Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Roshini Haripriyan

2026-04-25T19:20:42Z

BXIBerniece:

{{short description|Indian model and actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Roshni Haripriyan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Roshni Haripriyan<ref>{{Cite news| title='Barathi Kannamma' Lead Actor Roshni Haripriyan Leaves Show After Bagging Film: Report |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/barathi-kannamma-lead-actor-roshni-haripriyan-leaves-show-after-bagging-film-report-4366652.html}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|11|30}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model|}}
| alma mater = [[Ethiraj College for Women]]
| years_active = 2019 {{ndash}} present
| spouse = K. S. Sundaramurthy (m. 2026)
| other_names = Roshini Kannamaa
}}
'''Roshni Haripriyan''', better known as '''Roshini''' is an Indian actress and [[Model (person)|model]] who predominantly appears in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films. She is well-known for playing the lead in the Tamil-language television series ''[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/roshini-haripriyan-opens-up-on-why-she-quit-bharathi-kannamma/articleshow/87753705.cms|title=Roshini Haripriyan opens up on why she quit Bharathi Kannamma|website=The Times of India|date=17 November 2021 }}</ref> In 2022, she was a contestant on the reality cooking series ''[[Cooku with Comali (season 3)]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/roshni-haripriyan-gets-eliminated-from-cooku-with-comali-3-four-finalists-of-the-season-announced/articleshow/92330151.cms|title=Roshini Haripriyan gets eliminated from 'Cooku with Comali 3'|website=The Times of India|date=20 June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/bharathi-kannama-serial-actress-roshni-haripriyan-personals-tamil-news-307661/|title="என்னை நானே முதலில் ரசித்த தருணம் அதுதான்" – 'பாரதி கண்ணம்மா' ரோஷினி ஹரிப்ரியன் பெர்சனல்ஸ்!|work=tamil.indianexpress.com|language=tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/barathi-kannamma-heroine-roshni-haripriyan-one-day-salary-details-revealed/articleshow/87613997.cms|title=பாரதி கண்ணம்மா ரோஷ்னியின் ஒரு நாள் சம்பளம் இவ்வளவா? |work=tamil.samayam.com|language=tamil}}</ref> She got widespread attention in a critically acclaimed film [[Garudan (2024 film) |Garudan]] which was released in 2024.

Roshini was also nominated and listed by ''[[The Times of India]]'' as Most Desirable Women on Indian Television for both 2019 and 2020.

== Early life ==
Roshini was born to her parents Haripriyan (father) and Amala (mother) in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. She did her schooling at St Mary's Matriculation Girls Higher Secondary School, Chennai and completed her degree in [[human biology]] from [[Ethiraj College for Women]], Chennai.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

== Career ==
Roshini made her debut into television in 2019 by first debuting in the soap opera ''[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]'', which aired on [[Star Vijay]] playing the lead character role known as Kannamma.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/barathi-kannamma-fame-roshni-haripriyan-gets-101k-followers-thanks-followers/articleshow/69692505.cms|title=Barathi Kannamma fame Roshini Haripriyan gets 101K followers, thanks followers|website=The Times of India|date=7 June 2019 }}</ref> However in 2021, she announced a sudden drop out from the cast since she accepted a major offer to appear in a film that would mark her film debut and hence was replaced by actress Vinusha Devi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/roshini-haripriyan-to-nithya-das-tv-actors-who-quit-their-popular-shows/photostory/89379610.cms|title=Roshini Haripriyan to Nithya Das: TV actors who quit their popular shows|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bharathi-kannamma-actor-roshini-haripriyan-quits-show-her-fans-are-sad-4454453.html|title= Bharathi Kannamma Actor Roshini Haripriyan Quits Show; Her Fans are Sad|website=News18 |date= 17 November 2021}}</ref> However besides television, Roshini also appeared in many advertisements and short films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/roshini-haripriyan-and-her-love-for-cotton-this-summer-see-pics-5152093.html|title=Roshini Haripriyan and Her Love For Cotton This Summer|website=News18|date=11 May 2022 }}</ref> In 2022, she also appeared in the cooking show ''[[Cooku with Comali (season 3)]]'', however she was eliminated from the show just before the finale took place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/bharathi-kannamma-roshni-haripriyan-latest-childish-video-bharathi-kannamma-latest-update-tamil-news-292996|title=Roshini Haripriyan fulfils her childhood desire in latest video|website=Indiaglitz |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/in-pics-times-when-cooku-with-comali-3-fame-roshini-haripriyan-stole-the-show-with-her-stunning-outfits/photostory/90132427.cms|title=In Pics: Times when Cooku with Comali 3 fame Roshini Haripriyan stole the show with her stunning outfits|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Media ==
In 2019 and 2020 two years in a row, Roshini was listed in ''[[The Times of India]]''{{'}}s Top 20 Most Desirable Women on Indian Television.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/chennai-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-tv-2019/articleshow/73733350.cms|title=Chennai Times 20 Most Desirable Women on TV 2019|work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/stars/chennai-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-television-2020/articleshow/82965018.cms|title=Chennai Times 20 Most Desirable Women on Television 2020|work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !!Notes !!Ref.
|-
| 2019
|''Scars of Society''
| Sailija
|Short film
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Garudan (2024 film)|Garudan]]''
|Angayarkanni
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/barathi-kannamma-lead-actor-roshni-haripriyan-leaves-show-after-bagging-film-report-4366652.html|title= 'Barathi Kannamma' Lead Actor Roshini Haripriyan Leaves Show After Bagging Film: Report|website=News18|date= 26 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan= "2" |2025
|[[Madras Matinee|''Madras Matinee'']]
|Deepika
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-22 |title=Kaali Venkat's 'Madras Matinee' to hit screens on June 6 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaali-venkats-madras-matinee-to-hit-screens-on-june-6/articleshow/121344963.cms |access-date=2025-05-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thalaivan Thalaivii]]''
| Ragavarthini
|
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2019–2021 || ''[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]''||Kannamma || rowspan="2" | [[Star Vijay]]||Replaced by [[Vinusha Devi]] ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/playing-kannamma-taught-me-many-life-lessons-roshni/articleshow/81333721.cms|title=Playing Kannamma taught me many life lessons: Roshini|website=The Times of India|date=5 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/barathi-kannamma-crosses-200-episodes-actors-arun-prasath-farina-azad-roshni-haripriyan-thank-fans/articleshow/72386903.cms|title=Barathi Kannamma crosses 200 episodes; actors Arun Prasath, Farina Azad, Roshini Haripriyan thank fans|website=The Times of India|date=5 December 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|2022 ||''[[Cooku with Comali season 3|Cooku with Comali (season 3)]]''||Contestant|| Eliminated Episodes (1 – 45) ||
|-
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 2016
|''Angel''
|Praveen Sebastian
|-
|2020
| ''Kadhal Sollum Neram''
| Kirthana. G
|-
|2021
| ''ADIYE''
| Reshman Kumar
|-
|2023
|''Nee Mattum''
|Krithika Nelson
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category
!Role!! Show!! Result
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2021
| rowspan="1" |[[Vijay Television Awards]]
|Most Favorite & Best Heroine on Television
|Kannamma
|''[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|10625328}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haripriyan, Roshini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Cooku with Comali contestants]]

R. Girirajan

2026-04-20T08:53:41Z

BXIBerniece: made a entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. Girirajan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 12/05/1961
| birth_place = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
| term = 2022
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse = Mythili Girirajan
| children = 2
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''R. Girirajan''' is an advocate, Indian politician and a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], upper house of the Parliament of India from [[Tamil Nadu]] as a member of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/chidambaram-and-five-others-to-be-elected-unopposed-to-rs-1114382.html | title=Chidambaram and five others to be elected unopposed to RS | publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=1 June 2022 | accessdate=1 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dmk-announces-three-nominees-rajya-sabha-polls-congress-gets-one-seat-163995 | title=DMK announces three nominees for Rajya Sabha polls, Congress gets one seat | publisher=The NewsMinute | date=16 May 2022 | accessdate=1 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/may/16/dmk-names-3-nominees-for-rajya-sabha-poll-congress-gets-1-seat-2454090.html | title=DMK names 3 nominees for Rajya Sabha poll, Congress gets 1 seat | publisher=The New Indian Express | date=16 May 2022 | accessdate=2 June 2022}}</ref> He is affiliated with the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), one of the major political parties in the region. Within the DMK, he holds the position of Bylaw Amendment Secretary, playing a key role in shaping the party's internal governance framework.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bylaw amendment |url=https://www.dmk.in/en/party/organizationals/committee-members/ |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=www.dmk.in}}</ref> Prior to his tenure in the Rajya Sabha, Girirajan contested the 2014 Lok Sabha elections from the North Chennai constituency, reflecting his longstanding engagement in both state and national politics.

==References==
{{Reflist}}<ref name=":0" />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Girirajan, R.}}
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Burra Madhusudan Yadav

2026-04-19T01:08:04Z

BXIBerniece: created redirect

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1972)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Burra Madhusudan Yadav
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| constituency = [[Kanigiri Assembly constituency|Kanigiri]]
| predecessor = [[Kadiri Babu Rao]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| successor = [[Mukku Ugra Narasimha Reddy]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|5|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Prakasam district]], Andhra Pradesh, India
| children = 3
| occupation = {{Hlist|Politician|[[general contractor]]}}
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
}}

'''Burra Madhusudan Yadav''' (born 15 May 1972) is an Indian politician and a [[general contractor]] from the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kanigiri Assembly constituency]] on behalf of [[YSR Congress Party]] (YSRCP) in 2019.

== Personal life ==
Yadav was born on 15 May 1972 to Burra Chinaperayya and Lakshmamma in Sivapuram, [[Prakasam district]], Andhra Pradesh. He was educated until [[Intermediate education]]. He is married to Lakshmi and has 3 children. He resides in [[Kanigiri]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2019 |title=ఎన్నికల బరిలో గెలుపు గుర్రాలు |trans-title=Winning horses in the election ring |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/ysrcp-announced-candidates-list-prakasam-1171031 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref> His daughter Amrutha Bhargavi is married to Nitin Krishna, son of [[Kolusu Parthasarathy]], MLA of [[Penamaluru Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2021 |title=Andhra CM Attends YSRCP MLA Parthasarathi's Son's Wedding |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/brief-news/andhra-cm-attends-ysrcp-mla-parthasarathis-sons-wedding-146902 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Yadav is a [[general contractor]] by profession. He entered politics taking an inspiration from [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]], former chief minister of [[united Andhra Pradesh]], and joined YSR Congress Party. He contested the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from Kanigiri constituency on behalf of YSRCP and lost to [[Kadiri Babu Rao]] of [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 June 2014 |title=Prakasam ministerial aspirants disappointed |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/prakasam-ministerial-aspirants-disappointed/article6101944.ece |access-date=7 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

It was reported that Rao, who later joined YSRCP, could be contesting the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] on behalf of the party. However, the candidacy was given to Yadav, with Rao contesting from another constituency, and won as the MLA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2022 |title=Kanigiri: Jagan To Ditch Record Majority MLA? |url=https://www.mirchi9.com/politics/kanigiri-jagan-to-ditch-record-majority-mla-burra-madhusudan-yadav/ |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=mirchi9.com}}</ref>

In September 2021, he was appointed a [[trustee]] of the [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] governing board by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2019 |title=Five more take oath as TTD trustees |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/five-more-take-oath-as-ttd-trustees/article36546845.ece |access-date=6 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He acted as the chief of YSRCP's [[Prakasam district]] unit from April until November 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 April 2022 |title=Jagan appoints regional coordinators, district party chiefs |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/jagan-appoints-regional-coordinators-district-party-chiefs/article65336303.ece |access-date=6 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2022 |title=Andhra Pradesh: YSRCP replaces 8 district presidents |url=https://telanganatoday.com/andhra-pradesh-ysrcp-replaces-8-district-presidents |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Burra Madhusudan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Prakasam district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]

New Delhi district

2026-04-17T19:49:34Z

BXIBerniece: made a location - done

{{Distinguish|New Delhi Municipal Council|New Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = New Delhi district
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Delhi|District]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Delhi districts.png
| mapsize = 300px
| pushpin_map =
| map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.6140|N|77.2089|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[New Delhi]]
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[New Delhi]]
| website = {{URL|https://dmnewdelhi.delhi.gov.in/}}
| leader_title = [[District collector]]
| leader_name = Sunny Kumar Singh, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Who {{!}} District New Delhi, Government of NCT of Delhi {{!}} India |url=https://dmnewdelhi.delhi.gov.in/about-district/whos-who/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>
}}

'''New Delhi district''' is an [[Districts of Delhi|administrative district]] of [[Delhi]] in [[India]].<ref>[https://dmnewdelhi.delhi.gov.in/ New Delhi district], retrieved 2 January 2021</ref> Its district headquarters is [[New Delhi]]. It is named after New Delhi, the capital of [[India]], located within its borders, and is in its entirety a part of the Delhi megacity. The district was founded in 1997,<ref>Poonam Sharma: ''Structure and Growth of Mega City: An Inter-industry Analysis''. Concept Publishing, 2010, ISBN 978-8180696756, p. 56</ref><ref name=":0">''[https://www.delhionline.in/city-guide/delhi-districts Districts of Delhi]'', delhionline.com, retrieved 2 January 2022</ref> but its borders significantly changed during the redrawing of the Delhi districts in 2012.<ref name=":1">Geeta Gupta: ''[http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/delhi-gets-two-more-revenue-districts-southeast-shahdara/1001325/ Delhi gets two more revenue districts: Southeast, Shahdara]'', Indian Express, 12 September 2012, retrieved 2 January 2022</ref>

== Geography ==
The New Delhi district spans over all three municipalities of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi,<ref>Prabhash K. Dutta: ''[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mcd-polls-mcd-election-2017-delhi-civic-polls-972928-2017-04-22 Beyond MCD election 2017: How 5 municipal corporations manage Delhi, why everyone can't vote tomorrow]'', India Today, 22 April 2017, retrieved 2 January 2022</ref> namely [[New Delhi Municipal Council]], the [[Delhi Cantonment]] and parts of the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] area. It covers the centrally located [[Lutyens' Delhi]] and reaches all the way to the NCT's southwestern borders to [[Gurugram]]. As the other 10 districts of the NCT, it is subdivided into three tehsils: [[Chanakyapuri]], Delhi Cantonment and [[Vasant Vihar]].<ref name=":2">New Delhi district: ''[https://dmnewdelhi.delhi.gov.in/map-of-district/ Map of the district]'', retrieved 2 January 2022</ref>

== History ==
{{historical populations|23=1961|24=1,43,846|25=1971|26=1,64,702|27=1981|28=1,44,115|29=1991|30=1,68,669|31=2001|32=1,79,112|33=2011|34=1,42,004|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|title=Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>|align=right}}
The New Delhi district was founded in 1997, when the former single district of the NCT was split into 9 districts.<ref name=":0" /> In its then borders, the district covered 35 km².<ref>Directorate of Census Operations, Delhi: ''[https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0700_PART_B_DCHB_0700_NCT%20OF%20DELHI.pdf Census of India 2011: N.C.T of Delhi. District Census Handbook of All the Nine Districts]''.</ref>

When the borders of the districts of Delhi were redrawn in 2012,<ref name=":1" /> the New Delhi district became significantly bigger, now spanning all the way to the border to the neighboring state of [[Haryana]].<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
*[[Civil Services Examination]]
*[[Indian Administrative Service]]
*[[Union Public Service Commission]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://dmnewdelhi.delhi.gov.in/ District New Delhi]

{{New Delhi district}}
{{Delhi}}

[[Category:New Delhi district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Delhi]]
[[Category:New Delhi]]

Shahpur, Bihar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:35:03Z

BXIBerniece: started new info!

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Other places|Shahpur (disambiguation){{!}}Shahpur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Shahpur, Bihar Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = 198-Shahpur, Bihar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = Rakesh Ranjan
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Bhojpur district, Bihar|Bhojpur]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = 198
|established = 1951 
| electors = 308,161
|abolished = 
}}

''' Shahpur Assembly constituency''' is one of 243 legislative assembly seats of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It is part of [[Arrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arrah]] lok sabha constituency along with other assembly constituencies viz [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]], [[Barhara Assembly constituency|Barhara]], [[Arrah Assembly constituency|Arrah]], [[Agiaon Assembly constituency|Agiaon]] (SC), [[Tarari Assembly constituency|Tarari]] and [[Jagdishpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jagdishpur]].<ref name="election2014">{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/bihar/parliamentary-constituencies/arrah.html | title=Arrah Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher=elections.in | access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref>

In Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha, there was a constituency by the same name, but the Shahpur Assembly constituency in Madhya Pradesh became defunct in 2008.<ref name="election2003">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/2003-election-results.html|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 2003}}</ref> Its serial number in the Election commission records is 198.

Former Bihar minister and veteran socialist leader[[Ramanand Tiwary|Ramanand Tiwari]] served as MLA from here for five consecutive terms from 1952 to 1969. This seat has been considered a stronghold of socialists. The Tiwari family has always held the Shahpur seat. Ramanand Tiwari's son, Shivanand Tiwari, won on an RJD ticket in 2000 and 2005, followed by his grandson Rahul Tiwari in 2015 and 2020.<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |title=भोजपुर में पूर्व आईपीएस के भाजपा में शामिल होने पर गरमाई क्षेत्र की राजनीति - Politics in Bhojpur region heated up after former IPS officer joined BJP |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhojpur-politics-in-bhojpur-region-heated-up-after-former-ips-officer-joined-bjp-24017824.html |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

BJP has been betting on a single family in the Shahpur Assembly constituency for the past twenty years. In 2005, the BJP first fielded Munni Devi, wife of Mukteshwar Ojha alias Bhuar Ojha, a resident of Ojhavaliya village in Shahpur, and the niece of Visheshwar Ojha. In the election, she defeated a stalwart like Shivanand Tiwari. 2010, Munni Devi defeated RJD's Dharampal Singh for a second time. However, in 2015, the party denied sitting MLA Munni Devi's ticket. In her place, her brother-in-law, Visheshwar Ojha, was appointed state vice president and declared the party's candidate from Shahpur. However, in this election, Shivanand Tiwari's son and RJD candidate, Rahul Tiwari, defeated her.

Subsequently, in the 2020 elections, the BJP again fielded Munni Devi. However, this time, her sister-in-law, Shobha Devi, wife of the late Visheshwar Ojha, also contested as an independent candidate. Her son, Rakesh Visheshwar Ojha, led the election campaign. However, due to the infighting between the sister-in-law and sister-in-law, RJD candidate Rahul Tiwari won for the second time.<ref name="election2025-1">{{Cite web |title=भोजपुर में पूर्व आईपीएस के भाजपा में शामिल होने पर गरमाई क्षेत्र की राजनीति - Politics in Bhojpur region heated up after former IPS officer joined BJP |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhojpur-politics-in-bhojpur-region-heated-up-after-former-ips-officer-joined-bjp-24017824.html |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

==Area/Wards==
Shahpur Assembly constituency comprises:<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2013-12-20 }}</ref>

* [[Shahpur, Bihar|Shahpur]] CD block
* [[Behea, Bihar|Behea]] CD block

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The list of the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) representing Shahpur constituency is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Ramanand Tiwari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Suraj Nath Choubey
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Jai Narain Mishra
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Anand Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Bindeshwari Dubey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Dharam Pal Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shivanand Tiwari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |Munni Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rahul Tiwari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Rakesh Ojha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahpur<ref name="election2025"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Rakesh Visheshwar ojha
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:88655}}
|percentage = 49.69
|change = +36.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rahul Tiwari]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:73430}}
|percentage = 41.16
|change = +0.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Padma Ojha
|votes = {{formatnum:3948}}
|percentage = 2.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dharmendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2923}}
|percentage = 1.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manan Shah
|votes = {{formatnum:2536}}
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sahabudin Miya
|votes = {{formatnum:1844}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2006}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change = +0.5
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15225}}
|percentage = 8.53
|change = -6.09
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:178400}}
|percentage = 57.89
|change = +8.8
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahpur<ref name="Bihar Election 2020">{{cite web |title=Bihar Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rahul Tiwari]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:64393}}
|percentage = 41.14
|change = -6.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shobha Devi W/O Visheshwar Ojha
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:41510}}
|percentage = 26.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Munni Devi
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:21355}}
|percentage = 13.64
|change = -24.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gangadhar Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:3836}}
|percentage = 2.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Jan Jan Party
|candidate = Harendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3571}}
|percentage = 2.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bhuteshwar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2876}}
|percentage = 1.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Ved Prkash
|votes = {{formatnum:2689}}
|percentage = 1.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Santosh Kumar Srivastav
|votes = {{formatnum:2522}}
|percentage = 1.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kumar Avinash Chandra
|votes = {{formatnum:2060}}
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Krishna Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2004}}
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:978}}
|percentage = 0.62
|change = -1.2
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22883}}
|percentage = 14.62
|change = +4.58
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:156528}}
|percentage = 49.09
|change = -0.5
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahpur<ref name="Shahpur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Shahpur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/shahpur |access-date=7 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207140608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/shahpur |archive-date=7 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rahul Tiwari]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:69315}}
|percentage = 47.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Visheshwar Ojha
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:54745}}
|percentage = 37.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Krishna Bihari Singh
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|votes = {{formatnum:3680}}
|percentage = 2.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sachin Kumar Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:2914}}
|percentage = 2.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Radha Bihari Ojha
|votes = {{formatnum:2337}}
|percentage = 1.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mithiles Choubey
|votes = {{formatnum:2129}}
|percentage = 1.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Binod Kumar Tiwary
|votes = {{formatnum:1803}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samras Samaj Party
|candidate = Lal Bahadur Mahato
|votes = {{formatnum:1310}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2641}}
|percentage = 1.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14570}}
|percentage = 10.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:145144}}
|percentage = 49.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Politics of Bhojpur district, India]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Vadodara Innovation Council

2026-04-12T04:54:13Z

BXIBerniece: started article

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Expert needed|1=India|reason=unclear what information is relevant to the article, knowledgeable unbiased input needed|date=January 2018}}
{{infobox organization
|founded=May 2011
| location = [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]], India
|website={{url|http://www.vicindia.org}}
}}

'''Vadodara Innovation Council (VIC)''' is the first city-based Innovation Council in India, associated with the [[National Innovation Council (India)|National Innovation Council]]. Vadodara Innovation Council started functioning in May-2011 under the leadership of technocrat Dr. Madhu Mehta.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-industrialist-responds-to-sam-pitroda-s-call-on-innovation-council-1546614 | title=Vadodara Industrialists respond to Sam Pitroda's call to set up an Innovation Council | publisher=DNA | date=23 May 2011 | accessdate=16 September 2018 }}</ref> VIC, a non-profit company, has the stated goal "To build Innovative, Curious and Questioning Society in [[Vadodara]] region".

==Vadodara as an Innovative city==
On 16 June 2013, [[Sam Pitroda]] has launched an initiative to make 'Vadodara as an Innovative city'.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130720052441/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-16/vadodara/40006714_1_national-innovation-council-sam-pitroda-m-s-university Sam Pitroda launches the initiative for Vadodara, The Times of India, 17-Jun-2013]</ref>

==Tod Fod Jod Centre==
{{Relevance inline|date=December 2018}}

It has started 'Tod Fod Jod Centre' (TFJC) for school students, being the second such initiative in India after Delhi. IT is a unique initiative, where students open the device, understand the different parts, its working principles, scientific & engineering concepts behind it and then assemble it. In its first phase, the students experimented with a [[ceiling fan]], [[computer]], [[clock]], [[bicycle]] and [[telephone]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20130126075918/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-09/vadodara/32604404_1_ninc-national-innovation-council-centre Take a break from Textbook at Tod Fod Jod Centre, The Times of India, 9 July 2012]</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/nic-lesson-on-learning-todfodjod/1015042/0 Lesson on Learning Tod Fod Jod, The Indian Express, 11 October 2012]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130126180137/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-16/vadodara/32697085_1_ceiling-fans-centre-batch Vadodara starts Tod Fod Jod, The Times of India, 16 July 2012]</ref>

==Innovation partner to VCCI Expo 2014==
Vadodara Chamber of Commerce Industry (VCCI) has partnered with VIC for VCCI Expo 2014 (27 November 2014 – 1 December 2014), where 56 participants showcased their innovation or prototypes.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Vadodara-set-to-be-an-innovation-hub/articleshow/45198373.cms VCCI partners with VIC for VCCI Expo 2014, The Times of India, 19 November 2014]</ref>

== Recognitions ==
The model is to be replicated in 1,000 cities of India.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120708225820/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-21/vadodara/31378859_1_vadodara-innovation-council-vic-nic VIC manual to be replicated in 1000 cities of the country, The Times of India, 21-Apr 2012]</ref><ref>[http://www.innovationcouncil.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=197:sam-pitroda-to-urge-1000-cities-for-setting-up-innovation-councils-&catid=14:news&Itemid=13 Sam Pitroda urges 1000 cities to set up Innovation Councils, 22-Apr-2012]</ref> In its first phase 31 schools including 11 municipal (government) schools were covered.

==See also==
* [[National Innovation Council (India)|National Innovation Council]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Government agencies established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Think tanks based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Vadodara]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Innovation organizations]]
[[Category:Innovation in India]]

K. S. Anand

2026-04-11T18:12:34Z

BXIBerniece: created initial entry nd citations - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. S. Anand
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1979}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''K. S. Anand''' (born 1979)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Kaduru|Kadur]], [[Chikmagalur district]], [[Karnataka]]. He is an MLA from [[Kadur Assembly constituency]] in Chikmagalur district. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Kadur election results LIVE {{!}} JD(S)' YSV Datta trails as Anand KS of Congress leads over BJP MLA Belli Prakash - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/kadur-election-results-2023-live-updates-ysv-datta-jds-belli-prakash-bjp-congress-16646231.htm |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election 2023: Kadur Assembly Seat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/kadur-1119 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

His father K G Siddappa is a farmer. He completed his B.Sc. at the Government First Grade College, [[Kaduru|Kadur]], which is affiliated with [[Kuvempu University]], Shankaraghatta, [[Shimoga district]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=K S Anand(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- KADUR(CHIKMAGALUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/karnataka2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=6789 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

Anand won from [[Kadur Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 75,476 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Belli Prakash of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 12,007 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=K S Anand in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/k-s-anand-kadur-candidate-s10a127c006/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Kadur Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/kadur-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99727281.cms |access-date=2024-08-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, K. S. }}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]

Padmarani

2026-04-06T01:06:30Z

BXIBerniece:

{{Short description|Indian actress (1937–2016)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Padmarani
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1937|01|25}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2016|01|25|1937|01|25}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra
| othername =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active =
| children = [[Daisy Irani (television personality)|Daisy Irani Subaiah]] (daughter)
| spouse = Namdar Irani
| relatives = [[List of Hindi film clans#Roy–Joshi–Irani-Desai family|Roy–Joshi–Irani-Desai family]]}}
| partner =
| website =
}}

'''Padmarani''', also spelled as '''Padma Rani''', (25 January 1937{{spnd}} 25 January 2016) was an Indian actress who performed in [[Gujarati theatre|Gujarati plays]], [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati films]], and [[Bollywood|Hindi films]].

==Early life==
Padmarani was born to a Maharashtrian family in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]] on 25 January 1937. She was brought up in Kanabi Vad, Unchi Pol on Rajmahal Road in [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]].<ref name="MS">{{cite web |title=જીવનની રમત પૂરી કરી 'બા રિટાયર્ડ થયા' પદ્મારાણીનો ઘરોબો વડોદરા સાથે હતો |website=[[Mumbai Samachar]] |url=http://www.bombaysamachar.com/frmStoryShow.aspx?sNo=184815 |language=gu |accessdate=10 February 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Her father, Bhimrao Bhosle, was a barrister, and her mother, Kamlabai Rane, was from [[Goa]]. She was young when her family encountered a period of financial hardship, and she and her sister, later a veteran actress [[Sarita Joshi]], began performing on stage to help.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/Veteran-Gujarati-actress-Padmarani-passes-away/articleshow/50719053.cms |title=Veteran Gujarati actress Padmarani passes away |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 January 2016 |accessdate=26 January 2016 |author=Baker, Rachel}}</ref><ref name="DG2016">{{cite web |author=DeshGujarat |title=Noted Gujarati actress Padma Rani passes away |website=DeshGujarat |date=25 January 2016 |url=http://DeshGujarat.Com/2016/01/25/veteran-gujarati-actress-padma-rani-passes-away/ |accessdate=10 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Sandeshx2016">{{cite web |title=૮૦મા જન્મદિવસે જ આખરી એક્ઝિટ લેતાં ગુજરાતી તખ્તાનાં 'બા' પદ્મારાણી |website=Sandesh Gujarati Newspaper |date=26 January 2016 |url=http://www.sandesh.com/article.aspx?newsid=3223213 |language=gu |accessdate=10 February 2016 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115150710/https://www.sandesh.com/article.aspx?newsid=3223213 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She completed her primary education from Govindrao Central School in Dandiya Bazar, Vadodara.<ref name="Sandesh2016"/><ref name="MS"/>

She along with her sister caught the eye of Faredoon Irani, father of [[Aruna Irani]], while acting in a play of Ramanlal Murtivala in Vadodara. He took them to Mumbai. At the age of eighteen, Padmarani married Namdar Irani, uncle of Aruna Irani, who was a [[zamindar]] and member of the [[Parsi]] family and a theatre director.<ref name="DG2016"/><ref name="Sandesh2016"/><ref name="Sandeshx2016"/>

==Career==
Padmarani performed in over 6,000 [[Gujarati theatre]] shows.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} Padmarani was a lead actress in number of popular plays, including ''Baa Retire Thai Chhe'', ''Baa E Maari Boundary'', ''Kevda Na Dankh'', ''Saptapadi'', ''Chandarwo'', ''5 Star Aunty'' and ''Vachan''. In the final decades of her life, Padmarani increasingly played maternal lead roles. Her last play was, ''Amari To Arjee Baki Tamari Marjee''.<ref name="DG2016"/><ref name=ngs2016>{{cite web |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મોના જાણીતા અભિનેત્રી પદ્મારાણીનું નિધન |website=NavGujarat Samay |date=25 January 2016 |url=http://navgujaratsamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/dhollywood-news/Gujarati-actress-Padmarani-died-in-Mumbail/articleshow/50716363.cms |language=gu |accessdate=10 February 2016 |archive-date=16 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216142438/http://navgujaratsamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/dhollywood-news/Gujarati-actress-Padmarani-died-in-Mumbail/articleshow/50716363.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> She worked with Arvind Rathod, a well known Gujarati actor, in numerous plays, including ''Baa Retire Thai Chhe''.<ref name="toi"/><ref name="Sandeshx2016"/>

She acted in more than 200 Gujarati films.<ref name="Sandesh2016">{{cite web |title=લક્ષ્મી સ્ટુડિયો વેચાતા પદ્મારાણી ભાવુક બની ગયાં હતાં |website=Sandesh Gujarati Newspaper |date=26 January 2016 |url=http://www.sandesh.com/article.aspx?newsid=3223188 |language=gu |accessdate=10 February 2016 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115194551/https://www.sandesh.com/article.aspx?newsid=3223188 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The 1961 film ''Narsaiyyani Hundi'' was her first [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati film]]. In 1963, she acted in ''Akhand Saubhagyavati'' alongside [[Asha Parekh]]. In 1966, Padmarani acted in ''[[Kalapi (film)|Kalapi]]'', based on the life of Gujarati royal and poet, [[Kalapi]], where she played the princess wife of Kalapi, who was played by [[Sanjeev Kumar]]. She also acted in several successful Gujarati films including ''Janamtip'' (1969), ''Patli Parmar'' (1978) with [[Upendra Trivedi]], ''Gangasati'' (1979), ''Lohini Sagaai'' (1980), ''Kasumbi No Rang'', ''Shamal Shah No Vivah'' and ''Bhagat Peepaji'' (1980), which was based on the life of the poet [[Bhagat Pipa]].<ref name="MS"/><ref name=ngs2016/><ref name="Sandesh2016"/><ref name="Sandeshx2016"/>

Padmarani also acted in some [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films including her major debut ''[[Kanyadaan (1968 film)|Kanyadaan]]'' (1968) where she played the talkative but perceptive Gulabi, ''Parivar'' (1968), ''Veer Ghatotkach'' (1970), ''[[Jai Santoshi Maa]]'' (1975), ''[[Dil (1990 film)|Dil]]'' (1990) and ''[[Zaalim]]'' (1994).<ref name="toi"/><ref name="DG2016"/>

Her TV serial Naqaab starring Bengali actor [[Anil Chatterjee]] was appreciated by critics and viewers alike. She enacted a nurse to an ageing actor (Chatterji). There was another serial of [[Himesh Reshammiya]] and Padmarani acted in more than 1000 episodes of the TV show ''Swapna Kinare''.<ref name="Sandeshx2016"/>{{dubious|date=February 2016}}

Padmarani died on her 79th birthday, 25 January 2016 in [[Mumbai]] following complications in lungs due to viral infection.<ref name="toi"/><ref name="DG2016"/><ref name=ngs2016/>

==Personal life==
Padmarani and Namdar Irani had a daughter, [[Daisy Irani (television personality)|Daisy Irani]], who also took up acting. She settled in [[Singapore]] after marriage.<ref name="DG2016"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gujarati actresses|Hindi TV Shows]]
[[Category:Gujarati theatre]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Pune]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]

Daggumalla Prasada Rao

2026-04-04T15:47:55Z

BXIBerniece: added initial bio added tags...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Daggumalla Prasada Rao
| image =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 2024
| constituency =[[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency|Chittoor]]
| predecessor = [[N. Reddeppa]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}
'''Daggumalla Prasada Rao''' is an Indian [[politician]] and the elected candidate for [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0125.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/andhra-pradesh/chittoor/candidateshow/daggumalla-prasada-rao-2094 |title=Daggumalla Prasada Rao, Telugu Desam Representative for Chittoor (SC), Andhra Pradesh |publisher=[[Times of India]] |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref name="eci"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-candidates-2024/daggumalla-prasada-rao-01025-5 |title=TDP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Daggumalla Prasada Rao |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="TDP names four candidates for Lok Sabha elections in Rayalaseema districts">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=TDP names four candidates for Lok Sabha elections in Rayalaseema districts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-names-four-candidates-for-lok-sabha-elections-in-rayalaseema-districts/article67980093.ece |access-date=13 June 2024 |date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613125916/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-names-four-candidates-for-lok-sabha-elections-in-rayalaseema-districts/article67980093.ece |archive-date=13 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Ex-administrators {{!}} From desk to dais">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Ex-administrators {{!}} From desk to dais|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-administrators-from-desk-to-dais-2565839-2024-07-13|accessdate=27 July 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727144100/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-administrators-from-desk-to-dais-2565839-2024-07-13|archivedate=27 July 2024|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[18th Lok Sabha]]
*[[Telugu Desam Party]]
*[[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Daggumalla Prasada}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}
{{18th LS members from Andhra Pradesh}}

