]]]]
The contemporary [[Salafi movement]] is sometimes described as a variety of Islamism and sometimes as a different school of Islam,<ref name=ORFPI1994:35>[[#ORFPI1994|Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'', 1994]]: p. 35</ref> such as a "phase between fundamentalism and Islamism".<ref name=ORFPI1994:31>[[#ORFPI1994|Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'', 1994]]: p. 31</ref>
Originally a reformist movement of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abdul, and Rashid Rida, that rejected [[marabout]]ism (Sufism), the established schools of [[fiqh]], and demanded individual interpretation (''[[ijtihad]]'') of the Quran and [[Sunnah]];<ref name=ORFPI1994:32-33>[[#ORFPI1994|Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'', 1994]]: p. 32-33</ref> it evolved into a movement embracing the conservative doctrines of the medieval [[Hanbali]] theologian [[Ibn Taymiyyah]]. While all Salafis believe Islam covers every aspect of life, that sharia law must be implemented thoroughly, and that the Caliphate must be recreated to rule the Muslim world, they differ in strategies and priorities, which generally fall into three groups:
* The "[[Political quietism in Islam#Salafists|quietist]]" school advocates Islamization through preaching, educating the masses on [[sharia]] and "purification" of religious practices and ignoring government.
* Activist (or ''haraki'') [[Salafi Islamist|Salafi activism]] encourages political participation—opposing government loans with interest or normalization of relations with Israel, etc. As of 2013, this school makes up the majority of Salafism.<ref name=jof>George Joffé, ''Islamist Radicalisation in Europe and the Middle East: Reassessing the Causes of Terrorism'', p. 317. London: [[I.B. Tauris]], 2013.</ref> Salafist political parties in the [[Muslim world]] include the [[Al-Nour Party]] of Egypt, the [[Al-Islah (Yemen)|Al-Islah Party]] of Yemen, and the [[Al Asalah|Al-Asalah Society]] of Bahrain.
* [[Salafi jihadism]], (see below) is inspired by the ideology of [[Sayyid Qutb]] ([[Qutbism]], see below), and sees secular institutions as an enemy of Islam, advocating revolution to pave the way for the establishment of a new [[Caliphate]].<ref name="Mo">Mohie-Eldin, Fatima. ''The Evolution of Salafism: A History of Salafi Doctrine''. Al-Noor, Fall 2015. pp. 44–47.</ref>

{{anchor|Militant Islamism}}

===Militant Islamism/Jihadism===
{{main|Jihadism}}

{{see also|Islamic terrorism|Islamic extremism}}

====Qutbism====
{{main|Qutbism}}

[[Qutbism]] refers to the [[Jihadism|Jihadist]] ideology formulated by [[Sayyid Qutb]], (an influential figure of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Egypt]] during the '50s and '60s). Qutbism argued that not only was sharia essential for Islam, but that since it was not in force, Islam did not really exist in the Muslim world, which was in ''Jahiliyya'' (the state of pre-Islamic ignorance). To remedy this situation he urged a two-pronged attack of 1) preaching to convert, and 2) jihad to forcibly eliminate the "structures" of ''Jahiliyya''.<ref>''Muslim extremism in Egypt: the prophet and pharaoh'' by Gilles Kepel, pp. 55–6</ref> Defensive jihad against ''Jahiliyya'' Muslim governments would not be enough. "Truth and falsehood cannot coexist on this earth", so offensive Jihad was needed to eliminate ''Jahiliyya'' not only from the Islamic homeland but from the face of the Earth.<ref name="SOAGE-2009-192">{{cite journal |last1=SOAGE |first1=ANA BELÉN |title=Islamism and Modernity: The Political Thought of Sayyid Qutb |journal=Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions |date=June 2009 |volume=10 |issue=2 |page=192 |doi=10.1080/14690760903119092 |s2cid=144071957 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232945375 |access-date=9 March 2021}}</ref> In addition, vigilance against Western and Jewish conspiracies against Islam would-be needed.<ref name="carlisle.army.mil">{{cite journal |url=http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/07spring/eikmeier.pdf |title=Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211205245/http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/07spring/eikmeier.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2017 |author=Dale C. Eikmeier |journal=[[Parameters (journal)|Parameters]] |date=Spring 2007 |pages=85–98}}</ref><ref name="Ha">{{cite web |author=Hassan, Hassan |date=13 June 2016 |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2016/12/the-sectarianism-of-the-islamic-state-ideological-roots-and-political-context?lang=en |title=The Sectarianism of the Islamic State: Ideological Roots and Political Context |work=Carnegie Endowment for Peace |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-date=29 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029150445/https://carnegieendowment.org/2016/06/13/sectarianism-of-islamic-state-ideological-roots-and-political-context-pub-63746 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Although Qutb was executed before he could fully spell out his ideology,<ref name="Ke">Kepel, ''Jihad'', 2002, p. 31</ref> his ideas were disseminated and expanded on by the later generations, among them [[Abdullah Yusuf Azzam]] and [[Ayman Al-Zawahiri]], who was a student of Qutb's brother [[Muhammad Qutb]] and later became a mentor of [[Osama bin Laden]].<ref>Sageman, Marc, ''Understanding Terror Networks'', University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p. 63</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/qutb_milest_influence_obl.html|title=How Did Sayyid Qutb Influence Osama bin Laden?|access-date=26 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017060150/http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/qutb_milest_influence_obl.html|archive-date=17 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Al-Zawahiri helped to pass on stories of "the purity of Qutb's character" and persecution he suffered, and played an extensive role in the normalization of offensive Jihad among followers of Qutb.<ref>Wright, ''Looming Tower'', 2006, p. 32-59</ref>

====Salafi Jihadism====
{{Main|Salafi jihadism}}

[[Salafi jihadism|Salafi Jihadism]] or revolutionary Salafism<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Amghar |last2=Cavatorta |first1=Samir |first2=Francesco |date=17 March 2023 |title=Salafism in the contemporary age: Wiktorowicz revisited |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-023-00524-x |journal=Contemporary Islam |volume=17 |issue=2 |doi=10.1007/s11562-023-00524-x |via=Springer |page=3 |s2cid=257933043 |access-date=7 May 2023 |archive-date=8 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508090448/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-023-00524-x |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> emerged prominent during the 1980s when [[Osama bin Laden]] and thousands of other militant Muslims came from around the Muslim world to unite against the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet Union after it invaded Afghanistan]].<ref name="By"/><ref name="deneoux">Deneoux, Guilain (June 2002). "The Forgotten Swamp: Navigating Political Islam". ''Middle East Policy''. pp. 69–71."</ref><ref name="BLivesey">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front/special/sala.html |title=The Salafist movement by Bruce Livesey |publisher=PBS Frontline |date=2005 |access-date=24 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628202818/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front/special/sala.html |archive-date=28 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Kramer2003>{{cite journal |url=http://www.meforum.org/541/coming-to-terms-fundamentalists-or-islamists |title=Coming to Terms: Fundamentalists or Islamists? |author=Kramer, Martin |journal=[[Middle East Quarterly]] |date=Spring 2003 |volume=X |issue=2 |pages=65–77 |quote=French academics have put the term into academic circulation as 'jihadist-Salafism.' The qualifier of Salafism—an historical reference to the precursor of these movements—will inevitably be stripped away in popular usage. |access-date=15 April 2014 |archive-date=1 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101195913/http://www.meforum.org/541/coming-to-terms-fundamentalists-or-islamists |url-status=live }}</ref> Local Afghan Muslims ([[mujahideen]]) had declared jihad against the Soviets and were aided with [[Operation Cyclone|financial, logistical and military support]] by [[Saudi Arabia]] and the United States, but after Soviet forces left Afghanistan, this funding and interest by America and Saudi ceased. The international volunteers, (originally organized by [[Abdullah Azzam]]), were triumphant in victory, away from the moderating influence of home and family, among the
radicalized influence of other militants.<ref name=kepel-orig /> Wanting to capitalize on financial, logistical and military network that had been developed<ref name="By">{{cite web |author=Byman, Daniel L |author2=Williams, Jennifer R. |date=24 February 2015 |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/isis-vs-al-qaeda-jihadisms-global-civil-war/ |title=ISIS vs. Al Qaeda: Jihadism's global civil war |work=Brookings |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921200819/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/isis-vs-al-qaeda-jihadisms-global-civil-war/ |url-status=live }}</ref> they sought to continue waging jihad elsewhere.<ref>Kepel, ''Jihad'', 2002, p.219-220</ref> Their new targets, however, included the United States—funder of the mujahideen but "perceived as the greatest enemy of the faith"; and governments of majority-Muslims countries—perceived of as apostates from Islam.<ref name=jihad-220>Kepel, ''Jihad'', 2002, p.220</ref><ref name="kepel-orig">"Jihadist-Salafism" is introduced by Gilles Kepel, ''Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam'' (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2002) pp. 219–222</ref>

Salafist-jihadist ideology combined the literal and traditional interpretations of scripture of Salafists, with the promotion and fighting of jihad against military and [[terrorism|civilian targets]] in the pursuit of the establishment of an [[Islamic state]] and eventually a new [[Caliphate]].<ref name=kepel-orig/><ref name="deneoux"/><ref name="Ha"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alarab.co.uk/?id=30798 |title=القطبية الإخوانية والسرورية قاعدة مناهج السلفية التكفيرية | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205043603/http://www.alarab.co.uk/?id=30798 |archive-date=5 December 2017 |work=al-Arab Online}}</ref>{{NoteTag|As such, Salafi Jihadism envisions the Islamist goals akin to that of Salafism instead of the traditional Islamism exemplified by the mid-20th century Muslim Brotherhood, which is considered by Salafi Jihadis as excessively moderate and lacking in literal interpretations of the scriptures.<ref name="KepelJihad">{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC |title = Jihad |access-date=24 October 2014 |isbn=978-1845112578 |last1=Kepel |first1= Gilles |last2 = Roberts |first2 = Anthony F. |year=2006 |publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing PLC }}</ref>}}

Other characteristics of the movement include the formal process of taking ''[[bay'ah]]'' (oath of allegiance) to the leader (''amir''), which is inspired by [[Hadith]]s and early Muslim practice and included in Wahhabi teaching;<ref name="wright-12-12-16">{{cite magazine |last=Wright |first=Robin |title=AFTER THE ISLAMIC STATE |magazine=The New Yorker |date=12 December 2016 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/12/12/after-the-islamic-state |access-date=9 December 2016 |archive-date=7 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207140827/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/12/12/after-the-islamic-state |url-status=live }}</ref> and the concepts of "near enemy" (governments of majority-Muslims countries) and "far enemy" (United States and other Western countries). (The term "near enemy" was coined by [[Mohammed Abdul-Salam Farag]], who led the assassination of [[Anwar al-Sadat]] with [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad]] (EIJ) in 1981.)<ref name="No">{{cite web |author=Noah, Timothy |date=26 February 2009 |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/chatterbox/2009/02/the_nearenemy_theory.html |title=The Near-Enemy Theory |work=Slate |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726041454/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/chatterbox/2009/02/the_nearenemy_theory.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The "far enemy" was introduced and formally declared under attack by [[al-Qaeda]] in 1996.<ref name="No"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/al-qaeda-grows-as-its-leaders-focus-on-the-near-enemy-1.342166 |title=Al Qaeda grows as its leaders focus on the 'near enemy' |work=The National |date=30 August 2013 |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929145114/https://www.thenational.ae/al-qaeda-grows-as-its-leaders-focus-on-the-near-enemy-1.342166 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The ideology saw its rise during the '90s when the Muslim world experienced numerous geopolitical crisis,<ref name="By" /> notably the [[Algerian Civil War]] (1991–2002), [[Bosnian War]] (1992–1995), and the [[First Chechen War]] (1994–1996). Within these conflicts, political Islam often acted as a mobilizing factor for the local belligerents, who demanded financial, logistical, and military support from al-Qaeda, in exchange for active proliferation of the ideology.<ref name="By" /> After the [[1998 United States embassy bombing|1998 bombings of US embassies]], [[September 11 attacks]] (2001), the [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|US-led invasion of Afghanistan]] (2001) and [[2003 invasion of Iraq|Iraq]] (2003), Salafi Jihadism lost its momentum, being devastated by the US counterterrorism operations, culminating in [[Death of Osama bin Laden|bin Laden's death]] in 2011.<ref name="By" /> After the Arab Spring (2011) and subsequent [[Syrian civil war]] (2011–present), the remnants of al-Qaeda franchise in Iraq restored their capacity, rapidly developing into the [[Islamic State]] of Iraq and the Levant, spreading its influence throughout the conflict zones of [[MENA region]] and the globe. Salafi Jihadism makes up a minority of the contemporary Islamist movements.<ref name="Economist27Jun15">{{cite news |title=Salafism: Politics and the puritanical |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21656189-islams-most-conservative-adherents-are-finding-politics-hard-it-beats |access-date=29 June 2015 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=27 June 2015 |archive-date=28 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628193924/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21656189-islams-most-conservative-adherents-are-finding-politics-hard-it-beats |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Shi'i Islamism===
{{Main|Islamist Shi'ism}}

Although most of the research and reporting about Islamism or political Islam has been focused on Sunni Islamist movements,{{NoteTag|"The study of Islamist movements has often implicitly meant the study of ''Sunni'' Islamist movements. ... the majority of studies [of Islamism] concern various forms of Sunni Islamism, whereas the "Other Islamists" – different kinds of Shia Islamist groups – have received far less attention ... ."<ref name="Valbjørn-POMEPS"/>}}
Islamism exists in [[Twelver]] [[Shia Islam]] (the second largest branch of Islam that makes up approximately 10% of all Muslims.{{NoteTag|85% of Shi'a Muslims, who make up 10–15% of Muslims}}). Islamist Shi'ism, also known as Shi'i Islamism, is primarily but not exclusively
{{NoteTag| Shia Islamist groups exist outside of the ideology of the Islamic Republic – the [[Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr]] and the [[Islamic Dawa Party]] in Iraqi, for example).<ref name="Valbjørn-POMEPS"/>}} associated with the thought of Ayatollah [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], with the [[Iranian Revolution|Islamist Revolution]] he led, [[History of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]] that he founded, and the religious-political activities and resources of the republic.

Compared to the "Types" of Islamism mentioned above, [[Khomeinism]] differs from [[Anti-Shi'ism#Modern times|Wahhabism]] (which does not consider Shi'ism truly Islamic), [[Salafism]] (both orthodox or Jihadi—Shi'a do not consider some of the most prominent [[salaf]] worthy of emulation), reformist Islamism (the Islamic Republic executed more than 3,400 political dissidents between June 1981 and March 1982 in the process of consolidating power).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rastyad Collective |title=Rastyad: online database concerning the 1981 Massacre in Iran |url=https://rastyad.com/en/home_en/ |access-date=25 August 2022 |website=Rastyad.com|archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812190357/https://rastyad.com/en/home_en/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Amsterdam |first=Universiteit van |date=21 June 2022 |title=Onderzoekers lanceren online database over de grootste massamoord uit de Iraanse geschiedenis |url=https://www.uva.nl/shared-content/faculteiten/nl/faculteit-der-geesteswetenschappen/nieuws/2022/06/onderzoekers-lanceren-online-database-over-de-grootste-massamoord-uit-de-iraanse-geschiedenis.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |website=Universiteit van Amsterdam |language=nl |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925121545/https://www.uva.nl/shared-content/faculteiten/nl/faculteit-der-geesteswetenschappen/nieuws/2022/06/onderzoekers-lanceren-online-database-over-de-grootste-massamoord-uit-de-iraanse-geschiedenis.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Khomeini and his followers helped translate the works of Maududi and Qutb into Persian and were influenced by them, but their views differed from theirs and other Sunni Islamists in being "more leftist and more clerical":<ref name=ORFPI1994:2/>
*more leftist in the propaganda campaign leading up to the revolution, emphasizing exploitation of the poor by the rich and of Muslims by imperialism;<ref name=KEA1993:30>[[#KEA1993|Abrahamian, ''Khomeinism'', 1993]]: p.30</ref>{{NoteTag|In addition to offering Iran a direct channel for engaging in the politics of the Arab-Israeli conflict, Hezbollah's military and political influence gained increasing importance, particularly as the organization's position became more uncertain following the death of Ayatollah Khomeini in June 1989.<ref>Ranstorp, ''Hizb'allah in Lebanon'', (1997) pp. 103, 126</ref> The radicalism had also come from attempts by Khomeini to counter the attraction of socialism/Marxism to the young with an Islamic version of radical populist, class struggle rhetoric and imagery.<ref name=KEA1993:31>[[#KEA1993|Abrahamian, ''Khomeinism'', 1993]]: p.31</ref><ref name=KEA1993:47>[[#KEA1993|Abrahamian, ''Khomeinism'', 1993]]: p.47</ref> Early radical government policies were later abandoned by the Islamic Republic.}}
*more clerical in the new post-revolutionary state, where clerics were in control of the levers of power (the [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]], [[Guardian Council]], etc., under the concept of [[Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist|Velayat-e Faqih]].{{NoteTag|Official histories and propaganda celebrated
clerics (and never secular figures like [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]]) as the protectors of Islam and Iran against Imperialism and royal despotism.<ref name=KEA1993:25-26>[[#KEA1993|Abrahamian, ''Khomeinism'', 1993]]: p.25-26</ref>}}).

Khomeini was a "radical" Islamist,<ref name=ORFPI1994:36>[[#ORFPI1994|Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'', 1994]]: p.36</ref> like Qutb and unlike Maudidi. He believed that foreigners, Jews and their agents were conspiring "to keep us backward, to keep us in our present miserable state".<ref name=IaR1981:34>[[#IaR1981|Khomeini, ''Islamic Government'', 1981]]: p.34</ref> Those who call themselves Muslims but were secular and Westernizing, were not just corrupt or misguided, but "agents" of the Western governments, helping to "plunder" Muslim lands as part of a long-term conspiracy against Islam.<ref name="Khomeini (1981), p. 54">Khomeini (1981), p. 54</ref> Only the rule of an Islamic jurist, administering Sharia law, stood between this abomination and justice, and could not wait for a peaceful, gradual transition. It is the duty of Muslims to "destroy" "all traces" of any other sort of government other than true Islamic governance because these are "systems of [[kufr|unbelief]]".<ref name=IaR1981:48>[[#IaR1981|Khomeini, ''Islamic Government'', 1981]]: p.48</ref> "Troublesome" groups that cause "corruption in Muslim society," and damage "Islam and the Islamic state" are to be eliminated just as the Prophet [[Muhammad]] eliminated the Jews of [[Bani Qurayza]].<ref name=IaR1981:89>[[#IaR1981|Khomeini, ''Islamic Government'', 1981]]: p.89</ref> Islamic revolution to install "the form of government willed by Islam" will not end with one Islamic state in Iran. Once this government comes "into being, none of the governments now existing in the world" will "be able to resist it;" they will "all capitulate".<ref name=IaR1981:122>[[#IaR1981|Khomeini, ''Islamic Government'', 1981]]: p. 122</ref>

====Ruling Islamic Jurist====
[[Khomeinism|Khomeini's form of Islamism]] was particularly unique in the world because it completely swept the old regime away, created a new regime with a new constitution, new institutions, and a new concept of governance (the [[Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist|''Velayat-e Faqih'']]). A historical event, it changed militant Islam from a topic of limited impact and interest to a topic that few, either inside or outside the [[Muslim world]], were unaware of.<ref name="Kepel, Jihad, 2002, p. 106">Kepel, ''Jihad'', 2002, p. 106</ref> As he originally described it in lectures to his students, the system of "[[Islamic Government]]" was one where the leading Islamic jurist would enforce sharia law—law which "has absolute authority over all individuals and the Islamic government".<ref>Khomeini, ''Islamic Government'', 1981: p.56</ref> The jurist would not be elected, and no legislature would be needed since divine law called for rule by jurist and "there is not a single topic in human life for which Islam has not provided instruction and established a norm".<ref>Khomeini, Islamic Government, 1981: p.29-30, also p.44</ref> Without this system, injustice, corruption, waste, exploitation and sin would reign, and Islam would decay. This plan was disclosed to his students and the religious community, but not widely publicized.<ref>Abrahamian, ''Iran between two revolutions'', 1982: p.478-9</ref> The constitution of the Islamic Republic, written after the revolution, did include a legislature and president, but supervising the entire government was a "[[Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]]"/guardian jurist.

Islamist Shi'ism has been crucial to the development of worldwide Islamism because the Iranian regime attempted to export its revolution.<ref name="halliday">{{cite book |chapter=Revolution and World Politics |author=Fred Halliday |author-link=Fred Halliday |date=1999 |isbn=0-8223-2464-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jCkXQRhHMgC&dq=%22export+of+revolution%22&pg=PA94 |title=Internationalism in Practice: Export of Revolution |pages=94–132 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502221543/https://books.google.com/books?id=3jCkXQRhHMgC&dq=%22export+of+revolution%22&pg=PA94 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although, the Islamist ideology was originally imported from Muslim Brotherhood, Iranian relations between the Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Republic of Iran deteriorated due to its involvement in the Syrian civil war.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Persia|first=Track|date=15 June 2019|title=The historical relationship between the Iranian theocracy and Muslim Brothers in Egypt|url=https://www.trackpersia.com/historical-relationship-iranian-theocracy-muslim-brothers-egypt/|access-date=17 June 2021|website=Track Persia|quote="Syrian war has been a turning point in the relations between the Iranian regime and the Muslim Brotherhood organisation, excluding its branches in Turkey and Hamas. Some of the Muslim Brothers have shown support to Syrian opposition groups against the dictatorship of the Syrian President Bashar al-Asad, Iran's close ally."|archive-date=30 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530235155/https://www.trackpersia.com/historical-relationship-iranian-theocracy-muslim-brothers-egypt/|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the majority [[Usuli|Usuli Shi'ism]] rejects the idea of an Islamist State in the period of [[Occultation (Islam)|Occultation of the Hidden Imam]].<ref name="Ghobadzadeh 1005–1027">{{Cite journal|last=Ghobadzadeh|first=Naser|date=December 2013|title=Religious secularity: A vision for revisionist political Islam|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0191453713507014|journal=Philosophy & Social Criticism|volume=39|issue=10|pages=1005–1027|doi=10.1177/0191453713507014|s2cid=145583418|issn=0191-4537|access-date=4 May 2022|archive-date=25 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225200500/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0191453713507014|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

====Shi'ism and Iran====
Twelver Shia Muslims live mainly in a half dozen or so countries scattered around the Middle East and South Asia.{{NoteTag| forming majorities in the countries of Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, Azerbaijan,<ref name="Samadov-EAN-2022">{{cite news |last1=Samadov |first1=Bahruz |title=Will new Azerbaijani Islamist movement share the fate of its predecessors? |url=https://eurasianet.org/perspectives-will-new-azerbaijani-islamist-movement-share-the-fate-of-its-predecessors |access-date=27 January 2023 |agency=Eurasia Net |date=18 July 2022 |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106203650/https://eurasianet.org/perspectives-will-new-azerbaijani-islamist-movement-share-the-fate-of-its-predecessors |url-status=live }}</ref> and substantial minorities in Afghanistan, India, Kuwait, Lebanon, Pakistan, Qatar, Syria, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |title=Sunnis and Shia: Islam's ancient schism |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-16047709 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2023 |date=4 January 2016 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011083116/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-16047709 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
The Islamic Republic of Iran has become "the de facto leader"<ref name="Bokhari-2013">{{cite book |last1=Bokhari |first1=Kamran |last2=Senzai |first2=Farid |title=Political Islam in the Age of Democratization |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |page=abstract |doi=10.1057/9781137313492_9 |isbn=9781137313492 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137313492_9 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127220152/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137313492_9 |url-status=live }}</ref> of the Shi'i world by virtue of being the largest Shia-majority state, having a long history of national cohesion and Shia-rule, being the site of the first and "only true"<ref name=ORFPI1994:168>[[#ORFPI1994|Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'', 1994]]: p. 168</ref> [[Iranian Revolution|Islamist revolution]] (see History section below), and having the financial resources of a major petroleum exporter. Iran's influence has spread into a cultural-geographic area of "Irano-Arab Shiism", establishing Iranian regional power,{{NoteTag|" ... the revolutionary Shiite movement, it is the only one to have taken power by way of a true Islamic revolution; it has therefore become identified with the Iranian state, which used it as an instrument in its strategy for gaining regional power, even though the multiplicity of Shiite groups reflects local particularities (in Lebanon, Afghanistan, or Iraq) as much as it does the factional struggles of Tehran."<ref name=ORFPI1994:2>[[#ORFPI1994|Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'', 1994]]: p. 2</ref>}} supporting "Shia militias and parties beyond its borders",<ref name="BBC"/>{{NoteTag|In the words of pro-Islamic Republic book by Jon Armajani: "Iran's government has attempted to align itself with Shia Muslims in various countries, such as Iraq and Lebanon, [it] ... has attempted to religiously nourish and politically mobilize those Shias as a matter of principle, not only because of the Iranian government's desires to protect Iran from external threats."<ref name="ARMAJANI-2020">{{cite book |last1=ARMAJANI |first1=Jon |title=Shia Islam and Politics Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon |date=2020 |publisher=Lexington Books |page=abstract |url=https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781793621375/Shia-Islam-and-Politics-Iran-Iraq-and-Lebanon |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131072639/https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781793621375/Shia-Islam-and-Politics-Iran-Iraq-and-Lebanon |url-status=live }}</ref>}} intertwining assistance to fellow Shi'a with "Iranization" of them.<ref name=ORFPI1994:168/>

Shi'i Islamism in Iran has been influenced by the Sunni Islamists and their organizations,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Farhosh-van Loon |first=Diede |date=2016 |title=The Fusion of Mysticism and Politics in Khomeini's Quatrains |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/intejperslite.1.1.0059 |journal=International Journal of Persian Literature |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=59–88 |doi=10.5325/intejperslite.1.1.0059 |jstor=10.5325/intejperslite.1.1.0059 |issn=2376-5739 |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528095630/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/intejperslite.1.1.0059 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Khalaji|2009}} particularly [[Rashid Rida|Sayyid Rashid Rida]],<ref name="Zhongmin 2013 23–28"/> [[Hassan al-Banna]] (founder of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] organization),{{sfn|Khalaji|2009}} [[Sayyid Qutb]],<ref>{{Citation|title=Shaykh al Fawzān Warns Against The Books of Sayyid Quṭb {{!}} Shaykh Ṣāliḥ al Fawzān| date=2 May 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOvKL2-BNIw|access-date=22 April 2021|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422085022/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOvKL2-BNIw|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Abul A'la Maududi]],<ref name="Fuller-Future-120"/>
but has also been described as "distinct" from Sunni Muslim Brotherhood Islamism, "more leftist and more clerical",<ref name=ORFPI1994:2/> with its own historical influencers:

====Historical figures====
* [[Sheikh]] [[Fazlullah Nouri]],<ref>Mackey, Sandra, The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation by Sandra Mackey, New York: Dutton, c1996, pp. 150–55</ref> a cleric of the Qajar dynasty court and the leader of the anti-constitutionalists during the [[Persian Constitutional Revolution|Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911]],<ref name="HERMANN-2013-430">{{cite journal |last1=HERMANN |first1=DENIS |title=Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |date=May 2013 |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=430–453 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2013.783828 |jstor=23471080 |s2cid=143672216 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23471080 |access-date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305220832/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23471080 |url-status=live }}</ref> who declared the new constitution contrary to sharia law.<ref>Donzel, Emeri "van" (1994). ''Islamic Desk Reference''. ISBN 90-04-09738-4. pp. 285–286</ref>
* [[Navvab Safavi]], a religious student who founded the ''[[Fada'iyan-e Islam]]'', seeking to purify Islam in Iran by killing off 'corrupting individuals', i.e., certain leading intellectual and political figures (including both a former and current prime minister).<ref name="Taheri, 1985 p.98">Taheri, ''The Spirit of Allah'', (1985), p. 98</ref> After the group was crushed by the government, surviving members reportedly chose Ayatollah Khomeini as a new spiritual leader.<ref name=Moin-224>Moin, ''Khomeini'' (2000), p. 224</ref><ref name=Taheri-187>Taheri, Amir, ''Spirit of Allah : Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution '', Adler and Adler c1985, p. 187</ref>
* [[Ali Shariati]], a non-cleric "socialist Shi'i" who absorbed Marxist ideas in France and had considerable influence on young Iranians through his preaching that [[Imam Hussein]] was not just a holy figure but the original oppressed one (''muzloun''), and his killer, the Sunni Umayyad Caliphate, the "analog" of the modern Iranian people's "oppression by the shah".<ref>Kepel, ''Jihad'', 2002, pp. 107–8</ref>
* [[Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr]], a Shi'i Islamic scholar in Iraq who critiqued Marxism, socialism, and capitalism and helped lead Shi'i opposition to Saddam Hussein's Ba'ath regime before being executed by them.
* [[Mahmoud Taleghani]], an ayatollah and contemporary of Khomeini, was more leftist, more tolerant, and more sympathetic to democracy, but less influential, though he still had a substantial following. Was deposed from revolutionary leadership<ref>Mackay, ''Iranians'', (1998), p. 291</ref> after warning of a "return to despotism" by the revolutionary leadership.<ref>Keddie, ''Modern Iran'', (2006), p. 245</ref>

==Explanations for the growth and popularity of Islamism==
===Sociological, economic and political===
Some Western political scientists see the unchanging socio-economic condition in the Muslim world as a major factor. Olivier Roy believes "the socioeconomic realities that sustained the Islamist wave are still here and are not going to change: poverty, uprootedness, crises in values and identities, the decay of the educational systems, the North-South opposition, and the problem of immigrant integration into the host societies".<ref name=ORFPI1994:27>[[#ORFPI1994|Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'', 1994]]: p. 27</ref>

====Charitable work====
Islamist movements such as the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], "are well known for providing shelters, educational assistance, free or low cost medical clinics, housing assistance to students from out of town, student advisory groups, facilitation of inexpensive mass marriage ceremonies to avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands, legal assistance, sports facilities, and women's groups." All this compares very favourably against incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments whose commitment to social justice is limited to rhetoric.<ref name=Fuller-Future-28>Fuller, Graham E., ''The Future of Political Islam'', Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 28</ref>

====Economic stagnation====
The [[Arab world]]—the original heart of the Muslim world—has been afflicted with [[economic stagnation]]. For example, it has been estimated that in the mid-1990s the exports of [[Finland]], a country of five million, exceeded those of the entire Arab world of 260 million, excluding oil revenue.<ref>''Commentary'', "Defeating the Oil Weapon", September 2002</ref>

====Sociology of rural migration====
[[Demographic transition]] (caused by the gap in time between the lowering of death rates from medical advances and the lowering of fertility rates), leads to population growth beyond the ability of housing, employment, public transit, sewer and water to provide. Combined with economic stagnation, [[urban agglomerations]] have been created in Cairo, Istanbul, Tehran, [[Karachi]], [[Dhaka]], and [[Jakarta]], each with well over 12 million citizens, millions of them young and unemployed or underemployed.<ref name=Fuller-Future-68>Fuller, Graham E., ''The Future of Political Islam'', Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 68</ref> Such a demographic, alienated from the [[Westernization|westernized]] ways of the urban elite, but uprooted from the comforts and more passive traditions of the villages they came from, is understandably favourably disposed to an Islamic system promising a better world<ref>Kepel, Gilles, ''Muslim extremism in Egypt: the prophet and Pharaoh'', Berkeley: University of California Press, (c2003), p. 218</ref>—an ideology providing an "emotionally familiar basis for group identity, solidarity, and exclusion; an acceptable basis for legitimacy and authority; an immediately intelligible formulation of principles for both a critique of the present and a program for the future."<ref>Lewis, Bernard, ''The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror'', (2003), p. 22</ref> One American anthropologist in Iran in the early 1970s (before the revolution), when comparing a "stable village with a new urban slum", discovered that where "the villagers took religion with a grain of salt and even ridiculed visiting preachers", the slum dwellers—all recently dispossessed peasants – "used religion as a substitute for their lost communities, oriented social life around the mosque, and accepted with zeal the teachings of the local mullah".<ref>Goodell, 'The Elementary Structures of Political Life' (PhD dissertation, Columbia University, 1977); quoted in ''Iran Between Two Revolutions'' by Ervand Abrahamian, Princeton University Press, 1982 (p.426-84)</ref>

[[Gilles Kepel]] also notes that Islamist uprisings in Iran and Algeria, though a decade apart, coincided with the large numbers of youth who were "the first generation taught en masse to read and write and had been separated from their own rural, illiterate progenitors by a cultural gulf that radical Islamist ideology could exploit". Their "rural, illiterate" parents were too settled in tradition to be interested in Islamism and their children "more likely to call into question the utopian dreams of the 1970s generation", but they embraced revolutionary political Islam.<ref name=Kepel-jihad-365>Kepel, ''Jihad'', p.365</ref> Olivier Roy also asserts "it is not by chance that the Iranian Revolution took place the very year the proportion of city-dweller in Iran passed the 50% mark".<ref name=ORFPI1994:53>[[#ORFPI1994|Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'', 1994]]: p. 53</ref> and offers statistics in support for other countries (in 1990 Algeria, housing was so crowded that there was an average of eight inhabitants to a room, and 80% of youth aged 16 to 29 still lived with their parents). "The old clan or ethnic solidarities, the clout of the elders, and family control are fading little by little in the face of changes in the social structure ..."<ref name=ORFPI1994:54-5>[[#ORFPI1994|Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'', 1994]]: p.54-5</ref>
This theory implies that a decline in illiteracy and rural emigration will mean a decline in Islamism.

==Geopolitics==
===State-sponsorship===
====Saudi Arabia====
{{See also|International propagation of conservative Sunni Islam}}

Starting in the mid-1970s the Islamic resurgence was funded by an abundance of money from Saudi Arabian oil exports.<ref>Kepel, Gilles, ''Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam'', Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, (2002), pp. 69–75</ref> The tens of billions of dollars in "[[petro-Islam]]" largesse obtained from the recently heightened price of oil funded an estimated "90% of the expenses of the entire faith."<ref>Dawood al-Shirian, 'What Is Saudi Arabia Going to Do?' ''Al-Hayat'', 19 May 2003</ref>

Throughout the Muslim world, religious institutions for people both young and old, from children's [[madrasah|madrassas]] to high-level scholarships received Saudi funding,<ref>Abou al Fadl, Khaled, ''The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists'', HarperSanFrancisco, 2005, pp. 48–64</ref>
"books, scholarships, fellowships, and mosques" (for example, "more than 1500 mosques were built and paid for with money obtained from public Saudi funds over the last 50 years"),<ref>Kepel, Gilles, ''Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam'', Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, (2002), p. 72</ref> along with training in the Kingdom for the preachers and teachers who went on to teach and work at these universities, schools, mosques, etc.<ref>Nasr, Vali, ''The Shia Revival'', Norton, (2006), p. 155</ref>

The funding was also used to reward journalists and academics who followed the Saudis' strict interpretation of Islam; and satellite campuses were built around Egypt for [[Al-Azhar University]], the world's oldest and most influential Islamic university.<ref>Murphy, Caryle, ''Passion for Islam'', (2002) p. 32</ref>

The interpretation of Islam promoted by this funding was the strict, conservative Saudi-based [[Wahhabism]] or [[Salafism]]. In its harshest form it preached that Muslims should not only "always oppose" infidels "in every way," but "hate them for their religion ... for Allah's sake," that democracy "is responsible for all the horrible wars of the 20th century," that [[Shia]] and other non-Wahhabi Muslims were [[Apostasy in Islam|infidels]], etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/special-reports/saudi-publications-hate-ideology-invade-american-mosques |title=Saudi Publications on Hate Ideology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505190440/https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-reports/saudi-publications-hate-ideology-invade-american-mosques |archive-date=5 May 2019 |date=January 2006}}</ref> While this effort has by no means converted all, or even most Muslims to the Wahhabist interpretation of Islam, it has done much to overwhelm more moderate local interpretations, and has set the Saudi-interpretation of Islam as the "gold standard" of religion in minds of some or many Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-25472708_ITM |title=An interview with Minister Mentor of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew |publisher=Accessmylibrary.com |date=24 September 2004 |access-date=21 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713151408/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-25472708_ITM |archive-date=13 July 2009 }}</ref>

====Qatar====
{{Further|Muslim Brotherhood}}

Though the much smaller Qatar could not provide the same level of funding as Saudi Arabia, it was also a petroleum exporter and also sponsored Islamist groups. Qatar backed the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt even after the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|2013 overthrow of the MB regime of Mohamed Morsi]], with Qatar ruler Sheikh [[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]] denouncing the coup.<ref name="Islam Hassan">{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/12696782|title=GCC's 2014 Crisis: Causes, Issues and Solutions|journal=Gulf Cooperation Council's Challenges and Prospects|author=Islam Hassan|date=31 March 2015|publisher=Al Jazeera Research Center|access-date=4 June 2015|archive-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020157/http://www.academia.edu/12696782/GCCs_2014_Crisis_Causes_Issues_and_Solutions|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2016, [[Mohamed Morsi]] was sentenced to life for passing state secrets to Qatar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohammed Morsi: Egypt's former president given life in spying case|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36567761|access-date=19 June 2016|publisher=BBC News|date=18 June 2016|archive-date=30 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830041331/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36567761|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hendawi|first1=Hamza|title=Egyptian court sentences 2 Al-Jazeera employees to death|url=https://apnews.com/74b1debcd2b24a9db4d16868a8116d32|access-date=30 September 2017|work=Associated Press News|date=18 June 2016|archive-date=30 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930181320/http://www.apnewsarchive.com/2016/Egyptian_court_sentences_2_Al-Jazeera_employees_to_death/id-74b1debcd2b24a9db4d16868a8116d32|url-status=live}}</ref>

Qatar has also backed Islamist factions in Libya, Syria and Yemen.
In Libya, Qatar supported Islamists with tens of millions of dollars in aid, military training and "more than 20,000 tons of weapons", both before and after the 2011 fall of Muammar Gaddafi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://intpolicydigest.org/2015/12/13/uae-qatar-wage-proxy-war-libya/|title=The UAE and Qatar Wage a Proxy War in Libya|date=13 December 2015|website=International Policy Digest|access-date=9 June 2016|archive-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701165508/http://intpolicydigest.org/2015/12/13/uae-qatar-wage-proxy-war-libya/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204002304576627000922764650|title=Tiny Kingdom's Huge Role in Libya Draws Concern|last1=Dagher|first1=Sam|date=17 October 2011|last2=Tripoli|first2=Charles Levinson in|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|last3=Doha|first3=Margaret Coker in|access-date=9 June 2016|archive-date=18 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818023842/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204002304576627000922764650|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/qatar/11110931/How-Qatar-is-funding-the-rise-of-Islamist-extremists.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/qatar/11110931/How-Qatar-is-funding-the-rise-of-Islamist-extremists.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=How Qatar is funding the rise of Islamist extremists|last=Spencer|first=David Blair and Richard|website=Telegraph|date=20 September 2014 |access-date=9 June 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Hamas, in Palestine, has received considerable financial support as well as diplomatic help.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/119705/why-does-qatar-support-known-terrorists|title=Qatar Is a U.S. Ally. They Also Knowingly Abet Terrorism. What's Going On?|last=Boghardt|first=Lori Plotkin|date=6 October 2014|magazine=New Republic|access-date=9 June 2016|archive-date=14 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914045206/https://newrepublic.com/article/119705/why-does-qatar-support-known-terrorists|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/15/israel-lied-about-isil-soldiers-entering-gaza-to-justify-its-sie/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/15/israel-lied-about-isil-soldiers-entering-gaza-to-justify-its-sie/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Israel lied about Isil soldiers entering Gaza to justify its siege, Hamas claims|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=15 May 2016|access-date=9 June 2016|last1=Lazareva|first1=Inna}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.daralhayat.com/Spec/12-2003/Article-20031205-4343f65c-c0a8-01ed-0012-e4cdc62232f8/story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210145051/http://english.daralhayat.com/Spec/12-2003/Article-20031205-4343f65c-c0a8-01ed-0012-e4cdc62232f8/story.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 December 2005 |title=Dar Al Hayat |date=10 December 2005 }}</ref>

====Western support of Islamism during the Cold War====
{{further|CIA activities in Afghanistan|Operation Cyclone|Afghan mujahideen}}
[[File:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb|Afghan mujahideen representatives with [[List of Presidents of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] at the [[White House]] in 1983.]]

During the [[Cold War]], particularly during the 1950s, during the 1960s, and during most of the 1970s, the U.S. and other countries in the [[Western Bloc]] occasionally attempted to take advantage of the rise of Islamic religiousity by directing it against secular [[Left-wing politics|leftist]]/[[Communism|communist]]/[[Nationalism|nationalist]] insurgents/adversaries, particularly against the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Eastern Bloc]] states, whose ideology was not just secular but anti-religious.

In 1957, U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] and senior U.S. foreign policy officials, agreed on a policy of using the communists' lack of religion against them: "We should do everything possible to stress the '[[Jihad|holy war]]' aspect" that has currency in the Middle East.<ref>Annie Jacobsen, "Surprise, Kill, Vanish: The Secret History of CIA Paramilitary Armies, Operators, and Assassins", (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2019), p. 88</ref>

During the 1970s and sometimes later, this aid sometimes went to fledgling Islamists and Islamist groups that later came to be seen as dangerous enemies.<ref name=Berman/> The US spent billions of dollars to aid the [[Soviet–Afghan War#Foreign involvement|mujahideen]] Muslim Afghanistan enemies of the Soviet Union, and non-Afghan [[Afghan Arabs#Attitude to the West|veterans]] of the war (such as [[Osama bin Laden]]) returned home with their prestige, "experience, ideology, and weapons", and had considerable impact.<ref name=ForeignAffairsNovember2005>{{cite news|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20051101facomment84601/peter-bergen-alec-reynolds/blowback-revisited.html |title=Blowback Revisited |magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]] |author=[[Peter Bergen]], Alec Reynolds |date=November–December 2005 |access-date=9 November 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129203155/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20051101facomment84601/peter-bergen-alec-reynolds/blowback-revisited.html |archive-date=29 November 2007 }}</ref>

Although it is a strong opponent of Israel's existence, [[Hamas]], officially founded in 1987, traces its origins back to institutions and clerics which were supported by Israel in the 1970s and 1980s. Israel tolerated and supported Islamist movements in Gaza, with figures like [[Sheikh Ahmed Yassin|Ahmed Yassin]], as Israel perceived them preferable to the secular and then more powerful [[al-Fatah]] with the [[PLO]].<ref name=wsj-24-1-09>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123275572295011847 |title=How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas |first=Andrew |last=Higgins |date=24 January 2009 |work=The Wall Street Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115044159/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123275572295011847.html|archive-date=15 January 2013|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.democracynow.org/2006/1/26/how_israel_and_the_united_states |title=How Israel and the United States Helped to Bolster Hamas |date=26 January 2006 |publisher=Democracynow.org |access-date=18 August 2011 |archive-date=17 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817150529/http://www.democracynow.org/2006/1/26/how_israel_and_the_united_states |url-status=live }}</ref>

Egyptian President [[Anwar Sadat]]{{spaced ndash}}whose policies included opening Egypt to Western investment (''[[infitah]]''); transferring Egypt's allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States; and [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty|making peace with Israel]]—released Islamists from prison and welcomed home exiles in tacit exchange for political support in his struggle against leftists. His "encouraging of the emergence of the Islamist movement" was said to have been "imitated by many other Muslim leaders in the years that followed."<ref>{{cite book |title=Jihad: the trail of political Islam |first=Gilles |last=Kepel |page=83}}</ref><ref>Kepel, Gilles, ''Muslim Extremism in Egypt'', chapter 5, "Vanguard of the Umma"</ref> This "gentlemen's agreement" between Sadat and Islamists broke down in 1975 but not before Islamists came to completely dominate university student unions. Sadat was later assassinated and a [[Terrorism in Egypt|formidable insurgency]] was formed in Egypt in the 1990s. The French government has also been reported to have promoted Islamist preachers "in the hope of channeling Muslim energies into zones of piety and charity."<ref name=Berman>''Terror and Liberalism'' by Paul Berman, W.W. Norton and Company, 2003, p. 101.</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Islamism}}

Olivier Roy dates the beginning of the Islamism movement "more or less in 1940",<ref name=ORFPI1994:3>[[#ORFPI1994|Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'', 1994]]: p.3</ref> and its development proceeding "over half a century".<ref name=ORFPI1994:3/>

===Preceding movements===
Some Islamic revivalist movements and leaders which pre-date Islamism but share some characteristics with it include:
* [[Ahmad Sirhindi]] (~1564–1624) was largely responsible for the purification, reassertion and revival of conservative orthodox Sunni Islam in India during Islam's second millennium.<ref>Massington, L., Radtke, B. Chittick, W.C., Jong, F. de., Lewisohn, L., Zarcone, Th., Ernst, C, Aubin, Françoise and J.O. Hunwick, "Taṣawwuf", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs</ref><ref>Qamar-ul Huda (2003), Striving for Divine Union: Spiritual Exercises for Suhraward Sufis, RoutledgeCurzon, pp. 1–4.</ref><ref>Mortimer, ''Faith and Power'', (1982) p. 58. Quoting Aziz Ahmad, ''Studies in Islamic Culture in the Indian Environment'', Oxford University Press, (1964), p. 189</ref>
* [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], a Syrian Islamic jurist during the 13th and 14th centuries argued against the practices such as the celebration of Muhammad's birthday, and seeking assistance at the grave of the Prophet.<ref>Haque 1982, pp. 78–81.</ref>
* [[Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab]], the founder of [[Wahhabism]], advocated doing away with the later religious accretions like worship at graves.
* [[Shah Waliullah]] of India was a forerunner of reformist Islamists like [[Muhammad Abduh]], [[Muhammad Iqbal]] and [[Muhammad Asad]] in his belief that there was "a constant need for new [[ijtihad]] as the Muslim community progressed.<ref>Mortimer, ''Faith and Power'', (1982) pp. 67–68.</ref>
* [[Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi]] was a disciple and successor of Shah Waliullah's son who led a [[Jihadism|jihadist]] movement and attempted to create an Islamic state based on the enforcement of [[Sharia|Islamic law]].<ref>Mortimer, ''Faith and Power'', (1982), p. 69</ref><ref name="Islamic Revival in British India">{{cite book|last=Metcalf|first=Barbara Daly|title=Islamic revival in British India : Deoband, 1860–1900|date=2002|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|isbn=0195660498|edition=3rd impression.|location=New Delhi}}</ref>
* the [[Deobandi|Deobandi movement]], founded after the defeat of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]], around 1867, led to the establishment of thousands of conservative Islamic schools or [[madrasah]]s throughout modern-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.<ref>''Islam and the Muslim World'', (2004) p. 374</ref>

===Early history===
The end of the 19th century saw the dismemberment of most of the Muslim [[Ottoman Empire]] by non-Muslim European colonial powers,<ref>Mortimer, Edward, ''Faith and Power'', (1982), p. 85</ref> despite the empire's spending massive sums on Western civilian and military technology to try to modernize and compete with the encroaching European powers. In the process the Ottomans went deep into debt to these powers.

Preaching Islamic alternatives to this humiliating decline were Jamal ad-din [[al-Afghani]] (1837–97), [[Muhammad Abduh]] (1849–1905) and [[Rashid Rida]] (1865–1935).<ref>Mortimer, Edward, ''Faith and Power'', (1982), pp. 93, 237–40, 249</ref><ref>''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'', Macmillan Reference, 2004, v.2, p. 609</ref><ref>''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'' by Cyril Glasse, Rowman and Littlefield, 2001, p. 19</ref><ref>''The Oxford Dictionary of Islam'' by John L. Esposito, OUP, 2003, p. 275
</ref><ref>''Historical Dictionary of Islam'' by Ludwig W. Wadamed, Scarecrow Press, 2001, p. 233</ref> Abduh's student Rida is widely regarded as one of the "ideological forefathers" of contemporary Islamist movement,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Meleagrou-Hitchens|first=Alexander|url=https://extremism.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs2191/f/Salafism%2520in%2520America.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwj7wbq0oIjzAhWo4nMBHQUfAXMQFnoECA8QAQ&usg=AOvVaw1QqUsie74bpzia9SWtxRXB|title=Salafism in America|publisher=The George Washington University|year=2018|page=65}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and along with early Salafiyya [[Hassan al-Banna]], and [[Mustafa al-Siba'i]], preached that a truly Islamic society would follow sharia law, reject [[taqlid]], (the blind imitation of earlier authorities),<ref>''Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience'' by Caryle Murphy, p. 46</ref> restore the [[Caliphate]].<ref name=ORFPI1994:33>[[#ORFPI1994|Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'', 1994]]: p.33</ref>

====Sayyid Rashid Rida====
{{See also|Rashid Rida#Islamic Political Theory|The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate (book)|label 1=Islamic Political Doctrines of Rashid Rida}}
[[File:RashidRida2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Rashid Rida|Sayyid Muhammad Rashid Rida]] ({{langx|ar|سيد رشيد رضا}}; 23 September 1865 – 22 August 1935).]]

Syrian-Egyptian Islamic cleric Muhammad Rashid Rida was one of the earliest 20th-century Sunni scholars to articulate the modern concept of an [[Islamic state]], influencing the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] and other Sunni Islamist movements. In his influential book ''al-Khilafa aw al-Imama al-'Uzma'' ("''The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate''"); Rida explained that the societies that properly obeyed ''[[Sharia]]'' would be successful alternatives to the disorder and injustice of both [[capitalism]] and [[socialism]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|last=McHugo|first=John|title=A Concise History of the Arabs|publisher=The New Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1-59558-950-7|location=New York, N.Y. |page=287}}</ref>

This society would be ruled by a Caliphate; the ruling [[Caliph]] (''Khalifa'') governing through ''[[shura]]'' (consultation), and applying [[Sharia]] (Islamic laws) in partnership with Islamic juristic clergy, who would use ''Ijtihad'' to update ''[[fiqh]]'' by evaluating scripture.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Enayat|first=Hamid|title=Modern Islamic Political Thought: The Response of the Shi'i and SunnI Muslims to the Twentieth Century|publisher=The Macmillan Press Ltd|year=1982|isbn=978-0-333-27969-4|location=London|pages=69, 77}}</ref> With the ''[[Caliphate|Khilafa]]'' providing true Islamic governance, Islamic civilization would be revitalised, the political and legal independence of the Muslim ''umma'' (community of Muslim believers) would be restored, and the heretical influences of Sufism would be cleansed from Islam.<ref>{{Cite book|last=C. Martin|first=Richard|title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, Second Edition|publisher=Gale Publishers|year=2016|isbn=978-0-02-866269-5|location=Farmington Hills, Michigan|page=1088|chapter=State and Government}}</ref> This doctrine would become the blueprint of future Islamist movements.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Ruiheng|year=2016|title=A Preliminary Study on the "Islamic State" Thought in Modern Islamism|journal=Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (In Asia)|publisher=Routledge: Taylor & Francis group|volume=10|issue=4|page=27|doi=10.1080/19370679.2016.12023291|doi-access=free}}</ref>

====Muhammad Iqbal====
{{main|Muhammad Iqbal}}

{{see also|Two-nation theory}}

[[Muhammad Iqbal]] was a philosopher, poet and politician<ref name="aml.org.pk"/> in [[British Raj|British India]],<ref name="aml.org.pk"/><ref name="Iqbal Academy Pakistan">{{cite web|url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/|title=Iqbal Academy Pakistan|access-date=25 October 2014|archive-date=21 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221223540/http://www.allamaiqbal.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> widely regarded as having inspired the [[Two-Nation Theory|Islamic Nationalism]] and [[Pakistan Movement]] in [[British India]].<ref name="aml.org.pk">{{cite web|url=http://www.aml.org.pk/AllamaIqbal.html|title=Allama Muhammad Iqbal Philosopher, Poet, and Political leader|publisher=Aml.Org.pk|access-date=2 March 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305000639/http://www.aml.org.pk/AllamaIqbal.html|archive-date=5 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="goethezeitportal">{{cite web|author=Anil Bhatti |work=Yearbook of the Goethe Society of India |url=http://www.goethezeitportal.de/fileadmin/PDF/db/wiss/goethe/bhatti_iqbal.pdf |title=Iqbal and Goethe |access-date=7 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030083304/http://www.goethezeitportal.de/fileadmin/PDF/db/wiss/goethe/bhatti_iqbal.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2008 }}</ref><ref name="rahnemaa01">{{cite journal |last=Rahnemaa |first=Saeed |title=Radical Islamism and Failed Developmentalism |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=483–96 |doi=10.1080/01436590801931462 |year=2008 |s2cid=144880260 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/995659 |access-date=24 September 2017 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004075512/https://zenodo.org/record/995659 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Iqbal expressed fears of [[secularism]] and secular [[nationalism]] weakening the spiritual foundations of Islam and [[Muslim]] society, and of India's [[Hindu]]-majority population crowding out Muslim heritage, culture and political influence. In
1930, Iqbal outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in northwestern India which inspired the [[Pakistan movement]].

He also promoted [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamic unity]] in his travels to Egypt, Afghanistan, [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]] and Syria.

His ideas later influenced many [[Reformism|reformist]] Islamists, e.g., [[Muhammad Asad]], [[Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi]] and [[Ali Shariati]].

====Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi====
{{main|Abul Ala Maududi}}

{{see also|Jamaat-e-Islami}}

[[Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi]]<ref name="autogenerated5">{{cite web|url=http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Articles/politics/mawdudi2.html|title=Maulana Maududi's Two-Nation Theory|publisher=Witness-pioneer.org|date=27 January 2012|access-date=21 April 2012|archive-date=10 November 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011110145907/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Articles/politics/mawdudi2.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bonney1">{{cite book | quote=Mawdudi trained with two Deobandi ulama at the Fatihpuri mosque's seminary in Delhi and received his certificates to teach religious sciences (ijazahs) in 1926. |last=Bonney | first=R |title=Jihad: From Qur'an to Bin Laden | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | location=Hampshire |year=2004 | page=201}}</ref> was an important early twentieth-century figure in the Islamic revival in India, and then after independence from Britain, in Pakistan. Maududi was an Islamist ideologue and Hanafi Sunni scholar active in [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad Deccan]] and later in [[Pakistan]]. Maududi was born to a clerical family and got his early education at home. At the age of eleven, he was admitted to a public school in [[Aurangabad]]. In 1919, he joined the [[Khilafat Movement]] and got closer to the scholars of [[Deobandi movement|Deoband]].{{sfn|Rahnema|2005|p=100}} He commenced the ''[[Dars-i Nizami]]'' education under supervision of Deobandi seminary at the Fatihpuri mosque in Delhi.{{sfn|Rahnema|2005|p=101}} Trained as a lawyer he worked as a journalist, and gained a wide audience with his books (translated into many languages) which placed Islam in a modern context. His writings had a profound impact on [[Sayyid Qutb]]. Maududi also founded the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] party in 1941 and remained its leader until 1972.{{sfn|Rahnema|2005|pp=104–110}}

In 1925, he wrote a book on Jihad, [[Al Jihad fil Islam|''al-Jihad fil-Islam'']] ({{langx|ar|الجهاد في الاسلام}}), that can be regarded as his first contribution to Islamism.{{sfn|Rahnema|2005|p=102}} Maududi believed that Muslim society could not be Islamic without Sharia (influencing Qutb and Khomeini), and the establishment of an Islamic state to enforce it.<ref>Abu al-A'la al-Mawdudi, "Political Theory of Islam", in Khurshid Ahmad, ed., ''Islam: Its Meaning and Message'' (London: Islamic Council of Europe, 1976), pp. 159–61.</ref> The state would be based on the principles of: ''[[tawhid]]'' (unity of God), ''[[risalah (fiqh)|risala]]'' (prophethood) and ''[[khilafa]]'' (caliphate).<ref>Abu al-A'la al-Mawdudi, ''Islamic Way of Life'' (Delhi: Markazi Maktaba Islami, 1967), p. 40</ref><ref>Esposito and Piscatori, "Democratization and Islam", pp. 436–37, 440</ref><ref>Esposito, ''The Islamic Threat'', pp. 125–26; Voll and Esposito, ''Islam and Democracy'', pp. 23–26.</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= Abul A'la Maududi |url=http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/M_PIR/Default.htm |title=The Process of Islamic Revolution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908034259/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/M_PIR/Default.htm |archive-date=8 September 2015 |date=1980}}</ref> Maududi was uninterested in violent revolution or populist policies such as those of the [[Iranian Revolution]], but sought gradual change in the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process or ''da'wah''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nasr|first1=Seyyed Vali Reza|title=Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism|date=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford and New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I07ykFUoKTUC&q=islam%20was%20a%20revolutionary%20ideology%20and%20a%20dynamic%20movement&pg=PA50 |ref=SVRN1996|page=77|isbn=978-0195357110}}
</ref><ref>Maududi on social justice: "a man who owns a car can drive it; and those who do not own one should walk; and those who are crippled cannot walk but can hop along." (''Nizam al-Hayat fi al-Islam'', 1st ed., n.d. (Bayrut: Musassast al-Risalah, 1983), p. 54) See also ''Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: the Ideological and Political Discourse of Sayyid Qutb'' by Ahmad S. Moussalli American University of Beirut, (1992)</ref> Maududi believed that Islam was all-encompassing: "Everything in the universe is 'Muslim' for it obeys God by submission to His laws."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://zulkiflihasan.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/towardsunderstanding.pdf|chapter=The Meaning of Islam|page=7|title=A. Maududi's 'Towards Understanding Islam'|date=June 2008|access-date=23 January 2023|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123174239/https://zulkiflihasan.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/towardsunderstanding.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> "The man who denies God is called [[Kafir]] (concealer) because he conceals by his disbelief what is inherent in his nature and embalmed in his own soul."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://zulkiflihasan.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/towardsunderstanding.pdf|chapter=The Meaning of Islam|page=8|title=A. Maududi's 'Towards Understanding Islam'|date=June 2008|access-date=23 January 2023|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123174239/https://zulkiflihasan.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/towardsunderstanding.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="towards-ICNA-1986">{{cite book |last1=Abul ʻAla Maudoodi |first1=Syed |title=Towards Understanding Islam |date=1986 |publisher=Islamic Circle of North America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzgNAQAAMAAJ&q=Everything+in+the+universe+is+%27Muslim%27+for+it+obeys+God+by+submission+to+His+laws...+The+man+who+denies+God+is+called+%5B%5BKafir%5D%5D+(concealer)+because+he+conceals+by+his+disbelief+what+is+inherent+in+his+nature+and+embalmed+in+his+own+soul. |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002215436/https://books.google.com/books?id=FzgNAQAAMAAJ&q=Everything%20in%20the%20universe%20is%20%27Muslim%27%20for%20it%20obeys%20God%20by%20submission%20to%20His%20laws...%20The%20man%20who%20denies%20God%20is%20called%20%5B%5BKafir%5D%5D%20%28concealer%29%20because%20he%20conceals%20by%20his%20disbelief%20what%20is%20inherent%20in%20his%20nature%20and%20embalmed%20in%20his%20own%20soul. |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Muslim Brotherhood====
{{main|Muslim Brotherhood}}

[[File:Hassan al-Banna - Al-Alam, V2, P 233.jpg|thumb|[[Hasan al-Banna]]]]
Roughly contemporaneous with Maududi was the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in Ismailiyah, Egypt in 1928 by [[Hassan al Banna]]. His was arguably the first, largest and most influential modern Islamic political/religious organization. Under the motto "the Qur'an is our constitution",<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://zulkiflihasan.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/towardsunderstanding.pdf |chapter=The Meaning of Islam |page=7 |title=The Message of the Teachings – Hasan al-Banna |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123174239/https://zulkiflihasan.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/towardsunderstanding.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
it sought Islamic revival through preaching and also by providing basic community services including schools, mosques, and workshops. Like Maududi, Al Banna believed in the necessity of government rule based on Shariah law implemented gradually and by persuasion, and of eliminating all Western imperialist influence in the Muslim world.<ref>*{{cite journal |last=Mura |first=Andrea |year=2012 |title=A genealogical inquiry into early Islamism: the discourse of Hasan al-Banna |journal=Journal of Political Ideologies |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=61–85 |doi=10.1080/13569317.2012.644986 |s2cid=144873457 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/MURAGI |access-date=28 June 2019 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004093428/https://philpapers.org/rec/MURAGI |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some elements of the Brotherhood did engage in violence, assassinating Egypt's premier [[Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha|Mahmoud Fahmy El Nokrashy]] in 1948. MB founder [[Hassan al Banna|Al-Banna]] was assassinated in retaliation three months later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/timeline_egypt.html|title=Egypt, A Timeline of Recent Events|publisher=Gemsofislamism.tripod.com|access-date=21 April 2012|archive-date=17 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061217104055/http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/timeline_egypt.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Brotherhood has suffered periodic repression in Egypt and has been banned several times, in 1948 and several years later following confrontations with Egyptian president [[Gamal Abdul Nasser]], who jailed thousands of members for several years.

The Brotherhood expanded to many other countries, particularly in the [[Arab world]]. In Egypt, despite periodic repression—for many years it was
described as "semi-legal"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1159193396891&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=Free Republic. The day before, and after – It's been 25 years since the Islamist genie first went on the rampage |publisher=Fr.jpost.com |access-date=21 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223182128/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1159193396891&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archive-date=23 December 2011 }}</ref>—it was the only opposition group in Egypt able to field candidates during elections.<ref name="multiref1">{{cite web|url=http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-476/_nr-924/i.html |title=The Islamism Debate: God's Counterculture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403133042/http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-476/_nr-924/i.html |archive-date=3 April 2008 |author=Sonja Zekri |work=Süddeutsche Zeitung |date=2008 |translator=Phyllis Anderson}}</ref> In the [[2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election]], the political parties identified as "Islamist" (the Brotherhood's [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]], Salafi [[Al-Nour Party]] and liberal Islamist [[Al-Wasat Party]]) won 75% of the total seats.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/world/middleeast/muslim-brotherhood-wins-47-of-egypt-assembly-seats.html |title=Islamists Win 70% of Seats in the Egyptian Parliament |work=The New York Times |date=21 January 2012 |last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=David D. |access-date=27 February 2017 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004105215/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/world/middleeast/muslim-brotherhood-wins-47-of-egypt-assembly-seats.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mohamed Morsi]], the candidate of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]'s party, was the first democratically elected president of Egypt. However, he was deposed during the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état]], after mass protests against what were perceived as undemocratic moves by him. Today, the Muslim Brotherhood is designated as a [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist organization]] by [[Bahrain]], Russia, [[Syria]], [[Egypt]], [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]].

====Sayyid Qutb (1906–1966)====
{{main|Milestones (book)}}

{{see also|Sayyid Qutb|Qutbism}}
[[File:Sayyid Qutb.jpg|thumb|[[Sayyid Qutb]]|left]]

Qutb, a leading member of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] movement, is considered by some (Fawaz A. Gerges) to be "the founding father and leading theoretician" of modern jihadists, such as [[Osama bin Laden]].<ref>Fawaz A. Gerges, ''The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global'' (Bronxville, N.Y.: Sarah Lawrence College) {{ISBN|978-0521791403}} prologue</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/qutb_milest_influence_obl.html|title=How Did Sayyid Qutb Influence Osama bin Laden?|publisher=Gemsofislamism.tripod.com|access-date=21 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017060150/http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/qutb_milest_influence_obl.html|archive-date=17 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>*{{cite journal |last=Mura |first=Andrea |year=2014 |title=The Inclusive Dynamics of Islamic Universalism: From the Vantage Point of Sayyid Qutb's Critical Philosophy |journal=Comparative Philosophy |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=29–54 |doi=10.31979/2151-6014(2014).050106 |doi-access=free }}</ref> He was executed for allegedly participating in a presidential assassination plot in 1966.

Maududi's political ideas influenced Sayyid Qutb. Like Maududi, he believed Sharia was crucial to Islam, so the restoration of its full enforcement was vital to the world. Since Sharia had not been fully enforced for centuries, Islam had "been extinct for a few centuries".<ref>Qutb, Sayyid, ''Milestones'', The Mother Mosque Foundation, (1981), p. 11, 19</ref> Qutb preached that Muslims must engage in a two-pronged attack of converting individuals through [[Dawah|preaching Islam]] peacefully but also using "physical power and jihad".<ref>Qutb, Sayyid, ''Milestones'', p.55</ref> Force was necessary because "those who have usurped the authority of God" would not give up their power through friendly persuasion.<ref>Qutb, Sayyid, ''Milestones'', p.59</ref>
Like Khomeini, whom he influenced he believed the West was engaged in a vicious centuries long war against Islam.<ref>Qutb, Sayyid, ''Milestones'', pp.124, 116, 160</ref>

===Six-Day War (1967)===
{{Main|Six-Day War}}

The defeat of the armies of several Arab states by [[Israel]] during the [[Six-Day War]] marked a significant moment in the Arab world. The loss, coupled with economic stagnation in these countries, was attributed by some to the secular [[Arab nationalism]] of the ruling regimes. This period saw a decline in the popularity and credibility of secular, socialist, and nationalist ideologies, such as [[Ba'athism]], [[Arab socialism]], and Arab nationalism. In contrast, various Islamist movements, both democratic and anti-democratic, inspired by figures like [[Maududi]] and [[Sayyid Qutb]], began to gain influence.<ref name="Mayer1">Mayer, p. 110</ref>

===Iranian Revolution (1978–1979)===
{{Main|Iranian Revolution}}

{{See also|Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution|Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists}}

The first modern "Islamist state" (with the possible exception of Zia's Pakistan)<ref>"The Islamic Resurgence: Prospects and Implications" by Kemal A. Faruki, from ''Voices of Resurgent Islam'', ed. by John L. Esposito, OUP, (1983), p. 283</ref> was established among the [[Shia]] of Iran. In a major shock to the rest of the world, Muslim and non-Muslim, a revolution led by [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] overthrew the secular, oil-rich, well-armed, pro-American monarchy of Shah [[Muhammad Reza Pahlavi]]. The revolution was an "indisputable sea change";<ref name="Parvaz-shook-2014">{{cite news |last1=Parvaz |first1=D. |title=Iran 1979: the Islamic revolution that shook the world |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/2/11/iran-1979-the-islamic-revolution-that-shook-the-world |access-date=22 May 2023 |publisher=Al Jazeera|date=11 February 2014 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522174248/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/2/11/iran-1979-the-islamic-revolution-that-shook-the-world |url-status=live }}</ref> Islamism had been a topic of limited impact and interest before 1979, but after the revolution, "nobody within the Muslim world or outside it" remained unaware of militant Islam.<ref name="Kepel, Jihad, 2002, p. 106"/>

Enthusiasm for the Iranian revolution in the Muslim world could be intense;{{NoteTag|Even after Sunni-Shia hostility escalated, Iranian leaders often "went directly for the kind of things that make them very unpopular in the West and very popular on the Arab streets. So Iranian President [Mahmoud] Ahmadinejad started to attack Israel and question the Holocaust."<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=35720 'Removing Saddam strengthened Iran'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605124425/http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=35720 |date=5 June 2011 }}</ref>}}
and there were many reasons for optimism among Islamists outside Iran. Khomeini was implementing Islamic law.<ref name="Ataie-LSE-2021">{{cite web |last1=Ataie |first1=Mohammad |last2=Lefèvre |first2=Raphaël |last3=Matthiesen |first3=Toby |title=How Iran's 1979 Revolution Affected Sunni Islamists in the Middle East |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2021/04/26/how-irans-1979-revolution-affected-sunni-islamists-in-the-middle-east/ |website=London School of Economics Blog |access-date=22 May 2023 |date=26 April 2021 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522174249/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2021/04/26/how-irans-1979-revolution-affected-sunni-islamists-in-the-middle-east/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was interested in Pan-Islamic (and pan-Islamist) unity and made efforts to "bridge the gap" between Shiites and Sunnis, declaring "it permissible for Shiites to pray behind Sunni imams",<ref>{{cite web |url-status=deviated |url=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1175008835987&pagename=Zone-English-Muslim_Affairs%2FMAELayout#9 |website=IslamOnline |title=Frequently Asked Questions on Iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107074118/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1175008835987&pagename=Zone-English-Muslim_Affairs%2FMAELayout |archive-date=7 November 2009 }}</ref> and forbidding Shiites from "criticizing the Caliphs who preceded [[Ali]]" (revered by Sunnis but not Shia).<ref>Ansari, Hamid, ''The Narrative of Awakening'', The Institute for the Compilation and Publication of the works of the Imam Khomeini, (no date), p.253</ref> The Islamic Republic also downplayed Shia rituals (such as the [[Day of Ashura]]), and shrines {{NoteTag| Khomeini never presided over or visited Shi'i shrines,<ref name="Nasr, Shia Revival, 135">Nasr, Vali, ''The Shia Revival'', Norton, (2006), p. 135</ref> (it is thought because he believed that Islam should be about [[sharia|Islamic law]],<ref name="Nasr, Shia Revival, 135"/> and his revolution (which he believed) was of "equal significance" to [[Battle of Karbala]] where the [[Husayn ibn Ali|Imam Husayn]] was martyred).<ref name="Nasr, Shia Revival, 136">Nasr, Vali, ''The Shia Revival'', Norton, (2006), p. 136</ref>}} Before the Revolution, Khomeini acolytes (such as today's [[Supreme Leader of Iran]], [[Ali Khamenei]]), translated and championed the works of the Muslim Brotherhood jihadist theorist, [[Sayyid Qutb]],{{sfn|Khalaji|2009}} and other Sunni Islamists/revivalists.{{sfn|Khalaji|2009}}

This campaign did not survive his death however. As previously submissive Shia (usually minorities) became more assertive, Sunnis saw mostly "Shia mischief" and a challenge to Sunni dominance.<ref>Nasr, Vali, ''The Shia Revival'' (Norton), 2006), p. 143-4</ref> "What followed was a Sunni-versus-Shia contest for dominance, and it grew intense."<ref name="Nasr, revival, 148-9">Nasr, Vali, ''The Shia Revival'' (Norton), 2006), p. 148-9</ref> Animosity between the two sects in Iran and its neighbors is systemic as of 2014,<ref>{{cite news|author=Paul Vallely|date=19 February 2014|title=The vicious schism between Sunni and Shia has been poisoning Islam for 1,400 years – and it's getting worse|work=The Independent|location=London|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-vicious-schism-between-sunni-and-shia-has-been-poisoning-islam-for-1400-years--and-its-getting-worse-9139525.html|access-date=2 March 2014|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-vicious-schism-between-sunni-and-shia-has-been-poisoning-islam-for-1400-years--and-its-getting-worse-9139525.html|url-status=live}}</ref> with thousands killed from sectarian fighting in Iraq and Pakistan.<ref name="CFR-Tensions-1979-2021">{{cite news |title=1979 – 2021 Modern Sunni-Shia Tensions |url=https://www.cfr.org/timeline/modern-sunni-shia-tensions |access-date=22 May 2023 |agency=Council on Foreign Relations |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025054157/https://www.cfr.org/timeline/modern-sunni-shia-tensions |url-status=live }}</ref> Also tarnishing the revolution's image have been "purges, executions, and atrocities",<ref>Kepel, Gilles, ''Jihad'', Harvard University Press, (2002), p. 118</ref> and periodic and increasingly widespread [[Mahsa Amini protests|domestic unrest and protest]] by young Iranians.

Among the "most important by-products of the Iranian revolution" (according to Mehrzad Boroujerdi as of 2014) include "the emergence of [[Hezbollah]] in Lebanon, the moral boost provided to Shia forces in Iraq, the regional cold war against Saudi Arabia and Israel, lending an Islamic flavour to the anti-imperialist, anti-American sentiment in the Middle East, and inadvertently widening the Sunni-Shia cleavage".<ref name="Parvaz-shook-2014"/> The Islamic Republic has also maintained its hold on power in Iran in spite of [[United States-Iran relations|US economic sanctions]], and has created or assisted like-minded Shia terrorist groups in Iraq ([[SCIRI]])<ref>Bakhash, Shaul, ''The Reign of the Ayatollahs'', Basic Books, (1984), p. 233</ref> and Lebanon ([[Hezbollah]])<ref>"Hezbollah Shia group is coy about revealing the sums it has received from Iran. ... Reports have spoken of figures ranging from 10 to 15 million dollars per month, but it is possible that Hezbollah has received larger sums. It is only in recent years (after 1989) that Iran has decreased its aid." from: Jaber, Hala, ''Hezbollah: Born with a vengeance'', New York: Columbia University Press, (1997), p. 150</ref> (two Muslim countries that also have a large percentage of Shiites).

The campaign to overthrow the shah led by Khomeini had had a strong class flavor (Khomeini preached that the shah was widening the gap between rich and poor; condemning the working class to a life of poverty, misery, and drudgery, etc.);<ref name=KEA1993:30/> and the "pro-rural and pro-poor"<ref name="Isfahani-economy-2019">{{cite web |last1=Isfahani |first1=Djavad Salehi |title=Iran's economy 40 years after the Islamic Revolution |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2019/03/14/irans-economy-40-years-after-the-islamic-revolution/ |website=Brookings |access-date=22 May 2023 |date=14 March 2019 |archive-date=22 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622130650/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2019/03/14/irans-economy-40-years-after-the-islamic-revolution/ |url-status=live }}</ref> approach has led to almost universal access to electricity and clean water,<ref name="Isfahani-40-Brookings">{{cite web |last1=Isfahani |first1=Djavad Salehi |title=The Islamic Revolution at 40 |url=https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/the-islamic-revolution-at-40/ |website=Brookings |access-date=22 May 2023 |date=12 February 2019 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522174247/https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/the-islamic-revolution-at-40/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but critics of the regime complain of promises made and not kept: the "sons of the revolution's leaders and the business class that decides to work within the rules of the regime ... flaunt their wealth, driving luxury sportscars around Tehran, posting Instagram pictures of their ski trips and beach trips around the world, all while the poor and the middle class are struggling to survive or maintain the appearance of a dignified life" (according to Shadi Mokhtari).<ref name="Priborkin-40years-2019">{{cite web |last1=Priborkin |first1=Emily |title=40 Years Later: Iran after the Islamic Revolution |url=https://www.american.edu/sis/news/20190408-40-years-later-iran-after-the-islamic-revolution.cfm |website=American University |access-date=22 May 2023 |date=8 April 2019 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310094340/https://www.american.edu/sis/news/20190408-40-years-later-iran-after-the-islamic-revolution.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref> One commitment made (to his followers if not the Iranian public) that has been kept is [[Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist|Guardianship by the Islamic jurist]]. But Rather than strengthening Islam and eliminating secular values and practices, the "regime has ruined the Iranian people's belief in religion" ("anonymous expert").<ref name="Priborkin-40years-2019"/>

===Grand Mosque seizure (1979)===
{{Further|Grand Mosque seizure}}

The strength of the Islamist movement was manifest in an event which might have seemed sure to turn Muslim public opinion against [[fundamentalism]], but did just the opposite. In 1979 the [[Masjid al-Haram|Grand Mosque]] in [[Mecca]] Saudi Arabia was seized by an armed fundamentalist group and held for over a week. Scores were killed, including many pilgrim bystanders<ref>Wright, ''Sacred Rage'', (2001), p. 148</ref> in a gross violation of one of the most holy sites in Islam (and one where arms and violence are strictly forbidden).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourdialogue.com/m22.htm |title=Masjid-ul-Haram: Sacred and forbidden |publisher=Ourdialogue.com |access-date=21 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420195838/http://www.ourdialogue.com/m22.htm |archive-date=20 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>Wright, Lawrence, ''The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11''. New York: Knopf, (2006), pp. 103–04</ref>

Instead of prompting a backlash against the movement that inspired the attackers, however, Saudi Arabia, already very conservative, responded by shoring up its fundamentalist credentials with even more Islamic restrictions. Crackdowns followed on everything from shopkeepers who did not close for prayer and newspapers that published pictures of women, to the selling of dolls, teddy bears (images of animate objects are considered [[haraam]]), and dog food (dogs are considered unclean).<ref>Wright, Robin, ''Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam'', p. 155</ref>

In other Muslim countries, blame for and wrath against the seizure was directed not against fundamentalists, but against Islamic fundamentalism's foremost geopolitical enemy—the United States. Ayatollah [[Khomeini]] sparked attacks on American embassies when he announced: "It is not beyond guessing that this is the work of criminal [[American imperialism]] and international Zionism", despite the fact that the object of the fundamentalists' revolt was the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, America's major ally in the region. Anti-American demonstrations followed in the Philippines, Turkey, Bangladesh, India, the [[UAE]], Pakistan, and Kuwait. The US Embassy in Libya was burned by protesters chanting pro-Khomeini slogans and the embassy in [[Islamabad]], Pakistan was burned to the ground.<ref>Wright, Robin, ''Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam'', p. 149</ref>

===Pakistan's Islamization (1979)===
In 1979, after the coup by Zia al-Haq, the leader brought in Hudud Ordinances. Some of these laws continue to exist in Pakistan to this day.

===Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979–1989)===
[[File:October_87_-_Khalis-loyal_Muja.jpg|thumb|Afghan Mujahideen of [[Hezb-i Islami Khalis|Hezb-i Islami]], 1986]]
In 1979, the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet Union deployed its 40th Army into Afghanistan]], attempting to suppress an Islamic rebellion against an allied Marxist regime in the [[War in Afghanistan (1978–present)|Afghan Civil War]]. The conflict, pitting indigenous impoverished Muslims ([[mujahideen]]) against an anti-religious superpower, galvanized thousands of Muslims around the world to send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith. Leading this pan-Islamic effort was Palestinian [['alim]] [[Abdullah Yusuf Azzam#Life in Pakistan and Afghanistan|Abdullah Yusuf Azzam]]. While the military effectiveness of these "[[Afghan Arabs]]" was marginal, an estimated 16,000<ref name=Atkins>{{cite book|last1=Atkins |first1=Stephen E.|author-link=Stephen E. Atkins|title=Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups|date=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atki/page/35 35] |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atki|url-access=registration |quote=abdullah azzam afghanistan. |access-date=5 October 2014|isbn=978-0-313-32485-7}}</ref> to 35,000 Muslim volunteers<ref name=Commins-174 /> came from around the world to fight in Afghanistan.<ref name=Commins-174>{{cite book|last1=Commins|first1=David |title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia|url=https://archive.org/details/wahhabimissionsa0000comm|url-access=registration|date=2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/wahhabimissionsa0000comm/page/174 174]|quote=In all, perhaps 35,000 Muslim fighters went to Afghanistan between 1982 and 1992, while untold thousands more attended frontier schools teeming with former and future fighters.}}</ref><ref name=rashid-129>Rashid, Ahmed, ''Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia'' (New Haven, 2000), p. 129.</ref>

When the Soviet Union abandoned the Marxist Najibullah regime and withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989 (the regime finally fell in 1992), the victory was seen by many Muslims as the triumph of Islamic faith over superior military power and technology that could be duplicated elsewhere.

<blockquote>The jihadists gained legitimacy and prestige from their triumph both within the militant community and among ordinary Muslims, as well as the confidence to carry their jihad to other countries where they believed Muslims required assistance.<ref name=for-aff-bergen>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20051101facomment84601/peter-bergen-alec-reynolds/blowback-revisited.html |title=blowback revisited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129203155/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20051101facomment84601/peter-bergen-alec-reynolds/blowback-revisited.html |archive-date=2007-11-29 |magazine=Foreign Affairs |date=2005 |author=Peter Bergen}}</ref></blockquote>

The collapse of the Soviet Union itself, in 1991, was seen by many Islamists, including Bin Laden, as the defeat of a superpower at the hands of Islam. Concerning the $6 billion in aid given by the US and Pakistan's military training and intelligence support to the mujahideen,<ref>{{cite news |title=How the CIA created Osama bin Laden |url=https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/24198 |date=19 September 2001 |newspaper=[[Green Left Weekly]] |access-date=9 January 2007 |archive-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912101441/https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/24198 |url-status=live }}</ref> bin Laden wrote: "[T]he US has no mentionable role" in "the [[collapse of the Soviet Union]]... rather the credit goes to [[Allah|God]] and the ''[[mujahidin]]''" of Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anusha.com/osamaint.htm |title=bin Laden interview with Peter Arnett, March 1997 |publisher=Anusha.com |access-date=8 June 2012 |archive-date=18 August 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000818075220/http://www.anusha.com/osamaint.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Persian Gulf War (1990–1991)===
{{See also|Gulf War}}
Another factor in the early 1990s that worked to radicalize the Islamist movement was the [[Gulf War]], which brought several hundred thousand US and allied non-Muslim military personnel to Saudi Arabian soil to put an end to [[Saddam Hussein]]'s [[occupation of Kuwait]]. Prior to 1990 Saudi Arabia played an important role in restraining the many Islamist groups that received its aid. But when Saddam, secularist and [[Ba'athism|Ba'athist]] dictator of neighboring Iraq, attacked Kuwait (his enemy in the war), western troops came to protect the Saudi monarchy. Islamists accused the Saudi regime of being a puppet of the west.

These attacks resonated with conservative Muslims and the problem did not go away with Saddam's defeat either, since American troops remained stationed in the kingdom, and a de facto cooperation with the Palestinian-Israeli peace process developed. Saudi Arabia attempted to compensate for its loss of prestige among these groups by repressing those domestic Islamists who attacked it (bin Laden being a prime example), and increasing aid to Islamic groups (Islamist madrassas around the world and even aiding some violent Islamist groups) that did not, but its pre-war influence on behalf of moderation was greatly reduced.<ref>''Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam'' [[Gilles Kepel]] pp. 205–17</ref> One result of this was a campaign of attacks on government officials and tourists in [[al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya|Egypt]], a bloody civil war in [[List of Algerian massacres of the 1990s|Algeria]] and [[Osama bin Laden]]'s terror attacks climaxing in the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|9/11 attack]].<ref>''Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam'' [[Gilles Kepel]] p. 207</ref>

===Social and cultural triumph in the 2000s===
By the beginning of the twenty first century, "the word secular, a label proudly worn" in the 1960s and '70s was "shunned" and "used to besmirch" political foes in Egypt and the rest of the Muslim world.<ref name="murphy-161"/> Islamists surpassed the small secular opposition parties in terms of "doggedness, courage," "risk-taking" or "organizational skills".<ref name="murphy-160"/> As of 2002,

<blockquote>In the Middle East and Pakistan, religious discourse dominates societies, the airwaves, and thinking about the world. Radical mosques have proliferated throughout Egypt. Book stores are dominated by works with religious themes ... The demand for sharia, the belief that their governments are [[Takfir|unfaithful to Islam]] and that Islam is the answer to all problems, and the certainty that the West has declared [[War on Islam controversy|war on Islam]]; these are the themes that dominate public discussion. Islamists may not control parliaments or government palaces, but they have occupied the popular imagination.<ref>''The Age of Sacred Terror'' by Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, Random House, 2002, pp. 172–73</ref></blockquote>

Opinion polls in a variety of Islamic countries showed that significant majorities opposed groups like [[Islamic State|ISIS]], but also wanted religion to play a greater role in public life.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/12/07/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/|title=Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world|date=22 July 2016|newspaper=Pew Research Center|access-date=11 November 2016|archive-date=18 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718103140/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/12/07/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==="Post-Islamism"===
{{See also|Post-Islamism}}
By 2020, approximately 40 years after the Islamic overthrow of the Shah of Iran and the seizure of the Grand Mosque by extremists, a number of observers ([[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]], Mustafa Akyol, Nader Hashemi) detected a decline in the vigor and popularity of Islamism. Islamism had been an idealized/utopian concept to compare with the grim reality of the status quo, but in more than four decades it had failed to establish a "concrete and viable blueprint for society" despite repeated efforts (Olivier Roy);<ref name=Roy-2004>{{cite journal |last1=Sinanovic |first1=Ermin |title=[Book review] Post-Islamism: The Failure of Islamic Activism? |journal=International Studies Review |date=2005 |volume=7 |pages=433–436 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2486.2005.00508.x |jstor=3699758 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3699758 |access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407103844/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3699758 |url-status=live }}</ref> and instead had left a less than inspiring track record of its impact on the world (Nader Hashemi).<ref name="Hashemi-40-2021"/> Consequently,
in addition to the trend towards moderation by Islamist or formerly Islamist parties (such as [[Prosperous Justice Party|PKS of Indonesia]], [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP of Turkey]], and [[Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS)|PAS of Malaysia]]) mentioned above, there has been a social/religious and sometimes political backlash against Islamist rule in countries like Turkey, Iran, and Sudan (Mustafa Akyol).<ref name="Akyol-ruining">{{cite web |last1=Akyol |first1=Mustafa |title=How Islamists are Ruining Islam |url=https://www.hudson.org/research/16131-how-islamists-are-ruining-islam |website=Hudson Institute |access-date=30 December 2020 |date=12 June 2020 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615160745/https://www.hudson.org/research/16131-how-islamists-are-ruining-islam |url-status=live }}</ref>

Writing in 2020, Mustafa Akyol argues there has been a strong reaction by many Muslims against political Islam, including a weakening of religious faith—the very thing Islamism was intended to strengthen. He suggests this backlash against Islamism among Muslim youth has come from all the "terrible things" that have happened in the Arab world in the twenty first century "in the name of Islam"—such as the "sectarian civil wars in [[Syrian civil war|Syria]], [[War in Iraq (2013–2017)|Iraq]] and [[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)|Yemen]]".<ref name="Akyol-ruining"/>

Polls taken by [[Arab Barometer]] in six Arab countries – Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia, Jordan, Iraq and Libya – found "Arabs are losing faith in religious parties and leaders." In 2018–19, in all six countries, fewer than 20% of those asked whether they trusted Islamist parties answered in the affirmative. That percentage had fallen (in all six countries) from when the same question was asked in 2012–14. Mosque attendance also declined more than 10 points on average, and the share of those Arabs describing themselves as "not religious" went from 8% in 2013 to 13% in 2018–19.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arabs are Losing Faith in Religious Parties and Leaders |newspaper=The Economist |date=5 December 2019 |url=https://www.arabbarometer.org/2019/12/arabs-are-losing-faith-in-religious-parties-and-leaders/ |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005093023/https://www.arabbarometer.org/2019/12/arabs-are-losing-faith-in-religious-parties-and-leaders/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Akyol-ruining"/> In Syria, Sham al-Ali reports "rising apostasy among Syrian youths".<ref>{{cite web |author=Sham al-Ali |title=On Rising Apostasy Among Syrian Youths |work=Al-Jumhuriya |date=22 August 2017 |url=https://www.aljumhuriya.net/en/al-jumhuriya-fellowship/on-rising-apostasy |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122153843/https://www.aljumhuriya.net/en/al-jumhuriya-fellowship/on-rising-apostasy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Akyol-ruining"/>

Writing in 2021, Nader Hashemi notes that in Iraq, Sudan, Tunisia, Egypt, Gaza, Jordan and other places were Islamist parties have come to power or campaigned to, "one general theme stands. The popular prestige of political Islam has been tarnished by its experience with state power."<ref name="Zakaria-10-years-29-4-21">{{cite news |last1=Zakaria |first1=Fareed |title=Opinion: Ten years later, Islamist terrorism isn't the threat it used to be |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/ten-years-later-islamist-terrorism-isnt-the-threat-it-used-to-be/2021/04/29/deb88256-a91c-11eb-bca5-048b2759a489_story.html |access-date=4 May 2021 |newspaper=The Washington Post|date=29 April 2021 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116153800/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/ten-years-later-islamist-terrorism-isnt-the-threat-it-used-to-be/2021/04/29/deb88256-a91c-11eb-bca5-048b2759a489_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hashemi-40-2021">{{cite journal |last1=Hashemi |first1=Nader |title=Political Islam: A 40 Year Retrospective |journal=Religions |date=2021 |volume=12 |issue=2 |page=130 |doi=10.3390/rel12020130 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
In Iran, hardline Ayatollah Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah Yazdi has complained, "Iranians are evading religious teachings and turning to secularism."<ref>David Brooks, "This Is How Theocracy Shrivels", ''The New York Times'', 27 August 2021
</ref>
Even Islamist terrorism was in decline and tended "to be local" rather than pan-Islamic. As of 2021, Al-Qaeda consisted of "a bunch of militias" with no effective central command (Fareed Zakaria).<ref name="Zakaria-10-years-29-4-21"/>

==Criticism==
{{Main|Criticism of Islamism}}

{{See also|Criticism of Islam|List of critics of Islam}}
[[File:"Freedom go to hell".jpg|thumb|An Islamist protester in [[London]] on 6 February 2006 carries a sign reading "Freedom go to hell"]]
Islamism, or elements of Islamism, have been criticized on numerous grounds, including repression of free expression and individual rights, rigidity, hypocrisy, [[Antisemitism in Islam|anti-semitism]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Wistrich, Robert S. |url=https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Anti-Semitism-and-Jewish-destiny-403703 |title=Anti-Semitism and Jewish destiny |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=20 May 2015 |access-date=26 May 2015 |archive-date=27 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527082212/http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Anti-Semitism-and-Jewish-destiny-403703 |url-status=live }}</ref> misinterpreting the [[Quran]] and [[Sunnah]], lack of true understanding of and innovations to Islam ([[bid'ah]]) – notwithstanding proclaimed opposition to any such innovation by Islamists.

==Parties and organizations==
{{Main category|Islamist groups}}
{{Main list|List of Islamic political parties|Islamic extremism#Active Islamic extremist groups
}}

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|* [[Islam and secularism]]
* [[Anti-Western sentiment]]
* [[Anti-Zionism]]
* [[Islamist Shi'ism]]
* ''[[Clash of Civilizations]]''
* [[Clerical fascism]]
* [[Hindutva]]
* [[Christian right]]
* [[Dominionism]]
* [[Islamicism (disambiguation)]]
* [[Islamism by country]]

}}
{{clear}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{NoteFoot}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}

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* {{Cite journal|last=Fuchs|first=Simon Wolfgang|date=July 2014|title=Third Wave Shi'ism: Sayyid Arif Husain al-Husaini and the Islamic Revolution in Pakistan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43307315|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=24|issue=3|pages=493–510|doi=10.1017/S1356186314000200|jstor=43307315|s2cid=161577379|access-date=5 June 2022|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002121722/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43307315|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rahnema |first1=Ali |title=Pioneers of Islamic Revival |date=1 November 2005 |publisher=[[Zed Books]] |location=London, UK |isbn=9781842776155 |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/pioneers-of-islamic-revival-9781842776155/ |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007001215/https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/pioneers-of-islamic-revival-9781842776155/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Rahnema |first1=Ali |title=An Islamic Utopian – A Political Biography of Ali Shari'ati |date=2000 |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] |location=London, NY |isbn=1860645526 |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/islamic-utopian-9781780768021/ |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204114749/https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/islamic-utopian-9781780768021/ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal|last=Bohdan|first=Siarhei|date=Summer 2020|title="They Were Going Together with the Ikhwan": The Influence of Muslim Brotherhood Thinkers on Shi'i Islamists during the Cold War|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mei/mei/2020/00000074/00000002/art00005;jsessionid=3669aj37j07cl.x-ic-live-03|journal=The Middle East Journal|volume=74|issue=2|pages=243–262|doi=10.3751/74.2.14|s2cid=225510058|issn=1940-3461|access-date=5 June 2022|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326035121/https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mei/mei/2020/00000074/00000002/art00005;jsessionid=3669aj37j07cl.x-ic-live-03|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category multi|Islamism|Victims of Islamism}}

* {{Wiktionary-inline|Islamism}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline|Islamism}}

{{Clear}}
{{Islamism}}
{{Islam topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Political ideologies}}
{{Religion and politics}}
{{Portal bar|Islam|Politics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Islamism| ]]
[[Category:Islam-related controversies]]
[[Category:Political ideologies]]
[[Category:Anti-Israeli sentiment]]
[[Category:Anti-Zionism]]
[[Category:Anti-fascism]]

Nayara Energy

2026-03-26T16:20:38Z

Babakigadi123:

{{Short description|Indian Petroleum Company}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Nayara Energy
| logo = Logo Nayara Energy.jpg
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt = Nayara Energy Logo
| logo_caption =
| image = File:Nayara Refinery 1.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_alt = Nayara Energy's Vadinar Refinery
| image_caption = Nayara Energy Refinery at [[Vadinar]], [[Gujarat]]
| former_name = Essar Oil Limited
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| ISIN =
| industry = [[Oil and gas]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1989|9|12|df=yes}}
| founder = Shashi, Ravi Ruia
| defunct = 
| hq_location = Nayara Energy Limited

5th Floor, Godrej BKC, Plot No. C-68, G Block, Bandra Kurla Complex
| hq_location_city = [[Bandra]] (East), [[Mumbai - 400 051]], [[Maharashtra]]
| hq_location_country = India<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact us |url=https://www.nayaraenergy.com/contact-us |website=nayaraenergy.com |accessdate=17 March 2026}}</ref>
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = 
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|Teymur Abasguliyev ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])|[[Prasad K Panicker]] ([[Executive Chairman]])}}
| products = [[Petroleum]]
| brands =
| production =
| production_year = 
| services =
| revenue = {{Decrease}} {{INRConvert|150324|c}} (2025)<ref name=pnl>{{Cite web|title=Annual report 2025|url=https://www.nayaraenergy.com/storage/annual-reports/September2025/QaSqVHbUzDJ635i6KRac.pdf}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{Decrease}}
{{INRConvert|9528|c}} (2025) <ref name=pnl/>
| net_income = {{Decrease}}
{{INRConvert|6079|c}} (2025) <ref name=pnl/>
| assets = {{Decrease}}
{{INRConvert|85447|c}} (2025) <ref name=pnl/>
| equity = {{Increase}}
{{INRConvert|50010|c}} (2025) <ref name=pnl/>
| owners = [[Rosneft]] (49.13%) [[Kesani Enterprises Co Ltd]] and [[United Capital Partners]](49.13%)
| members =
| members_year = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| module = 
| website = {{URL|https://www.nayaraenergy.com/}}
| footnotes = https://www.nayaraenergy.com/storage/news-rooms/August2025/tZeRnDAPQxuiGKEwfupT.pdf
}}

'''Nayara Energy''' '''Limited''' ('''NEL''') (pronounced na-yaa-raa -ˈnæ.ˈjɑː rə) ({{pronunciation|nayara.ogg|listen|help=no}}) is an Indo-Russian oil refining and marketing company that owns and operates [[Vadinar Refinery]] located at [[Dwarka]] district of Kutch [[Vadinar]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]] with a capacity of 250 MMTPA of refining capacity Crude oil processed <ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETEnergyworld.com |title=Nayara Energy says on track for setting up solar power plants, Energy News, ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/nayara-energy-says-on-track-for-setting-up-solar-power-plants/96897209 |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}</ref> making it the second largest refinery in India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nayara Energy exports 80% of fuel to Asia, Africa; none to EU |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/nayara-energy-exports-80-of-fuel-to-asia-africa-none-to-eu/articleshow/95660221.cms |access-date=2023-01-30}}</ref> It operates 6000+ Nayara branded outlets and over 1200 petrol pumps in various states.

== History ==
Nayara Energy operates the second-largest refinery in India. It is in Vadinar, [[Devbhumi Dwarka district|Devbhoomi Dwarka]] District, a few kilometres from the world's largest refining complex ([[Jamnagar Refinery]] of [[Reliance Industries]]).{{Cn|date=May 2023}}

===Buyout===
It was a [[Public company|publicly traded company]] ({{NSE|ESSAROIL}} and {{BSE|500134}}) until it was taken private in a leveraged buyout which closed on 30 December 2015. It was delisted valued at ₹380 billion (US$5.3 billion).<ref name="Hindu delists">{{cite news|title=Essar Oil delists in Rs 3,745 cr payout|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-mumbai/essar-oil-delists-in-rs-3745-cr-payout/article8047801.ece|accessdate=31 December 2015|work=The Hindu|date=31 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Express delists">{{cite news|title=Essar Oil completes delisting process with Rs 3,745-cr payout|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/essar-oil-completes-delisting-process-with-rs-3745-cr-payout/|accessdate=31 December 2015|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Operations ==
It operates over 6600 retail fuel outlets in the country, highest for any private oil company in India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Private OMCs Gain market share in Bulk Diesel sales|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/ril-and-nayara-now-sell-a-4th-of-indias-bulk-diesel/articleshow/109293706.cms}}</ref>

The refinery is supported by a [[Petroleum|crude oil]] tanker facility, water intake facilities, a multi-fuel power plant, a product jetty, dispatch facilities (rail, road, and sea) and retail outlets.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Twesh |date=2021-02-05 |title=Nayara Energy's India fuel retail outlets |language=en |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/reliance-bp-nayara-price-petrol-diesel-at-market-rates/articleshow/99884579.cms |access-date=2023-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETEnergyworld.com |title=Nayara Energy exports 80 per cent of fuel to Asia, Africa; none to EU, Energy News, ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/nayara-energy-exports-80-per-cent-of-fuel-to-asia-africa-none-to-eu/95659214 |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

Vadinar processes ~400,000 bpd (~20 million MT/year), making it India’s second‑largest single‑site refinery, with ~7,000 retail outlets under the Nayara brand.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=19 Jul 2025 |title=Why did EU sanction Nayara Energy's Vadinar refinery in Gujarat? What we know so far |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/why-did-eu-sanction-nayara-energys-vadinar-refinery-in-gujarat-russia-what-we-know-so-far-11752903188247.html |website=Mint}}</ref>

== International sanctions ==

=== July 2025 – European Union sanctions ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-18 |title=Nayara Energy first Indian refinery to be hit by anti-Russia sanctions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/nayara-energy-first-indian-refinery-to-be-hit-by-anti-russia-sanctions/articleshow/122770041.cms |access-date=2025-07-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 18 July 2025, amid its 18th sanctions package targeting Russian oil and energy revenues, the EU designated Nayara Energy’s Gujarat-based Vadinar refinery—49.13 % owned by Russia’s Rosneft—as subject to sanctions, citing its status as the "biggest Rosneft refinery in India" and its role in refining Russian crude into petroleum products.<ref name=":0" />

These measures include:<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Abnett |first=Kate |last2=Tunagur |first2=Enes |last3=Strahm |first3=Milan |last4=Abnett |first4=Kate |date=2025-07-18 |title=What's in the EU's 18th sanctions package against Russia? |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/whats-eus-18th-sanctions-package-against-russia-2025-07-18/ |access-date=2025-07-19 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

* "prohibition on importing refined petroleum products made from Russian crude via third countries (effective after a 6‑month transition)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Laskar |first=Rezaul H |date=Jul 18, 2025 |title=Gujarat refinery hit by EU’s new Russia sanctions; India says double standards |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-eu-sanctions-lower-oil-price-cap-ban-products-made-from-russian-crude-101752842547914.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>;"
* "asset freezes, travel bans, and restrictions on financial services and shipping/insurance for activities linked to refining or transporting Russian oil — including involvement in the EU "shadow fleet"<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Choudhary |first=Sanjeev |date=2025-07-19 |title=EU fuels crude awakening for Nayara Energy, but Reliance feels the heat too |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/eu-fuels-crude-awakening-for-nayara-energy-but-reliance-feels-the-heat-too/articleshow/122772142.cms |access-date=2025-07-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>;"
* "a lowered EU oil price cap on Russian crude (approx. US$47.6/bbl, effective 3 Sept 2025) with a dynamic mechanism to prevent evasion<ref name=":1" />;"

'''Impact and response:'''

* "Nayara is banned from exporting to the EU, and risks losing access to European banking, insurance, and technology services<ref name=":3" />."
* "India criticised the move as “unilateral” and accused the EU of “double standards”, citing strategic energy needs<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-19 |title=India cries foul as EU curbs on Russia hit Gujarat refinery |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-cries-foul-as-eu-curbs-on-russia-hit-gujarat-refinery/articleshow/122774028.cms |access-date=2025-07-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>."
* "The sanctions likely hinder Rosneft’s planned 49 % stake sale and complicate Reliance’s cross-border fuel exports to Europe<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-18 |title=New EU sanctions could block Rosneft's Indian refinery sale plans, Bloomberg reports |url=https://kyivindependent.com/new-eu-sanctions-could-block-rosnefts-indian-refinery-sale-plans-07-2025/ |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=The Kyiv Independent |language=en}}</ref>."

[[File:FtJum9piq4wuT5LI1Fns.jpg|alt=|thumb|262x262px|Nayara Energy Port at Vadinar, Gujarat]]

== See also ==
* [[Rosneft]]
* [[United Capital Partners]]
* [[Vadinar refinery|Vadinar Refinery]]
* [[Essar Group]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/nayara-energy-ltd/ESSAROIL/500134/ Essar Oil BSE listing]

{{Energy companies and organisations in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rosneft]]
[[Category:Essar Group]]
[[Category:Oil and gas companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Non-renewable resource companies established in 1969]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1969]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

India–Solomon Islands relations

2026-03-26T08:02:11Z

Babakigadi123: minor refine structure for consistency and improved wording per sources

{{Infobox bilateral relations|India – Solomon Islands|India|Solomon Islands|map=India_Solomon_Locator.png}}
'''India–Solomon Islands relations''' are the international relations between [[India]] and [[Solomon Islands]]. Neither country has a resident ambassador. The High Commission of India in [[Port Moresby]], [[Papua New Guinea]] is concurrently accredited to Solomon Islands.

==History==
Diplomatic relations between India and Solomon Islands were established in May 1987.<ref name="MEA2015">{{cite web |date=July 2015 |title=India – Solomon Islands Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Solomon_Islands_2015_08_20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429104614/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Solomon_Islands_2015_08_20.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2016 |access-date=21 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs (India)}}</ref> Solomon Islands is a member of the [[Pacific Islands Forum]], of which India is an official dialogue partner. Bilateral relations received a boost following the initiation of the [[Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation]] (FIPIC) by the [[First Modi ministry|Narendra Modi government]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pratibha|first1=Jyoti|title=Samoa PM Coming Here|url=http://fijisun.com.fj/2014/11/17/samoa-pm-coming-here/|website=Fiji Sun|access-date=17 April 2017|location=Suva|date=17 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="JagranJosh">{{cite web|title=Second Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) Summit held in Jaipur|url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/second-forum-for-indiapacific-islands-cooperation-fipic-summit-held-in-jaipur-1440570425-1|website=Jagran Josh|access-date=16 April 2017|date=26 January 2015}}</ref> India announced that it would provide a grant-in-aid of US$100,000 annually to each of the 14 Pacific Island countries, including Solomon Islands, at the Post Forum Dialogue partner meeting in 2006.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDg9oAkwsXAC|title=Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West|date=2007|publisher=The University of the South Pacific|isbn=9789820203884|page=275|language=en|last1=Crocombe|first1=R. G.|access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref> The amount was increased to US$125,000 annually from 2009.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 July 2015 |title=India-Tuvalu Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Tuvalu_2015_07_07.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429113221/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Tuvalu_2015_07_07.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2016 |access-date=18 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref> At the first FIPIC Summit on 19 November 2014, Prime Minister Modi announced numerous steps that India would take to improve relations with Pacific Island countries, including Solomon Islands, such as easing visa policies, increase in grant-in-aid to Pacific Island Countries to $200,000 each annually, and several measures to boost bilateral trade and aid in the development of the Pacific Island countries.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 2016 |title=India – Tonga Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Tonga_15_01_2016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429070313/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Tonga_15_01_2016.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2016 |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

==High level visits==
The Foreign Minister for Solomon Islands, Laurie H. Chan, visited New Delhi between 17 and 20 January 2005 and held bilateral talks with the Foreign Minister, Human Resource Development Minister, the Minister of State for Information Technology, and the Minister of State for Commerce & Industry. Minister of Foreign Affairs and External Trade Peter Shanel Agovaka visited New Delhi in February 2011 to participate in the ministerial meeting on "Harnessing the Positive Contribution of South-South Cooperation for Development of Least Developed Countries (LDCs)".<ref name = "MEA2015"/> Deputy Prime Minister Douglas Este led a Solomon Islands delegation to attend the 2nd FIPIC Summit held in Jaipur on 21 August 2015.<ref name="AnnualReport2015-16">{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2015-16|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/26525_26525_External_Affairs_English_AR_2015-16_Final_compressed.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=16 April 2017|location=New Delhi|date=2016}}</ref> Solomon Islands Prime Minister [[Manasseh Sogavare]] attended a function to mark India's Republic Day on 26 January 2017. In his address to the gathering, Sogavare praised the 30-year bilateral relationship between the two countries.<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |date=13 February 2017 |title=Solomon Islands lauds ties with India |url=https://pasifik.news/solomon-islands-lauds-ties-india/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518123728/https://pasifik.news/solomon-islands-lauds-ties-india/ |archive-date=18 May 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |website=Pasifik}}</ref>

==Trade==
Bilateral trade between India and Solomon Islands totaled US$7.36 million in 2013–14. India exported $2.06 million worth of goods to Solomon Island, and imported $5.30 million.<ref name = "MEA2015"/> At the 2nd FIPIC Summit, Prime Minister Modi announced that a FIPIC Trade Office would be opened at the FICCI premises in New Delhi. The trade office, named the FIPIC Business Accelerator, was officially opened on 7 September 2015. The [[Confederation of Indian Industries]] (CII) has also established a dedicated department at its headquarters in New Delhi focusing on boosting trade with Pacific Island Countries.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 2016 |title=Page 1 of 3 INDIA – SAMOA BILATERAL RELATIONS |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Samoa_Dec_2016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611001659/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Samoa_Dec_2016.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2017 |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref> Indian firms [[Asian Paints]] and [[Berger Paints]] operate manufacturing plants in Solomon Islands through their subsidiary, Asian Paints (SI) Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 December 2015 |title=Asian Paints consolidates investments in overseas units |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/asian-paints-consolidates-investments-in-overseas-units/article7968799.ece |access-date=21 April 2017 |website=The Hindu |language=en |agency=PTI}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=9 December 2015 |title=Asian Paints consolidates investments in overseas units |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/paints/asian-paints-consolidates-investments-in-overseas-units/articleshow/50107931.cms |access-date=21 April 2017 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

==Foreign aid==
In April 2007, India donated US$100,000 towards disaster relief and rehabilitation of tsunami victims in Solomon Islands in April 2007. India also donated $50,000 towards disaster relief after floods in Solomon Islands in March 2014. Solomon Islands citizedns are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]].<ref name = "MEA2015"/>

==Indians in Solomon Islands==
As of July 2015, around 20 Indian citizens reside in Solomon Islands. The community is engaged in the hospitality sector, missionary work, United Nations organizations and trade. The Association of Indian Origin People is an organization based in Honiara that represents Solomon Islanders of Indian descent.<ref name = "MEA2015"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of Solomon Islands}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Solomon Islands relations}}
[[Category:India–Solomon Islands relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Solomon Islands]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of the Solomon Islands]]

Vaikuntanatha Temple, Therani

2026-03-25T21:53:01Z

Babakigadi123: started a location

{{Short description|Temple situated in Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
[[File:Vaikuntanatha.jpg|thumb|Sanctum sanctorum(Garbha griha) of Sri Vaikuntanatha Temple with Deities of Sridevi(left), Vaikuntanatha(Centre), Bhudevi(Right) and Utsava murtis(front)]]
{{Hinduism small}}
'''Sri Vaikuntanatha Swamy Temple''' is a 500 year old Vaishnavite temple situated at [[Therani]] village in [[Chittoor District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The temple is dedicated to Lord [[Vishnu]] who is referred to as ''Vaikuntanatha''.<ref name=temple>{{cite web|title=Ancient temple springs back to life|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/ancient-temple-springs-back-to-life/article628025.ece|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=10 February 2016}}</ref> The temples was constructed during 16th Century on the banks of river Kushasthali. The temple is 5 km away from [[Nagari, Andhra Pradesh|Nagari]] town and 50 km away from [[Tirupati]] city.

==History==
The temple was built during 16th Century by Sudarsanachary, a pundit in the royal court of the Karvetinagaram which was a part of Vijayanagara Empire. The temple was most neglected and turned into a ramshackle structure over a period of time. The temple had undergone recent renovation works with donations from a devotee.<ref name=temple />

==Presiding Deities==
The temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu referred to as Vaikuntanatha Swamy. The garbhagriha hosts deities of Vaikuntanatha swamy along with Sridevi and Bhudevi on either side.

==See also==
*[[Therani]]
*[[Hindu Temples in Tirupati]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh |state=collapsed}}
{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:16th-century Hindu temples]]

Prabhadevi Temple

2026-03-25T15:54:44Z

Babakigadi123: fixed structure and corrected details

{{Short description|Historic Hindu temple in Mumbai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Prabhadevi Temple
| native_name = प्रभादेवी मंदिर
| native_name_lang = mr
| image = Prabhadevi Temple in Prabhadevi..JPG
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| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| locale =
| location = [[Prabhadevi]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| deity = Prabhadevi or Shakambari Devi
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| designated =
| added =
| refnum =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Prabhadevi Temple''', also known as '''Prabhavati Devi Temple''', is a Hindu temple located in the [[Prabhadevi]] area, near [[Dadar]], [[Mumbai]]. The idol representing the main deity, Prabhavati Devi, dates back to the 12th Century. The temple itself, though, was constructed in 1715, making it only 300 years old.<ref name=toi>{{cite news |last1=Mehta |first1=Manthank |title=Mumbai: Elphinstone Road station to be known as Prabhadevi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-elphinstone-road-station-to-be-known-as-prabhadevi-from-july-19/articleshow/65029313.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=प्रभादेवी मंदिराला ३०० वर्षे! |url=http://www.lokmat.com/mumbai/prabhadevi-temple-300-years/ |publisher=[[Lokmat]] |date=29 April 2015 |language=Marathi}}</ref><ref name=midday>{{cite news |last1=Ashar |first1=Hemal |title=Historic Mumbai landmark 'Prabhadevi Mandir' turns 300 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/historic-mumbai-landmark-prabhadevi-mandir-turns-300/16172199 |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |date=29 April 2015}}</ref> Earlier the temple was managed by Bhatji Jaywant Joshi. Jaywant Joshi died on January 10, 2025. Suyog Sunil Joglekar was appointed as the priest from 1 May 2025.
The temple is managed by the trust setup by the Kirtikar family, descendants of Shyam Nayak. The trustees of the temple are 1) Alark Desai, 2) Harshad Dhurandhar, 3) Anurag Talpade.