Anjan Das (politician)

2026-04-04T03:18:36Z

BXIBerniece: added post - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anjan Das
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office3 = Chairman of Salema Panchayet Samiti
| term_start3 = 2004
| term_end3 = 2009
| office2 = Member of Tripura Legislative Assembly
| term_start2 = 30 June 2015
| term_end2 = 08 March 2018
| prime_minister =
| president =
| predecessor2 = Sudhir Das
| successor2 = Ashis Das
| constituency2 = [[Surma Assembly constituency|Surma]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|11|01}}<ref>{{cite web |title=OATH / AFFIRMATION BY ELEVENTH LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY MEMBERS |url=https://tripuraassembly.nic.in/current%20members%20profilenew.pdf}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kamalpur, Tripura]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| other_party =
| spouse = Rakhi Dey
| cabinet =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Tripura University]]
| occupation = Politician, Social Worker
| profession =
| website = 
| signature =
}}
'''Anjan Das''' (born 1 November 1973) is an Indian politician from [[Tripura]]. He was a member of the Tripura Legislative Assembly from [[Surma Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for [[Scheduled Caste]] community, in [[Dhalai district]]. He won the 2015 Tripura Legislative Assembly bye-election, representing the Communist Party of India (Marxist).<ref>{{cite news |title=Ruling parties sweep by-elections |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ruling-parties-sweep-byelections/article7371678.ece |work=The Hindu |date=30 June 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Rahul |title=TRIPURA: CPI(M) Wins Bye-elections With Higher Percentage of Votes {{!}} Peoples Democracy |url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2015/0705_pd/tripura-cpim-wins-bye-elections-higher-percentage-votes |work=peoplesdemocracy.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura bypolls: CPI(M) wins Pratapgarh, Surma seats |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tripura-bypolls-byelection-results-cpim-wins-pratapgarh-surma-260410-2015-06-30 |work=India Today |date=30 June 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Surma bye-election: CPIM candidate Anjan bagged huge victory, BJP emerged as second party |url=https://www.tripurainfoway.com/news-details/TN/31028/surma-bye-election-cpim-candidate-anjan-bagged-huge-victory-bjp-emerged-as-second-party-k.html |work=www.tripurainfoway.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Anjan}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:People from Dhalai district]]
[[Category:Tripura University alumni]]

Mohanpur, Tripura

2026-04-04T03:02:33Z

BXIBerniece: put up first pg basic info

{{Short description|Town in Tripura, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mohonpur
| official_name = Mohanpur
| coordinates = {{coord|23.58|N|91.22|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tripura]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Tripura district|West Tripura]]
| established_title = 
| government_type = Municipal Council
| leader_title = [[Chairman]]
| leader_name = Sri Motilal Das
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 16,363
| population_rank = 10th
| population_as_of = 2011
| pushpin_map = India Tripura#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| image_map = Tripura-district-map.svg
| seat_type = Legislative Assembly
| seat = Tripura Legislative Assembly
| leader_title1 = MLA
| leader_name1 = [[Ratan Lal Nath]]
| area_total_ha = 884
| elevation_m = 45
| population_urban = 11,325
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code = 799211
| area_code = 0381
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| registration_plate = TR 01 XX YYYY
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
}}

'''Mohanpur''' is a Municipal Council in [[Tripura]], [[Northeast India|northeast]] [[India]]. It is the [[List of cities and towns in Tripura|10th largest town]] in the state and a subdivision of [[West Tripura district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subdivision & Blocks {{!}} West District, Government of Tripura {{!}} India |url=https://westtripura.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Mohanpur subdivision has a total of 30 [[Gram panchayat|village panchayats]], among them Anangnagar is the most populated followed by Vijaynagar, brahmakunda, debendranagar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATEMENT SHOWING THE CATAGORY-WISE [sic] POPULATION OF GRAM PANCHAYATS VILLAGES UNDERDIFFERENT BLOCKS |url=https://tripura.gov.in/sites/default/files/Block%20Wise%20Population%20of%20West%20Tripura%20District.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=archive.ph}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 [[Census of India|census]] data, the total population of Mohanpur is 16,363. The number of males is 8,434 and the number of females is 7,929 Most of the population is urban with a number of 11,325, as well as, more than 5,050 people are from rural areas. Mohanpur had an average literacy rate of 80.43%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. The male literacy rate is 83.53% and female literacy rate is 77.13%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PCA: Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Tripura - District West Tripura - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/40968}}</ref>

== Forest ==
In the subdivision of Mohanpur there is a total of 73.869 km2 of forest land in which 73.869 km2 is [[Reserved Forest|Reserved forest]] .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forest Department of Tripura |url=https://forest.tripura.gov.in/forest-of-tripura |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=forest.tripura.gov.in}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
The main transport system of the town is dependent on roadways. Mohanpur Road and Assam Agartala Road are the main roads. The town does not have any [[railway station]]s; the nearest railway [[Jogendranagar railway station|station]] is at [[Jogendranagar]]. The distance of the town from the capital [[Agartala]] is about 23 km.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nearest Railway Stations to West Tripura Mohanpur Singarbil Tripura West Tripura - Search Nearest Railway Stations of Any Place |url=https://trainspy.com/nearestrailwaystations/515642/West-Tripura-Mohanpur-Singarbil-Tripura-West-Tripura |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=trainspy.com}}</ref>

== Education ==

* Schools<ref>{{Cite web |title=Affiliated Schools List as on 01.04 2020 |url=https://tbse.tripura.gov.in/sites/default/files/School_code.pdf }}</ref>

# MOHANPUR CLASS XII SCHOOL
# MOHANPUR GIRLS' H.S. SCHOOL
# TARAPUR HIGH SCHOOL
# MOHANPUR TEA GARDEN J.B SCHOOL
# GANDHIGRAM H.S. SCHOOL

* Colleges

Swami Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in West Tripura district]]

Giridih district

2026-03-25T19:44:24Z

BXIBerniece: cleanup

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Giridih}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Giridih district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]] of [[Jharkhand]]
| translit_lang1 =
| total_type = Total
| native_name = {{small|Girīḍīh Jilā}}
| native_name_lang =
| image_skyline = Shikharji Parasnath Giridih.jpg
| image_caption = [[Shikharji]] on [[Parasnath|Parasnath Hills]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_caption = Location of Giridih district in Jharkhand
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Giridih
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Government banner of Jharkhand.png}} [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North Chotanagpur Division|North Chotanagpur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Giridih]]
| parts_type = Sub Divisions
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| p1 = [[Giridih Sadar subdivision|Giridih]]
| area_total_km2 = 4962
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| elevation_max_m = 1,365
| elevation_max_ft = 4,478
| population_total = 2,445,474<ref name="districtcensus"/>
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 06.41
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 63.14 per cent<ref name="districtcensus"/><ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.educationforallinindia.com/page157.html |title =District-specific Literates and Literacy Rates, 2001 |access-date = 2010-10-10|publisher =Registrar General, India, Ministry of Home Affairs}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 940
| leader_title = [[District magistrate|Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name = Mr. Ramniwas Yadav ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MPs]]
| leader_name1 = *[[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]] {{small|([[Giridih Lok Sabha constituency|Giridih]])}} 
*[[Annpurna Devi|Annapurna Devi]] {{small|([[Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency|Kodarma]])}}
| leader_title2 = [[6th Jharkhand Assembly|MLAs]]
| leader_name2 = *[[Babulal Marandi]] {{small|([[Dhanwar Assembly constituency|Dhanwar]])}} 
*[[Nagendra Mahto]] {{small|([[Bagodar Assembly constituency|Bagodar]])}}
*[[Manju Kumari]] {{small|([[Jamua Assembly constituency|Jamua]])}}
*[[Kalpana Soren]] {{small|([[Gandey Assembly constituency|Gandey]])}}
*[[Sudivya Kumar]] {{small|([[Giridih Assembly constituency|Giridih]])}}
*[[Jairam Kumar Mahato]] {{small|([[Dumri Assembly constituency|Dumri]])}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|giridih.nic.in}}
| official_name =
| p2 = [[Khori Mahuwa subdivision|Khori Mahua]]
| parts2 =
| p3 = [[Bagodar-Saria subdivision|Bagodar-Saria]]
| p4 = [[Dumri subdivision|Dumri]]
}}

'''Giridih district''' is one of the twenty-four districts of [[Jharkhand]] [[States and territories of India|state]], [[India]], and [[Giridih]] is the administrative headquarters of this district. As of 2011 it is the third most populous district of Jharkhand (out of [[Districts of Jharkhand|24]]), after [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]] and [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]].<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Giridih |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/546/download/1832/DH_2011_2004_PART_A_DCHB_GIRIDIH.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==History==
Giridih district was a part of [[Kharagdiha]] estate till late 18th century. During the British Raj Giridih became a part of [[Jungle Terry]]. After Kol Uprising in 1831, the parganas of Ramgarh, Kharagdiha, Kendi and Kunda became parts of the South-West Frontier Agency and were formed into a division named Hazaribag as the administrative headquarters. The [[Kharagdiha]] [[Rajas]] were settled as Rajas of Raj Dhanwar in 1809, and the Kharagdiha gadis were separately settled as zamindari estates. Some of the notable Kharagdiha Zamindari estates were [[Koderma]], Gadi Palganj, Srirampur, [[Baghochia|Mahal Ledo]], Gande, Ghoranji and Gadi Sirsia.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hazaribagh District Gazetteer |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13551/page/n5}}</ref>
Giridih district was created on December 4, 1972<ref>[https://giridih.nic.in/ Giridih District, Official website]</ref> by carving some parts of [[Hazaribagh district]]. In 1999 part of it became [[Bokaro district]].<ref name="Statoids">{{cite web | url = http://www.statoids.com/yin.html | title = Districts of India | access-date = 2011-10-11 | last = Law | first = Gwillim | date = 2011-09-25 | work = Statoids}}</ref>

It is currently a part of the [[Red Corridor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/12/naxal-menace-83-districts-under.html |title=83 districts under the Security Related Expenditure Scheme |publisher=IntelliBriefs |date=2009-12-11 |access-date=2011-09-17 |archive-date=2011-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027115807/http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/12/naxal-menace-83-districts-under.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The 15,000-capacity football and cricket stadium named Giridih Stadium is the largest sports venue by capacity in the region. It is located in the town of Mahthadih.

==Geography==
The district, covering an area of around 4854 km2, is bounded on the north by [[Jamui district]] and [[Nawada district]] of [[Bihar]] [[States and territories of India|state]], on the east by the districts of [[Deoghar district|Deoghar]] and [[Jamtara district|Jamtara]], on the south by [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]] and [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]], and on the west by [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]] and [[Koderma district|Koderma]] districts.

Giridih has an average elevation of 289 metres (948 feet). [[Shikharji|Śrī Sammeta Shikharji]] also known as the [[Parasnath Hills]],it is one of the holiest place of [[Jainism]], located in Giridih is the highest [[mountain|mountain peak]] in Jharkhand. It is a conical [[granite]] peak located 4,477 feet (1,382 metres) above the [[sea level]].<ref name=britannica_jharkhand>{{cite web|title=Jharkhand|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/736533/Jharkhand|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref><ref name=Giridih_official>{{cite web|title=Official website of the Giridih district|url=http://giridih.nic.in/|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref>

[[Gawan block|Gawan]] and [[Tisari block|Tisari]] blocks of the district have several mica mines, and coal is found abundantly at several places throughout the district.<ref name="Giridih_official" />

[[Parasnath Hills]] are located in the district. There are two major rivers, namely, the [[Barakar River]] and the [[Sakri River]]. Barakar River passes through [[Birni block|Birni]] and [[Pirtand block|Pirtand]] blocks. Sakari river drains the areas of [[Deori block|Deori]] and Gawan blocks. There are several smaller rivers, including [[Usri River|Usri]], with a major tourist attraction - [[Usri Falls]].

== Administration ==

=== Subdivisions ===
Following are the four subdivision of the district:<ref name="admin">{{cite web|title=Giridih|url=http://giridih.nic.in/block.html|access-date=8 November 2015|work=Blocks|publisher=District Administration, Giridih}}</ref>
# Giridih subdivision
# Bagodar-Sariya subdivision
# Khorimahua subdivision
# Dumri subdivision

==== Blocks ====
Giridih district comprises the following 13 blocks:
{{columns-list|colwidth=10em|
* [[Bagodar block|Bagodar]]
* [[Bengabad block|Bengabad]]
* [[Birni block|Birni]]
* [[Deori block|Deori]]
* [[Dhanwar block|Dhanwar]]
* [[Dumri block|Dumri]]
* [[Gandey block|Gandey]]
* [[Gawan block|Gawan]]
* [[Giridih block|Giridih]]
* [[Jamua (community development block)|Jamua]]
* [[Pirtand block|Pirtand]]
* [[Sariya (community development block)|Sariya]]
* [[Tisri block|Tisri]]
}}

==Economy==
In 2006 the Indian government named Giridih one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the 21 districts in Jharkhand currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=September 8, 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=September 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=April 5, 2012 }}</ref>

The DDP of Giridih District is ₹1,97,771(2003–04) and Income Per Capita is ₹9921(2003–04).

==Divisions==
There are six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies in this district. Dhanwar, Bagodar, Jamua and Gandey assembly constituencies are part of [[Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency|Kodarma constituency]]. Giridih and Dumri assembly constituencies are part of [[Giridih Lok Sabha constituency|Giridih]] constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://giridih.nic.in/election.htm |title=Election |publisher=Giridih district website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619070707/http://giridih.nic.in/election.htm |archive-date=2009-06-19 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=3,75,866|13=1911|14=4,11,172|15=1921|16=4,07,450|17=1931|18=4,84,161|19=1941|20=5,58,821|21=1951|22=6,18,129|23=1961|24=7,47,946|25=1971|26=9,37,092|27=1981|28=11,61,066|29=1991|30=14,96,878|31=2001|32=19,05,343|33=2011|34=24,45,474|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Table A-02 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901: Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43353/download/47042/20%20A-2%20Jharkhand.pdf |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Giridih district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|75.90}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|20.80}}
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|2.42}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]|blue|0.60}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.28}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Giridih district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 2,445,474<ref name="districtcensus"/> roughly equal to the nation of [[Kuwait]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Kuwait 2,595,62 | archive-date = 2011-09-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165947/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> or the US state of [[New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=2010 Resident Population Data |publisher=U. S. Census Bureau |access-date=2011-09-30 |quote=New Mexico - 2,059,179 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721072426/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archive-date=2011-07-21 }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 182nd in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|497|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 28.33%. Giridih has a [[sex ratio]] of 943 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males, and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 63.14%. 8.51% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 13.31% and 9.74% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Giridih district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Khortha language|Khortha]] |value1 = 68.7 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 13.55 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value3 = 8.99 |color3 = darkturquoise
|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 7.47 |color4 = green
|label5 = Others |value5 = 1.29 |color5 = grey
}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 68.71% of the population in the district spoke [[Khortha language|Khortha]], 13.55% [[Hindi]], 8.99% [[Santali language|Santali]] and 7.47% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

Khortha, a blend of [[Magahi]] and Hindi with little connection to [[Bengali language|Bengali]], is the main language spoken in Giridih district. The tribal people speak [[Santali language|Santhali]].

==Flora and fauna==

The district has rich forest resources and have several jungles of [[Shorea robusta|sal]] trees and [[bamboo]]s, and a variety of other indigenous trees. Among other common trees are [[bamboo]], [[semal]], [[Madhuca longifolia|Mahua]], [[palash]], [[Schleichera|kusum]], kend, [[Pyrus pyrifolia|Asian pear]] and [[Semecarpus anacardium|bhelwa]].<ref name=Giridih_official/> Parasnath hills have a number of plants having [[Herbal medicine|medicinal use]]. [[Leopard]]s, [[bear]]s, [[jackal]]s, [[boar|wild pigs]], and [[hare]]s are the wild animals found in certain parts of the district which have thick forests.

==Politics==
{{transcluded section|source=6th Jharkhand Assembly}}
{{#section:6th Jharkhand Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:6th Jharkhand Assembly|Giridih district}}
|}

==Tourism ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|

* [[Parasnath]]
* [[Jharkhand Dham]]
* [[Harihar Dham]]
* [[Khandoli Dam]]
* [[Usri Falls]]
* Sai Mandir
* Langta Baba Samadhi Sthal
* Surya Mandir, Jagarnathdih, Mirjaganj
* Rajdah dham Suriya
* Panchkero dam Gorhand
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://giridih.nic.in/ Official government website]

{{Blocks of Giridih district}}
{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Giridih district
|North = [[Nawada district]], [[Bihar]]
|Northeast = [[Jamui district]], [[Bihar]]
|East = [[Deogarh district]] [[Jamtara district]]
|Southeast = [[Dhanbad district]]
|South = [[Bokaro district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Hazaribagh district]]
|Northwest = [[Koderma district]]
}}

{{Blocks of Giridih district}}
{{Districts of Jharkhand}}
{{North Chotanagpur Division}}
{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|24|10|48|N|86|19|12|E|region:IN-JH_type:adm2nd_source:kolossus-nowiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Giridih district| ]]
[[Category:Community development blocks in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Community development blocks in Giridih district]]
[[Category:Districts of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Coal mining districts in India]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Bihar]]

Paatki

2026-03-24T10:22:37Z

BXIBerniece: made entry - done

{{For|the Kannada-language film|Pataki (film)}}{{Short description| 2026 Indian Gujarati Thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paatki
| image = Paatki Official Poster.jpg
| caption = Official Poster
| director = Abhinay Deshmukh
| producer = Divyesh Doshi Aalap Kikaani Nrupal Patel Raju Raisinghani Anand Khamar
| writer = Abhinay Deshmukh
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*Gaurav Paswala
*[[Shraddha Dangar]]
*[[Hiten Tejwani]]
*[[Sucheeta Trivedi]]
}}
| cinematography = Abhijeet Patil
| editing = Hiren Chitroda
| music = K Sumant
| studio = AMP Studio Avirat Pictures
| distributor = [[Panorama Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|2026|01|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 126 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2026 |title=''Paatki'' (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/paatki-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmta5mza3 |access-date=26 January 2026 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Gujarati
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Paatki''''' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: '''''પાતકી''''') meaning “sinner”, is a [[List of Gujarati films of 2026|2026]] Indian [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] suspense, [[crime thriller]] and [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by Abhinay Deshmukh. The film stars Gaurav Paswala, Karan Joshi, [[Shraddha Dangar]], [[Hiten Tejwani]], [[Sucheeta Trivedi]] and others. It is produced by Divyesh Doshi, Aalap Kikaani, Nrupal Patel, Raju Raisinghani and Anand Khamar under the banner of AMP Studio, in association with Avirat Pictures.<ref name=DB3/> The film was released in theaters on 30 January 2026.<ref name=DB1>{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/entertainment/news/gujarati-film-paatki-motion-poster-release-shraddha-dangar-gaurav-paswala-karan-joshi-videos-136559599.html |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ 'પાતકી'નું મોશન પોસ્ટર રિલીઝ:શ્રદ્ધા ડાંગર- ગૌરવ પાસવાલા સ્ટારર થ્રિલર ફિલ્મમાં 'લાલો' ફેમ કરન જોષીની પણ ધમાકેદાર ભૂમિકા |date=1 December 2025|work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref><ref name=GJ1>{{cite news|url=https://www.gujaratijagran.com/entertainment/gujarati-film-paatki-motion-poster-released-laalo-movie-fame-karan-joshi-shraddha-dangar-and-gaurav-paswala-648671 |title=Gujarati Film Paatki: લાલો ફેમ કરણ જોશીની નવી ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ પાતકી ની જાહેરાત, શ્રદ્ધા ડાંગર સાથે જોવા મળશે, જાણો રિલીઝ તારીખ |date=3 December 2025|work=Gujarati Jagran |access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref><ref name=TOI1>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/paatki/movieshow/126452220.cms |title=Paatki Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News and Videos |date=10 January 2026|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 January 2026}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A man certain of his guilt faces a world certain of his innocence, and the truth shatters them both.<ref name=DB3/>

== Cast ==
*Gaurav Paswala as Maanav Mehta<ref name=DB1/>
*Karan Joshi as Chiman<ref name=GJ1/>
*[[Shraddha Dangar]] as Nitya Mehta<ref name=DB1/>
*[[Suchita Trivedi]] as Hemlata Dave<ref name=DB3/>
*[[Hiten Tejwani]] as Inspector Arjun Thakker<ref name=DB3/>
*Nilesh Parmar as Murli
*Aakash Zala as Hansal Desai
*Ujjval Dave as Doshi
*Makrand Shukla as Dr. Parekh
*Aatman Shah as Shantanu Dave
*Sohil Lia as Sandy
*Rajan Deshmukh as Baba

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
The film stars Karan Joshi and Gaurav Paswala in lead roles. Karan Joshi is known for his work in the Gujarati film [[Laalo – Krishna Sada Sahaayate]], while Gaurav Paswala has previously appeared in Gujarati films such as [[Sanghavi and Sons]] and [[Jalebi Rocks]]. [[Shraddha Dangar]], a well-known actress in the Gujarati film industry, also features prominently in the film.<ref name=GJ1/><ref name=TOI1/><ref name=DB3/>

[[Hiten Tejwani]] appears in a supporting role, marking another collaboration with Gaurav Paswala following their work in [[Sanghavi and Sons]].<ref name=DB1/> [[Sucheeta Trivedi]], recognised for her role in the television series [[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]], is also part of the cast. She has previously acted in Gujarati films including [[Umbarro]] and [[The Great Gujarati Matrimony]].<ref name=DB2/><ref name=TOI1/><ref name=DB3/>

The supporting cast includes Nilesh Parmar, who has appeared in Gujarati films such as [[Ram Bharosey]], [[Samandar (film)]], and [[Aum Mangalam Singlem]], and Aakash Zala, known for his roles in [[Faati Ne?]], [[Kehvatlal Parivar]], [[Hellaro]], and [[Medal (film)]].<ref name=GJ1/><ref name=DB3/>

== Marketing and release ==
The film was officially announced on 1 December 2025, along with its release date, through [[social media]] platforms and [[YouTube]].<ref name=DB1 /> The [[Teaser trailer|teaser]] was released on 2 January 2026, followed by the trailer on 16 January 2026.<ref name=DB2>{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/entertainment/news/pataki-gujarati-movie-teaser-shraddha-dangar-gaurav-paswala-release-date-136856953.html |title=દરેક ચહેરા પાછળ છે એક નવો મુખોટો!:લોહીની છાંટ અને સળગતા સૂર્યમુખી વચ્ચે જોવા મળી 'પાતકી'ની ઝલક, ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મનું ટીઝર રિલીઝ |date=4 January 2026|work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref><ref name=TOI2>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/gujarati/paatki-official-trailer/videoshow/126452127.cms |title=Paatki- Official Teaser |date=10 January 2026|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 January 2026}}</ref><ref name=DB3>{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/entertainment/news/gujarati-cinema-suspense-double-dose-pataki-black-birthday-trailers-launch-136977913.html |title=રહસ્ય, રોમાંચ અને લોહીયાળ ખેલ!:ગુજરાતી સિનેમામાં સસ્પેન્સનો ડબલ ડોઝ, 'પાતકી' અને 'બ્લેક બર્થડે'ના ટ્રેલર રિલીઝ |date=18 January 2026|work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |access-date=19 January 2026}}</ref> ''Paatki'' was theatrically released across [[India]] on 30 January 2026.<ref name=GJ1 />The film will also be released internationally in regions including [[Dubai]], the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], [[East Africa]], [[New Zealand]], [[Australia]], and other Gulf countries through [[Panorama Studios]]’ worldwide distribution.<ref name=DB3/>

== Reception ==
Abdul Kadir of ''Tenvow'' wrote: "In the landscape of [[Gujarati cinema]], ''Paatki'' stands out as a thoughtful thriller that questions reality without excessive drama. It avoids typical song-and-dance routines, focusing instead on character introspection and suspense."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kadir |first=Abdul |date=2026-02-05 |title=Paatki Movie (2026): Review, Box Office Collection, Cast, Story, And OTT Release Date » Tenvow |url=https://tenvow.com/box-office/paatki-movie-2026-box-office-collection/ |access-date=2026-03-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Another review stated: "''Paatki'' is not a mass-[[Masala film|masala]] entertainer, and it doesn’t try to be. Instead, it offers a thought-provoking cinematic experience that reflects the evolving face of Gujarati cinema."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-30 |title=Paatki Review: A Dark, Gripping Gujarati Thriller That Dares to Go Deep - Sampark Gujarati |url=https://samparkgujarati.com/paatki-gujarati-movie-review/ |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=samparkgujarati.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Gujarati films of 2026]]
*[[List of Gujarati films]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt39115014}}

[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2020s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2026 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery films]]
[[Category:Indian crime films]]

Soybean

2026-03-23T03:19:04Z

BXIBerniece: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Legume grown for its edible bean}}
{{Redirect|Soy}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2024}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=3}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Soybean.USDA.jpg
| image_upright = 0.7
| genus = Glycine
| species = max
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Elmer Drew Merrill|Merr.]]
| synonyms =
Of the species:<ref name=POWO_77142863-1>{{Cite POWO|title=''Glycine max'' (L.) Merr..|id=77142863-1|access-date=2025-11-20|mode=cs1}}</ref>
* ''Phaseolus max'' L.
* ''Phaseolus sordidus'' Salisb., nom. superfl.
* ''Soja max'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Charles Vancouver Piper|Piper]]
Of ''Glycine max'' subsp. ''max'':<ref name=POWO_920989-1>{{Cite POWO|title=''Glycine max'' subsp. ''max'' (Siebold & Zucc.) H.Ohashi|id=920989-1|access-date=2025-11-20|mode=cs1}}</ref>
* ''Glycine hispida'' ([[Conrad Moench|Moench]]) [[Carl Maximowicz|Maxim.]]
* ''Soja angustifolia'' Miq.
* ''Soja hispida'' Moench
* ''Soja japonica'' [[Gaetano Savi|Savi]]
* ''Soja viridis'' Savi
Of ''Glycine max'' subsp. ''soja'':<ref name=POWO_920989-1/>
* ''Dolichos soja'' L.
* ''Glycine soja'' sensu [[auctorum|auct.]]
* ''Soja soja'' [[Gustav Karl Wilhelm Hermann Karsten|H. Karst.]]
* ''Glycine ussuriensis'' Regel & Maack
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|c=大豆
|l="large bean"
|p=dàdòu
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|d|a|4|.|d|ou|4}}
|altname=Southern Chinese name
|s2=黄豆
|t2=黃豆
|l2="yellow bean"
|p2=huángdòu
|j2=wong4-dau6
|y2=wòhng-dauh
|ci2={{IPAc-yue|w|ong|4|-|d|au|6}}
|h2=vòng-theu
|poj2=n̂g-tāu
|kanji=大豆<ref>Generally written in ''katakana'', not ''kanji''.</ref>
|kana=ダイズ
|romaji=daizu
|hanja=大豆 白太
|hangul=대두 백태(or 흰콩) 메주콩
|lk="large bean" "white bean" "bean for [[meju]]"
|rr=daedu baektae(or huinkong) mejukong
|qn=đậu tương (or đỗ tương) đậu nành
|chuhan=豆漿
|chunom=豆𥢃
}}
The '''soybean''', '''soy bean''', or '''soya bean''' ('''''Glycine max''''')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Glycine.html#max |title=''Glycine max'' |publisher=[[Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database]] |access-date=16 February 2012}}</ref> is a species of [[legume]] native to [[East Asia]], widely grown for its edible [[bean]]. Soy is a [[staple crop]], the world's most grown legume, and an important [[animal feed]].<ref name="rotundo" />

Soy is a key source of food, useful both for its protein and oil content. [[Soybean oil]] is widely used in cooking, as well as in industry. Traditional unfermented food uses of soybeans include [[edamame]], as well as [[soy milk]], from which [[tofu]] and [[tofu skin]] are made. Fermented soy foods include [[soy sauce]], [[fermented bean paste]], [[nattō]], and [[tempeh]]. Fat-free (defatted) soybean meal is a significant and cheap source of protein for animal feeds and many [[TV dinner|packaged meals]].<ref name="rotundo">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rotundo JL, Marshall R, McCormick R, Truong SK, Styles D, Gerde JA, Gonzalez-Escobar E, Carmo-Silva E, Janes-Bassett V, Logue J, Annicchiarico P, de Visser C, Dind A, Dodd IC, Dye L, Long SP, Lopes MS, Pannecoucque J, Reckling M, Rushton J, Schmid N, Shield I, Signor M, Messina CD, Rufino MC |title=European soybean to benefit people and the environment |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=14 |issue=1 |article-number=7612 |date=March 2024 |pmid=38556523 |pmc=10982307 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-57522-z|bibcode=2024NatSR..14.7612R }}</ref> For example, soybean products, such as [[textured vegetable protein]] (TVP), are ingredients in many meat and [[dairy]] substitutes.<ref name=rotundo/><ref name=Riaz2006>{{cite book |last=Riaz |first=Mian N. |title=Soy Applications in Food |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, FL |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8493-2981-4 }}</ref> Soy-based foods are traditionally associated with East Asian cuisines, and still constitute a major part of East Asian diets, but processed soy products are increasingly used in Western cuisines.

Soy was [[Domestication|domesticated]] from the [[Glycine soja|wild soybean]] ''(Glycine soja)'' in north-central China between 6,000 and 9,000 years ago.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Sedivy |first1=Eric J. |last2=Wu |first2=Faqiang |last3=Hanzawa |first3=Yoshie |date=2017 |title=Soybean domestication: the origin, genetic architecture and molecular bases |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nph.14418 |journal=New Phytologist |language=en |volume=214 |issue=2 |pages=539–553 |doi=10.1111/nph.14418 |pmid=28134435 |bibcode=2017NewPh.214..539S |issn=1469-8137}}</ref> Brazil and the United States lead the world in modern soy production. The majority of soybeans [[Genetically modified soybean|are genetically modified]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Pocket K No. 16: Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops in 2014 |url=http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/16/ |access-date=23 February 2016 |website=isaaa.org |publisher=International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications}}</ref> usually for either insect, herbicide, or drought resistance. Three-quarters of soy is used to feed livestock, which in turn go to feed humans. Increasing demand for meat has substantially increased soy production since the 1980s, and contributed to deforestation in the [[Amazon rainforest|Amazon]].

Soybeans contain significant amounts of [[phytic acid]], [[dietary minerals]] and [[B vitamins]]. Soy may reduce the risk of cancer and heart disease. Some people are [[Soy allergy|allergic to soy]]. Soy is a [[complete protein]] and therefore important in the diets of many [[Vegetarianism|vegetarians]] and [[Veganism|vegans]]. In [[internet culture]], the association of soy with vegans and the misconception that soy increases [[estrogen]] production have led to "[[soy boy]]" being used as a derogatory term.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reynolds |first=George |date=2019-10-25 |title=Why do people hate vegans? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/oct/25/why-do-people-hate-vegans |access-date=2025-06-11 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word "soy" derives from the Japanese ''soi'', a [[Kagoshima dialect]] variant of ''shōyu'',<ref>{{Cite OED|soy|6140796016}}</ref> which in turn comes from the Chinese ''jiangyou'' (醬油), meaning "soy sauce".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jlect.com/entry/3689/shoi/ |title=しょい |website=JLECT |access-date=November 3, 2025}}</ref>

The name of the genus, ''Glycine'', comes from [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]. When naming the genus, Linnaeus observed that one of the species formerly within the genus, which has since been reclassified to the genus ''[[Apios]]'', had a sweet root. Based on the sweetness, the Greek word for sweet, ''glykós'', was Latinized.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hymowitz |first1=T. |last2=Newell |first2=C.A. |date=1981-07-01 |title=Taxonomy of the genus ''Glycine'', domestication and uses of soybeans |journal=[[Economic Botany]] |language=en |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=272–88 |doi=10.1007/BF02859119 |bibcode=1981EcBot..35..272H |s2cid=21509807 }}</ref> The genus name is not related to the amino acid [[glycine]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}

==Description==
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2021}}

Like most plants, soybeans grow in distinct [[Plant morphology|morphological]] stages as they develop from seeds into fully mature plants.

===Germination===
The first stage of growth is [[germination]], a method which first becomes apparent as a seed's [[radicle]] emerges.<ref name=MP197Chapter2>{{cite book |last1=Purcell |first1=Larry C. |last2=Salmeron |first2=Montserrat |last3=Ashlock |first3=Lanny |title=Arkansas Soybean Production Handbook – MP197 |date=2014 |chapter=Chapter 2 |chapter-url=http://www.uaex.edu/publications/pdf/mp197/chapter2.pdf |publisher=University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service|location=Little Rock|pages=1–8 |url=http://www.uaex.edu/publications/mp-197.aspx |access-date=21 February 2016 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304011452/http://www.uaex.edu/publications/mp-197.aspx }}</ref> This is the first stage of root growth and occurs within the first 48 hours under ideal growing conditions. The first [[photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] structures, the [[cotyledon]]s, develop from the [[hypocotyl]], the first plant structure to emerge from the soil. These cotyledons both act as leaves and as a source of nutrients for the immature plant, providing the seedling nutrition for its first 7 to 10 days.<ref name=MP197Chapter2 />

[[File:Glycine max 003.JPG|thumb|Fruits/pods]]

===Maturation===
The first true leaves develop as a pair of [[Leaf#Divisions of the blade|single blades]].<ref name=MP197Chapter2 /> Subsequent to this first pair, mature [[Plant stem|nodes]] form compound leaves with three blades. Mature [[trifoliolate]] leaves, having three to four [[leaflet (botany)|leaflets]] per leaf, are often between {{convert|6|and|15|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|2|and|7|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} broad. Under ideal conditions, stem growth continues, producing new nodes every four days. Before flowering, roots can grow {{convert|2|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} per day. If [[rhizobia]] are present, [[root nodule|root nodulation]] begins by the time the third node appears. Nodulation typically continues for 8 weeks before the [[Rhizobia#Infection and signal exchange|symbiotic infection]] process stabilizes.<ref name=MP197Chapter2 /> The final characteristics of a soybean plant are variable, with factors such as genetics, [[soil quality]], and climate affecting its form; however, fully mature soybean plants are generally between {{convert|50|and|125|cm|in|-1|abbr=on}} in height<ref name=MP197Chapter19>{{cite book |last1=Purcell |first1=Larry C. |last2=Salmeron |first2=Montserrat |last3=Ashlock |first3=Lanny |title=Arkansas Soybean Production Handbook – MP197 |date=2000 |chapter=Chapter 19: Soybean Facts |chapter-url=http://www.uaex.edu/publications/pdf/mp197/chapter19.pdf |publisher=University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service |location=Little Rock, AR |page=1 |url=http://www.uaex.edu/publications/mp-197.aspx |access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304011452/http://www.uaex.edu/publications/mp-197.aspx }}</ref> and have rooting depths between {{convert|75|and|150|cm|in|-1|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=J. Michael |last2=Rhetoric |first2=Emeritus |last3=Hicks |first3=Dale R. |last4=Naeve |first4=Seth L. |last5=Bennett |first5=Nancy Bush |title=The Minnesota Soybean Field Book |date=2014 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Extension]]|location=St Paul, MN |page=33 |url=http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/soybean/docs/minnesota-soybean-field-book.pdf |access-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930151502/http://www1.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/soybean/docs/minnesota-soybean-field-book.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2013 }}</ref>

===Flowering===
Flowering is [[Photoperiodism|triggered by day length]], often beginning once days become shorter than 12.8 hours.<ref name=MP197Chapter2 /> This trait is highly variable however, with different [[Variety (botany)|varieties]] reacting differently to changing day length.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shurtleff |first1=William |author-link=William Shurtleff |last2=Aoyagi |first2=Akiko |author-link2=Akiko Aoyagi |title=History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland (1735–2015): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook |date=2015 |publisher=Soyinfo Center|location=Lafayette|isbn=978-1-928914-80-8 |page=490 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gtpCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA490}}</ref> Soybeans form inconspicuous, self-fertile flowers which are borne in the [[axil]] of the leaf and are white, pink or purple. Though they do not require pollination, they are attractive to bees, because they produce nectar that is high in sugar content.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reisig |first=Dominic |title=Soybean flowering, pollination, and bees |url=http://www.ncagr.gov/pollinators/documents/DominicReisig-NCPollinatorProtectionSoybeans.pdf |website=[[North Carolina Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services]] |access-date=July 15, 2021 |archive-date=June 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628160525/http://www.ncagr.gov/pollinators/documents/DominicReisig-NCPollinatorProtectionSoybeans.pdf }}</ref> Depending on the soybean variety, node growth may cease once flowering begins. Strains that continue nodal development after flowering are termed "[[Indeterminate growth|indeterminates]]" and are best suited to climates with longer growing seasons.<ref name=MP197Chapter2 /> Often soybeans drop their leaves before the seeds are fully mature.

[[File:Soybean flowers.png|thumb|Small, purple flowers]]

The fruit is a hairy pod that grows in clusters of three to five, each pod is {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} long and usually contains two to four (rarely more) [[seed]]s 5–11 mm in diameter. Soybean seeds come in a wide variety of sizes and [[husk|hull]] colors such as black, brown, yellow, and green.<ref name=MP197Chapter19 /> Variegated and bicolored seed coats are also common.

===Seed resilience===
[[File:Soybeanvarieties.jpg|thumb|Bean varieties]]

The hull of the mature bean is hard, water-resistant, and protects the [[cotyledon]] and [[hypocotyl]] (or "germ") from damage. If the seed coat is cracked, the seed will not [[germinate]]. The scar, visible on the seed coat, is called the [[Hilum (biology)|hilum]] (colors include black, brown, buff, gray and yellow) and at one end of the hilum is the [[Micropyle (botany)|micropyle]], or small opening in the seed coat which can allow the absorption of water for sprouting.

Some seeds such as soybeans containing very high levels of [[soy protein|protein]] can undergo [[desiccation]], yet survive and revive after water absorption. [[A. Carl Leopold]] began studying this capability at the [[Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research]] at [[Cornell University]] in the mid-1980s. He found soybeans and corn to have a range of soluble [[carbohydrate]]s protecting the seed's cell viability.<ref>{{cite journal |pages=225–30 |doi=10.1104/pp.100.1.225 |title=Maturation Proteins and Sugars in Desiccation Tolerance of Developing Soybean Seeds |year=1992 |last1=Blackman |first1=S.A. |last2=Obendorf |first2=R.L. |last3=Leopold |first3=A.C. |journal=[[Plant Physiology (journal)|Plant Physiology]] |volume=100 |pmid=16652951 |issue=1 |pmc=1075542}}</ref> Patents were awarded to him in the early 1990s on techniques for protecting biological membranes and proteins in the dry state.

=== Chemistry ===
Dry soybeans contain 36% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]] and 20% [[fat]] in form of [[soybean oil]] by weight. The remainder consists of 30% [[carbohydrate]]s, 9% water and 5% [[Ash (analytical chemistry)|ash]].<ref>See ''[[#Nutrition|Nutrition]]'' table</ref>
Soybeans comprise approximately 8% seed coat or hull, 90% [[cotyledon]]s and 2% [[hypocotyl]] axis or germ.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Grain Science |last=Corke, Walker and Wrigley |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-12-765490-4}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=November 2015}}

== Taxonomy ==
The genus ''Glycine'' may be divided into two subgenera, ''[[Glycine (subgenus)|Glycine]]'' and ''[[Soja (subgenus)|Soja]]''. The subgenus ''Soja'' includes the cultivated soybean, ''G. max'', and the wild soybean, treated either as a separate species ''[[Glycine soja|G. soja]]'',<ref name="SingNelsChun06">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ram J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lQ9bcjETlrIC&pg=PA15 |title=Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement: Oilseed Crops, Volume 4 |last2=Nelson |first2=Randall L. |last3=Chung |first3=Gyuhwa |date=November 2, 2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-8493-3639-3 |location=[[London]] |page=15}}</ref> or as the subspecies ''G. max'' subsp. ''soja''.<ref name="POWO_920989-1">{{cite web |title=''Glycine max subsp. soja'' (Siebold & Zucc.) H.Ohashi |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:920989-1 |access-date=2023-01-28 |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}</ref> The cultivated and wild soybeans are [[Annual plant|annuals]]. The wild soybean is native to [[China]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]] and [[Russia]].<ref name="SingNelsChun06" /> The subgenus ''Glycine'' consists of at least 25 wild [[perennial]] species: for example, ''[[Glycine canescens|G. canescens]]'' and ''[[Glycine tomentella|G. tomentella]]'', both found in [[Australia]] and [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref>{{cite conference |last=Hymowitz |first=Theodore |date=August 9, 1995 |editor-last=Sinclair |editor-first=J.B. |editor2-last=Hartman |editor2-first=G.L. |title=Evaluation of Wild Perennial ''Glycine'' Species and Crosses For Resistance to Phakopsora |location=[[Urbana, IL]], US |publisher=National Soybean Research Laboratory |pages=33–37 |book-title=Proceedings of the Soybean Rust Workshop}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Newell |first1=C.A. |last2=Hymowitz |first2=T. |date=March 1983 |title=Hybridization in the Genus ''Glycine'' Subgenus ''Glycine'' Willd. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=334–48 |doi=10.2307/2443241 |jstor=2443241}}</ref> Perennial soybean (''[[Neonotonia wightii]]'') belongs to a different genus. It originated in Africa and is now a widespread pasture crop in the tropics.<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Giger-Reverdin S., Lebas F., 2015. Perennial soybean (''Neonotonia wightii''). Feedipedia, a programme by [[Institut national de la recherche agronomique|INRA]], [[CIRAD]], Association Française de Zootechnie and [[FAO]]. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/293 Last updated on September 30, 2015, 15:09</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Neonotonia wightii'' in Global Plants on JSTOR |url=https://plants.jstor.org/compilation/Neonotonia.wightii |website=Global Plants on JSTOR}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Factsheet – ''Neonotonia wightii'' |url=http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Neonotonia_wightii.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601233037/http://tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Neonotonia_wightii.htm |archive-date=June 1, 2017 |access-date=January 19, 2014 |work=tropicalforages.info}}</ref>

Like some other crops of long domestication, the relationship of the modern soybean to wild-growing species can no longer be traced with any degree of certainty.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Shekhar, Hossain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2m_DAAAQBAJ&q=the+relationship+of+the+modern+soybean+to+wild-growing+species+can+no+longer+be+traced+with+any+degree+of+certainty&pg=PA223 |title=Exploring the Nutrition and Health Benefits of Functional Foods |author2=Uddin, Howlader |author3=Zakir Hossain |author4=Kabir, Yearul |date=July 22, 2016 |publisher=IGI Global |isbn=978-1-5225-0592-1 |page=223 |access-date=22 November 2017}}</ref> It is a [[cultigen]] with a very large number of [[cultivar]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ghulam Raza |author2=Mohan B. Singh |author3=Prem L. Bhalla |date=June 11, 2017 |editor1-last=Atanassov |editor1-first=Atanas |title=In Vitro Plant Regeneration from Commercial Cultivars of Soybean |journal=[[BioMed Research International]] |volume=2017 |article-number=7379693 |doi=10.1155/2017/7379693 |pmc=5485301 |pmid=28691031 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Subspecies===
{{As of|2025|November}}, [[Plants of the World Online]] accepted the following subspecies:<ref name=POWO_60450240-2/>
*''Glycine max'' subsp. ''formosana'' (Hosok.) Tateishi & H.Ohashi
*''Glycine max'' nothosubsp. ''gracilis'' (Skvortsov) H.Ohashi = ''G. max'' subsp. ''max'' × ''G. max'' subsp. ''soja''
*''Glycine max'' subsp. ''max''
*''Glycine max'' subsp. ''soja'' (Siebold & Zucc.) H.Ohashi

== Ecology ==
Like many legumes, soybeans can [[nitrogen fixation|fix atmospheric nitrogen]], due to the presence of [[symbiosis|symbiotic]] bacteria from the [[Rhizobia]] group.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jim Deacon |date=April 5, 2023 |title=The Nitrogen cycle and Nitrogen fixation |url=http://www.biology.ed.ac.uk/archive/jdeacon/microbes/nitrogen.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116214211/http://www.biology.ed.ac.uk/archive/jdeacon/microbes/nitrogen.htm |archive-date=January 16, 2013 |access-date=November 6, 2012 |publisher=Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Edinburgh}}</ref>

== Cultivation ==
[[File:Soy beans.jpg|thumb|Soybean crops in [[Minnesota]]]]
[[File:AreialSeedingPlane.jpg|thumb|A [[cropduster]] sprays soy plants|alt=[[Biplane]], US field, [[cropduster|cropdusting]]]]
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2021}}

Soybeans are globally important agricultural crops, grown as a major source of protein and [[Soybean oil|oil]]. It prefers fertile, well-drained soils and requires a warm temperate climate with adequate rainfall or irrigation. Soybeans are mainly grown in the United States, Brazil, and Argentina.<ref>{{cite web |title=FAOSTAT |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/visualize |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=November 21, 2025}}</ref>

It is usually planted in straight rows using modern machinery, and pests and weeds must be controlled to maintain the crop. After maturity, it is harvested using mechanized harvesting machines. Soybeans are used in the production of many food and industrial products, such as [[tofu]], oils, and feed, in addition to their role in improving soil fertility by [[Nitrogen fixation|fixing nitrogen]].

===Conditions===
[[File:Sembrado de soja en argentina.jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|Mature row planted soy in Argentina|alt=Fields in [[Argentina]]]]

Cultivation is successful in climates with hot summers, with optimum growing conditions in mean temperatures of {{convert|20|to|30|C|F|round=5}}; temperatures of below {{convert|20|C|F|round=5}} and over {{convert|40|C|F|round=5}} stunt growth significantly. They can grow in a wide range of soils, with optimum growth in moist [[Alluvium|alluvial soil]]s with good organic content. Soybeans, like most legumes, perform [[nitrogen fixation]] by establishing a [[symbiotic]] relationship with the bacterium ''[[Bradyrhizobium japonicum]]'' ([[synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Rhizobium japonicum''; Jordan 1982). This ability to fix nitrogen allows farmers to reduce nitrogen [[fertilizer]] use and increase yields when growing other crops in [[Crop rotation|rotation]] with soy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Corn and Soybean Rotation Effect - Wisconsin Corn Agronomy |url=http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/AA/A014.aspx |website=corn.agronomy.wisc.edu |access-date=2020-05-17 |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807071753/http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/AA/A014.aspx }}</ref> There may be some trade-offs, however, in the long-term abundance of [[Soil organic matter|organic material in soils]] where soy and other crops (for example, [[Maize|corn]]) are grown in rotation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corn and soybean rotation could pose long-term tradeoffs for soil health |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-10-corn-soybean-rotation-pose-long-term.html |website=phys.org |language=en |access-date=2020-05-17}}</ref> For best results, though, an inoculum of the correct strain of bacteria should be mixed with the soybean (or any legume) seed before planting. Modern crop [[cultivar]]s generally reach a height of around {{convert|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, and take 80–120 days from sowing to harvesting.

===Soils===
Soil scientists [[Edson Lobato]] (Brazil), [[Andrew McClung]] (U.S.), and [[Alysson Paolinelli]] (Brazil) were awarded the 2006 [[World Food Prize]] for transforming the ecologically biodiverse savannah of the [[Cerrado]] region of Brazil into highly productive cropland that could grow profitable soybeans.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/laureates/20002009_laureates/2006_lobato_mcclung_paolinelli/ |title=2006: Lobato, McClung, Paolinelli |work=[[World Food Prize]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first = Susan|last = Lang|title = Cornell Alumnus Andrew Colin McClung Reaps 2006 World Food Prize|url = https://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/June06/World.Food.prize.ssl.html|work =Chronicle Online |publisher = Cornell University|date = June 21, 2006|access-date =February 18, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://e360.yale.edu/feature/the_cerrado_brazils_other_biodiversity_hotspot_loses_ground/2393/|title=The Cerrado: Brazil's Other Biodiverse Region Loses Ground|date=April 14, 2011|last=Pearce|first=Fred|publisher=Yale University|access-date=February 18, 2012|archive-date=September 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913030125/http://e360.yale.edu/feature/the_cerrado_brazils_other_biodiversity_hotspot_loses_ground/2393/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1023/A:1024191913296|title = The success of BNF in soybean in Brazil| journal=[[Plant and Soil]]| volume=252| pages=1–9|year = 2003|last1 = Alves|first1 = Bruno J.R.| last2=Boddey| first2=Robert M.| last3=Urquiaga| first3=Segundo| issue=1 | bibcode=2003PlSoi.252....1A |s2cid = 10143668}}</ref>
[[File:Soybean rust.jpg|upright=0.9|thumb|A leaf affected by [[Soybean rust]]]]

===Contamination concerns===
Human [[sewage sludge]] can be used as fertilizer to grow soybeans. Soybeans grown in sewage sludge likely contain elevated concentrations of metals.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Molybdenum Uptake by Forage Crops Grown on Sewage Sludge-Amended Soils in the Field and Greenhouse|url=https://soilandwater.bee.cornell.edu/publications/McBrideJEQ00.pdf|journal=[[Journal of Environmental Quality]]|date=May–June 2000|volume=29|issue=3|last1=McBride|first1=M.B.|last2=Richards|first2=B.K.|last3=Steenhuis|first3=T.|last4=Spiers|first4=G.|pages=848–54|doi=10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900030021x|bibcode=2000JEnvQ..29..848M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Residual Effects of Sewage Sludge on Soybean: II. Accumulation of Soil and Symbiotically Fixed Nitrogen|journal=[[Journal of Environmental Quality]]|date=December 9, 1985|volume=16|issue=2|last1=Heckman|first1=J.R.|last2=Angle|first2=J.S.|last3=Chaney|first3=R.L.|pages=118–24|doi=10.2134/jeq1987.00472425001600020005x}}</ref>

===Pests===
{{Further|List of soybean diseases}}
Soybean plants are vulnerable to a wide range of [[bacterial crop disease|bacterial diseases]], [[fungal crop disease|fungal diseases]], [[viral crop disease|viral diseases]], and parasites.

The primary bacterial diseases include [[bacterial blight]], [[bacterial pustule]] and [[downy mildew]] affecting the soybean plant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gardenandme.com/soybean/|title=Soybean plant - How to grow, care, pest control and uses of soybeans|date=June 5, 2020|website=Garden And Me}}</ref>

The [[Japanese beetle]] ('''''Popillia japonica''''') poses a significant threat to agricultural crops, including soybeans, due to its voracious feeding habits. Found commonly in both urban and suburban areas, these beetles are frequently observed in agricultural landscapes where they can cause considerable damage to crops like corn, soybeans, and various fruits.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japanese beetle - Popillia japonica |url=https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/beetles/japanese_beetle.htm |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=entnemdept.ufl.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EENY350/IN630: Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica Newman (Insecta: Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) |url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN630 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Ask IFAS - Powered by EDIS |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Soybean cyst nematode]] (SCN) is the worst pest of soybean in the US. Losses of 30%<ref name="Missouri" /> or 40%<ref group="RM" name="Tylka-40-sympt">"You can literally have 40% yield loss with no symptoms," says Greg Tylka, [[Iowa State University Extension|Iowa State University (ISU) Extension]] nematologist.</ref> are common even without symptoms.

The [[Helicoverpa zea|corn earworm moth and bollworm]] (Helicoverpa zea) is a common and destructive pest of soybean growth in Virginia.<ref>Herbert, Ames, Cathy Hull, and Eric Day. "Corn Earworm Biology and Management in Soybeans." [[Virginia Cooperative Extension]], [[Virginia State University]] (2009).</ref>

Soybeans are consumed by [[whitetail deer]] which may damage soybean plants through feeding, trampling and bedding, reducing [[crop yield]]s by as much as 15%.<ref name="ag">{{cite web|url=https://www.morningagclips.com/controlling-white-tailed-deer-in-soybeans|title=Controlling white-tailed deer in soybeans|date=16 January 2018|publisher=Morning AgClips – Michigan|access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref> [[Groundhog]]s are also a common pest in soybean fields, living in burrows underground and feeding nearby. One den of groundhogs can consume a tenth to a quarter of an acre of soybeans.<ref name="brant">{{cite web|url=https://www.lancasterfarming.com/news/columnists/soybean-farmers-warranted-in-waging-war-on-groundhogs/article_f6e6a210-2995-521f-8655-aa19efe373c3.html|title=Soybean Farmers Warranted in Waging War on Groundhogs|date=9 September 2016|publisher=[[Lancaster Farming]]|author=Brant, Jesse D|access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref> [[animal repellent|Chemical repellents]] or [[firearm]]s are effective for controlling pests in soybean fields.<ref name=ag/><ref name=brant/>

{{anchor|Fungi|Fungus|Funguses}}
Soybeans suffer from the fungus ''[[Pythium spinosum]]'' in [[Arkansas]] and [[Indiana]] (United States), and China.<ref name="P-spinosum-US-Nat-Fung-Coll">{{cite web
| title=U.S. National Fungus Collections Database results
| website=Fungal Databases, [[U.S. National Fungus Collections]]
| date=2020-12-08
| url=http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/new_allViewGenBank.cfm?thisName=Pythium%20spinosum&organismtype=Fungus
| access-date=2020-12-08
}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In Japan and the United States, the [[Soybean dwarf virus]] (SbDV) causes a disease in soybeans and is transmitted by aphids.<ref name="harrison2005">{{Cite journal |last1=Harrison |first1=Barbara |last2=Steinlage |first2=Todd A. |last3=Domier |first3=Leslie L. |last4=D'Arcy |first4=Cleora J. |date=January 2005 |title=Incidence of Soybean dwarf virus and Identification of Potential Vectors in Illinois |journal=Plant Disease |language=en |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=28–32 |doi=10.1094/PD-89-0028 |doi-access=free |pmid=30795280 |bibcode=2005PlDis..89...28H |issn=0191-2917 }}</ref>

===Cultivars===
====Disease resistant cultivars====
[[plant disease resistance|Resistant varieties]] are available. In Indian cultivars, Nataraj ''et al.'' 2020 find that anthracnose caused by ''[[Colletotrichum truncatum]]'' is resisted by a combination of 2 major genes.<ref name="identification">{{Cite journal|issue=4|pages=393–409|year=2021|volume=22|last1=Boufleur|first1=Thais R.|last2=Ciampi-Guillardi|first2=Maisa|last3=Tikami|first3=Ísis|last4=Rogério|first4=Flávia|last5=Thon|first5=Michael R.|last6=Sukno|first6=Serenella A.|last7=Massola Júnior|first7=Nelson S.|last8=Baroncelli|first8=Riccardo|journal=[[Molecular Plant Pathology]]|s2cid=231969160|pmid=33609073|pmc=7938629|doi=10.1111/mpp.13036|title=Soybean anthracnose caused by ''Colletotrichum'' species: Current status and future prospects|bibcode=2021MolPP..22..393B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|issue=6|volume=67|year=2020|last1=Nataraj|first1=Vennampally|last2=Maranna|first2=Shivakumar|last3=Kumawat|first3=Giriraj|last4=Gupta|first4=Sanjay|last5=Rajput|first5=Laxman Singh|last6=Kumar|first6=Sanjeev|last7=Sharma|first7=Amar Nath|last8=Bhatia|first8=Virender Singh|journal=Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution|s2cid=211730576|doi=10.1007/s10722-020-00917-4|pages=1449–1456|title=Genetic inheritance and identification of germplasm sources for anthracnose resistance in soybean [''Glycine max'' (L.) Merr.]|bibcode=2020GRCEv..67.1449N }}
</ref>

=====PI 88788=====
The vast majority of cultivars in the US have [[soybean cyst nematode resistance]] (SCN resistance), but rely on [[soybean cyst nematode#PI 88788|only one breeding line (PI 88788)]] as their sole source of resistance.<ref group="RM" name="PI-88788">Reliance on the main genetic source of SCN resistance (PI 88788)may be helping SCN to overcome SCN-resistant varieties. Out of 807 resistant varieties listed by ISU this year, just 18 had a genetic background outside of PI 88788. "We have lots of varieties to pick from, but the genetic background is not as diverse as we would like it to be," says Tylka.</ref> (The resistance genes provided by PI 88788, {{Visible anchor|Peking}}, and {{Visible anchor|PI 90763}} were [[genome mapping|characterized]] in 1997.)<ref name="Concibido-et-al-1997">{{cite journal|issue=1|last1=Concibido|first1=Vergel C.|last2=Lange|first2=Douglas A.|last3=Denny|first3=Roxanne L.|last4=Orf|first4=James H.|last5=Young|first5=Nevin D.|title=Genome Mapping of Soybean Cyst Nematode Resistance Genes in 'Peking', PI 90763, and PI 88788 Using DNA Markers|journal=[[Crop Science (journal)|Crop Science]]|volume=37|year=1997|doi=10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183x003700010046x|pages=258–264}}</ref> As a result, for example, in 2012 only 18 cultivars out of 807 recommended by the [[Iowa State University Extension]] had any ancestry outside of PI 88788. By 2020 the situation was still about the same: Of 849 there were 810 with some ancestry from PI 88788,<ref name="Iowa-other-resist">{{cite web | title=Soybean varieties with SCN resistance other than PI 88788 | website=Integrated Crop Management | publisher=[[Iowa State University#Birth of cooperative extension|Iowa State University Extension]] | url=http://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2020/12/soybean-varieties-scn-resistance-other-pi-88788 | access-date=2021-03-12}}</ref><ref name="Iowa-resist">{{cite web | title=SCN-resistant Soybean Varieties for Iowa - By the Numbers | website=Integrated Crop Management | publisher=[[Iowa State University#Birth of cooperative extension|Iowa State University Extension]] | url=http://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2020/11/scn-resistant-soybean-varieties-iowa-numbers | access-date=2021-03-12}}</ref> 35 from Peking, and only 2 from PI 89772. (On the question of exclusively PI 88788 ancestry, that number was not available for 2020.)<ref name="Iowa-resist" /> That was speculated to be in 2012<ref group="RM" name="overcome-resis">There have been cases where SCN has clipped yields of SCN-resistant varieties. Reliance on the main genetic source of SCN resistance (PI 88788)may be helping SCN to overcome SCN-resistant varieties.</ref>—and was clearly by 2020<ref name="Iowa-other-resist" />—producing SCN populations that are virulent on PI 88788.

=== Production ===
{{main|List of countries by soybean production}}
{{owidslider
|start = 2023
|list = Template:OWID/soybean production#gallery
|location = commons
|caption =
|title =
|language =
|file = [[File:soybean production, World, 2023 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|Soybean production]]
|startingView = World
}}

{{Table alignment}}
{{Infobox agricultural production
|year=2019
|plant=Soybean
|country1= {{BRA}}
|amount1=122
|country2= {{USA}}
|amount2= 113
|country3= {{ARG}}
|amount3=49
|country4= {{CHN}}
|amount4=20
|country5= {{IND}}
|amount5=11
|country6= {{PAR}}
|amount6=11
|world=353
|source= [[Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database|FAOSTAT]]<ref name="faostat19">{{cite web|publisher=United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division, FAOSTAT|title=Soybean production in 2019, Crops/World regions/Production quantity (from pick lists)|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/|access-date=8 February 2021|date=2019}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Soybean fields in the United States.webp|thumb|Map of soybean fields in the United States]]
In 2020, world production of soybeans was over 353 million tonnes, led by Brazil and the United States combined with 66% of the total (table). Production has dramatically increased across the globe since the 1960s, but particularly in South America after a cultivar that grew well in low latitudes was developed in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cattelan|first1=Alexandre José|last2=Dall'Agnol|first2=Amélio|date=2018-01-01|title=The rapid soybean growth in Brazil|url=https://www.ocl-journal.org/articles/ocl/abs/2018/01/ocl170039/ocl170039.html|journal=[[OCL (journal)|OCL]]|language=en|volume=25|issue=1|pages=D102|doi=10.1051/ocl/2017058|doi-access=free}}</ref> The rapid growth of the industry has been primarily fueled by large increases in [[Western pattern diet|worldwide demand for meat]] products, particularly in developing countries like China, which alone accounts for more than 60% of imports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=OEC - Soybeans (HS92: 1201) Product Trade, Exporters and Importers|url=https://oec.world/en/profile/hs92/1201/|website=oec.world|language=en|access-date=2020-05-17|archive-date=April 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404122328/https://oec.world/en/profile/hs92/1201/}}</ref> Soy is a [[staple crop]]; global soy production accounts for four times more legume production than all other legumes combined.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Grown Soy {{!}} Soy Nutrition Institute |url=https://sniglobal.org/us-grown-soy/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=SNI Global |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Environmental issues ====
{{See also|Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest}}
In spite of the [[Amazon soy moratorium|Amazon "Soy Moratorium"]], soy production continues to play a significant role in [[deforestation]] when its indirect impacts are taken into account, as land used to grow soy continues to increase. This land either comes from [[pasture]] land (which increasingly supplants forested areas), or areas outside the Amazon not covered by the moratorium, such as the [[Cerrado]] region. Roughly one-fifth of deforestation can be attributed to expanding land use to produce oilseeds, primarily for soy and [[palm oil]], whereas the expansion of [[beef]] production accounts for 41%. The main driver of deforestation is the global demand for meat, which in turn requires huge tracts of land to grow feed crops for livestock.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://ourworldindata.org/drivers-of-deforestation |title=Drivers of Deforestation |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |author1-link=Hannah Ritchie |date= February 9, 2021|journal=[[Our World in Data]] |access-date=March 20, 2021 }}</ref> Around 80% of the global soybean crop is used to feed livestock.<ref>{{cite news |last= Liotta|first= Edoardo|date=August 23, 2019 |title=Feeling Sad About the Amazon Fires? Stop Eating Meat|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/feeling-sad-about-the-amazon-fires-stop-eating-meat/ |work=[[Vice Media|Vice]] |access-date=August 25, 2019|quote=Soy is the most important protein in animal feed, with 80 percent of the world's soybean crop fed to livestock.}}</ref>

== History ==
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2021}}
Soybeans were a crucial crop in East Asia long before written records began.<ref>Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 2013. History of Whole Dry Soybeans, Used as Beans, or Ground, Mashed or Flaked (240 BCE to 2013). Lafayette, California. 950 pp.</ref> The origin of soy cultivation remains scientifically debated. The closest living relative of the soybean is ''[[Glycine soja]]'' (previously called ''G. ussuriensis''), a legume native to central China.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/soybean |title=Soybean |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=2025-06-19 |access-date=2025-07-05}}</ref> Genomic data increasingly supports a single domestication event in north-central China between 6,000 and 9,000 years ago, although some evidence suggests a more complex scenario involving low-intensity pre-domestication cultivation across multiple locations in East Asia, followed by the eventual dominance of the Chinese lineage.<ref name=":5" />

There is evidence for soybean domestication between 7000 and 6600 BC in China, between 5000 and 3000 BC in Japan and 1000 BC in Korea.<ref name="Lee-et-al-20112">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Gyoung-Ah |last2=Crawford |first2=Gary W. |last3=Liu |first3=Li |last4=Sasaki |first4=Yuka |last5=Chen |first5=Xuexiang |date=November 4, 2011 |title=Archaeological Soybean (''Glycine max'') in East Asia: Does Size Matter? |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=6 |issue=11 |article-number=e26720 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...626720L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0026720 |pmc=3208558 |pmid=22073186 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The first unambiguously domesticated, [[cultigen]]-sized soybean was discovered in Korea at the [[Mumun pottery period|Mumun]]-period Daundong site.<ref name="Lee-et-al-20112"/><ref name="Stark-2017">{{cite book|last1=Stark|first1=Miriam T.|title=Archaeology of Asia|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-5303-4|page=81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4_bT2SJ-HUC&pg=PA81|access-date=18 April 2017|language=en|date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Prior to [[Fermentation (food)|fermented]] products such as fermented black soybeans (''[[douchi]]''), ''jiang'' (Chinese miso), [[soy sauce]], [[tempeh]], [[nattō]], and [[miso]], soy was considered sacred for its beneficial effects in [[crop rotation]], and it was eaten by itself, and as [[bean curd]] and [[soy milk]].

Soybeans were introduced to [[Java]] in [[Malay Archipelago]] circa 13th century or probably earlier. By the 17th century through their trade with Far East, soybeans and its products were traded by European traders (Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch) in Asia, and reached Indian Subcontinent by this period.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} By the 18th century, soybeans were introduced to the Americas and Europe from China. Soy was introduced to Africa from China in the late 19th century, and is now widespread across the continent.

===East Asia===
[[File:Leiden University Library - Seikei Zusetsu vol. 18, page 023 - 穭豆 - Glycine max (L.) Merr., 1804.jpg|thumb|''[[Seikei Zusetsu]]'' (1804)|alt=[[Botanical illustration]], ''[[Seikei Zusetsu]]'' (1804)]]

Soy was most likely domesticated 6,000–9,000 years ago in the region between the [[Yellow River]] and the [[Huai River]] in China.<ref name=":5" /> The earliest documented evidence for the use of ''Glycine'' of any kind comes from charred plant remains of wild soybean recovered from Jiahu in [[Henan province]], a [[Neolithic]] site occupied between 9,000 and 7,800 years ago.<ref name="Lee-et-al-20112"/> An abundance of archaeological charred soybean specimens have been found centered around this region.<ref>Zhao Z. 2004. "Floatation: a paleobotanic method in field archaeology". [[Archaeology (journal)|Archaeology]] 3: 80–87.</ref>

Soybeans became an important crop by the [[Zhou dynasty]] (c. 1046–256 BC) in China. According to an ancient Chinese myth, in 2853 BC, the legendary [[Shennong|Emperor Shennong]] of China proclaimed that five plants were sacred: soybeans, rice, wheat, barley, and [[millet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soya.be/history-of-soybeans.php|title=History of Soybeans|publisher=Soya – Information about Soy and Soya Products|access-date=February 18, 2012}}</ref> Early Chinese records mention that soybeans were a gift from the region of the [[Yangtze River delta]] and Southeast China.<ref name="Britannica Educational Publishing p. 48">The History of Agriculture By Britannica Educational Publishing, p. 48</ref> However, there is no archaeological evidence that soybeans were domesticated in southern China, and it appears that soy was unknown there prior to the [[Han dynasty]].<ref name="Lee-et-al-20112"/>

The oldest preserved soybeans resembling modern varieties in size and shape were found in [[archaeological site]]s in [[Korea]] dated about 1000 BC.<ref name="Britannica Educational Publishing p. 48"/><ref name=stark>{{cite book |last=Stark|first=Miriam T. |title=Archaeology of Asia (Blackwell Studies in Global Archaeology) |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Hoboken, NJ |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PoDFdOstSNwC&pg=PA81|page=81|isbn=978-1-4051-0213-1|access-date=February 18, 2012}}</ref> [[Radiocarbon dating]] of soybean samples recovered through [[flotation (archaeology)|flotation]] during excavations at the Early [[Mumun]] period Okbang site in Korea indicated soybean was cultivated as a food crop in around 1000–900 BC.<ref name=stark /> Soybeans from the Jōmon period in Japan from 3000 BC<ref name="Lee-et-al-20112"/> are also significantly larger than wild varieties.<ref name="Lee-et-al-20112"/><ref>Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 2012. ''History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in Japan''. Lafayette, California.</ref> The earliest Japanese textual reference to the soybean is in the classic ''[[Kojiki]]'' (''Records of Ancient Matters''), which was completed in 712 CE.

===Southeast Asia===
Soybeans were mentioned as ''kadêlê'' (modern [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] term: {{Lang|id|kedelai}})<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/indonesian-english/kedelai|title=kedelai translate Indonesian to English: Cambridge Dictionary|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|language=en|access-date=2018-01-21}}</ref> in an [[old Javanese]] manuscript, Serat [[Sri Tanjung]], which dates to 12th- to 13th-century [[Java]].<ref name="Historia">{{cite web | title=Sejarah Tempe | author=Hendri F. Isnaeni | date=9 July 2014 | publisher=Historia | url=http://historia.id/kuliner/sejarah-tempe | language=id | access-date=21 January 2018 | archive-date=March 27, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327002807/http://historia.id/kuliner/sejarah-tempe }}</ref> By the 13th century, the soybean had arrived and cultivated in Indonesia; it probably arrived much earlier however, carried by traders or merchants from Southern China.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.soyinfocenter.com/books/139|title=History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in Southeast Asia (1770–2010)|publisher=Soy Info Center|access-date=February 18, 2012|isbn=978-1-928914-30-3|first1=William|last1=Shurtleff|first2=Akiko|last2=Aoyagi|year=2010}}</ref>

The earliest known reference to it as "[[tempeh]]" appeared in 1815 in the [[Serat Centhini]] manuscript.<ref>''The Book of Tempeh'', 2nd ed., by W. Shurtleff and A. Aoyagi (2001, Ten Speed Press, p. 145)</ref> The development of tempeh fermented soybean cake probably took place earlier, circa 17th century in Java.