== History ==
According to historians, the main deity of Prabhadevi Temple was originally referred to as ''Shakambari Devi''. She was the famous goddess ([[Kuladevata|Kuladevi]]) of [[Seuna Yadava]] king [[Bhima of Mahikavati|Bimba Raja]] of [[Devagiri, Karnataka|Devgiri]].<ref name=indianexpress>{{cite news |title=Once Upon a Time: Temple that gives Prabhadevi its name, and now to its railway station |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-temple-that-gives-prabhadevi-its-name-and-now-to-its-railway-station-4443843/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=25 December 2016}}</ref>
According to local folklore, Prabhavati Devi appeared in the dreams of a devotee named Shyam Nayak from the [[Pathare Prabhu]] (one of [[Mumbai]]'s earliest native communities), who would go on to build the temple of Prabhadevi.<ref name=indianexpress/><ref name=midday/>

The idol of the goddess was shifted to [[Karnataka]], where it was attacked by Muslim invaders known as the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. Later, it was moved back to [[Mahim Creek]] and placed in the current Prabhadevi temple.<ref>{{cite news |last1=MARPAKWAR |first1=CHAITANYA |title=PAST PERFECT - A silent shrine in a loud city |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31821&articlexml=PAST-PERFECT-A-silent-shrine-in-a-loud-07012017039012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719144530/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31821&articlexml=PAST-PERFECT-A-silent-shrine-in-a-loud-07012017039012 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 July 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 January 2017}}</ref>

== Other ==
* [[Prabhadevi]] is situated between the [[Dadar]] to the north, [[Worli]] to the south, and the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west. The place is named after the deity of the Prabhadevi Temple.<ref name=midday/>
* [[Prabhadevi railway station]], a station on the Western line of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] is named after [[Prabhadevi]].<ref name="toi" /> It was previously known as [[Elphinstone Road]].{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:10 Day Prabhadevi temple Jatra in Mumbai..JPG|Prabhadevi Temple
File:Prabhadevi Mata Temple.jpg|Prabhadevi Temple
File:Prabhadevi Mata.png|Deities in Prabhadevi Temple
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Tourist attractions in Mumbai}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Culture of Mumbai]]

Ravindra Kaushik

2026-03-23T17:06:00Z

Babakigadi123: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian espionage agent (1952–2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox spy
| name = Ravindra Kaushik (Indian Black Tiger)
| image = Ravinder Kaushik former RAW agent.jpg
| alt =
| caption = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1952|04|11|df=y}}<ref name="toi">{{cite web|title=Salman Khan's new movie in controversy again|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Salman-Khans-new-movie-in-controversy-again/articleshow/15114477.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103085252/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-24/jaipur/32827242_1_multan-pakistan-army-pakistan-agency|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 July 2012 |access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Sri Ganganagar]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|11||1952|04|11|df=y}}<ref name="tel"/>
| death_place = [[Central Jail Mianwali]], Pakistan
| other_names
| employer =
| known_for = Spying for R&AW
| notable_works =
|criminal_charge = [[Espionage]]
| criminal_penalty = [[Life imprisonment]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|Amanat|1976}}
| children = 1
| allegiance = {{flagu|India|size=20px}}
| agency = [[Research and Analysis Wing]]
| serviceyears = 1975–1983
| codename2_label = Alias
| codename2 = Nabi Ahmed Shakir
}}

'''Ravindra Kaushik''' (11 April 1952 – 21 November 2001) was an Indian [[Research and Analysis Wing]] agent who spied for India from 1975 until he was captured in 1983. Also known as '''The Black Tiger''', Kaushik is considered as one of India's greatest spies.<ref name="tel">{{cite web|title=India's forgotten spy – Agent's family fights an impossible battle |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/india-s-forgotten-spy-agent-s-family-fights-an-impossible-battle/cid/849809|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref> He worked as a clerk in the Pakistan Army's Military Accounts Department.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The cost of being an Indian spy: What happened to Ravindra Kaushik, RAW's Black Tiger |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/the-cost-of-being-an-indian-spy-what-happened-to-ravindra-kaushik-raws-black-tiger/1511104/ |website=ThePrint |date=2023-04-22 |access-date=2025-07-06}}</ref> He was exposed after a botched communication attempt by another operative. Arrested and [[Interrogation|interrogated]], he was sentenced to death in 1985, later commuted to life imprisonment. He spent 16 years in various prisons and died in 2001 while incarcerated.<ref name="tel"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Story of RAW agent, Ravinder Kaushik, who worked as a Pakistan Army Major – Forgotten hero|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/story-of-raw-agent-ravinder-kaushik-who-worked-as-a-pakistan-army-major/the-black-tiger/slideshow/58240716.cms|access-date=10 April 2021|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ravindra Kaushik was born in [[Sri Ganganagar]], [[Rajasthan]] on 11 April 1952. His father, J. M. Kaushik, was an [[Indian Air Force]] officer; his mother Amla Devi died in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Umak |first=Lokesh |date=25 July 2020 |title=Ravindra Kaushik on sacrificing his life for India |url=https://hindibinge.com/gossips/ravindra-kaushik-letter-to-family-on-reward-sacrifice/ |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=HindiBinge |language=en-GB}}</ref> He graduated from S. D. Bihani P. G. College, Sri Ganganagar, earning a [[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com]]. Kaushik was also involved with theatre acting and debates while in college when he was recruited by the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW).<ref>{{Cite web|last=rashid|first=sumaira|title=Ravindra Kaushik, 'The Black Tiger'- India's Greatest Spy|url=https://theindianness.com/ravindra-kaushik-the-black-tiger-indias-greatest-spy/|access-date=18 November 2021|website=The Indianness|date=12 April 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=18 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118034935/https://theindianness.com/ravindra-kaushik-the-black-tiger-indias-greatest-spy/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Recruitment in the Research and Analysis Wing==
Kaushik was trained in [[Delhi]] for two years to be an [[undercover]] operative in Pakistan. He was also trained to live as a [[Muslim]] and was taught the [[Urdu]] language. Being from [[Sri Ganganagar]], a city near [[Rajasthan]]'s border with [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], although he was native to [[Bagri language|Bagri]], a local tonal language of [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], which is predominantly spoken in Sri Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts, he was also well versed in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], which is widely spoken in [[Punjab, India]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistan]] as well.<ref name="dap">{{cite web |title=Late spy's kin fight for reel life credit |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/86994-late-spys-kin-fight-for-reel-life-credit.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824211533/http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/86994-late-spys-kin-fight-for-reel-life-credit.html |archive-date=24 August 2012 |access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref> In 1975, at the age of 23, he was sent to Pakistan.<ref name="tel" />

==Activities in Pakistan==
Kaushik underwent [[Circumcision in Islam|circumcision]] and was given the cover name "Nabi Ahmed Shakir".<ref name="dap"/> After successfully getting admission in [[University of Karachi|Karachi University]], he completed his [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]]. After his graduation, he infiltrated Pakistan Military under a false identity and joined the [[Pakistan Army]], where he was employed as a major in the Military Accounts Department, not as a commissioned officer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The cost of being an Indian spy: What happened to Ravindra Kaushik, RAW's Black Tiger |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/the-cost-of-being-an-indian-spy-what-happened-to-ravindra-kaushik-raws-black-tiger/1511104/ |website=ThePrint |date=22 April 2023 |access-date=6 July 2025}}</ref> He married a local woman named Amaanat and fathered a boy, who died in 2001.<ref name="dap" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/the-real-life-behind-a-2002-spy-thriller/article1-483474.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419000021/http://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/the-real-life-behind-a-2002-spy-thriller/article1-483474.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2015|title=The real life behind a 2002 spy thriller|work=Hindustan Times|date=6 December 2009|access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref>

From 1979 to 1983, Kaushik worked as a Pakistani army clerk, sending valuable information to R&AW. He was given the title of 'The Black Tiger' by then [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty |first=Soham |date=2023-02-09 |title=Anurag Basu to direct upcoming film 'The Black Tiger' on life of Indian Spy Ravindra Kaushik |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/anurag-basu-to-direct-upcoming-film-the-black-tiger-on-life-of-indian-spy-ravindra-kaushik-15899971.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619225231/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/raw-agent-nephew-takes-salman-ek-tha-tiger-producers-court--4729.html |archive-date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=CNBC TV18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Death and aftermath==
In September 1983, R&AW sent a low-level operative, Inyat Masih, to make contact with Kaushik. But Masih was exposed by the [[Inter-Services Intelligence#Organization|Joint Counter-Intelligence Bureau]] of Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] and blew Kaushik's cover.<ref name="tel" /> Kaushik was captured, and tortured for two years at an interrogation center in [[Sialkot]]. He was sentenced to death in 1985; his sentence was later commuted to a life term by the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]]. He was kept in various jails in several cities, including [[Sialkot]], [[Kot Lakhpat]] and in [[Mianwali]] jail, for 16 years.<ref name="dap" /> He managed to secretly send letters to his family in India, which revealed his poor health and the trauma he faced in Pakistani jails. In one of his letters, he wrote:{{quote|क्या भारत जैसे बड़े देश के लिए कुर्बानी देने वालों को यहीं मिलता है?" (Is this what people who sacrifice their lives for a big country like India get?)<ref name="tel"/>}}

In November 2001, he died of [[pulmonary tuberculosis]] and [[heart disease]] in [[Central Jail Mianwali]] in Pakistan.<ref name="tel" /> According to Kaushik's family, the [[Government of India|Indian government]] had refused to recognise him and had made no effort to help him.<ref name="tel" />

Kaushik's family claimed that the storyline of the Bollywood film ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'' released in 2012 was based on the life of Kaushik, and asked for credit in the movie titles for Kaushik. But the director, [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]], denied their claim.<ref name="ind">{{cite web |title=Dead RAW agent's nephew takes Salman's Ek Tha Tiger producers to court |date=27 July 2012 |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/raw-agent-nephew-takes-salman-ek-tha-tiger-producers-court--4729.html |access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sarabjit Singh]]
*[[Kashmir Singh]]
*[[Kulbhushan Jadhav]]

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book|author1=S Hussain Zaidi|author2=Brijesh Singh|title=Dangerous Minds: Eight Riveting Profiles of Homegrown Terrorists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbstDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT61|date=2018|publisher=[[Penguin Random House]]|isbn=978-93-86495-99-0|pages=61–63}}
*{{cite web |author=Presley Thomas |title=The real life behind a 2002 spy thriller |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/the-real-life-behind-a-2002-spy-thriller/story-U9NVg1hsRRh4vizo9fRxhN.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |date=6 December 2009}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaushik, Ravindra}}
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Pakistan]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned abroad]]
[[Category:Indian people who died in prison custody]]
[[Category:Indian spies]]
[[Category:Pakistan Army officers]]
[[Category:People of the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Foreign nationals imprisoned in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Prisoners who died in Pakistani detention]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:University of Karachi alumni]]
[[Category:Spies who died in prison custody]]
[[Category:People convicted of espionage in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Research & Analysis Wing activities in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in Pakistan]]
[[Category:21st-century deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to death]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to death by Pakistan]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Pakistan]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Military spies]]

Sati Savitri (1957 film)

2026-03-20T14:47:13Z

Babakigadi123:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sati Savitri
| image = Sati Savitri (1957 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Raovuru Venkata Satyanarayana Rao {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Sri Ramula Sachidananda Sastry
| screenplay = [[K. B. Nagabhushanam]]
| producer = [[S. Varalakshmi]]
| director = K. B. Nagabhushanam
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[S. Varalakshmi]] [[S. V. Ranga Rao]]
| music = [[S. V. Venkatraman]]
| cinematography = Tambu
| editing = S. K. Gopal
| based_on = Life of [[Savitri and Satyavan]]
| studio = Varalakshmi Pictures
| distributor = Chamriya Takies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1957|1|12}}
| runtime = 169 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Sati Savitri ''''' is 1957 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]], based on the life of [[Savitri and Satyavan]] directed by [[K. B. Nagabhushanam]]. It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], S. Varalakshmi, [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] with music composed by [[S. V. Venkatraman]]. It is produced by [[S. Varalakshmi]] under the Varalakshmi Pictures banner. The film was dubbed into [[Tamil language]] with the title ''Sathiyavan Savithri''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saththiyavan Saviththiri – 1957 Tamil Films |url=http://www.protamil.com/arts/tamil-films/1957/sathiyavan-savithri-ta.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180504115118/http://www.protamil.com/arts/tamil-films/1957/sathiyavan-savithri-ta.html |archive-date=4 May 2018 |access-date=4 May 2018 |website=Protamil |language=Tamil}}</ref><ref>Film credits</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins at [[Madra Kingdom]], where the royal couple, Asvapati & Malawi, are perturbed at being childless. The king conducts a penance to [[Gayatri]] and boons for many sons. Instead, she bestows him with a daughter that surmounts his clan. The girl is titled [[Savitri and Satyavan|Savitri]], who was raised with divinity, getting knowledge of pious chronicles & sacred wives' stories. Once, she accompanies his father to hunt and gets acquainted with an exiled prince [[Savitri and Satyavan|Satyavanta]], the son of a king Dyumatsena of [[Salwa Kingdom]]. He blew his fortune with the foe Rudrasena's backstab, left as the forest dwellers, and plucked the couple's eyes. Satyavantha & Savitri endear, and Savitri confirms her choice to the parents. As a flabbergast, [[Narada]] arrives and states Satyavantha will die 1 year after the wedding. Despite this, Savitri holds steady and announces to face the fact. So, Asvapati headed to Dyumatsena with bridal connections. Soon after the nuptial, Savitri proceeds to her in-laws's hermitage, relinquishing the luxury and serving them with adoration. The day arises when Satyavantha moves in to cut wood from the forest, and Savitri follows him. Suddenly, Satyavantha collapses in Savitri's lap when [[Yama]], the god of death, lands and claims the soul. Now, Savitri is behind Yama, depriving her lord's soul with big talk & reasoning of piety. Plus, with her grit, she makes the grade of ''Megha Mandalam,'' ''Sunyam,'' ''Surya Mandalam,'' ''Nakshatra Mandalam'' till ''[[Vaitarani (mythology)|Vaitarani]].'' Across scales, Yama bestows Savitri with 3 boons, excluding her husband's life, and seeks to recoup the vision & kingdom of her in-laws, & the male progeny of her parents. At last, Savitri compels Yama to retrieve her husband as she earns the 3rd boon of a child, which is unfeasible without a husband. Finally, the movie ends happily with the universe acclaiming Savitri, who arrives on Earth with Satyavantha.

== Cast ==
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Satyavanthudu
*[[S. Varalakshmi]] as Savitri
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as [[Yama]] Dharma Raju
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Sharadudu
*[[V. Nagayya]] as Aswapathi Maharaju
*[[Kanta Rao]] as [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]]
*Suribabu as [[Narada]] Maharshi
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Rama Sharma
*Dr. Sivaramakrishnaiah as Vishnu Sharma
*[[Rushyendramani]] as Maallavi
*[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]] as Mallika
*Suryakala as Sati Anasuya

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by [[S. V. Venkatraman]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gopalakrishna |first=P. S. |date=23 January 2014 |title=In reference to film music |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/in-reference-to-film-music/article5610087.ece |access-date=17 October 2022}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Narayanathe Namo Namo"
|Raovuri
|[[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
|2:30
|-
|2
|"Enduko Ohoho Vilasala"
|Daitta Gopalam
|P. Srinivasan, [[S. Varalakshmi]]
|3:25
|-
|3
|"Raavelano"
|B. V. S. Acharya
|P. Srinivasan, S. Varalakshmi
|2:59
|-
|4
|"Poyenayyo Ippudu"
|Raovuri
|[Mangalampalli Balamurali Krishna]
|2:25
|-
|5
|"Jalamenin"
|B. V. S. Acharya
|P. Srinivasan
|0:58
|-
|6
|"Kshtriya Jaati Butti"
|B. V. S. Acharya
|M. Balamuralikrishna
|0:42
|-
|7
|"Kurula Soubhagyambu"
|B. V. S. Acharya
|M. Balamuralikrishna
|1:41
|-
|8
|"Jo Jo Bangarubomma"
|Daitta Gopalam
|Sarojini, Rani
|2:19
|-
|9
|"Kanudammul"
|B. V. S. Acharya
|M. Balamuralikrishna
|1:01
|-
|10
|"Nammithine Janani"
|Raovuri
|P. Srinivasan, Sarojani, S. Varalakshmi
|4:04
|-
|11
|"Amba Saasvata Aagamaadi"
|B. V. S. Acharya
|Pendyala Nageswara Rao
|0:40
|-
|12
|"Aluka Vahinchena"
|B. V. S. Acharya
|M. Balamuralikrishna
|0:53
|-
|13
|"Villunuboona"
|B. V. S. Acharya
|Pendyala Nageswara Rao
|0:47
|-
|14
|"Vividhayudha"
|B. V. S. Acharya
|M. Balamuralikrishna
|1:16
|-
|15
|"Siri Siri Muvvavuga"
|Raovuri
|[[Madhavapeddi Satyam]], Sarojani
|2:39
|-
|16
|"Adhaarmikula"
|Raovuri
|Madhavapeddi Satyam
|0:40
|-
|17
|"Amma Kaavave Amma"
|Daitta Gopalam
|S. Varalakshmi
|2:45
|-
|18
|"Maataa Idena"
|Daitta Gopalam
|S. Varalakshmi
|3:02
|-
|19
|"Navaratnanchita"
|B. V. S. Acharya
|S. Varalakshmi
|1:03
|-
|20
|"Pati Bhakti"
|B. V. S. Acharya
|S. Varalakshmi
|0:48
|-
|21
|"Praananaatha"
|Daitta Gopalam
|S. Varalakshmi
|1:47
|-
|22
|"Thaguna Idi Janaka"
|Daitta Gopalam
|S. Varalakshmi
|1:37
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt0246218}}

{{Savitri and Satyavan}}

[[Category:1957 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films about Savitri and Satyavan]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. V. Venkatraman]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1957 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Adhiyamaan College of Engineering

2026-03-17T14:27:04Z

Babakigadi123: minor update

{{Short description|College in Tamil Nadu, India}}

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Adhiyamaan College of Engineering|timestamp=20260317142704|year=2026|month=March|day=17|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{primary sources|date=March 2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Adhiyamaan College of Engineering
| image = ACE - Main.jpg
| caption = Main building
| established = 1987
| type = [[Autonomous]]
| chairman = [[Banumathi Thambidurai]]
| principal = Dr. R Radhakrishnan
| city = [[Hosur]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| campus = Semi Urban
| coordinates = {{coord|12.7179|77.86986|display=title}}
| academic_affiliations = [[Anna University]] Chennai, [[Council of Architecture]], New Delhi
| other_name = ACE and AERI
| website = {{URL|https://www.adhiyamaan.ac.in/}}
}}
'''Adhiyamaan College of Engineering''' ('''ACE''') is an Autonomous Engineering college located at [[Hosur, Tamil Nadu]], India.

==History==
[[File:Adhiyamaan College Of Engineering.jpg|thumb|right|Main entrance to the college]]
The college, started in 1987–88, is one of the educational institutions developed by Adhiyamaan Educational and Research Institution Trust. It is the first engineering college to be started in the most backward Dharmapuri District of the State of Tamil Nadu. It was originally affiliated to University of Madras. When Periyar University was carved out from the University of Madras, the colleges affiliation was changed to it. When the government of Tamil Nadu brought all the engineering and technical institutions in the State under one technological university in 2001, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering was affiliated to [[Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore]]. It is now affiliated to [[Anna University]], Chennai. This college is the first private college to introduce the five-year [[Bachelor of Architecture]] degree course in Tamil Nadu, in the Name [[School Of Architecture]].

==Location==
The college is housed on the Adhiyamaan Educational and Research Institutions campus, Dr. M.G.R Nagar, [[Hosur, Tamil Nadu]], India. The campus is spread over {{cvt|1255|acre}} abutting National Highway NH-7. The institution is {{convert|6|km|spell=in}} from [[K. Appavu Pillai Memorial Bus Terminus|Hosur K. Appavu Pillai Bus Stand]] and railway station. It is {{cvt|42|km}} from [[Bangalore]]. The nearest airport is Bengaluru International Airport.

==Institution==
The college is approved by the University Grants Commission as an autonomous institution and is accredited by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) as A grade.<ref name="Adhiyamaan College of engg">{{cite web|url=http://www.adhiyamaan.ac.in/placement.php |access-date=12 September 2011 |title=Adhiyamaan college of Engineering, Hosur |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901213736/http://www.adhiyamaan.ac.in/placement.php |archive-date=1 September 2011 }}</ref> The college is certified with ISO 9001:2008. It is also accredited by AICTE, NBA, New Delhi. The college has student chapters in ISTE, IE(I), IIPC, CSI and IET(UK).

==Infrastructure==
[[File:Cauvery Hostel - Mens.jpg|thumb|right|Cauvery Hostel(Men) - Seniors]]
[[File:Hostel Stadium View.jpg|thumb|Hostel View - Athletic Ground]]
There are three hostels namely Pennar, Cauvery and Bhavani. The Pennar and Cauvery hostels are for the boys; Pennar is for the 1st year students and Cauvery for other seniors students. The Bhavani hostel is for the girls. The hostels have kitchen to provide wholesome food to the students.
There are three canteen running inside the campus namely mgr canteen, main canteen, kamadhenu canteen. The college has library sections with books for all departments as well as technical and non-technical magazines. Computer labs, recreation rooms and sports facilities are also available. The college library is one of the biggest of its kind. It is one of the zonal leaders in sports.

==Examination system==
Each academic year is divided into two semesters. Each semester has three internal exams and one final exam (semester exam) for all theory subjects. For laboratory courses there is usually one internal exam followed by the final exam. Most of the exams are theoretical and have practical exams like most other engineering colleges in India.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category}}

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Anna University]]
[[Category:Krishnagiri district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1987]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Jakkampudi Raja

2026-03-14T18:06:07Z

Babakigadi123: made

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jakkampudi Raja
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1989
| birth_place = Rajanagaram
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| years_active =
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
}}
'''Jakkampudi Raja Indravandit''' (born 1989) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] on [[YSR Congress Party]] ticket from [[Rajanagaram Assembly constituency|Rajanagaram Constituency]] in [[East Godavari district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jakkampudi Raja |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/jakkampudi-raja |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref> He is nominated again by YSRCP to contest the Rajanagaram seat in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sailendra |first=K. V. |date=2024-04-18 |title=YSRC all set to repulse march of Jana Sena in Rajanagaram segment? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Apr/18/ysrc-all-set-to-repulse-march-of-jana-sena-in-rajanagaram-segment |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Raja was born in Rajanagaram to [[Jakkampudi Rammohan Rao]] and Vijayalakshmi. His father [[Jakkampudi Rammohan Rao]] was a three-time MLA and a former Minister of Roads and Buildings in 2004, and an excise minister later. He completed MBA from [[GITAM University]] through distance education course. He belongs to Kapu community.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-11 |title=Jakkampudi Raja {{!}} MLA {{!}} Suryarao Peta {{!}} Rajanagaram {{!}} YSRCP |url=https://theleaderspage.com/jakkampudi-raja/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Following in the footsteps of his father, Raja started his political journey with [[YSR Congress Party]]. Before getting elected as MLA, he served as the president of the YSRCP youth wing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-06 |title=Andhra Police foil YSRC youth wing president Jakkampudi Raja's hunger stir |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/Oct/06/andhra-police-foil-ysrc-youth-wing-president-jakkampudi-rajas-hunger-stir-1881677.html |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is one of the young brigade who made their debut in the Assembly.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ అసెంబ్లీ ఎన్నికల్లో గెలిచిన యువత వీళ్లే |url=https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-48392475 |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=BBC News తెలుగు |language=te}}</ref> He won the 2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election on YSRCP ticket from Rajanagaram Constituency defeating Pendurthi Venkatesh of TDP by a margin of 31,772 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajanagaram Constituency Winner List in AP Elections 2019 {{!}} Rajanagaram Constituency MLA Election Results 2019 |url=https://www.sakshi.com/election-2019/results/andhra_pradesh/constituency/rajanagaram |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=www.sakshi.com |archive-date=23 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923065707/https://www.sakshi.com/election-2019/results/andhra_pradesh/constituency/rajanagaram |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was nominated as Andhra Pradesh Kapu Corporation chairman in July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-29 |title=కాపు కార్పొరేషన్‌ ఛైర్మన్‌గా జక్కంపూడి రాజా |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/politics/jakkampudi-raja-aappointed-ap-kapu-corporation-chairman-1211062 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=TV9 |date=2019-07-19 |title=బ్రేకింగ్: ఏపీ కాపు కార్పొరేషన్‌ చైర్మన్‌గా జక్కంపూడి రాజా |url=https://tv9telugu.com/andhra-pradesh/amaravati/cm-ys-jagan-mohan-reddy-appoints-jakkampudi-raja-as-kapu-corporation-chairman-105329.html |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te}}</ref> In April 2024, followers of Raja, led by his brother and Godavari regional youth coordinator Jakkampudi Ganesh staged a midnight protest against the alleged remarks of JSP chief Pawan Kalyan at a public meeting in the region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-04-21 |title=Rajanagaram MLA's brother, supporters stage mid-night protest against Pawan Kalyan's remarks |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/rajanagaram-mlas-brother-supporters-stage-mid-night-protest-against-pawan-kalyans-remarks/article68088997.ece |access-date=2024-05-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Pawan Kalyan, allegedly, made derogatory remarks against the Jakkampudi family.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raja, Jakkampudi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Politicians from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]

Shah Rukh Khan

2026-03-11T15:23:14Z

Babakigadi123:

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1965)}}
{{hatnote group
| {{Redirect|SRK}}
| {{for|the Indian cricketer|Shahrukh Khan (cricketer)}}
}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}

{{Infobox actor
| name = Shah Rukh Khan
| image = Shah Rukh Khan graces the launch of the new Santro.jpg 
| caption = Khan in 2018
| birth_name = Shahrukh Khan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|11|02|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], Delhi, India
| alma_mater = [[Hansraj College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|film producer|television personality|businessman}}
| years_active = 1988–present
| organisation = {{ubl|[[Red Chillies Entertainment]]|[[Knight Riders Group]]}}
| works = [[Shah Rukh Khan filmography|Full list]]
| title = [[Managing director|MD]] of Red Chillies Entertainment
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Gauri Khan|Gauri Chhibber]]|25 October 1991}}
| children = 3 (including [[Aryan Khan|Aryan]] and [[Suhana Khan|Suhana]])
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Shah Rukh Khan|Full list]]
| honours = [[Padma Shri]] (2005) [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Order of Arts and Letters]] (2007) [[Legion of Honour]] (2014) [[National Film Award]] (2025)
| signature = Shah Rukh Khan Signature.svg
}}

'''Shah Rukh Khan'''{{efn|Khan's official name is Shahrukh as per his business filings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director Master Info |url=https://www.mca.gov.in/content/mca/global/en/mca/master-data/MDS/director-master-info.html?DIN=oJBBk1Fy5LMhVYHtIGjntA== |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=www.mca.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/RED-CHILLIES-ENTERTAINMENTS-PRIVATE-LIMITED-U92130MH2002PTC135790|title=RED CHILLIES ENTERTAINMENTS PRIVATE LIMITED|website=ZaubaCorp|accessdate=26 February 2025}}</ref> Shah Rukh is his preferred stylisation.}} ({{IPA|hns|ˈʃaːɦɾʊx xäːn|pron|audio=Shahrukh_Khan.ogg}}; born as Shahrukh Khan on 2 November 1965), popularly known by the initials '''SRK''', is an [[Indian actor]] and [[film producer]] renowned for his work in [[Hindi cinema]]. Referred to in the media as the "[[Padishah|Baadshah]] of Bollywood" and "King Khan",{{efn|name=King}} he has [[Shah Rukh Khan filmography|appeared in more than 100 films]] and earned [[List of awards and nominations received by Shah Rukh Khan|numerous accolades]], including a [[National Film Award]] and 15 [[Filmfare Awards]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Mukesh Khanna backs Shah Rukh Khan's National Award win |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/mukesh-khanna-backs-shah-rukh-khans-national-award-win-76404.html |magazine=Filmfare |date=6 August 2025 |access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Simran |date=1 August 2025 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's Fans Can't Keep Calm As Actor Wins His First National Film Award In 33 Years: 'Wait Is Over' |url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khans-fans-cant-keep-calm-as-actor-wins-his-first-national-film-award-in-33-years-wait-is-over/611358/ |work=News24 |access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref> He has been awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]], as well as the [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Order of Arts and Letters]] and [[Legion of Honour]] by the [[Government of France]]. Khan has a significant following in Asia and among the [[Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India|Indian diaspora]] worldwide. In terms of income, several media outlets have described him as one of the most successful film stars in the world.{{efn|name=biggest}}

Khan began his career with appearances in several television series in the late 1980s and made his [[Hindi]] film debut in 1992 with the musical romance ''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]''. He was initially recognised for playing villainous roles in the films ''[[Baazigar]]'' (1993) and ''[[Darr]]'' (1993). Khan established himself by starring in a series of top-grossing romantic films, including {{lang|hi-latn|[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]}} (1995), ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]'' (1997), ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998), ''[[Mohabbatein]]'' (2000), ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001), ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (2003), ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' (2004), and ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (2006). He earned critical acclaim for his portrayal of an alcoholic in the period romantic drama ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' (2002), a [[NASA]] scientist in the social drama ''[[Swades]]'' (2004), a hockey coach in the sports drama ''[[Chak De! India]]'' (2007), and a man with [[Asperger syndrome]] in the drama ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' (2010). Further commercial successes came with the romances ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007) and ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]'' (2008), and with his expansion to comedies in ''[[Chennai Express]]'' (2013) and ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'' (2014). Following a brief setback and hiatus, Khan made a career comeback with the 2023 action thrillers ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]'' and ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'', both of which rank among the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian films]]. For ''Jawan'', he received the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]].

As of 2015, Khan is co-chairman of the motion picture production company [[Red Chillies Entertainment]] and its subsidiaries and is the co-owner of the [[Indian Premier League]] cricket team [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] and the [[Caribbean Premier League]] team [[Trinbago Knight Riders]]. He is a frequent television presenter and stage show performer. Khan's philanthropic endeavours have provided health care and disaster relief, and he was honoured with [[UNESCO]]'s Pyramide con Marni award in 2011 for his support of children's education and the [[World Economic Forum]]'s Crystal Award in 2018 for advocating for women's and children's rights in India. He regularly features in listings of the most influential people in [[Indian culture]], and in 2008, ''[[Newsweek]]'' named him one of their fifty most powerful people in the world. In 2022, Khan was voted one of the 50 greatest actors of all time in a readers' poll by ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'', and in 2023, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named him as one of the [[Time 100|most influential people in the world]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2023/6269827/shah-rukh-khan/|title=Shah Rukh Khan: The 100 Most Influential People of 2023|date=13 April 2023|magazine=Time|access-date=26 February 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==
=== Parents ===
Khan's father, [[Mir clan|Mir]] Taj Mohammed Khan, was an [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] activist from [[Peshawar]] who campaigned alongside the [[Khudai Khidmatgar]], a [[nonviolent resistance]] movement led by [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] that sought a [[opposition to the partition of India|united and independent India]].<ref name="KoolAgrawal2020">{{Cite book |last1=Kool |first1=Vinod K. |title=Gandhi and the Psychology of Nonviolence, Volume 1: Scientific Roots and Development |last2=Agrawal |first2=Rita |date=2020 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |isbn=978-3-030-56865-8 |pages=55 |language=English |quote=Khan founded the Khudai Khidmatgar (Servants of God), the followers of which were commonly referred to as 'red shirts.' What attracted people to him? It was the same values that drew people in large numbers to Gandhi—integrity of character coupled with a total commitment to the philosophy and practice of nonviolence and the unwavering belief in a united India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2019 |title=Fatima Bhutto terms Shah Rukh Khan 'an icon challenging US monopoly |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/538860-fatima-bhutto-terms-shah-rukh-khan-an-icon-challenging-us-monopoly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010001647/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/538860-fatima-bhutto-terms-shah-rukh-khan-an-icon-challenging-us-monopoly |archive-date=10 October 2019 |access-date=10 October 2019 |website=The News International}}</ref> Mir was a follower of Abdul Ghaffar Khan,{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=17–18}} and affiliated with the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="ancestral5">{{Cite news |last=Khan, Omer Farooq |date=19 March 2010 |title=SRK's ancestral home traced to Pakistan |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/SRKs-ancestral-home-traced-to-Pakistan/articleshow/5701179.cms |url-status=live |access-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701111712/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/SRKs-ancestral-home-traced-to-Pakistan/articleshow/5701179.cms |archive-date=1 July 2015 |quote=There is a strong misperception about Shah Rukh's identity who is widely considered as a Pathan. In fact, his entire family speaks Hindko language. His ancestors came from Kashmir and settled in Peshawar centuries back, revealed Maqsood. This may disappoint many of Shah Rukh’s Pashto speaking fans who consider him a Pathan by origin. Shah Rukh’s family also contradicted the claim that his grandfather Jan Muhammad was from Afghanistan.}}</ref> He was also the cousin of the major general in the [[Indian National Army]] [[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Shah Nawaz Khan]].{{efn|name="SRKfamily"|Although Shahrukh Khan's mother was reported to be the adopted daughter of [[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Shah Nawaz Khan]], a major general in the [[Indian National Army]], the [[Indian Army]] denied those reports.<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{Cite news |date=11 March 2012 |title=Army denies new ISI chief related to Shah Rukh Khan |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/348459/army-denies-new-isi-chief-related-to-shah-rukh-khan/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528165955/http://tribune.com.pk/story/348459/army-denies-new-isi-chief-related-to-shah-rukh-khan/ |archive-date=28 May 2014}}</ref> According to Khan, his father was related to Shah Nawaz.<ref name="pathan">{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Priya |date=4 August 2013 |title=How SRK's Pathan father fell in love with his South Indian mother |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/How-SRKs-Pathan-father-fell-in-love-with-his-South-Indian-mother/articleshow/21574818.cms |url-status=live |access-date=24 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805212904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/How-SRKs-Pathan-father-fell-in-love-with-his-South-Indian-mother/articleshow/21574818.cms |archive-date=5 August 2013}}</ref>}} According to Khan, his paternal grandfather, Mir Jan Muhammad Khan, was an ethnic [[Pashtuns|Pashtun (Pathan)]] from Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2020 |title=Happy Birthday Shah Rukh Khan: Why SRK is 'Half Hyderabadi'? |url=https://www.siasat.com/happy-birthday-shah-rukh-khan-why-srk-is-half-hyderabadi-2013690/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617114610/https://www.siasat.com/happy-birthday-shah-rukh-khan-why-srk-is-half-hyderabadi-2013690/ |archive-date=17 June 2021 |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-GB |quote=Khan’s paternal grandfather, Meer Jan Muhammad Khan, was an ethnic Pashtun (Pathan) from Afghanistan}}</ref><ref name="ancestral5" /><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hwbta8t2XH4&t=2m00s |title=Mardomi interviews Shahrukh Khan in U.S.A |date=26 January 2009 |publisher=[[YouTube]] |time=2:00 |access-date=1 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809175417/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hwbta8t2XH4&t=2m00s |archive-date=9 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, his paternal cousins in Peshawar later clarified that the family speaks [[Hindko]], a language related to [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] that Khan can understand and speak even if not fluently,<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2005 |title=Shahrukh's cousins eager to meet him |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/149454/shahrukh-s-cousins-eager-to-meet-him |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025924/http://www.dawn.com/news/149454/shahrukh-s-cousins-eager-to-meet-him |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=4 November 2015 |work=Dawn |quote=Mr Ahmed said that the celebrity understood Hindko and loved to speak in his mother-tongue despite having been born away from Hindko speaking area. However, he could not speak the language fluently, he added.}}</ref> and is originally from [[Kashmir]], from where they settled in Peshawar centuries back, thus contradicting the claim that his grandfather was a Pashtun from Afghanistan.<ref name="ancestral5" /> As of 2010, Khan's paternal family was still living in the Shah Wali Qataal area of Peshawar's [[Qissa Khwani Bazaar]].<ref name="ancestral5" />

In 1946, Mir moved to Delhi to study law at [[Delhi University]].{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=19}} With the [[partition of India]] in 1947, he was forced to stay in Delhi and did not return to Peshawar until many years later.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=20}} Khan's mother, Lateef Fatima, a [[magistrate]], was the daughter of a senior government engineer.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=25}}{{efn|name="SRKfamily"}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raza |first=Danish |date=29 June 2015 |title=Tragedy at Turkman Gate: Witnesses recount horror of Emergency |publisher=Hindustan Times |agency=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tragedy-at-turkman-gate-witnesses-recount-horror-of-emergency/story-UD6kxHbROYSBMlDbjQLYpJ.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710004240/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tragedy-at-turkman-gate-witnesses-recount-horror-of-emergency/story-UD6kxHbROYSBMlDbjQLYpJ.html |archive-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> His parents were married in 1959.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=26}}

=== Early life ===
Khan was born as Shahrukh Khan on 2 November 1965 into a [[Muslim]] family in [[New Delhi]].{{sfn|Chopra|2007|loc=p. 27|ps=: "born on 2 November 1965 at Talwar Nursing Home, in New Delhi"}} He spent the first five years of his life in [[Mangalore]], where his maternal grandfather, Iftikhar Ahmed, served as chief engineer of the port in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2013 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's South Connect: 'Chennai Express' Actor's Mangalore Home Turns into Tourist Spot |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/shah-rukh-khan039s-south-connect-039chennai-express039-actor039s-mangalore-home-turns-into-tourist-spot-501269 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023090445/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/shah-rukh-khan039s-south-connect-039chennai-express039-actor039s-mangalore-home-turns-into-tourist-spot-501269 |archive-date=23 October 2014 |access-date=23 September 2013 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref><ref name="BornBroughtup">{{cite news|title=B'day Special: Shah Rukh Khan (p. 4)|work=The Times of India|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059441.cms|url-status=live|access-date=16 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216104040/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059441.cms|archive-date=16 December 2014}}</ref>{{efn|There was some confusion because Khan seemingly contradicted himself in an interview, saying that he was born and brought up in Mangalore<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta, Priya |date=6 August 2013 |title=SRK grew up in Mangalore |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/SRK-grew-up-in-Mangalore/articleshow/21650472.cms |url-status=live |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212114547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/SRK-grew-up-in-Mangalore/articleshow/21650472.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=12 December 2018}}</ref> but he later confirmed his birthplace as Delhi, and that he was brought up in Mangalore for the first five years.<ref name="BornBroughtup" />}} Khan has described himself on [[Twitter]] as "half [[Hyderabadi Muslims|Hyderabadi]] (mother), half [[Pashtuns|Pathan]] (father), and some [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] (grandmother)".<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=21639346475 |user=iamsrk |title=i am half hyderabadi (mom) half pathan (Dad) some kashmiri (grandmom) born in delhi life in mumbai punjabi wife kolkata team. Indian at heart |author=Shah Rukh Khan |date=19 August 2010 |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122203520/https://twitter.com/iamsrk/status/21639346475 |archive-date=22 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Khan grew up in the [[Rajendra Nagar, Delhi|Rajendra Nagar]] neighbourhood of New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 2009 |title=SRK to run for Delhi TNN |language=en-US |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/SRK-to-run-for-Delhi/articleshow/5068322.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317114958/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/SRK-to-run-for-Delhi/articleshow/5068322.cms |archive-date=17 March 2016}}</ref> His father had several business ventures including a restaurant, and the family lived a middle-class life in rented apartments.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=50}} Khan attended [[St. Columba's School, Delhi|St. Columba's School]] in central Delhi where he excelled in his studies and in sports such as hockey and football,{{sfn|O'Brien|2014|p=217}} and received the school's highest award, the Sword of Honour.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=50}} Initially Khan aspired to pursue a career in sports, however a shoulder injury in his early years meant that he could no longer play.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Rajat |date=16 April 2016 |title=Shah Rukh Khan in Aap Ki Adalat (Full Interview) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=t_FyYz1pOVg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203534/https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=t_FyYz1pOVg |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=14 August 2018 |website=youtube.com/user/IndiaTV |publisher=IndiaTV}}</ref> Instead, in his youth, he acted in stage plays and received praise for his imitations of Bollywood actors, of which his favourites were [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], and [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]].{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=32, 36}} One of his childhood friends and acting partners was [[Amrita Singh]], who became a [[Bollywood]] actress.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=36–38}} Khan enrolled at [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]]’s [[Hansraj College]] (1985–88) to earn his bachelor's degree in [[economics]], but spent much of his time at Delhi's Theatre Action Group (TAG),{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=53}} where he studied acting under the mentorship of theatre director [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker, Steven |date=9 April 2007 |title=Theatre is at an all-time low in Delhi |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/theatre-is-at-an-all-time-low-in-delhi/story-cdTZmWVLZbZpajDHYUYWiM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001114344/http://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/theatre-is-at-an-all-time-low-in-delhi/story-cdTZmWVLZbZpajDHYUYWiM.html |archive-date=1 October 2015 |access-date=10 September 2010 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 February 2016 |title=SRK finally receives graduation degree from Hansraj College after 28 years |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-receives-graduation-degree-after-28-years/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217094401/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-receives-graduation-degree-after-28-years/ |archive-date=17 February 2016}}</ref> After graduating from Hansraj, he cleared the entrance exam for the [[Indian Institutes of Technology|Indian Institute of Technology]] (IIT), as his mother insisted that he attempt an engineering exam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2025 |title=Shah Rukh Khan cracked IIT entrance exam, never pursued engineering: 'My mom said show it to me and I did' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-cracked-iit-entrance-exam-never-pursued-engineering-10231627/lite/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2025 |title=Did You Know Shah Rukh Khan Had Once Cleared IIT Entrance Exam? This Is How His Mother Had Reacted: 'You Don't Need To...' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/did-you-know-shah-rukh-khan-had-once-cleared-iit-entrance-exam-this-is-how-his-mother-had-reacted-you-dont-need-to-/articleshow/123723533.cms |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Khan then began studying for a master's degree in [[mass communication]] at [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], but left to pursue his acting career.<ref name="BritannicaSRKAlmaMater">{{cite web |title=Shah Rukh Khan |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Shah-Rukh-Khan |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |publisher=Britannica |access-date=3 November 2024 |quote=Shah Rukh Khan attended Jamia Millia Islamia University in New Delhi, India.}}</ref><ref name="factsyou">{{Cite news |date=2 November 2006 |title=Facts you never knew about SRK |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2006/11/02/1777/ |access-date=26 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317143631/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2006/11/02/1777/ |archive-date=17 March 2011}}</ref> At Jamia, future filmmaker [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]] was his junior, and he would use Shah Rukh’s notes for study.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2025 |title='Arrogant' Shah Rukh Khan skipped final exams at Jamia because of his 'stupid, youthful nonsense', didn't get his degree: 'Badtameezi aur ghatiyanpan tha mera' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/arrogant-shah-rukh-khan-skipped-final-exams-at-jamia-stupid-youthful-nonsense-didnt-get-degree-10233638/lite/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> He also attended the [[National School of Drama]] in Delhi during his early career in Bollywood.<ref name="Rediff-Devdas">{{Cite web |last=Panicker |first=Prem |date=10 July 2002 |title=For an entire year I was sad |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/10srk.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817042452/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/10srk.htm |archive-date=17 August 2012 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>

His father died of cancer in 1981,{{efn|Chopra's 2007 book gave the date as 19 September 1980,{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=41–43}} and in an interview in 2014 Khan specified the date was 19 October 1981.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmmgaGju22w |title=The Anupam Kher Show – Shahrukh Khan – Episode No: 1 |date=6 July 2014 |language=hi |place=India |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220181534/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmmgaGju22w |archive-date=20 February 2015 |url-status=live |people=Khan, Shah Rukh |work=[[Colors TV|Colors]]}}</ref>}} and his mother died in 1991 from complications of diabetes.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=89}} After the death of their parents, his older sister, Shahnaz Lalarukh (born 1960){{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=27}} fell into a depressed state and Khan took on the responsibility of caring for her.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=41–43}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2013 |title=RAKHI SPECIAL: Bollywood King SRK with his sister Shehnaz Lalarukh |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/REL-rakhi-special-bollywood-king-shah-rukh-khan-with-his-sister-shehnaz-lalarukh-4351744-PHO.html |url-status=dead |access-date=12 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112214707/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/REL-rakhi-special-bollywood-king-shah-rukh-khan-with-his-sister-shehnaz-lalarukh-4351744-PHO.html |archive-date=12 November 2014}}</ref> Shahnaz continues to live with her brother and his family in their [[Mumbai]] mansion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy, Gitanjali |date=14 November 2012 |title=Shah Rukh Khan : Live life King Khan size |url=http://www.ndtv.com/people/shah-rukh-khan-live-life-king-khan-size-503384 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154945/http://www.ndtv.com/people/shah-rukh-khan-live-life-king-khan-size-503384 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=23 September 2013 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

== Acting career ==
{{See also|Shah Rukh Khan filmography}}

=== 1988–1992: Television and film debut ===
Khan's first starring role was in [[Lekh Tandon]]'s television series ''Dil Dariya'', which began shooting in 1988, but production delays led to the [[Raj Kumar Kapoor]] directed 1989 series ''[[Fauji (TV series)|Fauji]]'' becoming his television debut instead.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=72–74}} In the series, which depicted a realistic look at the training of army cadets, he played the leading role of Abhimanyu Rai.<ref name="mumbai">{{Cite news |date=2 November 2009 |title=I feel like a 25-year-old, says birthday boy Shah Rukh Khan |work=Daily News and Analysis |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-feel-like-a-25-year-old-says-birthday-boy-shah-rukh-khan-1306257 |url-status=live |access-date=1 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809200837/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-feel-like-a-25-year-old-says-birthday-boy-shah-rukh-khan-1306257 |archive-date=9 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khubchandani, Lata |date=1 June 2004 |title=I can't take credit for Shah Rukh's success |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/02lekh.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628063812/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/02lekh.htm |archive-date=28 June 2012 |access-date=22 October 2011 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> This led to further appearances in [[Aziz Mirza]]'s television series ''[[Circus (Indian TV series)|Circus]]'' (1989–90) and [[Mani Kaul]]'s miniseries ''[[Idiot (1992 film)|Idiot]]'' (1992).{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=79–84}} Khan also played minor parts in the serials ''Umeed'' (1989) and ''[[Wagle Ki Duniya]]'' (1988–90),{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=79–84}} and in the English-language [[television film]] ''[[In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones]]'' (1989).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kohli, Ram |date=9 May 2013 |title=Main bhi Shah Rukh Khan! |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-main-bhi-shah-rukh-khan-1832425 |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714175821/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-main-bhi-shah-rukh-khan-1832425 |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> His appearances in these serials led critics to compare his look and acting style with those of the film actor [[Dilip Kumar]],{{Sfn|Bose|2006|p=34}} but Khan was not interested in film acting at the time, thinking that he was not good enough.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=79–84}}<ref name="cnnedition">{{Cite web |date=5 June 2008 |title=Shah Rukh Khan {{ndash}} Q&A |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/01/25/SRK.qanda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103045107/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/01/25/SRK.qanda/ |archive-date=3 November 2015 |access-date=30 March 2015 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>

Khan changed his decision to act in films in April 1991,{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=91–96}} citing it as a way to escape the grief of his mother's death.<ref name="itoday" /> He moved from Delhi to [[Mumbai]] to pursue a full-time career in Bollywood and was quickly signed to four films.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=91–96}} His first offer was for [[Hema Malini]]'s directorial debut ''[[Dil Aashna Hai]]'',<ref name="Rediff-Devdas" /><ref name="mumbai" /> and by June, he had started his first shoot.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=97}} His film debut was in ''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]'', which was released in June 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |title=B'day Special: Shah Rukh Khan (p. 26) |work=The Times of India |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shahrukh-khan/articleshow/25059260.cms |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103120905/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shahrukh-khan/articleshow/25059260.cms |archive-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> In it he starred alongside [[Divya Bharti]] as the second male lead behind [[Rishi Kapoor]]. ''Deewana'' became a box office hit and launched Khan's Bollywood career;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1992 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=198&catName=MTk5Ng== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329011759/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=198&catName=MTk5Ng%3D%3D |archive-date=29 March 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> he earned the [[Filmfare Best Male Debut Award]] for his performance.<ref name="toi-awards">{{Cite news |title=Shahrukh Khan The King of Awards |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Shahrukh-Khan-The-King-of-Awards/photostory/29203023.cms |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701205554/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Shahrukh-Khan-The-King-of-Awards/photostory/29203023.cms |archive-date=1 July 2014}}</ref> Also released in 1992 were Khan's first films as the male lead, ''[[Chamatkar]]'', ''Dil Aashna Hai'', and the comedy ''[[Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman]]'', which was his first of many collaborations with the actress [[Juhi Chawla]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan, V S |date=27 March 1998 |title=The rise, fall and rise of Juhi Chawla |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/mar/27juhic.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129033105/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/mar/27juhic.htm |archive-date=29 January 2007 |access-date=8 June 2009 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> His initial film roles saw him play characters who displayed energy and enthusiasm. According to Arnab Ray of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'', Khan brought a new kind of acting as he was "sliding down stairs on a slab of ice, cartwheeling, somersaulting, lips trembling, eyes trembling, bringing to the screen the kind of physical energy... visceral, intense, maniacal one moment and cloyingly boyish the next."<ref name="DNA" />

=== 1993–1994: Negative characters ===
Among his 1993 releases, Khan garnered the most appreciation for portraying villainous roles in two box office hits: a murderer in ''[[Baazigar]]'', and an obsessive lover in ''[[Darr]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1993 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&catName=MTk5Mw== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119095100/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&catName=MTk5Mw%3D%3D |archive-date=19 January 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> The former, in which Khan played an ambiguous avenger who murders his girlfriend, shocked Indian audiences with an unexpected violation of the standard Bollywood formula.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2005 |title=Shah Rukh's Best Movies |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/18sld4.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226122111/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/18sld4.htm |archive-date=26 February 2008 |access-date=20 April 2008 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> In ''The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian Culture'', Sonal Khullar called the character "the consummate [[Antihero|anti-hero]]".{{sfn|Dalmia|Sadana|2012|p=180}} His performance in ''Baazigar'', which would be his first of many appearances with actress [[Kajol]], won Khan his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]].{{sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=574}} In 2003, the ''[[Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema]]'' stated that Khan "defied the image of the conventional hero in both these films and created his own version of the revisionist hero".{{sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=574}} ''Darr'' marked the first of Khan's many collaborations with filmmaker [[Yash Chopra]] and his company [[Yash Raj Films]]. Khan's stammering and the use of the phrase "I love you, K-k-k-Kiran" were popular with audiences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma, Sukanya |date=4 November 2005 |title=Weekend Watch: Darr |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/04watch.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018181249/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/04watch.htm |archive-date=18 October 2011 |access-date=17 March 2012 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''The Indian Express'' argued that he "walks away with the acting honours in yet another negative role".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=7 January 1994 |title=Passionate follower |language=en |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIplAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA6 |url-status=live |access-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617114618/https://books.google.com/books?id=EIplAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA6 |archive-date=17 June 2021}}</ref> For ''Darr'' he received a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role]], also known as the Best Villain Award, but lost to [[Paresh Rawal]] for ''[[Sir (1993 film)|Sir]]''.<ref name="FFAwardsPDF">{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners |url=https://archive.org/details/FilmfareAwards |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=Filmfare |pages=85–119 |format=PDF}}</ref> Also in 1993, Khan performed a nude scene with [[Deepa Sahi]] in ''[[Maya Memsaab]]'', although parts of it were censored by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukane, Pratik |date=2 August 2014 |title=Aamir Khan isn't the first actor to pose nude, here are 5 other Bollywood actors who posed nude for films |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aamir-khan-isn-t-the-first-actor-to-pose-nude-here-are-5-other-bollywood-actors-who-posed-nude-for-films-2007394 |url-status=live |access-date=8 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209021420/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aamir-khan-isn-t-the-first-actor-to-pose-nude-here-are-5-other-bollywood-actors-who-posed-nude-for-films-2007394 |archive-date=9 February 2015}}</ref> The ensuing controversy prompted him to eschew such scenes in future roles.{{sfn|Chandra|2008|p=110–111}}

In 1994, Khan played a love-struck musician in [[Kundan Shah]]'s comedy-drama film ''[[Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa]]'' opposite [[Deepak Tijori]] and [[Suchitra Krishnamurthy]], which he later professed was his favourite role. His performance earned him a [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor#Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance|Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance]], and in a retrospective review from 2004, [[Sukanya Verma]] of [[Rediff.com]] referred to it as Khan's best performance, calling him "spontaneous, vulnerable, boyish, mischievous and acting straight from the heart".<ref name="bestperf">{{Cite web |last=Verma, Sukanya |date=25 March 2004 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's best performance (And film)! |url=http://www.sukanyaverma.com/2012/01/shah-rukh-khans-best-performance-and-film/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072142/http://www.sukanyaverma.com/2012/01/shah-rukh-khans-best-performance-and-film/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=13 October 2014 |publisher=SukanyaVerma.com}}</ref> Also in 1994, Khan won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role]] for his role as an obsessive lover in ''[[Anjaam]]'', co-starring [[Madhuri Dixit]].{{Sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=574}} At the time, playing antagonistic roles was considered risky to a leading man's career in mainstream Hindi cinema. Arnab Ray subsequently credited Khan for taking "insane risks" and "pushing the envelope" by choosing to play such characters, through which he established his career.<ref name="DNA">{{Cite news |last=Ray, Arnab |date=11 November 2012 |title=When Shah Rukh Khan lost his groove |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column_when-shah-rukh-khan-lost-his-groove_1763118 |url-status=live |access-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114050856/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column_when-shah-rukh-khan-lost-his-groove_1763118 |archive-date=14 November 2012}}</ref> The director [[Mukul S. Anand]] called him "the new face of the industry" at the time.<ref name="itoday">{{Cite news |last=Chandra, Anupama |date=15 April 1995 |title=Darringly different |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/19950415-shah-rukh-khan-makes-a-career-out-of-rejected-roles-reinvents-hindi-film-hero-806730-1995-04-14 |url-status=live |access-date=22 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519010219/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/shah-rukh-khan-makes-a-career-out-of-rejected-roles-reinvents-hindi-film-hero/1/287824.html |archive-date=19 May 2015}}</ref>

=== 1995–1998: Romantic roles ===
[[File:Shah Rukh Khan & Kajol unveil the special coffee table book 'DDLJ'.jpg|thumb|left|With co-star [[Kajol]] in 2014 celebrating 1000 weeks continuous showing of their film ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]''|alt=Shah Rukh Khan hugs Kajol]]
Khan starred in seven films in 1995, the first of which was [[Rakesh Roshan]]'s melodramatic thriller ''[[Karan Arjun]]''. Co-starring [[Salman Khan]] and Kajol, it became the second-highest-grossing film of the year in India.<ref name="g1995" /> His most significant release that year was [[Aditya Chopra]]'s directorial debut, the romance ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'', in which he played a young [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non-resident Indian]] (NRI) who falls in love with Kajol's character during a trip across Europe. Khan was initially reticent to portray the role of a lover, but this film is credited with establishing him as a "romantic hero".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni, Ronjita |date=8 October 2003 |title=Shah Rukh did not want to do DDLJ |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/08anu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530014030/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/08anu.htm |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=11 November 2011 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Lauded by both critics and the public, it became the year's highest grossing production in India and abroad and was declared an "all time blockbuster" by [[Box Office India]],<ref name="g1995">{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1995 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=201&catName=MTk5NQ== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919200909/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=201&catName=MTk5NQ%3D%3D |archive-date=19 September 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=All Time Grossers |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=all_time_earners |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107103929/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=all_time_earners |archive-date=7 January 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> with an estimated lifetime gross of {{INRConvert|2|b|year=1995|mode=historical|nolink=no}} worldwide.<ref name="Rajinder">{{Cite book |last1=Rajinder |first1=Dudrah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wz4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183 |title=The Bollywood Reader |last2=Jigna |first2=Desai |date=1 October 2008 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn=978-0-335-22212-4 |pages=183 |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418165238/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wz4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ganti">{{Cite book |last=Ganti |first=Tejaswini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hb83FwNGuR4C&pg=PA289 |title=Producing Bollywood: Inside the Contemporary Hindi Film Industry |date=7 March 2012 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-5213-6 |pages=289 |access-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418165303/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hb83FwNGuR4C&pg=PA289 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is the longest-running film in the history of Indian cinema; it is still showing at the [[Maratha Mandir]] theatre in Mumbai after more than 1000 weeks as of early 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2014 |title='DDLJ' to complete 1000 weeks at Maratha Mandir theatre on Friday |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/517598/ddlj-to-complete-1000-weeks-at-maratha-mandir-theatre-on-friday.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530051347/http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/india/ddlj-1000-weeks-730712.html |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=11 December 2014 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2015 |title=Maratha Mandir brings down curtains on DDLJ after 20 years |work=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/maratha-mandir-brings-down-curtains-on-ddlj-after-20-years-115021900494_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530052333/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/maratha-mandir-brings-down-curtains-on-ddlj-after-20-years-115021900494_1.html |archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> The film won ten [[Filmfare Awards]], including the second of Khan's Best Actor Awards.{{Sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=574}} The director and critic [[Raja Sen]] said, "Khan gives a fabulous performance, redefining the lover for the 1990s with great panache. He's cool and flippant, but sincere enough to appeal to the [audience]. The performance itself is, like the best in the business, played well enough to come across as effortless, as non-acting."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen, Raja |date=13 May 2005 |title=DDLJ: Ten years, everybody cheers |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/13raja.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530014324/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/13raja.htm |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=29 January 2011 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