===Indian subcontinent===
By the 1600s, soy sauce spread from southern Japan across the region through the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC).
[[File:Soya Bean.jpg|thumb|From a high-altitude area of [[Nepal]]]]
[[File:Soyabean field.jpg|thumb|Young plants in [[India]]|alt=Field in India]]

While the origins and history of Soybean cultivation in the [[Eastern Himalayas]] is debated, it was potentially introduced from southern [[China]], more specifically [[Yunnan]] province.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shurtleff |first1=William |url=http://www.soyinfocenter.com/books/140 |title=History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in South Asia / Indian Subcontinent (1656–2010) |last2=Aoyagi |first2=Akiko |publisher=Soy Info Center |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-928914-31-0 |access-date=February 18, 2012}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Tamang |first=Jyoti Prakash |date=September 2024 |title=Unveiling kinema: blending tradition and science in the Himalayan fermented soya delicacy |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |volume=11 |issue=1 |article-number=29 |doi=10.1186/s42779-024-00247-1 |doi-access=free |issn=2352-619X}}</ref> Alternatively, it could have reached here through traders from [[Indonesia]] via [[Myanmar]]. [[Northeast India]] is viewed as a passive micro-centre within the soybean secondary gene centre. Central India is considered a tertiary gene centre particularly the area encompassing Madhya Pradesh which is also the country largest soybean producer.<ref name=":4" />

===Iberia===
[[Nippo Jisho|Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam]], a Japanese-Portuguese dictionary, was compiled and published in 1603 by Jesuit priests in Nagasaki. It contains short but clear definitions for about 20 words related to soyfoods—the first in any European language.

The Luso-Hispanic traders were familiar with soybeans and soybean product through their trade with Far East since at least the 17th century. However, it was not until the late 19th century that the first attempt to cultivate soybeans in the Iberian peninsula was undertaken. In 1880, the soybean was first cultivated in Portugal in the [[Botanical Garden of the University of Coimbra|Botanical Gardens at Coimbra]] (Crespi 1935).

In about 1910 in Spain the first attempts at Soybean cultivation were made by the Count of San Bernardo, who cultivated soybeans on his estates at Almillo (in southwest Spain) about 48 miles east-northeast of Seville.<ref>Shurtleff, W.; Aoyagi, A. 2015. "History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in Spain and Portugal (1603–2015)." Lafayette, California: Soyinfo Center. (624 references; 23 photos and illustrations. Free online.)</ref>

===North America===
Soybeans were first introduced to North America from China in 1765, by [[Samuel Bowen]], a former [[East India Company]] sailor who had visited China in conjunction with [[James Flint (merchant)|James Flint]], the first Englishman legally permitted by the Chinese authorities to learn Chinese.<ref>{{cite book
| title = An Anxious Pursuit: Agricultural Innovation and Modernity in the Lower South, 1730–1815
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_I0_gkKKMM8C&pg=PA147
| last1 = Chaplin
| first1 = J.E.
| year = 1996
| isbn = 978-0-8078-4613-1
| publisher = University of North Carolina Press
| page = 147}}</ref> The first "New World" soybean crop was grown on [[Skidaway Island, Georgia]], in 1765 by Henry Yonge from seeds given him by Samuel Bowen.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hymowitz|first=T.|date=1970-10-01|title=On the domestication of the soybean|journal=[[Economic Botany]]|language=en|volume=24|issue=4|pages=408–21|doi=10.1007/BF02860745|bibcode=1970EcBot..24..408H |s2cid=26735964|url=http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/43629 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/irwin/anr/Vol29.1.pdf.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195804/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/irwin/anr/Vol29.1.pdf.pdf |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |publisher=Georgia Soybean News |website=caes.uga.edu |title=Another First for Georgia Agriculture |author=Roger Boerma |page=5 |volume=1 |issue=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=360&dat=19940831&id=9eMyAAAAIBAJ&pg=6901,2669493&hl=en|publisher=The Rockmart Journal|title=Soybeans planted first in Georgia|date=21 August 1994|website=Google News Archive}}</ref> Bowen grew soy near [[Savannah, Georgia]], possibly using funds from Flint, and made soy sauce for sale to England.<ref name="Coastalfields Press">{{cite book|title=Eat Your Food! Gastronomical Glory from Garden to Gut: A Coastalfields Cookbook, Nutrition Textbook, Farming Manual and Sports Manual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtZ2oNGyv6AC&pg=PR2|access-date=4 May 2013|date=April 2007|publisher=Coastalfields Press|isbn=978-0-9785944-8-0}}</ref> Although soybean was introduced into North America in 1765, for the next 155 years, the crop was grown primarily for [[forage]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nsrl.uiuc.edu/aboutsoy/history4.html |title=About Soy - Soybeans: The Success Story - p.4|date=November 22, 2003 |website=National Soybean Research Laboratory - [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031122134643/http://www.nsrl.uiuc.edu/aboutsoy/history4.html |archive-date=November 22, 2003 }}</ref>

In 1831, the first soy product "a few dozen India Soy" [sauce] arrived in Canada. Soybeans were probably first cultivated in Canada by 1855, and definitely in 1895 at [[Ontario Agricultural College]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.soyinfocenter.com/books/137|title=History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in Canada (1831–2010)|publisher=Soy Info Center|access-date=February 18, 2012|isbn=978-1-928914-28-0|first1=William|last1=Shurtleff|first2=Akiko|last2=Aoyagi|year=2010}}</ref>

It was not until [[Lafayette Mendel]] and [[Thomas Burr Osborne (chemist)|Thomas Burr Osborne]] showed that the nutritional value of soybean seeds could be increased by cooking, moisture or heat, that soy went from a farm animal feed to a human food.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/html_pubs/irspsm91/kunitz.html|title=The Kunitz Soybean Variety|work=uiuc.edu|date=2018-02-20|first=Theodore|last=Hymowitz|access-date=June 8, 2015|archive-date=February 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220194714/http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/html_pubs/irspsm91/kunitz.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cropsci.illinois.edu/news/scientists-create-new-low-allergen-soybean|title= Scientists create new low-allergen soybean|work=illinois.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605195117/http://cropsci.illinois.edu/news/scientists-create-new-low-allergen-soybean|archive-date=June 5, 2015}}</ref>

[[William Joseph Morse]] is considered the "father" of modern soybean agriculture in America. In 1910, he and [[Charles Piper]] began to popularize what was regarded as a relatively unknown Oriental peasant crop in America into a "golden bean", with the soybean becoming one of America's largest and most nutritious farm crops.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/morse_and_piper.php|title=William J. Morse and Charles V. Piper|work=soyinfocenter.com|first1= William |last1=Shurtleff |first2=Akiko|last2= Aoyagi|date =2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.soyinfocenter.com/books/147|title=William J. Morse – History of His Work with Soybeans and Soyfoods (1884–1959) – SoyInfo Center |publisher=soyinfocenter.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Piper |first1=Charles V. |author1-link=Charles Piper |last2=Morse |first2=William J. |year=1923 |title=The Soybean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6hRCAAAAYAAJ |series=Agricultural and Biological Publications |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |oclc=252589754 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

[[File:Soybeans 2021 US map.pdf|thumb|alt=Planted area 2021 US map by state|left]]

Prior to the 1920s in the US, the soybean was mainly a [[forage]] crop, a source of oil, meal (for feed) and industrial products, with very little used as food. However, it took on an important role after World War I. During the [[Great Depression]], the drought-stricken ([[Dust Bowl]]) regions of the United States were able to use soy to regenerate their soil because of its nitrogen-fixing properties. Farms were increasing production to meet with government demands, and [[Henry Ford]] became a promoter of soybeans.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-12-07/history-of-soybeans-in-u-s-could-take-turn-in-trump-s-trade-war?srnd=premium|title=How Soybeans Became Ubiquitous |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=December 7, 2019 |publisher=Bloomberg News |access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref> In 1931, Ford hired chemists [[Robert Boyer (chemist)|Robert Boyer]] and Frank Calvert to produce [[artificial silk]]. They succeeded in making a textile fiber of spun soy protein fibers, hardened or tanned in a [[formaldehyde]] bath, which was given the name [[Azlon]]. It never reached the commercial market. Soybean oil was used by [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] in [[Soy paint|paint]] for the automobiles,<ref name="Schwarcz">{{cite book |author=Joe Schwarcz|title=The Fly in the Ointment: 63 Fascinating Commentaries on the Science of Everyday Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmIbClRzfeoC&pg=PA193 |access-date=4 May 2013 |year=2004 |publisher=ECW Press |isbn=978-1-55022-621-8|page=193}}</ref> as well as a fluid for shock absorbers.

During World War II, soybeans became important in both North America and Europe chiefly as substitutes for other protein foods and as a source of edible oil. During the war, the soybean was discovered as [[fertilizer]] due to [[nitrogen fixation]] by the [[United States Department of Agriculture]].

Prior to the 1970s, Asian-Americans and Seventh-Day Adventists were essentially the only users of soy foods in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roth |first=Matthew |year=2018 |title=Magic Bean: The Rise of Soy in America |location=Lawrence, KS |publisher=University Press of Kansas|page=109 |isbn=978-0-7006-2633-5 |oclc=1012618664 }}</ref> "The soy foods movement began in small pockets of the counterculture, notably the Tennessee commune named simply [[The Farm (Tennessee)|The Farm]], but by the mid-1970s a vegetarian revival helped it gain momentum and even popular awareness through books such as [[William Shurtleff|''The Book of Tofu'']]."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roth |first=Matthew |year=2018 |title=Magic Bean: The Rise of Soy in America |location=Lawrence, KS |publisher=University Press of Kansas|page=201 |isbn=978-0-7006-2633-5 |oclc=1012618664 }}</ref>

Although practically unseen in 1900, by 2000 soybean plantings covered more than 70 million acres,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roth |first=Matthew |year=2018 |title=Magic Bean: The Rise of Soy in America |location=Lawrence, KS |publisher=University Press of Kansas|page=8 |isbn=978-0-7006-2633-5 |oclc=1012618664 }}</ref> second only to corn, and it became America's largest cash crop.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} In 2021, 87,195,000 acres were planted, with the largest acreage in the states of Illinois, Iowa, and Minnesota.<ref>{{cite web |title=2021 Soybean Planted Area (000) Acres and Percent Change from Previous Year |url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Charts_and_Maps/graphics/soyacm.pdf |website=USDA-National Agricultural Statistics Service |publisher=USDA |access-date=4 February 2022 |date=12 January 2022}}</ref>

===Caribbean and West Indies===
The soybean arrived in the Caribbean in the form of soy sauce made by Samuel Bowen in Savannah, Georgia, in 1767. It remains only a minor crop there, but its uses for human food are growing steadily.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.soyinfocenter.com/books/126|title=History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in the Caribbean / West Indies (1767–2008)|publisher=Soy Info Center|access-date=February 18, 2012|first1=William|last1=Shurtleff|first2=Akiko|last2=Aoyagi}}</ref>

===Mediterranean area===
The soybean was first cultivated in Italy by 1760 in the Botanical Garden of Turin. During the 1780s, it was grown in at least three other botanical gardens in Italy.<ref>Shurtleff, W.; Aoyagi, A. (2015). ''History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in Italy (1597–2015)''. Lafayette, California: Soyinfo Center. 618 pp. (1,381 references; 93 photos and illustrations. Free online.)</ref> The first soybean product, soy oil, arrived in [[Anatolia]] during 1909 under [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urb6IPmxwU8C&q=soybean+turkey&pg=PA7|title=History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in the Middle East: Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook|last1=Shurtleff|first1=William|last2=Aoyagi|first2=Akiko|date=2008|publisher=Soyinfo Center|isbn=978-1-928914-15-0|language=en}}</ref> The first clear cultivation occurred in 1931.<ref name=":2" /> This was also the first time that soybeans were cultivated in Middle East.<ref name=":2" /> By 1939, soybeans were cultivated in Greece.<ref>Matagrin. 1939. "Le Soja et les Industries du Soja," p. 47–48</ref><ref>Shurtleff, W.; Aoyagi, A. 2015. "History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in Greece, the European Union and Small Western European Countries (1939–2015)." Lafayette, California: Soyinfo Center. 243 pp. (462 references; 20 photos and illustrations. Free online. {{ISBN|978-1-928914-81-5}}).</ref>

===Australia===
Wild soybeans were discovered in northeastern Australia in 1770 by explorers Banks and Solander. In 1804, the first soyfood product ("Fine India Soy" [sauce]) was sold in Sydney. In 1879, the first domesticated soybeans arrived in Australia, a gift of the Minister of the Interior Department, Japan.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.soyinfocenter.com/books/138|title=History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in Australia, New Zealand and Oceania (1770–2010)|publisher=Soy Info Center|access-date=February 18, 2012|isbn=978-1-928914-29-7|first1=William|last1=Shurtleff|first2=Akiko|last2=Aoyagi|year=2010}}</ref>

===France===
The soybean was first cultivated in France by 1779 (and perhaps as early as 1740). The two key early people and organizations introducing the soybean to France were the Society of Acclimatization (starting in 1855) and [[Li Shizeng|Li Yu-ying]] (from 1910). Li started a large tofu factory, where the first commercial soyfoods in France were made.<ref>Shurtleff, W.; Aoyagi, A.; 2015. "History of Soybeans and Soyfood in France (1665–2015)". Lafayette, California; Soyinfo Center. 1,202 pp. (3,405 references; 145 photos and illustrations. Free online).</ref>

===Africa===
The soybean first arrived in Africa via Egypt in 1857.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.soyinfocenter.com/books/134|title=History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in Africa (1857–2009)|publisher=Soy Info Center|access-date=February 18, 2012|isbn=978-1-928914-25-9|first1=William|last1=Shurtleff|first2=Akiko|last2=Aoyagi|date=2009}}</ref> Soya Meme (Baked Soya) is produced in the village called Bame Awudome near [[Ho, Ghana|Ho]], the capital of the [[Volta Region]] of [[Ghana]], by the [[Ewe people]] of Southeastern Ghana and southern Togo.

===Central Europe===
In 1873, Professor [[Friedrich J. Haberlandt]] first became interested in soybeans when he obtained the seeds of 19 soybean varieties at the [[Vienna World Exposition]] (Wiener Weltausstellung). He cultivated these seeds in Vienna, and soon began to distribute them throughout Central and Western Europe. In 1875, he first grew the soybeans in Vienna, then in early 1876 he sent samples of seeds to seven cooperators in central Europe, who planted and tested the seeds in the spring of 1876, with good or fairly good results in each case.<ref name="shurtleff">Shurtleff, W.; Aoyagi, A. 2015. "History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in Austria and Switzerland (1781–2015)." Lafayette, California: Soyinfo Center. 705 pp. (1444 references; 128 photos and illustrations). Free online. {{ISBN|978-1-928914-77-8}}.</ref> Most of the farmers who received seeds from him cultivated them, then reported their results. Starting in February 1876, he published these results first in various journal articles, and finally in his ''magnum opus'', Die Sojabohne (The Soybean) in 1878.<ref name=shurtleff/> In northern Europe, [[lupin]] (lupine) is known as the "soybean of the north".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/17/business/energy-environment/soy-substitute-edges-its-way-into-european-meals.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|title=Soy Substitute Edges Its Way Into European Meals|last=Ross|first=Kate|newspaper=New York Times|date=November 16, 2011|access-date=February 28, 2015}}</ref>

===Central Asia===
The soybean is first in cultivated Transcaucasia in Central Asia in 1876, by the Dungans. This region has never been important for soybean production.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.soyinfocenter.com/books/123|title=History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in Central Asia (1876–2008)|publisher=Soy Info Center|access-date=February 18, 2012|first1=William|last1=Shurtleff|first2=Akiko|last2=Aoyagi}}</ref>

===Central America===
The first reliable reference to the soybean in this region dates from Mexico in 1877.<ref name=book-128>{{cite web|url=http://www.soyinfocenter.com/books/128|title=History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in Mexico and Central America (1877–2009)|publisher=Soy Info Center|access-date=February 18, 2012|first1=William|last1=Shurtleff|first2=Akiko|last2=Aoyagi}}</ref>

===South America===
The soybean first arrived in South America in Argentina in 1882.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.soyinfocenter.com/books/132|title=History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in South America (1882–2009)|publisher=Soy Info Center|access-date=February 18, 2012|isbn=978-1-928914-23-5|first1=William|last1=Shurtleff|first2=Akiko|last2=Aoyagi|year=2009}}</ref>

Andrew McClung showed in the early 1950s that with soil amendments the [[Cerrado]] region of Brazil would grow soybeans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2006/06/cornellian-reaps-2006-world-food-prize|title=Cornell alumnus Andrew Colin McClung reaps 2006 World Food Prize|publisher=news.cornell.edu – Cornell Chronicle}}</ref> In June 1973, when soybean futures markets mistakenly portended a major shortage, the [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon administration]] imposed an embargo on soybean exports. It lasted only a week, but Japanese buyers felt that they could not rely on U.S. supplies, and the rival Brazilian soybean industry came into existence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.agpolicy.org/weekcol/217.html|title=Policy Pennings, by Daryll E. Ray, Agricultural Policy Analysis Center|website=www.agpolicy.org|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> This led Brazil to become the world's largest producer of soybeans in 2020, with 131 million tons.<ref>[https://revistagloborural.globo.com/Noticias/Agricultura/noticia/2020/06/brasil-deve-colher-131-milhoes-de-toneladas-de-soja-na-safra-202021-aponta-usda.html Brasil deve colher 131 milhões de toneladas de soja na safra 2020/21, aponta USDA]</ref>

Industrial soy production in South America is characterized by wealthy management who live far away from the production site which they manage remotely. In Brazil, these managers depend heavily on advanced technology and machinery, and agronomic practices such as zero tillage, high pesticide use, and intense fertilization. One contributing factor is the increased attention on the Brazilian [[Cerrado]] in [[Bahia]], Brazil by US farmers in the early 2000s. This was due to rising values of scarce farmland and high production costs in the US Midwest. There were many promotions of the Brazilian Cerrado by US farm producer magazines and market consultants who portrayed it as having cheap land with ideal production conditions, with infrastructure being the only thing it was lacking. These same magazines also presented Brazilian soy as inevitably out-competing American soy. Another draw to investing was the insider information about the climate and market in Brazil. A few dozen American farmers purchased varying amounts of land by a variety of means including finding investors and selling off land holdings. Many followed the [[Ethanol fuel|ethanol]] company model and formed an [[Limited liability company|LLC]] with investments from neighboring farmers, friends, and family while some turned to investment companies. Some soy farmers either [[Liquidation|liquidated]] their Brazilian assets or switched to remote management from the US to return to farming there and implement new farming and business practices to make their US farms more productive. Others planned to sell their now expensive Bahia land to buy land cheaper land in the frontier regions of [[Piauí]] or [[Tocantins]] to create more soybean farms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ofstehage |first=Andrew L. |date=2018-05-10 |title=Financialization of work, value, and social organization among transnational soy farmers in the Brazilian Cerrado |journal=Economic Anthropology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=274–285 |doi=10.1002/sea2.12123 |issn=2330-4847}}</ref>

==Genetics==

Chinese [[landrace]]s were found to have a slightly higher genetic diversity than inbred lines by Li ''et al.'', 2010.<ref name="Hinze-et-al-2017" /> Specific locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) has been used by Han ''et al.'', 2015 to study the genetic history of the [[crop domestication|domestication process]], perform [[genome-wide association study|genome-wide association studies]] (GWAS) of [[agronomic trait|agronomically relevant traits]], and produce [[high-density linkage map]]s.<ref name="Rasheed-et-al-2017">{{cite journal | last1=Rasheed | first1=Awais | last2=Hao | first2=Yuanfeng | last3=Xia | first3=Xianchun | last4=Khan | first4=Awais | last5=Xu | first5=Yunbi | last6=Varshney | first6=Rajeev K. | last7=He | first7=Zhonghu | title=Crop Breeding Chips and Genotyping Platforms: Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives | journal=[[Molecular Plant]] | volume=10 | issue=8 | year=2017 | doi=10.1016/j.molp.2017.06.008 | pages=1047–1064 | s2cid=33780984 | pmid=28669791| doi-access=free | bibcode=2017MPlan..10.1047R }}</ref> An [[SNP array]] was developed by Song ''et al.'', 2013 and has been used for research and [[crop breeding|breeding]];<ref name="Hulse-Kemp-et-al-2015">{{cite journal | last1=Hulse-Kemp | first1=Amanda M|last2=Lemm | first2=Jana | last3=Plieske | first3=Joerg | last4=Ashrafi | first4=Hamid | last5=Buyyarapu | first5=Ramesh | last6=Fang | first6=David D | last7=Frelichowski | first7=James | last8=Giband | first8=Marc | last9=Hague | first9=Steve | last10=Hinze | first10=Lori L | last11=Kochan | first11=Kelli J | last12=Riggs | first12=Penny K | last13=Scheffler | first13=Jodi A | last14=Udall | first14=Joshua A | last15=Ulloa | first15=Mauricio | last16=Wang | first16=Shirley S | last17=Zhu | first17=Qian-Hao | last18=Bag | first18=Sumit K | last19=Bhardwaj | first19=Archana | last20=Burke | first20=John J | last21=Byers | first21=Robert L | last22=Claverie | first22=Michel | last23=Gore | first23=Michael A | last24=Harker | first24=David B | last25=Islam | first25=Mohammad Sariful | last26=Jenkins | first26=Johnie N | last27=Jones | first27=Don C | last28=Lacape | first28=Jean-Marc | last29=Llewellyn | first29=Danny J | last30=Percy | first30=Richard G | last31=Pepper | first31=Alan E | last32=Poland | first32=Jesse A | last33=Mohan Rai | first33=Krishan | last34=Sawant | first34=Samir V | last35=Singh | first35=Sunil Kumar | last36=Spriggs | first36=Andrew | last37=Taylor | first37=Jen M | last38=Wang | first38=Fei | last39=Yourstone | first39=Scott M | last40=Zheng | first40=Xiuting | last41=Lawley | first41=Cindy T | last42=Ganal | first42=Martin W | last43=Van Deynze | first43=Allen | last44=Wilson | first44=Iain W | last45=Stelly | first45=David M | title=Development of a 63K SNP Array for Cotton and High-Density Mapping of Intraspecific and Interspecific Populations of ''Gossypium'' spp. | journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics | volume=5 | issue=6 | date=2015-06-01 | doi=10.1534/g3.115.018416 | pages=1187–1209 | pmid=25908569 | pmc=4478548 | s2cid=11590488}}</ref> the same team applied their array in Song ''et al.'', 2015 against the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection and obtained mapping data that are expected to yield [[association mapping]] data for such traits.<ref name="Hinze-et-al-2017">{{cite journal|last1=Hinze | first1=Lori L. | last2=Hulse-Kemp | first2=Amanda M. | last3=Wilson | first3=Iain W. | last4=Zhu | first4=Qian-Hao | last5=Llewellyn | first5=Danny J. | last6=Taylor | first6=Jen M. | last7=Spriggs | first7=Andrew | last8=Fang | first8=David D. | last9=Ulloa | first9=Mauricio | last10=Burke | first10=John J. | last11=Giband | first11=Marc | last12=Lacape | first12=Jean-Marc | last13=Van Deynze | first13=Allen | last14=Udall | first14=Joshua A. | last15=Scheffler | first15=Jodi A. | last16=Hague | first16=Steve | last17=Wendel | first17=Jonathan F. | last18=Pepper | first18=Alan E. | last19=Frelichowski | first19=James | last20=Lawley | first20=Cindy T. | last21=Jones | first21=Don C. | last22=Percy | first22=Richard G. | last23=Stelly | first23=David M. | title=Diversity analysis of cotton (''Gossypium hirsutum'' L.) germplasm using the CottonSNP63K Array | journal=BMC Plant Biology | volume=17 | issue=1 | date=2017-02-03 | page=37 | doi=10.1186/s12870-017-0981-y | pmid=28158969 | pmc=5291959 | s2cid=3969205 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2017BMCPB..17...37H }}</ref>

{{Vanchor|Rpp1-R1}} is a [[crop fungal disease resistance gene|resistance gene]] against [[soybean rust]].<ref name="Show-Me-Your-ID" /> Rpp1-R1 is an [[R gene]] (NB-LRR) providing resistance against the rust pathogen ''[[Phakopsora pachyrhizi]]''.<ref name="Show-Me-Your-ID" /> Its synthesis product includes a [[ULP1 protease]].<ref name="Show-Me-Your-ID">
{{ Cite journal
| doi=10.1042/ebc20210084
| pmc=9528084
| pmid=35635051
| title=Show me your ID: NLR immune receptors with integrated domains in plants
| date=2022
| last1=Marchal
| first1=Clemence
| last2=Michalopoulou
| first2=Vassiliki A.
| last3=Zou
| first3=Zhou
| last4=Cevik
| first4=Volkan
| last5=Sarris
| first5=Panagiotis F.
| journal=Essays in Biochemistry
| volume=66
| issue=5
| pages=527–539
}}</ref>

Qijian ''et al.'', 2017 provides the {{Vanchor|SoySNP50K}} [[gene array]].<ref name = "Array" >{{Cite journal | issue = 8 | volume = 10 | year = 2017 | last1=Rasheed | first1=Awais | last2=Hao | first2=Yuanfeng | last3=Xia | first3=Xianchun | last4=Khan | first4=Awais | last5=Xu | first5=Yunbi | last6=Varshney | first6=Rajeev K. | last7=He | first7=Zhonghu |s2cid=33780984|pmid=28669791|doi=10.1016/j.molp.2017.06.008|pages=1047–1064|title=Crop Breeding Chips and Genotyping Platforms: Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives | journal=[[Molecular Plant]] | doi-access=free | bibcode = 2017MPlan..10.1047R }}</ref><ref>{{ Cite journal | issue = 1 | volume = 8 | year = 2013 | journal = [[PLoS ONE]] | last1 = Song | first1 = Qijian | last2 = Hyten | first2 = David | last3 = Jia | first3 = Gaofeng | last4 = Quigley | first4 = Charles | last5 = Fickus | first5 = Edward | last6 = Nelson | first6 = Randall | last7 = Cregan | first7 = Perry | article-number = e54985 | s2cid = 1850673 | pmc = 3555945 | pmid = 23372807 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0054985 | title = Development and Evaluation of SoySNP50K, a High-Density Genotyping Array for Soybean | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...854985S | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Genetic modification===
{{further|Genetically modified soybean}}
[[File:Multicolor soybeans in Hale Township.jpg|thumb|Different varieties of soybeans being grown together]]
Soybeans are one of the "[[Biotechnology|biotech]] food" crops that have been [[Genetically modified food|genetically modified]], and genetically modified soybeans are being used in an increasing number of products. In 1995, [[Monsanto]] company introduced [[Genetically modified crops|glyphosate-tolerant]] soybeans that have been genetically modified to be resistant to Monsanto's [[glyphosate]] herbicides through substitution of the ''[[Agrobacterium]] sp.'' (strain CP4) [[gene]] EPSP (5-enolpyruvyl shikimic acid-3-phosphate) synthase. The substituted version is not sensitive to [[glyphosate]].<ref>{{cite journal |pages=1451–61 |doi=10.2135/cropsci1995.0011183X003500050032x |title=Development, Identification, and Characterization of a Glyphosate-Tolerant Soybean Line |year=1995 |last1=Padgette |first1=S.R. |last2=Kolacz |first2=K.H. |last3=Delannay |first3=X. |last4=Re |first4=D.B. |last5=Lavallee |first5=B.J. |last6=Tinius |first6=C.N. |last7=Rhodes |first7=W.K. |last8=Otero |first8=Y.I. |last9=Barry |first9=G.F. |journal=[[Crop Science (journal)|Crop Science]]|volume=35 |issue=5}}</ref>

In 1997, about 8% of all soybeans cultivated for the commercial market in the United States were genetically modified. In 2010, the figure was 93%.<ref>National Agricultural Statistics Board annual report, June 30, 2010. Retrieved July 23, 2010.</ref> As with other glyphosate-tolerant crops, concern is expressed over damage to [[biodiversity]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Liu |first= KeShun |title= Soybeans: Chemistry, Technology, and Utilization |url= https://archive.org/details/soybeanschemistr00liuk |url-access= limited |year=1997 |publisher= Springer |location=Berlin|isbn= 978-0-8342-1299-2 |page= [https://archive.org/details/soybeanschemistr00liuk/page/n555 532]}}</ref> A 2003 study<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2135/cropsci2003.0409 |author=Sneller CH |title=Impact of Transgenic Genotypes and Subdivision on Diversity Within Elite North American Soybean Germplasm |journal=[[Crop Science (journal)|Crop Science]]|volume=43 |pages=409–14 |year=2003}}</ref> concluded the "Roundup Ready" (RR) gene had been bred into so many different soybean cultivars, there had been little decline in genetic diversity, but "diversity was limited among elite lines from some companies".

The widespread use of such types of GM soybeans in the Americas has caused problems with exports to some regions. GM crops require extensive certification before they can be legally imported into the [[European Union]], where there is considerable supplier and consumer reluctance to use GM products for consumer or animal use. Difficulties with [[Co-existence of genetically modified and conventional crops and derived food and feed|coexistence]] and subsequent traces of cross-contamination of non-GM stocks have caused shipments to be rejected and have put a premium on non-GM soy.<ref>{{cite news|title= EU Caught in Quandary Over GMO Animal Feed Imports |newspaper=The Guardian|date= December 7, 2007}}</ref>

A 2006 [[United States Department of Agriculture]] report found the adoption of genetically engineered (GE) soy, corn and cotton reduced the amount of pesticides used overall, but did result in a slightly greater amount of [[herbicide]]s used for soy specifically. The use of GE soy was also associated with greater [[No-till farming|conservation tillage]], indirectly leading to better soil conservation, as well as increased income from off-farming sources due to the greater ease with which the crops can be managed. Though the overall estimated benefits of the adoption of GE soybeans in the United States was $310 million, the majority of this benefit was experienced by the companies selling the seeds (40%), followed by biotechnology firms (28%) and farmers (20%).<ref>{{cite web| publisher = United States Department of Agriculture|url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib11/eib11.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614154639/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib11/eib11.pdf|archive-date=2010-06-14 |title = The First Decade of Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States |last = Fernandez-Cornejo | first = J. | author2 = Caswell, Margriet|date = April 1, 2006|access-date=February 18, 2012}}</ref> The patent on glyphosate-tolerant soybeans expired in 2014,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/18/business/18seed.html|title=As Patent Ends, a Seed's Use Will Survive|date=December 18, 2009|newspaper=The New York Times|last1=Pollack|first1=Andrew}}</ref> so benefits can be expected to shift.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://extension.udel.edu/kentagextension/2008/11/18/soybean-seed-decisions-2009/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150408022806/http://extension.udel.edu/kentagextension/2008/11/18/soybean-seed-decisions-2009/|archive-date=April 8, 2015|title=Cooperative Extension ‹ Log In}}</ref>

== Adverse effects ==

=== Soy allergy ===
{{Main|Soy allergy}}
Allergy to soy is common, and the food is listed with other foods that commonly cause allergy, such as milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, and shellfish. The problem has been reported among younger children, and the diagnosis of soy allergy is often based on symptoms reported by parents and results of skin tests or blood tests for allergy. Only a few reported studies have attempted to confirm allergy to soy by direct challenge with the food under controlled conditions.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cantani |first=A. |author2=Lucenti P. |date=August 1997 |title=Natural History of Soy Allergy and/or Intolerance in Children, and Clinical Use of Soy-protein Formulas |journal=Pediatric Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=59–74 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-3038.1997.tb00146.x |pmid=9617775 |s2cid=35264190}}</ref> It is very difficult to give a reliable estimate of the true prevalence of soy allergy in the general population. To the extent that it does exist, soy allergy may cause cases of [[urticaria]] and [[angioedema]], usually within minutes to hours of ingestion. In rare cases, true [[anaphylaxis]] may also occur. The reason for the discrepancy is likely that soy proteins, the causative factor in [[allergy]], are far less potent at triggering allergy symptoms than the proteins of peanut and shellfish.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cordle |first=C.T. |date=May 2004 |title=Soy Protein Allergy: Incidence and Relative Severity |journal=[[Journal of Nutrition]] |volume=134 |issue=5 |pages=1213S–19S |doi=10.1093/jn/134.5.1213S |pmid=15113974 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An allergy test that is positive demonstrates that the immune system has formed IgE antibodies to soy proteins. However, this is only a factor when soy proteins reach the blood without being digested, in sufficient quantities to reach a threshold to provoke actual symptoms.

Soy can also trigger symptoms via [[food intolerance]], a situation where no allergic mechanism can be proven. One scenario is seen in very young infants who have vomiting and [[Diarrhea|diarrhoea]] when fed soy-based formula, which resolves when the formula is withdrawn. Older infants can suffer a more severe disorder with vomiting, diarrhoea that may be bloody, [[anemia]], weight loss and failure to thrive. The most common cause of this unusual disorder is a sensitivity to cow's milk, but soy formulas can also be the trigger. The precise mechanism is unclear and it could be immunologic, although not through the IgE-type antibodies that have the leading role in urticaria and anaphylaxis. However, it is also self-limiting and will often disappear in the [[toddler]] years.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sampson |first=H.A. |date=May 1999 |title=Food Allergy, Part 1: Immunopathogenesis and Clinical Disorders |url=http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091674999704112/pdf |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=103 |issue=5 |pages=717–728 |doi=10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70411-2 |pmid=10329801 |bibcode=1999JACI..103..717S }}</ref>

In the [[European Union]], identifying the presence of soy either as an ingredient or unintended contaminant in packaged food is compulsory. The regulation (EC) 1169/2011 on food-labeling lists 14 allergens, including soy, in packaged food must be clearly indicated on the label as part of the list of ingredients, using a distinctive typography (such as bold type or capital letters).<ref>{{cite web |date=25 October 2011 |title=Regulation (EG) 1169/2011 |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32011R1169 |access-date=7 October 2020 |publisher=Eur-Lex - European Union Law, European Union}}</ref>

===Thyroid function===
One review noted that soy-based foods may inhibit absorption of thyroid hormone medications required for treatment of [[hypothyroidism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Messina |first1=M |last2=Redmond |first2=G |year=2006 |title=Effects of soy protein and soybean isoflavones on thyroid function in healthy adults and hypothyroid patients: A review of the relevant literature |journal=[[Thyroid (journal)|Thyroid]] |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=249–58 |doi=10.1089/thy.2006.16.249 |pmid=16571087}}</ref> A 2015 scientific review by the [[European Food Safety Authority]] concluded that intake of isoflavones from supplements did not affect thyroid hormone levels in [[postmenopausal]] women.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2015 |title=Risk assessment for peri- and postmenopausal women taking food supplements containing isolated isoflavones |url=https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4246 |journal=[[EFSA Journal]] |volume=13 |issue=10 |page=4246 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4246 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Uses ==
[[File:Global-soy-production-to-end-use.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Breakdown of what the world's soy was used for in 2018]]
[[File:TofuWithSoySauceAndCarrot.jpg|thumb|[[Tofu]] and [[soy sauce]], both made from soy beans]]

Among the [[legume]]s, the soybean is valued for its high (38–45%) [[protein]] content as well as its high (approximately 20%) oil content. Soybeans are the most valuable agricultural export of the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Top U.S. Agricultural Exports in 2017|url = https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/top-us-agricultural-exports-2017|website = US [[Foreign Agricultural Service]]|date = March 23, 2018|access-date = 2019-05-01|archive-date = May 1, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190501071813/https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/top-us-agricultural-exports-2017}}</ref> Approximately 85% of the world's soybean crop is processed into soybean meal and soybean oil, the remainder processed in other ways or eaten whole.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soyatech.com/soy_facts.htm|title=Soy Facts|publisher=Soyatech|access-date=Jan 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112075924/http://www.soyatech.com/soy_facts.htm|archive-date=January 12, 2017}}</ref>

Soybeans can be broadly classified as "vegetable" (garden) or field (oil) types. Vegetable types cook more easily, have a mild, nutty flavor, and better texture, are larger in size, higher in protein, and are lower in oil than field types. [[Tofu]], [[soy milk]], and [[soy sauce]] are among the top edible commodities made using soybeans. Producers prefer the higher protein cultivars bred from vegetable soybeans originally brought to the United States in the late 1930s. The "garden" cultivars are generally not suitable for mechanical combine harvesting because there is a tendency for the pods to shatter upon reaching maturity.

===Nutrition===
{{further|Soy protein}}
{{nutritionalvalue
| name=Soybean, mature seeds, raw
| water=8.54 g
| cholesterol=0 mg
| kJ=1866
| protein=36.49 g
| fat=19.94 g
| satfat=2.884 g
| monofat = 4.404 g
| polyfat = 11.255 g
| omega3fat=1.330 g
| omega6fat=9.925 g
| carbs=30.16 g
| fiber=9.3 g
| sugars=7.33 g
| calcium_mg=277
| copper_mg = 1.658
| iron_mg=15.7
| magnesium_mg=280
| phosphorus_mg=704
| potassium_mg=1797
| sodium_mg=2
| manganese_mg=2.517
| zinc_mg=4.89
| vitC_mg=6.0
| thiamin_mg=0.874
| riboflavin_mg=0.87
| niacin_mg=1.623
| pantothenic_mg=0.793
| vitB6_mg=0.377
| folate_ug=375
| choline_mg=115.9
| vitA_ug=1
| vitE_mg=0.85
| vitK_ug=47

| tryptophan=0.591 g
| threonine=1.766 g
| isoleucine=1.971 g
| leucine=3.309 g
| lysine=2.706 g
| methionine=0.547 g
| cystine=0.655 g
| phenylalanine=2.122 g
| tyrosine=1.539 g
| valine=2.029 g
| arginine=3.153 g
| histidine=1.097 g
| alanine=1.915 g
| aspartic acid=5.112 g
| glutamic acid=7.874 g
| glycine=1.880 g
| proline=2.379 g
| serine=2.357 g
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/174270/nutrients Link to USDA FoodData Central Entry]
}}

A 100-gram reference quantity of raw soybeans supplies {{convert|1866|kJ|kcal|abbr=off}} of [[food energy]] and are 9% water, 30% [[carbohydrate]]s, 20% total [[fat]] and 36% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]].
[[Peanut]]s are the only [[legume]]s with a higher fat content (48%) and calorie count (2,385 kJ). They contain less carbohydrates (21%), protein (25%) and dietary fiber (9%).

Soybeans are a rich source of [[essential nutrient]]s, providing in a 100-gram serving (raw, for reference) high contents of the [[Daily Value]] (DV) especially for protein (36% DV), [[dietary fiber]] (37%), [[iron]] (121%), [[manganese]] (120%), [[phosphorus]] (101%) and several [[B vitamins]], including [[folate]] (94%) (table). High contents also exist for [[vitamin K]], [[magnesium]], [[zinc]] and [[potassium]].

For human consumption, soybeans must be processed prior to consumption–either by cooking, roasting, or fermenting–to destroy the [[trypsin inhibitor]]s ([[serine protease inhibitor]]s).<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Enzymatic Reduction of Anti-nutritional Factors in Fermenting Soybeans by Lactobacillus plantarum Isolates from Fermenting Cereals |journal=Nigerian Food Journal |last1=Adeyemo |first1=S.M. |issue=2 |volume=31 |pages=84–90 |last2=Onilude |first2=A.A. |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2013|doi=10.1016/S0189-7241(15)30080-1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Raw soybeans, including the immature green form, are toxic to all [[monogastric]] animals.{{sfn|Circle|Smith|1972|pp=104, 163}}

====Protein====
{{further|Complete protein|Protein quality|Soy protein}}
Most soy protein is a relatively heat-stable storage protein. This heat stability enables soy food products requiring high temperature cooking, such as [[tofu]], [[soy milk]] and [[textured vegetable protein]] (soy flour) to be made. [[Soy protein]] is essentially identical to the protein of other [[legume]] seeds and [[pulse (legume)|pulse]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Derbyshire |first1=E. |last2=Wright |first2=D.J. |last3=Boulter |first3=D. |title=Legumin and Vicilin, Storage Proteins of Legume Seeds |journal=[[Phytochemistry (journal)|Phytochemistry]] |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=3–24 |year=1976 |doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89046-9|bibcode=1976PChem..15....3D }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=16748534 |pmc=1274878 |year=1949 |last1=Danielsson |first1=C.E. |title=Seed Globulins of the Gramineae and Leguminosae |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=387–400 |journal=The Biochemical Journal |doi=10.1042/bj0440387 }}</ref>

Soy is a good source of protein for vegetarians and [[Veganism|vegans]] or for people who want to reduce the amount of meat they eat, according to the [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|US Food and Drug Administration]]:<ref name="fda-chd">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1999-10-26/pdf/99-27693.pdf |title=Food Labeling: Health Claims; Soy Protein and Coronary Heart Disease; Docket No. 98P–0683 |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration; Federal Register, Vol. 64, No. 206 |location=Washington, DC |date=26 October 1999}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|Soy protein products can be good substitutes for animal products because, unlike some other beans, soy offers a 'complete' protein profile. ... Soy protein products can replace animal-based foods—which also have complete proteins but tend to contain more fat, especially saturated fat—without requiring major adjustments elsewhere in the diet.}}

Although soybeans have high protein content, soybeans also contain high levels of [[Protease inhibitor (biology)|protease inhibitors]], which can prevent digestion.<ref name="pmid16001874">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gilani GS, Cockell KA, Sepehr E |title=Effects of antinutritional factors on protein digestibility and amino acid availability in foods |journal=[[Journal of AOAC International]] |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=967–987 |year=2005 |doi=10.1093/jaoac/88.3.967 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7742226 |pmid=16001874 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Protease inhibitors are reduced by cooking soybeans, and are present in low levels in soy products such as [[tofu]] and [[soy milk]].<ref name="pmid16001874" />

The [[PDCAAS|Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score]] (PDCAAS) of soy protein is the nutritional equivalent of meat, eggs, and [[casein]] for human growth and health. Soybean protein isolate has a [[biological value]] of 74, whole soybeans 96, soybean milk 91, and eggs 97.<ref name="1991Report">{{cite book|title=Protein Quality Evaluation: Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Food and Nutrition Paper No. 51)|location=Bethesda, MD |year=1989|isbn=978-92-5-103097-4}}</ref>

[[File:Graded Seed.jpg|upright=0.9|thumb|Graded seed]]
All [[spermatophytes]], except for the family of grasses and cereals ([[Poaceae]]), contain 7S ([[vicilin]]) and 11S ([[legumin]]) soy protein-like globulin storage proteins; or only one of these [[globulin]] proteins. S denotes [[Svedberg]], sedimentation coefficients. Oats and rice are anomalous in that they also contain a majority of soybean-like protein.<ref name="Seed Proteins 1999">Seed Proteins; Peter R. Shewery and Rod Casey (Eds) 1999. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands</ref> Cocoa, for example, contains the 7S globulin, which contributes to cocoa/chocolate taste and aroma,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://openagricola.nal.usda.gov/Record/IND44131228 |title=Subunit structure of the vicilin-like globular storage... |work=usda.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707233616/http://openagricola.nal.usda.gov/Record/IND44131228 |archive-date=July 7, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://openagricola.nal.usda.gov/Record/IND20412524 |title=Cocoa-specific aroma precursors are generated by proteolytic... |work=usda.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707234934/http://openagricola.nal.usda.gov/Record/IND20412524 |archive-date=July 7, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barringer |first=Sheryl |date=February 3, 2010 |url=http://library.osu.edu/assets/Uploads/ScienceCafe/Barringer020310.pdf |title=The Chemistry of Chocolate Flavor |website=[[Ohio State University]] |access-date=August 24, 2013 |archive-date=March 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324131437/http://library.osu.edu/assets/Uploads/ScienceCafe/Barringer020310.pdf |quote=Two proteases: aspartic endopeptidase and serine carboxy-(exo)peptidase on vicilin (7S)-class globulin storage proteins.}}</ref> whereas coffee beans (coffee grounds) contain the 11S globulin responsible for coffee's aroma and flavor.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Comparative Proteomical Analysis of Zygotic Embryo and Endosperm from ''Coffea arabica'' Seeds |first1=Lívia L. |last1=Koshino |first2=Clarissa P. |last2=Gomes |first3=Luciano P. |last3=Silva |first4=Mirian T.S. |last4=Eira |first5=Carlos |last5=Bloch Jr. |first6=Octávio L. |last6=Franco |first7=Ângela |last7=Mehta |date=November 26, 2008 |journal=[[J. Agric. Food Chem.]] |volume=56 |issue=22 |pages=10922–26 |doi=10.1021/jf801734m |pmid=18959416 |bibcode=2008JAFC...5610922K |url=http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/handle/doc/190361}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Lívia L. |last1=Koshino |first2=Clarissa P. |last2=Gomes |first3=Luciano P. |last3=Silva |first4=Mirian T. S. |last4=Eira |first5=Carlos Jr. |last5=Bloch |first6=Octávio L. |last6=Franco |first7=Ângela |last7=Mehta |date=November 26, 2008 |title=Comparative Proteomical Analysis of Zygotic Embryo and Endosperm from Coffea arabica Seeds |journal=[[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]] |volume=56 |issue=22 |pages=10922–10926 |url=http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/bitstream/doc/880533/1/Comparativeproteomical.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203144038/http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/bitstream/doc/880533/1/Comparativeproteomical.pdf |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |doi=10.1021/jf801734m |pmid=18959416 |bibcode=2008JAFC...5610922K }}</ref>

Vicilin and legumin proteins belong to the [[cupin superfamily]], a large family of functionally diverse proteins that have a common origin and whose evolution can be followed from bacteria to eukaryotes including animals and higher plants.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Evolution of seed storage globulins and cupin superfamily |doi=10.1134/S0026893311030162 |volume=45 |issue=4 |journal=[[Molecular Biology (journal)|Molecular Biology]] |pages=529–35 |year=2011 |last1=Shutov |first1=A.D. |pmid=21954589 |s2cid=26111362 }}</ref>

2S [[albumins]] form a major group of homologous storage proteins in many [[dicot]] species and in some [[monocots]] but not in grasses (cereals).<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |last1=Youle |first1=RJ |last2=Huang |first2=AHC |year=1981 |title=Occurrence of low molecular weight and high cysteine containing albumin storage proteins in oilseed of diverse species |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=44–48 |doi=10.2307/2442990 |jstor=2442990 }}</ref> Soybeans contain a small but significant 2S storage protein.<ref>{{cite journal |pmc=2570561 |pmid=18949071 |doi= 10.2174/1874091X00802010016 |doi-access=free|volume=2 |title=2S Albumin Storage Proteins: What Makes them Food Allergens? |year=2008 |journal=[[Open Biochemistry Journal]] |pages=16–28 |last1=Moreno |first1=FJ |last2=Clemente |first2=A}}</ref><ref name="Seber-et-al-2012">{{cite journal |pmc=3326064 |pmid=22514740 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0035409 |volume=7 |issue=4 |title=Scalable purification and characterization of the anticancer lunasin peptide from soybean |year=2012 |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |article-number=e35409 |last1=Seber |first1=LE |last2=Barnett |first2=BW |last3=McConnell |first3=EJ |bibcode=2012PLoSO...735409S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/12/091202153946.htm |title=Soy peptide lunasin has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory properties |website=ScienceDaily}}</ref> 2S albumin are grouped in the [[prolamin]] superfamily.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meduniwien.ac.at/allergens/allfam/factsheet.php?allfam_id=AF050 |title=AllFam – AllFam Allergen Family Factsheet |work=meduniwien.ac.at |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045912/http://www.meduniwien.ac.at/allergens/allfam/factsheet.php?allfam_id=AF050 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref> Other allergenic proteins included in this 'superfamily' are the non-specific [[plant lipid transfer proteins]], [[alpha amylase inhibitor]], [[trypsin inhibitors]], and prolamin storage proteins of cereals and grasses.<ref name="Seed Proteins 1999" />

[[Peanut]]s, for instance, contain 20% 2S albumin but only 6% 7S globulin and 74% 11S.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> It is the high 2S albumin and low 7S globulin that is responsible for the relatively low lysine content of peanut protein compared to soy protein.

====Carbohydrates====
The principal soluble [[carbohydrate]]s of mature soybeans are the disaccharide [[sucrose]] (range 2.5–8.2%), the trisaccharide [[raffinose]] (0.1–1.0%) composed of one sucrose molecule connected to one molecule of [[galactose]], and the tetrasaccharide [[stachyose]] (1.4 to 4.1%) composed of one sucrose connected to two molecules of galactose.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation associated with a predatory publisher}} While the [[oligosaccharide]]s raffinose and stachyose protect the viability of the soybean seed from desiccation (see above section on physical characteristics) they are not digestible sugars, so contribute to [[flatulence]] and abdominal discomfort in humans and other [[monogastric]] animals, comparable to the disaccharide [[trehalose]]. Undigested oligosaccharides are broken down in the intestine by native microbes, producing gases such as [[carbon dioxide]], [[hydrogen]], and [[methane]].

Since soluble soy carbohydrates are found in the [[soy whey|whey]] and are broken down during fermentation, soy concentrate, soy protein isolates, tofu, soy sauce, and sprouted soybeans are without flatus activity. On the other hand, there may be some beneficial effects to ingesting oligosaccharides such as raffinose and stachyose, namely, encouraging indigenous [[Bifidobacterium|bifidobacteria]] in the colon against putrefactive bacteria.

The insoluble carbohydrates in soybeans consist of the complex polysaccharides [[cellulose]], [[hemicellulose]], and [[pectin]]. The majority of soybean carbohydrates can be classed as belonging to [[dietary fiber]].

====Fats====
Raw soybeans are 20% fat, including [[saturated fat]] (3%), [[monounsaturated fat]] (4%) and polyunsaturated fat, mainly as [[linoleic acid]] (table).

Within [[soybean oil]] or the [[lipid]] portion of the seed is contained four [[phytosterol]]s: [[stigmasterol]], [[sitosterol]], [[campesterol]], and [[brassicasterol]] accounting for about 2.5% of the lipid fraction; and which can be converted into [[steroid hormone]]s.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation associated with a predatory publisher}} Additionally soybeans are a rich source of [[sphingolipid]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Sphingolipids in Food and the Emerging Importance of Sphingolipids to Nutrition |first1=Hubert |last1=Vesper |first2=Eva-Maria |last2=Schmelz |first3=Mariana N. |last3=Nikolova-Karakashian |first4=Dirck L. |last4=Dillehay |first5=Daniel V. |last5=Lynch |first6=Alfred H. |last6=Merrill |date=July 1, 1999 |journal=[[Journal of Nutrition]] |volume=129 |issue=7 |pages=1239–50 |pmid=10395583 |doi=10.1093/jn/129.7.1239 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

====Other constituents====
Soy contains [[isoflavone]]s—[[polyphenol]]ic compounds, produced by legumes including peanuts and [[chickpea]]s. Isoflavones are closely related to [[flavonoid]]s found in other plants, vegetables and flowers.<ref name=lpi/>

Soy contains the [[phytoestrogen]] [[coumestans]], also are found in beans and split-peas, with the best sources being alfalfa, clover, and soybean sprouts. [[Coumestrol]], an isoflavone [[coumarin]] derivative, is the only coumestan in foods.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=11823590 |date=February 2002 |last1=De Kleijn |first1=M.J. |last2=Van Der Schouw |first2=Y.T. |last3=Wilson |first3=P.W. |last4=Grobbee |first4=D.E. |last5=Jacques |first5=P.F. |title=Dietary Intake of Phytoestrogens is Associated With a Favorable Metabolic Cardiovascular Risk Profile in Postmenopausal U.S. Women: The Framingham Study |volume=132 |issue=2 |pages=276–82 | journal=The Journal of Nutrition |doi=10.1093/jn/132.2.276 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pages=S31–S38 |doi=10.1079/BJN2002794 |pmid=12725654 |title=Phyto-oestrogen Database of Foods and Average Intake in Finland |date=June 2003 |last1=Valsta |first1=L.M. |last2=Kilkkinen |first2=A. |last3=Mazur |first3=W. |last4=Nurmi |first4=T. |last5=Lampi |first5=A-M. |last6=Ovaskainen |first6=M-L. |last7=Korhonen |first7=T. |last8=Adlercreutz |first8=H. |last9=Pietinen |first9=P. |journal=[[British Journal of Nutrition]] |volume=89 |issue=5 |bibcode=2003BrJN...89S..31V |s2cid=14175754 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Saponins]], a class of natural [[surfactants]] (soaps), are sterols that are present in small amounts in various [[whole food|plant foods]], including soybeans, other [[legume]]s, and cereals, such as oats.<ref name="Hu">{{cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Chengshen |last2=Wong |first2=Wing-Tak |last3=Wu |first3=Runyu |last4=Lai |first4=Wing-Fu |title=Biochemistry and use of soybean isoflavones in functional food development |journal=[[Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition]] |date=5 July 2019 |volume=60 |issue=12 |doi=10.1080/10408398.2019.1630598 |pages=2098–2112 |pmid=31272191 |s2cid=195806006 |hdl=10397/101521 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=25286183 |pmc=4266039 |year=2014 |last1=Moses |first1=T |title=Metabolic and functional diversity of saponins, biosynthetic intermediates and semi-synthetic derivatives |journal=[[Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology]] |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=439–62 |last2=Papadopoulou |first2=K.K. |last3=Osbourn |first3=A |author-link3=Anne Osbourn |doi=10.3109/10409238.2014.953628}}</ref>

===Comparison to other major staple foods===
The following table shows the nutrient content of green soybean and other major staple foods, each in respective raw form on a [[Dry matter#Dry matter basis|dry weight basis]] to account for their different water contents. Raw soybeans, however, are not edible and cannot be digested. These must be sprouted, or prepared and cooked for human consumption. In sprouted and cooked form, the relative nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of each of these grains is remarkably different from that of raw form of these grains reported in this table. The nutritional value of soybean and each cooked staple depends on the processing and the method of cooking: boiling, frying, roasting, baking, etc.
{{Comparison of major staple foods}}

===Soybean oil===
{{Main|Soybean oil}}
Soybean seed contains 18–19% oil.<ref name=":0" /> To extract soybean oil from seed, the soybeans are cracked, adjusted for moisture content, rolled into flakes, and solvent-extracted with commercial hexane.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Friedrich | first1=John | last2=Gary | first2=R | title=Characterization of soybean oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide and hexane. | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00109a044 | journal=[[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]]| year=1982 | volume=30 | issue=1 | pages=192–193 | doi=10.1021/jf00109a044 | bibcode=1982JAFC...30..192F | url-access=subscription }}</ref> The oil is then refined, blended for different applications, and sometimes hydrogenated. Soybean oils, both liquid and partially hydrogenated, are exported abroad, sold as "vegetable oil," or end up in a wide variety of processed foods.

===Soybean meal===
{{Main|Soybean meal}}
[[Soybean meal]], or soymeal, is the material remaining after solvent extraction of oil from soybean flakes, with a 50% [[soy protein]] content. The meal is 'toasted' (a [[misnomer]] because the heat treatment is with moist steam) and ground in a [[hammer mill]]. Ninety-seven percent of soybean meal production globally is used as livestock feed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options|url = http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.HTM|website = www.fao.org|access-date = 2016-01-15}}</ref> Soybean meal is also used in some [[dog food]]s.<ref name="Lusas">{{cite journal|first1 = Edmund W.|last1 = Lusas|first2 = Mian N.|last2 = Riaz|year = 1995|url = http://jn.nutrition.org/content/125/3_Suppl/573S.full.pdf|title = Soy Protein Products: Processing and Use|journal=[[Journal of Nutrition]]|volume = 125|issue = 125|pages = 573S–80S|doi = 10.1093/jn/125.3_Suppl.573S|pmid = 7884536|access-date = January 20, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121207023240/http://jn.nutrition.org/content/125/3_Suppl/573S.full.pdf|archive-date = December 7, 2012}}</ref>

===Livestock feed===
One of the major uses of soybeans globally is as livestock feed, predominantly in the form of soybean meal. In the European Union, for example, though it does not make up most of the weight of livestock [[Animal feed|feed]], soybean meal provides around 60% of the protein fed to livestock.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soybean meal {{!}} Feedipedia|url=https://www.feedipedia.org/node/674|website=www.feedipedia.org|access-date=2020-05-17}}</ref> In the United States, 70 percent of soybean production is used for animal feed, with poultry being the number one livestock sector of soybean consumption.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/documents/coexistence-soybeans-factsheet.pdf | title=USDA Coexistence Fact Sheet Soybeans | author= | date=Feb 12, 2015 | website=www.usda.gov | access-date=Jan 11, 2023 | archive-date=February 17, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217112456/https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/documents/coexistence-soybeans-factsheet.pdf }}</ref> [[Vernal grass|Spring grasses]] are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, whereas soy is predominantly omega-6. The soybean hulls, which mainly consist of the outer coats of the beans removed before oil extraction, can also be fed to livestock and whole soybean seeds after processing.<ref>Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Lessire M., Lebas F., 2017. Soybean hulls. Feedipedia, a program by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ, and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/719</ref><ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Nozière P., Lessire M., Lebas F., 2017. Soybean seeds. Feedipedia, a program by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ, and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/42 Last updated on July 4, 2017, 10:37</ref>

===Food for human consumption===
[[File:Tempeh 003.jpg|thumb|[[Tempeh]]]]
In addition to their use in livestock feed, soybean products are widely used for human consumption. Common soybean products include [[soy sauce]], [[soy milk]], [[tofu]], [[Soybean meal|soy meal]], [[#Flour|soy flour]], [[textured vegetable protein]] (TVP), [[soy curls]], [[tempeh]], soy [[lecithin]] and [[#Oil|soybean oil]]. Soybeans may also be eaten with minimal processing, for example, in the Japanese food {{Nihongo|''[[edamame]]''|枝豆|edamame}}, in which immature soybeans are boiled whole in their pods and served with [[edible salt|salt]].

[[File:Aesthetic meal maker of Salem.jpg|thumb|Soy chunks]]
[[File:Soybeans 01.jpg|thumb|Beans for sale at a [[supermarket]] in [[China]]]]
[[File:Bhatmaas.jpg|upright=0.9|thumb|[[Bhatmaas]] – [[Nepal]]i fried soybeans]]

In China, Japan, Vietnam and [[Korea]], soybean and soybean products are a standard part of the diet.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Lindsay | first1=Shirley | last2=Lora | first2=G | title=Considering soy | url=https://www.nwhjournal.org/article/S1091-5923(15)30123-0/abstract | journal=Nursing for Women's Health| date=1998 | volume=2 | issue=1 | pages=41–44 | doi=10.1111/j.1552-6356.1998.tb00990.x | pmid=9526302 }}</ref> [[Tofu]] (豆腐 ''dòufu'') is thought to have originated in China, along with [[soy sauce]] and several varieties of [[soybean paste]] used as seasonings.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} Japanese foods made from soya include ''[[miso]]'' ({{Lang|ja|味噌}}), ''[[nattō]]'' ({{Lang|ja|納豆}}), ''[[kinako]]'' ({{Lang|ja|黄粉}}) and ''edamame'' ({{Lang|ja|枝豆}}), as well as products made with tofu such as [[atsuage]] and [[aburaage]]. In China, whole dried soybeans are sold in supermarkets and used to cook various dishes, usually after rehydration by soaking in water; they find their use in soup or as a savory dish. In [[Korean cuisine]], soybean sprouts ({{ill|콩나물|ko|vertical-align=sup}} ''[[kongnamul]]'') are used in a variety of dishes, and soybeans are the base ingredient in ''[[doenjang]]'', ''[[cheonggukjang]]'' and [[Kanjang|''ganjang'']]. In Vietnam, soybeans are used to make soybean paste (''[[tương]]'') in the North with the most popular products are ''tương Bần'', ''tương Nam Đàn'', ''tương Cự Đà'' as a garnish for ''[[phở]]'' and ''[[gỏi cuốn]]'' dishes, as well as tofu ({{Lang|vi|đậu hũ}} or {{Lang|vi|đậu phụ}} or {{Lang|vi|tàu hũ}}), soy sauce ({{Lang|vi|nước tương}}), soy milk ({{Lang|vi|nước đậu}} in the North or {{Lang|vi|sữa đậu nành}} in the South), and {{Lang|vi|đậu hũ nước đường}} (tofu sweet soup).

====Flour====
{{Commons category|Soy powder|Soybean flour}} 

Soy flour refers to soybeans ground finely enough to pass through a 100-mesh or smaller screen where special care was taken during desolventizing (not toasted) to minimize [[denaturation (biochemistry)|denaturation]] of the protein to retain a high [[protein dispersibility index]], for uses such as [[food extrusion]] of [[textured vegetable protein]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Shao | first1=Suquin | title=Tracking isoflavones: From soybean to soy flour, soy protein isolates to functional soy bread. | journal=Journal of Functional Foods| year=2009 | volume=1 | issue=1 | pages=119–127 | doi=10.1016/j.jff.2008.09.013 | doi-access=free }}</ref> It is the starting material for soy concentrate and protein isolate production.

Soy flour can also be made by roasting the soybean, removing the coat (hull), and grinding it into flour. Soy flour is manufactured with different fat levels.{{sfn|Lim|2012|p=637}} Alternatively, raw soy flour omits the roasting step.
* Defatted soy flour is obtained from [[solvent]] [[extraction (chemistry)|extracted]] flakes and contains less than 1% oil.{{sfn|Lim|2012|p=637}}
* "Natural or full-fat soy flour is made from unextracted, dehulled beans and contains about 18% to 20% oil."{{sfn|Lim|2012|p=637}} Its high oil content requires the use of a specialized Alpine Fine Impact Mill to grind rather than the usual [[hammer mill]]. Full-fat soy flour has a lower protein concentration than defatted flour. Extruded full-fat soy flour, ground in an Alpine mill, can replace/extend eggs in baking and cooking.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/BF02664977 | volume=41 | issue=9 | title=Production and nutritional evaluation of extrusion-cooked full-fat soybean flour | journal=[[Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society]]| pages=607–14 | year=1964 | last1 = Mustakas | first1 = G.C.| s2cid=84967811 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=World Protein Resources|year=1966|volume=57|pages=101–11|doi=10.1021/ba-1966-0057.ch008|chapter = Full-Fat Soybean Flours by Continuous Extrusion Cooking|series = Advances in Chemistry|last1 = Mustakas|first1 = GUS C.|last2=Griffin|first2=Edward L.|last3=Sohns|first3=Virgil E.|isbn=978-0-8412-0058-6}}</ref> Full-fat soy flour is a component of [[Cornell bread]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cornell-classic.univcomm.cornell.edu/search/?tab=facts&id=188 |title=Cornell Bread |website=Cornell University |date=May 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509122617/http://cornell-classic.univcomm.cornell.edu/search/?tab=facts&id=188 |archive-date=May 9, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motherearthnews.com/real-food/whole-wheat-bread-mccays-miracle-loaf-zmaz81sozhun.aspx|title=Whole Wheat Bread Recipe: McCay's Miracle Loaf – Real Food |date=September 1981 |publisher=Mother Earth News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1987/05/21/cornell-bread-a-heavyweight-when-it-comes-to-nutrition-and-fiber/|title=Cornell Bread A Heavyweight When It Comes To Nutrition And Fiber|website=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=May 21, 1987 }}</ref>
* Low-fat soy flour is made by adding some oil back into defatted soy flour. Fat levels range from 4.5% to 9%.{{sfn|Lim|2012|p=637}}
* High-fat soy flour can also be produced by adding back soybean oil to defatted flour, usually at 15%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/3/t0532e/t0532e05.htm|title=Technology of production of edible flours and protein products from soybeans. Chapter 4.|website=www.fao.org}}</ref>

[[Soy lecithin]] can be added (up to 15%) to soy flour to make lecithinated soy flour. It increases dispersibility and gives it emulsifying properties.{{sfn|Lim|2012|p=637}}

Soy flour has 50% protein and 5% fiber. It has higher levels of protein, thiamine, riboflavin, phosphorus, calcium, and iron than [[wheat flour]]. It does not contain [[gluten]].{{sfn|Lim|2012|p=637}} As a result, [[yeast]]-raised [[bread]]s made with soy flour are dense in texture. Among many uses, soy flour thickens sauces, prevents [[staling]] in baked food, and reduces oil absorption during frying. Baking food with soy flour gives it tenderness, moistness, a rich color, and a fine texture.{{sfn|Lim|2012|p=637}}

Soy grits are similar to soy flour, except the soybeans have been toasted and cracked into coarse pieces.

''[[Kinako]]'' is a soy flour used in [[Japanese cuisine]].

{{resize|''Section reference'': {{harvtxt|Circle|Smith|1972|p=442|note=Reference for soy flour section}}}}

{{anchor|Soy-based infant formula}}
====Soy-based infant formula====
Soy-based [[infant formula]] (SBIF) is sometimes given to infants who are not being strictly breastfed; it can be useful for infants who are either allergic to pasteurized cow milk proteins or who are being fed a [[Veganism|vegan]] diet. It is sold in powdered, ready-to-feed, and concentrated liquid forms.

Some reviews have expressed the opinion that more research is needed to determine what effect the phytoestrogens in soybeans may have on infants.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=14599051 |year=2003 |last1=Miniello |first1=VL |last2=Moro |first2=GE |last3=Tarantino |first3=M |last4=Natile |first4=M |last5=Granieri |first5=L |last6=Armenio |first6=L |title=Soy-based Formulas and Phyto-oestrogens: A Safety Profile |volume=91 |issue=441 |pages=93–100 |journal=[[Acta Paediatrica]]|doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00655.x|s2cid=25762109 }}</ref> Diverse studies have concluded there are no adverse effects in human growth, development, or reproduction as a result of the consumption of soy-based infant formula.<ref>{{cite journal |pages=191–96 |doi=10.1515/JPEM.2004.17.2.191 |title=Soy Protein Formulas in Children: No Hormonal Effects in Long-term Feeding |year=2004 |last1=Giampietro |first1=P.G. |last2=Bruno |first2=G. |last3=Furcolo |first3=G. |last4=Casati |first4=A. |last5=Brunetti |first5=E. |last6=Spadoni |first6=G.L. |last7=Galli |first7=E. |journal=Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=17 |issue=2 |pmid=15055353|s2cid=43304969 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pages=807–14 |doi=10.1001/jama.286.7.807 |title=Exposure to Soy-Based Formula in Infancy and Endocrinological and Reproductive Outcomes in Young Adulthood |year=2001 |last1=Strom |first1=B.L. |journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=286 |issue=7 |pmid=11497534 |last2=Schinnar |first2=R |last3=Ziegler |first3=EE |last4=Barnhart |first4=KT |last5=Sammel |first5=MD |last6=MacOnes |first6=GA |last7=Stallings |first7=VA |last8=Drulis |first8=JM |last9=Nelson |first9=SE|bibcode=2001JAMA..286..807S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Nutri>{{cite journal |first1=Russell J. |last1=Merritt |first2=Belinda H. |last2=Jenks |title=Safety of Soy-Based Infant Formulas Containing Isoflavones: The Clinical Evidence |journal=The Journal of Nutrition|pmid=15113975 |year=2004 |volume=134 |issue=5 |pages=1220S–24S|doi=10.1093/jn/134.5.1220S |doi-access=free }}</ref> One of these studies, published in the ''[[Journal of Nutrition]]'',<ref name=Nutri /> concludes that there are:

<blockquote>... no clinical concerns with respect to nutritional adequacy, sexual development, neurobehavioral development, immune development, or thyroid disease. SBIFs provide complete nutrition that adequately supports normal infant growth and development. FDA has accepted SBIFs as safe for use as the sole source of nutrition.</blockquote>

====Meat and dairy alternatives and extenders====
[[File:Braised bean curd rolls and imitation chicken.jpg|thumb|Chinese vegetarian chicken made of rolled [[tofu skin]]]]
[[File:Chives Cream Sheese.jpg|thumb|Soy-based [[cream cheese]] alternative with [[chives]]|alt=Package of a soy-based [[cream cheese]] alternative with [[chives]]]]
Soybeans can be processed to produce a texture and appearance similar to many other foods. For example, soybeans are the primary ingredient in many [[dairy product]] substitutes (e.g., [[soy milk]], [[margarine]], soy ice cream, [[soy yogurt]], [[soy cheese]], and soy cream cheese) and meat alternatives (e.g. [[veggie burgers]]). These substitutes are readily available in most supermarkets. Soy milk does not naturally contain significant amounts of digestible [[calcium]]. Many manufacturers of soy milk sell calcium-enriched products, as well.