In 1996, all four of Khan's releases failed critically and commercially,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1996 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922015917/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng%3D%3D |archive-date=22 September 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> but the following year, his starring role opposite [[Aditya Pancholi]] and Juhi Chawla in Aziz Mirza's romantic comedy ''[[Yes Boss (film)|Yes Boss]]'' earned him accolades that included a Filmfare Best Actor nomination.<ref name="FFAwardsPDF" /> Later in 1997, he starred in [[Subhash Ghai]]'s diasporic-themed social drama ''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]]'',{{Sfn|Hirji|2010|p=110}} portraying Arjun, a musician facing a moral dilemma. ''[[India Today]]'' cites it as one of the first major Bollywood pictures to succeed in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pardes (1997) |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/shah-rukh-khan-best-films-368556-2012-10-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520215744/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/shah-rukh-khan-best-films/9/8077.html |archive-date=20 May 2014 |access-date=27 December 2014 |website=India Today|date=30 October 2012 }}</ref> Khan's final release of 1997 was the second collaboration with Yash Chopra in the popular musical romance ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]''. He portrayed Rahul, a stage director caught in a [[love triangle]] between Madhuri Dixit and [[Karisma Kapoor]]. The film and his performance met with critical praise, winning Khan his third Best Actor Award at Filmfare.{{Sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=574}}

Khan performed the lead role in three films and made one special appearance in 1998. In his first release of the year, he played a double role opposite Juhi Chawla and [[Sonali Bendre]] in Mahesh Bhatt's action comedy ''[[Duplicate (1998 film)|Duplicate]]'', the first of his many collaborations with [[Yash Johar]]'s production company [[Dharma Productions]]. The film was not well received,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1998 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=204&catName=MTk5OA= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505193513/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=204&catName=MTk5OA%3D%3D |archive-date=5 May 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> but ''India Today'' lauded Khan for his energetic performance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chopra, Anupama |date=18 May 1998 |title=Comic-book charm |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19980518-film-review-duplicate-starring-shah-rukh-khan-juhi-chawla-sonali-bendre-826415-1998-05-17 |url-status=live |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216165145/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/film-review-duplicate-starring-shah-rukh-khan-juhi-chawla-sonali-bendre/1/264225.html |archive-date=16 February 2015}}</ref> The same year, Khan won critical praise for his performance as an [[All India Radio]] correspondent who develops an infatuation for a mysterious terrorist ([[Manisha Koirala]]) in ''[[Dil Se..]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deosthalee, Deepa |date=22 August 1998 |title=A picture perfect ode to love, Dil Se |work=The Indian Express |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980822/23450914.html |access-date=7 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217075228/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980822/23450914.html |archive-date=17 December 2013}}</ref> the third instalment of [[Mani Ratnam]]'s trilogy of terror films.{{Sfn|Ciecko|2006|p=142}}<ref name="heart">{{Cite web |last=Padua, Pat |year=2001 |title=From the Heart – The Films of Mani Ratnam |url=http://www.cinescene.com/names/maniratnam.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170916/http://www.cinescene.com/names/maniratnam.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=4 April 2011 |publisher=Cinescene.com }}</ref> In his final release of the year, he portrayed a college student in [[Karan Johar]]'s romance ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'', in which he was involved in a love triangle along with Kajol and [[Rani Mukerji]]. The writer Anjana Motihar Chandra has referred to the picture as ''the'' blockbuster of the 1990s, a "pot-pourri of romance, comedy, and entertainment."{{sfn|Chandra|2008|p=128}} Khan won the Best Actor award at the Filmfare Awards ceremony for the second consecutive year,{{Sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=574}} although he and several critics believed his performance to have been overshadowed by that of Kajol.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaishnav, Anand |date=16 October 2013 |title=5 Reasons Why We Still Love Kuch Kuch Hota Hai |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/5-reasons-why-we-still-love-kuch-kuch-hota-hai-106949.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110201112/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/5-reasons-why-we-still-love-kuch-kuch-hota-hai-106949.html |archive-date=10 January 2015 |access-date=10 March 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The roles in this phase of his career, and the series of romantic comedies and family dramas that followed, earned Khan widespread adulation from audiences, particularly teenagers,{{sfn|Raj|2009|p=143}} and according to the author [[Anupama Chopra]], established him as an icon of romance in India.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=112}}<ref name="romantic hero">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2012 |title=Shah Rukh Khan: Acting, not romance, is my forte |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/acting-not-romance-is-my-forte-shah-rukh-khan-608704 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912212150/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/acting-not-romance-is-my-forte-shah-rukh-khan-608704 |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=10 March 2015 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> He continued to have frequent professional associations with [[Yash Chopra]], Aditya Chopra, and [[Karan Johar]], who moulded his image and made him into a superstar.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=124–125}} Khan became a romantic leading man without ever actually kissing any of his co-stars,{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=112}} although he broke this rule in 2012, after strong urging by Yash Chopra.<ref name="kiss">{{Cite web |date=16 November 2012 |title=Why Shah Rukh Khan broke his kissing rule for ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/why-shah-rukh-khan-broke-his-kissing-rule-for-jab-tak-hai-jaan-608874 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913013540/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/why-shah-rukh-khan-broke-his-kissing-rule-for-jab-tak-hai-jaan-608874 |archive-date=13 September 2015 |access-date=9 December 2014 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

=== 1999–2003: Career fluctuations ===
[[File:Shah Rukh Khan 2001.jpg|thumb|left|185px|Khan in 2000]]

Khan's only release in 1999 was ''[[Baadshah (1999 film)|Baadshah]]'', in which he starred opposite [[Twinkle Khanna]]. Although the film underperformed at the box office,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1999 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205&catName=MTk5Ng== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119050259/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205&catName=MTk5Ng%3D%3D |archive-date=19 January 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> it earned him a Filmfare Award nomination for [[Filmfare Best Comedian Award#2000s|Best Performance in a Comic Role]].<ref name="FFAwardsPDF" /> Khan became a producer in 1999 in a collaboration with the actress Juhi Chawla and the director Aziz Mirza for a production company called Dreamz Unlimited.<ref name="dreamz">{{Cite news |last=Palicha, Paresh C. |date=25 August 2003 |title=Holidaying with unlimited Dreamz |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/25/stories/2003082500540200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=25 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222105503/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/25/stories/2003082500540200.htm |archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> The company's first production, ''[[Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani]]'' (2000), starring Khan and Chawla, was a commercial failure.<ref name="2000 BO">{{Cite web |title=Box Office 2000 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=206&catName=MjAwMA== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811213429/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=206&catName=MjAwMA%3D%3D |archive-date=11 August 2013 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> It was released one week after ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'', starring [[Hrithik Roshan]], then a newcomer, who critics believed overshadowed Khan.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=181–190}} Swapna Mitter of Rediff.com spoke of Khan's predictable mannerisms, saying "Frankly, it's high time he innovated his act a little."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitter, Swapna |date=21 January 2000 |title=I love my car – and my country |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jan/21hind.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141006/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jan/21hind.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=17 December 2014 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Khan did a supporting role in [[Kamal Haasan]]'s ''[[Hey Ram]]'' (2000), which was made simultaneously in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]]. He thereby made his Tamil debut by playing the role of an archaeologist named Amjad Khan.<ref name="HRR">{{Cite web |last=Reddy, T. Krithika |date=25 February 2000 |title=Film Review: ''Hey! Ram'' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/02/25/stories/09250221.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222105630/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/02/25/stories/09250221.htm |archive-date=22 December 2016 |access-date=27 May 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He performed free of charge as he wanted to work with Haasan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2013 |title=SRK didn't take money for Hey Ram |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SRK-didnt-take-money-for-Hey-Ram/articleshow/20313213.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015091010/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SRK-didnt-take-money-for-Hey-Ram/articleshow/20313213.cms |archive-date=15 October 2015 |access-date=16 January 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Taliculam |first=Sharmila |date=10 June 2000 |title=The scary part is that the adulation will go away |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/10shah1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712134309/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/10shah1.htm |archive-date=12 July 2016 |access-date=16 January 2017 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> On Khan's performance, T. Krithika Reddy of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Shah Rukh Khan, as usual comes up with an impeccable performance."<ref name="HRR" />

In 2001, Dreamz Unlimited attempted a comeback with Khan portraying the title role in [[Santosh Sivan]]'s historical epic ''[[Aśoka (film)|Aśoka]]'', a partly fictionalised account of the life of emperor [[Ashoka]]. The film was screened at the [[Venice Film Festival]] and the [[2001 Toronto International Film Festival]] to a positive response,<ref name="newyork911">{{Cite web |last=Chhabra, Aseem |date=24 October 2001 |title=Hype 'n' Hoopla |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/oct/24mkt.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630033853/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/oct/24mkt.htm |archive-date=30 June 2009 |access-date=31 December 2008 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> but it performed poorly at Indian box offices.<ref name="BO 2001">{{Cite web |title=Box Office 2001 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMA== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117042738/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMA%3D%3D |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> As losses continued to mount for the production company,{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=181–190}} Khan was forced to close srkworld.com, a company that he had started along with Dreamz Unlimited.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=205}} In December 2001, Khan suffered a spinal injury while performing an action sequence for a special appearance in [[Krishna Vamsi]]'s ''[[Shakti: The Power]]''.<ref name="prolapsed disc">{{Cite news |last=Chopra, Anupama |date=24 March 2003 |title=Star Stuck |work=India Today |url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20030324/cinema.html |url-status=dead |access-date=28 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426033118/http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20030324/cinema.html |archive-date=26 April 2013}}</ref> He was subsequently diagnosed with a [[prolapsed disc]], and attempted multiple [[Alternative medicine|alternative therapies]]. None of these provided a permanent solution to the injury, which caused him severe pain while shooting several of his films.<ref name="prolapsed disc" /><ref name="RediffCCInterview">{{Cite web |last=Jha, Subhash K |date=15 July 2003 |title=What makes SRK the richest man in the world? |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jul/15sd3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228135518/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jul/15sd3.htm |archive-date=28 December 2011 |access-date=28 June 2012 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> By the beginning of 2003, his condition had worsened to the point that he had to undergo [[anterior cervical discectomy and fusion]] surgery at [[Wellington Hospital, London|Wellington Hospital]], London.<ref name="pressure">{{Cite web |last=Bhatia, Shyam |date=27 February 2003 |title=SRK to be discharged on Thursday |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/27srk.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121074916/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/27srk.htm |archive-date=21 January 2015 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref name="problem">{{Cite news |last1=Ahmed, Rashmee Z |last2=Pillai, Jitesh |date=8 March 2003 |title=Bollywood, Main Hoon Naa, says Shah Rukh |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bollywood-Main-Hoon-Naa-says-Shah-Rukh/articleshow/39696603.cms? |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312034854/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bollywood-Main-Hoon-Naa-says-Shah-Rukh/articleshow/39696603.cms |archive-date=12 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 May 2003 |title=I will be back: Shah Rukh Khan |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi-times/I-will-be-back-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/46908205.cms |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821122254/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi-times/I-will-be-back-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/46908205.cms |archive-date=21 August 2012}}</ref> Khan resumed shooting in June 2003, but he reduced his workload and the number of film roles he accepted annually.<ref name="RediffCCInterview" />

[[File:Devdas CD-Rom Release.jpg|thumb|right|With co-star [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]] at the home video launch of their film ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' (2002)|alt=Shah Rukh Khan views a book with Aishwarya Rai in 2002]]
Successes during this time included Aditya Chopra's ''[[Mohabbatein]]'' (2000), and Karan Johar's family drama ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001),<ref name="2000 BO" /><ref name="overseas">{{Cite web |title=Overseas Earnings (Figures in Ind Rs) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=overseas_earners |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905204607/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=overseas_earners |archive-date=5 September 2013 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> which Khan cites as a turning point in his career.<ref name="Rediff">{{Cite web |last=Sidana, Latika |date=13 December 2001 |title='Maybe people love me too much! |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/dec/13shah.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114014210/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/dec/13shah.htm |archive-date=14 November 2012 |access-date=3 May 2012 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Both films co-starred [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as an authoritarian figure, and presented ideological struggles between the two men.{{Sfn|Mehta|Pandharipande|2011|p=151}}{{sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=401}} Khan's performances in the films were met with wide public appreciation, and he was awarded his second [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor]] for ''[[Mohabbatein]]''.<ref name="FFAwardsPDF" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Adarsh, Taran |date=11 December 2001 |title=Movie Review: Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kabhi-khushi-kabhie-gham/critic-review/kabhi-khushi-kabhie-gham-movie-review/ |url-status=live |access-date=30 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130192521/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kabhi-khushi-kabhie-gham/critic-review/ |archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref> ''Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham'' remained the top-grossing Indian production of all time in the overseas market for the next five years.<ref name="Worldwide gross">{{Cite web |title=Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide (IND Rs) |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503222655/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |archive-date=3 May 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>

In 2002, Khan played the title role as a rebellious alcoholic opposite Aishwarya Rai and Madhuri Dixit in [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s period romance ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''. At a cost of over {{INRConvert|500|m|year=2002|mode=historical|nolink=yes}}, it was the most expensive Bollywood film ever made at the time,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deshpande, Sudhanva |date=17 August 2002 |title=The unbearable opulence of Devdas |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1917/19171320.htm |url-status=live |access-date=22 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530132657/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1917/19171320.htm |archive-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> and became a box office success, earning approximately {{INR|1.68 billion}} ({{US$|35 million|long=no}}) worldwide.<ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite news |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |author-link=Anupama Chopra |date=24 March 2003 |title=I'm fresh and looking forward to my third innings: Shah Rukh Khan |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20030324-i-am-looking-forward-to-my-third-innings-shah-rukh-khan-793334-2003-03-24 |url-status=live |access-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404113758/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20030324-i-am-looking-forward-to-my-third-innings-shah-rukh-khan-793334-2003-03-24 |archive-date=4 April 2022}}</ref> The film earned numerous accolades including 10 Filmfare Awards, with Best Actor for Khan,<ref name="toi-awards" /> and a [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 2003 |title=Devdas nominated for best foreign film at Bafta |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/hollywood/news/Devdas-nominated-for-best-foreign-film-at-Bafta/articleshow/35681339.cms |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911000628/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/hollywood/news/Devdas-nominated-for-best-foreign-film-at-Bafta/articleshow/35681339.cms |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> Khan next starred in ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (2003), a comedy-drama written by Karan Johar and set in New York City, which became the second-highest-grossing film domestically and the top-grossing Bollywood film in external markets that year.<ref name="overseas" /><ref name="2003 BO">{{Cite web |title=Box Office 2003 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMA== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015210718/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMA%3D%3D |archive-date=15 October 2013 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> Co-starring with [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], and [[Preity Zinta]], Khan received critical praise for his portrayal of Aman Mathur, a man with a fatal heart disease, with critics praising his emotional impact upon audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Salam, Ziya Us |date=1 December 2003 |title=Fall in love now ... Kal Ho Naa Ho |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2003/12/01/stories/2003120100420300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180102132449/http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2003/12/01/stories/2003120100420300.htm |archive-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> Conflict broke out between Khan and the other partners of Dreamz Unlimited over the failure to cast Juhi Chawla in their 2003 production of Aziz Mirza's ''[[Chalte Chalte (2003 film)|Chalte Chalte]]'', and they parted ways, despite the film's success.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=194–195}}

=== 2004–2009: Comeback ===
2004 was a critically and commercially successful year for Khan. He transformed Dreamz Unlimited into [[Red Chillies Entertainment]], adding his wife Gauri as a producer.<ref name="RedCh">{{Cite news |date=19 April 2012 |title=Shreyas Talpade set to venture into production |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shreyas-Talpade-set-to-venture-into-production/articleshow/12728369.cms |url-status=live |access-date=1 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912020828/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shreyas-Talpade-set-to-venture-into-production/articleshow/12728369.cms |archive-date=12 September 2015}}</ref> In the company's first production, he starred in [[Farah Khan]]'s directorial debut, the [[masala film]] ''[[Main Hoon Na]]''. A fictionalised account of [[India–Pakistan relations]], it was viewed by some commentators as a conscious effort to move away from the stereotypical portrayal of Pakistan as the constant villain.{{sfn|Bharat|Kumar|2012|p=43}} Khan then played an Indian Air Force pilot who falls in love with a Pakistani woman (Preity Zinta) in Yash Chopra's romance film ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'', which was screened at the [[Berlin International Film Festival|55th Berlin Film Festival]] to critical praise.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2006 |title=Yash Chopra On Berlin Film Festival Jury |url=http://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/yc_berlinaile.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618144056/http://www1.yashrajfilms.com/news/yc_berlinaile.htm |archive-date=18 June 2007 |access-date=17 October 2007 |publisher=[[Yash Raj Films]]}}</ref> It was the highest earning film of 2004 in India, with a worldwide gross of over {{INRConvert|940|m|year=2004|mode=historical|nolink=yes}}, and ''Main Hoon Na'' was the second-highest earner with {{INRConvert|680|m|year=2004|mode=historical|nolink=yes}}.<ref name="Worldwide gross" /><ref name="2004 BO">{{Cite web |title=Box Office 2004 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwMA== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811210038/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwMA%3D%3D |archive-date=11 August 2013 |access-date=14 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>

[[File:Don premiere.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|With [[Priyanka Chopra]] at the premiere for ''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don]]'' in 2006|alt=Shah Rukh Khan standing beside Priyanka Chopra at film premiere]]
In his final release of 2004, Khan starred as a [[NASA]] scientist who patriotically returns to India to rekindle his roots in [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]'s social drama ''[[Swades]]'' (meaning "Homeland"), which became the first Indian picture to be shot inside the NASA research centre at the [[Kennedy Space Center]] in Florida.<ref name="Hindustan0314">{{Cite web |date=5 March 2014 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's Swades project launched by NASA |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-s-swades-project-launched-by-nasa/story-2o0is9HfM09a8NuyazyXzO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001124956/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-s-swades-project-launched-by-nasa/story-2o0is9HfM09a8NuyazyXzO.html |archive-date=1 October 2015 |access-date=27 December 2014 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Film scholar Stephen Teo refers to the picture as an example of "Bollywoodised realism", displaying a transcendence in conventional narrative and audience expectation in Hindi cinema.{{sfn|Teo|2013|p=123}} In December 2013, ''The Times of India'' reported that Khan found filming the picture such an emotionally overwhelming and life-changing experience that he had still not viewed the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2013 |title=Shah Rukh Khan yet to see 'Swades' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khan-yet-to-see-Swades/articleshow/27533807.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706025909/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khan-yet-to-see-Swades/articleshow/27533807.cms |archive-date=6 July 2017 |access-date=27 December 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Derek Elley]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' found Khan's performance "unsettling" as "a self-satisfied expatriate determined to bring Western values to poor Indian peasants",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elley, Derek |date=17 December 2004 |title=Review: 'Swades: We, the People' |url=https://variety.com/2004/film/reviews/swades-we-the-people-1200528995/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112002427/https://variety.com/2004/film/reviews/swades-we-the-people-1200528995/ |archive-date=12 January 2015 |access-date=27 December 2014 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> but several film critics, including Jitesh Pillai, believed it to have been his finest acting to date.<ref name="rediffswades">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2011 |title=10 Best Bollywood Movies of the Decade |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-10-best-bollywood-movies-of-the-decade/20110112.htm#4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121152447/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-10-best-bollywood-movies-of-the-decade/20110112.htm |archive-date=21 January 2012 |access-date=12 January 2012 |website=Rediff.com |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai, Jitesh |date=19 December 2004 |title=Swades :: we, the people |work=[[The Sunday Times (India)|The Sunday Times]] |url=http://www.swades.com/filmreviews4.html |access-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018092525/http://www.swades.com/filmreviews4.html |archive-date=18 October 2014}}</ref> He was nominated for the Filmfare Best Actor Award for all three of his 2004 releases and eventually won the award for ''Swades''.<ref name="toi-awards" /><ref name="FFAwardsPDF" /> ''[[Filmfare]]'' later included his performance in the 2010 issue of Bollywood's "Top 80 Iconic Performances".<ref name="iconic">{{Cite journal |date=4 June 2010 |title=80 Iconic Performances 3/10 |url=http://filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-310-953.html |journal=[[Filmfare]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627103954/http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-310-953.html |archive-date=27 June 2011 |access-date=12 January 2012}}</ref>

In 2005, Khan starred in [[Amol Palekar]]'s fantasy drama, ''[[Paheli (2005 film)|Paheli]]''. The film was India's submission for the Best Foreign Language Film at the [[79th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2005 |title=Paheli is India's Oscar entry |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/26paheli.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828043613/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/26paheli.htm |archive-date=28 August 2009 |access-date=5 June 2009 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> He later collaborated with Karan Johar for the third time in the musical romantic drama ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (2006), in which he played an unhappily married man who has an extramarital affair with a married woman. The film, which featured an ensemble cast including Amitabh Bachchan, [[Abhishek Bachchan]], Rani Mukerji, Preity Zinta and [[Kirron Kher]], emerged as India's highest-grossing film in the overseas market,<ref name="overseas" /> earning more than {{INRConvert|1.13|b|year=2005|mode=historical|nolink=yes}} worldwide.<ref name="Worldwide gross" /> Both his roles in ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' and the action film ''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don]]'', a remake of the [[Don (1978 film)|1978 film of the same name]], earned Khan Best Actor nominations at the Filmfare Awards,<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 February 2007 |title=Nominations for the 52nd Filmfare Awards |work=[[Bollywood Hungama|IndiaFM]] |url=http://indiafm.com/features/2007/02/08/2219/index.html |access-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930221332/http://indiafm.com/features/2007/02/08/2219/index.html |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> despite his performance as the [[Don (character)|titular character]] in ''Don'' being negatively compared to that of Amitabh Bachchan in the original film.<ref name="taran">{{Cite news |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=20 October 2006 |title=Don – The Chase Begins Again: Movie Review |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/don-the-chase-begins-again/critic-review/don-the-chase-begins-again-movie-review/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130191913/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/don-the-chase-begins-again/critic-review/ |archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elley, Derek |date=3 January 2007 |title=Review: 'Don' |url=https://variety.com/2007/film/markets-festivals/don-3-1200511334/ |url-status=live |journal=Variety |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031904/https://variety.com/2007/film/markets-festivals/don-3-1200511334/ |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref>

{{quote box
| width = 25%
| align = right
| quote="Such great things have happened to such a normal guy like me. I am a nobody who shouldn't have been able to do all this but I have done it. I tell everyone that there's this myth I work for; there is this myth called Shahrukh Khan and I am his employee. I have to live up to that ... I'll do it, I am an actor. But I can't start believing in this myth."
| source = —Khan reflecting in 2007 on his position as the Hindi film industry's top star{{sfn|Patel|2012|p=233}}
}}
In 2007, Khan portrayed a disgraced hockey player who coached the [[India women's national field hockey team|Indian women's national hockey team]] to World Cup success in Yash Raj Films' semi-fictional ''[[Chak De! India]]''. Bhaichand Patel notes that Khan, who had a background in the sport playing for his university's hockey team,<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2007 |title=''Chak De India'' takes SRK down memory lane |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/chak-de-india-takes-srk-down-memory-lane/story-CqMprEJb0BT6Wk6stJ7rWM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001115624/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/chak-de-india-takes-srk-down-memory-lane/story-CqMprEJb0BT6Wk6stJ7rWM.html |archive-date=1 October 2015 |access-date=1 August 2014 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> essentially portrayed himself as a "cosmopolitan, liberal, Indian Muslim".{{Sfn|Patel|2012|p=245}} Faring well in both India and abroad,<ref name="Worldwide gross" /><ref name="director">{{Cite news |date=29 December 2007 |title=''Taare Zameen Par'', ''Chak De'' top directors' pick in 2007 |work=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ET_Cetera/Directors_pick_Taare_Zameen_Chak_De/articleshow/2661102.cms |access-date=10 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421200216/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ET_Cetera/Directors_pick_Taare_Zameen_Chak_De/articleshow/2661102.cms |archive-date=21 April 2008}}</ref> Khan garnered another Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performance,<ref name="toi-awards" /> which [[Rajeev Masand]] of [[CNN-IBN]] considers to have been "without any of his typical trappings, without any of his trademark quirks", portraying Kabir Khan "like a real flesh-and-blood human being".<ref name="typicalactingstyle">{{Cite web |last=Masand, Rajeev |date=16 February 2008 |title=Review: ''Chak De's ...'' a winner all the way |url=http://www.news18.com/videos/india/masands-verdict-chak-de-india-270725.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130191117/http://www.news18.com/videos/india/masands-verdict-chak-de-india-270725.html |archive-date=30 November 2016 |access-date=12 January 2012 |publisher=CNN-News18}}</ref> ''Filmfare'' included his performance in their 2010 issue of the "Top 80 Iconic Performances".<ref name="Filmfare">{{Cite journal |date=8 June 2010 |title=80 Iconic Performances 8/10 |url=http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-810-989.html |journal=Filmfare |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104033800/http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-810-989.html |archive-date=4 November 2010 |access-date=5 February 2012}}</ref> In the same year, Khan starred alongside [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Shreyas Talpade]] in Farah Khan's reincarnation melodrama ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'', portraying a 1970s junior artiste who is reborn as a 2000s era superstar. The film became the highest grossing Indian motion picture of 2007, both domestically and abroad.<ref name="overseas" /><ref name="boi2007">{{Cite web |title=Box Office 2007 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117062226/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw%3D%3D |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> ''Om Shanti Om'' earned Khan his second nomination of the year for Best Actor at Filmfare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2008 |title=Darsheel nominated for Filmfare best actor |url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/darsheel-nominated-for-filmfare-best-actor/21908 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027034339/http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/darsheel-nominated-for-filmfare-best-actor/21908 |archive-date=27 October 2014 |access-date=7 November 2014 |publisher=Business of Cinema}}</ref> Khalid Mohammed from ''Hindustan Times'' wrote, "the enterprise belongs to Shah Rukh Khan, who tackles comedy, high drama and action with his signature style{{mdash}}spontaneous and intuitively intelligent".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khalid Mohammed |date=10 November 2007 |title=Review: ''Om Shanti Om'' |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-om-shanti-om/story-iyy6N2Jd4kkAfxH5FtqUdL.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001102535/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-om-shanti-om/story-iyy6N2Jd4kkAfxH5FtqUdL.html |archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>

Khan collaborated for the third time with Aditya Chopra on the romantic comedy ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]'' (2008) opposite debutante [[Anushka Sharma]]. He played Surinder Sahni, a shy man with low self-esteem, whose love for his young arranged wife (Sharma) causes him to transform himself into Raj, a boisterous alter-ego. Rachel Saltz of ''[[The New York Times]]'' believed the dual role to have been "tailor-made" for Khan, allowing him to display his talents,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saltz |first=Rachel |date=12 December 2008 |title=Bollywood's Shahrukh Khan Plays a Forlorn Husband Who Makes the Right Moves |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/13/movies/13jodi.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523043655/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/13/movies/13jodi.html |archive-date=23 May 2015}}</ref> although Deep Contractor from ''Epilogue'' thought Khan displayed greater strength in the role of Surinder and weakness in the role of monologue-prone Raj.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Contractor, Deep |date=1 February 2009 |title=Khan Vs. Khan and Formula Vs. Non-Formula |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6EQ2mAzlU64C&pg=PA67 |url-status=live |journal=Epilogue |volume=3 |issue=2 |page=67 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230121908/https://books.google.com/books?id=6EQ2mAzlU64C&pg=PA67 |archive-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> In December 2008, Khan suffered a shoulder injury while filming a small role in [[Mudassar Aziz]]'s ''[[Dulha Mil Gaya]]''. He underwent extensive physiotherapy sessions at the time but the pain left him almost immobile and he had [[arthroscopy|arthroscopic surgery]] in February 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty-Saha, Shubha |date=29 January 2009 |title=SRK waiting for doc's word on shoulder injury |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_srk-waiting-for-docs-word-on-shoulder-injury_1226072 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301130603/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_srk-waiting-for-docs-word-on-shoulder-injury_1226072 |archive-date=1 March 2012 |access-date=13 January 2012 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shelar, Jyoti |date=14 September 2011 |title=Workload takes toll on Shah Rukh Khan |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Workload-takes-toll-on-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/9977609.cms? |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030200943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Workload-takes-toll-on-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/9977609.cms |archive-date=30 October 2017}}</ref> He performed a special appearance in the 2009 film ''[[Billu]]'', playing Bollywood superstar Sahir Khan{{mdash}}a fictionalised version of himself, wherein he performed musical [[item number]]s with actresses Kareena Kapoor, Priyanka Chopra, and Deepika Padukone.<ref name="fji">{{Cite web |last=Lovece, Frank |date=19 February 2009 |title=Film Review: Billu Barber |url=http://www.filmjournal.com/content/film-review-billu-barber |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112959/http://www.filmjournal.com/content/film-review-billu-barber |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=20 June 2014 |website=[[Film Journal International]]}}</ref> As head of the film's production company, Red Chillies, Khan made the call to change the title of the film from ''Billu Barber'' to ''Billu'' after hairdressers across the country complained that the word "barber" was derogatory. The company covered up the offending word on billboards that had already been installed with the original title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2009 |title=Coming soon: ''Billu'', not Barber |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2009/feb/10billu-not-barber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213094223/http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2009/feb/10billu-not-barber.htm |archive-date=13 February 2009 |access-date=23 December 2014 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

=== 2010–2014: Expansion to action and comedy ===
[[File:SRK Kajol & Karan.jpg|thumb|With director [[Karan Johar]] and co-star Kajol at an event for ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' in 2010|alt=Shah Rukh Khan with Kajol and Karan Johar]]

After refusing the role that subsequently went to [[Anil Kapoor]] in [[Danny Boyle]]'s ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008), Khan began shooting ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' (2010), his fourth collaboration with director Karan Johar and his sixth with Kajol.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2009 |title=I don't regret turning down Slumdog: SRK |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-dont-regret-turning-down-Slumdog-SRK/articleshow/4001941.cms? |url-status=live |access-date=10 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215104051/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-dont-regret-turning-down-Slumdog-SRK/articleshow/4001941.cms |archive-date=15 December 2014}}</ref> The film is based on a true story and set against the backdrop of perceptions of Islam after the [[11 September attacks]]. Khan plays Rizwan Khan, a Muslim suffering from mild [[Asperger syndrome]] who sets out on a journey across America to meet the country's president, a role that film scholar Stephen Teo sees as a "symbol of assertive [[rasa (aesthetics)|rasa]] values" and another example of Khan representing NRI identity in global Bollywood.{{sfn|Teo|2013|p=125}} To provide an accurate portrayal of a sufferer without disparagement, Khan spent several months researching his role by reading books, watching videos and talking to people affected by the condition.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sahgal, Natasha |date=20 December 2009 |title=SRK plays a character with Asperger's syndrome |work=The Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/srk-plays-a-character-with-asperger-s-syndrome/556738/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514114239/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/srk-plays-a-character-with-asperger-s-syndrome/556738/ |archive-date=14 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2010 |title=''My Name Is Khan'' will entertain: SRK |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/InterviewsCinema/My-Name-Is-Khan-will-entertain-SRK/Article1-506320.aspx |access-date=12 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114054039/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/InterviewsCinema/My-Name-Is-Khan-will-entertain-SRK/Article1-506320.aspx |archive-date=14 November 2012}}</ref> Upon release, ''My Name is Khan'' became one of the highest grossing Bollywood films of all time outside India,<ref name="Worldwide gross" /><ref name="overseas" /> and earned Khan his eighth Filmfare Award for Best Actor,<ref name="toi-awards" /> equalling the record for the most wins in the category with [[Dilip Kumar]].<ref name="FF8">{{Cite news |title=B'day Special: Shah Rukh Khan (p. 9) |work=The Times of India |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059519.cms |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213172113/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059519.cms |archive-date=13 December 2014}}</ref> Jay Wesissberg from ''Variety'' noted how Khan portrayed the Asperger's sufferer with "averted eyes, springy steps, [and] stuttered repetitions of memorized texts", believing it to have been a "standout performance sure to receive the Autism Society's gold seal of approval".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weisberg, Jay |date=14 February 2010 |title=Review: 'My Name Is Khan' |url=https://variety.com/2010/film/markets-festivals/my-name-is-khan-1117942163/ |url-status=live |journal=Variety |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617210650/https://variety.com/2010/film/markets-festivals/my-name-is-khan-1117942163/ |archive-date=17 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2011, Khan starred alongside Arjun Rampal and Kareena Kapoor in [[Anubhav Sinha]]'s superhero film ''[[Ra.One]]'', his first work in this subgenre, as a favour to his children.<ref name="geo">{{Cite web |date=10 March 2010 |title=Akon to sing in SRK-starer Ra One |url=http://www.geo.tv/3-10-2010/60771.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223032339/http://www.geo.tv/3-10-2010/60771.htm |archive-date=23 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |publisher=[[Geo News|Geo TV]]}}</ref> The film follows the story of a London-based video game designer who creates a villainous character who escapes into the real world. It was billed as Bollywood's most expensive production; it had an estimated budget of {{INRConvert|1.25|b|year=2011|mode=historical|nolink=yes}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh, Avijit |date=6 November 2011 |title=It took me 20 years to be an overnight success: Shah Rukh Khan |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/It-took-me-20-years-to-be-an-overnight-success-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/10626459.cms? |url-status=live |access-date=24 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102083455/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/It-took-me-20-years-to-be-an-overnight-success-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/10626459.cms |archive-date=2 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="expensiveBW">{{Cite news |date=4 January 2011 |title=SRK's passion is contagious: Arjun |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/SRKs-passion-is-contagious-Arjun/articleshow/7215134.cms? |url-status=live |access-date=13 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705192552/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/SRKs-passion-is-contagious-Arjun/articleshow/7215134.cms |archive-date=5 July 2017}}</ref> Despite negative media coverage of the film's box office performance, ''Ra.One'' was a financial success with a gross of {{INRConvert|2.4|b|year=2011|mode=historical|nolink=yes}}.<ref name="wgross">{{Cite news |last=Jain, Kamal |date=8 December 2011 |title=About 40–45% of our revenue comes from box office: Eros International |work=The Economic Times |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-08/news/30490618_1_three-films-eros-international-cinema |url-status=dead |access-date=9 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004201623/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-08/news/30490618_1_three-films-eros-international-cinema |archive-date=4 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="cnngrossraone">{{Cite news |date=19 December 2011 |title=Bollywood rediscovered mega hits in 2011 |publisher=CNN-IBN |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/bollywood-rediscovered-mega-hits-in-2011-428901.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130191032/http://www.news18.com/news/india/bollywood-rediscovered-mega-hits-in-2011-428901.html |archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref> The film, and Khan's portrayal of a dual role, received mixed reviews; while most critics praised his performance as the robotic superhero G.One, they criticised his portrayal of the video game designer Shekhar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guha, Aniruddha |date=26 October 2011 |title=Aniruddha Guha Reviews: Ra.One is beautiful in appearance, but empty within |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-aniruddha-guha-reviews-raone-is-beautiful-in-appearance-but-empty-within-1603577 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224033654/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-aniruddha-guha-reviews-raone-is-beautiful-in-appearance-but-empty-within-1603577 |archive-date=24 December 2015 |access-date=12 January 2012 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> Khan's second release of 2011 was ''[[Don 2]]'', a sequel to ''Don'' (2006).<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2011 |title=SRK excited about world's first 'bad guy sequel' Don 2 |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/srk-excited-about-world-s-first-bad-guy-sequel-don-2_101893.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109075911/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/srk-excited-about-world-s-first-bad-guy-sequel-don-2_101893.htm |archive-date=9 January 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |publisher=[[Zee News]]}}</ref> To prepare for his role, Khan exercised extensively as he performed most of the stunts himself.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha, Subhash K. |date=12 December 2011 |title=Shah Rukh Khan did his own stunts in Don 2 – Farhan Akhtar |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shah-rukh-khan-did-his-own-stunts-in-don-2-farhan-akhtar/ |url-status=live |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130192519/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shah-rukh-khan-did-his-own-stunts-in-don-2-farhan-akhtar/ |archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref> His performance earned him positive reviews from critics; [[Nikhat Kazmi]] of ''[[The Times of India]]'' said, "Shah Rukh remains in command and never loses his foothold, neither through the dramatic sequences nor through the action cuts".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kazmi, Nikhat |date=22 December 2011 |title=Movie Reviews: Don 2 |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Don-2/movie-review/11205411.cms |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110093411/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/don-2/movie-review/11205411.cms |archive-date=10 January 2012}}</ref> The year's highest grossing Bollywood production abroad,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2012 |title=Top Overseas Grossers 2011: DON 2 Tops Followed By RA.ONE |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3886&nCat= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419185606/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3886&nCat= |archive-date=19 April 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref name="Box Office India">{{Cite web |date=3 February 2012 |title=Top Worldwide Grossers All Time: 37 Films Hit 100 Crore |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811203256/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat |archive-date=11 August 2013 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> it was showcased at the [[62nd Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2012 |title=SRK to attend Don 2 screening at Berlinale |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/srk-to-attend-don-2-screening-at-berlinale/story-ysRF5wuOmGCm1QNBuvdRSO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091722/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/srk-to-attend-don-2-screening-at-berlinale/story-ysRF5wuOmGCm1QNBuvdRSO.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=14 December 2012 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

[[File:Shahrukh Khan CE.jpg|thumb|left|upright|At an event for ''[[Chennai Express]]'' in 2013]]

Khan's only release in 2012 was Yash Chopra's [[swan song]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 2012 |title=Yash Chopra's funeral today, India remembers the King of Romance |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/King-of-Romance-Yash-Chopra-dies-at-80/Article1-948119.aspx |access-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110162227/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/King-of-Romance-Yash-Chopra-dies-at-80/Article1-948119.aspx |archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> the romantic drama ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'', which saw him once again in a romantic role, starring opposite [[Katrina Kaif]] and Anushka Sharma. CNN-IBN considered the overall performance by Khan to have been one of his finest to date, but believed that Khan's first screen kiss of his career with Katrina Kaif, twenty years his junior, was an awkward one.<ref name="kiss" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2012 |title='Jab Tak Hai Jaan': Shah Rukh Khan's painfully awkward romance with Katrina Kaif |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/jab-tak-hai-jaan-shah-rukh-gets-his-first-kiss-521714.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130190947/http://www.news18.com/news/india/jab-tak-hai-jaan-shah-rukh-gets-his-first-kiss-521714.html |archive-date=30 November 2016 |access-date=26 December 2014 |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref> ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' was a moderate financial success earning over {{INRConvert|2.11|b|year=2012|mode=historical|nolink=yes}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2012 |title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan Worldwide Blockbuster |url=http://www.yashrajfilms.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?newsid=1d3cf0a4-a473-4513-ae21-2864f6464dd5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128035258/http://www.yashrajfilms.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=1d3cf0a4-a473-4513-ae21-2864f6464dd5 |archive-date=28 November 2012 |access-date=5 December 2012 |publisher=Yash Raj Films}}</ref><ref name="Grosstwo">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2013 |title=Top Ten Worldwide Grossers 2012 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5303&nCat= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120003803/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5303&nCat= |archive-date=20 January 2013 |access-date=17 January 2013 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> The film was showcased at the 2012 [[Marrakech International Film Festival]] in Morocco, along with ''Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham'', ''Veer-Zaara'', and ''Don 2''.<ref name="MIFF">{{Cite news |date=27 November 2012 |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Hrithik's movies to be screened at the Marrakech International Film Festival |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shah-rukh-khan-and-hrithik-roshan-movies-to-be-screened-at-the-marrakech-international-film-festival-122673-2012-11-26 |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118083111/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/shah-rukh-khan-and-hrithik-roshan-movies-to-be-screened-at-the-marrakech-international-film-festival/1/234979.html |archive-date=18 November 2014}}</ref> At the following [[Zee Cine Awards]], Khan performed a tribute to the late Yash Chopra along with Kaif, Sharma, and several of Chopra's other past heroines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathias, Rachel |date=23 January 2013 |title=Zee Cine Awards: A Glorious Tribute To Late Yash Chopra |url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood_news/zee-cine-awards-a-glorious-tribute-to-late-yash-chopra/56790 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018013256/http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood_news/zee-cine-awards-a-glorious-tribute-to-late-yash-chopra/56790 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |access-date=25 January 2013 |publisher=Business of Cinema}}</ref>

In 2013, Khan starred in [[Rohit Shetty]]'s action comedy ''[[Chennai Express]]'' for Red Chillies Entertainment, a film which earned mixed critical reviews and extensive criticism for its perceived disparagement of South Indian culture, though the film included a tribute to [[Tamil cinema]] star [[Rajinikanth]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahmood, Rafay |date=16 August 2013 |title=Spoiler Alert: What is colourful and dull at the same time? Answer – Chennai Express! |work=The Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/591044/spoiler-alert-what-is-colourful-and-dull-at-the-same-time-answer-chennai-express/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005084106/http://tribune.com.pk/story/591044/spoiler-alert-what-is-colourful-and-dull-at-the-same-time-answer-chennai-express/ |archive-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> Critic Khalid Mohamed thought that Khan overacted in the film and criticised him for "re-rendering every old trick in the acting book".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohamed |first=Khalid |date=10 August 2013 |title='Chennai Express' review: Board at your own risk |work=Deccan Chronicle |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130809/entertainment-bollywood/article/chennai-express-review-board-your-own-risk |access-date=26 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018034558/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130809/entertainment-bollywood/article/chennai-express-review-board-your-own-risk |archive-date=18 October 2013}}</ref> Despite the criticism, the film broke many box office records for Hindi films in both India and abroad, surpassing ''[[3 Idiots]]'' to briefly become the [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films|highest grossing Bollywood film of all time]], with a gross of almost {{INRConvert|4|b|year=2013|mode=historical|nolink=yes}} in worldwide ticket sales.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2013 |title=Worldwide Top Ten 2013 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6308&nCat= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212753/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6308&nCat= |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref name="ChExpress">{{Cite news |date=25 August 2013 |title='Chennai Express' finally beats '3 Idiots' |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Chennai-Express-beats-3-Idiots/articleshow/22045140.cms? |url-status=live |access-date=29 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312034858/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Chennai-Express-beats-3-Idiots/articleshow/22045140.cms |archive-date=12 March 2017}}</ref> On [[International Women's Day]] in 2013, ''The Times of India'' reported that Khan had requested a new convention with the name of his lead female co-stars appearing above his own in the credits. He claimed that the women in his life, including his co-stars, have been the reason for his success.<ref name="ladies">{{Cite news |last=Thakkar, Mehul S |date=17 March 2013 |title=Women's Day: It's ladies first for Shah Rukh Khan |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Womens-Day-Its-ladies-first-for-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/18843611.cms |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311235943/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Womens-Day-Its-ladies-first-for-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/18843611.cms |archive-date=11 March 2015}}</ref> In 2014, the actor was featured in Farah Khan's ensemble action comedy ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'', which co-starred Deepika Padukone, Abhishek Bachchan and [[Boman Irani]]; his third collaboration with the director.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das, Anirban |date=21 July 2014 |title=Shah Rukh Khan working hard on Happy New Year |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-working-hard-on-happy-new-year/story-CuGP6BnGZ0pOkCXvyLUVTN.html |url-status=live |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105727/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-working-hard-on-happy-new-year/story-CuGP6BnGZ0pOkCXvyLUVTN.html |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Although Khan's unidimensional character was criticised,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=24 October 2014 |title=Movie Review: 'Happy New Year' is a cross between an 'Oceans 11/12′ and 'Flashdance' |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/movie-review-happy-new-year-is-a-long-showreel-of-what-shah-rukh-khan-the-superstar-can-do/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113000751/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/movie-review-happy-new-year-is-a-long-showreel-of-what-shah-rukh-khan-the-superstar-can-do/ |archive-date=13 November 2014}}</ref> the film became a major commercial success grossing {{INRConvert|3.8|b|year=2013|mode=historical}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2015 |title=Top Worldwide Grossers All Time |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128164504/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total |archive-date=28 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2015 |title=Happy New Year |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/happy_new_year |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119083916/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/happy_new_year |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2014 |title=Classifications 2014 – Happy New Year Second |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/classifications2014happynewyearsecond |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116023935/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/classifications2014happynewyearsecond |archive-date=16 November 2014 |access-date=8 December 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>

=== 2015–2022: Career setbacks and hiatus ===
[[File:Shah Rukh Khan at Jab Harry Met Sejal new song launch 'Beech Beech Mein'.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Khan in 2017]]
Khan next appeared alongside Kajol, [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Kriti Sanon]] in Rohit Shetty's action comedy ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]'' (2015). The film garnered mixed reviews, though it was financially profitable with a gross of {{INRConvert|3.7|b|year=2015|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Worldwide Grossers All Time |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107113404/http://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php |archive-date=7 January 2018 |access-date=5 February 2018 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> [[Namrata Joshi]] of ''The Hindu'' commented, "With ''Dilwale'', Rohit Shetty goes hopelessly wrong despite much that he had at his disposal, including a power-packed cast and producer", and felt that the attempt to repackage Khan and Kajol had backfired.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi, Namrata |date=18 December 2015 |title=Dilwale: Heart attack |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/dilwale-review-heart-attack/article8004464.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926174104/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/dilwale-review-heart-attack/article8004464.ece |archive-date=26 September 2016}}</ref> He then took on dual parts of a superstar and his doppelgänger fan in [[Maneesh Sharma]]'s action thriller ''[[Fan (2016 film)|Fan]]'' (2016). [[Peter Bradshaw]] of ''[[The Guardian]]'' considered the film to be "exhausting, bizarre yet watchable" and thought that Khan was aptly "creepy" as the obsessive admirer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bradshaw |first=Peter |date=14 April 2016 |title=Fan review – Bollywood icon chases himself around the world |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/apr/14/fan-review-bollywood-shah-rukh-khan |url-status=live |access-date=15 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418085420/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/apr/14/fan-review-bollywood-shah-rukh-khan |archive-date=18 April 2016}}</ref> The film underperformed at the box office, and trade journalists attributed this failure to the film's non-conformity to mainstream formula.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 April 2016 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's Fan – What went wrong? Trade speaks up |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shah-rukh-khans-fan-what-went-wrong-trade-speaks-up/ |url-status=live |access-date=10 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130192939/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shah-rukh-khans-fan-what-went-wrong-trade-speaks-up/ |archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref> Later that year, Khan portrayed the supporting part of a therapist to an aspiring cinematographer ([[Alia Bhatt]]) in [[Gauri Shinde]]'s coming-of-age film ''[[Dear Zindagi]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goswami |first=Parismita |date=25 November 2016 |title=Dear Zindagi review round-up: Here's what critics say about Shah Rukh Khan and Alia Bhatt film |work=International Business Times |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/dear-zindagi-review-round-heres-what-critics-say-about-shah-rukh-khan-alia-bhatt-film-705482 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203123910/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/dear-zindagi-review-round-heres-what-critics-say-about-shah-rukh-khan-alia-bhatt-film-705482 |archive-date=3 December 2016}}</ref>

In [[Rahul Dholakia]]'s action crime film ''[[Raees (2017 film)|Raees]]'' (2017), Khan took on the part of the titular anti-hero{{mdash}}a bootlegger turned mobster in 1980s [[Gujarat]]. In a typical mixed review, Pratim D. Gupta of ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]'' thought Khan's performance to be "inconsistent, intense and power-packed at times, but often slipping out of character into his usual mix of stock mannerisms".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Pratim D. |date=14 February 2017 |title=Raees – review |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170126/jsp/t2/story_132305.jsp#.WKLT71WGPIU |url-status=dead |access-date=26 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202042646/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170126/jsp/t2/story_132305.jsp |archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref> Commercially, the film was a modest success, earning about {{INRConvert|3.08|b|year=2017|mode=historical}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2017 |title=Raees box office collection day 13: Shah Rukh Khan film crosses Rs 150 mark in India |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/raees-box-office-collection-day-13-shah-rukh-khan-film-4510866/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608160342/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/raees-box-office-collection-day-13-shah-rukh-khan-film-4510866/ |archive-date=8 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Overseas Grossers 2017 |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-total-gross.php?year=2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628152937/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-total-gross.php?year=2017 |archive-date=28 June 2018 |access-date=4 September 2018 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> Khan returned to the romantic genre with the role of a tourist guide who falls in love with a traveller (Anushka Sharma) in [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]'s ''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]'' (2017). In a review for ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'', Uday Bhatia criticised Khan's pairing with Sharma, 22 years his junior, writing that Khan had performed "similar gestures of love decades ago to actors his own age".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhatia |first=Uday |date=4 August 2017 |title=Film Review: Jab Harry Met Sejal |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/iCpVi59HQvws17vMmEyzQO/Film-Review-Jab-Harry-Met-Sejal.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804145710/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/iCpVi59HQvws17vMmEyzQO/Film-Review-Jab-Harry-Met-Sejal.html |archive-date=4 August 2017}}</ref> He reunited with Sharma and Katrina Kaif in [[Aanand L Rai]]'s romantic drama ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]'' (2018), in which he played Bauua Singh, a dwarf involved in a love triangle.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2016 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's new film with Aanand L Rai to release on December 21, 2018 |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khans-new-film-with-aanand-l-rai-to-release-on-december-21-2018-3006123/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109222550/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khans-new-film-with-aanand-l-rai-to-release-on-december-21-2018-3006123/ |archive-date=9 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2016 |title=Anand L. Rai's upcoming movie with Shah Rukh Khan a romantic movie? |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khans-new-film-with-aanand-l-rai-to-release-on-december-21-2018-3006123/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109222550/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khans-new-film-with-aanand-l-rai-to-release-on-december-21-2018-3006123/ |archive-date=9 November 2016}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews with praise directed to Khan's performance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Suparno |date=21 December 2018 |title=Zero movie review and rating: What critics have to say about Shah Rukh Khan film |work=International Business Times |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/zero-movie-review-what-critics-have-say-about-shah-rukh-khan-film-788412 |url-status=live |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221140122/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/zero-movie-review-what-critics-have-say-about-shah-rukh-khan-film-788412 |archive-date=21 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2018 |title=Zero: Manmarziyaan writer Kanika Dhillon calls Shah Rukh Khan starrer one of the most important films of 2018 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-zero-manmarziyaan-writer-kanika-dhillon-calls-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-one-of-the-most-important-films-of-2018-495196 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223220833/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-zero-manmarziyaan-writer-kanika-dhillon-calls-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-one-of-the-most-important-films-of-2018-495196 |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |publisher=[[India TV]]}}</ref> Writing for ''Hindustan Times'', Raja Sen commended his "dominating performance and tremendous energy" and [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' called him an "excellent fit" for the role for allowing his "naturally energetic personality, comic timing and charm to take flight".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Raja |date=21 December 2018 |title=Zero movie review: Shah Rukh Khan blasts off into a very strange space |language=en |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/zero-movie-review-shah-rukh-khan-dazzles-in-a-strange-romance/story-SdQK5zHgA4ZTva8cNcJhAJ.html |url-status=live |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223000246/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/zero-movie-review-shah-rukh-khan-dazzles-in-a-strange-romance/story-SdQK5zHgA4ZTva8cNcJhAJ.html |archive-date=23 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vetticad |first=Anna |author-link=Anna M. M. Vetticad |date=21 December 2018 |title=Zero movie review: Shah Rukh Khan's comic timing is the only thing going for this spluttering, tottering affair |language=en |work=[[Firstpost]] |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/zero-movie-review-shah-rukh-khans-comic-timing-is-the-only-thing-going-for-this-spluttering-tottering-affair-5769221.html |url-status=dead |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221182700/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/zero-movie-review-shah-rukh-khans-comic-timing-is-the-only-thing-going-for-this-spluttering-tottering-affair-5769221.html |archive-date=21 December 2018}}</ref> Both ''Jab Harry Met Sejal'' and ''Zero'' were box office flops.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vats |first=Rohit |date=9 August 2017 |title=Jab Harry Met Sejal bombs: Is this the worst box office phase for Bollywood? |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/jab-harry-met-sejal-bombs-is-this-the-worst-box-office-phase-for-bollywood/story-NuDp40gwnyZJvlJBnGibxL.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809062421/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/jab-harry-met-sejal-bombs-is-this-the-worst-box-office-phase-for-bollywood/story-NuDp40gwnyZJvlJBnGibxL.html |archive-date=9 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=29 December 2018 |title=Box Office: Zero goes down very fast on second Friday, may just about reach Rs. 100 crore lifetime |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-zero-goes-fast-second-friday-may-just-reach-rs-100-crore-lifetime/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230113928/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-zero-goes-fast-second-friday-may-just-reach-rs-100-crore-lifetime/ |archive-date=30 December 2018 |access-date=29 December 2018 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

According to a ''Box Office India'' report, Khan's stardom was impacted by his films failing to do well.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2019 |title=Star Rankings Jan 2019 – Shahrukh Khan Ranveer Singh Impacted |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4631 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121429/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4631 |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 January 2019 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> Following the release of ''Zero'', Khan took a four-year break from full-time acting, which was partly caused by the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. He took the time off to attempt a career comeback.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2021 |title=Shah Rukh Khan, the hiatus and resurgence: 'I'll gently allow my films to enter your hearts soon' |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-hiatus-resurgence-comeback-ill-gently-allow-my-films-to-enter-your-hearts-soon-7602612/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408085945/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-hiatus-resurgence-comeback-ill-gently-allow-my-films-to-enter-your-hearts-soon-7602612/lite/ |archive-date=8 April 2022 |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> During this period, he made extended special appearances in the 2022 films ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'' and ''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2022 |title=Shah Rukh Khan has a 20-minute role in both R Madhavan's Rocketry – The Nambi Effect and Ranbir Kapoor-Alia Bhatt's Brahmastra; SRK to be back in cinemas after 1287 days |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-shah-rukh-khan-20-minute-role-r-madhavans-rocketry-nambi-effect-ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatts-brahmastra-srk-back-cinemas-1287-d/ |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130184054/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-shah-rukh-khan-20-minute-role-r-madhavans-rocketry-nambi-effect-ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatts-brahmastra-srk-back-cinemas-1287-d/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2023–present: Resurgence ===
In 2023, Khan reunited with Yash Raj Films in the action thriller ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]'' (2023), set in the [[YRF Spy Universe]], in which he played an exiled field agent assigned to stop a terrorist attack in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2022 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's new film 'Pathaan': release date, plot and cast |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/2022/03/04/shah-rukh-khans-new-film-pathaan-release-date-plot-and-cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426104732/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/2022/03/04/shah-rukh-khans-new-film-pathaan-release-date-plot-and-cast/ |archive-date=26 April 2022 |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref> Critic Sukanya Verma took note of Khan's "weathered intensity, grizzly charisma and trademark wit", while [[Kaveree Bamzai]] termed it a "much-needed makeover" of an ageing Khan into an action star.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=25 January 2023 |title=Pathaan Review: Shah Rukh Wows And How! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/pathaan-review/20230125.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125090704/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/pathaan-review/20230125.htm |archive-date=25 January 2023 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=Rediff.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |date=25 January 2023 |title=Pathaan: SRK As Action Hero |work=Open Magazine |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cinema/pathaan-srk-action-hero/ |url-status=live |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131075214/https://openthemagazine.com/cinema/pathaan-srk-action-hero/ |archive-date=31 January 2023}}</ref> ''Pathaan'' broke several box-office records, thus re-establishing Khan's stardom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=28 January 2023 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's ''Pathaan'' on Record-Breaking Box Office Spree in Comeback for Mega-Star |url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/shah-rukh-khan-pathaan-box-office-records-bollywood-1235243378/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128170358/https://deadline.com/2023/01/shah-rukh-khan-pathaan-box-office-records-bollywood-1235243378/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=1 February 2023 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's 'Pathaan' Makes Box Office History For Bollywood & India Around The Globe – Opening Weekend Records List |url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/pathaan-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukone-north-america-india-uk-global-box-office-records-list-1235245190/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131165022/https://deadline.com/2023/01/pathaan-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukone-north-america-india-uk-global-box-office-records-list-1235245190/ |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> Khan took on another action film role in the same year in [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]]'s ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'', playing father and son doppelgängers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jawan Teaser: Shah Rukh Khan Is More Than "Ready" For Atlee's Action-Packed Film |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jawan-teaser-shah-rukh-khan-is-more-than-ready-for-atlees-action-packed-film-3035009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603170732/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jawan-teaser-shah-rukh-khan-is-more-than-ready-for-atlees-action-packed-film-3035009 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote that "Khan's screen image – expansive, suffused with love, heroic in an old-fashioned way without being aggressively macho, irreverent but also sincere – helps sell a conceit that might have crashed with any other actor".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=7 September 2023 |title='Jawan' review: A rousing guts-and-glycerine saga |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1055375/jawan-review-a-rousing-guts-and-glycerine-saga |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907184314/https://scroll.in/reel/1055375/jawan-review-a-rousing-guts-and-glycerine-saga |archive-date=7 September 2023 |access-date=7 September 2023 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> ''Jawan'' broke the records set by ''Pathaan''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=25 September 2023 |title='The Nun II' Tops $200M Global, 'Jawan' Now Biggest Bollywood Movie Ever In India – International Box Office |url=https://deadline.com/2023/09/the-nun-2-jawan-shah-rukh-khan-milestones-expendables-4-global-international-box-office-1235554810/ |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=Deadline Hollywood |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925093514/https://deadline.com/2023/09/the-nun-2-jawan-shah-rukh-khan-milestones-expendables-4-global-international-box-office-1235554810/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Both films grossed over {{INRConvert|10|b}} to rank, respectively, as Hindi cinema's second and third biggest grossers worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide: All Time |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/all-time/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100840/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/all-time/ |url-status=live }}</ref> making Khan the first Indian actor to deliver two films that earned over ₹10 billion.<ref>{{cite news |title=''Jawan'' star Shah Rukh Khan set to become the only Indian actor to have two Rs 1,000-crore grosser in one year |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jawan-shah-rukh-khan-only-indian-actor-two-rs-1000-crore-grossers-one-year-8945350/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=18 September 2023 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001004712/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jawan-shah-rukh-khan-only-indian-actor-two-rs-1000-crore-grossers-one-year-8945350/ |url-status=live }}</ref> For his performance in ''Jawan'', he received his first [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]].<ref name=":4">{{cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=1 August 2025 |title=71st National Film Awards full list of winners: Shah Rukh Khan wins first-ever Best Actor, Rani Mukerji is Best Actress |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/71st-national-filn-awards-full-list-of-winners-shah-rukh-khan-wins-first-ever-best-actor-rani-mukerji-is-best-actress-101754051978740.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=71st National Film Awards: Complete list of winners |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/71st-national-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners-3740123 |work=Deccan Herald |date=23 September 2025 |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref>