Soy products also are used as a low-cost substitute for meat and poultry products.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hoogenkamp, Henk W. |title=Soy Protein and Formulated Meat Products |publisher=CABI Publishing |location=Wallingford, Oxon|year=2005 |page=14 |isbn=978-0-85199-864-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRIRBOd_oTcC&q=soy+protein |access-date=February 18, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Endres|first=Joseph G.|title=Soy Protein Products |publisher=AOCS Publishing |location=Champaign-Urbana, IL |year=2001 |pages=43–44 |isbn=978-1-893997-27-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3RNa1vS0sZYC&q=Soy+Protein+Products++endres&pg=PA15 |access-date=February 18, 2012}}</ref> Food service, retail and institutional (primarily school lunch and correctional) facilities regularly use such "extended" products. The extension may result in diminished flavor, but fat and cholesterol are reduced. Vitamin and mineral fortification can be used to make soy products nutritionally equivalent to animal protein; the protein quality is already roughly equivalent. The soy-based meat substitute [[textured vegetable protein]] has been used for more than 50 years as a way of inexpensively extending [[ground beef]] without reducing its nutritional value.<ref name=Riaz2006 /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Circle|first1=Sidney Joseph|last2=Smith|first2=Allan H. |title=Soybeans: Chemistry and Technology |publisher=Avi Publishing |location=Westport, CT|year=1972 |pages=7, 350 |isbn=978-0-87055-111-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3NRAAAAMAAJ |access-date=February 18, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Liu|first=KeShun |title=Soybeans: Chemistry, Technology, and Utilization |publisher=Aspen Publishers |location=Gaithersburg, MD |year=1997 |page= 69|isbn=978-0-8342-1299-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Plmi4WfHos4C&q=reducing+nutritional+value|access-date=February 18, 2012}}</ref>

In China and Taiwan, soy milk (known as ''[[doujiang]]'') is a traditional breakfast staple consumed for centuries. It is often perceived as a healthier, more natural alternative to cow's milk, which is a more recent addition to the local diet. Fresh soy milk is commonly distinguished from processed, packaged versions (''dounai'').<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wei |first=Clarissa |date=2016-02-15 |title=How America Killed Soy Milk |url=https://www.eater.com/2016/2/15/10995808/america-soymilk-fresh |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=Eater |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Soy nut butter====
The soybean is used to make a product called soy [[nut butter]] which is similar in texture to peanut butter.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.soyfoods.org/soy-products/soy-fact-sheets/soy-nut-butter-fact-sheet | title=Soy fact sheets: soy nut butter | publisher=Soyfoods Association of North America, Washington, DC | date=2016 | access-date=1 November 2016 | archive-date=January 31, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131081150/http://www.soyfoods.org/soy-products/soy-fact-sheets/soy-nut-butter-fact-sheet }}</ref>

==== Sweetened soybean ====
Sweet-boiled beans are popular in Japan and Korea, and the sweet-boiled soybeans are called "Daizu no {{interlanguage link|Nimame|ja|煮豆}}" in Japan and Kongjorim ({{langx|ko|콩조림}}) in Korea. Sweet-boiled beans are even used in sweetened buns, especially in {{interlanguage link|Mame Pan|ja|豆パン}}.

The boiled and pasted edamame, called {{interlanguage link|Zunda|ja|ずんだ}}, is used as one of the [[Sweet bean paste]]s in [[Wagashi|Japanese confections]].

==== Coffee substitute ====
Roasted and ground soybeans can be a caffeine-free substitute for [[coffee]]. After the soybeans are roasted and ground, they look similar to regular coffee beans or can be used as a powder similar to instant coffee, with the aroma and flavor of roasted soybeans.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIP-szICnhIC|title=History of Whole Dry Soybeans, Used as Beans, or Ground, Mashed or Flaked (240 BCE to 2013); see page 254|author=William Shurtleff, Akiko Aoyagi|publisher=Soyinfo Center|year=2013|isbn=978-1-928914-57-0}}</ref>

===Other products===
[[File:Display of soybean wax candle in Texas store.jpg|thumb|Soy candles for sale in Texas|alt=Display of soybean wax candle in Texas store]]
Soybeans with black hulls are used in Chinese fermented black beans, ''[[douchi]]'', not to be confused with [[black turtle bean]]s.

Soybeans are also used in industrial products, including oils, soap, cosmetics, [[resin]]s, plastics, inks, crayons, [[solvent]]s, and clothing. Soybean oil is the primary source of [[biodiesel]] in the United States, accounting for 80% of domestic biodiesel production.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sustainability Fact Sheet|publisher=National Biodiesel Board|date=April 2008|url=http://biodiesel.org/resources/sustainability/pdfs/SustainabilityFactSheet.pdf|access-date=February 18, 2012|archive-date=May 28, 2008|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080528055311/http://biodiesel.org/resources/sustainability/pdfs/SustainabilityFactSheet.pdf}}</ref> Soybeans have also been used since 2001 as fermenting stock in the manufacture of a brand of [[vodka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martinimuse.com/vodka_brands_and_types.shtml|title=How Vodka is Made|publisher=Martini Muse|access-date=February 18, 2012}}</ref> In 1936, Ford Motor Company developed a method where soybeans and fibers were rolled together producing a soup which was then pressed into various parts for their cars, from the distributor cap to knobs on the dashboard. Ford also informed in public relation releases that in 1935 over five million acres (20,000 km{{sup|2}}) was dedicated to growing soybeans in the United States.<ref name="PM Apr 1936">{{cite journal |title=Soy Bean Soup is Pressed into Auto Parts |journal=[[Popular Mechanics]]|volume=64 |issue=4 |page=513 |date=April 1936 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA513 }}</ref>

===Potential health benefits===


===Reducing risk of cancer===
According to the [[American Cancer Society]], "There is growing evidence that eating traditional soy foods such as tofu may lower the risk of cancers of the breast, prostate, or endometrium (lining of the uterus), and there is some evidence it may lower the risk of certain other cancers." There is insufficient research to indicate whether taking soy [[dietary supplement]]s (e.g., as a pill or capsule) has any effect on health or cancer risk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.cancer.org/expertvoices/2012/08/02/the-bottom-line-on-soy-and-breast-cancer-risk/ |title=How Your Diet May Affect Your Risk of Breast Cancer |date=1 October 2018 |publisher=[[American Cancer Society]] |access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref>

As of 2018, rigorous dietary [[clinical research]] in people with cancer has proved inconclusive.<ref name=lpi/><ref name=Yu/><ref name=Tse/><ref name="acs">{{cite web |title=Soy: How Your Diet May Affect Your Risk of Breast Cancer |url=https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/how-your-diet-may-affect-your-risk-of-breast-cancer.html |publisher=American Cancer Society |access-date=9 May 2019 |date=1 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="vandie" />

====Breast cancer====
Although considerable research has examined the potential for soy consumption to lower the risk of [[breast cancer]] in women, as of 2016 there is insufficient evidence to reach a conclusion about a relationship between soy consumption and any effects on breast cancer.<ref name=lpi/> A 2011 [[meta-analysis]] stated: "Our study suggests soy isoflavones intake is associated with a significant reduced risk of breast cancer incidence in Asian populations, but not in Western populations."<ref>{{cite journal |pages=315–323 |doi=10.1007/s10549-010-1270-8 |title=Soy Isoflavones Consumption and Risk of Breast Cancer Incidence or Recurrence: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies |date=January 2011 |last1=Dong |first1=Jia-Yi |last2=Qin |first2=Li-Qiang |journal=[[Breast Cancer Research and Treatment]]|volume=125 |issue=2 |pmid=21113655|s2cid=13647788 }}</ref>

====Gastrointestinal and colorectal cancer====
Reviews of preliminary clinical trials on people with [[colorectal cancer|colorectal]] or [[gastrointestinal cancer]] suggest that soy isoflavones may have a slight protective effect against such cancers.<ref name="Yu">{{cite journal | last1=Yu | first1=Yi | last2=Jing | first2=Xiaoli | last3=Li | first3=Hui | last4=Zhao | first4=Xiang | last5=Wang | first5=Dongping | title=Soy isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal=[[Scientific Reports]]| volume=6 | issue=1 | article-number=25939 | year=2016 | doi=10.1038/srep25939 | pmid=27170217|pmc=4864327| bibcode=2016NatSR...625939Y }}</ref><ref name="Tse">{{cite journal | last1=Tse | first1=Genevieve | last2=Eslick | first2=Guy D. | title=Soy and isoflavone consumption and risk of gastrointestinal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal=[[European Journal of Nutrition]]| volume=55 | issue=1 | date=30 December 2014 | doi=10.1007/s00394-014-0824-7 | pages=63–73|pmid=25547973| s2cid=32112249 }}</ref>

====Prostate cancer====
A 2016 review concluded that "current evidence from [[observational study|observational studies]] and small clinical trials is not robust enough to understand whether soy protein or [[isoflavone]] supplements may help prevent or inhibit the progression of [[prostate cancer]]."<ref name=lpi/> A 2010 review showed that neither soy foods nor isoflavone supplements alter measures of bioavailable [[testosterone]] or [[estrogen]] concentrations in men.<ref>{{cite journal |pages=997–1007 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.04.038 |title=Clinical studies show no effects of soy protein or isoflavones on reproductive hormones in men: Results of a meta-analysis |year=2010 |last1=Hamilton-Reeves |first1=Jill M. |last2=Vazquez |first2=Gabriela |last3=Duval |first3=Sue J. |last4=Phipps |first4=William R. |last5=Kurzer |first5=Mindy S. |last6=Messina |first6=Mark J. |journal=[[Fertility and Sterility]]|volume=94 |issue=3 |pmid=19524224|doi-access=free }}</ref> Soy consumption has been shown to have no effect on the levels and quality of [[sperm]].<ref>{{cite journal |pages=2095–2104 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.03.002 |title=Soybean isoflavone exposure does not have feminizing effects on men: A critical examination of the clinical evidence |year=2010 |last1=Messina |first1=Mark |journal=[[Fertility and Sterility]]|volume=93 |issue=7 |pmid=20378106|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Meta-analysis|Meta-analyses]] on the association between soy consumption and prostate cancer risk in men concluded that dietary soy may lower the risk of prostate cancer.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Lin |last1=Yan |first2=Edward L |last2=Spitznagel |title=Soy consumption and prostate cancer risk in men: a revisit of a meta-analysis |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|pmid=19211820 |doi=10.3945/ajcn.2008.27029 |year=2009 |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=1155–63|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="vandie">{{cite journal | last1=van Die | first1=MD | last2=Bone | first2=KM | last3=Williams | first3=SG | last4=Pirotta | first4=MV | title=Soy and soy isoflavones in prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. | journal=[[BJU International]]| volume=113 | issue=5b | year=2014 | pmid=24053483 | doi=10.1111/bju.12435 | pages=E119–30| s2cid=39315041 }}</ref>

===Cardiovascular health===
The [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) granted the following health claim for soy: "25 grams of soy protein a day, as part of a diet low in [[saturated fat]] and [[cholesterol]], may reduce the risk of [[heart disease]]."<ref name=fda-chd/> One serving of {{cups|1|US}} of soy milk, for instance, contains 6 or 7 grams of soy protein.

An [[American Heart Association]] (AHA) review of a decade long study of soy protein benefits did not recommend [[isoflavone]] supplementation. The review panel also found that soy isoflavones have not been shown to reduce post-menopausal "hot flashes" and the efficacy and safety of isoflavones to help prevent cancers of the breast, uterus or prostate is in question. AHA concluded that "many soy products should be beneficial to cardiovascular and overall health because of their high content of [[polyunsaturated fat]]s, fiber, vitamins, and minerals and low content of saturated fat".<ref name="cardio" /> Other studies found that soy protein consumption could lower the [[concentration]] of [[low-density lipoprotein]]s (LDL) transporting fats in the extracellular water to [[Cell (biology)|cells]].<ref>{{cite journal |first1=David J.A. |last1=Jenkins |first2=Arash |last2=Mirrahimi |first3=Korbua |last3=Srichaikul |first4=Claire E. |last4=Berryman |first5=Li |last5=Wang |first6=Amanda |last6=Carleton |first7=Shahad |last7=Abdulnour |first8=John L. |last8=Sievenpiper |first9=Cyril W.C. |last9=Kendall |title=Soy Protein Reduces Serum Cholesterol by Both Intrinsic and Food Displacement Mechanisms |journal=The Journal of Nutrition|date=December 2010 |volume=140 |issue=12 |pages=2302S–11S |doi=10.3945/jn.110.124958|pmid=20943954|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=18534601 |date=September 2008 |last1=Harland |first1=J.I. |last2=Haffner |first2=T.A. |title=Systematic Review, Meta-analysis and Regression of Randomised Controlled Trials Reporting an Association Between an Intake of Circa 25 g Soya Protein Per Day and Blood Cholesterol |volume=200 |issue=1 |pages=13–27 |doi=10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.006 |journal=[[Atherosclerosis (journal)|Atherosclerosis]]}}</ref>

===Research by constituent===
====Lignans====
Plant [[lignans]] are associated with high fiber foods such as cereal brans and beans are the principal precursor to mammalian lignans which have an ability to bind to human estrogen sites. Soybeans are a significant source of mammalian lignan precursor [[secoisolariciresinol]] containing 13–273 μg/100 g dry weight.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=10702603 |date=March 2000 |last1=Adlercreutz |first1=H. |last2=Mazur |first2=W. |last3=Bartels |first3=P. |last4=Elomaa |first4=V. |last5=Watanabe |first5=S. |last6=Wähälä |first6=K. |last7=Landström |first7=M. |last8=Lundin |first8=E. |last9=Bergh |first9=A.|title=Phytoestrogens and Prostate Disease |volume=130 |issue=3 |pages=658S–59S |journal=The Journal of Nutrition|doi=10.1093/jn/130.3.658S |doi-access=free }}</ref>

====Phytochemicals====
{{See also|Phytochemicals}}

Soybeans and processed soy foods are among the richest foods in total [[phytoestrogen]]s (wet basis per 100 g), which are present primarily in the form of the [[isoflavone]]s, [[daidzein]] and [[genistein]].<ref name="lpi">{{cite web | url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/soy-isoflavones | title=Soy isoflavones | publisher=Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis | date=2016 | access-date=4 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pages=184–201 |doi=10.1207/s15327914nc5402_5 |title=Phytoestrogen Content of Foods Consumed in Canada, Including Isoflavones, Lignans, and Coumestan |year=2006 |last1=Thompson |first1=Lilian U. |last2=Boucher |first2=Beatrice A. |last3=Liu |first3=Zhen |last4=Cotterchio |first4=Michelle |last5=Kreiger |first5=Nancy |journal=[[Nutrition and Cancer]]|volume=54 |issue=2 |pmid=16898863|s2cid=60328 }}</ref> Because most naturally occurring phytoestrogens act as [[selective estrogen receptor modulators]], or SERMs, which do not necessarily act as direct agonists of estrogen receptors, normal consumption of foods that contain these phytoestrogens should not provide sufficient amounts to elicit a physiological response in humans.<ref name="pmid11352776">{{cite journal |pages=613–18 |doi=10.1042/CS20000212 |title=Effect of a Phytoestrogen Food Supplement on Reproductive Health in Normal Males |date=June 2001 |last1=Mitchell |first1=Julie H. |last2=Cawood |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Kinniburgh |first3=David |last4=Provan |first4=Anne |last5=Collins |first5=Andrew R. |last6=Irvine |first6=D. Stewart |journal=[[Clinical Science (journal)|Clinical Science]]|volume=100 |issue=6 |pmid=11352776}}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | last1 = Oseni | first1 = T | last2 = Patel | first2 = R | last3 = Pyle | first3 = J | last4 = Jordan | first4 = VC | year = 2008 | title = Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators and Phytoestrogens. |journal=[[Planta Med]]| volume = 74 | issue = 13 | pages = 1656–65 | doi = 10.1055/s-0028-1088304 | pmid = 18843590 | pmc = 2587438 | bibcode = 2008PlMed..74.1656O }}</ref> The major product of daidzein microbial metabolism is [[equol]].<ref name="pmid30614249">{{cite journal | vauthors=Luca SV, Macovei I, Bujor A, Trifan A | title=Bioactivity of dietary polyphenols: The role of metabolites | journal=[[Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition]] | volume=60 | issue=4 | pages=626–659 | year=2020 | doi = 10.1080/10408398.2018.1546669 | pmid=30614249| bibcode=2020CRFSN..60..626L | s2cid=58651581 }}</ref> Only 33% of Western Europeans have a [[microbiome]] that produces equol, compared to 50–55% of Asians.<ref name="pmid30614249" />

Soy isoflavones—[[polyphenol]]ic compounds that are also produced by other legumes like peanuts and [[chickpea]]s<ref name=lpi/>—are under preliminary research. As of 2016, no [[causality|cause-and-effect]] relationship has been shown in [[clinical research]] to indicate that soy isoflavones lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases.<ref name=lpi/><ref name="cardio">{{cite journal |date=February 21, 2006|pages=1034–44 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.171052 |title=Soy Protein, Isoflavones, and Cardiovascular Health: An American Heart Association Science Advisory for Professionals from the Nutrition Committee|last1=Sacks |first1=F.M. |journal=[[Circulation (journal)|Circulation]]|volume=113 |issue=7 |pmid=16418439 |last2=Lichtenstein |first2=A. |last3=Van Horn |first3=L. |last4=Harris |first4=W. |last5=Kris-Etherton |first5=P. |last6=Winston |first6=M. |author7=American Heart Association Nutrition Committee|bibcode=2006Circu.113.1034S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=Isoflavones for hypercholesterolaemia in adults |vauthors=Qin Y, Niu K, Zeng Y, Liu P, Yi L, Zhang T, Zhang QY, Zhu JD, Mi MT | journal=[[Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]]| year=2013 | volume=2013 | issue=6 | article-number=CD009518 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009518.pub2 | pmid=23744562|pmc=10163823 }}</ref>

====Phytic acid====
Soybeans contain [[phytic acid]], which may act as a [[Chelation|chelating agent]] and inhibit mineral absorption, especially for diets already low in minerals.<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Phytates | title = Toxicants Occurring Naturally in Foods | author = Committee on Food Protection, Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council | publisher = National Academy of Sciences | location = Washington, DC | year = 1973 | isbn = 978-0-309-02117-3 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/toxicantsoccurri0000unse/page/363 363–71] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lIsrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA363 | url = https://archive.org/details/toxicantsoccurri0000unse/page/363 }}</ref>

==In culture==

Although observations of soy consumption inducing [[gynecomastia]] on men<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jorge Martinez, Jack E Lewi |title=An unusual case of gynecomastia associated with soy product consumption |journal=[[Endocrine Practice]]|date=2008|volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=415–418 |doi=10.4158/EP.14.4.415 |pmid=18558591 }}</ref> are not conclusive,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Glenn D. Braunstein |author2=James R. Klinenberg |title=Environmental Gynecomastia |journal=[[Endocrine Practice]]|volume=14 |number=4 |pages=409–411 |date=1 May 2008 | url=https://www.endocrinepractice.org/article/S1530-891X(20)43301-4/fulltext |doi=10.4158/EP.14.4.409|pmid=18558589 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> a pejorative term, "[[soy boy]]", has emerged to describe perceived emasculated young men with [[Femininity|feminine]] traits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/soy-boy-insult-what-is-definition-far-right-men-masculinity-women-a8027816.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/soy-boy-insult-what-is-definition-far-right-men-masculinity-women-a8027816.html |archive-date=May 24, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Soy Boy: What is this new online insult used by the far right?|first=Rachel|last=Hosie|website=The Independent|date=September 30, 2020}}</ref>{{Americana Poster|Soy bean|year=1920}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Food}}
{{div col|small=yes|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Fodder#Common plants specifically grown for fodder|Alternative fodders]]
* [[Cash crop]]
* [[List of soy-based foods]]
* [[Organic infant formula]]
* [[Soy molasses]]
* [[Soybean in Paraguay]]
* [[Soybean management practices]]
* [[Soybean agglutinin]], a lectin
{{div col end}}

==Further reading==
* da Silva, Claiton Marcio; de Majo, Claudio, eds. ''The Age of the Soybean: An Environmental History of Soy during the Great Acceleration'' (White Horse Press, 2022) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58897 online review]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Missouri">{{Cite web|url=https://extension.missouri.edu/publications/g4450|title=Soybean Cyst Nematode: Diagnosis and Management|website=extension.missouri.edu|date=August 2010 }}</ref>
}}
{{reflist|group="RM"}}

=== Works cited ===
*{{Cite book| last1 = Lim | first1 = T. K. | chapter = Glycine max | doi = 10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_79 | title = Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants | pages = 634–714 | year = 2012 | publisher = Springer| location = Dordrecht, NL| isbn = 978-94-007-1763-3 }}

{{Soy}}
{{Agriculture country lists}}
{{Vegetarianism}}
{{Bioenergy}}
{{Nuts}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q11006}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Soybeans| ]]
[[Category:Chinese cuisine]]
[[Category:Crops]]
[[Category:Crops originating from China]]
[[Category:Edible legumes]]
[[Category:Energy crops]]
[[Category:Fabales of Asia]]
[[Category:Fiber plants]]
[[Category:Fodder]]
[[Category:Glycine (plant)]]
[[Category:Japanese cuisine]]
[[Category:Korean cuisine]]
[[Category:Nitrogen-fixing crops]]
[[Category:Phaseoleae]]
[[Category:Soy products|Soy products]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Elmer Drew Merrill]]

Tamil 99

2026-03-22T12:17:18Z

BXIBerniece: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Tamil keyboard layout}}
{{Sources exist|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
[[File:Tamil 99 keyboard.jpg|thumb|Tamil 99 keyboard]]
[[File:Tamil keyboard win.png|thumb|Tamil Inscript keyboard for comparison]]
[[File:Demo video on Tamil99 Typing.ogv|thumb|Demo video on Tamil99 typing (in Tamil language)]]
'''Tamil 99''' is a [[keyboard layout]] approved by the [[Tamil Nadu]] Government. The layout, along with several monolingual and bilingual fonts for use with the [[Tamil language]], was approved by government order on 13 June 1999.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tamil Font Encoding and Keyboard Layout standards of the Tamilnadu Government|url=http://tamilelibrary.org/teli/tnstd.html|publisher=Tamil Electronic Library|date=16 November 2005|accessdate=17 May 2010}}</ref>
Designed for use with a normal QWERTY keyboard, typing follows a consonant-vowel pattern. The arrangement of the characters allow for fast and simple typing for users familiar with the script.

== See also ==
* [[Tamil keyboard]]
* [[InScript keyboard]]
* [[InScript]]
* [[Keyboard layout]]
* [[Tamil (Unicode block)]]
* [[Tamil blogosphere]]
* [[Tamil All Character Encoding]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*
{{Template:Character encodings}}
{{Keyboard layouts}}

[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil input methods]]
[[Category:Keyboard layouts]]
[[Category:Indic computing]]

{{tamil-stub}}
{{Tech-stub}}

I – Proud to Be an Indian

2026-03-10T21:47:06Z

BXIBerniece: created some stub from scratch

{{short description|Indian action drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = I – Proud to Be an Indian
| image = I_Proud_To_Be_An_Indian.jpg
| director = [[Puneet Sira]]
| writer = Puneet Sira [[Vekeana Dhillon]] [[Sohail Khan]] Jay Verma
| screenplay = Puneet Sira Vekeana Dhillon Sohail Khan
| story = Sohail Khan
| producer = Sohail Khan
| starring = Sohail Khan [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] [[Aashif Sheikh]] [[Hina Tasleem]] [[Tim Lawrence (actor)|Tim Lawrence]] [[Dev Patel]] [[Tim Curry]] [[Tim Omotoso]] [[So Solid Crew]] [[Riz MC]] [[Vadivelu]] [[Senthil (actor)|Senthil]]
| narrator = [[Daler Mehndi]]
| cinematography = Dev Verma
| editing = Rakesh Kumar Singh Chirag Jain
| music = [[Daboo Malik]]
| studio = Sohail Khan Productions
| released = {{Film date|2004|02|13|df=y}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi Punjabi English
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''I – Proud to Be an Indian''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action drama]] film written and directed by [[Puneet Sira]] and produced by [[Sohail Khan]].<ref name=bl>{{cite news |title=I - Proud To Be An Indian|url= http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7103/index.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090209083020/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7103/index.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= 9 February 2009|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 February 2004 }}</ref><ref name=sif>{{cite news |title=Fighting racism in 'I' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/fighting-racism-in-i-news-bollywood-kkfvOfehicd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019231138/http://www.sify.com/movies/fighting-racism-in-i-news-bollywood-kkfvOfehicd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 October 2012 |website=[[Sify]] |date=2 January 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Newcomers undeterred by the flop wave|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/newcomers-undeterred-by-the-flop-wave-news-bollywood-kkfvN6ibddh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019231054/http://www.sify.com/movies/newcomers-undeterred-by-the-flop-wave-news-bollywood-kkfvN6ibddh.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 October 2012 |website=[[Sify]]|date=19 February 2004 }}</ref>

The film, about [[racism]] against Asians in [[London]], was shot in a span of thirty days in the UK.<ref name=sif/><ref>{{cite news |last=Dutt |first=Vijay |date=2 December 2003 |title=Bollywood film lays bare ugly face of racism in Britain |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bollywood-film-lays-bare-ugly-face-of-racism-in-britain/story-onV9Uwb6oHZjEd0tPP7m8J.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |location=London |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref>

==Plot==
A Sikh couple alights from a bus at night on an isolated street, the woman is pregnant. They are followed by [[National Front (UK)|National Front]] [[white power skinheads]] and are brutally assaulted, with the wife being [[sodomised]].

"I," along with his father, reach London. They go to the house of their son, who is living along with his wife, son, and teenage daughter. Later, they see the news and learn that the bodies of a Sikh couple were found and it was a suspected racist attack. They attend the last rites of the deceased couple at a [[gurdwara]].

Later on, the same skinheads attack an Indian store owner, and believe that England belongs to the [[Anglo-Saxons|indigenous population]]. The family has to taste racism when Kamal is cornered and molested and she returns home in shock. "I" learns of this and beats off three white racist men. His brother doesn't lodge a police complaint out of concern for his family's well-being and safety, as well as possible sexual assault charges. He tells "I" to keep quiet for the safety of the family, which "I" reluctantly agrees to.

"I" is attacked by a group of Pakistanis (whose leader Aslam runs a boxing club) because he suspects him of stealing his sister's necklace. He lets him go after his sister confirms "I" saved her from a white racist group who tried to attack and assault her, in the process leaving her necklace behind, which "I" finds. "I" finds out after an outing with the sister that one of the attackers was the sister's brother. Later on, "I" goes to the boxing club and challenges Aslam to a boxing match, which results in a respectful draw between the two. "I" reminds Aslam they are from the same culture, traditions, and part of the world, and even if they are from different countries, their people should always stick together and fight against racism and inequality and not side with the racists out of fear and just to lead a peaceful life.

The fight and this advice from "I" lead to the two having respect for each other and eventually lead to them becoming close friends. Aslam, after the powerful advice from "I," ultimately gains the courage to stand up to the racist group, killing one of their members, but this leads to his brutal räpe and death by the gang. Later on, "I" fights Nicky (the gang leader of the racist group), and "I" wins.

==Cast==
*[[Sohail Khan]] as I
*[[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as I's father
*[[Aashif Sheikh]] as I's brother
*[[Mona Ambegaonkar]] as Kamal, I's sister in law.
*[[Hina Tasleem]] as Noor Firoz
*[[Vadivelu]] as corner shop owner
*[[Senthil (actor)|Senthil]] in cameo as beating victim
*[[Tim Lawrence (actor)|Tim Lawrence]] as Nicky Crane
*[[Tim Curry]] as college professor
*[[Tim Omotoso]] as Nigerian pastor
*Alex Mileman as Crumb
*James Owen as Monk
*[[Jack Renshaw]] as Knob
*[[Stephen Yaxley-Lennon]] as Bel-Lend
*[[Maxim Martsinkevich]] as Uncle Vlad
*[[Nick Griffin]] as himself
*[[So Solid Crew]] as anti-skinhead gang
*[[Sizzla Kalonji]] as anti-skinhead Yardie
*[[Capleton]] as Yardie gang member
*[[Vybz Kartel]] as Yardie gang member
*[[Linton Kwesi Johnson]] as black revolutionary
*[[Julius Malema]] as black revolutionary
*[[Apache Indian (musician)|Apache Indian]] as Raj
*Imran Ali Khan as Aslam
*[[Riz MC]] as interviewee on TV
*[[Punjabi MC]] as performer at wedding
*[[Daler Mehndi]] as performer at wedding
*Kieran Markham as Wedding Guest
*[[Ben Dover]] as Wedding Guest
*[[Linsey Dawn McKenzie]] as item girl

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0379818|title=I – Proud to Be an Indian}}
*[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/i-proud-to-be-an-indian/ ''I – Proud To Be An Indian''] at [[Bollywood Hungama]] ([[IndiaFM]])

{{DEFAULTSORT:I - Proud to Be an Indian}}
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2004 action drama films]]
[[Category:British Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about racism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films about bullying]]
[[Category:Skinhead films]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]

{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}

VIBGYOR Group of Schools

2026-03-07T13:29:39Z

BXIBerniece: started a article!

{{Short description|Indian educational group}}
{{Multiple issues|{{COI|date=January 2022}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=January 2022}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox school
| name = VIBGYOR Group Of Schools
| logo = VIBGYOR Group of Schools logo.svg
| motto = Enthuse Enlighten Empower
| country = India
| state = [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Haryana]]
| type = Private school
| established = 2004
| school_board = CISCE, CBSE, CAIE
| oversight = EduSpark International Private Limited, Mumbai
| chairman = Rustom Kerawalla<ref>[https://www.vibgyorhigh.com/our-team/rustom-kerawalla.php Rustom Kerawalla]</ref>
| employees = 7000
| grades = Playschool - 12th grade (ICSE, CBSE, CIE, A-level)
| ratio = 1:10 (Average student ratio)
| campuses = Mumbai, Bengaluru, Mangalore, Coimbatore, Pune, Vadodara, Lucknow, Kolhapur, Surat, Gurgaon, Wagholi, Kalyan, Nashik, Navi Mumbai, Indore, Airoli, Kharghar
| enrolment = 55000
}}
[[File:VIBGYOR High Goregaon.jpg|thumb|VIBGYOR High in Goregaon, Mumbai]]
'''VIBGYOR Group of Schools''' is an Indian educational group. Founded by Rustom Kerawalla in 2004, the first school was established in [[Goregaon]], [[Mumbai]]. Presently, it manages forty schools in fourteen Indian cities. The Group's motto is "Enthuse, enlighten, empower."<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2024 |title=Vibgyor |url=https://www.vgos.org |access-date=18 October 2024 |website=Vibgyor Group}}</ref>

==Curriculum==
The VIBGYOR Group runs ''VIBGYOR Kids'' (pre-schools), ''VIBGYOR High'' (grades 1-12), ''VIBGYOR Rise'' (grades 1-12), ''VIBGYOR Roots'' (pre-schools), and ''VIBGYOR World Academy'' (pre-school to grade 5). The ''High'' school offers a choice between the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE), [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (IGCSE) and A-levels. The ''World Academy'' offers the [[Cambridge Assessment International Education|Cambridge International Examinations]] (CIE) curriculum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2024 |title=School curricula |url=https://www.vgos.org/curriculum |access-date=18 October 2024 |website=Vibgyor Group}}</ref>

Since 2011, the Group hosts the annual VIBGYOR [[Model United Nations]] (MUN) in the summer, open to high school students.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2011 |title=Vibgyor MUN |url=https://www.vgos.org/v-mun |access-date=18 October 2024 |website=Vibgyor MUN}}</ref>

==Controversies==
===Bangalore rape incident===
On 2 July 2014, a six-year-old female student was allegedly raped by two staff members of VIBGYOR High School, [[Marathahalli]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]. A medical examination confirmed the girl was sexually abused,<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore: Test confirms sexual assault on 6-year-old |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/420378/bangalore-test-confirms-sexual-assault.html |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> prompting protests across Bengaluru<ref>{{cite news|title=6-Year-Old's Alleged Rape in School Sparks Massive Protests in Bangalore|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/6-year-old-s-alleged-rape-in-school-sparks-massive-protests-in-bangalore-560251|publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> and India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Child raped in Bangalore school, parents protest|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/child-raped-in-bangalore-school-parents-protest/article6221227.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name=charges>{{cite news|author1=M K Madhusoodan|title=Bangalore East school gang rape: Cops file chargesheet|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Bangalore-East-school-gang-rape-Cops-file-chargesheet/articleshow/44917302.cms|access-date=4 May 2015|work=Time of India|date=23 October 2014}}</ref> Group chairman, Rustom Kerawala, was arrested on 23 July 2014 on charges of intentionally suppressing information, but later released on bail.<ref name="dhrustom">{{cite news|title=Vibgyor High chief arrested on charge of rape cover-up|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/421512/vibgyor-high-chief-arrested-charge.html|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref name="express1">{{cite news|author1=Santosh Kumar R B|title=Bangalore police book Vibgyor school chairman for suppressing rape incident|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/bangalore-police-book-vibgyor-school-chairman-for-suppressing-rape-incident/|access-date=4 May 2015|work=The Indian Express|date=24 October 2014}}</ref> Two gym teachers were arrested and the police chargesheet was filed in October 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 July 2014 |title=India rape claim: Bangalore school's gym instructors arrested |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-28539004 |access-date=4 May 2015 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Schools}}
*[[List of schools in Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website}}
* {{cite news|author1=Meenakshi Rohatgi|title=Pune boy tops Cambridge international exam|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-boy-tops-Cambridge-international-exam/articleshow/42200317.cms|access-date=4 May 2015|work=Times of India|date=11 September 2014}}

[[Category:Cambridge schools in India]]
[[Category:Central Board of Secondary Education]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2004]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Gujarat]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Karnataka]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Schools in Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Schools in Haryana]]
[[Category:Education in Kalyan-Dombivli]]
[[Category:Schools in Indore]]
[[Category:Private schools in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Schools in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Hukumat

2026-03-03T23:49:47Z

BXIBerniece: formatting fix

{{unreliable sources|date=May 2014}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

{{Infobox film
| name = {{Lang|hi-latn|Hukumat}}
| image = Hukumat poster.jpg

| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]
| producer = K.C Sharma
| writer = Anil Sharma
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Dharmendra]]|[[Rati Agnihotri]]}}
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = Anil Dhanda
| editing =
| studio = Shantketan Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1987|03|27}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''{{Lang|hi-latn|Hukumat}}''' ({{translation|Rule}}) is a 1987 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]], starring [[Dharmendra]] and [[Rati Agnihotri]], while [[Swapna (actress)|Swapna]] and [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] play supporting roles. The film became the highest-grossing [[Bollywood]] film of 1987. It also received highly positive response from critics.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kanwar, Rachna |title=25 Must See Bollywood Movies |date=3 October 2005 |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/Special_Features/25_Must_See_Bollywood_Movies/articleshow/msid-1250837,curpg-10.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015033756/http://movies.indiatimes.com/Special_Features/25_Must_See_Bollywood_Movies/articleshow/msid-1250837%2Ccurpg-10.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2007 |publisher=Indiatimes movies |accessdate=2010-11-08 }}</ref> It was remade in Tamil as ''[[Puthiya Vaanam]]''.