In his final release of 2023, Khan starred in [[Rajkumar Hirani]]'s ''[[Dunki (film)|Dunki]]'', a social drama about an [[illegal immigration]] technique named [[donkey flight]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=No More FOMO For Shah Rukh Khan, Because Rajkumar Hirani's Dunki |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/no-more-fomo-for-shah-rukh-khan-because-rajkumar-hiranis-dunki-2900626 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425220408/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/no-more-fomo-for-shah-rukh-khan-because-rajkumar-hiranis-dunki-2900626 |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2023 |title=Shah Rukh Khan to go global with Rajkumar Hirani's Dunki, film to release in international markets a day early: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-dunki-global-release-date-christmas-101695728571251.html |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928232506/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-dunki-global-release-date-christmas-101695728571251.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Uday Bhatia wrote that his role as a "romantic feminist soldier patriot friend" marked "a break from Khan the action star but offers no respite from the Khan the perfect screen idol".<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 December 2023|last=Bhatia|first=Uday|title='Dunki' review: Hirani returns, plays it safe|work=The Hindu|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/movies-tv/dunki-review-film-shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannu-rajkumar-hirani-111703155371024.html|access-date=21 December 2023|archive-date=21 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221145354/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/movies-tv/dunki-review-film-shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannu-rajkumar-hirani-111703155371024.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Grossing over {{INRConvert|4|b}}, ''Dunki'' emerged as Khan's third consecutive commercial success of the year, although it did not match up to the record grosses of ''Pathaan'' or ''Jawan''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Malhotra|first=Rahul|title=India's 'Dunki' Passes New Milestone at Global Box Office as it Nears End of Theatrical Run|url=https://collider.com/dunki-global-box-office-50-million/|access-date=7 January 2024|website=Collider|date=4 January 2024|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105040950/https://collider.com/dunki-global-box-office-50-million/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Khan will continue his work in action films when starring with his daughter in [[Siddharth Anand]]'s [[King (2026 film)|''King'']], which will release in 2026''.''<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Deepika Padukone to play Suhana Khan's mother in SRK's King: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/deepika-padukone-suhana-khan-mother-shah-rukh-khan-king-siddharth-anand-2705381-2025-04-07 |magazine=India Today |date=7 April 2025 |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref>

== Other work ==
=== Film production and television hosting ===
[[File:SRK at 61st filmfare.jpg|thumb|left|upright|At the [[61st Filmfare Awards]] in 2016, which Khan hosted along with [[Kapil Sharma (comedian)|Kapil Sharma]]]]
Khan co-produced three films from 1999 to 2003 as a founding member of the partnership Dreamz Unlimited.<ref name="dreamz" /> After the partnership was dissolved, he and Gauri restructured the company as Red Chillies Entertainment,<ref name="RedCh" /> which includes divisions dealing with film and television production, visual effects, and advertising.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.redchillies.com/aboutus/profile.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101222416/http://www.redchillies.com/aboutus/profile.aspx |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=6 November 2014 |website=[[Red Chillies Entertainment]]}}</ref> As of 2015, the company has produced or co-produced at least nine films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Movies |url=http://www.redchillies.com/movies/past-movies.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101221022/http://www.redchillies.com/movies/past-movies.aspx |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=6 November 2014 |publisher=Red Chillies Entertainment}}</ref> Either Khan or Gauri are usually given production credits, and he has appeared in most of the films, either in the lead role, or in a guest appearance. Khan was involved in several aspects of the making of ''Ra.One'' (2011). Aside from acting, he produced the film, volunteered to write the console game script, dubbed for it, oversaw its technical development, and wrote the digital comics based on the film's characters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 October 2011 |title=PlayStation launches game on SRK flick RA.One |work=The Economic Times |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-05/news/30246976_1_playstation2-playstation3-sony-computer-entertainment-europe |url-status=dead |access-date=5 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923211759/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-05/news/30246976_1_playstation2-playstation3-sony-computer-entertainment-europe |archive-date=23 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="ET">{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra, Nandini |date=13 September 2011 |title=Indian cinema must evolve; Ra.One not urban centric: Shahrukh Khan |work=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/if-we-dont-evolve-in-10-years-we-will-lose-indian-audience-shahrukh-khan/articleshow/9962913.cms |url-status=live |access-date=13 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121121553/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-13/news/30149445_1_indian-cinema-raone-film |archive-date=21 January 2012}}</ref> Khan has occasionally done [[Playback singer|playback singing]] for his films. In ''Josh'' (2000) he sang the popular song "Apun Bola Tu Meri Laila". He also sang in ''Don'' (2006) and ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sabherwal, Parul |date=27 June 2014 |title=Top Bollywood stars who have sung for themselves |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/slideshow/top-bollywood-stars-who-have-sung-themselves_385.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107055346/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/slideshow/top-bollywood-stars-who-have-sung-themselves_385.html |archive-date=7 November 2014 |access-date=6 November 2014 |publisher=Zee News |page=8}}</ref> For ''[[Always Kabhi Kabhi]]'' (2011), which was produced by Red Chillies, Khan participated in the lyrical composition.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Misra, Iti Shree |date=5 May 2011 |title=Shah Rukh Khan turns singer and lyricist |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khan-turns-singer-and-lyricist/articleshow/8160447.cms |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413000547/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khan-turns-singer-and-lyricist/articleshow/8160447.cms |archive-date=13 April 2016}}</ref>

In addition to his early television serial appearances, Khan has hosted numerous televised awards shows, including the Filmfare, Zee Cine, and [[Screen Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha, Seema |date=23 January 2013 |title=SRK and Saif at their funniest best on Filmfare night |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/SRK-and-Saif-at-their-funniest-best-on-Filmfare-night/articleshow/18148152.cms |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224025201/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/SRK-and-Saif-at-their-funniest-best-on-Filmfare-night/articleshow/18148152.cms |archive-date=24 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kadam, Prachi |date=7 November 2011 |title=Zee Cine Awards: Why Priyanka Chopra and Shah Rukh Khan are a 'jodi' |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-why-priyanka-chopra-and-shah-rukh-khan-are-a-jodi-1608848 |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521032241/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-why-priyanka-chopra-and-shah-rukh-khan-are-a-jodi-1608848 |archive-date=21 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 2014 |title=Shah Rukh Khan to host Screen Awards 2014 |work=The Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shah-rukh-khan-to-host-screen-awards-2014/1217340/ |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530124756/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shah-rukh-khan-to-host-screen-awards-2014/1217340/ |archive-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> In 2007, he replaced Amitabh Bachchan for one season as the host of ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'', the Indian version of ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]'',<ref name="KBC">{{Cite news |last=Parul Sharma |date=23 January 2007 |title=The new Shah Rukh show is here |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/The-new-Shah-Rukh-show-is-here/article14710050.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130192755/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/The-new-Shah-Rukh-show-is-here/article14710050.ece |archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref> and a year later, Khan began hosting ''[[Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain?]]'', the Indian version of ''[[Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Ashish |date=29 April 2008 |title=IPL scores over ''Paanchvi Paas'' |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/apr/29ipl.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920113735/http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/apr/29ipl.htm |archive-date=20 September 2008 |access-date=27 August 2009 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> In 2011, he returned to television, appearing on [[Imagine TV]]'s ''[[Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout]]'', the Indian version of ''[[Wipeout (2008 U.S. game show)|Wipeout]]''; scenes featuring Khan were shot at the [[Yash Raj Studios]] in Mumbai.<ref name="ZKJ">{{Cite news |last=Parkar, Shaheen |date=25 February 2011 |title=Shah Rukh's show gets the lowest TRPs |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/feb/250211-Shah-Rukh-Khan-Zor-Ka-Jhatka-lowest-TRPs-B-Town-star.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=23 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926124123/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/feb/250211-Shah-Rukh-Khan-Zor-Ka-Jhatka-lowest-TRPs-B-Town-star.htm |archive-date=26 September 2018}}</ref> Contrary to his earlier television anchoring jobs, ''Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout'' performed poorly. It aired for only one season and became the lowest rated show hosted by a Bollywood star.<ref name="ZKJ" /> In 2017, Khan began hosting ''[[TED Talks India Nayi Soch]]'', a talk show produced by [[TED (conference)|TED Conferences, LLC]] which started aired on [[STAR Plus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shah Rukh Khan: Actor, producer, activist |url=https://www.ted.com/speakers/shah_rukh_khan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511183128/https://www.ted.com/speakers/shah_rukh_khan |archive-date=11 May 2017 |access-date=27 January 2017 |publisher=TED}}</ref>

=== Stage performances ===
Khan is a frequent stage performer and has participated in several world tours and concerts. In 1997, he performed in [[Asha Bhosle]]'s Moments in Time concert in Malaysia, and returned the following year to perform with Karisma Kapoor for the Shahrukh–Karisma: Live in Malaysia concert.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Henry, Wilson |date=17 October 2000 |title=It's getting late |work=[[The Malay Mail]] |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-17698603.html |access-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714224011/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-17698603.html |archive-date=14 July 2014|via=Highbeam}}</ref> The same year, he participated in The Awesome Foursome world tour across the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States along with Juhi Chawla, [[Akshay Kumar]] and Kajol, and resumed the tour in Malaysia the following year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 1998 |title=Zee sponsors Awesome Foursome, starring Shah Rukh Khan, Akshay Kumar, Kajol, Juhi Chawla |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19980914-zee-sponsors-awesome-foursome-starring-shah-rukh-khan-akshay-kumar-kajol-juhi-chawla-827067-1998-10-13 |url-status=live |access-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725220926/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/zee-sponsors-awesome-foursome-starring-shah-rukh-khan-akshay-kumar-kajol-juhi-chawla/1/264941.html |archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmad, Azman |date=30 October 1999 |title=Shah Rukh! Shah Rukh! |work=The Malay Mail |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-17710762.html |access-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221739/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-17710762.html |archive-date=14 July 2014|via=Highbeam}}</ref> In 2002, Khan featured with Amitabh Bachchan, [[Aamir Khan]], Preity Zinta, and [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]] in the show From India With Love at [[Manchester]]'s [[Old Trafford]] and [[London]]'s [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]]; the event was attended by more than 100,000 people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sillito, David |date=30 April 2002 |title=From India with Love |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/breakfast/1959022.stm |url-status=live |access-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801183641/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/breakfast/1959022.stm |archive-date=1 August 2012}}</ref> Khan performed alongside [[Rani Mukerji|Rani Mukherji]], [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Ishaa Koppikar]] in a 2010 concert at the [[St. Joseph Higher Secondary School|St. Joseph High School field]] in [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2010 |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Rani woo fans in Dhaka |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-rani-woo-fans-in-dhaka-71974 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522033122/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-rani-woo-fans-in-dhaka-71974 |archive-date=22 May 2014 |access-date=13 May 2014 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> The next year he joined [[Shahid Kapoor]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] in the Friendship Concert, celebrating 150 years of [[India–South Africa relations|India–South Africa friendship]] in [[Durban]], South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2011 |title=SRK, Shahid and Priyanka set to rock Durban |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/bollywood/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4771072 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703061538/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/bollywood/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4771072 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=27 November 2011 |publisher=MSN}}</ref>

Khan started an association with the "Temptations" series of concert tours by singing, dancing, and performing skits alongside Arjun Rampal, [[Priyanka Chopra]], and other Bollywood stars in Temptations 2004, a stage show that toured 22 venues across the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2004 |title=Shahrukh may attend cinema festival |url=http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=7&ArticleId=55031 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516030801/http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=7&ArticleId=55031 |archive-date=16 May 2008 |access-date=28 November 2011 |website=[[Daily Tribune (Bahrain)|Daily Tribune]]}}</ref> The show played to 15,000 spectators at [[Dubai]]'s Festival City Arena.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spicezee Bureau |date=25 October 2008 |title=Blast in Dubai: SRK arrives with 'Temptation Reloaded' |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/blast-in-dubai-shah-rukh-arrives-with-temptation-reloaded_14171.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810031758/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/blast-in-dubai-shah-rukh-arrives-with-temptation-reloaded_14171.htm |archive-date=10 August 2013 |access-date=13 May 2014 |publisher=Zee News}}</ref> In 2008, Khan set up Temptation Reloaded, a series of concerts that toured several countries, including the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2008 |title=SRK's Temptations Reloaded 2008 kick starts! |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/27sld1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410203435/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/27sld1.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009 |access-date=8 July 2010 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> He performed alongside [[Dino Morea]], [[Rani Mukerji]], and [[Dia Mirza]] at the [[Bindass|Airtel-Bindass concert]] tour in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |first=B. O. C. |date=23 January 2008 |title=Bindass to air SRK concert on 26 January |url=https://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/bindass-to-air-srk-concert-on-26-january/21669 |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=Business Of Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=29 December 2007 |title=SRK to perform at Airtel Bindaas India concert : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/srk-to-perform-at-airtel-bindaas-india-concert/ |access-date=14 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Another tour was held with [[Bipasha Basu]] and others in 2012 in [[Jakarta]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2012 |title=Bollywood celebs enthrall Jakarta |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bollywood-celebs-enthrall-jakarta/story-knGHTZ0fLhnG4a4XdbkU6M.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062759/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bollywood-celebs-enthrall-jakarta/story-knGHTZ0fLhnG4a4XdbkU6M.html |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> and in 2013 another series of concerts visited Auckland, Perth and Sydney.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2013 |title=See all the highlights from SRK's Temptation Reloaded show |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery/temptation-reloaded-2013-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703060754/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery/temptation-reloaded-2013-1 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=MSN}}</ref> In 2014, Khan performed in SLAM! The Tour in the US, Canada, and London,<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 2014 |title=It's London calling for SRK's SLAM! THE TOUR |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Its-London-calling-for-SRKs-SLAM-THE-TOUR/articleshow/41263377.cms |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228102646/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Its-London-calling-for-SRKs-SLAM-THE-TOUR/articleshow/41263377.cms |archive-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> and also hosted the Indian premiere of the live talent show, Got Talent World Stage Live.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 September 2014 |title=Shah Rukh Khan: 'Got Talent World Stage LIVE' is a live show, not a television show |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-its-a-live-show-not-a-television-show/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122160437/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-its-a-live-show-not-a-television-show/ |archive-date=22 November 2014}}</ref>

=== Ownership of Kolkata Knight Riders ===
In 2008, Khan, in partnership with Juhi Chawla and her husband [[Jay Mehta]], acquired ownership rights for the franchise representing [[Kolkata]] in the [[Twenty20]] cricket tournament [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) for {{US$|75.09}}{{nbsp}}million, and named the team [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (KKR).<ref name="price">{{Cite news |last=Kuber, Girish |date=9 February 2008 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's Kolkata IPL team to be called Night Riders or Knight Riders |work=The Economic Times |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-02-09/news/27694633_1_indian-premier-league-cricket-ground-ipl |url-status=dead |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121123184920/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-02-09/news/27694633_1_indian-premier-league-cricket-ground-ipl |archive-date=23 November 2012}}</ref> {{As of|2009}}, KKR was one of the richest teams in the IPL, with a brand value of {{US$|42.1}}{{nbsp}}million.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2009 |title=IPL valued at $2.1 bn; KKR richest team |work=Business Standard |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/ipl-valued-at-2-1-bn-kkr-richest-team-109051000066_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204141002/http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/ipl-valued-at-2-1-bn-kkr-richest-team-109051000066_1.html |archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> The team performed poorly on the field during the first three years.<ref name="major">{{Cite news |last=Garg, Swati |date=29 May 2012 |title=IPL victory puts KKR in the black |work=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ipl-victory-puts-kkr-in-the-black-112052900039_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810124840/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ipl-victory-puts-kkr-in-the-black-112052900039_1.html |archive-date=10 August 2013}}</ref> Their performance improved over time, and they became the champions for the first time in [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]]<ref name="major" /> and repeated the feat in [[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2014 |title=Kolkata Knight Riders Beat Kings XI Punjab to Clinch Second IPL Title in Three Years |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/225013-ipl-2014-final-kolkata-knight-riders-vs-kings-xi-punjab |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809010738/http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/225013-ipl-2014-final-kolkata-knight-riders-vs-kings-xi-punjab |archive-date=9 August 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> The Knight Riders hold the record for the longest winning streak by any Indian team in T20s (14).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/305308.html|title=Records {{!}} Twenty20 matches {{!}} Team records {{!}} Most consecutive wins {{!}} ESPNcricinfo|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425152828/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/305308.html|archive-date=25 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> They won their third IPL title in the [[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]] edition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2024 |title=KKR's bowlers rip through SRH to win third IPL title |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-final-1426312/match-report |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526172105/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-final-1426312/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref>

Khan performed alongside [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] and [[Shriya Saran]] at the opening ceremony of the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] 2011 season, where they danced to Tamil songs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/SRK-rocks-IPL-opening-ceremony/articleshow/7926240.cms? |title=SRK rocks IPL opening ceremony |work=The Times of India |date=10 April 2011 |access-date=22 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927203946/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/SRK-rocks-IPL-opening-ceremony/articleshow/7926240.cms |archive-date=27 September 2016 }}</ref> He appeared again in 2013 alongside Katrina Kaif, Deepika Padukone and [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]].<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web|title=IPL 2013: Shah Rukh Khan, Katrina Kaif, Deepika Padukone, Pitbull showcase diverse culture|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ipl-2013-shah-rukh-khan-katrina-kaif-deepika-padukone-pitbull-showcase-diverse-culture-349474|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403172739/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ipl-2013-shah-rukh-khan-katrina-kaif-deepika-padukone-pitbull-showcase-diverse-culture-349474|archive-date=3 April 2013|publisher=NDTV|access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> In May 2012, the [[Mumbai Cricket Association]] (MCA) banned him from the [[Wankhede Stadium]] for five years for getting into an argument with the security staff after a match between KKR and the [[Mumbai Indians]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shah-rukh-khan-banned-from-wankhede-stadium-for-5-years/950969/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan banned from Wankhede stadium for 5 years |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=23 May 2012 |access-date=25 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521121045/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shah-rukh-khan-banned-from-wankhede-stadium-for-5-years/950969 |archive-date=21 May 2014 }}</ref> Khan had, however, stated that he acted only after children, including his daughter, were being "manhandled" by the security staff<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/shah-rukh-khan-mca-spat-wankhede-stadium-guard-102513-2012-05-17|title=Wankhede guard contradicts MCA, says Shah Rukh Khan did not hit him|website=India Today|date=17 May 2012 |access-date=27 May 2018|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203540/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/shah-rukh-khan-mca-spat-wankhede-stadium-guard-102513-2012-05-17|url-status=live}}</ref> and that the officials were extremely high-handed and aggressive in their behaviour,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/ipl/no-ban-from-wankhede-if-srk-apologises-mca-officials-313200.html|title=No ban from Wankhede if SRK apologises: MCA officials|website=www.firstpost.com|date=18 May 2012|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527213621/https://www.firstpost.com/ipl/no-ban-from-wankhede-if-srk-apologises-mca-officials-313200.html|archive-date=27 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> he had been abused with communal indecent comment.<ref name=":1" /> Later MCA officials had accused him of being drunk in one version of the story, hitting the guard and of completely uncharacteristically abusing a female supporter of Mumbai Indians after the match in another version of the story, which Khan had maintained it was done to support their action and for cheap publicity.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/ipl/shah-rukh-khan-gets-clean-chit-by-mumbai-police-in-2012-ipl-wankhede-brawl-case-263005.html|title=Shah Rukh Khan Gets Clean Chit By Mumbai Police In 2012 IPL Wankhede Brawl Case|work=indiatimes.com|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526174813/https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/ipl/shah-rukh-khan-gets-clean-chit-by-mumbai-police-in-2012-ipl-wankhede-brawl-case-263005.html|archive-date=26 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Wankhede guard later contradicted MCA officials' claim and said Shah Rukh Khan had not hit him.<ref name=":1" /> Khan later apologised to his fans after his team won the final match.<ref name="apology">{{cite news |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/item/190806-i-apologise-for-my-misbehaviour-at-mca-says-shah-rukh-khan |title=I apologise for my misbehaviour at MCA, says Shah Rukh Khan |date=27 May 2012 |access-date=28 May 2012 |publisher=NDTV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702190328/http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/item/190806-i-apologise-for-my-misbehaviour-at-mca-says-shah-rukh-khan|archive-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> MCA revoked the ban in 2015<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/mca-lifts-five-year-ban-on-shah-rukh-khan-s-entry-to-wankhede/story-sfUZ988j9iJZbAJbnDe4bI.html|title=MCA lifts five-year ban on Shah Rukh Khan's entry to Wankhede|date=2 August 2015|work=hindustantimes.com|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527202529/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/mca-lifts-five-year-ban-on-shah-rukh-khan-s-entry-to-wankhede/story-sfUZ988j9iJZbAJbnDe4bI.html|archive-date=27 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and in 2016, Mumbai Police informed that no 'cognisable offence' was made out against Khan and they had come to the conclusion that Shah Rukh Khan was not drunk and did not use abusive language before minors at the Wankhede Stadium in 2012.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shah-rukh-khan-wins-wankhede-stadium-case-mumbai-police-344974-2016-10-05|title=Shah Rukh Khan wins Wankhede war, cops say he was not drunk|website=India Today|date=5 October 2016 |access-date=27 May 2018|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203543/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shah-rukh-khan-wins-wankhede-stadium-case-mumbai-police-344974-2016-10-05|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Appearances in music videos ===
In February 2019, Khan made a special appearance in the music video of the song "BIBA", featuring [[Marshmello]] and [[Shirley Setia]], and composed by [[Pritam]]. The video, inspired by Khan's memorable films, received positive response from fans, and Khan's cameo was well received.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/marshmellos-music-video-biba-is-a-glorious-tribute-to-shah-rukh-khan-and-the-razzmatazz-of-bollywood-6098281.html|title= Marshmello's music video BIBA is a glorious tribute to Shah Rukh Khan and the razzmatazz of Bollywood|date= 16 February 2019}}</ref>

In June 2025, Khan appeared in the music video for the [[Ed Sheeran]] song "[[Sapphire (song)|Sapphire]]", which also featured vocals from [[Arijit Singh]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Nathwani |first=Ayushi |url=https://www.melodicmag.com/ed-sheeran-delivers-a-heartwarming-tribute-to-indian-culture-in-sapphire/ |title=Ed Sheeran delivers a heartwarming tribute to Indian culture in "Sapphire" |magazine=Melodic Magazine |date=6 June 2025 |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref> The video was shot across various parts of India, and the song received acclaim from critics and fans.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.indiatvnews.com/trending/news/did-you-know-shah-rukh-khan-s-cameo-in-ed-sheeran-s-sapphire-video-was-shot-check-details-2025-06-19-995388|title= Did you know how Shah Rukh Khan's cameo in Ed Sheeran's 'Sapphire' video was shot? Check details|date= 19 June 2025}}</ref>

== In the media ==
{{Main|Shah Rukh Khan in the media}}

[[File:Shahrukh Khan launches the Tag Heuer Carrera Monaco GP limited edition watch (3).jpg|thumb|right|upright|At a [[Tag Heuer]] press conference in 2012|alt=Shah Rukh Khan wearing sunglasses and a vest at a promotional event]]
Khan receives a considerable amount of media coverage in India, and is often referred to as "King Khan", "The [[Padishah|Baadshah]] of Bollywood", or "The King of Bollywood".{{efn|name=King|Attributed to multiple sources<ref name="theguardian2006">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/aug/04/india.world |title=King of Bollywood |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 August 2006 |access-date=4 November 2015 |author=Saner, Emine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203121720/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/aug/04/india.world |archive-date= 3 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Baadshah' Biggie: Shah Rukh Khan Turns A Year Older|date=2 November 2011|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/baadshah-biggie-shah-rukh-khan-turns-older-183000642.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033410/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/baadshah-biggie-shah-rukh-khan-turns-older-183000642.html|archive-date=3 December 2013|publisher=[[Yahoo! Movies]]|access-date=15 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="global">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/02/05/SRK.profile/index.html?_s=PM: |publisher=CNN |title=The King of Bollywood |date=5 June 2008 |access-date=7 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019081757/http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/02/05/SRK.profile/index.html?_s=PM%3A |archive-date=19 October 2014 }}</ref>{{sfn|Gehlawat|2020|p=90}}{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=11, 65, 188, 210}}}} [[Anupama Chopra]] cites him as an "ever present celebrity", with two or three films a year, constantly running television ads, print ads, and gigantic billboards lining the streets of Indian cities.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=160–161}} He is the object of a sometimes fanatical following, with a fan base estimated to exceed one billion.<ref name="TheAus">{{cite news| url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/the-sahib-of-cinema-bollywood-star-shah-rukh-khan/story-fn9n8gph-1226692933589 | work=[[The Australian]] | title=The sahib of cinema: Bollywood star Shah Rukh Khan |author=Verghis, Sharon |date=10 August 2013 |access-date=12 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810070110/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/the-sahib-of-cinema-bollywood-star-shah-rukh-khan/story-fn9n8gph-1226692933589 | archive-date=10 August 2013}}</ref> ''[[Newsweek]]'' named Khan as one of their fifty most powerful people globally in 2008 and called him "the world's biggest movie star".<ref name="newsweek">{{cite news|title=The NEWSWEEK 50: Shahrukh Khan, Bollywood |url=http://www.newsweek.com/newsweek-50-shahrukh-khan-bollywood-83105 |work=[[Newsweek]] |date=19 December 2008 |access-date=24 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111701/http://www.newsweek.com/newsweek-50-shahrukh-khan-bollywood-83105 |archive-date= 2 April 2015 }}</ref><ref name="rediff.com">{{cite news|title=Sonia, SRK in Newsweek's list of 50 most powerful people |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/dec/21sonia-srk-in-newsweeks-list-of-most-powerful-people.htm |author=Shourie, Dharam |work=Rediff.com |date=21 December 2008 |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126060855/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/dec/21sonia-srk-in-newsweeks-list-of-most-powerful-people.htm |archive-date=26 November 2013 }}</ref> In 2011 he was described as "the biggest movie star you've never heard of ... perhaps the world's biggest movie star, period" by Steven Zeitchik of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''{{Efn|Although Khan has an estimated worldwide fan base exceeding one billion, the bulk of his fan base, like numerous other Bollywood stars, is in Asia and Indian diaspora communities worldwide, whereas Zeitchik was writing for an American audience in the ''Los Angeles Times''.{{sfn|Roll|2005|p=91}}}}<ref name="LAT">{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2011/11/shah-rukh-khan-ra-one-bollywood.html?track=icymi |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |title='Ra.One': Shah Rukh Khan as Bollywood superhero |author=Zeitchik, Steven |date=4 November 2011 |access-date=23 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712233934/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2011/11/shah-rukh-khan-ra-one-bollywood.html?track=icymi |archive-date=12 July 2014 }}</ref> and has been called the world's biggest movie star in other international media outlets.{{efn|name=biggest|Attributed to multiple sources<ref name="LAT" /><ref name="thetimes1">{{cite news | url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/asia-travel/india/meet-the-biggest-film-star-in-the-world-lrft5tnp3pv | title=Meet the biggest film star in the world | work=[[The Times]] | date=2 August 2013 | access-date=4 November 2015 | author=Nixey, Catherine | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117065123/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/arts/film/article3831707.ece | archive-date=17 November 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="theguardian2006" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ranisingh/2015/12/26/shah-rukh-khan-the-biggest-movie-star-in-the-world/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan – The Biggest Movie Star In The World |work=[[Forbes]] |author=Singh, Rani |date=26 December 2015 |access-date=29 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228184411/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ranisingh/2015/12/26/shah-rukh-khan-the-biggest-movie-star-in-the-world/ |archive-date=28 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shah Rukh Khan – Q&A |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/01/25/SRK.qanda/ |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=12 July 2023 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703190744/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/01/25/SRK.qanda/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="billion" />}} According to a popularity survey, 3.2 billion people around the world know Khan, more than who know [[Tom Cruise]].<ref name="billion">{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/srk-finds-better-competition-in-tom-cruise-/852082/ |title=SRK finds better competition in Tom Cruise? |work=The Indian Express |date=26 September 2011 |access-date=5 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416152548/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/srk-finds-better-competition-in-tom-cruise-/852082 |archive-date=16 April 2016 }}</ref> In a 2022 readers' poll by ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' magazine, Khan was listed as one of the 50 greatest actors of all time. The magazine attributed his success to the "outrageous amounts of [his] charisma and absolute mastery of [his] craft. Comfortable in almost every genre going, there's pretty much nothing he can't do."<ref>{{cite news|first1=Ben|last1=Travis|first2=Sophie|last2=Butcher|first3=Nick|last3=De Semlyen|first4=James|last4=Dyer|first5=John|last5=Nugent|first6=Alex|last6=Godfrey|first7=Helen|last7=O'Hara|title=Empire's 50 Greatest Actors Of All Time List, Revealed|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/best-actors/|access-date=31 January 2023|work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|date=20 December 2022|archive-date=29 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229101239/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/best-actors|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named him one of the [[Time 100|100 most influential people in the world]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2023/ |title=Time 100 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=13 April 2023 |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413151502/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and he topped the list per a readers poll.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2023 |title=Here's Who Won the 2023 TIME100 Reader Poll |url=https://time.com/6269128/shah-rukh-khan-time100-reader-poll-2023/ |access-date=13 April 2023 |magazine=Time |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413080137/https://time.com/6269128/shah-rukh-khan-time100-reader-poll-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Khan is one of the wealthiest celebrities in India, topping the ''Forbes'' India's "Celebrity 100 list" in 2012, 2013 and 2015.<ref name="forbes 100">{{cite news |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/special/shah-rukh-khan-tops-forbes-india-celebrity-100-list/34575/1 |title=Shah Rukh Khan tops Forbes India Celebrity 100 List |work=[[Forbes (India)]] |date=24 January 2013 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028180133/http://forbesindia.com/article/special/shah-rukh-khan-tops-forbes-india-celebrity-100-list/34575/1 |archive-date=28 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/2013-celebrity-100/shah-rukh-khan-tops-forbes-india-celebrity-100-list-second-time-in-a-row/36741/1 |title=Shah Rukh Khan Tops Forbes India Celebrity 100 Second Time In A Row |work=Forbes (India) |date=13 December 2013 |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706190748/http://forbesindia.com/article/2013-celebrity-100/shah-rukh-khan-tops-forbes-india-celebrity-100-list-second-time-in-a-row/36741/1 |archive-date=6 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2015 Forbes India Celebrity 100: The wheel of fame and fortune |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/2015-celebrity-100/2015-forbes-india-celebrity-100-the-wheel-of-fame-and-fortune/41719/1 |last=Ajwani |first=Deepak |work=Forbes (India) |date=11 December 2015 |access-date=12 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212143411/http://forbesindia.com/article/2015-celebrity-100/2015-forbes-india-celebrity-100-the-wheel-of-fame-and-fortune/41719/1 |archive-date=12 December 2015 }}</ref> His wealth has been estimated at US$1.4 billion.<ref name="BBC_Oct2025"/> Khan owns several properties in India and abroad, including a {{GBP|20 million|link=yes}} apartment in London,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/srk-buys-flat-for-20-million-pounds/story-4LvzYo09uKdo3Y6vVeCO8J.html |title=SRK buys flat for 20 million pounds! |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 July 2009 |access-date=4 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065456/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/srk-buys-flat-for-20-million-pounds/story-4LvzYo09uKdo3Y6vVeCO8J.html |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref> and a villa on the [[Palm Jumeirah]] in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-MUM-photos-a-look-inside-shahrukh-khans-signature-villa-in-dubai-4416495-PHO.html |title=Photos: A look inside Shahrukh Khan's Signature Villa in Dubai |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=27 October 2013 |access-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112005459/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-MUM-photos-a-look-inside-shahrukh-khans-signature-villa-in-dubai-4416495-PHO.html |archive-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> From 2023–2024, Khan ranked as the highest tax payer in India.<ref>{{cite web | last=Sistu | first=Suhas | title=SRK ranks first in tax-paying celebrities list for 2023-24 | website=HansIndia | date=6 September 2024 | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/thalapathy-vijay-ranks-second-in-tax-paying-celebrities-list-for-2023-24-904980 | access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref>

Khan frequently appears on listings of the most popular, stylish and influential people in India. He has regularly featured among the top ten on ''The Times of India''{{'}}s list of the 50 most desirable men in India,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2011-The-Winners/articleshow/11757172.cms? | title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men of 2011: The Winners | work=The Times of India | access-date=25 January 2013 | date=4 February 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705192605/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2011-The-Winners/articleshow/11757172.cms | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/50-Most-Desirable-2010/articleshow/7222829.cms? |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men of 2010 |work=The Times of India |author=Mukherjee, Madhureeta |access-date=25 January 2013 |date=6 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706222029/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/50-Most-Desirable-2010/articleshow/7222829.cms |archive-date=6 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> and in a 2007 poll by the magazine ''[[Eastern Eye]]'' he was named the sexiest man in Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shah-rukh-khan-voted-sexiest-asian-man-news-bollywood-kkfusfheahb.html |title=Shah Rukh Khan voted sexiest Asian man |website=[[Sify]] |date=24 November 2007 |access-date=10 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124234658/http://www.sify.com/movies/shah-rukh-khan-voted-sexiest-asian-man-news-bollywood-kkfusfheahb.html |archive-date=24 January 2014 }}</ref> Khan is often referred to as "Brand SRK" by media organisations because of his many brand endorsement and entrepreneurship ventures.<ref name="rediffbrands">{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/24sld1.htm |title=Brand SRK |work=Rediff.com |date=October 2005 |access-date=24 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232121/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/24sld1.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref><ref name=bsrk>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Ageing-Brand-SRK-loses-youth-connect/articleshow/13229919.cms |title=Ageing Brand SRK loses youth connect |author=Sharma, Samidha |work=The Times of India |date=18 May 2012 |access-date=20 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427180910/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Ageing-Brand-SRK-loses-youth-connect/articleshow/13229919.cms |archive-date=27 April 2016 }}</ref> He is one of the highest paid Bollywood endorsers and one of the most visible celebrities in television advertising, with up to a six per cent share of the television advertisement market.<ref name="empire">{{cite journal |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/srk-inc./story/5200.html |title=SRK Inc. |journal=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]] |date=21 February 2010 |access-date=4 February 2012 |first1=Dhiman |last1=Chattopadhyay |first2=Anusha |last2=Subramanian |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915191316/http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/srk-inc./story/5200.html |archive-date=15 September 2015 }}</ref><ref name="morebrands">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-srk-is-the-most-visible-celeb-in-tv-ads/20120201.htm |title=The Big Star Players in the Ad World |work=Rediff.com |date=1 February 2012 |access-date=5 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204113125/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-srk-is-the-most-visible-celeb-in-tv-ads/20120201.htm |archive-date= 4 February 2012 }}</ref> Khan has endorsed brands including [[Pepsi]], [[Nokia]], [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], [[Dish TV]], D'decor, [[Lux (soap)|LUX]] and [[TAG Heuer]].<ref name="morebrands" /><ref name="Brands" /> Books have been published about him,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/20061106-book-review-of-srk-still-reading-khan-by-mushtaq-sheikh-782088-2006-11-05 |title=Book review: Mushtaq Sheikh's 'SRK: Still Reading Khan' |work=India Today |author=Bamzai, Kaveree |date=6 November 2006 |access-date=10 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022042358/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/book-review-of-srk-still-reading-khan-by-mushtaq-sheikh/1/180305.html |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Face of a new India|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070805/spectrum/main5.htm|date=5 August 2007|work=The Tribune |access-date=30 January 2010|author=Kumar Sen, Ashish|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121110907/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070805/spectrum/main5.htm|archive-date=21 November 2013 }}</ref> and his popularity has been documented in several non-fiction films, including the two-part documentary ''[[The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan]]'' (2005),<ref name="world">{{cite web|last=Chhabra |first=Aseem |title=Shah Rukh's inner world |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/17srk.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=17 October 2005 |access-date=2 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318143945/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/17srk.htm |archive-date=18 March 2014 }}</ref> and the [[Discovery Travel & Living (Europe)|Discovery Travel & Living]] channel's ten-part miniseries ''Living with a Superstar{{mdash}}Shah Rukh Khan'' (2010).<ref name="empire" /> In 2007, Khan became the third Indian actor to have his wax statue installed at London's [[Madame Tussauds]] museum, after Aishwarya Rai and Amitabh Bachchan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=bollywood-star-to-be-immortalized-at-madame-tussauds-2007-01-19 |title=Bollywood star to be 'immortalized' at Madame Tussaud's |work=[[Hürriyet Daily News]] |date=19 January 2007 |access-date=10 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111052143/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=bollywood-star-to-be-immortalized-at-madame-tussauds-2007-01-19 |archive-date=11 January 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madametussauds.com/london/ourfigures/bollywoodstars/shahrukhkhan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212095859/http://www.madametussauds.com/london/ourfigures/bollywoodstars/shahrukhkhan|archive-date=12 December 2013|title=Shah Rukh Khan's wax replica at Madame Tussauds London|publisher=[[Madame Tussauds]]|date=12 April 2007|access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Additional versions of the statue were installed at Madame Tussauds' museums in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, New York and Washington.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121205/entertainment-bollywood/article/big-b-srk-ashs-wax-figures-washington-tussauds|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202030817/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/121205/entertainment-bollywood/article/big-b-srk-ashs-wax-figures-washington-tussauds|archive-date=2 December 2014|title=Big B, SRK, Aishwarya's wax figures at Washington Tussauds|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=5 December 2012|access-date=12 June 2014}}</ref>

Khan has been brand ambassador of various governmental campaigns, including [[Pulse Polio]] and the [[National AIDS Control Organisation]].<ref name="Brands">{{cite web|author=Hetal Adesara |url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/shah-rukh-khans-brand-power/16560 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's brand power |publisher=Business of Cinema |date=2 November 2006 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027061325/http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/shah-rukh-khans-brand-power/16560 |archive-date=27 October 2014 }}</ref> He is a member of the board of directors of the [[Make-A-Wish Foundation]] in India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jim-luce/yale-honors-incredible-in_b_1422960.html |title=Yale Honors Incredible Indian Actor-Activist Shah Rukh Khan |author=Luce, Jim |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |date=13 April 2012 |access-date=4 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104184909/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jim-luce/yale-honors-incredible-in_b_1422960.html |archive-date= 4 January 2015 }}</ref> and in 2011 he was appointed by [[UNOPS]] as the first global ambassador of the [[Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Pisharoty, Sangeeta Barooah |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/time-we-talk-about-sanitation/article2543188.ece |title=Time we talk about sanitation |work=The Hindu |date=16 October 2011 |access-date=13 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130192432/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/time-we-talk-about-sanitation/article2543188.ece |archive-date=30 November 2016 }}</ref> He has recorded a series of public service announcements championing good health and proper nutrition, and joined India's Health Ministry and [[UNICEF]] in a nationwide child immunisation campaign.<ref name=ihr>{{cite news |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=55866 |title=Now, Shah Rukh will endorse good health |author=Rashid, Toufiq |work=The Indian Express |date=5 October 2005 |access-date=12 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101102506/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=55866 |archive-date=1 November 2013 }}</ref> In 2011, he received [[UNESCO]]'s Pyramide con Marni award for his charitable commitment to provide education for children, becoming the first Indian to win the accolade.<ref name="Pyramide">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khans-big-honour/articleshow/10803625.cms?|title=Shah Rukh Khan's big honour|date=21 November 2011|work=The Times of India|access-date=13 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224025201/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khans-big-honour/articleshow/10803625.cms|archive-date=24 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, Khan became the ambassador for Interpol's campaign "Turn Back Crime".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News/2014/N2014-155 |title=Shah Rukh Khan becomes INTERPOL Turn Back Crime Ambassador |publisher=Interpol |date=27 August 2014 |access-date=27 March 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606051411/http://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News/2014/N2014-155 |archive-date=6 June 2015 }}</ref> In 2015, Khan received a privileged degree from the [[University of Edinburgh]], Scotland.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-all-set-to-deliver-lecture-on-life-lessons-at-university-of-edinburgh/ |title=At the University of Edinburgh, Shah Rukh Khan is 'a doctor all over again' |work=The Indian Express |date=16 October 2015 |access-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140820/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-all-set-to-deliver-lecture-on-life-lessons-at-university-of-edinburgh/ |archive-date=16 October 2015 }}</ref> In 2018, Khan was honoured by the [[World Economic Forum]] with their annual Crystal Award for his leadership in championing children's and women's rights in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/01/meet-the-2018-crystal-awardees |title=Davos 2018: Meet the Crystal Award winners |publisher=World Economic Forum |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=24 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119201428/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/01/meet-the-2018-crystal-awardees/ |archive-date=19 January 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-world-economic-forum-photos-videos-5035475/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan receives Crystal Award at World Economic Forum, thanks wife, mom and daughter for his values |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=23 January 2018 |access-date=24 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123104300/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-world-economic-forum-photos-videos-5035475/ |archive-date=23 January 2018 }}</ref>

In October 2019, Khan featured in a video launched by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] to pay tribute to [[Mahatma Gandhi]] on his 150th birth anniversary. The preview of the video, which took place on 20 October 2019 at [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|PMO]], was attended by Khan, along with [[Aamir Khan]], [[Kangana Ranaut]], [[Rajkumar Hirani]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Sonam Kapoor]], [[Ekta Kapoor]], [[Varun Sharma]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Kapil Sharma]], and many other dignitaries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aamir Khan, Shah Rukh Khan In Frame, PM Tweets Video After Meeting Film Stars |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aamir-khan-shah-rukh-khan-in-frame-pm-tweets-video-after-meeting-film-stars-2119627 |work=NDTV |agency=PTI |date=20 October 2019 |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=18 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218212357/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aamir-khan-shah-rukh-khan-in-frame-pm-tweets-video-after-meeting-film-stars-2119627 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=SRK-Salman to Alia-Ranbir, Bollywood pays tribute to Mahatma Gandhi. Watch video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/srk-salman-to-alia-ranbir-bollywood-pays-tribute-to-mahatma-gandhi-watch-video-1611163-2019-10-20 |magazine=India Today |date=24 March 2022 |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=18 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218212358/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/srk-salman-to-alia-ranbir-bollywood-pays-tribute-to-mahatma-gandhi-watch-video-1611163-2019-10-20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFQVq4PHcQY |title= PM Narendra Modi's interaction with film fraternity on Mahatma Gandhi 150th birth anniversary |publisher= Narendra Modi |website= YouTube |date= 22 October 2019 |access-date= 20 February 2024 |archive-date= 18 February 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240218212358/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFQVq4PHcQY |url-status= live }}</ref> Khan's distinctive voice and mannerisms have inspired many imitators and voice actors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Amit |date=27 December 2010 |title=When celebrities seek copyrights |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/when-celebrities-seek-copyrights/729569/ |work=Financial Express |access-date=17 May 2024 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517055755/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/when-celebrities-seek-copyrights/729569/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the Hindi-dubbed version of the cartoon series ''[[Oggy and the Cockroaches]]'', Saurav Chakrabarti emulates Khan's voice for the character Oggy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Their toons, our talk |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/their-toons-our-talk/cid/1669430 |work=The Telegraph |date=10 May 2014 |access-date=17 May 2024 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517055759/https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/their-toons-our-talk/cid/1669430 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2020, Khan announced a series of initiatives to help the government of India and the state governments of Maharashtra, West Bengal, and Delhi mitigate the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] as well as relief measures for thousands of underprivileged people and daily wage labourers affected by the [[2020 coronavirus lockdown in India|lockdown]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/covid-19-shah-rukh-announces-series-of-initiatives-to-help-citizens/articleshow/74954418.cms|title=COVID-19: Shah Rukh Khan announces series of initiatives to help citizens|work=The Economic Times|date=4 April 2020|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-date=19 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419112901/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/covid-19-shah-rukh-announces-series-of-initiatives-to-help-citizens/articleshow/74954418.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shah-rukh-khan-joins-covid-19-fight-with-series-of-initiatives-raat-ke-baad-naye-din-ki-sahar-aayegi-1662647-2020-04-02|title=Shah Rukh Khan joins Covid-19 fight with series of initiatives: Raat ke baad naye din ki sahar aayegi|work=India Today|date=2 April 2020|access-date=22 April 2020 |archive-date=10 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410063200/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shah-rukh-khan-joins-covid-19-fight-with-series-of-initiatives-raat-ke-baad-naye-din-ki-sahar-aayegi-1662647-2020-04-02|url-status=live}}</ref> He offered his 4-storey personal office space to the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] to be used as a quarantine centre for coronavirus patients.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 April 2020|title=Shah Rukh Khan offers his office to BMC quarantine facility for treating coronavirus patients|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shah-rukh-khan-offers-his-office-to-bmc-quarantine-facility-for-treating-coronavirus-patients/article31256328.ece|access-date=7 July 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184851/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shah-rukh-khan-offers-his-office-to-bmc-quarantine-facility-for-treating-coronavirus-patients/article31256328.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 5 May 2025, Khan attended the [[Met Gala]] in [[Manhattan]], becoming the first Bollywood male actor to do so and making his debut appearance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/05/style/shah-rukh-khan-met-gala-2025-sabyasachi-mukherjee.html |title=Shah Rukh Khan, and His Jeweled Tiger's Head, Make Their Met Debut|work=The New York Times |last1=Trebay |first1=Guy |date=5 May 2025 }}</ref> His outfit was designed by fashion designer [[Sabyasachi Mukherjee]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/05/style/shah-rukh-khan-met-gala-debut-cec|title= Shah Rukh Khan makes Met Gala debut in Sabyasachi|website= [[CNN]]|date= 6 May 2025}}</ref>

== Awards and recognitions ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Shah Rukh Khan}}

Khan is one of the most decorated Bollywood actors.<ref name="toi-awards" /> He has received 14 [[Filmfare Awards]] from 30nominations and special awards,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059557.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216091000/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059557.cms|archive-date=16 December 2014 |title=B'day Special: Shah Rukh Khan (p. 8)|work=The Times of India |access-date=16 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|name=ffan|Awards in certain categories come without a prior nomination.}} including winning eight for Best Actor; he is tied for the most in this category with [[Dilip Kumar]].<ref name="FF8" /> Khan has won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] for his performances in ''[[Baazigar]]'' (1993), {{lang|hi-latn|[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]}} (1995), ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]'' (1997), ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998), ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' (2002), ''[[Swades]]'' (2004), ''[[Chak De! India]]'' (2007) and ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' (2010).<ref name="FFAwardsPDF" /> He also won the [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role]] in 2025 for his performance in [[Jawan (film)|''Jawan'']].<ref name=":4" />

Khan was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2005.<ref name="toi-awards" /> The [[Government of France]] has awarded him both the [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Order of Arts and Letters]] (2007),<ref>{{cite news|work=The Times of India|title=SRK gets France's top culture award|date=13 June 2007|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/SRK-gets-Frances-top-culture-award/articleshow/2118462.cms?|access-date=27 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311101618/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/SRK-gets-Frances-top-culture-award/articleshow/2118462.cms|archive-date=11 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and the fifth degree of the French [[Legion of Honour]], ''Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur'' (2014).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-conferred-with-top-french-civillian-award/article1-1235777.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813111436/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-conferred-with-top-french-civillian-award/article1-1235777.aspx|archive-date=13 August 2014|title=Shahrukh Khan awarded highest French civilian honour|work=Hindustan Times|date=2 July 2014|access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Khan has received five honorary doctorates; the first from The [[University of Bedfordshire]] in 2009,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8145945.stm|title=Shah Rukh honoured to be Dr Khan|work=BBC|date=11 July 2009|access-date=1 July 2019|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203546/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8145945.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> the second from The [[University of Edinburgh]] in 2015,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/entertainment-arts-34543469|title=Shah Rukh Khan given honorary doctorate by University of Edinburgh|work=BBC|date=16 October 2015|access-date=1 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702133025/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/entertainment-arts-34543469/shah-rukh-khan-given-honorary-doctorate-by-university-of-edinburgh|archive-date=2 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> the third from [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] in 2016,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shah-rukh-khan-honorary-doctorate-urdu-maulana-azad-national-urdu-university-photos-359571-2016-12-26 |title=SEE PICS: Shah Rukh Khan receives honorary doctorate for promoting Urdu |date=26 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418001341/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/shah-rukh-khan-honorary-doctorate-urdu-maulana-azad-national-urdu-university-photos/1/843004.html |archive-date=18 April 2017 }}</ref> and his latest from The [[University of Law]] and [[La Trobe University]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-thanks-the-university-of-law-for-awarding-him-with-an-honorary-doctorate/articleshow/68732882.cms|title=Shah Rukh Khan thanks the University of Law for awarding him with an honorary doctorate|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 April 2019|access-date=1 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510190542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-thanks-the-university-of-law-for-awarding-him-with-an-honorary-doctorate/articleshow/68732882.cms|archive-date=10 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/aug/09/bollywood-comes-to-melbourne-as-shah-rukh-khan-given-honorary-doctorate|title=Bollywood comes to Melbourne as Shah Rukh Khan given honorary doctorate|work=The Guardian|date=9 August 2019|access-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809230738/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/aug/09/bollywood-comes-to-melbourne-as-shah-rukh-khan-given-honorary-doctorate|archive-date=9 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Shahrukh Khan and Gauri at 'The Outsider' launch party.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Khan with his wife [[Gauri Khan|Gauri]] in 2012|alt=Shah Rukh Khan standing beside his wife Gauri at a party in 2012]]
Khan married [[Gauri Khan|Gauri Chibber]], a [[Punjabi Hindu]], in a traditional Hindu wedding ceremony on 25 October 1991, after a six-year courtship.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059326.cms |title=B'day Special: Shah Rukh Khan (p. 16) |work=The Times of India |access-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109191757/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059326.cms |archive-date=9 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/valentinesday/famous-inter-religious-marriages?page=3|title=Famous inter-religious marriages|date=30 January 2014|publisher=[[MSN]]|access-date=25 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703032243/http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/valentinesday/famous-inter-religious-marriages?page=3|archive-date=3 July 2014}}</ref> They have a son [[Aryan Khan|Aryan]] (born 1997)<ref>{{Citation|last=Dharma Productions|title=Reunion of the Kuch Kuch Hota Hai cast {{!}} Karan Johar {{!}} Shah Rukh Khan {{!}} Kajol {{!}} Rani|date=17 October 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTVpVbESfbE&t=27m55s|access-date=6 December 2018|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203539/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTVpVbESfbE&t=27m55s|url-status=live}}</ref> and a daughter [[Suhana Khan|Suhana]] (born 2000).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/may/23shahruk.htm|title=rediff.com: Shah Rukh has a new(born) heroine in his life|website=m.rediff.com|access-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018044736/https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/may/23shahruk.htm|archive-date=18 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2013, they became parents of a third child named AbRam,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shah-rukh-khan-brings-baby-abram-home-denies-sex-determination-test-1859143 |title=Shah Rukh Khan brings baby AbRam home, denies sex determination test |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=9 July 2013 |access-date=23 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204173828/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shah-rukh-khan-brings-baby-abram-home-denies-sex-determination-test-1859143 |archive-date= 4 December 2013}}</ref> who was born through a surrogate mother.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shah-rukh-khan-gauri-blessed-with-a-baby-boy/1137115/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Gauri blessed with a baby boy |work=[[The Indian Express]] |author=Sharma, Sarika |date=3 July 2013 |access-date=23 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905122414/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shah-rukh-khan-gauri-blessed-with-a-baby-boy/1137115/ |archive-date= 5 September 2014 }}</ref> Both his elder children have made their debut in the entertainment industry; Khan has stated that Aryan studied filmmaking at the [[USC School of Cinematic Arts]] in [[California]], co-wrote and directed a Netflix series called ''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/shah-rukh-khan-feels-that-karan-johar-will-launch-aryan-khan-but-not-as-a-hero-details-inside/332260|title=Shah Rukh Khan feels that Karan Johar will launch Aryan Khan, but not as a HERO – details inside|website=Times Now|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|access-date=31 December 2018|date=17 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092404/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/shah-rukh-khan-feels-that-karan-johar-will-launch-aryan-khan-but-not-as-a-hero-details-inside/332260|archive-date=31 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/this-video-of-shah-rukh-khans-son-aryan-khan-giving-money-to-a-beggar-is-going-viral-watch/266558|title=This video of Shah Rukh Khan's son Aryan Khan giving money to a beggar is going viral – watch{{!}}|website=Times Now|publisher=The Times Group|date=8 August 2018|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043130/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/this-video-of-shah-rukh-khans-son-aryan-khan-giving-money-to-a-beggar-is-going-viral-watch/266558|archive-date=31 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> while Suhana, who served as assistant director for Khan's film ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]'' (2018), has studied drama and acting at [[New York University Tisch School of the Arts|NYU's Tisch School of the Arts]]. She made her debut in the Netflix ''[[The Archies (film)|The Archies]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/151218/suhana-has-to-learn-the-craft-before-thinking-of-acting-shah-rukh-kha.html|title=Suhana has to learn the craft before thinking of acting: Shah Rukh Khan|last=Varma|first=Lipika|date=15 December 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102095716/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/151218/suhana-has-to-learn-the-craft-before-thinking-of-acting-shah-rukh-kha.html|archive-date=2 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-from-deewana-to-zero-shah-rukh-khan-s-daughter-suhana-takes-cues-from-superstar-s-films-for-her-bollywood-debut-2781636|title=From 'Deewana' to 'Zero', Shah Rukh Khan's daughter Suhana takes cues from superstar's films for her Bollywood debut|date=14 August 2019|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814065814/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-from-deewana-to-zero-shah-rukh-khan-s-daughter-suhana-takes-cues-from-superstar-s-films-for-her-bollywood-debut-2781636|archive-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Suhana made her acting debut in November 2019, in a short film titled ''The Grey Part of Blue''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/suhana-khan-s-acting-debut-the-grey-part-of-blue-is-out-fans-say-magnetic-screen-presence-watch-video/story-E6zNbz2tDceiqXWlMXMZ0N.html|title=Suhana Khan's acting debut The Grey Part of Blue is out, fans say she has 'magnetic screen presence'. Watch video|date=18 November 2019|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=18 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118111059/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/suhana-khan-s-acting-debut-the-grey-part-of-blue-is-out-fans-say-magnetic-screen-presence-watch-video/story-E6zNbz2tDceiqXWlMXMZ0N.html|archive-date=18 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Khan, while he strongly believes in [[Islam]], he also values his wife's religion. His children follow both religions; at his home the [[Qur'an]] is situated next to the [[murti]] of [[Hindu]] deities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4274774.stm |title=Who's the real Shah Rukh Khan? |author=Zubair Ahmed |work=BBC News |date=23 September 2005 |access-date=26 August 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126235323/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4274774.stm |archive-date=26 January 2009 }}</ref>