==Plot==
Arjun Singh is a dare-devil upright cop who believes in dealing strongly with criminals. D.I.G. Khan does not agree with his ways and there is always a disagreement between the two. Arjun is sent on a special mission to Shanti Nagar, which in under the police scanner due to some shady activities going on there. On reaching Shanti Nagar, Arjun sees that it is ruled by a wealthy businessman, Deen Bandhu Deena Nath aka D.B.D.N., who has very high contacts. He has terrorised the town with the help of his convoy of uniformed men who kill the citizens at will. Arjun realises that D.B.D.N is none other than Mangal Singh, the corrupt police officer who had killed Shankardayal Singh, Arjun's father when Arjun was a child. Arjun gets thirsty for D.B.D.N's blood, but is stopped by D.I.G Khan. But when D.B.D.N kills Arjun's young son, Arjun, with the help of D.I.G Khan sets out to overturn the evil rule (Hukumat) of D.B.D.N

== Cast ==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Actor
!Character
|-
|[[Dharmendra]]
|S.P. Arjun Singh
|-
|[[Shammi Kapoor]]
|D.I.G. Khan
|-
|[[Rati Agnihotri]]
|Kusum Singh
|-
|[[Swapna (actress)|Swapna]]
|Sonia
|-
|[[Goga Kapoor]]
|Jamaal Sen
|-
|[[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]]
|Mangal Singh /Deenbandhu Dinanath (DBDN)
|-
|[[Prem Chopra]]
|Nanumal Thekedar
|-
|[[Deepak Qazir]]
|DBDN Secretary
|-
|[[Joginder]]
|Dharam Singh
|-
|[[Praveen Kumar Sobti]]
|Rakhshash

|-
|[[Deep Dhillon]]
|DBDN Henchman
|-
|[[Lilliput (actor)|Lilliput]]
|Bhimsen
|-
|[[Padma Khanna]]
|Ramkatori
|-
|[[Sudhir (Hindi actor)|Sudhir]]
|Javed
|-
|[[Jankidas]]
|Railway Ticket Collector of Shantinagar
|-
|[[Pinchoo Kapoor]]
|Keshav Lal
|-
|[[Rajendra Nath]]
|Charlie
|-
|[[Raj Kishore]]
|Chalta Firta Market
|-
|[[Beena Banerjee]]
|Village Woman
|-
| [[Parikshit Sahni]]
| Shankardayal Singh
|-
|[[Jugal Hansraj]]
|Chintu
|-
|[[Sudhir Dalvi]]
|Sonia's Dad
|-
| [[Chandrashekhar (actor)|Chandrashekhar Vaidya]]
|Minister
|-
|[[Guddi Maruti]]
|Rowspan="2"|Prostitutes in Red Light Area Dancer in "Ram Ram Bol" song
|-
|[[Huma Khan]]
|-
|[[K.N. Singh]]
|DBDN Friend's (Cameo}
|-
|[[Bob Christo]]
|Bob (Cameo)
|-
|[[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]]
|Chinese Lady (Cameo)
|-
|[[Rajan Haksar]]
|Pakistani Man (Cameo)
|}

==Soundtrack==
Music for the film was scored by the duo of [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dharmendra – Biography |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/artists/Dharmendra/biography-3730.html |publisher=Yahoo! Movies |accessdate=2010-12-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016114607/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/artists/Dharmendra/biography-3730.html |archivedate=16 October 2009 }}</ref>
All lyrics are by [[Verma Malik]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Na Zulm Na Zalim Ka"
| [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Mohammed Aziz]]
|-
| 2
| "Es Afsar Ka Baja"
| [[Shabbir Kumar]], Kavita Krishnamurthy
|-
| 3
| "Ram Ram Bol"
| Shabbir Kumar, Alka Yagnik, Kavita Krishnamurthy
|-
| 4
| "Zulm Karne Se Bura Hai"
| Alka Yagnik, Kavita Krishnamurthy, Mohammed Aziz
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0359440|title=Hukumat }}

[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anil Sharma]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Mehbooba (1976 film)

2026-03-03T23:36:42Z

BXIBerniece: typo fix

{{short description|1976 film by Shakti Samanta}}
{{other uses|Mehbooba (2008 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mehbooba
| image = Mehbooba 1976 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Shakti Samanta]]
| producer = [[Mushir Alam|Mushir-Riaz]]
| writer = [[Gulshan Nanda]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Rajesh Khanna]] [[Hema Malini]] [[Prem Chopra]] [[Nazir Hussain]]
| music = [[Rahul Dev Burman]] [[Anand Bakshi]] (lyrics)
| cinematography = [[Aloke Dasgupta]]
| editing = Bijoy Chowdhury
| studio = M. R. Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1976|07|19}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Mehbooba''''' is a 1976 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama film]] based on the reincarnation theme, produced by Mushir-Riaz and directed by [[Shakti Samanta]]. The film stars [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Hema Malini]] and [[Prem Chopra]] in pivotal roles. The music is composed by [[Rahul Dev Burman]]. The film is noted for an impressive performance by the lead pair and for its haunting melodies such as "Mere Naina Sawan Bhadon" sung separately by both [[Kishore Kumar]] and [[Lata Mangeshkar]], "Chalo Ri" and the duet "Parbat Ke Peeche". The movie is based on [[Gulshan Nanda]]'s novel ''Sisakate Saaz.'' Nanda has also written the screenplay.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/Picture-Gallery/fans-remember-rajesh-khanna-on-his-first-death-anniversary/3076-6.html|title=Photos: Fans remember Rajesh Khanna on his first death anniversary Photo Gallery, Picture News Gallery – The Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref><

==Plot==

Singer Suraj ([[Rajesh Khanna]]) is presented with a tanpura by his fiancée's father. Thereafter, he starts hearing a haunting song at nights. One day, while going for a stage show, stuck in heavy rain, he goes to a small unknown motel, where he meets a woman named Ratna. During the night, he sees Ratna, singing the same song he often hears at night, and walking towards a dilapidated palace. Instinctively, he follows her into the haveli and calls out her name. He is told by an old keeper of the palace that Ratna died more than 1000 years ago and people believe that she still haunts that place.

As he walks around, a portrait of Ratna makes Suraj remember their previous life where he was Prakash, the chief singer of the royal court and was in love with Ratna ([[Hema Malini]]), the court dancer. They are unable to get married as Prakash is betrothed to Jamuna and Ratna is destined to become the royal courtesan. They decided to elope but are killed on their way. They die promising each other that they will meet again.

Coming back to his senses, Suraj feels confused. He then runs into a gypsy girl Jhumri, ([[Hema Malini]]) who he believes is Ratna's reincarnation. He is able to make Jhumri remember her past life and her love for Prakash. The two declare their undying love for each other. This angers Suraj's fiancée Rita Malhotra ([[Asha Sachdev]]), as well as Popatlal ([[Prem Chopra]]), who is after Jhumri. Popatlal steals the portrait, and sets the gypsies against Suraj, ensuring a fight between Suraj and the gypsies. How Suraj and Jhumri overcome all obstacles and consummate their relationship this time round forms the climax.

==Cast==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Actor !!Role !!Notes
|-
|[[Rajesh Khanna]]
|Prakash & Suraj ||
|-
|[[Hema Malini]]
|Ratna & Jhumri ||
|-
|[[Prem Chopra]]
|Appa ||
|-
|[[Asrani (actor)|Asrani]]
|Sinha ||
|-
|[[Sujit Kumar]]
|Dr. Vinod ||
|-
|[[Madan Puri]]
|Sardar ||
|-
|[[Manmohan Krishna]]
|Bandhe Ali Khan
|
|-
|[[Asha Sachdev]]
|Rita Malhotra ||
|-
|[[Harindranath Chattopadhyay]]
|Rita's father ||
|-
|[[Nazir Hussain]]
|Guruji
|
|-
|Meena T.
|Gauri ||
|-
|[[Leela Mishra]]
|Jhumri's mother
|
|-
|[[Alankar Joshi]]
|Buntu
|
|-
|[[Chandrashekhar]]
|Thakur Himmat Singh ||
|-
|[[Yogeeta Bali]]
|Jamuna Singh
|Guest Appearance
|-
|}

==Crew==
*'''Director''': [[Shakti Samanta]]
*'''Story''': [[Gulshan Nanda]]
*'''Screenplay''': [[Gulshan Nanda]]
*'''Dialogue''': Akhtar Romani
*'''Producer''': Mushir Alam, Mohammad Riaz
*'''Production Company''': M. R. Productions
*'''Cinematographer''': [[Aloke Dasgupta]]
*'''Editor''': Bijoy Chowdhary
*'''Art Director''': Shanti Dass
*'''Stunts''': [[M. B. Shetty]]
*'''Costume and Wardrobe''': [[Bhanu Athaiya]], Jaya Chakravarthy, Dattaram, [[Shalini Shah]], Shriman
*'''Choreographer''': Suresh Bhatt, Gopi Krishna{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}}
*'''Music Director''': [[Rahul Dev Burman]]
*'''Lyricist''': [[Anand Bakshi]]
*'''Playback Singers''': [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Manna Dey]]

== Awards ==

; [[24th Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>

'''Nominated'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Hema Malini]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[Prem Chopra]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – [[R. D. Burman]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] – [[Anand Bakshi]] for "Mere Naina Sawan Bhadon"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]] – [[Gulshan Nanda]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[R. D. Burman]]. The songs "Mere Naina Sawan Bhadon", "Mehbooba" (title track) and "Parbat Ke Peechhe" were popular numbers.

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
![[Raga]]
|-
| "Mere Naina" (Male)
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|[[Shivaranjani]]
|-
| "Mehbooba Mehbooba"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|
|-
| "Parbat Ke Peechhe Chambe Da Gaon"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|[[Jogiya (raga)]]
|-
| "Chalo Ri, Chalo Ri"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|
|-
| "Main Tawaif Hoon"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|
|-
| "Jamuna Kinare Aaja"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|[[Bihag]]
|-
| "Mere Naina" (Female)
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|[[Shivaranjani]]
|-
| "Gori Tori Paijaniya"
| [[Manna Dey]]
|[[Sarang (family of ragas)]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0268449}}

[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:1976 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shakti Samanta]]
[[Category:Films about reincarnation]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:1976 romantic drama films]]

Wilson College, Mumbai

2026-03-03T20:11:36Z

BXIBerniece: Expanded content with additional details

{{short description|College established in 1832 in Mumbai, India}}
{{Overly detailed|date=October 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Wilson College
| image = [[File:Wilson College, Mumbai (Coat of Arms).png|120px]]
| image_size = 250px
| caption = The Wilson College at Girgaon Chowpatty, Mumbai
| motto = ''Fides Spes Caritas''
| motto_lang = [[Latin]]
| mottoeng = ''Faith, Hope and Love''
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1832}}
| founder = Rev. [[John Wilson (Scottish missionary)]]
| type = [[Public]]
| principal = Jamson Masih (In-charge) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wilsoncollege.edu/#Principalsmsg|title=Home - Wilson College|access-date=9 November 2019|archive-date=9 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109174749/http://wilsoncollege.edu/#Principalsmsg|url-status=live}}</ref>
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Urban
| nickname =
| website = {{URL|wilsoncollege.edu}}
| logo = [[File:Wilson College.png|200px]]
| location =
| coor =
| colors = {{color box|#5386C5}} {{color box|#D5B262}}
| affiliations = [[University of Mumbai]]
| chairman = Paritosh Canning
}}

The '''Wilson College''', established in 1832 in [[Mumbai]], is one of India's oldest<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/wilson-gets-autonomy-in-over-2-yrs-2-fold-rise-in-such-colleges-under-mumbai-university/articleshow/87529607.cms|title=Wilson College gets autonomy; in over 2 years, two-fold rise in such colleges under Mumbai University|date= 5 Nov 2021|website=Times of India}}</ref> colleges;<ref>{{cite book|last=Raghavan|first=GNS|title=The Making of Modern India: Rammohun Roy to Gandhi and Nehru|year=1987|publisher=Gian Publishing House|location=New Delhi}}</ref> its foundation precedes that of the [[University of Mumbai]], (to which it is affiliated), by 25 years.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tikekar, Aroon and Tikekara Aruna|title=The Cloister's Pale: A Biography of the University of Mumbai|year=2006|publisher=University of Bombay|location=Mumbai}}</ref> Wilson College was granted autonomy by Mumbai University in November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/ugc-gives-chowpatty-s-185-year-old-wilson-college-autonomous-status-101636027627927.html|title=UGC gives Chowpatty's 185-year-old Wilson College autonomous status|work=Hindustan Times |date=4 November 2021|access-date=7 November 2021|archive-date=6 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106235229/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/ugc-gives-chowpatty-s-185-year-old-wilson-college-autonomous-status-101636027627927.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was awarded an A rating by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) in 2005.

Located opposite Mumbai's [[Girgaon Chowpatty]], the college building was constructed in 1889 and designed by John Adams in the domestic [[Victorian Gothic]] style.<ref>{{cite book|last=London|first=Christopher W|title=Bombay Gothic|publisher=IBH Pvt Ltd}}</ref> It is listed as a Grade III heritage structure in the city. {{As of|2011}}, the college offered a variety of subjects for both higher secondary and undergraduate students which include University Aided courses for the Arts and the Sciences as well as self-financed courses such as Mass Media, Information Technology, Management Studies, Biotechnology, Electronics & Computer Science.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wilson College Homepage|url=http://www.wilsoncollege.edu/AboutUs10.html|access-date=15 September 2011|archive-date=3 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903011902/http://www.wilsoncollege.edu/AboutUs10.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Wilson College Bombay 1893.jpg|thumb|Wilson College, 1893]]
[[File:Wilson College (20th century).jpg|thumb|Wilson College (20th century)]]
[[File:John Wilson from Disruption Worthies.png|thumb|[[John Wilson (Scottish missionary)|John Wilson]] from Disruption Worthies]]
The Wilson College was founded by the Scottish missionary Rev. [[John Wilson (missionary)|John Wilson]], in 1832.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/D%20Ward/Heritage-Sites/Heritage-21.pdf |title= John Wilson (1804-1875) |author= |date= |website= Mumbai Legacy Project, D Ward |publisher= |access-date= September 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://wilsoncollege.edu/ProspectusNew/Prospectus4__.pdf |title= Wilson College Prospectus 2025-26, page 3 |author= |date= |website= Wilson College |publisher= |access-date= September 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref> Beginning as Ambroli English School in [[Girgaum]], Mumbai, it later saw several changes of sites and names, eventually being called the Wilson School.<ref>{{cite book |last=Various|title=The Life of Rev. Dr. John Wilson}}</ref> The collegiate section, from which Wilson College evolved, came about in 1836.

Soon after their arrival in Mumbai in February 1829, Wilson and his wife Margaret Wilson began studying the local language of Marathi. Margaret started a school for girls in 1829 at Ambroli House in Girgaum at Mumbai, with Marathi being the chief medium of instruction and learning. An English boarding school was opened in 1832, which later became the St. Columba School. The Ambroli English School is the direct forerunner of the present college.

On 14 December 1861, the collegiate section of Wilson's institution under the name of Free General Assembly's Institution became the first privately owned, non-government institution to be affiliated to the university.<ref>''The Wilsonian''. 1942.</ref> In 1952, the management of the college came under an autonomous Board of Governors in India. Since 1963, the college functions under the management of John Wilson Education Society. Wilson College<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/priests-students-residents-protest-against-handover-of-wilson-college-gymkhana-to-jain-body-101770059320003.html|title=Priests, students, residents protest against handover of Wilson College Gymkhana to Jain body|date = 3 Feb 2026|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> is a Christian minority institution and is closely related to CNI. It aims at education of the Christian community and extends its facilities and services to other communities too.

The students of Wilson College are from nearly every ethnic, religious and social group, of the country as well as of the world.

The motto of the college is "Fides, Spes, Caritas" (Vishwas, Asha, Prem) — Faith (in God), Hope (that the college can achieve the highest level of moral, spiritual and intellectual excellence, and love that steers one through life).<ref>''The Wilsonian''. 1965.</ref>

After the death of Dr. Wilson in 1875, Rev Dr [[Dugald Mackichan]] served as a successor, having already served the college for six months at the time of Wilson's death. Nine years later, Mackichan became principal and held the position until 1920, becoming one of the most distinguished principals of the college.<ref>''The Wilsonian''. 1948.</ref> Mackichan, who taught physics and was instrumental for setting up the college's physics laboratory, was a distinguished physicist in his own right and had formerly worked with British scientist Lord Kelvin.

The Postal Department, Government of India honoured its founder and the institution by issuing a Special Day Postal Cover in 2004. In 2007 to commemorate the completion of its 175 years, a stamp and first day cover of Wilson College was issued.

==''The Wilsonian''==

''The Wilsonian'', the annual magazine publication of Wilson College, was first printed and published from Pune by the Scottish Mission Industries Co. Ltd. on behalf of the Wilson College Literary Society with the first issue appearing in 1909.<ref>''The Wilsonian''. 1983.</ref>

The names of the editors do not appear until 1933. ''The Wilsonian'' was published twice a year from 1909 until 1944, when it was decided to publish it only once a year. ''The Wilsonian'' has been an annual publication ever since. Launching its debut issue, the motto of ''The Wilsonian'' was:

<blockquote>Be thou the bond to bind in love and peace 
Wilsonians all that are 
And were, and are to be</blockquote>

==Architecture==
[[File:Wilson College Mumbai 2007 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Wilson College on a 2007 stamp of India]]
The building has first-floor classrooms with teakwood trusses. These classrooms are protected by deep verandahs, which overlook the Girgaum Chowpatty beach and are protected by the Mangalore tiled roof.{{CN|date=November 2025}}

[[File:Wilson college at night.jpg|thumb|The college at night]]

The arched veranda with its segmental sandstone arches on the ground floor forms one of the common features of the building. The deep over-hanging verandahs on the west façade facing the sea form a buffer between the classrooms and the exteriors. They bear the brunt of the heavy rains and the sunlight.<ref name="Dilawari">{{cite book|last=Dilawari|first=Vikas|title=Conservation Report for the Proposed Restoration of the Wilson College Building, Chowpatty}}</ref>

As seen in most of the buildings in that period, Minton tiles have been used for the college verandah flooring.{{CN|date=November 2025}} The main staircase area has some mosaic tile decoration with floral motifs.

The use of red terracotta tiles in the first floor and the second floor makes the floor look different and these are in a relatively good condition. Many original teakwood doors and windows still exist in the college.{{CN|date=November 2025}}

The entrance lobby with its grand staircase is one of the features in all the buildings designed by John Adams. The grand timber staircase with the multi-foil circular panel design in the handrail is another feature extensively used by John Adams in his design. The classrooms have been designed north–south opening into the west verandah. They have ample windows for ventilation and natural light.<ref name="Dilawari"/>

The library with its teakwood mezzanines and catwalks is one of the best-maintained areas in the college.{{CN|date=November 2025}} The teakwood mezzanines are the extra reading and storage areas in the library – the library furniture has been designed keeping in mind the exact space provision for the storage. The library is divided into bays, which are partitioned with the storage cupboards.

The assembly hall is designed with two level balconies, which were designed to accommodate an orchestra for important functions. The teakwood balcony is supported on the teakwood decorative brackets. There is a multi-foil circular stained glass window with the college crest on it.<ref name="Dilawari"/>

[[File:The Fountain at Wilson College interiors.jpg|thumb|An over head view of the white marble courtyard Fountain in the college interiors.]]

The chapel is placed in the north-west corner of the building. The central nave with its arches and the columns has been designed with good acoustics.{{CN|date=November 2025}} Each bay of the nave and the side isle has the original lamp fittings illuminating the chapel.

The white marble courtyard fountain is renaissance revival fountain based on one of the famous designs of the famous Italian sculptor Gianlo Renzo Bernini. The fountain is a 3-piece sculptor and is a garden ornament fountain, an order from the catalogue, which was a typical feature in the 19th century. The sculpture depicts the scroll motifs and the long tresses of hair representing the water and river sea nymphs. Fish motifs can also be seen in the hands of the sea nymphs.<ref name="Dilawari"/>

==Facilities==
===Library===

The Wilson College Library was established in 1832. At present it holds approximately 73,000 books and has a staff ch contains information about the location of books. Students can find the books if they enter the name of the author, the book or the theme. The library can accommodate more than 100 students at a time.<ref>''The Wilsonian''. 1960.</ref>

The Reference Section extends to the old hall and contains a wide range of books such as encyclopaedias, world books, dictionaries, thesaurus, competitive exam digests, books on history, etc., theses and dissertations, mini displays, magazines and newspapers are also a part of the reference section. The library has taken annual membership with N LIST to access E-resources.

The library also has a rare book section which includes books such as Commentary of Newton's Principia, Minute Book – Dr. Machichan's Signature, Italian–English Dictionary-1829, Madras Christian College Magazine 1890–91, The Holy Bible −1610 A.D., A Sanskrit-English Dictionary by Monier Williams-1872 and Dictionary of English Language-VOL.II-Samuel Johnson-1773.
The library also has a digitalised collection and microfilms of Old Gujarati books. It offers immediate access of books to those pursuing a MA, MSC and PhD and offers open access to staff and students. It also issues books to alumni and retired teachers.

===Hostels===
The Wilson College runs three hostels to provide accommodation for its students.

St. Andrew's House is one of the two boys' hostels run by the college, and was established in 1961.<ref>{{cite web|title=St. Andrew's Hostel Homepage|url=http://andrewshouse.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemid=2}}</ref>

There are 21 double rooms and 11 single rooms in the hostel. Since 1984, St. Andrews House has organised an annual mini-marathon. Sandathon is an exclusive inter-hostel road race for undergraduate residents of the hostel.<ref>''The Wilsonian''. 1990.</ref>

Since 2004, this marathon has become open to other college students from Mumbai. The hostel regularly publishes newsletters (Sandy News) and magazines (Sandy Vision). The hostel is also wi-fi enabled.
Mackichan Hall, named after Dr Dugald Mackichan (Principal of the college from 1884 to 1920) is the other boys’ hostel run by Wilson College.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mackichan Hall Homepage|url=http://www.mackichanhall.com/history.htm|access-date=15 September 2011|archive-date=27 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827093212/http://www.mackichanhall.com/history.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> There are 46 single rooms and 12 sharing rooms in the hostel.

Pandita Ramabai Hostel (PRH), the girls’ hostel of Wilson College was established in 1932.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pandita Ramabai Hostel Homepage|url=http://prhostel.com/info.html|access-date=15 September 2011|archive-date=2 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402122222/http://prhostel.com/info.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The hostel conducts an annual ‘Fresher’s Night’ where the new residents come together and perform for other residents of the hostel. PRH also has a tradition where residents send anonymous gifts to fellow residents at Christmas, with the names being revealed on Christmas Eve.

===Chapel===

The Wilson College Chapel is open during the college hours for private prayer and meditation.
Short prayer services that include Hymns and Bible reading are conducted every day during the morning and the afternoon recess in the chapel.

The chapel organises a festival called the "Chapel-O-Fiesta" with games and events. It also organises various [[YMCA]] camps in Maharashtra. The chapel also has a choir which stood won the intercollegiate carol singing competition at [[Sophia College]] in 2010.

The 75th jubilee of the chapel occurred in 2010.

===The Andrew’s Vision Centre===

The Andrew's Vision Centre popularly known as the AVC came into existence in 2008. The residents of the Saint Andrew's House supported the initiative and raised funds for the establishment of the AVC through Sandyfest, a special festival which was conducted by the Saint Andrew's House. The motto of the Andrew's Vision Center is "To help visually challenged students to be educationally, technologically, psychologically and socially enriched so that they are better equipped to face the challenges of life"

The Andrew's Vision Centre is sponsored and supported by the Rolta Foundation, alumni and the well-wishers of the hostel. The AVC provides a platform for visually impaired students to study in and is located near the Audio Visual room of the college. The center is open from 9 am to 4 pm.

'NVDA’ and ‘JAWS’ are the software used by the students to scan and read their notes. ‘Talking typing teacher’ is also used to help students improve their communication skills, English grammar and to learn new words in the English language.<ref>{{cite book|last=St. Andrew's House|title=The Golden Chronicles – Saint Andrew's House Golden Jubilee – A commemoration 1961–2011.|year=2011|publisher=Ebenezer Printing House|location=Mumbai}}</ref>

The volunteers associated with the centre record notes for the students. It also provides general knowledge books in Braille and textbooks and notes of Standard 12 (Maharashtra Board) in Braille for the students. The centre also has books and notes of different subjects which can be accessed and read by the students with the special software called ‘Dazy’.

The AVC at present has 24 visually challenged students. The students of the centre represent the Wilson College in different competitions conducted by various colleges in Mumbai. The students also participated in an exhibition match for the visually challenged students which is organised by Saint Andrew's House. The Wilson College Blind Football Team was formed in the early days of 2017. They acquired an impressive victory over the rest of Mumbai teams and went on to play in the National Blind Football Match held in Cochin, Kerala. The AVC students actively participate in all college activities and events.

'Third Eye' is the annual event conducted by the Andrew's Vision Center, conducted usually during December, it is a platform where the visually challenged students showcase their talents in different areas like sports, gymnastics, cultural events etc. It attracts a huge crowd every year and is a major event in the college.
Real Eye, is a cricket match first hosted in 2008 for the visually challenged students. AVC students regularly takes part in career workshops, theatrical workshops etc., Collaborations with the National Association for the Blind and Thomas Cook Center of learning and management.

The AVC uses many instruments, to help the students to learn. Some instruments used are Angel recorders, Braille Typewriter, Braille Stensils etc.

===Civil Service Study Centre===

The Civil Service Study Centre is located in the Saint Andrew's House and provides a platform for those students of Wilson College whose interest lies in joining the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and Indian Police Service (IPS).

The Civil Service Study Centre periodically organises discussions and debates for the students on general topics. The students are divided into groups and are given weekly assignments based on a particular theme. The centre is a platform where weekly tests are conducted for the students to get acquainted with the papers of the UPSC and MPSC examinations.

The Civil Service Study Centre with the grant from the University Grant's Commission (UCG) acquired over 1000 books which are useful for the preparations for the Union Public Service Commission examinations (UPSC) and Maharashtra Service Public Commission (MPSC) examinations.<ref>{{cite book|last=St. Andrew's House|title=The Golden Chronicles – Saint Andrew's House Golden Jubilee – A commemoration 1961–2011.|year=2011|publisher=Ebenezer Printing House|location=Mumbai}}</ref>

There are books on varied subjects including general studies, history, sociology, political science and economics in addition to atlases and maps. The centre also subscribes to magazines like ‘Pratyogita Darpan’, ‘Competition Wizard’ and ‘Competition Success’. In addition, weeklies and dailies like Tehelka, India Today, The Week and Frontline, The Hindu and The Indian Express are available for reference.

===Political Science Association===
The Political Science Association was formed in 1991–92 by the Political Science department of Wilson College.

In August 1992, the association organised an exhibition of 15 political systems in the world. Countries like USA, USSR, UK, France, Switzerland, India, her neighbours and some African countries were included. The exhibition received wide press coverage and was also exhibited in Mantralaya in February 1992. The same year some members of the association also paid a visit to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly.<ref>''The Wilsonian''. 1992.</ref>

In the year 1994–95, the association's magazine ‘The Voice’ was launched during Political Science fest.<ref>''The Wilsonian''. 1995.</ref> Efforts were made to revive the Political Science Association in 2003–04 but, circumstances and inertia came in the way of activities. It gained a whole new momentum in the year 2010. The association is planning to organise staff-student debates, elocution and talks with eminent speakers, writers and editors. In 2011, Vaibhav Purandare, journalist at Hindustan Times and author of The Sena Story visited the college and spoke to the students about corruption, politics and other current issues. The members are taking initiatives to republish the yearly magazine. The membership of the association is open to all students of Wilson College with a membership fee of Rs 30.

===Wilson Gymkhana===
[[File:The Wilson College Gymkhana.png|thumb|The Wilson College Gymkhana, one of the oldest in the city, provides many sports facilities for students.]]

Wilson College has its own Gymkhana, with a wide range of facilities for indoor and outdoor sports. These include Athletics, Football, Cricket, Rugby, Hockey, Badminton, Weight Lifting, Boxing, Gymnastics, Table Tennis, Carrom, Chess etc. Founded by former principal, Dr. Dugald Mackichan on 17 March 1910<ref>''The Wilsonian''. 2006.</ref> it is located on Marine Drive alongside popular Gymkhanas like the [[Hindu Gymkhana, Mumbai|Hindu Gymkhana]] and [[Islam Gymkhana, Mumbai|Islam Gymkhana]].

During its initial years, two tennis courts situated side by side and a cricket pitch in the center were prepared. Tennis and Cricket were the two most popular outdoor games at the time. However, a need for a pavilion building was urgently felt and efforts were made in that direction. Sir Shapurji Bharucha played a major role in the process, donating INR 10,000/- to meet the cost of construction.

The new pavilion building was opened by [[Lord Willingdon]], former governor of Bombay, on 20 December 1916. Since then, sporting activities of the college have expanded immensely, with the school producing sportspersons at state, national and even international level.

Apart from conventional sports, the college delved into less popular sports like Rugby, Water Polo and Yachting. Rugby was introduced in 1970 by former chemistry professor, Dr. James Barton.

Former Indian Cricketer, [[Dilip Sardesai]]; [[Woman International Master]] in Chess, [[Rohini Khadilkar]] and [[Arjuna Award]]ee for proficiency in Yachting, Jeejee Unwalla have all been affiliated to the Wilson College Gymkhana.

On 7 November 1985, former governor of Maharashtra, [[Kona Prabhakara Rao]] was quoted saying "In a city like Bombay, provision of sports facilities side by side with education is something which very few colleges can boast of. In this respect, Wilson College, one of the oldest colleges in the city, has been singularly fortunate. They have a Gymkhana which provides excellent sports facilities to their students."

===National Service Scheme===
Revived in 2001 and guided under the norms of the University of Mumbai, the National Service Scheme (NSS) group of Wilson College forms a part of Independence Day celebration in New Delhi. The volunteers enrolled work as a team on projects of social relevance for two consecutive years. The wing works for the welfare of mentally challenged and the under-privileged children with the assistance of NGOs. Teaching in municipal schools, participating in awareness rallies organised by the university are some of the many activities conducted by NSS. The NSS plays a vital role in conducting blood donation drives in the college twice every year. This has been highly acknowledged by the Blood Bank. Students are sent for Leadership Training Programs. An NSS camp is conducted for a period of 10 days every year where students are involved in projects of social relevance.

===Co-operative Education Program===
Unique to Wilson college, the first Co-operative Education Programme (CEP) was conducted in 1979–80.<ref>''The Wilsonian''. 2007.</ref> It is a special programme for SYBsc and SYBA students, which aims at training them to cope with the corporate world and guiding them to meet the expectations in corporate service. It is planned in consultation with experts from renowned industrial background and heads of departments in the college. It is a six weeks programme which is divided into two parts:

For the first three weeks, students are exposed to debates, discussions, talks by experts from various career backgrounds and workshops on personality and leadership development. For the next three weeks, students are offered internship in various organisations.

===The Counselling Centre===
The Wilson College was one of the first colleges under the Mumbai University to set up a counselling centre as early as 1978.

The centre was established as a joint project of the Sophia-Wilson Community. After being rendered defunct in 2000, it was revived in 2003 with the Xavier's Institute of Counselling Psychology at St. Xavier's College in Mumbai. This partnership lasted for two years, after which the college Counselling Centre began operating independently in 2005. The centre offers support for students dealing with emotional and psychological stressors, peer and parental pressures, identity issues, and interpersonal relationships.

===The Wilson College Nature Club (WCNC)===
The Wilson College Nature Club is affiliated with the Nature Club movement of the World Wide Fund for Nature–India (WWF), is one of the most active college-level nature conservation bodies in India.

It was founded 1979 under the initiative of students Farhan Thakur and Shubhada Kalyani, with Prof. B. D. Vakharia of the BOTANY department. A. J. Borde, the then principal of the college, sanctioned the club after realising the need for a body that could organise nature trails and excursions for students of faculties other than Botany and Zoology, who undertook these trails for academic purposes.

With "the quest for sensible, greener options" as its motto, the major activities of the WCNC include conducting nature trails to wilderness areas in Mumbai, usually from July to January, organising overnight treks on the weekends to biodiversity hotspots around Mumbai and 7- to 14-day nature camps to noteworthy national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in India. The WCNC camps are popular among students and alumni for their wide range of activities and experiences. The camps involve treks, sessions on conservation, clean-up sessions, interaction with wildlife officials and even workshops. A feature of WCNC camps is its tradition of using music to create awareness and spread the message of conservation. Songs like "And You Say the Battle is Over" by John Denver, "Garbage" by Pete Seger, "[[Blowin' in the Wind]]" by Bob Dylan and "Don’t Go Near the Water" by Johnny Cash rank high on the club playlist.