Although Khan was given the birth name Shahrukh Khan, he prefers his name to be written as Shah Rukh Khan, and is commonly referred to by the initialism SRK.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine |last=James |first=Randy |date=18 August 2009 |title=2-Min. Bio: Bollywood Star Shah Rukh Khan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1917090,00.html |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111235225/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0%2C8599%2C1917090%2C00.html |archive-date=11 November 2013 |access-date=15 December 2011}}</ref>

In addition to his family life, Khan has been the subject of media speculation regarding his alleged relationship with actress Priyanka Chopra. Rumours of an affair between the two circulated widely in the early 2010s, though both actors publicly dismissed or avoided comment on the subject.<ref>{{cite news |title=When Shah Rukh Khan and Priyanka Chopra addressed their affair rumours publicly: 'Main Bandra se guzarti hoon toh log likhte hai ki hum chupke milte hai' |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/when-shah-rukh-khan-and-priyanka-chopra-addressed-their-affair-rumours-publicly-main-bandra-se-guzarti-hoon-toh-log-likhte-hai-ki-hum-chupke-milte-hai-article-12865814.html |work=Moneycontrol |date=25 April 2024 |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref> In 2025, advertising professional Prahlad Kakkar suggested that Chopra had regarded the alleged affair as "serious and personal," while also noting her decision not to address the rumours publicly.<ref name=indianexpress2025>{{cite news |title='For Priyanka Chopra, the affair wasn't frivolous; it was serious, it was personal': Prahlad Kakkar praises PC for maintaining her dignity |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-shah-rukh-khan-affair-wasnt-frivolous-it-was-serious-prahlad-kakkar-10254816/lite/ |work=The Indian Express |date=17 September 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref> Friends of Khan, including film producer Vivek Vaswani, have dismissed such reports, describing him as "a one-woman man" devoted to his wife.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vivek Vaswani dismisses rumours of Shah Rukh Khan's relationship with Priyanka Chopra, calls him a 'one woman man' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vivek-vaswani-dismisses-rumours-of-shah-rukh-khans-relationship-with-priyanka-chopra-karan-johar-calls-him-a-one-woman-man/articleshow/107915529.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 February 2024 |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref> No confirmation of a romantic relationship between Khan and Chopra has ever been made by either party.<ref name=indianexpress2025 />

As of October 2025, Khan has a net worth of $1.4 billion.<ref name="BBC_Oct2025">{{cite news |last1=Mollan |first1=Cherylann |date=2 October 2025 |title=Shah Rukh Khan: Bollywood superstar enters the billionaire club |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1ed21d5ezno |work=BBC |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Khans of Bollywood]]
* [[List of awards and nominations received by Shah Rukh Khan]]

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|26em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bharat|first1=Meenakshi|last2=Kumar|first2=Nirmal|title=Filming the Line of Control: The Indo-Pak Relationship Through the Cinematic Lens|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zE6ndYKml0C&pg=PA43|date=27 April 2012|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-136-51605-4|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626213638/https://books.google.com/books?id=3zE6ndYKml0C&pg=PA43|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Bose |first=Derek |author1-link=Derek Bose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wv_mmculJ8kC&pg=PA34 |title=Everybody Wants a Hit: 10 Mantras of Success in Bollywood Cinema |publisher=[[Jaico Publishing House]] |date=1 January 2006 |isbn=978-81-7992-558-4 |access-date=15 July 2016 |archive-date=30 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230074754/https://books.google.com/books?id=wv_mmculJ8kC&pg=PA34 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Anjana Motihar|title=India Condensed: 5,000 Years of History & Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7-IAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128|date=15 July 2008|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd]]|isbn=978-981-261-975-4|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230062924/https://books.google.com/books?id=b7-IAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|author1-link=Anupama Chopra|title=King of Bollywood: Shah Rukh Khan and the Seductive World of Indian Cinema|title-link=King of Bollywood: Shah Rukh Khan and the Seductive World of Indian Cinema|date=2007|publisher=[[Grand Central Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-446-50898-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Ciecko|first=Anne Tereska|title=Contemporary Asian Cinema: Popular Culture in a Global Frame|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_PmysZli1cC&pg=PA142|year=2006|publisher=[[Berg Publishers]]|isbn=978-1-84520-237-8|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230074122/https://books.google.com/books?id=9_PmysZli1cC&pg=PA142|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dalmia|first1=Vasudha|last2=Sadana|first2=Rashmi|title=The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hyIWIe4T0YC&pg=PA180|date=5 April 2012|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-139-82546-7|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=4 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704214411/https://books.google.com/books?id=1hyIWIe4T0YC&pg=PA180|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gehlawat |first1=Ajay |title=Stardom in contemporary Hindi cinema: celebrity and fame in globalized times |year=2020 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Singapore |isbn=9789811501913 |pages=89–104 |chapter=Having It Both Ways: The Janus-Like Career of Kareena Kapoor}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gulazāra|last2=Nihalani|first2=Govind|last3=Chatterjee|first3=Saibal|author1-link=Gulzar|author2-link=Govind Nihalani|author3-link=Saibal Chatterjee|title=[[Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema]]|year=2003|publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]]|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Hirji|first=Faiza|title=Dreaming in Canadian: South Asian Youth, Bollywood, and Belonging|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3VvKZuI_0UC&pg=PA110|date=27 October 2010|publisher=[[UBC Press]]|isbn=978-0-7748-5971-4|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=19 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119080219/https://books.google.com/books?id=A3VvKZuI_0UC&pg=PA110|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Mehta|first1=Rini Bhattacharya|last2=Pandharipande|first2=Rajeshwari V.|title=Bollywood and Globalization: Indian Popular Cinema, Nation, and Diaspora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7BD142N_gIC&pg=PA151|date=1 June 2011|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-0-85728-897-4|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230073815/https://books.google.com/books?id=B7BD142N_gIC&pg=PA151|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=O'Brien|first=Derek|author1-link=Derek O'Brien (politician)|title=Derek Introduces: 100 Iconic Indians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMOeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT217|year=2014|publisher=[[Rupa Publications]]|isbn=978-81-291-3413-4|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230073818/https://books.google.com/books?id=YMOeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT217|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Patel|first=Bhaichand|title=Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQL4dkVAnPIC&pg=PA253|year=2012|publisher=[[Penguin Books India]]|isbn=978-0-670-08572-9|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230074030/https://books.google.com/books?id=RQL4dkVAnPIC&pg=PA253|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Raj|first=Ashok|title=Hero Vol.2, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT143|date=1 November 2009|publisher=[[Hay House]], Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-03-6|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230075920/https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT143|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Roll|first=Martin|author1-link=Martin Roll|title=Asian Brand Strategy: How Asia Builds Strong Brands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrO3O0h6I0wC&pg=PA91|date=17 October 2005|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-0-230-51306-8|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230121233/https://books.google.com/books?id=VrO3O0h6I0wC&pg=PA91|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Teo|first=Stephen|title=The Asian Cinematic Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1H9mdj4mViAC&pg=PA125|date=26 April 2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-136-29609-3|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811135508/https://books.google.com/books?id=1H9mdj4mViAC&pg=PA125|url-status=live}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last1=Shiekh |first1=Mushtaq |author1-link=Mushtaq Shiekh |title=[[Still Reading Khan]] |date=2006 |publisher=Om Books International |isbn=978-81-871077-9-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Shiekh |first1=Mushtaq |title=Shah Rukh Can |date=2007|publisher=Om Books International |isbn=978-81-87108-26-9}}

== External links ==

* {{Twitter}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Shah Rukh Khan}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Awards received by Shah Rukh Khan
| list =
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Pallikaranai Marsh

2026-03-11T07:08:34Z

Babakigadi123:

{{Short description|Freshwater marsh in the city of Chennai, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Pallikaranai Marsh
| image = Pallikaranai Marsh Residential Complex Sholinganallur Apr22 D72 23210.jpg
| caption = Pallikaranai Marsh at [[Sholinganallur]]
| alt = View of Pallikaranai Marsh
| image_bathymetry =
|pushpin_map=India Chennai
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of the marsh within Chennai
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Pallikaranai]], [[Chennai]], India
| coords = {{coord|12|56|15.72|N|80|12|55.08|E|region:BO_type:waterbody_source:dewiki|display=inline,title}}
| lake_type = [[Wetland]]
| inflow =
| outflow =
| catchment = {{convert|235|km2|abbr=on}}
| basin_countries = India
| length = {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}}
| area = {{convert|80|km2|abbr=on}}
| depth =
| max-depth =
| volume = {{convert|9|km3|abbr=on}}
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation = {{convert|5|m|abbr=on}}
| islands =
| cities = Chennai
| embedded = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Pallikaranai Marsh Reserve Forest
| designation1_date = 8 April 2022
| designation1_number = 2481<ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Pallikaranai Marsh Reserve Forest|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2481|access-date=7 August 2022}}</ref>}}
}}

'''Pallikaranai Marsh''' is a freshwater [[marsh]] in the city of [[Chennai]], [[India]]. It is situated adjacent to the [[Bay of Bengal]], about {{Convert|20|km}} south of the city centre, and has a geographical area of {{Convert|80|km2}}. Pallikaranai marshland is the only surviving [[wetland|wetland ecosystem]] of the city and is among the few and last remaining natural wetlands of [[South India]].<ref name="DeclaringAsRamsarSite">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2344393.ece|title=Forest Department makes first move to get Pallikaranai marsh declared Ramsar site|year=2011|work=The Hindu|access-date=28 September 2011}}</ref> It is one of the 94 identified wetlands under National Wetland Conservation and Management Programme (NWCMP) operationalised by the [[Government of India]] in 1985–86 and one of the three in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], the other two being [[Point Calimere]] and [[Kazhuveli]]. It is also one of the prioritised wetlands of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite journal
|title = Wetlands
|journal = ENVIS Newsletter
|volume = 7
|issue = 4
|pages = 1–8
|publisher = Department of Environment, Government of Tamil Nadu
|location = Chennai
|date = March 2011
|url = http://www.tnenvis.nic.in/PDF/WET.pdf
|issn = 0974-133X
|access-date = 23 October 2011
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120321122516/http://www.tnenvis.nic.in/PDF/WET.pdf
|archive-date = 21 March 2012
}}</ref> The [[topography]] of the marsh is such that it always retains some storage, thus forming an [[aquatic ecosystem]]. A project on 'Inland Wetlands of India' commissioned by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, [[Government of India]] had prioritised Pallikaranai marsh as one of the most significant wetlands of the country.<ref name="ManagementPlan">{{cite web
| title = Management Plan—Conservation of Pallikaranai Marsh
| publisher = nammapallikaranai.org
| url = http://nammapallikaranai.org/management-plan/
| access-date = 1 September 2011}}</ref> The marsh contains several rare or endangered and threatened species and acts as a forage and breeding ground for thousands of migratory birds from various places within and outside the country. The number of bird species sighted in the wetland is significantly higher than the number at [[Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary]].<ref name="PallikaranaiInMakeoverMode"/>

Indiscriminate dumping of toxic solid waste along the road, discharge of sewage, and construction of buildings, railway stations and a new roads to connect [[Rajiv Gandhi Salai|Old Mahabhalipuram Road]] and [[Pallavaram]] have significantly reduced the wetland. In 2007, as an effort to protect the remaining wetland from shrinking further, the undeveloped areas in the region were notified as a [[reserve forest]].<ref name="CPREEC">{{cite web|url=http://cpreec.org/pubbook-conservation.htm|title=Pallikaranai swamp|year=2007|work=Conservation of Wetlands, Wetlands of Chennai|publisher=C.P.Ramaswami Environmental Education Centre|access-date=24 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Oppili
| first = P.
| title = Restoration eluding Pallikaranai marsh
| location = Chennai
| date = 13 April 2009
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/13/stories/2009041357770100.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090416133251/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/13/stories/2009041357770100.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 16 April 2009
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 23 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Manikandan
| first = K.
| title = Major part of marshland now reserve forest area
| location = Chennai
| date = 21 April 2007
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/21/stories/2007042117590100.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070427152418/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/21/stories/2007042117590100.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 27 April 2007
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 7 December 2011}}</ref> A 2018 study showed that about 60 percent of the native species in the wetland, including [[hoorahgrass]] (''[[Fimbristylis]]''), [[dwarf copperleaf]] or ''Ponnanganni keerai'' (''[[Alternanthera sessilis]]''), [[Floating lace|floating lace plant]] or ''kottikizhangu'' (''[[Aponogeton natans]]''), [[Wild rice|wild paddy]] (''[[Oryza rufipogon]]''), [[crested floating heart]] (''[[Nymphoides]]''), and nut grass (''[[Cyperus]]''), have been replaced by invasive species.<ref name="CityTreeCover">{{cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = Indigenous flora in city wetlands under threat
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 20 January 2019
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/indigenous-flora-in-city-wetlands-under-threat/article26039519.ece
| access-date = 3 February 2019}}</ref>

==Location and ecology==
The marshland is located along the [[Coromandel Coast]] south of the [[Adyar River|Adyar Estuary]], serving as an aquatic buffer of the flood-prone [[Chennai district|Chennai]] and [[Chengalpattu district]]s.<ref name="DT_RasmarSir"/> It is surrounded by the expressway of [[Rajiv Gandhi Salai|Old Mahabalipuram Road]] and the residential areas of [[Perungudi]], [[Siruseri]], [[Pallikaranai]], [[Madipakkam, Chennai|Madipakkam]], [[Velachery]] and [[Taramani]]. An extensive low-lying area covered by a mosaic of aquatic grass species, scrub, marsh, and water-logged depressions, it is connected to 31 different water bodies, all of which release surplus water into the marsh during the monsoons. It has a catchment of {{Convert|235|km2}} that includes the urban sprawls of [[Velachery]], [[Pallikaranai]] and Navalur. The terrain of the area is generally plain with an average altitude of about {{Convert|5|m}} above [[mean sea level]]. It receives an annual rainfall of {{Convert|1300|mm}}, mostly during the [[northeast monsoon]] (September–November), but also during the [[southwest monsoon]] (June–August). Temperature ranges from {{Convert|35|to|42|C|F}} during the summer, and from {{Convert|25|to|34|C|F}} in the winter. A large part of the southern region of Chennai was historically a flood plain as evidenced by the soil type of the region, which is described as recent [[alluvium]] and [[granite]] [[gneiss]]. The entire landscape comprises a coastal plain with intermittent and overlapping habitat types of cultivated land, wetlands and scrub forests. The wetlands comprises a large marsh (the Pallikaranai marsh), smaller satellite wetlands, large tracts of pastureland and patches of dry forests. The marsh has been cut into two for a road with no free flow underneath.<ref name="ChennaisEcoSpots">{{cite news
| last = Padmanabhan
| first = Geeta
| title = Chennai's eco spots
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 9 January 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/leisure/article2787737.ece
| access-date = 9 January 2012}}</ref> Spread over {{Convert|50|km2}} at the time of [[Partition of India|Independence]] in the 1940s, about 90% of the wetland was lost as the city expanded and it continued shrinking at an alarming rate. The marshland has shrunk over the last four decades following the creation of residential areas around it, including [[Perungudi]], [[Siruseri]], [[Pallikaranai]], [[Madipakkam, Chennai|Madipakkam]], [[Taramani]] and [[Velachery]].<ref name="HandingOverOfLandForRestoration"/> Nearly a decade ago, about 120 species of birds were sighted at the marsh. However, their population has sharply decreased now due to various ecological disturbances in the region. The original expanse of the marsh in 1965 was about {{Convert|5500|ha}}.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Pallikaranai marsh has shrunk to a tenth of its size since 1965: Amicus Curiae
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages = 2
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 20 August 2019
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/pallikaranai-marsh-has-shrunk-to-a-tenth-of-its-size-in-1965-amicus-curiae/article29164755.ece
| access-date = 28 December 2019}}</ref> The expanse estimated on the basis of the Survey of India toposheet of 1972 and aerial photographs (Corona) of 1965 was about {{Convert|900|ha}}, which has shrunk to about {{Convert|600|ha}}.<ref name="ManagementPlan"/><ref name="ManagementPlanLikely">{{cite news
| last = Sreevatsan
| first = Ajai
| title = Pallikaranai marshland management plan likely
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 3 May 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article1986369.ece
| access-date = 23 October 2011}}</ref> As of 2021, the marsh extends up to Sholinganallur Road, covering an area of 695.85 hectares.<ref name="DT_RasmarSir"/><ref name="TOI_EcoPark"/>

[[File:FulvousWhistlingDuck-Pallikaranai.jpg|thumb|Rare [[fulvous whistling duck]]s at Pallikaranai marsh]]
[[File:Porphyrio poliocephalus - Pallikaranai wetland.jpg|thumb|A [[purple swamphen]] in the marshland]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em"
|-
! Group
! Number of species
|-
| Plants || 114
|-
| Birds || 115
|-
| [[Mammal]]s || 10
|-
| Reptiles || 21
|-
| [[Fish]]es || 46
|-
| [[Amphibian]]s || 10
|-
| [[Molluscs]] || 9
|-
| [[Crustacean]]s || 5
|-
| [[Butterfly|Butterflies]] || 7
|- class="sortbottom"
| Total || 337
|}

Excess rainwater is drained into the sea through a [[channel (geography)|channel]] called the ''Oggiyam Madavu'', a contiguous portion of the marsh at [[Thoraipakkam|Oggiyam Thorapakkam]] draining into the Buckingham Canal, which in turn discharges into the [[Covelong|Kovalam]] [[estuary]]. Locally known as ''Kazhiveli'' (a generic [[Tamil language|Tamil]] name for marshes and swamps), the marsh drained about {{Convert|250|km2}}, through two outlets, namely, the Okkiyam Madavu and the Kovalam [[stream|creek]]. Remnant forests can be observed within the [[Theosophical Society]] campus, [[Guindy National Park]]–[[IIT Madras|IIT]] complex and the [[Nanmangalam Reserve Forest]].
[[File:Spot-billed pelicans on overhead lines, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (2017).jpg|thumb|Hundreds of [[Spot-billed pelican]]s congregating during dawn on high tension cables in Pallikaranai Wetland, Chennai.]]
The heterogeneous ecosystem of the marshland supports about 337 species of floras and faunas.<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Vencatesan
| first = Jayshree
| title = Protecting wetlands
| journal = Current Science
| volume = 93
| issue = 3
| pages = 288–290
| date = 10 August 2007
| url = http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug102007/288.pdf
| access-date = 23 October 2011}}</ref> Of the faunal groups, birds, fishes and reptiles are the most prominent. Pallikaranai marsh is home to 115 species of birds, 10 species of [[mammal]]s, 21 species of reptiles, 10 species of [[amphibian]]s, 46 species of [[fishes]], 9 species of [[mollusca]]ns, 5 species of [[crustacean]]s, and 7 species of [[butterflies]]. About 114 species of plants are found in the wetland including 29 species of grass. These plant species include some exotic floating vegetation such as [[water hyacinth]] and [[water lettuce]], which are less extensive now and highly localised.<ref name="DeclaringAsRamsarSite"/> The region has a bird bio-diversity about 4 times that of [[Vedanthangal]]. It is also home to some of the most endangered reptiles such as the [[Russell's viper]] and birds such as the [[glossy ibis]], [[grey-headed lapwing]]s<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ramanan
| first = Revathi
| title = Rare grey-headed lapwing spotted in Pallikaranai marsh
| location = Chennai
| date = 28 February 2011
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-28/chennai/28641881_1_lapwing-rare-bird-pallikaranai-marsh
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120925061144/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-28/chennai/28641881_1_lapwing-rare-bird-pallikaranai-marsh
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 25 September 2012
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 23 October 2011}}</ref> and [[pheasant-tailed jacana]]. [[Cormorants]], [[darters]], [[herons]], [[egrets]], [[Asian openbill|open-billed storks]], [[spoonbills]], [[white ibis]], [[little grebe]], [[moorhen|Indian moorhen]], [[black-winged stilt]]s, [[purple swamphen|purple moorhens]], [[warblers]], [[coots]] and [[little grebe|dabchicks]] have been spotted in large numbers in the marshland.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Janardhanan
| first = Arun
| title = Fire at Pallikaranai marsh sparks calls for handing it over to forest dept
| location = Chennai
| date = 20 March 2011
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-20/chennai/29148369_1_bird-sanctuary-ranjit-daniels-pallikaranai-marsh
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110908071250/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-20/chennai/29148369_1_bird-sanctuary-ranjit-daniels-pallikaranai-marsh
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 8 September 2011
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 23 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last = Raj
| title = Consolidated checklist of birds in the Pallikaranai Wetlands, Chennai, India
| journal = Journal of Threatened Taxa
| volume = 2
| issue = 8
| pages = 1114–1118
| date = July 2010
| url = http://threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2010/July/o222026vii101114-1118.pdf
| issn = 0974-7907
| doi =10.11609/jott.o2220.1114-8
| access-date = 23 October 2011|display-authors=etal| doi-access = free
}}</ref> The marsh has also had the distinction of new records of reptiles and plants being described, on a rather regular basis since 2002.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Pallikaranai Marsh, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| publisher = Migrant Watch
| url = http://www.migrantwatch.in/location.php?id=1099
| access-date = 23 October 2011}}</ref>

Another rare species spotted in the region is the [[Common garden skink|white-spotted garden skink]] having appeared for the first time in Tamil Nadu. Fish such as [[dwarf gourami]] and chromides that are widely bred and traded worldwide for aquaria, naturally occur in Pallikaranai. Other estuarine fauna present at the marsh includes the [[Oyster|windowpane oyster]], mud crab, [[Mullet (fish)|mullet]], [[halfbeak]] and [[green chromide]].<ref>{{cite news
| title = Move to make Pallikaranai marsh 'protected wetland'
| location = Chennai
| date = 16 July 2002
| url = http://hindu.com/2002/07/16/stories/2002071607050300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121005005445/http://hindu.com/2002/07/16/stories/2002071607050300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 5 October 2012
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 23 October 2011}}</ref>

==Encroachments and pollution==
The external manipulation of the wetland system began in 1806 with the construction of the {{Convert|422|km|adj=on}} [[Buckingham Canal]].<ref name="ManagementPlan"/> The marshland experienced several major construction activities, ranging from the [[National Institute of Ocean Technology]], the Centre of Wind Energy Technology, [[Mass Rapid Transit System (Chennai)|Chennai's Mass Rapid Transport System]], and flyovers to construction of buildings for educational institutions, IT parks, restaurants, shopping malls, and hospitals, which affected free flow of water. The land occupied by the corporation is {{Convert|200|acre}}, including {{Convert|30|acre}} where a waste management plant is planned.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Janardhanan
| first = Arun
| title = Pallikaranai restoration plan ignores half the marsh
| location = Chennai
| date = 12 August 2011
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-12/chennai/29880201_1_pallikaranai-forest-range-officer-marshland-restoration
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120925061137/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-12/chennai/29880201_1_pallikaranai-forest-range-officer-marshland-restoration
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 25 September 2012
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 23 October 2011}}</ref> The locals started using the stagnant water in this part of the marsh as a bathing ghat and as a grazing ground for their cattle.

[[File:Pallikaranai Wetland.JPG|thumb|left|The marsh has shrunk to a great extent over the years]]
The existing sewage treatment and disposal facility for south Chennai is located on the immediate periphery and within the marshland. A large-scale sewage treatment facility of the [[Alandur]] municipality is also located on the premises.<ref name = "AdaptiveManagementPlan">{{cite news
| last = Chandrasekar
| first = Gokul
| title = Finally, a plan to save Pallikaranai marsh
| newspaper = The New Indian Express
| date = 21 May 2011
| url = http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article472451.ece
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112129/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article472451.ece
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| access-date = 23 October 2011}}</ref>
About 32 million litres ({{Convert|32000000|L|USgal|disp=output only}}) of untreated sewage was being released every day at Thorapakkam by Metrowater, which contaminated water quality. In addition, garbage collected from the city was dumped close to the sewage-letting point.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Oppili
| first = P.
| title = Team visits Pallikaranai marsh
| location = Chennai
| date = 22 October 2003
| url = http://hindu.com/2003/10/22/stories/2003102206270400.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20031110172854/http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/22/stories/2003102206270400.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 10 November 2003
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 23 October 2011}}</ref>
The marshland also houses one of Chennai's largest official dump sites. Over {{Convert|250|acre}} of the marsh is choked by half of the city's garbage. The [[Chennai Corporation]] dumps {{Convert|2000|t|ST}} of waste into the marsh daily. This has resulted in leaching of heavy metals in the marsh, including chromium, lead, iron, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc and cadmium from the 172-hectare Perungudi dumpyard developed by the city corporation. Chromium content in the ground water, for instance, has been found to be varying between 1.43 mg/L and 2.8 mg/L during the dry and wet seasons, which makes the water unsuitable for drinking, agriculture and discharge into inland surface water.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Lopez
| first = Aloysius Xavier
| title = Forest officials ask Corporation to stop dumping of waste
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages = 5
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 28 April 2018
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/forest-officials-ask-corporation-to-stop-dumping-of-waste/article23703548.ece
| access-date = 21 October 2018}}</ref>

Despite several court rulings, burning of garbage continued unabated at the marsh and the adjacent area of [[Perungudi]].<ref>{{cite news
| last = TNN
| title = Garbage still being burnt at Pallikaranai, says HC panel
| location = Chennai
| date = 16 July 2009
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-16/chennai/28187855_1_pallikaranai-marsh-perungudi-power-generation
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120925060915/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-16/chennai/28187855_1_pallikaranai-marsh-perungudi-power-generation
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 25 September 2012
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 23 October 2011}}</ref> All these led to a decrease in the estuarine fauna. Official statistics reveal that, in the absence of source segregation of waste, the dumpyard is eating into {{convert|4|ha}} of marshland every year.

The dumpyard originally covered {{Convert|19|acre}} in Sevaram village at [[Perungudi]] in 1970. By the mid-1980, the area was completely filled up and the corporation shifted to the present location in Pallikaranai. While the marsh which originally covered an area of {{Convert|5000|ha}} had shrunk into {{convert|593|ha}} by 2002, the corporation's dumpyard that covered {{convert|56|ha}} in 2002 had expanded to {{convert|136|ha}} in 2007 and is expanding constantly. Over {{Convert|4500|t|ST}} of garbage are dumped daily in the marsh region from the southern part of the city. In addition, industrial waste is dumped in heaps along the water bodies.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Neeraja
| first = Sangeetha
| title = Pallikaranai marsh turns dumpyard
| newspaper = Express Buzz
| date = 9 December 2009
| url = http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article80442.ece
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214352/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article80442.ece
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref>

The [[SIPCOT]] Area Community Environmental Monitors group analysed an ambient air sample collected downwind of the garbage dump in Pallikaranai and found that it contained at least 27 chemicals, 15 of which greatly exceed health-based standards set by the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]. Three of the 27 chemicals are also [[Carcinogen|known to cause cancer]] in humans and were found in quantities as high as 34,000 times above safe levels.<ref>{{cite conference
| last = Community Environmental Monitoring
| title = Choking in Garbage
| publisher = SIPCOT
| date = 2 December 2005
| url = http://www.sipcotcuddalore.com/choking_in_garbage.html
| access-date = 23 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last = Jayaprakash
| title = Accumulation of total trace metals due to rapid urbanization in microtidal zone of Pallikaranai marsh, South of Chennai, India
| journal = Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
| volume = 170
| issue = 1–4
| pages = 609–629
| year = 2010
| doi = 10.1007/s10661-009-1261-6
| pmid=20052614| s2cid =41925890
|display-authors=etal}}</ref> A research by the [[Anna University]] revealed a large quantity of metallic sedimentation discharged from the Perungudi dumpyard being deposited in the marshland, affecting its biodiversity.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Mariappan
| first = Julie
| title = Forest dept to recover 100 ha of Pallikaranai marshland, Restoration of Eco-Sensitive Area to Cost Rs. 15.8 Crore
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| date = 22 October 2011
| url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2011/10/22&PageLabel=9&EntityId=Ar00900&ViewMode=HTML
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091441/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2011/10/22&PageLabel=9&EntityId=Ar00900&ViewMode=HTML
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| access-date = 23 October 2011}}</ref>

==Conservation efforts==
[[File:Power tower & ominous clouds.jpg|thumb|Wetland in a cloudy day]]
In 2002, the [[Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board]] commissioned a study to find out the total area of the marsh and its habitat quality and suggested interventional methods. The survey revealed the presence of 275 species of flora and over 100 species of birds in the wetland. On 20 February 2003, the [[Kancheepuram district]] collector issued a gazette notification announcing that {{Convert|548|ha}} of the marsh area was classified as Protected Land. In late 2005, the government constituted a high-level committee to restore the ecosystem, and in the summer of 2006 the locals formed an environment committee to protect the wetland. In 2007, an eight-member team from [[Freiburg University]] in Germany conducted a study on the physical and social features of the marsh.<ref>{{cite news
| title = German researchers to study Pallikaranai marsh
| location = Chennai
| date = 6 January 2007
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/06/stories/2007010619450400.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070108120224/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/06/stories/2007010619450400.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 8 January 2007
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 23 October 2011}}</ref>

As a first real effort to protect the wetland, the state declared {{Convert|317|ha}} of the marsh as a reserve forest on 9 April 2007 (Gazettee notification G.O.Ms.No.52, dated 9 April 2007) under the Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980 and brought under the jurisdiction of the District Forest Officer–Kanchipuram ([[Tambaram]] range), a separate range in [[Chengalpet]] Forest Division at Kancheepuram with headquarters at Pallikaranai.<ref name="YetToBeMadeReserveForest">{{cite news
| last = Mariappan
| first = Julie
| title = Marshland yet to be notified as reserve forest
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| date = 23 March 2011
| url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2011/03/23&PageLabel=2&EntityId=Ar00203&ViewMode=HTML
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120910231540/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2011/03/23&PageLabel=2&EntityId=Ar00203&ViewMode=HTML
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 10 September 2012
| access-date = 23 October 2011}}</ref> The Kancheepuram district authorities transferred the land to the forest department. However, researchers suggested that an additional 150 ha on both sides of the Thoraipakkam–Tambaram road bisecting the marsh be declared a reserve forest as birds, especially several varieties of [[duck]]s, came there for feeding. Named ''Pallikaranai Swamp Forest Block'', it is the 17th reserve forest area in the Tambaram Range, whose reserve forest area goes up to {{Convert|56.27|km2}} with this addition.

The first scientific bird census in the state conducted in January 2010 revealed that birds still visit the marsh despite the non-stop dumping by the city corporation.

[[File:Fishing of different species of birds in Marshland Pallikaranai.jpg|thumb|left|Assorted birds in the Pallikaranai marshland]]
Anticipating the obstruction of the water flow from north to south by the growing garbage mounds, the government directed the civic body to transfer {{convert|150|ha}} to the forest department. After this, the state government will acquire patches of land in the northern (adjacent to Velachery–Tambaram road) and southeastern parts of the marshland, measuring about {{Convert|127|ha}}, to protect the ecosystem in its totality from becoming an open dumpyard.<ref>{{cite news
| last = TNN
| title = More area of Pallikaranai marsh to be protected
| location = Chennai
| date = 5 February 2010
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-05/chennai/28115425_1_marsh-reserve-forest-care-earth
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120925060920/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-05/chennai/28115425_1_marsh-reserve-forest-care-earth
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 25 September 2012
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 23 October 2011}}</ref> ''Save Pallikaranai'', a campaign for protecting an ecologically sensitive environment despite urban pressures, has achieved significant success owing to people's participation, sustained media support and a responsive government.

There was a proposal to turn the Pallikaranai marsh into a wetland centre by networking with international agencies to attract funds for its protection and restoration.

In 2011, an adaptive management plan for the Pallikaranai marshland estimated at a cost of {{INR}} 150 million was prepared by Chennai-based NGO called Care Earth, an organisation working towards ecological conservation,<ref>{{cite web
| title = Summary of Program Areas, Projects and Highlights of Achievement
| publisher = Care Earth Trust
| url = http://www.careearthtrust.org/programmeareas.htm
| access-date = 23 October 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111003060327/http://www.careearthtrust.org/programmeareas.htm
| archive-date = 3 October 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> which has been sent to the Union Ministry by the state department and is pending for approval.<ref name = "AdaptiveManagementPlan"/> The plan recommends setting up digital boards, depictive murals, viewing decks and towers connected through walkways, aquaria, viewing [[telescopes]], [[Night vision device|night-vision cameras]] and camera traps.<ref name="ManagementPlanLikely"/>

The State Forest Department has prepared a comprehensive five-year plan to protect the marshland. Initially, desilting and dredging work at a cost of {{INR}} 10 million per year would be taken up. The plan also includes forming a bio-shield costing {{INR}} 1.087 million annually, removal of [[Aquatic plant|aquatic weeds]] at a cost of {{INR}} 2.5 million for 5 years, mound planting at a cost of {{INR}} 2.75 million for 3 years, linear planting along the boundary at a cost of {{INR}} 1.65 million and forming flood bund and trail paths at a cost of {{INR}} 34 million. Apart from this, the department is also considering allocation of {{INR}} 5 million for conducting research projects on the marshland, about {{INR}} 6 million towards a bird census, a {{convert|3|km|adj=on}} boardwalk path in a period of 3 years at a cost of {{INR}} 30 million, watchtowers at two places in a period of 2 years at a cost of {{INR}} 2 million, and a wetland centre at a cost of {{INR}} 4 million. In addition, there is a proposal for creating roadside parks, installing signage, and conducting awareness camps during the project implementation period at a cost of {{INR}} 4 million as part of the initiative.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Oppili
| first = P.
| title = Comprehensive plan to protect Pallikaranai marsh
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 7 August 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2333123.ece
| access-date = 23 October 2011}}</ref>

The State Forest Department has made the preliminary move to get the marshland declared as a [[List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance|Ramsar site]] by submitting a compliance report to the [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar Convention on Wetlands]].<ref name="DeclaringAsRamsarSite"/>

[[File:Pheasant-tailed Jacana - Pallikaranai Wetland.JPG|thumb|Pheasant-tailed jacana spotted in the wetland]]

In 2010, steps were taken to facilitate [[birdwatching]] at the marsh. Fencing has been completed in the area for over half a kilometre along the marshland. The entire stretch of {{Convert|1.7|km}} would be provided with benches for the benefit of birdwatchers. The forest department is constructing a compound wall on the southern portion of the marsh covering a distance of {{Convert|5|km}}.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Oppili
| first = P.
| title = Steps on to facilitate birdwatching at Pallikaranai marsh
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 13 August 2010
| url = http://www.in.com/news/current-affairs/fullstory-steps-on-to-facilitate-bird-watching-at-pallikaranai-marsh-15033859-in-1.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120325154840/http://www.in.com/news/current-affairs/fullstory-steps-on-to-facilitate-bird-watching-at-pallikaranai-marsh-15033859-in-1.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 25 March 2012
| access-date = 23 October 2011}}</ref> A {{convert|870|m|adj=on}} portion of the boundary wall has been completed on the [[Sholinganallur]] side of the Pallikaranai marsh to protect the wetland from encroachers.<ref name="YetToBeMadeReserveForest"/>

In September 2011, the civic body initiated the process of handing over the marshland following a request from the Forest Department. The Forest Department, which plans to undertake restoration of the eco-sensitive Pallikaranai marshland, will get {{Convert|421|acre}} for the purpose from the Chennai Corporation. The area to be handed over is on the southern side of Radial Road near NIOT junction. The civic body is planning to use only around {{convert|200|acre}} elsewhere in the marshland for its solid waste management project in Perungudi.<ref name="HandingOverOfLandForRestoration">{{cite news
| last = Xavier Lopez
| first = Aloysius
| title = Forest Department to get marshland
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 16 September 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2458420.ece
| access-date = 23 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="TransferOf300Acres">{{cite news
| last = Xavier Lopez
| first = Aloysius
| title = Transfer of 300 acres of marshland to speed up Pallikaranai master plan
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 17 May 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3426397.ece
| access-date = 18 May 2012}}</ref>

On 26 March 2012, the state government announced that the scheme of restoring and conserving the marshland would be implemented in the coming year with an outlay of {{INR}} 50 million. Setting up of a Pallikaranai Marsh Conservation Society has also been proposed.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Pallikaranai Marsh to get Rs. 5 crore
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 27 March 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3248576.ece
| access-date = 1 April 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Flock Greater Flamingos Pallikaranai Chennai Apr22 D72 23279.jpg|thumb|[[Greater flamingo]]es foraging in the marsh. The urbanization of the surroundings is evident in the reflections.]]

In 2012, eco-restoration work began on about 100 acres of land near the southernmost point of the marshland. The completion of the eco-restoration project will take five years and cost about {{INR}} 150 million. A water course spread over two hectares is being spruced up. A bund for a distance of more than 3 km has been planned, in addition to an observation centre, an interpretation centre where photographs of birds that visit the marshland will be displayed, and planting of a few thousand saplings of arjuna (neer maththi), portia (poovarasan), bamboo (moongil) and rosewood (sisu).<ref name="PallikaranaiInMakeoverMode">{{cite news
| last = Manikandan
| first = K.
| title = Pallikaranai wetland in makeover mode
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 27 July 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3688276.ece
| access-date = 28 July 2012}}</ref>

In March 2018, the state government announced that it would commence the eco-restoration of 695 hectares of the wetland under the National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change to be implemented over five years from 2018 to 2023 at a cost of {{INR}} 1656.8 million.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Mega City Mission to be revived
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 16 March 2018
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/mega-city-mission-to-be-revived/article23266498.ece
| access-date = 17 March 2018}}</ref> The reserve forest has been designated as a protected [[Ramsar site]] since 2022.<ref name="RSIS"/>

==Ecological park==
A 2.5-acre ecological park inside the Pallikaranai marsh was opened in December 2021 at a cost of {{INR}} 200 million. The park has a 2-km-long walking trail for bird watching and public green spaces enclosed within a 1,700-metre compound wall. The marshland consists of four watch towers. These are located on the Thoraippakkam–Pallavaram Radial Road, on the eastern side, and on the northern side of the marsh.<ref name="DT_RasmarSir">{{cite news
| title =Tamil Nadu seeks Ramser site clearance for Pallikaranai marshland
| newspaper = DT Next
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Daily Thanthi
| date = 10 December 2021
| url = https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2021/12/10151901/1333114/Tamil-Nadu-seeks-Ramser-site-clearance-for-Pallikaranai-.vpf
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211211030656/https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2021/12/10151901/1333114/Tamil-Nadu-seeks-Ramser-site-clearance-for-Pallikaranai-.vpf
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 11 December 2021
| access-date = 13 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="TOI_EcoPark">{{cite news
| last = Oppili
| first = P.
| title = CM to inaugurate Pallikaranai ecological park
| location = Chennai
| date = 10 December 2021
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/cm-to-inaugurate-pallikaranai-ecological-park/articleshow/88196076.cms
| newspaper = The Times of India
| access-date = 13 December 2021}}</ref>

==Incidents==
On 19 March 2011, a fire started on a patch of land opposite Kamakshi Memorial Hospital around 4 pm local time and spread to 15 locations in the marsh.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Nesting birds feared dead in Pallikaranai marsh fire
| location = Chennai
| date = 21 March 2011
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/21/stories/2011032156390600.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110326062938/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/21/stories/2011032156390600.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 26 March 2011
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 23 October 2011}}</ref> Patches measuring more than {{convert|10|acre}} of the protected {{convert|200|acre|adj=on}} marshland were burnt in the fire lasting for about 5 hours. Several nesting migratory birds were feared killed in the incident.<ref>{{cite news
| last = TNN
| title = Fire rages across eco-sensitive Pallikaranai marsh for 5 hours
| location = Chennai
| date = 20 March 2011
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-20/chennai/29148425_1_fire-tenders-migratory-birds-fire-spread
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120925060942/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-20/chennai/29148425_1_fire-tenders-migratory-birds-fire-spread
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 25 September 2012
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 23 October 2011}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ennore Creek]]
* [[Birding in Chennai]]
* [[Water management in Chennai]]
{{Portal bar|India|Geography|Environment|Water|Wetlands}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Pallikaranai Marsh}}
* [https://www.pallikaranaimarsh.org/ Official website of the wetland]
* [http://nammapallikaranai.org/ Nammapallikaranai.org]

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Hydrography of Chennai}}
{{Ramsar sites in India}}

[[Category:Geography of Chennai]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Marshes of India]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]

Maheswar Soren

2026-03-10T11:43:48Z

Babakigadi123: Started New Details

{{Short description|Indian Santali writer and award recipient}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maheswar Soren
| image = Maheswar Soren in 2018.jpg
| caption = Maheswar Soren in 2018
| occupation = Writer, dramatist, pharmacist
| known_for = ''Seched Sawnta Ren Andha Manmi''
| honours = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2024)
}}

'''Maheswar Soren''' (born 18 January 1980) is an Indian [[Santali language|Santali]] writer and dramatist from [[Mayurbhanj district]] in the state of [[Odisha]]. He is a recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2024) for Santali literature for his play ''Seched Sawnta Ren Andha Manmi'', an honour conferred by the [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's national academy of letters.<ref name="SA_Awards">{{cite web |title=Akademi Awards (Santhali) |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp |website=Sahitya Akademi |access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="PrabhatKhabar2024">{{cite news |last=Mishra |first=Guru Swarup |title=Sahitya Akademi Award 2024: संताली के लिए महेश्वर सोरेन और ओड़िया निबंध के लिए बैष्णव चरण सामल को साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/jamshedpur/sahitya-akademi-award-2024-maheshwar-soren-for-santali-baishnav-charan-samal-for-odia-essay |work=Prabhat Khabar |date=19 December 2024 |access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref>

In addition to his literary career, Soren works as a pharmacist. His efforts to promote and enrich the Santali language through literature have been noted in national media.<ref name="TNIE2024">{{cite news |last=Sahu |first=Diana |title=Pharmacist's passion to enrich Santali language |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2024/Dec/22/pharmacists-passion-to-enrich-santali-language |work=The New Indian Express |date=22 December 2024 |access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref>

== Life and background ==
Soren hails from [[Udala]] in [[Mayurbhanj district]] in the Indian state of [[Odisha]].<ref name="TNIE2024" /> In 2024, he was described in the press as a pharmacist at the Jagannathpur community health centre (CHC) in Mahanga block of [[Cuttack district]].<ref name="TNIE2024" />

== Writing and career ==
Soren has written books and dramas, and has also written scripts for films on themes related to Santali society and cultural traditions, according to reports in the press.<ref name="TNIE2024" />

== Works ==
* ''Shikariya'' (Poem; for freedom Fightors)
* ''Dular reyag Maya''
* ''Dharam Darbar''
* ''Seched Sawnta Ren Andha Manmi'' (Play; written in 2018)<ref name="TNIE2024" /><ref name="SA_Awards" />

== Awards and honours ==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (Santali), 2024 – ''Seched Sawnta Ren Andha Manmi'' (Play)<ref name="SA_Awards" /><ref name="TNIE2024" />

== See also ==
* [[Santali literature]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Santali]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:People from Mayurbhanj district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Santali]]
[[Category:1980 births]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soren, Maheswar}}

H2O (2002 film)

2026-03-03T21:42:04Z

Babakigadi123: quick cleaned up formatting to improve readability after review

{{short description|2002 Indian Kannada-language film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = H{{sub|2}}O
| italic_title = no
| image = H2O (2002 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = N. Lokanath Rajaram
| writer = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] Daya (Tamil dialogue)
| producer = P. Dhanraj
| starring = Upendra [[Prabhudeva]] [[Priyanka Upendra]]
| cinematography = [[H. C. Venugopal]]
| editing = T. Shashikumar
| music = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| studio = Dhanaraj Films
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2002|03|29}}
| runtime = 134.30 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada Tamil<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riti |first=M. D. |date=4 January 2001 |title=Prabhu Deva in a unique tap dance! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jan/04prabhu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516185240/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jan/04prabhu.htm |archive-date=16 May 2013 |access-date=29 April 2016 |website=Rediff}}</ref>
| budget = {{INR}}8 [[crore]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2002 |title=Bridge over troubled waters |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/mar/14ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122103107/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/mar/14ss.htm |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
}}

'''''H{{sub|2}}O''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Kannada]]-language bilingual film directed by debutants N. Lokanath and Rajaram. The film's script was written by [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], who stars in the lead role with [[Prabhu Deva]] and [[Priyanka Trivedi]], along with [[Babu Mohan]], [[Sadhu Kokila]] and [[Bank Janardhan]] portraying supporting roles. The film was dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''H{{sub|2}}O Kaveri'' and was produced by P. Dhanraj under Dhanraj Films.<ref name="C">{{Cite web |title=Kaveri |url=http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov221.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050311112206/http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov221.asp |archive-date=11 March 2005 |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

The film's plot revolves around the fight between two villages, as the Kaveri water issue became controversial upon its release and did well at box office. The film's cinematography and editing were handled by [[H. C. Venugopal]] and T. Shashikumar respectively. The film was dubbed in Telugu under the same name, and it was dubbed into Hindi as ''Dil Ki Dhadkan''. The core concept of using the dispute between two states as a metaphorical reference in the story went on to inspire a similar attempt in the 2016 Marathi movie ''Marathi Tigers''.

== Plot ==
{{Hook|date=December 2024}}
Udayashankar Gowda is a rustic man from Honnur, Karnataka. Elsewhere, Vairamuthu is an educated youth from Chennur, Tamil Nadu. Kaveri, who was born to a Kannadiga-Tamil couple killed in riots, works as a doctor in both villages. Both Udayashankar and Vairamuthu fall for Kaveri; who prevails forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as Udayashankar Gowda
* [[Prabhu Deva]] as Vairamuthu
* [[Priyanka Upendra]] as Kaveri
* [[Babu Mohan]] as Kirik
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
* [[Bank Janardhan]]
* Ravindranath
* Shankar Bhat
* Pushpa Swamy
* [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Vairamuthu's mother
* [[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]] as a Chennur villager
* Mandapanda Aiyappa as a king, who was Kaveri's father in past life
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as a Chennur villager
* [[King Kong (actor)|King Kong]] as Vairamuthu's friend
* Tiruppur Ramasamy as a Chennur villager
* Ganga-Jamuna as the [[Conjoined twins|Siamese twins]]
* [[Pasi Sathya]] as a Chennur villager
{{pb}}
;Uncredited
* [[Kovai Senthil]] as a handicapped Chennur villager
* [[Nellai Siva]] as a Chennur villager
* [[Crane Manohar]] as a Chennur villager
* [[Scissor Manohar]] as Vairamuthu's friend
* [[Chaplin Balu]] as a Chennur villager
}}

== Production ==
===Development===
The script was initially written for [[Dr. Rajkumar|Dr.{{nbs}}Rajkumar]] and [[Rajinikanth]];<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v95B8mUUVuo |title=ಓಂ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಕಥೆ ಕೇಳಿ ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರು ಫಸ್ಟ್ ಸಿಟ್ಟಿಂಗ್ ಅಲ್ಲೇ ಓಕೆ ಮಾಡಿಬಿಟ್ರು Upendra {{!}} Vikrama Podcast |date=2022-05-11 |last=TV VIKRAMA |language=Kn |access-date=2026-01-03 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> both refused to do the film due to its sensitive nature.<ref name="hin">{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=3 October 2012 |title=Tale of love and water |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/tale-of-love-and-water/article12542780.ece |access-date=11 January 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230911155232/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/tale-of-love-and-water/article12542780.ece |archive-date=11 September 2023}}</ref> The film was launched on 8 December 2000 on Bangalore Palace grounds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPENDRA AND PRABHUDEVA STARRER LAUNCHED |url=http://chitraloka.com/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010802233146/http://chitraloka.com:80/index.html |archive-date=2 August 2001 |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=[[Chitraloka]]}}</ref> N. S. Shankar who earlier directed ''[[Ulta Palta (1997 film)|Ulta Palta]]'' (1997) was originally chosen as the director but left the project and was replaced by debutants Loknath and Rajaram, who assisted Upendra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IT IS RAZZLE DAZZLE NIGHT ON DECEMBER 8 AT 8 PM |url=http://chitraloka.com/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010802233146/http://chitraloka.com:80/index.html |archive-date=2 August 2001 |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=[[Chitraloka]]}}</ref> The film's name was not immediately released when the project was announced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chitraloka.com/english/stock_shots/upendra_intrivew.html|title=UPENDRA ANSWERS QUESTIONS FROM FANS ACROSS THE WORLD: UPPIGINTHA RUCHI BERE ILLA|work=[[Chitraloka.com]]|date=9 June 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010609174053/http://chitraloka.com/english/stock_shots/upendra_intrivew.html|archive-date=9 June 2001}}</ref>

===Casting and filming===
While a majority of the film was shot in Kannada, some scenes were shot in Tamil only.<ref name="C"/> Ganga and Yamuna, [[siamese twins]] from Calcutta were brought to act in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indiainfo: Kannada: Interview: Rajaram |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/interviews/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020804060303/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/interviews/index.html |archive-date=4 August 2002 |access-date=18 November 2023 |website=India Info}}</ref> A song was shot at Sam Sund Dunes, Kuldhara village, Pag Bawri, and Gadisar Lake at Jaisalmer, while the rest of the song including the war sequences was shot at Mohan Garh Fort, Pokhran fort. Two hundred horses from Mumbai were brought in specifically for this sequence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DHANARAJ'S UNTITLED 'UPPI' FILM DIRECTOR'S EXPERIENCE |url=http://chitraloka.com/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011102182628fw_/http://www.chitraloka.com/english/action_cut/upendra_film.html |archive-date=2 November 2001 |access-date=16 October 2023 |website=Chitraloka}}</ref> According to the film's producer Dhanraj, "exactly 1.80 lakh feet of film is cranked for the 18,000 feet. Nearly 36 hours of film has been stored for 2 and a half hours".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2001 |title=I Spent money like a water |url=http://chitraloka.com/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011208184614/http://chitraloka.com/index.html |archive-date=8 December 2001 |access-date=16 October 2023 |website=Chitraloka}}</ref> For a song which was shot at Ooty, colorful flowers were spread around the hills with 20 dancers. It was shot for 18 days using an ARRI 435 ES camera. The song also featured "14 feet rotating globe underneath a motor and covered the motor with small size globes" which Upendra danced on.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RISKY SHOTS AND DARING STUNTS |url=http://chitraloka.com/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010802233146/http://chitraloka.com:80/index.html |archive-date=2 August 2001 |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=Chitraloka}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
[[Sadhu Kokila]] composed the music for the film. The lyrics were written by Upendra. The soundtrack album was released on 27 May 2001 at [[Kanteerava Studios]], [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=H2O audio release |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010615/rkana2.html |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010711155546/http://www.screenindia.com/20010615/rkana2.html |archive-date=11 July 2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=H2O AUDIO RELEASED |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/english/action_cut/h2o_cass.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010609132230fw_/http://www.chitraloka.com/english/action_cut/h2o_cass.html |archive-date=9 June 2001 |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=Chitraloka}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Hoove Hoove" || [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] || 5:50
|-
| "Bida Beda Bida Beda" ||[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] || 5:06
|-
| "Kandavideko Mamsavideko" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]] || 5:53
|-
| "I Wanna See My Darling" || [[Rajesh Krishnan]], Pratima Rao || 5:22
|-
| "OK OK OK" || [[Gurukiran]] || 5:49
|-
| "Dil Ilde Love" || Upendra || 5:43
|}

=== Reception ===
''H{{sub|2}}O'' was Upendra's return to the big screen after a hiatus of 2 years. Upon its audio release, a record number of audio cassettes and CDs were sold. The film created a new record and went on to do a business of more than {{INR}}1 crore through audio sales. Soundtrack numbers like "I Wanna See My Darling", "Hoove Hoove", "Naa Ninna Bidalare", "Bida Byada", and "Dil Ilde" went on to top the charts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Witty words for Upendra-Prabhudeva starrer |url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/entertainment/music_review_h2o.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102010026/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/entertainment/music_review_h2o.htm |archive-date=2 November 2012 |access-date=2 November 2012 |website=The Music Magazine}}</ref>

== Themes ==
''H2o'' is a triangular love story between a Kannadiga and a Tamilian vying for the love of a girl called "Kaveri", it is actually a metaphorical reference for the river Cauvery dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Upendra noted that he compared the issue to Siamese twins "tried to communicate that harmonious living is the only suitable solution to the Cauvery dispute, rather than fighting over it."<ref name="hin" /> The river Kaveri which is a subject matter of dispute between two states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu being used as a metaphorical reference in the movie by naming the heroine as "Kaveri" and making the two lead heroes belonging to these two states went on to inspire the 2016 Marathi movie ''Marathi Tigers'' which was a triangular love story between two lead heroes belonging to Maharashtra and Karnataka vying for the love of a girl called "Seema" (literally meaning border) – thereby referring to the border dispute between these two states.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2016 |title=Film Review: Marathi Tigers |url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-review-marathi-tigers/cid5088057.htm |website=[[Pune Mirror]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Marathi Tigers Movie Review Zee Talkies latest Movie Reviews online at ZeeTalkies.com |url=http://www.zeetalkies.com/reviews/marathi-tigers-movie-review.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207000719/http://www.zeetalkies.com/reviews/marathi-tigers-movie-review.html |archive-date=7 February 2016 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=zeetalkies.com}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Marketing ===
A 100 feet huge cutout was kept at Kapali Theatre, Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=H2O HYPE AND HOOPLA |url=http://chitraloka.com/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010802233146/http://chitraloka.com:80/index.html |archive-date=2 August 2001 |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=Chitraloka}}</ref>

=== Controversy ===
The film became controversial due to its content as the activists from Karnataka and Tamil Nadu demanded the film to be banned. Upendra was forced to compromise by dubbing Tamil dialogues in the film into Kannada and vice versa, to appease linguistics sentiments on both sides. Scenes containing flags of political parties were deleted before its re-release.<ref name="hin" /> The film's Tamil version was never released in Malaysia due to a rule that "any film that is likely to instigate enmity between two groups will not be given permission for screening."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/021021/113/1wnve.html|date=21 October 2002|access-date=28 July 2025|website=Yahoo Movies|title=No to 'Kaveri' in Malaysia?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030114034416/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/021021/113/1wnve.html|archive-date=14 January 2003}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
''Sify'' wrote "On the whole Upendra and Co. have dished out a decent entertainer with a clear message that politicians are responsible for all troubles in our society".<ref name="sify">{{Cite web |title=H2O |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=11203710&ctid=5&cid=2427 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050121140233/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=11203710&ctid=5&cid=2427 |archive-date=21 January 2005 |access-date=2 November 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''Indiainfo'' wrote "Though it is based on 'Cauvery water issue' where the two villages are the two states and represented by the two heroes. Cauvery is the core issue between them. Infact the subject is good but the treatment is superficial".<ref name="ii">{{Cite web |title=H2O |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/h2o.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20020609134518/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/h2o.html |archive-date=9 June 2002 |website=Indiainfo.com}}</ref> Reviewing the Tamil version ''Kaveri'', Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "One doesn't know the intention of the director when he began the film. All we can say is that the director was terribly distracted during the making of it. By the obvious charms of the heroine Priyanka, who flits around the place in her two-piece minis, anything lesser would have brought on the charge of obscenity. Whether the director had managed to put across his message or not, he has definitely managed to show 'Cauvery' in all her glory!".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov221.asp|title=Kaveri|date=27 October 2002|first=Malini|last=Mannath|access-date=2 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030225155617/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov221.asp|archive-date=25 February 2003|website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

=== Box-office performance ===
''H{{sub|2}}O'' completed 50 days of run in 28 theatres across [[Karnataka]] and also went on to complete 75 days of run in [[Bangalore]], despite controversies and release in excessive number of theatres playing spoilsport. ''H{{sub|2}}O'' was a 'Semi Hit' at the box office.<ref name="ra">{{Cite web |title=H2O Director Rajaram Interview |url=https://www.angelfire.com/stars/upendra/rajaram/interview/Rajaram_English.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021162702/http://www.angelfire.com/stars/upendra/rajaram/interview/Rajaram_English.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 |access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="P Vasu Interview">{{Cite web |title=P Vasu Interview |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-p-vasu/20120125.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714230724/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-p-vasu/20120125.htm |archive-date=14 July 2015 |access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> Although a commercial success,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lakshminarayana |first=Shruti Indira |date=7 July 2011 |title=Two Kannada films will fight it out this weekend |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-two-kannada-films-will-fight-it-out-this-weekend/20110707.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220102743/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-two-kannada-films-will-fight-it-out-this-weekend/20110707.htm |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=2 November 2012 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref name="P Vasu Interview" /> it turned out to be the least running film of Upendra till then in terms of long run by completing only 75 days of run. This was very less compared to his previous films like ''[[A (Kannada film)|A]]'' (1998), ''[[Upendra (film)|Upendra]] (1999)'', ''[[Preethse]]'' (2000), all of which had completed more than 175 days of run. Unlike other Upendra films of that time, ''H{{sub|2}}O'' could not get a long run at the box office mainly due to negative controversies and temporary ban on the film.

However, irrespective of its under-performance, the distributors and exhibitors made huge business from ''H{{sub|2}}O''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2004 |title=Behind the curtains |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/09/02/stories/2004090201750100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112121704/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/09/02/stories/2004090201750100.htm |archive-date=12 November 2004}}</ref> Even though the distributors of ''H{{sub|2}}O'' earned huge profits and the film's collections were on par with other hit films of that time,<ref name="gan">{{Cite web |title=H2O – Kannada film discussion |url=http://www.gandhadagudi.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=6961&start=465 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924020721/http://www.gandhadagudi.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=6961&start=465 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=1 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Title unknown |url=http://www.dhoperchop.com/content/0911609-upendra-and-priyankas-upcoming-kannada-comeback-movie-srimathi-2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617041107/http://www.dhoperchop.com/content/0911609-upendra-and-priyankas-upcoming-kannada-comeback-movie-srimathi-2010 |archive-date=17 June 2010 |access-date=2 November 2012 |publisher=dhoperchop.com}}</ref> it was termed as a flop by the media because of the film not reaching expectations. Producer Dhanraj went on a strike against Upendra demanding free call-sheet from him, stating that he had suffered huge losses from the movie.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 May 2002 |title=H2O travails continue for Dhanraj |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/28/stories/2002052800410402.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040705212039/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/28/stories/2002052800410402.htm |archive-date=5 July 2004}}</ref>

However, ''H{{sub|2}}O'' continues to remain in the 'Hit' status among some section of the media and box office analysts.<ref name="gan" /> Rajaram, one of the directors of the film, mentioned in an interview that "''H{{sub|2}}O'' had a successful run at the box office, although the product couldn't reach the mass properly baked, for so many other reasons".<ref name="ra" /> In an interview with [[TV9 (Kannada)|TV9]] in 2011, Upendra denied that ''H{{sub|2}}O'' was a failure. According to Upendra, the film got extra ordinary openings and collections at the box office, but could not get a long run beyond 75 days due to excessive release, mass distribution and controversies playing spoilsport. Upendra explained that a major chunk of ''H{{sub|2}}O'''s profits went to the distributors and exhibitors instead of the producer due to mass distribution and flawed marketing by the producer.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtNJ7o71NUg |title=Upendra explains that H2O was a decent hit |access-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414174736/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtNJ7o71NUg&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=14 April 2023 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Upendra}}

[[Category:2002 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Kaveri River]]
[[Category:2002 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''H2O'' (2002 film)}}

Mr. Bachelor

2026-03-03T12:18:42Z

Babakigadi123: General improvements and edits

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{short description|Indian romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mr. Bachelor
| image = Mr. Bachelor poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Naidu Bandaaru
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Srinivas L. Hanumanth Rao Swarnalatha D.
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Darling Krishna]]
*[[Nimika Ratnakar]]
*[[Milana Nagaraj]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sri Crazy Mindz
| editing = Sri Crazy Mindz
| music = [[Manikanth Kadri]]
| studio = Milind Raso Studios Sri Chandra Productions
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|1|6}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mr. Bachelor''''' is a 2023 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film directed by Naidu Bandaaru and starring [[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Darling Krishna]], [[Nimika Ratnakar]], and [[Milana Nagaraj]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/darling-krishna-teams-up-with-nimika-ratnakar-for-his-next/articleshow/80102578.cms|title=Darling Krishna teams up with Nimika Ratnakar for his next|date=5 January 2021|work= The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/darling-krishnas-mr-bachelor-will-release-on-january-6/articleshow/96514009.cms|title=Darling Krishna's 'Mr. Bachelor' will release on January 6|date=26 December 2022|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Darling Krishna]] as Karthik
*[[Nimika Ratnakar]] as Pallavi
*[[Milana Nagaraj]] as Pallavi
*[[Chikkanna]] as Chikku
*Giri Shivanna as Giri
*[[Ayyappa P. Sharma]]
*Yash Shetty
*[[Pavitra Lokesh]]

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Manikanth Kadri]].
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mr. Bachelor Title Song
| lyrics1 = Maruthi T
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]], Chirayu (rap)
| length1 = 3:57
| title2 = Subbalakshmi
| lyrics2 = Chethan Kumar
| extra2 = [[All Ok]]
| length2 = 3:43
| title3 = Rasika Baaro
| lyrics3 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra3 = Supriya Lohith
| length3 = 3:27
|total_length=11:07
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "A significant part of Krishna’s role reminds us of his own Love Mocktail series. He brings in all-around entertainment and also gets to showcase a bit of his dancing skills".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/jan/07/mr-bachelor-movie-review-an-effective-timepass-entertainer-2535389.html|title='Mr. Bachelor' movie review: An effective timepass entertainer|website=The New Indian Express|date=7 January 2023 }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "Darling Krishna appears natural in romantic comedies but he soon needs to find the right scripts".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/mr-bachelor-movie-review-a-tasteless-adult-comedy-1178665.html|title='Mr Bachelor' movie review: A tasteless adult comedy|date=6 January 2023|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "''Mr Bachelor'' is the latest in a streak of romantic comedies for Darling Krishna, which has become his forte. This film touches on the question of relationships and marriage, while throwing in some thriller elements".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mr-bachelor/movie-review/96781286.cms|title=Mr. Bachelor Movie Review : An engaging romantic comedy that serves its purpose|work=The Times of India|date=6 January 2023|access-date=17 July 2023|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306022920/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mr-bachelor/movie-review/96781286.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mister Bachelor}}
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

Vithaikkaaran

2026-03-03T02:25:40Z

Babakigadi123: started post

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vithaikkaaran.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Venki
| writer = Venki
| screenplay = Venki
| story = Venki
| based_on = 
| producer = K. Vijay Pandi
| starring = [[Sathish]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Yuva Karthick
| editing = Arul Elango Siddharth
| music = VBR
| studio = White Carpet Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|2|23}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 1.5 Crores
| gross = 6 Crores
}}
'''''Vithaikkaaran''''' ({{Translation|Magician}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime thriller film]] directed by Venki and starring [[Sathish]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vallavan |first=Prashanth |date=22 February 2024 |title='Unlike comedians, heroes get to enact a variety of emotions': Actor Sathish |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Feb/22/unlike-comedians-heroes-get-to-enact-a-variety-of-emotions-actor-sathish |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327024829/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Feb/22/unlike-comedians-heroes-get-to-enact-a-variety-of-emotions-actor-sathish |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film was released on 23 February 2024 and opened to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vithaikkaaran gets OTT premiere |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/24/vithaikkaaran-gets-ott-premiere |access-date=2024-03-24 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref>

== Plot==

The story revolves around a sharp-witted man called Vetri, who believes that cheating is not wrong but what is actually wrong is getting cheated. Vetri has a twin brother Shakthi who has the exact opposite view.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sathish]] as Vetri & Shakthi (dual role)
*Simran Gupta as Sithara
*[[Anandaraj]] as Dollar Azhagu
*[[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Kalkandu Ravi
*[[Subramaniam Siva]] as Mari Gold
*[[G. Marimuthu]] as Marimuthu
*[[John Vijay]] as Inspector Dharmaraj
*MD Asif as Ranjeeth Singh
*[[Chaams]] as Marthandam
*[[Swaminathan]] as Dr. Paul Walker
*[[Pavel Navageethan]] as Tyson
*Japan Kumar as Lee
*Vikram as Arun
*Dharani as Janani
*Ragu Aditya as Tom Mathew
*Hema as Sithara's friend
*Amar Chappa as Lalchand
*Ashok Pandian as Doctor
*Abilash as junior Anand raj
}}

== Production ==
[[Sathish]] plays a dual role in the film.<ref name="Cast and crew">{{Cite web |date=13 February 2024 |title=Sathish sends a special thanks to Thalapathy Vijay ahead of the 'Vithaikkaaran' release, Here's why |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathish-sends-a-special-thanks-to-thalapathy-vijay-ahead-of-the-vithaikkaaran-release-heres-why/articleshow/107659207.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327030418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathish-sends-a-special-thanks-to-thalapathy-vijay-ahead-of-the-vithaikkaaran-release-heres-why/articleshow/107659207.cms |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film marks the Tamil lead debut of Simran Gupta, who previously worked as a dancer in the song "Simtagaaran" in ''[[Sarkar (2018 film)|Sarkar]]'' (2018), and the feature film debut of cinematographer Yuva Karthick.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2024 |title=Sathish's 'Vithaikkaaran' to hit the screens in February 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathishs-vithaikkaaran-to-hit-the-screens-in-february-2024/articleshow/106518164.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327030418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathishs-vithaikkaaran-to-hit-the-screens-in-february-2024/articleshow/106518164.cms |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Cast and crew" /> One of the film's schedules was shot in [[Coimbatore]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2023 |title=Sathish heads to Coimbatore for the next schedule of Vithaikkaaran |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathish-heads-to-coimbatore-for-the-next-schedule-of-vithaikkaaran/articleshow/100103394.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327030418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathish-heads-to-coimbatore-for-the-next-schedule-of-vithaikkaaran/articleshow/100103394.cms |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vithaikkaaran
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = VBR
| cover =
| released = 2024
| recorded =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 12:56
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer =
| chronology =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|Y4aeU_g_vHs|Vithaikkaaran – Jukebox}}}}
}}
The film has music composed by VBR.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Vithaikkaaran |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vithaikkaaran/eW1OCvYL060_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204052040/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vithaikkaaran/eW1OCvYL060_ |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=11 February 2025 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Life Is Magic
| length1 = 3:12
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra1 = [[Naresh Iyer]]
| title2 = Sunamika
| length2 = 4:05
| lyrics2 = Vairamuthu
| extra2 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| title3 = Sunamika (Sad Version)
| length3 = 2:26
| lyrics3 = Vairamuthu
| extra3 = Nikhil Prabha
| title4 = Who Am I
| length4 = 3:13
| lyrics4 = [[Blaaze]]
| extra4 = Blaaze
| total_length = 12:56
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film {{fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 and wrote that "''Vithaikkaaran'' is a film that works best when the comedy and drama elements are intertwined. The film does have a few serious elements which are really entertaining , but still , these portions don't work as well as its dark comedy moments and meta-jokes".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Roopa |date=23 February 2024 |title=Vithaikkaaran Movie Review : This Sathish-starrer falls a little short of solid entertainer status |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vithaikkaaran/movie-review/107941927.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323025754/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vithaikkaaran/movie-review/107941927.cms |archive-date=23 March 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "Sathish’s restrained performance as Vetri isn’t enough to save this act that is bland and lacks a punch to hold its audience’s attention span. I often found myself drifting away with the convoluted screenplay in the second half that tries to add humour, wittiness and action in scenes that are already all over the place".<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=23 February 2024 |title=Vithaikkaaran Movie Review: A bland heist film that seems to go on forever |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Feb/23/vithaikkaaran-movie-review-a-bland-heist-film-that-seems-to-go-on-forever-52337.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327024829/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Feb/23/vithaikkaaran-movie-review-a-bland-heist-film-that-seems-to-go-on-forever-52337.html |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Home media ==
In March 2024, the film was made available to watch on Simply South and [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2024 |title=Sathish's heist thriller 'Vithaikkaaran' is now available for streaming on a popular platform |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathishs-heist-thriller-vithaikkaaran-is-now-available-for-streaming-on-a-popular-platform/articleshow/108698593.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327030417/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathishs-heist-thriller-vithaikkaaran-is-now-available-for-streaming-on-a-popular-platform/articleshow/108698593.cms |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

We Are Family (2010 film)

2026-03-02T09:18:37Z

Babakigadi123: fixed section for consistency and added references based on references

{{short description|2010 film by Siddharth P. Malhotra}}
{{For|the French comedy film|We Are Family (2016 film)}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = We Are Family
| image = We Are Family 2010 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Siddharth P. Malhotra]]
| producer = Hiroo Yash Johar [[Karan Johar]]
| screenplay = Venita Coelho
| based_on = {{based_on|''[[Stepmom (1998 film)|Stepmom]]''|[[Gigi Levangie]]|[[Jessie Nelson (filmmaker)|Jessie Nelson]]|[[Steven Rogers (screenwriter)|Steven Rogers]]|[[Karen Leigh Hopkins]]|[[Ronald Bass|Ron Bass]]}}
| starring = [[Kajol]] [[Kareena Kapoor]] [[Arjun Rampal]]
| music = '''Original Soundtrack:''' [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] '''Background Score:''' [[Raju Singh]]
| cinematography = [[K. U. Mohanan]]
| editing = [[Deepa Bhatia]]
| studio = [[UTV Motion Pictures]] [[Columbia Pictures]] [[Sony Pictures India|SPE Films India]] [[Dharma Productions]]
| distributor = [[Sony Pictures Releasing]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|9|3}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = India United States
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''We Are Family''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Children's film|family]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by [[Siddharth P. Malhotra]] and produced by Hiroo Yash Johar and [[Karan Johar]] under [[Dharma Productions]]. It was co-produced and distributed by [[Sony Pictures|Sony Pictures Entertainment]] and [[UTV Motion Pictures]].<ref name="Stepmom">{{cite web |author=Bollywood Hungama News Network |date=19 June 2010 |title=Karan Johar's Stepmom remake titled as We Are Family |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2010-2/ |access-date=6 July 2010 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> An official Indian adaptation of the 1998 American film ''[[Stepmom (1998 film)|Stepmom]]'', the film stars [[Kajol]], [[Kareena Kapoor]], and [[Arjun Rampal]] in lead roles.

Initially scheduled for release on 10 September 2010, the film was advanced to 3 September to avoid clashing with ''[[Dabangg]]'' (2010).<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=15 March 2010 |title=Aish, Salman Films Clash At Box Office On Eid Release |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/Aish-Salman-Films-Clash-At-Box-Office-On-Eid-Release-1191.html |access-date=13 August 2010 |publisher=India TV}}</ref> Upon release, ''We Are Family'' received generally positive reviews from critics, with particular acclaim for the performances of Kajol and Kapoor. However, it [[Box-office bomb|underperformed commercially]], grossing around ₹42 crore worldwide against a budget of ₹28 crore.

At the [[56th Filmfare Awards]], Kapoor won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] award for her role.<ref>{{Citation |title=We Are Family Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of We Are Family by Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/we-are-family/movie-review/6438378.cms |access-date=25 June 2019}}</ref> A promotional [[Mobile game|mobile video game]] based on the film was developed and released by [[UTV Indiagames|Indiagames]], a subsidiary of UTV Software Communications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We Are Family |url=https://phoneky.com/games/?id=j4j73039 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=phoneky.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Maya is a devoted single mother who shares custody of her three children—Aaliya, Ankush, and Anjali—with her ex-husband, Aman. The family dynamic is disrupted when Aman introduces his girlfriend, Shreya, a career-focused [[fashion design]]er. Initially unable to connect with the children, Shreya is viewed with suspicion, mainly by Aaliya, especially after a misunderstanding during Anjali's birthday party and a subsequent incident where Anjali briefly goes missing under her care.

Maya later discovers that she has [[Terminal illness|terminal]] [[cervical cancer]]. Concerned for her children's future, she asks Shreya to take over maternal responsibilities after her death. Though hesitant at first, Shreya eventually agrees and begins to bond with the children. Tensions ease as Shreya adapts to her role, and Maya entrusts her with [[Legal guardian|guardianship]]. Maya spends her final days with the family and passes away following a [[Diwali]] celebration. The film concludes with a [[Flashforward|flash-forward]] to Aaliya's wedding, where Shreya, now married to Aman, reflects on Maya's legacy and her role as the children's stepmother.

==Cast==
*[[Kajol]] as Maya: Aman's ex-wife, Aaliya, Ankush and Anjali's mother
*[[Kareena Kapoor]] as Shreya Arora: Aman's girlfriend turned wife, Aaliya, Ankush and Anjali's step-mother
*[[Arjun Rampal]] as Aman: Shreya's husband, Maya's ex-husband, Aaliya, Ankush and Anjali's father
*[[Aanchal Munjal]] as Aaliya: Aman and Maya's elder daughter, Shreya's step-daughter
**[[Amrita Prakash]] as Adult Aaliya (cameo appearance)
*Nominath Ginsberg as Ankush: Aman and Maya's only son, Shreya's step-son
**Ankit Malik as Adult Ankush (cameo appearance)
*Diya Sonecha as Anjali: Aman and Maya's younger daughter, Shreya's step-daughter
**Dincy Vira as Adult Anjali (cameo appearance)
* [[Iravati Harshe]] as Dr. Rati Malhotra, Maya's doctor

==Production==
[[Karan Johar]] acquired the official rights to adapt the American film ''[[Stepmom (1998 film)|Stepmom]]'' (1998) for Indian audiences, initially working under the title ''Love You Maa''. Rather than purchasing the rights outright, Johar opted to co-produce the film with [[Sony Pictures]], marking one of the first collaborations between a major Hollywood studio and an Indian production house.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tp4b7#synopsis Arjun Rampal & Karan Johar talk about their new film 'We Are Family'] BBC Asian Network. 4 September 2010.</ref>

[[Principal photography]] took place between November 2009 and April 2010 in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]], and [[Mumbai]]. Director [[Siddharth P. Malhotra]] later revealed that several scenes addressing racial discrimination in Australia were removed during editing to avoid appearing exploitative amid real-life incidents of violence against Indian students in the country.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100825234322/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Racist-scenes-from-We-Are-Family-deleted/Article1-591132.aspx Hindustan Times]</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = We Are Family
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2010|08|02}}<ref name="track">{{cite web |title=Tere Bin Laden: Soundtrack listing and details |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/audiolisting/14268/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223193250/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/audiolisting/14268/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 February 2010 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=26 June 2010}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:22
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Karan Johar]]
| prev_title = [[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]
| prev_year = 2010
| next_title = [[Patiala House (film)|Patiala House]]
| next_year = 2010
}}

The soundtrack features six original songs composed by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], with lyrics by [[Irshad Kamil]] and [[Anvita Dutt|Anvita Dutt Guptan]]. One of the tracks, "Jailhouse Rock," serves as a tribute to the [[Elvis Presley]] classic [[Jailhouse Rock (song)|of the same name]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Times News Network |author-link=Times News Network |date=6 August 2010 |title=Arjun rocks it the Elvis style |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-06/news-interviews/28318914_1_arjun-rocks-arjun-rampal-elvis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105031726/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-06/news-interviews/28318914_1_arjun-rocks-arjun-rampal-elvis |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=6 August 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Track list===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ankhon Mein Neendein
| extra1 = [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]] and [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 5:02
| title2 = Dil Khol Ke Let's Rock
| extra2 = [[Anushka Manchanda]], [[Akriti Kakkar]] and [[Suraj Jagan]]
| length2 = 3:57
| title3 = Reham O Karam
| extra3 = [[Vishal Dadlani]] and [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length3 = 5:47
| title4 = Hamesha & Forever
| extra4 = [[Sonu Nigam]] and Shreya Ghoshal
| length4 = 4:51
| title5 = Sun Le Dua Yeh Aasmaan
| note5 = Theme Slow Version
| extra5 = [[Bela Shende]]
| length5 = 3:53
| title6 = We Are Family
| note6 = Theme
| extra6 =
| length6 = 2:48
| title7 = Noor E Khunda
| extra7 = [[Adnan Sami]], Shankar Mahadevan and Shreya Ghoshal
| length7 = 6:39
| title8 = Aaj Kal Zindagi
| extra8 = Shankar Mahadevan
| length8 = 4:14
| title9 = Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna
| extra9 = Sonu Nigam and Alka Yagnik
| length9 = 8:04
| title10 = Kal Ho Naa Ho
| extra10 = Sonu Nigam
| length10 = 4:54
}}

;Notes
* Tracks 7 to 10 are listed as bonus tracks on the audio CD release and are reused songs from previous [[Dharma Productions]] films.

== Release ==
The teaser trailer for ''We Are Family'' premiered with ''[[I Hate Luv Storys]]'', which was released on 2 July 2010. The film was initially slated for release on 10 September 2010, but the date was advanced to 3 September to avoid a box office clash with ''[[Dabangg]]''.<ref name=":0" />

==Reception==

===Box office===
The film opened with ₹27 million on its first day and collected ₹205 million by the end of its second week. Its total domestic gross reached approximately ₹220 million.[4] Though declared "average" in India, the film performed relatively well overseas, particularly in the United Kingdom, and was classified as a "semi-hit" by ''[[Box Office India]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 September 2010 |title=Dabangg Dominates We Are Family Drops |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2031&nCat=box_office_report |access-date=20 September 2010 |work=Boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''We Are Family'' received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics, with widespread praise for the performances of [[Kajol]] and [[Kareena Kapoor Khan|Kareena Kapoor]]. ''[[Indo-Asian News Service]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5, calling it "equally appealing from the outside and at the heart."<ref>{{cite web |title=We Are Family Movie Review: STOPmom |url=http://passionforcinema.com/we-are-family-movie-review-stopmom/}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave it 2 out of 5 stars, while ''[[India Today]]'' noted, "Kajol cries, Kareena cries, the kids cry, and even [[Arjun Rampal]] sheds an artful tear. We weep for the loss of two hours."<ref>{{cite web |title='We Are Family':Movie Review |url=http://www.worldsnap.com/news/entertainment/movie-review/we-are-family-a-heartwarming-hindi-take-on-stepmom-91156.html |access-date=3 September 2010 |publisher=WorldSnap}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=We Are Family Review |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mayank-Shekhar-s-Review-We-Are-Family/Article1-595316.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903115238/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mayank-Shekhar-s-Review-We-Are-Family/Article1-595316.aspx |archive-date=3 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 March 2024 |title=Kajol to the rescue |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=340144&catid=47}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Komal Nahta's Review: We Are Family |url=http://koimoi.c2w.com/2010/09/03/komal-nahtas-review-we-are-family/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kazmi |first1=Nikhat |date=1 September 2010 |title=We Are Family |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/We-Are-Family/movie-review/6438378.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Date of the ceremony
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipients
! scope="col" |Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Refh}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|[[2011 Zee Cine Awards|14 January 2011]]
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kareena Kapoor Khan|Kareena Kapoor]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Winners of Zee Cine Awards 2011 {{!}} Latest Movie Features - Bollywood Hungama |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1768 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141554/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1768 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=www.bollywoodhungama.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[56th Filmfare Awards|29 January 2011]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-01-13 |title=It's SRK vs Salman at Filmfare |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Its-SRK-vs-Salman-at-Filmfare/articleshow/7276967.cms |access-date=2025-05-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Stardust Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |6 February 2011
| rowspan="2" |[[Stardust Award for Best Actress in a Drama|Best Actress in a Drama]]
|[[Kajol]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2011-01-22 |title=Nominations of Stardust Awards 2011 2011 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-stardust-awards-2011/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Kareena Kapoor
| {{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|we-are-family}}

{{UTV Movies}}
{{Karan Johar}}
{{Dharma Productions}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:We Are Family}}
[[Category:2010 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sydney]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
[[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of English films]]
[[Category:Sony Pictures films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]
[[Category:Sony Pictures Networks India films]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films about mother–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian female buddy films]]
[[Category:American buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:American female buddy films]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]
[[Category:Films about cancer]]
[[Category:2010 American films]]

Humko Tumse Ho Gaya Hai Pyaar Kya Karein?

2026-03-02T00:27:08Z

Babakigadi123: stub...

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Humko Tumse Ho Gaya Hai Pyaar Kya Karein.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama (genre)|Drama]]
| creator = Suzana Ghai
| based_on =
| director =
| writer = Manasvi Arya
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| judges =
| starring = Ishani Sharma [[Varun Toorkey]] [[Sudhir Pandey]] [[Abha Parmar]] [[Ankur Verma]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = Darshan Raval & [[Palak Muchhal]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 95
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| producer = Suzana Ghai Hemant Ruprell Ranjeet Thakur
| location = [[Delhi]]
| cinematography = Sameer Shrivastava
| editor = Sameer Gandhi
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes approx.
| company = [[Panorama Entertainment]]
| channel = [[StarPlus]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2016|6|6}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2016|10|7}}
}}

'''''Humko Tumse Ho Gaya Hai Pyaar Kya Karein?''''' (English: ''I've Fallen In Love With You, What To Do?) ''is an Indian Hindi drama television series, which used to air on [[StarPlus]].<ref>{{cite news|title=New generation actors lack devotion for acting|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/new-generation-actors-lack-devotion-for-acting-sudhir-pandey-2817326/|archive-date=11 August 2023|access-date=9 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811064150/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/new-generation-actors-lack-devotion-for-acting-sudhir-pandey-2817326/|url-status=live}}</ref> Produced by Suzana Ghai's Panorama Entertainment, the show starred Ishani Sharma and [[Varun Toorkey]].<ref name="Kangana Ranaut is my inspiration, says Ishani Sharma">{{cite news|date=10 May 2016|title=Kangana Ranaut is my inspiration, says Ishani Sharma|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kangana-ranaut-is-my-inspiration-says-ishani-sharma-2793165/|access-date=31 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/210816/we-talk-over-the-phone-after-shoots-varun-toorkey.html|title=We talk over the phone after shoots: Varun Toorkey|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=21 August 2016|access-date=22 August 2016|archive-date=22 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222041859/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/210816/we-talk-over-the-phone-after-shoots-varun-toorkey.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

It showed how true love can change people for the better and when you love someone, only that person matters, and not his wealth or status.<ref>{{cite news|date=10 May 2016|title=Humko Tumse Ho Gaya Hai Pyaar TV Review: It's an impending love story between an under-confident rich boy and a street-smart girl with financial woes|newspaper=Bollywoodlife|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/humko-tumse-ho-gaya-hai-pyaar-tv-review-its-an-impending-love-story-between-an-under-confident-rich-boy-and-a-street-smart-girl-with-financial-woes/|access-date=6 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607104143/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/humko-tumse-ho-gaya-hai-pyaar-tv-review-its-an-impending-love-story-between-an-under-confident-rich-boy-and-a-street-smart-girl-with-financial-woes/|url-status=live}}</ref> The show premiered on 6 June 2016 and ended abruptly after 4-month run in October 2016 due to very low viewership.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Plus' 'Silsila Pyar Ka' and 'Dahleez' to be replaced by new shows|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/star-plus-silsila-pyar-ka-dahleez-be-replaced-by-new-shows-680933|website=International Business Times|date=June 2016|access-date=9 September 2020|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610041338/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/star-plus-silsila-pyar-ka-dahleez-be-replaced-by-new-shows-680933|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pehredaar Piya Ki, Kuch Rang Pyaar Ke Aise Bhi: Prime time Hindi soaps that faced abrupt closure|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pehredaar-piya-ki-kuch-rang-pyaar-ke-aise-bhi-prime-time-hindi-soaps-that-faced-abrupt-closure/photostory/60273986.cms|website=The Times of India|date=29 August 2017}}</ref>

==Plot==
Anokhi Mehra is a clever, witty girl who hails from a middle-class family in [[Chandni Chowk]], [[Delhi]]. Anokhi dreams of marrying a rich guy and believes that money is the main source of happiness. Her life takes a turn when she gets a job as an accountant in the Mallick house, where lives the wealthy and dysfunctional Mallick family. There she meets the family's soft-spoken heir, Tushar Mallick who falls for her, while she falls for his wealth. The show follows how Anokhi manages to win the Mallick family's hearts with her wit and charm while falling in love with Tushar, thus learning the true meaning of love and marriage. It is later revealed that Tushar's mother Nikita Mallika is not his mother. Nikita hates Tushar but she doesn't show that she hates him. It is then revealed that their house servant who is working there is his biological mother actually she was the daughter in law of the house. This news is given to Tushar by Anokhi. The show ends with him knowing that their servant is his mother and the reason for her becoming the servant of the house and thus Anokhi and Tushar reunites by love.

==Cast==
*Ishani Sharma as Anokhi Mehra, Tushar's wife, Gautam and Shashi's sister, Tilak and Vrinda's daughter
*[[Varun Toorkey]] as Tushar Mallick, Anokhi's husband, Pulkit's brother, Prithvi and Kalpana's son
*Avinash Sahijwani as Tilak Mehra, Vrinda's husband, Gautam, Anokhi and Shashi's father
*[[Deepti Sharma]] as Vrinda Mehra, Tilak's wife, Gautam, Anokhi and Shashi's mother
*Rahul Ram Manchanda as Gautam Mehra, Priyanka's husband, Tilak and Vrinda's son, Anokhi and Shashi's brother
*Swati Jain Shah as Priyanka Mehra, Gautam's wife
*Akhalaque Khan as Shashi Mehra, Tilak and Vrinda's son, Gautam and Anokhi's brother
*[[Pratima Kazmi]] as Dharamveer's elder sister
*[[Sudhir Pandey]] as Dharamveer Mallick, Gomti's husband, Parikshit and Prithvi's father, Pulkit, Jassi, Anokhi and Tushar's grandfather
*[[Abha Parmar]] as Gomti Mallick, Dharamveer's wife, Parikshit and Prithvi's mother, Pulkit, Jassi, Anokhi and Tushar's grandmother.
* Unknown as Parikshit Mallick, Nikita's husband, Pulkit's father, Anokhi and Tushar's uncle, Prithvi's brother, Dharamveer and Gomti's son
*Sujata Sanghamitra as Nikita Mallick, Parikshit's wife, Pulkit's mother, Jassi's mother-in-law, Tushar and Anokhi's aunt
*[[Vishal Malhotra]] as Pulkit Mallick, Jassi's husband, Tushar's brother, Parikshit and Nikita's son
*Sheetal Dabholkar as Jassi Mehra, Pulkit's wife, Tushar and Anokhi's sister-in-law and Parikshit and Nikita's daughter-in-law.
*Saptarishi Ghosh as Prithvi Mallick, Kalpana's husband, Tushar's Father, Anokhi's father-in-law and Dharamveer and Gomti's youngest son.
*Unknown as Kalpana Mallick, Prithvi's wife, Tushar's mother, Anokhi's mother-in-law and Dharamveer and Gomti's youngest daughter-in-law.
*Ankur Verma as Kunal Chaddha, Manager of Mallicks Company.
*[[Parveen Kaur (Indian actress)|Parveen Kaur]] as Rajni helped Kalpana in the marriage of Tushar and Anokhi.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.hotstar.com/tv/humko-tumse-ho-gaya-hai-pyaar-kya-karein/9384 Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916013140/https://www.hotstar.com/tv/humko-tumse-ho-gaya-hai-pyaar-kya-karein/9384 |date=16 September 2018 }}

{{Star Plus Shows}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Humko Tumse Ho Gaya Hai Pyaar Kya Karein}}
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Delhi]]

Saurabh Suman

2026-02-11T07:14:18Z

Babakigadi123: minor rework lead per standard format also and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian Agri researcher}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saurabh Suman
| image = “Nari Shakti Award” to Dr.(Smt.) Saurabh Suman, Bihar, at the presentation of Stree Shakti Puraskar 2015, on the occasion of the International Women’s Day, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg
| caption = on [[International Women's Day]], 2016
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| other_names =
| known_for = [[Nari Shakti Puraskar|Nari Shakti Award]]
| education = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| employer =
| occupation = [[Agronomy|Agri researcher]]
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dr. Saurabh Suman''' is an Indian [[Agronomy|Agri researcher]] who was awarded the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]]. She leads an NGO that empowers women in Bihar. Suiman has also been involved in organising celebrations of Mahishasur martyrdom day.

==Life==
Suman was born in a [[Kushwaha]] ([[Koeri]]) family of Bihar, but was raised in a [[Dalit]] family.
In 1980 her father, Kameshwar Singh Mahto, was arrested and sentenced to death for murder. This was later commuted.<ref name=mah/>

She studied at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]]<ref name=mah>{{Cite web|last=Chandan|first=Sanjeev|date=2016-04-16|title='Mahishasur's daughter' gets award from President|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/04/mahishasurs-daughter-gets-award-from-president-4/|access-date=2020-07-06|website=Forward Press|language=en-US|quote=“I was born into a Kushwaha (OBC) family but I consider myself a daughter of a Dalit foster father who worked as a labourer to provide for me, my sister and my mother. He sent us to school and fed us.”|archive-date=6 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706234410/https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/04/mahishasurs-daughter-gets-award-from-president-4/|url-status=live}}</ref> where she studied agricultural science, but later decided to become involved in social work.<ref name=accuse/>

Suman became the secretary of the NGO, Bihar Seva Sansthan. The organisation focuses its work on [[Nawada district|the distract around the city of Nawada]] but is interested in [[Bihar]] as well. With her leadership Bihar Seva Sansthan organised courses in information technology and mobile phones for women and she arranged for women to take part in agricultural research for the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-09|title=President Pranab Mukherjee presented 2015 Nari Shakti awards|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/president-pranab-mukherjee-presented-2015-nari-shakti-awards-1457494302-1|access-date=2020-07-06|website=Jagranjosh.com|archive-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219152551/https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/president-pranab-mukherjee-presented-2015-nari-shakti-awards-1457494302-1|url-status=live}}</ref>

She has been involved in organising celebrations of Mahishasur martyrdom day.<ref name=mah/> This can be a controversial celebration.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahishasur martyrdom day at JNU "misuse" of freedom of speech? HRD minister Smriti Irani triggers hornet's nest|date=26 February 2016 |url=https://www.counterview.net/2016/02/mahishasur-martyrdom-day-at-jnu-misuse.html|access-date=2020-07-06|archive-date=6 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706093345/https://www.counterview.net/2016/02/mahishasur-martyrdom-day-at-jnu-misuse.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016 Suman went to New Delhi where she was awarded the highest award for women in India, the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]]. The awards were made by President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] at the presidential palace ([[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 March 2016|first=Himanshi|last=Dhawan|title=Nari Shakti awards for women achievers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Nari-Shakti-awards-for-women-achievers/articleshow/51316364.cms|access-date=2020-07-06|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318022655/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/nari-shakti-awards-for-women-achievers/articleshow/51316364.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The ministry for Women and Child Development had organised the event and the WDC Minister [[Maneka Gandhi]] was present as well as the Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name=mah/>

In 2018 Suman was accused by men who had killed Locan RJD Leader Kailash Paswan as being the person who paid them to commit the murder. No evidence was cited.<ref name=accuse>{{Cite news|title=Woman social worker awarded by President wanted by Bihar cops for ordering an RJD leader Kailash Paswan's murder|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jul/14/woman-social-worker-awarded-by-president-wanted-by-bihar-cops-for-ordering-an-rjd-leader-kailash-pas-1842965.html|access-date=2022-12-09|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=14 July 2018|first=Anand ST|last=Das|archive-date=6 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706105832/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jul/14/woman-social-worker-awarded-by-president-wanted-by-bihar-cops-for-ordering-an-rjd-leader-kailash-pas-1842965.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Suman surrendered herself to the court noting that she had been framed and that she had not paid these men with land and money to kill Paswan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 July 2018|title=NGO secretary surrenders in neta's murder case|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ngo-secretary-surrenders-in-netas-murder-case/articleshow/65014179.cms|access-date=2020-07-06|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=16 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316093907/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ngo-secretary-surrenders-in-netas-murder-case/articleshow/65014179.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suman, Saurabh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian agronomists]]
[[Category:People from Nawada district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]

Ali Mohammad Shahbaz

2026-02-09T21:27:25Z

Babakigadi123: Made New Bio Basic Info!

{{Short description| Kashmiri Poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox poet
| name = Ali Mohammad Qureshi
| native_name =
| education = Master's degree
| occupation = Poet, writer, teacher
| death_place = Hangah, [[Handwara]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1996|07|04|1939|05|01|df=y}}
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1939|05|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = Shatgund payeen [[Handwara]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], British India
| image = Ali Mohammad Qureshi.jpg
| honorific_suffix = Shahbaz
| language = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
}}
'''Ali Mohammad Shahbaz''', (born '''Ali Mohammad Qureshi''', 1939 – 1996) known by his pen name '''Shahbaz''', was a [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]-language revolutionary poet, satirist, humanist, philanthropist, calligrapher, and teacher. His literary work revolved around the [[Kashmir conflict|conflict]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2020 |title=Noted poet Ali Mohd. Shahbaz remembered on his 24th anniversary across Jk, famous folk singer Manzoor Shah conferred Shahbaz Memorial award |url=https://thekashmirhorizon.com/2020/07/04/noted-poet-ali-mohd-shahbaz-remembered-on-his-24th-anniversary-across-jkfamous-folk-singer-manzoor-shah-conferred-shahbaz-memorial-award/ |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=The Kashmir Horizon |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life==
Ali Mohammad Shahbaz was born on 1 May 1939 at his ancestral resident Mawer ([[Langate]]), a village in [[Handwara]] town of [[Kashmir|North Kashmir]]'s [[Kupwara district]].{{citation needed|date= August 2022}} He had his primary school education from Islamia Model School, Qalamabad and completed high school at Handwara. He has done masters in the Kashmiri language.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gul|first=Enayat|title=Ali Mohammad Shahbaz (monograph on the Kashmiri Poet)|publisher=Sahitya Akademi Office}}</ref>

== Personal life==
'''Shahbaz''' was a teacher by profession and was appointed as the ''Principal of Government Boys Higher Secondary School Handwara'' until his death. His father, Gh Mohammad Quershi was a cleric, who died when Shahbaz was in teens. Shahbaz turned to poetry at a very tender age. He was tremendously influenced by his teacher Shahlal Bahar. Bahar was the Vice President of [[Adbee Markaz Kamraz]], member cultural academy Srinagar and [[Sahitya Academy]], New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gul|first=Enayat|title=Ali Mohammad Shahbaz (Monograph on the Kashmiri Poet)|publisher=Sahitya Akademi Office}}</ref>

== His poetry in music field==
Kashmiri singers have sung most of Shahbaz's gazals and one among them is broadcast on [[AIR Srinagar|Radio Kashmir]] almost every morning.

His poetry have been sung at national level by singer [[Noor Mohammad Shah|Noor Mohammad]] titled "'''Janaan'''" (11 November 2020) and "'''Baliye'''" (9 April 2021) which have been released by [[Zee Music Company]] at the Online Video Platform YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web|last=LyricsLobby|title=Janaan Lyrics – Noor Mohammad {{!}} Irfaan Bukhari – LyricsLobby|url=https://www.lyricslobby.com/janaan-noor-mohammad-irfaan-bukhari/|access-date=7 May 2021|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Death==
Shahbaz was shot dead by an unidentified gunmen on 4 July 1996 at his native village Hangah Langate.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}} An award is named in his honour.<ref>{{Cite web|last=KNS|title=KNS|url=http://www.knskashmir.com/noted-lyricist-shahbaz-remembered-across-jk-48129|access-date=7 May 2021|website=www.knskashmir.com|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* Ali Mohammad Shahbaz (Monograph on the Kashmiri Poet), Enayat Gul<ref>{{Cite web|title=..:: SAHITYA AKADEMI : New Publications ::...|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/publications/book-26.jsp|access-date=2021-05-13|website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kashmiri poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Kupwara district]]
[[Category:Poets from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Jammu and Kashmir]]

Elavenil Valarivan

2026-02-08T08:55:54Z

Babakigadi123: cleanup references further and added references after review

{{short description|Indian sport shooter (born 1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Elavenil Valarivan
| image = Elavenil Valarivan.jpg
| caption = Valarivan in 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|2 August 1999}}
| birth_place = [[Cuddalore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| nickname = Ela<ref>{{cite news |title=Golden eye {{!}} Elavenil Valarivan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20210719-golden-eye-elavenil-valarivan-1826238-2021-07-09 |access-date=28 July 2024 |work=India Today |date=10 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Gujarat University]]
| sport = [[Shooting sports|Shooting]]
| event = [[ISSF 10 meter air rifle|10 m air rifle]]
| height = 1.64 m
| pb = {{ubl
|253.6 '''NR''' (2025)
| 635.9 '''NR''' (2025)
}}
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[ISSF 10 meter air rifle|10 m air rifle shooting]]}} [[File: Shooting pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}}}}
{{MedalCount | total = yes
| [[ISSF World Shooting Championships|World Championships]] | 0 | 0 | 3
| [[ISSF World Cup#World Cup Final|World Cup Final]] | 1 | 0 | 0
| [[Asian Shooting Championships|Asian Championships]] | 8 | 4 | 1
| [[ISSF World Cup|World Cup]] | 4 | 1 | 1
| [[ISSF Junior World Championships|Junior World Championships]] | 1 | 1 | 0
| [[Asian Shooting Championships|Junior Asian Championships]] | 0 | 0 | 1
| [[ISSF Junior World Cup|Junior World Cup]] | 6 | 0 | 1
| [[World University Games]] | 1 | 1 | 0
| [[FISU World University Championships|World University Championships]] | 1 | 0 | 1
}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ISSF World Shooting Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2022 Cairo]]|[[2022 ISSF World Shooting Championships#Women|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2025 Cairo]]|[[2025 ISSF World Shooting Championships#Rifle|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2025 Cairo]]|[[2025 ISSF World Shooting Championships#Rifle|Individual]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ISSF World Cup#World Cup Final|World Cup Final]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 ISSF World Cup|2019 Putian]]|[[2019 ISSF World Cup#Women's results|Individual]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Shooting Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 Asian Airgun Championships|2019 Taoyuan]]|[[2019 Asian Airgun Championships#Women|Individual]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 Asian Airgun Championships|2019 Taoyuan]]|[[2019 Asian Airgun Championships#Women|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Airgun Championships|2022 Daegu]]|[[2022 Asian Airgun Championships#Women|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 Asian Shooting Championships|2025 Shymkent]]|[[2025 Asian Shooting Championships#Women - Senior|Individual]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 Asian Shooting Championships|2025 Shymkent]]|[[2025 Asian Shooting Championships#Mixed - Senior|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships|2026 New Delhi]]|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships#Women|Individual]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships|2026 New Delhi]]|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships#Mixed|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships|2026 New Delhi]]|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships#Women|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2019 Asian Shooting Championships|2019 Doha]]|[[2019 Asian Shooting Championships#Women - Senior|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2019 Asian Airgun Championships|2019 Taoyuan]]|[[2019 Asian Airgun Championships#Mixed|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Asian Airgun Championships|2022 Daegu]]|[[2022 Asian Airgun Championships#Mixed|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2024 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships|2024 Jakarta]]|[[2024 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships#Women|Individual]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 Asian Shooting Championships|2025 Shymkent]]|[[2025 Asian Shooting Championships#Women - Senior|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ISSF World Cup|World Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 ISSF World Cup|2019 Rio de Janeiro]]|[[2019 ISSF World Cup#Rifle events|Individual]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2021 ISSF World Cup|2021 New Delhi]]|[[2021 ISSF World Cup#Rifle events|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 ISSF World Cup|2022 Baku]]|[[2022 ISSF World Cup#Rifle events|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 ISSF World Cup|2023 Rio de Janeiro]]|[[2023 ISSF World Cup#Rifle events|Individual]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 ISSF World Cup|2022 Changwon]]|[[2022 ISSF World Cup#Rifle events|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 ISSF World Cup|2025 Munich]]|[[2025 ISSF World Cup#Rifle events|Individual]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ISSF Junior World Championships|Junior World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2018 Changwon]]|[[2021 ISSF Junior World Championships#Women|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2018 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2018 Changwon]]|[[2021 ISSF Junior World Championships#Women|Individual]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Shooting Championships|Junior Asian Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2018 Asian Airgun Championships|2018 Kuwait]]|[[2018 Asian Airgun Championships|Individual]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ISSF Junior World Cup|Junior World Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018 ISSF Junior World Cup|2018 Sydney]]|[[2018 ISSF Junior World Cup|Individual]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018 ISSF Junior World Cup|2018 Sydney]]|[[2018 ISSF Junior World Cup|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018 ISSF Junior World Cup|2018 Suhl]]|[[2018 ISSF Junior World Cup|Individual]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018 ISSF Junior World Cup|2018 Suhl]]|[[2018 ISSF Junior World Cup|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 ISSF Junior World Cup|2019 Suhl]]|[[2019 ISSF Junior World Cup|Individual]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 ISSF Junior World Cup|2019 Suhl]]|[[2019 ISSF Junior World Cup|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2018 ISSF Junior World Cup|2018 Suhl]]|[[2018 ISSF Junior World Cup|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World University Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2021 Summer World University Games|2021 Chengdu]]|[[Shooting at the 2021 Summer World University Games#Women's events|Individual]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2021 Summer World University Games|2021 Chengdu]]|[[Shooting at the 2021 Summer World University Games#Mixed events|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[FISU World University Championships|World University Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[FISU World University Championships|2018 Kuala Lumpur]]|[[FISU World University Championships|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[FISU World University Championships|2018 Kuala Lumpur]]|[[FISU World University Championships|Individual]]}}
}}

'''Elavenil Valarivan''' ({{IPA|ta|ɪɭəʋeːnɪl̪ ʋɑːl̪əɾɪʋən}}) is an Indian [[sport shooter]] specializing in the [[ISSF 10 meter air rifle|10 m air rifle]] event. Valarivan has represented India at all major international shooting events, including the [[ISSF World Shooting Championships|World Championships]], [[ISSF World Cup|World Cup]], [[Asian Games]], [[Asian Shooting Championships|Asian Championships]], and the [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020]] and [[2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Olympics]]. She was honored with the [[Arjuna Award]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports announces National Sports Awards 2022 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1875896 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214104612/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1875896 |archive-date=14 December 2024 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=www.pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ISSF |id=SHINDW0208199901}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Valarivan, Elavenil}}
[[Category:Indian female sport shooters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil sportspeople]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games shooters for India]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic shooters for India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:FISU World University Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:FISU World University Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Summer World University Games medalists in shooting]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2021 Summer Universiade]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Suryavanshi

2026-02-06T22:02:14Z

Babakigadi123: started new data

{{Wikt|sa:सूर्यवंश|sa:सूर्यवंश्य}}

'''Suryavanshi''' or '''Suryawanshi''' may refer to:

== People ==
* [[Are Katika]], or Suryavanshi, an ethnic group of southern India
* [[Anand Suryavanshi]] (born 1957), Indian actor
* [[Digangana Suryavanshi]] (born 1997), Indian actress, singer, and author
* [[Sarjarao Suryavanshi]] (born 1926), Indian wrestler
* [[Narsingrao Suryawanshi]] (born 1952), Indian politician
* [[Ashish Suryawanshi]] (born 1990), Indian cricketer
* [[Chetan Suryawanshi]] (born 1985), Singaporean cricketer
* [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] (born 2011), Indian cricketer

== Film ==
* [[Suryavanshi (film)|''Suryavanshi'' (film)]], a 1992 Indian Hindi-language film
* ''[[Sooryavansham]]'', a 1999 Indian Hindi-language drama film by E. V. V. Satyanarayana, starring Amitabh Bachchan
* ''[[Sooryavanshi]]'', a 2021 Indian Hindi-language Indian action film by Rohit Shetty, part of the Cop Universe

== See also ==
* [[Suryavamsam (disambiguation)]]
* [[Surya (disambiguation)]]
* [[Vamsi (disambiguation)]]
* [[Suryavansh]] or Solar dynasty, a mythical dynasty in ancient Indian literature
* [[Suryavamsi Gajapati dynasty]], dynasty in medieval eastern India

{{Disambiguation|surname}}

Kulpahar railway station

2026-02-02T09:19:29Z

Babakigadi123: new...

{{Short description|Railway station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kulpahar Railway Station
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Kulpahar_Railway_Station_City_Side.jpg
| image_caption = Station Building City Side Entry
| address = [[Kulpahar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.2826|79.8482|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Uttar Pradesh
| line = Jhansi–Banda section
| other = Auto stand
| elevation = {{convert|210|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = KLAR
| zone = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Jhansi}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| status = Double electric line
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = Railwire Wifi internet service
}}

'''Kulpahar railway station''' is a railway station of Bundelkhand region in [[Mahoba district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Its code is '''KLAR'''. It serves [[Kulpahar]] city. The station is a category NSG5 station of [[Jhansi railway division]] of the [[North Central Railway zone]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/kulpahar-klar/1397| title=KLAR/Kulpahar Railway Station | website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

== Adarsh Station Scheme ==

Kulpahar railway station was declared adarsh railway station by the Ministry of Railways government of India in the year 2012.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/prd/Booklets/CONSTITUENCYWISE_ACHIEVEMENT/2022/Uttar%20Pradesh/HAMIRPUR_English.pdf| title=Indian Railways | website=Indian Railways}}</ref>

== Amrit Bharat Station Scheme ==

In the year 2023 ministry of railways launched Amrit Bharat Station Scheme; Kulpahar railway station is covered under this scheme for second phase work, which is expected to be completed by the end of the year 2025.

== Amenities ==

'''The following amenities are available at this railway station'''

* Waiting hall
* Automated unreserved ticket vending machine
* Computerized UTS cum PRS ticket counter
* Automated train arrival/departure announcement system
* Parking
* Ramp to enter and exit station building for disabled passengers
* Water coolers on platforms
* Snacks stalls on platforms
* Toilets and bathrooms at platforms
* Enquiry counter
* Train display board
* Seats/benches on platforms
* Drinking Water taps on platforms
* Free Wi-fi service in station premises
* Second entrance to the station
* Foot overbridge

'''The following amenities are under construction'''

* Separate waiting hall for female passengers
* Separate waiting hall for upper class travelers
* Coach indicator boards at platforms
* Train display boards in circulating area
* Retiring rooms
* ATM near circulating area

== Trains ==

At present 22 odd trains have stoppage at this station,<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/1397?| title=KLAR/Kulpahar Railway Station arrival departure information | website=India Rail Info}}</ref> which includes [[Sampark Kranti Express]] trains, super fast trains and other [[Express_trains_in_India|Express]] and passenger trains. Some of the major trains stopping at this station are:

* [[Bundelkhand Express]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Sampark Kranti Express]]
* [[Khajuraho–Udaipur City Express]]
* [[Chambal Express]]
* [[Howrah–Mathura Chambal Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Mahoba district]]
[[Category:Jhansi railway division]]
[[Category:Mahoba]]

{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Mk. III LCU

2026-01-31T14:29:37Z

Babakigadi123: improved article

{{short description|Vessel class}}
{{Use British English|date = May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = May 2017}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS LCU 39.jpg
| image_caption = L39 LCU during shore operations
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
|name = ''LCU MK III'' class |builders = [[Goa Shipyard Limited]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Transition to Eminence: The Indian Navy 1976-1990
|isbn = 9788170622666|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WxI9TlAxIQC&q=mk+III+LCU&pg=PA49|last1 = Hiranandani|first1 = G. M.|year = 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mark 3 Landing Craft|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/weapons/specs/165-Mk3-LCU.html}}</ref>
|operators = {{navy|India}} |class_before = LCU Mk II |class_after = [[Mk. IV LCU|LCU MK IV]] |subclasses = |cost = |built_range = 1986 – 87 |in_service_range = 1986 – 2019 |in_commission_range = |total_ships_building = |total_ships_planned = 4 |total_ships_completed = 4 |total_ships_canceled = |total_ships_active = |total_ships_laid_up = |total_ships_lost = |total_ships_retired =4 |total_ships_preserved = }}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class =
| type =
| displacement = 560 tons<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/files/Transition-to-Guardianship-07Apr16.pdf#page=70|title=Transition to Guardianship, The Indian Navy 1991–2000|accessdate=2019-11-16}}</ref><ref name="Mk.2 & Mk.3 Landing Craft Class">{{Cite web|title=Mk.2 & Mk.3 Landing Craft Class|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/l-mk2.htm}}</ref><ref>[http://ww2lct.org/history/stories/lctevolution.htm The Evolution Of the Landing Craft Tank] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601045740/http://ww2lct.org/history/stories/lctevolution.htm |date= 1 June 2013 }}</ref>
| length = 57.5 m <ref name="Mk.2 & Mk.3 Landing Craft Class">{{Cite web|title=Mk.2 & Mk.3 Landing Craft Class|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/l-mk2.htm}}</ref>
| beam = 8.2 m
| height =
| draught =
| draft = 1.57 m
| depth = 4 m
| hold_depth =
| decks =
| deck_clearance =
| ramps =
| ice_class =
| power =
| propulsion = 3 [[Kirloskar Group|Kirloskar]]-MAN V8V 17.5/22 AMAL [[diesel engines]] x 562 bhp driving 3 shafts.<ref name="Mark 3 Landing Craft">{{Cite web|title=Mark 3 Landing Craft|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/weapons/specs/165-Mk3-LCU.html}}</ref>
| sail_plan =
| speed = 11.5 kn
| range = 1,000 nmi at 8 kn
| endurance =
| test_depth =
| boats =
| capacity =
| troops = 120
| complement = 207
| crew = 87
| time_to_activate =
| sensors = 1 Racal Decca 1629 [[radar]] at I-band [[frequency]].
| EW =
| armament = * 2 x [[Bofors]] 40mm/60 guns (aft) & [[Naval mine|mine]]s
| armour =
| aircraft =
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}
'''''Mk III LCU''''' class vessels were follow on class of Mk II LCU operated by the [[Indian Navy]] and were meant to augment the Indian Navy's amphibious capability. The ships were deployed for maritime roles like maritime security, beaching, un-beaching, humanitarian relief operations and evacuation from distant islands, search and rescue operations and peace-keeping missions. The landing craft were meant for use by amphibious forces to transport equipment and troops to the shore. They were capable of transporting tracked or wheeled vehicles and troops from amphibious assault ships to beachheads or piers. The landing craft were carried on board [[amphibious assault ships]] to the objective area. Built and delivered between 1986-87 the mission of the LCU was to land/retrieve [[personnel]] and equipment ([[tank]]s, [[artillery]], equipment, [[motor vehicles]]) during [[amphibious operations]].<ref name="Mark 3 Landing Craft">{{Cite web|title=Mark 3 Landing Craft|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/weapons/specs/165-Mk3-LCU.html}}</ref> LCU's help land personnel and equipment after the initial [[assault]] waves of an amphibious operation.<ref name="Mk.2 & Mk.3 Landing Craft Class">{{Cite web|title=Mk.2 & Mk.3 Landing Craft Class|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/l-mk2.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kumbhir Class, LCU (MK-3) Class|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/kumbhir-class-lcu-mk-3-class|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731154710/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/kumbhir-class-lcu-mk-3-class|archivedate=31 July 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Goa Shipyard Limited]] built and delivered these 4 LCU Mk III ships between 1978 and 1987 alongside the now [[Ship decommissioning|decommissioned]] 2 LCU Mk I and 3 LCU Mk II ships. These versatile vessels served Indian Navy for over 30 years and were retired in 2018/19. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Transition to Eminence: The Indian Navy 1976-1990
|isbn = 9788170622666|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WxI9TlAxIQC&q=mk+III+LCU&pg=PA49|last1 = Hiranandani|first1 = G. M.|year = 2005}}</ref><ref name="Mark 3 Landing Craft">{{Cite web|title=Mark 3 Landing Craft|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/weapons/specs/165-Mk3-LCU.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Transition-to-Eminence-07Apr16.pdf|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/files/Transition-to-Eminence-07Apr16.pdf}}</ref>

== Service ==

The LCU Mark-III ships were developed in-house by Goa Shipyard and are designed for multipurpose amphibious operations to be carried out by Indian Navy. In Dec 2016, LCU L38 was part of the operation to rescue 800 tourists stranded in [[Havelock Islands]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Navy Ships to Rescue 800 Tourists From Andaman After Heavy Rains|date=7 December 2016 |url=https://www.thequint.com/india/2016/12/07/navy-ships-to-rescue-800-tourists-in-havelock-island-andaman-and-nicobar-after-heavy-rains-ins-bitra-bangaram}}</ref> In 1988, Lt Cdr KR Nair; the [[Commanding Officer]] of LCU 36 was awarded [[Nau Sena Medal]] for conducting ''Operation Pawan Patrol'', an anti militant [[patrol]] operation in uncharted waters. LCU 36 was also involved in providing [[cyclone]] relief service in 1990 at Rangat Island part of [[Andaman Islands]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Transition to Eminence: The Indian Navy 1976-1990|isbn = 9788170622666|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WxI9TlAxIQC|last1 = Hiranandani|first1 = G. M.|year = 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Transition-to-Eminence-07Apr16.pdf|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/files/Transition-to-Eminence-07Apr16.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://echoofindia.com/port-blair-inlcu-36-inlcu-37-decommissioned-after-30-glorious-years-service-nation-137602|title=Port Blair {{!}} INLCU-36, INLCU-37 decommissioned after 30 glorious years of service to nation {{!}} The Echo of India|work=The Echo of India|access-date=2018-02-14|language=en}}</ref>

== Ships of the class ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Yard No
! Pennant
! Laid down
! Launched
! Commissioned
!Decommissioned
! Home-port

|-
|
| L 36
|
|
|18 July 1986 <ref name="Mk.2 & Mk.3 Landing Craft Class">{{Cite web|title=Mk.2 & Mk.3 Landing Craft Class|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/l-mk2.htm}}</ref>
|9 February 2018<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/indiannavy/status/961985578504826881|title=Indian Naval Landing Craft Utility, IN LCU 36 & IN LCU 37 were decommissioned this evening at Port Blair after completing more than 30 years of glorious service to the nation. LCU 36 was 1st of LCU MK-III class landing craft utility vessels built at GSL followed by LCU 37, 38 &39pic.twitter.com/othoW7XP6x|last=SpokespersonNavy|date=9 February 2018|website=@indiannavy|language=en|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" |[[Port Blair]]
|-
|
|L 37
|
|
| 18 October 1986
|9 February 2018<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|
| L 38
|
|
| 10 December 1986
|rowspan="2"|30 March 2019<ref name="L38-L39">{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/IndianNavy/posts/867697416918453|title=Indian Navy, Official Facebook Page|website=[[Facebook]] |date=2019-03-30}}</ref><ref name="L38-L39-2">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/naval-landing-craft-decommissioned|title=Naval Landing Craft Decommissioned|date=2019-03-30}}</ref>
|-
|
| L 39
|
|
| 25 March 1987
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of ships of the Indian Navy]]
* [[List of active Indian Navy ships]]
* [[Future ships of the Indian Navy]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.grse.gov.in/page_shipbuilding.php?page_id=101 LCU Mk IV on GRSE website]

{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mk. III LCU}}
[[Category:Amphibious warfare vessels of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]
[[Category:Landing craft]]

Meenalatha Mohan

2026-01-16T14:08:57Z

Babakigadi123: Started New Post

{{Short description|Indian basketball player and coach}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
'''Meenalatha Mohan''' (born 23 March 1978)<ref>{{cite web |title=Meenalatha Mohan () - Basketball Stats, Height, Age |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/23600-meenalatha-mohan |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref> is a former Indian basketball player and coach from Tamil Nadu. She played for the [[India women's national basketball team]] and the [[Indian Railways]] teams in the domestic tournaments.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rajan |first=Sanjay |date=2023-09-17 |title=Ringside view: Meenalatha, a star in her own right |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/sports/ringside-view-meenalatha-a-star-in-her-own-right-736748 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Basketball MOHAN Meenalatha - The 19th Asian Games |url=https://www.ocagames.com/HZ_Info/AG2022-/en/results/basketball/athlete-profile-n2300704-mohan-meenalatha.htm |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=www.ocagames.com}}</ref> She also coached the Indian women's 5x5 team for the [[2022 Asian Games|Asian Games 2022]] at [[Hangzhou]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Gopalakrishnan |title=Asian Games Basketball: India's Revised Rosters Announced |url=https://www.ekalavyas.com/p/asian-games-basketball-indias-revised |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=www.ekalavyas.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Mohan is born in [[Chengalpattu]], Tamil Nadu. She did her schooling at St. Mary's School, Chengalpattu and learnt her basics at the Premium Basketball Club.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Mohan started as a club player and played for her school in Chengalpattu, a rural town in Tamil Nadu. At 18 years, she joined Southern Railways, a premier basketball team, in 1996 and represented India in the Asian Basketball Championships for women in 1997.<ref name=":0" />

In 1994, she played a key role in Tamil Nadu winning their first Junior National title and she was also part of her state team that won the Junior Nationals for a second time in 1996. After joining the Southern Railways, she was selected for the Indian Railways team which she represented for many years. She won the [[National Basketball Championship (women)|Senior National Basketball Championship for women]] six times as part of the Indian Railways team.<ref name=":0" /> One of her early National titles came on 1 January 2000, where Indian Railways won their 11th National title at the National Basketball Championship in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Sport |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000102/sports.htm#8 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> She represented India at the 2001 Asian Championship for Women.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-30 |title=Meena Latha () - Basketball Stats, Height, Age {{!}} FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/234277-meena-latha |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}</ref>

=== Coaching career ===
In 2021, Mohan's first assignment as an assistant coach with the Indian team was for the FIBA Women's Asia Cup 2021 in Amman, Jordan, where Indian women finished 8th under chief coach Serbian Zoran Višić.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, Meenalatha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's basketball players]]
[[Category:Basketball players from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Chengalpattu district]]

Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University

2026-01-16T04:23:44Z

Babakigadi123:

{{Short description|State university in Ranchi, Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| image = Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University logo.png
| image_size = 200
| caption = University Logo
| other_name = DSPMU
| name = Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University
| established = {{Start date and age|1926}} (as Ranchi College) {{Start date and age|2017}} (as DSPMU)
| type = [[State university (India)|Public State University]]
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| endowment =
| chancellor = [[Governor of Jharkhand]]
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Dharmendra Kumar Singh ''(acting)''
| city = [[Ranchi]]
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode =
| coordinates = {{coord|23.3883|N|85.3224|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| pushpin_map =
| publictransit =
| academic_staff = 120
| administrative_staff = 240
| undergrad = 6,000+
| postgrad = 2,500+
| doctoral = 1,346+
| website = {{url|http://www.dspmuranchi.ac.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University''', formerly '''Ranchi College''', is a [[State university (India)|state university]] located in [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=11&Unitype=2| title=State University Jharkhand | publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]] | access-date=22 October 2018}}</ref> It is named after the Indian politician [[Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]]. It was established as a college in 1926 and upgraded to a university in 2017.<ref name="Telegraph India 2022">{{cite web | title=Dr Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University, Ranchi, hosts history seminar | website=Telegraph India | date=5 May 2022 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/news/dr-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-university-ranchi-hosts-history-seminar/cid/1863661 | access-date=20 Mar 2023}}</ref><ref name="Lagatar English 2022">{{cite web | title=Ranchi: Dr Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University commemorates Hindi Diwas | website=Lagatar English | date=14 Sep 2022 | url=https://lagatar24.com/ranchi-dr-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-university-commemorates-hindi-diwas/120723/ | access-date=20 Mar 2023}}</ref><ref name="Pioneer 2023">{{cite web | last=Pioneer | first=The | title=Former Minister inaugurates 5th JIFFA | website=The Pioneer | date=20 Mar 2023 | url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/former-minister-inaugurates-5th--jiffa.html | access-date=20 Mar 2023}}</ref>

== History ==
Ranchi College was established as a government [[intermediate college]] in 1926, and begun [[undergraduate]] and [[postgraduate]] courses in 1946. Following the [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence
]] it operated as unit of [[Patna University]]. It became a unit of [[Ranchi University]] upon its creation in 1960 and became autonomous in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University, Ranchi (Jharkhand) |url=https://www.dspmuranchi.ac.in/AboutUniversity.aspx |website=www.dspmuranchi.ac.in |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> In 2017 it was upgraded to a [[State university (India)|state university]] through the ''Jharkhand State Universities (Amendment) Act, 2017''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/5737/1/the_jharkhand_state_universities_%28amendment%29_act%2c_2017.pdf |access-date=6 August 2019|title=Jharkhand State Universities (Amendment) Act, 2017|publisher=[[Government of Jharkhand]]|work=Jharkhand Gazette}}</ref>

== Courses ==
Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University offers various courses in many streams

* [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (PHD) - This University offers 20 courses in PHD
* [[Master of Science]] (MSC)
* [[Bachelor of Science]] (BSC)
* [[Master of Business Administration]] (MBA)
* [[Bachelor of Commerce]] (BCOM)

* [[Bachelor of Education]] (B.ED) And many more courses in various disciplines.

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of state universities in India]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand]]
*[[University Grants Commission (India)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.dspmuranchi.ac.in}}
{{Portal bar|India|Education}}

{{Universities in Jharkhand}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Ranchi]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:1926 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1926]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2017]]
[[Category:State universities in Jharkhand]]

{{Jharkhand-university-stub}}

Pholai

2025-12-30T15:45:05Z

Babakigadi123: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan state, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pholai
| native_name = फोलाई
| native_name_lang = hi
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bundi district|Bundi]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bundi]]
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 323001
| registration_plate = RJ-08
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pholai''' is a village in the [[Bundi district]] of [[Rajasthan]] state, India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pholai Village Population - Keshoraipatan - Bundi, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/94180-pholai-rajasthan.html |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> It is famous for [[temple]]s to Lord [[Shiva]], the Bhognath Ji and Somnath Ji, and to Lord [[Ganesha]]. These temples are located in the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli Mountains]]. Kanchandham is another famous temple in the area, one of Lord [[Krishna]], which is visited by foreigners occasionally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gram Panchayat (ग्राम पंचायत): PHOLAI |url=https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayat-pholai-36291 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=localbodydata.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Villages in Bundi district]]

{{Kotadivision-geo-stub}}

Hamoodur Rahman Commission

2025-12-29T14:54:24Z

Babakigadi123: small changes

{{Short description|Pakistani judicial inquiry after the 1971 Bangladesh War of Independence}}
{{About|the commission chaired by the Hamoodur Rahman|other uses|Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
[[File:Pakistan 1971.png|thumb|250px|Pakistan in Asia: Pakistan's historical map before or prior to 1971. 1. West Pakistan 2. East Pakistan]]

The '''Hamoodur Rahman Commission''' (otherwise known as '''War Enquiry Commission'''<ref name="Dunya News">{{cite web |title=Hamoodur Rehman Commission Report |url=http://img.dunyanews.tv/images/docss/hamoodur_rahman_commission_report.pdf |website=[[Dunya News]] |access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref>), was a [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|judicial]] inquiry commission that assessed [[Pakistan]]'s political–military involvement in [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]] from [[History of East Pakistan (1947–71)|1947 to 1971]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan"/> The commission was set up on 26 December 1971<ref name="Dunya News"/> by [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]] the then [[President of Pakistan]] and chaired under Chief Justice [[Hamoodur Rahman]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan">{{cite news|title=Hamoodur Rahman Commission reports|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-hamood-ur-rahman-commission-report/|access-date=14 June 2013|newspaper=Story of Pakistan|date=January 2000|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

Constituted to prepare strictly germane report on "full and complete account of the circumstances surrounding the [[1971 Bangladesh atrocities|atrocities]] and [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|1971 war]]", including the "circumstances in which the [[Commander (rank)|Commander]] of the [[East Pakistan Military Command|Eastern Military Command]], surrendered the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Eastern contingent]] forces under his command laid down their arms."<ref name="Story of Pakistan"/>

The commission's final report was very lengthy and provided an analysis based on extensive interviews and testimonies. Its primary conclusion was very critical of the role of Pakistan's [[Pakistan military|military]] interference, the misconduct of politicians as well as the intelligence failures of the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) and the [[Federal Investigation Agency]] (FIA), which permitted the infiltration of [[Indian Intelligence Agency|Indian agents]] all along the borders of East Pakistan.<ref name=BBC2/>

Originally, there were 12 copies of the report. These were all destroyed; except the one that was handed over to Government who disallowed its publication at the time. In 2000, parts of the commission report were leaked to [[India Today|Indian]] and Pakistani [[Pakistani newspapers|newspapers]].<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Bhatt">{{cite book |last1=Bhatt |first1=Dr Arunkumar |year=2015 |title=Psychological Warfare and India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1whOBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA288 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |page=288 |isbn=978-81-7062-133-1}}</ref>

The full report was thought to be declassified by the government in 2000, along with other reports concerning the year 1971.<ref name="Story of Pakistan"/> However, it was reported that the supplementary report based on testimonies of [[prisoners of war]] (POWs) was published, and the key portion of the report concerning the political and military issues remained classified and marked as "[[Classified information|Top secret]]."<ref name="Story of Pakistan"/><ref name="Lancer Publishers, Bhatt"/>

==Historical background==

===Formation of commission===
In 1971, East Pakistan seceded from Pakistan and declared independence as Bangladesh. The resulting civil war ended with the signing of a [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|Pakistani surrender]] after the military intervention of India.<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Hamoodur Rahman Commission |encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Pakistan |year=2015 |last=Burki |first=Shahid Javed |edition=4th |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |page=244 |isbn=978-1-4422-4148-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244}}</ref>

Upon consolidating the [[Power (politics)|power]], President [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] announced to form the Commission under the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]]'s [[List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan|senior justices]] in December 1971.<ref name="Story of Pakistan" /> Constituted upon the request from the President, the Commission conducted evaluated and analytical studies to inquire into and find out "the circumstances in which the Commander, Eastern Command, surrendered and the members of the Armed Forces of Pakistan under his command laid down their arms and a ceasefire was ordered along the borders of West Pakistan".<ref name="Dunya News" />

Initially, the commission was known as the '''War Enquiry Commission''' but gained notability as "Hamoodur Rehman Commission" across the country.<ref name="Dunya News"/> The commission was led by its chairman, Chief Justice [[Hamoodur Rahman]] (a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] jurist), aided with the [[List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan|senior justices]] of the Supreme Court, and military officials as its advisers.<ref name=HRCR>[http://www.pppusa.org/humudurrehman.htm Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112011107/http://www.pppusa.org/humudurrehman.htm |date=12 November 2009 }}, [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]</ref>

The commission had consisted of both civilian and military officials that investigated the political and military failures based on the interviews and testimonies provided by the POWs, politicians, activists, military leaders, and journalists for two years.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} The commission submitted its final report in 1974.<ref name="US Institute of Peace Press">{{cite book |last1=Schaffer |first1=Howard B. |last2=Schaffer |first2=Teresita C. |year=2011 |title=How Pakistan Negotiates with the United States: Riding the Roller Coaster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axT9i-FhO0UC&pg=PA63 |publisher=[[United States Institute of Peace Press]] |page=63 |isbn=978-1-60127-075-7}}</ref>

===Commission members===
* [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]]
** Chief Justice [[Hamoodur Rahman]] (chairman)
** Senior Justice [[Sheikh Anwarul Haq|Anwarul Haq]] (vice-chairman)
** Senior Justice [[Tufail Ali Abdul Rehman|Tufail Rahman]] (chief justice of [[Sindh High Court]])
** Two additional members from [[Balochistan High Court|Baluchistan High Court]]
** Lieutenant-General (retired) Altaf Qadir was its military adviser.<ref name=IndiaToday1/>

===Interviewees and testimonies (1972–74)===
The commission interviewed and stored testimonies in both first and supplementary reports. In 1972, it was reported that around 213 officials were interviewed and testified, including [[Yahya Khan]] and [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]].<ref name="Duke University Press, Saikia"/> In 1974, the Commission again resumed its work and interviewed 300 freed POWs and recorded 73 more bureaucrats' testimonies that served on government assignments in East Pakistan.<ref name="Duke University Press, Saikia"/>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Yahya Khan]] (1972)<ref name="Duke University Press, Saikia"/>
*[[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] (1972)<ref name="Duke University Press, Saikia"/>
*[[Abdul Hamid Khan (Pakistani Army officer)|Abdul Hamid Khan]] (1972)
*[[Gul Hasan]] (1972)
*[[A. O. Mitha|A.O. Mitha]](1972)
*[[Nurul Amin]] (1972)
*[[Abdul Rahim Khan]] (1972)
*[[Leslie Mungavin]] (1972)
*[[Tikka Khan]] (1972)
*[[Muzaffar Hassan]] (1972)
*[[Zafar Masud (air commodore)|Mitty Masud]](1972)
*[[Syed Mohammad Ahsan]](1972)
*[[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]] (1975)
*[[Rao Farman Ali]] (1974)
*[[Mohammad Shariff]] (1974)
*[[Patrick Desmond Callaghan]] (1974)
*[[Siddique Salik]] (1974)
*[[Mansurul Haq]] (1974)
{{div col end}}

{{small|''Note that the list of interviewees is incomplete.''}}

==First report==
[[File:March71.PNG|right|220px|thumb|The [[Military Intelligence (Pakistan)|M.I]] map of [[Mukti Bahini|insurgents]] and military activities in [[East Pakistan]], provided by [[Brigadier|Brig]] [[Siddique Salik]] in ''Witness to Surrender''.]]
In July 1972, President [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] reviewed the First report submitted by Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman. The Commission interviewed 213 persons of interest that included former president [[Yahya Khan]], [[Nurul Amin]], [[Abdul Hamid Khan (general)|Abdul Hamid Khan]] (Chief of Army), [[Abdul Rahim Khan]] (Chief of Air Force), [[Muzaffar Hassan]] (Chief of Navy), Bhutto, senior commanders, activists, journalists, and various political leaders.<ref name="Story of Pakistan" />

The Commission considered this initial report as "tentative" as it had not been able to interview many [[:Category:Pakistani prisoners of war|key people]] who were at that time POWs in India.<ref name=HRCR/> The Commission stated: "our observations and conclusions regarding the surrender in East Pakistan and other allied matters should be regarded as provisional and subject to modification in the light of the evidence of the Commander, Eastern Command, and his senior officers as and when such evidence becomes available." Initially, the commission interviewed 213 people and made 12 copies of the report. One of the copies was given to [[President of Pakistan|President]] Bhutto and the rest were either destroyed or were stolen.<ref name="Story of Pakistan"/> The first report recognized the [[1971 East Pakistan genocide|atrocities]] and systematic [[1971 East Pakistan Intellectuals massacre|massacre]] at the [[Dhaka University]] which eventually led to recommendations of holding public trials for civilian bureaucrats and field [[courts-martial]] for the senior staff officers.<ref name="Harvard University Press, Shah"/>

It has been theorized that the first report is so critical of the [[Pakistan Army]]'s actions in East Pakistan that publication could have weakened the army's influence.<ref name="ABC-CLIO">{{cite book |last1=Mohiuddin |first1=Yasmeen Niaz |title=Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781851098019 |page=179 |language=en}}</ref> The first report also made many insightful recommendations for reorganizing the military physicals, tradition, and their syllabus and training agenda as well as promoting the sense of democratization environment in the political system of the country.<ref name="Harvard University Press, Shah">{{cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Aqil |title=The Army and Democracy |year=2014 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=9780674419773 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShihAwAAQBAJ&q=hamoodur+&pg=PA334 |access-date=25 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

The first report is never published and kept as highly classified documents because of its potentially adverse effects on the military's (at that time) low-institutional morale and fear of a [[Backlash (sociology)|backlash]].<ref name="Harvard University Press, Shah"/> The [[Government of Pakistan|government]] and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto himself maintained that the first report was classified to "save its [the military's] honour".<ref name="Harvard University Press, Shah"/>

==Supplementary report==
In 1974, the Commission reopened its enquiry offering an opportunity to the prisoners of war who [[Transfer of Population Under the Terms of Delhi Agreement|had been freed]] by India and [[Bangladesh]] by then and others repatriated from East Pakistan to furnish such information as might be within their knowledge and relevant to the purposes of the commission.<ref name="Yale University Press">{{cite book |last1=Tripathi |first1=Salil |year=2016 |title=The Colonel Who Would Not Repent: The Bangladesh War and Its Unquiet Legacy |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcffCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA306 |page=306 |isbn=978-0-300-21818-3}}</ref>

Commission held an informal meeting at [[Lahore]] on 3 June 1974 to consider various preliminary matters and then decided to resume proceedings at [[Abbottabad]] from 16 July 1974.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} After the investigation resumed in 1974 the commission interviewed with seventy–three more East Pakistani bureaucrats and high-ranked military personnel.<ref name="Yale University Press" /><ref name="Duke University Press, Saikia">{{cite book |last1=Saikia |first1=Yasmin |year=2011 |title=Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdQaz1ddI-wC&pg=PA63 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |page=63 |isbn=978-0-8223-5038-5}}</ref>

The Commission examined nearly 300 witnesses in total, hundreds of classified documents and [[Morse Code|military signals]] between East and West Pakistan. The supplementary report is heavily based on testimonies provided by the returning [[Prisoner of war|POWs]] and their families but held the [[Pakistani military|military]] responsible for the atrocities committed in East Pakistan in 1971.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

The commission also held that the families of West Pakistani service members in East Pakistan were subjected to inhumane treatment by Bengalis.<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones">{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Owen Bennett |author-link=Owen Bennett-Jones |title=Pakistan: Eye of the Storm |year=2002 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=0300101473 |page=171Fixe |language=en}}</ref> Returning western Pakistanis and the [[Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh|Biharis]] told the commission of awful tales of the atrocities committed at the hands of the Awami League [[militants]]– the [[Mukti Bahini]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan" />

The final report, also called the supplementary report, was submitted on 23 October 1974, showed how political, administrative, military and moral failings were responsible for the surrender of Pakistani forces in East Pakistan.<ref name=IndiaToday1/> It remained classified and its contents were guessed from the revealing of different military officers.<ref name="Story of Pakistan" />
The report was organized into Five Chapters and an annexure.
# Chapter One – The Moral Aspect
# Chapter Two – Alleged atrocities by the Pakistan Army
# Chapter Three – Professional Responsibilities of Certain Senior Army Commanders
# Chapter Four – Conclusions
# Chapter Five – Recommendations

===Findings===

[[File:4 countries CN-IN-MM-PK.svg|250px|left|thumb| In 1971, Pakistan fought the war with [[India]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|at two]] [[Bangladesh Liberation War|different fronts]]. [[China]] and [[Burma]] also visible.]]
The commission challenged the claims by [[Bangladesh]]i authorities that 3,000,000 [[Bengalis]] had been killed by the [[Pakistani military]] and 200,000 women were raped.<ref name="Routledge, D'Costa">{{cite book |last1=D'Costa|first1=Bina |author-link=Bina D'Costa |year=2011 |title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia |publisher=Routledge |page=76 |isbn=978-0-415-56566-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivzKjY5LncIC&q=hamoodur+rehman+3+million&pg=PA76 |access-date=26 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref> The commission put the casualty figure as low as 26,000 killed.<ref name=deathcount-pakistani>[http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/default.shtm Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816211333/http://www.bangla2000.com/bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/default.shtm |date=16 August 2016 }}, [http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm chapter 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012130637/http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm |date=12 October 2014 }}, paragraph 33</ref> The issue is controversial; an independent 2008 study estimated that around 269,000 people perished due to war in 1971 in what is now Bangladesh.<ref name="Routledge, D'Costa"/>

Volume I of the supplementary report dealt with the [[Political history of Pakistan|political background]], [[Diplomatic missions of Pakistan|international relations]], and military aspects of the events in 1971.<ref name="Story of Pakistan" /> The supplementary report discussed its findings in the light of political events in 1971, [[Operation Searchlight|military aspects]], [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|surrender in East Pakistan]] and the aspects in [[morality]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan" />

The Commission found that when the tales of slaughtering of [[West Pakistanis|Western Pakistanis]] reached to Pakistani soldiers stationed in [[East Pakistan|East]], they [[Revenge|reacted]] violently, and in the process of restoring the [[authority]] of the [[Government of Pakistan|government]], committed severe excesses on the local Bengali population.<ref name="Story of Pakistan" />

Both the first and the supplementary report's findings accused the [[Pakistan Army]] of carrying out the senseless and wanton arson, killings in the countryside, [[1971 East Pakistan Intellectuals massacre|killing of intellectuals and professionals]] and burying them in [[mass graves]], killing of officers of [[East Pakistan Rifles|East Pakistan Army]] and soldiers on the pretence of quelling their rebellion, killing East Pakistani civilian officers, businessmen and industrialists, raping a large number of East Pakistani women as a deliberate act of revenge, retaliation and torture, and deliberate killing of members of the [[Bengali Hindu refugees|Hindu minority]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan"/>

The report accused the army generals of what it called a "premature surrender" and said the military's continued involvement in running the government [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|after 1958]] was one reason for the corruption and ineffectiveness of senior officers.<ref name="Story of Pakistan" /> The report maintained that: "Even responsible service officers have asserted before us that because of corruption resulting from such involvement, the lust for wine and women and greed for lands and houses, a large number of senior army officers, particularly those occupying the highest positions, had lost not only their will to fight but also their professional competence."<ref name=NYT>[https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/01/world/local-elections-in-pakistan-are-first-vote-since-1999-coup.html Local Elections in Pakistan Are First Vote Since 1999 Coup], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 2001-01-01</ref> The report said Pakistan's military ruler at the time, General [[Yahya Khan]], who stepped down after Pakistan's defeat in December 1971, "permitted and even instigated" the surrender, and it recommended that he be publicly tried along with other senior military colleagues.<ref name=NYT/>

The report accused General Yahya Khan, of being a [[Promiscuity|womanizer]] and an [[Alcoholism|alcoholic]].<ref name=BBC2/> According to the report "Firm and proper action would not only satisfy the nation's demand for punishment where it is deserved but would also ensure against any recurrence of the kind of shameful conduct displayed during the 1971 war".<ref name=BBC1/>

===Recommendations===

Many insightful recommendations were made by the commission as it recommends to hold the [[public trial]] for the President General Yahya Khan, also the [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan)|Commander-in-Chief]] and the [[Chief Martial Law Administrator|chief martial law administrator]] of both [[East Pakistan|East]] and [[Pakistan]] in [[West Pakistan|western side]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan" /> The Commission found suitable for field [[Court-martial|Courts-martial]] for Lieutenant-General [[Abdul Hamid Khan (Pakistani Army officer)|Abdul Hamid Khan]], Lieutenant-General [[Gul Hasan]], Lieutenant-General SSGM Prizada and Major-General Khudadad Khan, and Major-General [[A. O. Mitha]] should be publicly tried for being party to a criminal conspiracy to illegally usurp power from Mohammad Ayub Khan in power if necessary by the use of force.<ref name="Algora Publishing, Jalalzai">{{cite book|last1=Jalalzai|first1=Musa Khan|title=The Prospect of Nuclear Jihad in South Asia: Pakistan's Army, Extra-judicial Killings, and the Forceful Disappearance of Pashtuns and Balochs|date=October 2015|publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=9781628941678|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfwdCwAAQBAJ&q=Hamoodur+Commission+General+Mustafa%27s&pg=PA135|access-date=26 August 2016|language=en}}</ref> Five additional Lieutenant-Generals and three Brigadier-Generals were recommended to be tried for willful neglect of duty.<ref name="Story of Pakistan" /> These were Lieutenant-Generals included [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|A.A.K. Niazi]], Mohammad Jamshed, M. Rahim Khan, Irshad Ahmad Khan, B.M. Mustafa and Brigadier-Generals G.M. Baquir Siddiqui, Mohammad Hayat and Mohammad Aslam Niazi.<ref name="Algora Publishing, Jalalzai"/>

According to the Commission General Mustafa's [[Battle of Longewala|offensive plan]] aimed at the capture of the Indian position of Ramgarh in the Rajasthan area (Western Front) was militarily unsound and haphazardly planned, and its execution resulted in severe loss of vehicles and equipment in the desert.<ref name="Algora Publishing, Jalalzai"/>

In the supplementary report section in "Higher Direction of War act" of the HRC report, it strongly called for the establishment of [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] (JCSC) mechanism with [[JS HQ (Pakistan)|headquartered]] in [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|MoD]].<ref name="Arc Manor"/> Per the act, the JCSC composed of a chairman, the [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]], the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]], and the [[Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Air Staff]]. It was mandated to have a collective responsibility of national defence and mechanism of plans based on joint objectives.<ref name="Arc Manor"/>

The chairmanship was to be rotated between each inter-services, irrespective of the personal ranks in each service.<ref name="Arc Manor">{{cite book|last1=Pakistan|first1=as released by the Government of|date=2007|chapter=§XII:Higher Direction of War|title=Hamoodur Rahman Commission : supplementary report|location=Rockville, MD|publisher=Arc Manor|pages=105–108|isbn=978-1604500202}}</ref> The commission also stressed for the need of [[Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program|stronger deterrence]] of the country against the [[Foreign interventionism|foreign intrusions]] and makes more thoughtful recommendations about the defense of the country as a whole.<ref name="Arc Manor"/> The Commission called for restoring the [[rule of law]] according to the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]] and establishing the writ of government through the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]].<ref name="Arc Manor"/>

In the end, the commission opined in the report that the nation would learn the necessary lessons from these tragic events and that effective and early action will be taken in the light of the conclusions reached.<ref name="Story of Pakistan" />

==Aftermath==

The supplementary report was submitted by Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman to Prime Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] on 23 October 1974. Bhutto [[Classified information|classified]] the report because, according to journalist [[Salil Tripathi]], he was concerned that it would demoralize the military and might trigger unrest therein.<ref name="Yale University Press" /> In 1976, Rahman asked Bhutto what was being done about the report. Bhutto replied that the report was missing; it was either lost, or stolen, and was nowhere to be found.<ref name="Yale University Press" />

Upon hearing the fate of the report, Chief Justice Rahman asked the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] General [[General Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] for the apprehension of the report who also commented that the original report is nowhere to be found, and nobody knows where the report actually went missing– either at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] or the [[National Archives of Pakistan|National Archives]] of Pakistan.<ref name="Routledge, Khan">{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Naveeda|title=Beyond Crisis: Re-evaluating Pakistan|year=2012|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136517594|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-HfCgAAQBAJ&q=Hamoodur+Commission+Report+GHQ&pg=PA206|access-date=26 August 2016|language=en}}</ref>

In the 1990s, the curiosity over the report grew with the [[The News International|''News International'']] revealing that the report was suppressed and was held secretly at the [[JS HQ (Pakistan)|Joint Staff HQ]] in [[Rawalpindi]].<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Bhatt"/>

Contents of the report were published by the [[Dawn (newspaper)|''Dawn'']] and the ''[[India Today]]'' and rumored to be the first report, in August 2000.<ref name="Story of Pakistan" /> However, it was revealed that this was the supplementary report that was presumably published.<ref name="Story of Pakistan" /><ref name=IndiaToday1>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20000821-secret-inquiry-into-pakistans-debacle-in-1971-war-held-army-atrocities-widespread-corruption-as-prime-reasons-for-defeat-in-east-pakistan-779681-2000-08-20 Behind Pakistan's Defeat], ''India Today'', 2000-08-21</ref><ref name=BBC1/><ref>[http://www.dawn.com/weekly/cowas/20000917.htm Gen Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan – 4], ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', 2000-09-17</ref> Soon after the revelation, the ''India Today'' willfully suppressed its own publications as if the surrender was its own scandal.<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Bhatt"/>

No action was ever taken based on the report, the report was classified and its publication disallowed at the time.<ref name=NYT/> [[Yahya Khan]] died in 1980, but some of his key colleagues were living in retirement on pensions as of 2000.<ref name=NYT/> [[Tikka Khan]], [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|A.A.K. Niazi]], and [[Rao Farman Ali]] all died in 2004. Trials of [[Gul Hassan Khan|Gul Hassan]], [[Abdul Rahim Khan]], and [[Muzaffar Hassan]] were the only trials held by the [[Judge Advocate General Branch|Judge Advocate General]] in the light of the Hamoodur Rahman Commission in 1972.<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Bhatt"/>

President [[Pervez Musharraf]] reportedly commented in October 2000 that the [[1971 in Pakistan|incidents in 1971]] were a political as well as a military debacle, and that calls for the military generals to be tried were not fair.<ref name=NYT/> Subsequently, Bangladesh requested a copy of the report.<ref name=BBC1>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/903149.stm Bangladesh requests war report], BBC News, 2000-08-30</ref> In December 2000, 29 years after the inquiry was completed, the War Report was finally declassified in Pakistan by President Musharraf.<ref name=BBC2>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1094788.stm Pakistan declassifies 1971 war report], BBC News, 2000-12-31</ref>

Former Pakistan Chief of Army Staff (COAS) General [[Qamar Javed Bajwa]] blamed the 1971 Bangladesh war debacle on the country's politicians.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Pakistan Army chief Javed Bajwa blames politicians for 1971 war debacle |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/former-pakistan-army-chief-javed-bajwa-blames-politicians-for-1971-war-debacle/articleshow/95865144.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2022-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206185408/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/former-pakistan-army-chief-javed-bajwa-blames-politicians-for-1971-war-debacle/articleshow/95865144.cms |archive-date=2022-12-06 |url-status=live}}</ref> Former Pakistan PM and [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]] founder [[Imran Khan]] urged the nation to read Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report to know who was responsible for East Pakistan debacle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shehzad |first=Rizwan |date=2024-06-01 |title=PTI demands release of report on '71 debacle |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2469267/pti-demands-release-of-report-on-71-debacle |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal bar|Bangladesh|Pakistan}}
* [[Bangladesh-Pakistan relations]]
* [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Cold War (1962–79)]]
* [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120304011310/http://www.pppusa.org/Acrobat/Hamoodur%20Rahman%20Commission%20Report.pdf Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160816211333/http://www.bangla2000.com/bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/default.shtm Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071230104241/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,879019,00.html PAKISTAN: Ali Bhutto Begins to Pick Up the Pieces], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 1972-01-03

{{1971 Indo-Pak War}}
{{1971 Bangladesh genocide}}
{{Bangladesh Liberation War}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1970s in Pakistani politics]]
[[Category:Pakistani commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:Government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]
[[Category:Aftermath of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]

Herbert William Emerson

2025-12-29T03:19:14Z

Babakigadi123: reworked section further and updated info per standard format

{{Short description|British India public servant (1881–1962)}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2019}}
{{wikisource|Author:Herbert William Emerson}}
[[File:Herbert William Emerson.jpg|thumb|Former Governor of Punjab]]

'''Sir Herbert William Emerson''', {{post-nominal|sep=,|GCIE|KCSI|CBE}} (1 June 1881 — 13 April 1962) was a [[Indian Civil Service|civil servant]] in [[British Raj|British India]] and served as the [[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|Governor of Punjab]] in the 1930s. Emerson University Multan was earlier known as Emerson College Multan, named after Sir Emerson's services as Governor Punjab in 1930.

==Early life==
He was born on 1 June 1881, at [[West Kirby]], England to Stephen S. Emerson and Emelia Susan Emerson. He was educated at [[Calday Grange Grammar School|Calday Grange School]] and [[Magdalene College, Cambridge]].<ref name="auto1">Journal Officiel: Supplément special / Société des nations. Switzerland, Harrison & Sons, 1939.</ref>

==Career==
===Early career===
He was appointed to the [[Imperial Civil Service|Indian Civil Service]] in 1904 and served as an Assistant Commissioner at [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]. Between 1911 and 1914, he served as the Manager of the [[princely state]] of [[Bushahr]].<ref name="auto1"/> In 1916 he became Superintendent and Settlement Officer of [[Mandi State]]. The following year he was made an Assistant Commissioner and Settlement Officer in the Punjab, and in 1922 became Deputy Commissioner.<ref name="auto1"/>

===Home Secretary===
From April 1930 to April 1933, he served as the Home Secretary of the government of [[British Raj|British India]] succeeding [[Harry Graham Haig]]. In the role, Emerson had talks with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] over release of political prisoners after the [[Salt March|civil disobedience movement]]. He and the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy]], [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Irwin]] agreed for negotiation and resulted in [[Gandhi–Irwin Pact]] which conditioned the release but only of those who have not been accused of violent oppression. Due to this, three revolutionaries [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Sukhdev]] & [[Shivaram Rajguru|Rajguru]], who had been accused for brutally murdering ASP of Lahore, John Saunders in late 1928, were hanged in the [[Kot Lakhpat Jail|Central Jail of Lahore]] in the evening of 23 March 1931.

There was great public furore after their hanging. In many places protests and strikes took place against the British Government's unjust decision to hang them after an illegitimate trial where they were not even chanced to be defended. People even protested against Emerson to be just working on the orders of the Viceroy and not bearing any decisive powers.

===Governor of Punjab===
In 1933, he was appointed [[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|Governor of the Punjab]] and [[Maurice Garnier Hallett|Sir Maurice Hallett]] took over as Home Secretary. The following year he took leave from the role and was deputised for four months by [[Sikandar Hayat Khan|Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan]].<ref>Punjab Administration Report. India, Government Printing, Punjab, 1934.</ref> Emerson served as Governor until his retirement in April 1938.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Other Home Secretaries before Emerson==
Here is a probable list of Home Secretaries of the [[British Raj#Organisation|British Indian government]] who had served before Emerson —

*[[Herbert Hope Risley|Sir Herbert Hope Risely]] — 1904–1910
*[[William Sinclair Marris|Sir William Sinclair Marris]] — 1913–1916
*[[James Houssemayne Du Boulay|Sir James Houssemayne Du Boulay]] — 1916–1919
*Sir Sidney Robert Hignell — 1919–1921
*[[Henry Duffield Craik|Sir H. D. Craik]] — 1921–1926
*[[Harry Graham Haig|Sir Harry Graham Haig]] — 1926–1930

==Later life==
On 23 September 1938, he became League of Nations' High Commissioner for Refugees, and later Director of the Inter-Governmental Committee on Refugees, dealing primarily with Russian and European Jewish refugees.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jta.org/1938/09/23/archive/sir-herbert-emerson-former-punuab-governor-named-to-head-leagues-new-refugee-body | title=Sir Herbert Emerson, Former Punuab Governor, Named to Head League's New Refugee Body | date=23 September 1938 | publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency | accessdate=27 April 2019 }}</ref> He was an active writer, recording local customs and publicizing his opinions.

He died at the age of 80 on 13 April 1962 at the British capital [[London]].<ref>Obituaries on File: A-R. United States, Facts on File, 1979.</ref>

==Indian legacy==
He was portrayed by a British actor Ryan Jonathan in the 2002 [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] film ''[[The Legend of Bhagat Singh]]''. In the film, he had been wrongly portrayed as a Home Member of [[Viceroy's Executive Council]] while he had actually been a Home Secretary of the [[British Raj|Government of India]]. In it, his appearance also differs from his real one as he is shown having a moustache while he actually did not have any. Sir Herbert is also portrayed in the film ''[[Jinnah (film)|Jinnah (1998)]]''. He is shown as [[List of head of the State of Punjab (British India)|Governor of Punjab]] along with his deputy [[Sikandar Hayat Khan|Sikandar Hayat]] meeting with [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]]. Sir Herbert played a key role in education in Punjab. Emerson College in Multan was established in 1920 in his honour. The college is now known as Emerson University.

== Literature ==
* Oxford Biography Index Number 101067177

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Emerson, Herbert William}}
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Governors of Punjab (British India)]]
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1962 deaths]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Government Emerson College]]
[[Category:People educated at Calday Grange Grammar School]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge]]

A. Sivasailam

2025-12-24T00:03:58Z

Babakigadi123: slightly improve details after review also and updated info

{{short description|Indian industrialist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = A. Sivasailam
| image = The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting Padma Shri to Shri Anantharamakrishnan Sivasailam, at an Investiture-II Ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on April 05, 2007.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting Padma Shri to Shri Anantharamakrishnan Sivasailam, at an Investiture-II Ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on 5 April 2007
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1934|08|24}}
| birth_place = [[Alwarkurichi]], [[Tirunelveli district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2011|01|12|1934|08|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kasturba Hospital]], [[Manipal]], [[Karnataka]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai]]
| occupation = [[Industrialist]] [[Educationist]] [[Philanthropist]]
| yearsactive = 1957–2011
| known for = [[Amalgamations Group]]
| spouse = Indira Sivasailam
| domesticpartner =
| children = [[Mallika Srinivasan]] Jayashree Venkatraman
| parents = [[S. Anantharamakrishnan]] (father)
| website = {{Url|http://amalgamationsgroup.co.in/|Website of Amalgamations Group}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] NIQA Outstanding Industrialist Award [[SAE India]] Lifetime Achievement Award [[Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers|SIAM]] Lifetime Achievement Award [[All India Management Association|AIMA]] Distinguished Service Award [[Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India|ACMAI]] Golden Jubilee Lifetime Contribution Award
}}
{{Indian name|Sivasailam|Anantharamakrishnan}}'''Anantharamakrishnan Sivasailam''' (24 August 1934 – 12 January 2011) was an Indian industrialist, educationist, philanthropist and a former chairman and managing director of Amalgamations Group of Industries, a {{INR}} 70 billion conglomerate hosting a workforce of over 12,000 (as of 2011).<ref name="Industrialist A. Sivasailam passes away">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/industrialist-a-sivasailam-passes-away/article1087570.ece | title=Industrialist A. Sivasailam passes away | work=The Hindu| date=12 January 2012 | accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref> He headed the business family which was listed by [[Forbes]] as the 37th richest in India in 2015, with a net worth of {{USD}} 2.5 billion.<ref name="Amalgamations family">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/amalgamations/ | title=Amalgamations family | work=Forbes | date=2015 | accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref> He was the president of the [[Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers]] (1970, 1971)<ref name="Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers President">{{cite web | url=http://www.siamindia.com/presidents.aspx?mpgid=1&pgidtrail=3 | title=Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers President | publisher=Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers | date=2016 | accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref> and [[ASSOCHAM]] and held the office of the Sheriff of Madras during 1969–1970.<ref name="Sivasailam – gentle, yet forceful">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/sivasailam-gentle-yet-forceful/article2326178.ece | title=Sivasailam – gentle, yet forceful | publisher=Business Line | date=12 January 2011 | accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2007, for his contributions to Indian industry.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2016 |access-date=3 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Sivasailam was born on 24 August 1934, at [[Alwarkurichi]] in [[Tirunelveli district]], which is now the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], to [[S. Anantharamakrishnan]], the founder of Amalgamations Group, as the elder of his two sons.<ref name="Sivasailam – gentle, yet forceful" /> He graduated in commerce from [[Loyola College, Chennai]], of the [[University of Madras]] and started his career as an accountant at a chartered accountancy firm in London where he worked for four years.<ref name="He oversaw Amalgamations Group's rise to a Rs 7k-cr giant">{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/he-oversaw-amalgamations-group-s-rise-to-a-rs-7k-cr-giant-111011400081_1.html | title=He oversaw Amalgamations Group's rise to a Rs 7k-cr giant | work=Business Standard| date=12 January 2011 | accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref> In 1957, he joined his father in their family business as a comptroller and treasurer and took over [[Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited]] (TAFE), an industrial venture started by the group in 1960,<ref name="History">{{cite web | url=http://www.tafe.com/aboutus.php | title=History | publisher=TAFE | date=2016 | accessdate=14 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117100334/http://www.tafe.com/aboutus.php | archive-date=17 January 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> as its general manager, in 1961.<ref name="History in Making">{{cite web | url=http://www.slideshare.net/Arulvignesh/sivasailam | title=History in Making | publisher=Slide Share | date=2016 | accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref> He continued heading TAFE for 7 years and subsequent to his father's death in 1964, he took over the leadership of the group's business and became the chairman of the group officially in 1968, with his brother, A. Krishnamurthy, as its vice chairman.<ref name="Tributes paid to Anantharamakrishnan">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/12/stories/2005111217030400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060412054851/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/12/stories/2005111217030400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 April 2006 | title=Tributes paid to Anantharamakrishnan | date=12 November 2005 | work=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref> He held the position till his death in 2011 and the group grew during this period from a {{INR}} 350 million business to {{INR}} 70 billion conglomerate, composed of 48 subsidiaries and 12,000 strong workforce.<ref name="Industrialist A. Sivasailam passes away" /> The [[Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited]], the flagship company of the group, has since become the largest exporter and the second largest manufacturer of agricultural tractors in India,<ref name="He oversaw Amalgamations Group's rise to a Rs 7k-cr giant" /> with an annual output of 100,000 tractors and a turnover of {{USD}}1.6 billion.<ref name="History in Making" />

Sivasailam, a former president of the [[ASSOCHAM]], was the president of the [[Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers]] for two consecutive terms (1970, 1971)<ref name="Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers President" /> and served as the Sheriff of Madras for two years, from 1969 to 1970.<ref name="Sivasailam – gentle, yet forceful" /> He was associated with the Madras Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]] and was the founder of the Paramakalyani Group of educational institutions, [[Alwarkurichi]] and the ''Institute of Environment Sciences'' at the [[Manonmaniam Sundaranar University]], [[Tirunelveli]].<ref name="Industrialist A. Sivasailam passes away" /> The [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]] honored him with the degree of Doctor of Science ([[Honoris Causa]]) and the National Institute of Quality Assurance awarded him the Outstanding Industrialist Award.<ref name="Industrialist A. Sivasailam passes away" /> He received Lifetime Achievement Awards from [[SAE India]] and the [[Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers]] (SIAM) and Distinguished Service Award from the [[All India Management Association]] (AIMA).<ref name="Industrialist A. Sivasailam passes away" /> A recipient of the Golden Jubilee Lifetime Contribution Award by the [[Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India]] and an elected Fellow of the [[Institute of Directors]], London,<ref name="History in Making" /> he was included in the [[Indian honours system|Republic Day honours]] list in 2007 by the Government of India for the civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Awards" />

Sivasailam, died on 12 January 2011 at [[Kasturba Hospital]], [[Manipal]], following a cardiac arrest.<ref name="Amalgamations group chief Sivasailam passes away">{{cite web | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/128677/amalgamations-group-chief-sivasailam-passes.html | title=Amalgamations group chief Sivasailam passes away | work=Deccan Herald| date=12 January 2011 | accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref> His wife, Indira Sivasailam, had preceded him in death; the couple were survived by both their daughters.<ref name="Indira Sivasailam passes away">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/article1644582.ece | title=Indira Sivasailam passes away | publisher=Business Line | date=24 December 2008 | accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref> The elder daughter, [[Mallika Srinivasan]], a [[Wharton School of Business]] alumnus,<ref name="Amalgamations Group's succession planning focus on theme 'unity': Mallika Srinivasan">{{cite web | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-08/news/30373223_1_tafe-mallika-srinivasan-venu-srinivasan | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221041447/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-08/news/30373223_1_tafe-mallika-srinivasan-venu-srinivasan | url-status=dead | archive-date=21 December 2011 | title=Amalgamations Group's succession planning focus on theme 'unity': Mallika Srinivasan | work=Economic Times| date=8 November 2011 | accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref> is the chairman and chief executive officer of [[Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited]]. She is married to [[Venu Srinivasan]], chairman of the [[TVS Group]].<ref name="Next gen of Chennai-based family biz groups sits pretty at helm">{{cite web | url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/next-gen-of-chennaibased-family-biz-groups-sits-pretty-at-helm/1083674/1 | title=Next gen of Chennai-based family biz groups sits pretty at helm | publisher=The Financial Express| date=6 March 2013 | accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref> The younger daughter is Jayashree Venkatraman, a director of TAFE and married to Murali Venkatraman, the managing director of WS Industries, a [[Chennai]]-based industrial group.<ref name="Sivasailam – gentle, yet forceful" />

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[S. Anantharamakrishnan]]
* [[Mallika Srinivasan]]
* [[Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited]]
* [[Venu Srinivasan]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivasailam, A.}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Tirunelveli district]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Sheriffs of Madras]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]

Jama railway station

2025-12-20T21:37:55Z

Babakigadi123:

{{short description|Railway station in Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Jama Station
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = File:Jama railway station.jpg
| image_caption = Jama railway station board
| address = Jama, [[Dumka district]], [[Jharkhand]] 814110
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.3424981|87.15273}}
| elevation = {{convert|169|m|ft}}
| line = [[Jasidih–Dumka–Rampurhat line]]
| other = {{stnlnk|Jasidih Junction}}, [[Dumka]]
| structure = At ground, [[Single-track railway]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] 1
| tracks = 1
| parking = Available
| opened = 2011<ref name=start/>
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = No.
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = Jama
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Asansol}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone]]
| status = Functional
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Jharkhand
| map_dot_label = Jama railway station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Eastern Railway zone|left=Basukinath|right=New Madanpur|type=[[Jasidih–Dumka–Rampurhat line]]}}
}}
{{Jasidih–Dumka–Rampurhat line|collapse=yes}}

'''Jama railway station''' (station code: '''JAMA''') is at Jama village city in [[Dumka district]] in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]] on the Jasidih–Rampurhat section. It is in the [[Asansol railway division]] of the [[Eastern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. It has an average elevation of {{convert|169|m|ft}}.

The railway line has single {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] track from {{stnlnk|Jasidih Junction}} in [[Deoghar district]] in [[Santhal Pargana division]] of [[Jharkhand]] to [[Rampurhat]] in [[Birbhum district]] of [[West Bengal]]. This railway track to [[Dumka]] is a boon for Santhal Pargana Division.

The Jama railway station provides rail connectivity to the nearby villages Jarpura, Ghoribad, Silandah, Belkupi, Sugnibad.

==History==
Jama railway station became operation in 2011. The {{convert|72|km|abbr=on}} segment from {{stnlnk|Jasidih Junction}} to [[Dumka]] became operational in July 2011.<ref name=start>{{cite news|title=Dumka–Jasidih trains|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110612/jsp/jharkhand/story_14101153.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190836/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110612/jsp/jharkhand/story_14101153.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2013|access-date=11 April 2012|date=12 June 2011|work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|location=Kolkata}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=400 valign=top|Exit/Entrance & ticket counter
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=6 valign=top|'''P1'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]], No-1 doors will open on the left/right
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Track 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400|Jasidih ← toward → Dumka
|-
|}

==Trains==
One express and three passenger trains run between Jasidih Junction and Dumka stop at Jama railway station.

==Track layout==
{{Routemap
| title = Jama railway station track layout
|title-bg=
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| float = none
| map =
CONTg
PSTR(L) ~~ to [[Jasidih Junction railway station|Jasidih]]
cd!~PSTR(L)\c!~c*1
PSTR(L) ~~ to {{stnlnk|Dumka}}
CONTf
| bottom = {{center|Station with one tracks and one side platforms}}
}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Trains}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Dumka]]
* [[Indian Railways]]
* {{stnlnk|Dumka}}
* {{stnlnk|Jasidih Junction}}
* [[Jasidih–Dumka–Rampurhat line]]
* {{stnlnk|Rampurhat Junction}}
* [[List of railway stations in India]]
* [[Dumka Airport]]
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Rail travel in India}}
* [http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/index_new.html/ Ministry of Railways. (Official site)]
*{{IndiaRailInfo|9609}}
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Jama/@24.3424981,87.15273,185m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!1m2!2m1!1sJama+Railway+Station!3m4!1s0x39f0c67aa8605467:0x362c5aa89d660ab2!8m2!3d24.34242!4d87.15333|title=Jama Railway station}}
* [http://dumka.nic.in/ Official website of the Dumka district]

{{Railway stations in Jharkhand}}
{{Santhal Pargana Division topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2011]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Dumka district]]
[[Category:Asansol railway division]]

Kubeer mandal

2025-12-13T06:02:41Z

Babakigadi123: stub...

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
'''Kubeer''' is a [[Subdivisions of India|Mandal]] in [[Nirmal district]] in the state of [[Telangana]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MANDALS&PANCHAYATS {{!}} Nirmal District {{!}} India |url=https://nirmal.telangana.gov.in/mandalspanchayats/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029142728/https://nirmal.telangana.gov.in/mandalspanchayats/ |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=2025-10-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|19|13|23|N|77|56|37|E|region:IN_type:city_source:kolossus-tewiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Nirmal district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Nirmal district]]

Nizam al-Din 'Ishrat Sialkoti

2025-12-07T07:14:41Z

Babakigadi123: creating article

{{Short description|18th-century poet and historian from Sialkot}}

'''Nizam al-Din 'Ishrat Sialkoti''' was an 18th-century historian, judge, [[Panegyric|panegyrist]], and a [[court poet]] of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], from [[Sialkot]], Punjab. He is best known for his ''Shāhnāma-yi Aḥmadiyya'', a versified history of the reign of Ahmad Shah Durrani imitating [[Ferdowsi]]'s ''Shāhnāma'', completed in around 1772/1773.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Timur |date=5 November 2025 |title=New Perspectives on Aḥmad Shāh Durrānī’s Encounter with the Qing Empire in the ''Shāhnāma-yi Aḥmadiyya'' |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jesh/68/5-6/article-p417_1.xml |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=68 |issue=5–6 |pages=417–443 |doi=10.1163/15685209-12341648 |issn=0022-4995 |url-access= |doi-access=free}}</ref>

As his ''[[Nisba (onomastics)|nisbah]]'' indicates, Sialkoti hailed from the city of Sialkot. Prior to the reign of Ahmad Shah, Sialkoti was commissioned (possibly by [[Nader Shah]] himself)<ref name=":0" /> to write ''Shāhnāma-i Nādirī'' or ''Nādirnāma'', a poetic narration of the era of Nader Shah, presumably [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|during his invasion]] in 1738–9. It was completed in 1749.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Neelam |first=Khoja |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/0bf071cf35c379cf4e290c9afa4c0979/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y |title=Sovereignty, Space, and Identity: The Politics of Power in Eighteenth Century Punjab |date=2018 |publisher=Harvard University |pages=47-50 |chapter=Chapter One: “The Wrath of God on Earth” or “World Conqueror”?: Nadir Shah’s Annexation of Hindustani Territories |type=PhD thesis |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> During Ahmad Shah's invasion in 1756–7, he came from Sialkot and accompanied the Durrani ''[[shah]]'' after his return from [[Delhi]] till [[Kabul]]. Ahmad Shah, apparently impressed by his poetic talent, commissioned Sialkoti for a work for himself.<ref name=":0" /> Under Shah's orders material was supplied to Sialkoti by the official historiographer Mīrzā Maḥmūd, with which he retired to Sialkot.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ganda |author-link=Ganda Singh (historian) |url=https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani/F_A8AAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan |date=1959 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |pages=333-334 |language=en |chapter=Ahmad Shah: The Man and His Achievements |oclc=1016251090 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite thesis |last=Nejatie |first=Sajjad |title=The Pearl of Pearls: The Abdālī-Durrānī Confederacy and Its Transformation under Aḥmad Shāh, Durr-i Durrān |date=2017 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Toronto |url=https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/7e99ec97-9047-47af-a160-515a0b3dfe38/download |language=en |pages=67-69 |chapter=Chapter 1: Primary Sources for the Study of the Abdālī-Durrānī}}</ref>

In 1762 Sialkoti accompanied Nūr al-Dīn Khān Bāmīzay, the Afghan governor, to [[Kashmir Valley]] where he became a judicial officer.<ref name=":0" /> Sialkoti completed his ''Shāhnāma-yi Aḥmadiyya,'' a [[Mathnawi|''masnavi'']] of 614 pages, in the valley in 1772/3, concluding it with the death of Ahmad Shah and the accession of [[Timur Shah Durrani]].<ref name=":322" /> Sialkoti wrote another epic poem detailing campaigns of Ahmad Shah in [[Hindustan]] as well.<ref name=":1" /> The later biographical details of Sialkoti are unknown.<ref name=":2" />

In his works Sialkoti refers to himself with the exalted titles of “pride of Punjab” ''(fakhr-i Panjāb)'' and “honored of India” (''iʿzāz-i Hind'').<ref name=":0" /> His ''masnavi'' is notable for containing correspondence of Ahmad Shah with [[Qianlong Emperor]] of [[Qing China]] and Sultan [[Mustafa III]] of [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Waqif Lahori]]
* [[Mirza Hasan Qatil]]
* [[Tarikh-i Ahmad Shahi|''Tarikh-i Ahmad Shahi'']]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:People from Sialkot]]
[[Category:18th-century historians]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]