The central idea behind these camps is to create awareness about environmental issues and to better understand the culture and traditions of the places visited. The WCNC holds the distinction of traversing through its camps the northern-, eastern- and southernmost corners of India between 2005 and 2010 alone.

Camp fees are highly subsidised to enable students of all economic backgrounds to attend and, at times, free-ships are awarded to deserving students. Another significant feature of these camps is that they are organised entirely by the staff and students. Conservation activities of the club include organising tree plantation projects, snake shows for students, developing educational material and an annual theme-based exhibition, which runs under the initiative of active WCNC members and is supported by student volunteers from across the college.

The WCNC is also known for its library, which was set up through the efforts of Prof. Vakharia. The library has an extensive collection of old issues of ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' magazine, the ''Sanctuary Asia'' magazine and encyclopaedias on flora and fauna.

On its 30th anniversary, the WCNC published a book titled ''Wilson College Nature Club: A Journey Through Three Decades'', chronicling the memories and experiences of students, alumni, staff and well-wishers associated with the WCNC over the course of the past 30 years. ''Footprint'', the WCNC's monthly magazine, is the longest running publication of the club. The WCNC had formed a body exclusively for its alumni in 1981 called the Naturalia Wilsonica, which enabled and encouraged ex-students to continue visiting the wilderness. The body, however, could not be sustained post 1987.

===Wilson College Student Council ===

Student Council was initiated way back in 1900 as a literary society. Now it is represented by top- ranking students from each class who play an active role in organising a number of student centric activities like intra-class competitions, workshops, celebration of college day and Teacher's day, orientation programs, etc. It is guided by the norms set by the university.
The Principal, a staff advisor, Dean of students, Dean of Women students, NSS Program officer, Toppers, Cultural Centre student representative, Gymkhana student representative, NSS student representative, 2 women student representatives form an integral part of the council. It also takes a number of initiatives all round the year in coalition with Cultural Centre and Women's Development Cell.

The Wilson College Student Council provides the main forum for discussing student concerns and ideas.
The Wilson College Student Council is responsible for representing and serving the needs of the student body through coordinating student activities and charity fundraisers and holding weekly meetings.

The Mission of the Students' Council is as follows:

* To coordinate and encourage all student activities within the scope of Wilson college Student Council.
* To work with the administration in all matters affecting the welfare of the student body.
* To stimulate and develop good citizenship and democracy among students.
* To encourage social development through participation in campus life.
* To encourage leadership through service.

==Unaided courses==

Wilson College offers five unaided or professional undergraduate degree courses viz. Bachelor of Mass Media (BMM), Bachelor of Management Studies (BMS), Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Computer Science, Bachelor of Science in Biotechnology and Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (IT).

==Festivals==
===Meraki===

Meraki is an inter-collegiate festival that takes place during the month of December or January over a course of two days. It conducts various competitions such as group dance, football and cricket, rangoli and mehendi making and singing. It is primarily organised by the NSS, the student council and the cultural centre. Meraki acts as an ice breaker for the new students of the Junior College and looks to integrate and build confidence among them. Over 500 students participate in the festival from all sections of the college.

===Polaris===
Polaris is the oldest mass media festival in Mumbai, dating back to 2001 and takes place in July every year. It is also the first inter-collegiate festival in the academic year. Polaris derives its name from ‘The Pole Star’ and aims to set the standard for the festivals that follow. The mascot of Polaris is Polly the Purple Cow. Each year, Polaris hosts about 50 colleges from across Mumbai.

===Adorea===
Adorea is an inter-collegiate BMS festival that takes place during the month of August. Adorea conducts events that range from sports to cultural events such as solo dance, a band event and a DJ night. Over 28 colleges from across Mumbai participate in the four-day festival.

===Rainbow===
The students of Wilson College along with the help of some faculty members started a programme called "Rainbow" in 1997. It started as a small social gathering that is now an annual event marked with great pride and enthusiasm by the students. Rainbow represents the seven sister states, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura and also Sikkim.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bosco|first=Nula|title=Raibow 'Vision of Future'|journal=The Wilsonian|year=2003}}</ref>

The first Rainbow festival was held in 1999.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Guite|first=C. Stephen|title=Rainbow 'Dreams INC'|journal=The Wilsonian|year=2002}}</ref> It showcased traditional dances, the Manipuri dance and the famous Mizo bamboo dance, which was accompanied by English contemporary rock songs. And the most successful Rainbow festival was "Rainbow 2002", the festival spanned for three days. "Rainbow 2002" had an exhibition of exquisite crafted handicrafts beaded jewellery, artefacts like cutlery baskets and knick-knack crafted from bamboo, brightly assorted shawls and assorted garments. There was also screenings of two documentaries: "Mizorams Freedom Struggle", "The dying culture of Meghalaya" and a film "Adayja" (The Fight), a movie that won the prestigious Silver Peacock award.<ref>Baruah, Tommy (2005) ''The Wilsonian''.</ref> A fashion show with the different attires of the North-East along with popular dance like the Manipuri dance, the famous Mizo bamboo dance and the Assamese Bihu dance. Also, cultural and traditional music were performed along with rock anthems.

===Backslash===
Backslash is an inter-collegiate IT fest. Backslash conducts a number of technical events along with sports and cultural events. The first fest was on 5 and 6 February 2019. The theme of that year was "Sone ki chidiya, Social Media" expressing the impact of social media can have on anyone's life.

==Notable alumni==
{{More citations needed|section|date=May 2023}}
Wilson College has been home to a number of famous people including writers, scholars, freedom fighters, politicians, businessmen, sportspersons, artists etc.

Some of the college's eminent alumni, referred to as ''<nowiki/>'Wilsonians''' include:
* [[Alice Maude Sorabji Pennell]] (1874 - 1951); 1st Indian woman to gain a Science degree.
* [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]] (1872 - 1953); Barrister and Islamic Scholar.
* [[Shapurji Edalji]] (1841 - 1918); 1st South Asian person to be made the [[vicar]] of an English [[parish]].
* [[Morarji Desai]] (1896 - 1995); 4th Prime Minister of India & [[Indian independence activist]].
* [[Nissim Ezekiel]] (1924 - 2004); Poet, Playwright and Art-critic.
* [[Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher]] (1888 - 1957); 1st Chief Minister of [[Bombay State]].
* [[Dilip Sardesai]] (1940 - 2007); former Indian Test Cricketer.
* [[Pankaj Udhas]] (1951 - 2024); famous Ghazal singer.
* [[Chandralekha (dancer)|Chandralekha]] (1928 - 2006); Indian dancer and choreographer.
* [[R. B. Naik]] (1904 - 1970); Politician.
* [[Asoka Mehta]] (1911 - 1984); Indian Freedom Fighter.
* [[Shubha Khote]] (Born 1940); [[Actress]].
* [[Nachiket Mor]] (Born 1960); member of the Central Board of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] & Chairman of the board of directors of [[CARE]] [[India]].
* [[B. K. Karanjia]] (1912 - 2008); Indian film journalist and editor
* [[R. K. Karanjia]] (1912 - 2008); Indian journalist and editor & founder of the [[Blitz (newspaper)|Blitz]].
* [[Julio Ribeiro (police officer) ]] (Born 1929); retd. Indian [[police officer]] and [[civil servant]] & [[Padma Bhushan]] Awardee.
* [[Tehemton Erach Udwadia]] (Born 1934); Gastroenterologist, [[Dr. B. C. Roy Awards|Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] (2000), [[Padma Shri]] (2006), [[Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]] (2006).<ref name="Four Runners profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.forerunnershealthcare.com/dr-tehemton-erach-udwadia-general-surgeon-mumbai-india.html | title=Four Runners profile | publisher=Four Runners Healthcare | date=2015 | access-date=10 December 2015 | archive-date=13 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213044544/https://www.forerunnershealthcare.com/dr-tehemton-erach-udwadia-general-surgeon-mumbai-india.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dr. Tehemton Erach Udwadia (Mumbai)">{{cite web | url=http://www.indianmedguru.com/general-surgery-tehemton-erach-udwadia-breachcandy-hospital-india.html | title=Dr. Tehemton Erach Udwadia (Mumbai) | publisher=Indian Med Guru | date=2015 | access-date=10 December 2015 | archive-date=22 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222115458/http://www.indianmedguru.com/general-surgery-tehemton-erach-udwadia-breachcandy-hospital-india.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Mohanlal Lallubhai Dantwala]] (1909 - 1998); Agricultural economist, writer, [[Padma Bhushan]] winner.
* [[Tryambak Shankar Shejwalkar]] (1895 - 1963); famous [[India]]n [[Historian]] & [[Essayist]].
* [[Vijayray Vaidya]] (1897 - 1974); [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] literary critic.
* [[Daji Bhatawadekar]], (Born 1921); Indian stage actor and [[Padma Shri]] Awardee.
* [[Malavika Mohanan]] (Born 1991); Actress in the [[Bollywood]] and South Indian Film Industry.
* [[Ramnarayan V. Pathak]] (1887 - 1955); Gujarati language author, prosodist and literary critic.
* [[Merbai Ardesir Vakil]] (1868 - 1941); Indian [[physician]], first woman to graduate from Wilson College, and the first Asian woman to graduate from a Scottish university.
* [[Sunil Lahri]] (Born 1961); Indian actor.
* [[U. N. Mehta|Uttambhai Nathalal Mehta]] (1924 - 1998); Indian businessman and the founder-chairman of [[Torrent Group]] of companies.
* [[Adline Castelino]] (Born 1998); Indian model and beauty pageant titleholder.

==Notable Staff==

* [[Alexander Robert Normand]] [[FRSE]] (1880–1957); Professor of Chemistry from 1934 to 1946.<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0-902-198-84-X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|access-date=3 November 2017|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074135/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Tribhuvandas Kalyandas Gajjar]] (1863–1920); Professor of Chemistry

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.wilsoncollege.edu Official website]
* [https://archive.today/20130105040908/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041208/asp/careergraph/story_4082328.asp ''Wilson College, Mumbai'', The Telegraph, 8 December 2004]
{{Coord|18.956308|72.810876|type:landmark|display=title|name=Wilson College}}
{{Protestant missions to India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1840]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges affiliated with the Church of North India]]
[[Category:1832 establishments in India]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival architecture in India]]
[[Category:Colleges in India]]

Teach For India

2026-03-03T18:00:46Z

BXIBerniece: fix details after review and fixed typos

{{Short description|NGO that recruits college graduates as full-time teachers in low-income schools}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}

{{Infobox organization
| logo = TFI logo primary black.png
| type = [[Education]], [[Nonprofit organisation]]
| key_people = [[Shaheen Mistri]] - ''Founder & Chief Executive Officer''
| name = Teach For India
| founded_date = 2009
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| area_served = New Delhi, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Bangalore and Kolkata
| focus = Eliminating Educational Inequity in India
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.teachforindia.org/}}
}}
'''Teach For India''' ('''TFI''') is a [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit]] founded by [[Shaheen Mistri]] in 2009. It is a part of the [[Teach For All]] network.<ref>{{cite web|title=Teach For All|url=http://teachforall.org/en/our-network-and-impact/network-partners|website=teachforall.org|access-date=19 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608170800/http://teachforall.org/en/our-network-and-impact/network-partners|archive-date=8 June 2017}}</ref> Teach For India runs a two-year Fellowship and supports an Alumni movement. The Fellowship recruits college graduates and working professionals to serve as full-time teachers in low-income schools for two years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.teachforindia.org|title=Home {{!}} TeachforIndia|website=www.teachforindia.org|access-date=2016-08-19}}</ref> The mission of Teach For India is “one day all children will attain an excellent education.”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/invest-in-teacher-training-for-better-quality-of-education-tfi-chairperson-5281252/|title=Invest in teacher training for better quality of education: TFI chairperson|date=2018-07-29|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Teach-For-India-now-reaches-Kolkata/articleshow/4872510.cms|title=Teach For India now reaches Kolkata|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.teachforindia.org/ed-crisis|title=The Crisis {{!}} TeachforIndia|website=www.teachforindia.org|access-date=2016-08-19|archive-date=23 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823043859/http://www.teachforindia.org/ed-crisis|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Teach For India has built a national focus on repairing India's educational crisis through their Innovation Cell programs that equip teachers, students, and entrepreneurs to spark long-term change in education.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Boshika|date=2020-03-18|title=How Indian Educators Are Teaching Students Amid the Coronavirus Shut Down|url=https://resetyoureveryday.com/how-indian-educators-are-teaching-students-amid-the-coronavirus-shut-down/|access-date=2021-03-11|website=Re:Set|language=en-US}}</ref> Through social and print media- Teach For India has garnered the support of thousands of people from a wide range of sectors.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-09|title=In 4 Years, 31-YO Helps 3 Lakh Needy People Avail Government Schemes Worth Crores|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/244388/pune-haqdarshak-government-schemes-how-to-help-apply-crores-impact-india-gop94/|access-date=2021-03-11|website=The Better India|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Academic Impact ==
Teach For India has graduated 3 cohorts of 5,200 students from 10th grade in Mumbai, Pune, and Delhi till 2019 with a graduation rate that is consistently better than the Government schools’ average. Their 4th cohort graduated in 2020 with a passing rate of 94-98% across these three cities Mumbai, Pune, and Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dia Mirza teaches kids key ideas on environment protection - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/dia-mirza-teaches-kids-key-ideas-on-environment-protection/articleshow/72663354.cms|access-date=2021-03-11|website=The Times of India|date=15 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
{{Teach For All}}

[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2007]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Fredoon Kabraji

2026-02-28T16:33:20Z

BXIBerniece: added first pg from scratch

{{short description|Indian poet, writer and journalist}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Fredoon Jehangir Kabraji
| image = File:Fredoon Kabraji, Parsi Indian Poet.jpg
| imagesize = 220px
| caption = Kabraji in 1918, aged 21
| alt = Kabraji in 1918, aged 21
| pseudonym = Fredoon Kabraji
| birth_date = {{birth date|1897|02|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date = 1986 (aged 88–89)
| death_place = England
| occupation = Poet, writer, journalist, and artist
| nationality =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| spouse = Eleanor M. Wilkinson
| partner =
| children = 3
| relatives =
| website =
}}

'''Fredoon Kabraji''' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: ફરીદૂન કબીરજી; 10 February 1897 – 1986) was an Indian poet, writer, journalist, and artist of [[Parsi]] descent.<ref name="Making Britain Fredoon Kabraji">{{cite web
| last1 = Staff
| title = Fredoon Kabraji {{!}} Making Britain
| work = Making Britain
| publisher = [[The Open University]]
| url = http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/fredoon-kabraji
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201213150200/http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/fredoon-kabraji
| archive-date = 13 December 2020
| url-status = live
| access-date = 13 December 2020
}}</ref><ref name="GRO Online Index">{{cite web
| last1 = Staff
| title = Search the GRO Online Index
| work = [[General Register Office]]
| publisher = [[gov.uk]]
| date = 2020
| url = https://www.gro.gov.uk/gro/content/certificates/indexes_search.asp
| access-date = 14 December 2020
}}</ref><ref name="Fredoon Jehangir Kabraji GRO Record Screenshot">{{cite web
| last1 = Staff
| title = Screenshot of GRO Record for Fredoon Jehangir Kabraji
| work = [[General Register Office]]
| publisher = [[gov.uk]]
| date = 14 December 2020
| url = https://sherpoint.uk/documents/fredoon-jehangir-kabraji-GRO-record.pdf
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201214111813/https://sherpoint.uk/documents/fredoon-jehangir-kabraji-GRO-record.pdf
| archive-date = 14 December 2020
| url-status = live
| access-date = 14 December 2020
}}</ref><ref name="Neo-Sufism in the 1960s">{{cite journal
| last1 = Sedgwick
| first1 = Mark
| title = Neo-Sufism in the 1960s: Idries Shah
| journal = Center for Interdisciplinary Study of Monotheistic Religions
| volume = 8
| pages = 52–73
| publisher = [[Doshisha University]]
| year = 2015
| url = http://www.cismor.jp/uploads-images/sites/2/2015/03/cismor8.pdf#page=55
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201214123542/http://www.cismor.jp/uploads-images/sites/2/2015/03/cismor8.pdf
| archive-date = 14 December 2020
| access-date = 14 December 2020
| issn = 2186-5175
}}</ref>

==Life and work==
Fredoon Jehangir Kabraji<ref name="GRO Online Index"/><ref name="Fredoon Jehangir Kabraji GRO Record Screenshot"/> was a [[Parsi]] born in [[India]] on 10 February 1897. His father was Jehangir Kabraji, an Indian [[civil servant]], and his mother was Putlibai.<ref name="Making Britain Fredoon Kabraji"/>

Initially, his parents wanted him to pursue a career in farming, but growing tired of this, he moved to Britain perhaps around the mid-1920s,<ref name="Making Britain Fredoon Kabraji"/> and married Eleanor M. Wilkinson there in 1926.<ref name="Making Britain Fredoon Kabraji"/>

Kabraji studied at the [[University of London]], but failing to secure a degree, he became a self-confessed "drifter, trying his hand at art, journalism and poetry".<ref name="Making Britain Fredoon Kabraji"/> As well as having his poetry published, he also contributed to periodicals such as ''[[New Statesman|New Statesman and Nation]]'' and ''[[Life and Letters|Life and Letters Today]]'',<ref name="Making Britain Fredoon Kabraji"/> and journals including ''[[The Political Quarterly]]''.<ref name="India in Transition">{{cite journal
| last1 = Kabraji
| first1 = Fredoon
| title = India in Transition
| journal = [[The Political Quarterly]]
| volume = 9
| issue = 1
| pages = 68–85
| publisher = [[Wiley-Blackwell]]
| date = January 1938
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-923X.1938.tb01302.x
| access-date = 14 December 2020
| doi = 10.1111/j.1467-923X.1938.tb01302.x
| url-access = subscription
}}</ref>

Kabraji and his wife went back to India where they had two sons, and a daughter, Cynthia (Kashfi).<ref name="Neo-Sufism in the 1960s"/> The family returned to Britain in 1935, not long before the outbreak of [[World War II]]. Their daughter Cynthia later married the [[Afghans|Afghan]] writer and thinker [[Idries Shah]], an associate and friend of the poet [[Robert Graves]].<ref name="Neo-Sufism in the 1960s"/><ref name="OPrey213-215">{{cite book|last=O'Prey|first=Paul|title=Between Moon and Moon – Selected Letters of Robert Graves 1946–1972|publisher=[[Hutchinson (publisher)|Hutchinson]]|year=1984|pages=213–215|isbn=0-09-155750-X}}</ref> Shah's father, [[Ikbal Ali Shah]] published two of Kabraji's poems, "The Lovers" and "Tulip", in his 1933 work ''The Oriental Caravan: A Revelation of the Soul and Mind of Asia''.<ref name="Oriental Caravan">{{cite book
| editor-last = Ali Shah
| editor-first = Sirdar Ikbal
| editor-link = Ikbal Ali Shah
| title = The Oriental Caravan: A Revelation of the Soul and Mind of Asia
| publisher = D. Archer
| year = 1933
| pages = 166, 167
}}
</ref>

According to letters archived at [[St John's College, Oxford|St John's College Library]], University of Oxford, Kabraji corresponded with Robert Graves and first met him in 1925.<ref name="JISC Archives 1">{{cite web
| last1 = Staff
| title = Ms letter from Fredoon Kabraji to Graves
| work = Archives Hub
| publisher = [[Jisc]]
| url = https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/6adf36ed-997a-37de-ba9e-e926f3812f01?component=b5df7873-1cce-319a-aa56-3a8b55d1d566
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201214130218/https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/6adf36ed-997a-37de-ba9e-e926f3812f01?component=b5df7873-1cce-319a-aa56-3a8b55d1d566
| archive-date = 14 December 2020
| url-status = live
| access-date = 14 December 2020
}} Two records: GB 473 RG/J/Kabraji/1 and GB 473 RG/J/Kabraji/2.</ref> Archives at the [[University of Victoria]] and [[California Digital Library]] also confirm later correspondence with poets [[John Betjeman]]<ref name="University of Victoria Archives 1945">{{cite web
| last1 = Staff
| title = File Box 26, Folder 18 - Kabraji, Fredoon, 1945, 1 letter
| publisher = [[University of Victoria]]
| url = https://uvic2.coppul.archivematica.org/kabraji-fredoon-1945-1-letter
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201214135902/https://uvic2.coppul.archivematica.org/kabraji-fredoon-1945-1-letter
| archive-date = 14 December 2020
| url-status = live
| access-date = 14 December 2020
}}</ref> and [[Walter de la Mare]].<ref name="Walter de la Mare">{{cite web
| last1 = Richardson
| first1 = Gayle M.
| title = Walter De la Mare Papers: Finding Aid
| work = Online Archive of California
| publisher = [[California Digital Library]]
| year = 2002
| url = https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8pr823h/entire_text/
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201214185629/https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8pr823h/entire_text/
| archive-date = 14 December 2020
| url-status = live
| access-date = 14 December 2020
}}</ref>

===Politics===
Kabraji spoke out against [[British Empire|British colonialism]] and poverty in India, and he supported [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s non-violent protest and the [[Quit India Movement]], which demanded an end to [[British Raj|British rule in India]].<ref name="Reformer">{{cite news
| last1 = Kabraji
| first1 = Fredoon
| title = The Reformer
| newspaper = [[The Guardian|Manchester Guardian]]
| publisher = [[Guardian Media Group|Manchester Guardian Ltd.]]
| location = Manchester, England
| date = 18 October 1937
| page = 16}}
</ref><ref name="Observer 18 February 1945">{{cite news
| last1 = Thompson
| first1 = Edward
| title = Poets in Session
| newspaper = [[The Observer]]
| publisher = [[William Waldorf Astor]]
| location = England
| date = 18 February 1945
| page = 3}}
</ref>

===Offices===
Kabraji was listed among the Vice-Presidents and Representatives of the colonial branches of the [[Empire Poetry League]], under [[Mumbai|Bombay]].<ref name="Some Yorkshire Poets">{{cite web
| title = S.FW – Some Yorkshire Poets
| work = The Works of Sydney Fowler Wright 1874–1965
| publisher = sfw.org
| url = http://www.sfw.org/yorkshire.shtml
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201214195615/http://www.sfw.org/yorkshire.shtml
| archive-date = 14 December 2020
| url-status = live
| access-date = 14 December 2020
}}</ref> The League was founded in 1917<ref name="Against the New Gods">{{cite book
| last = Stableford
| first = Brian
| author-link = Brian Stableford
| title = Against the New Gods: The Speculative Fiction of S. Fowler Wright
| publisher = Wildside Press LLC
| year = 2009
| pages = 9–90
| isbn = 978-1434457431}}</ref> and was operational for around 15 years.

==Works==
===Books===
* {{cite book
| last = Sett
| first = Adi K.
| editor-last = Kabraji
| editor-first = Fredoon
| title = Rain in My Heart: Forty Poems
| publisher = [[Reginald Caton|Fortune Press]]
| year = 1940
| location = London
}}<ref name="Thought Volume 7">{{cite journal
| last1 = S. D.
| title = Adolescent Agony
| journal = Thought
| volume = 7
| issue = 1
| pages = 12–13
| publisher = Siddhartha Publications Ltd.
| location = Delhi
| date = 1 January 1955
}}</ref>
* Fredoon Kabraji (1944). ''A Minor Georgian's Swan Song (Fifty-One Poems)''. London: Fortune Press.<ref name="Making Britain Fredoon Kabraji"/><ref name="The Origins of Dislike">{{cite book
| last = Chaudhuri
| first = Amit
| author-link = Amit Chaudhuri
| title = The Origins of Dislike
| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
| date = 27 September 2018
| location = Oxford
| pages = 227–228
| isbn = 978-0198793823}}</ref><ref name="History of Indian Poetry in English">{{cite book
|editor-last = Chaudhuri
|editor-first = Rosinka
| title = A History of Indian Poetry in English
| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]
| date = 29 March 2016
| location = Cambridge
| pages = 
| isbn = 978-1107078949}}</ref><ref name="Mapping the Nation">{{cite book
|editor-last = Reddy
|editor-first = Sheshalatha
| title = Mapping the Nation: An Anthology of Indian Poetry in English, 1870–1920
| publisher = Anthem Press
| date = 25 June 2012
| location = London, New York
| pages = xxxii–xxxiii, xlv
| isbn = 978-0857284419}}</ref><ref name="Guardian 23 May 1945">{{cite news
| last1 = Gibson
| first1 = Wilfrid
| title = Books of the Day: Recent Verse
| newspaper = [[The Guardian|Manchester Guardian]]
| publisher = [[Guardian Media Group|Manchester Guardian Ltd.]]
| location = Manchester, England
| date = 23 May 1945
| page = 3
}}</ref>
* Fredoon Kabraji (ed.) (1947). ''This Strange Adventure: An Anthology of Poems in English by Indians, 1828–1946''. London: New India Publishing Co.<ref name="Making Britain Fredoon Kabraji"/><ref name="Caravan Magazine">{{cite web
| last1 = Mehrotra
| first1 = Arvind Krishna
| title = Man of Letters: The unlikely correspondence between Srinivas Rayaprol and William Carlos Williams
| work = [[The Caravan]]
| publisher = Paresh Nath
| date = 30 August 2018
| url = https://caravanmagazine.in/literature/unlikely-correspondence-srinivas-rayaprol-william-carlos-williams
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201214125432/https://caravanmagazine.in/literature/unlikely-correspondence-srinivas-rayaprol-william-carlos-williams
| archive-date = 14 December 2020
| url-status = dead
| access-date = 14 December 2020
}}</ref>
* Fredoon Kabraji (1956). ''The Cold Flame: Poems (1922–1924, 1935–1938, 1946–1953)''. London: Fortune Press.<ref name="Making Britain Fredoon Kabraji"/>

===Contributions to books and anthologies===
* {{cite book
| editor-last1 = Cranmer-Byng
| editor-first1 = L.
| editor-last2 = Kapadia
| editor-first2 = Dr. S. A.
| title = Anthology of Modern Indian Poetry
| publisher = [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]: The Wisdom of the East Series
| year = 1927
| location = London
}}
* {{cite book
| editor-last = Campbell
| editor-first = Kathleen Winifred
| title = An Anthology of English Poetry: Dryden to Blake
| publisher = [[Henry Holt and Company]]
| year = 1930
| location = New York
}}
* {{cite book
| editor-last = Ali Shah
| editor-first = Sirdar Ikbal
| editor-link = Ikbal Ali Shah
| title = The Oriental Caravan: A Revelation of the Soul and Mind of Asia
| publisher = D. Archer
| year = 1933
}}
* {{cite book
| editor-last = Wright
| editor-first = S. Fowler
| editor-link = S. Fowler Wright
| title = From Overseas—First Series: An Anthology of Contemporary Dominion and Colonial Verse
| chapter = Fredoon Kabraji (Bombay)
| publisher = Merton
| year = 1924
| location = London
}}
* {{cite book
| editor-last = Ganguly
| editor-first = Anil Baran
| title = Indian Poetry in English: An Anthology
| publisher = Atma Ram
| year = 1984
| location = Delhi
| pages = 153, 155
}}<ref name="Indian Poetry in English Ganguly">{{cite book
| editor-last = Ganguly
| editor-first = Anil Baran
| title = Indian Poetry in English: An Anthology
| publisher = Atma Ram
| year = 1984
| location = Delhi
| pages = 153, 155
}}</ref>
* {{cite book
| last = De Souza
| first = Eunice
| author-link = Eunice de Souza
| title = Early Indian Poetry in English: An Anthology: 1829-1947
| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] India
| date = 8 July 2010
| location = India
| isbn = 978-0195677249}}

===Journal articles===
* {{cite journal
| last = Kabraji
| first = Fredoon
| title = The Patriots [poetry]
| journal = [[Left Review]]
| volume = 2
| issue = 12–16
| page = 638
| publisher = International Union of Revolutionary Writers, British Section
| location = UK
| date = September 1936
}}<ref name="Making Britain Left Review">{{cite web
| last1 = Staff
| title = Left Review {{!}} Making Britain
| work = Making Britain
| publisher = [[The Open University]]
| url = http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/left-review
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201214184420/http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/left-review
| archive-date = 14 December 2020
| url-status = live
| access-date = 14 December 2020
}}</ref>

* {{cite journal
| last1 = Kabraji
| first1 = Fredoon
| title = India in Transition
| journal = [[The Political Quarterly]]
| volume = 9
| issue = 1
| pages = 68–85
| publisher = [[Wiley-Blackwell]]
| date = January 1938
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-923X.1938.tb01302.x
| access-date = 14 December 2020
| doi = 10.1111/j.1467-923X.1938.tb01302.x
| url-access = subscription
}}

* {{cite journal
| last = Kabraji
| first = Fredoon
| title = Ambassadors of a Wider Commonwealth [2 parts]
| journal = Eastern World
| volume = 3
| pages = 22, 33
| location = East Asia
| year = 1949
}}

* {{cite journal
| last = Kabraji
| first = Fredoon
| title = Ahmed Has Four Daughters
| journal = Eastern World
| volume = 3
| pages = 36
| location = East Asia
| year = 1949
}}

===Articles in other periodicals===
* {{cite news
| last1 = Kabraji
| first1 = Fredoon
| title = The Reformer
| newspaper = [[The Guardian|Manchester Guardian]]
| publisher = [[Guardian Media Group|Manchester Guardian Ltd.]]
| location = Manchester, England
| date = 18 October 1937
| page = 16}}

* {{cite news
| last = Kabraji
| first = Fredoon
| title = Creative Literature in English by Indians
| newspaper = Sunday News of India
| issue = 27
| year = 1950}}

==Selected short poem==
{{Poemquote
|text=Tulip, tell me, what do you hold in your cup?
I hold in my cup the magic that swells the thirst of your soul, O Mother, when you look on the form of your child; the opiate that fills your dream, Mother, with the awe of the Unknown!
But, Tulip, tell me, why do you guard your magic beyond the wing of melody?
Because, ere Thought was, a kiss of Love did capture Death in the Seed of Life. That is why no melody of Life can hold all the magic in my cup, Mother; that is why Love cannot hold your child in Life alone!
|char=
|sign=Fredoon Kabraji
|source=in Sirdar Ikbal Ali Shah, ''The Oriental Caravan: A Revelation of the Soul and Mind of Asia'' (1933).<ref name="Oriental Caravan 167">{{cite book
| editor-last = Ali Shah
| editor-first = Sirdar Ikbal
| editor-link = Ikbal Ali Shah
| title = The Oriental Caravan: A Revelation of the Soul and Mind of Asia
| publisher = D. Archer
| year = 1933
| page = 167
}}
</ref>
|title="Tulip"
|style=
}}

==Reception==
In ''[[The Observer]]'' on 18 February 1945, the scholar and historian [[Edward John Thompson|Edward Thompson]] criticises the "thoroughly bad" title of ''A Minor Georgian's Swan Song'', and calls Kabraji's preface "brash" and that it would antagonise "powerful critics and versifiers".<ref name="Observer 18 February 1945"/> Thompson does praise the poem "I Look upon Simla", which is critical of the [[British Empire|British colonialism]] and poverty in India, though he notes that the poem will "hardly delight all reviewers".<ref name="Observer 18 February 1945"/> Thompson also notes that Kabraji does not use standard [[Metre (poetry)|metrical forms]], alleging that the poet appears "frightened" by them. However he concludes that he has "no doubt that Kabraji has genius if he can find a way to express it."<ref name="Observer 18 February 1945"/>

Writing for the ''[[The Guardian|Manchester Guardian]]'' on 23 May 1945, [[Georgian Poetry|Georgian poet]] [[Wilfrid Wilson Gibson|Wilfrid Gibson]] is of the opinion that ''A Minor Georgian's Swan Song'' is "unhappily titled",<ref name="Guardian 23 May 1945"/> because the author, Fredoon Kabraji "has no affiliations with any school and is an original poet".<ref name="Guardian 23 May 1945"/> The reviewer adds that although Kabraji's work "suffers at times from diffuseness, [it] is remarkable for its range and for the versatility of its technique."<ref name="Guardian 23 May 1945"/>

In ''A History of Indian Poetry in English'' (2016), editor Rosinka Chaudhuri describes Kabraji's ''This Strange Adventure: An Anthology of Poems in English by Indians, 1828-1946'' as excellent, and "comprehensive and accommodating in its reach."<ref name="History of Indian Poetry in English"/> She writes that after the "lean" years post-independence, there has been a "resurgence of interest" in such anthologies.<ref name="History of Indian Poetry in English"/>

==Citations==
{{Reflist|colwidth=45em|2}}

== References==
* {{cite book
| last = Arora
| first = Sudhir K.
| title = Cultural and Philosophical Reflections in Indian Poetry in English Footprints
| chapter = 24. Fredoon Kabraji (1897–1986)
| publisher = Authors Press
| year = 2016
| location = New Delhi
| pages = 171–175
| isbn = 978-93-5207-206-4}}

==External links==
* [https://www.poetrynook.com/poet/fredoon-kabraji Fredoon Kabraji at the Poetry Nook]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kabraji, Fredoon}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Date of death missing]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:British people of Parsi descent]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Emigrants from British India to the United Kingdom]]

Sakti district

2026-02-17T10:43:17Z

BXIBerniece:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sakti district
| official_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Chhattisgarh|District]] of [[Chhattisgarh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Maa Beri Wali Mandir.jpg
| image_caption = Maa Beri Wali Mandir in [[Sakti, Chhattisgarh|Sakti]]
| image_map = Shakti in Chhattisgarh (India).svg
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh
| coordinates = {{coord|23.02|82.96|display=title,inline}}
| coor_pinpoint = Sakti
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = Bilaspur
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Sakti, Chhattisgarh|Sakti]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
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| p1 = 9
| area_total_km2 =
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 653036
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
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| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
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| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 3
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = 
}}

'''Sakti district''' is the 33rd district formed in the state of [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]] announced by then Chief Minister [[Bhupesh Baghel]] on 15 August 2021, being carved out from [[Janjgir–Champa district|Janjgir-Champa district]].<ref name="amarujala">{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh Cm Bhupesh Baghel Announces Four New Districts And 18 Tehsil Independence Day - एलान: स्वतंत्रता दिवस पर सीएम भूपेश बघेल ने की घोषणा, छत्तीसगढ़ में बनेंगे चार नए जिले और 18 तहसील - Amar Ujala Hindi News Live|url=https://www.amarujala.com/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-cm-bhupesh-baghel-announces-four-new-districts-and-18-tehsil-independence-day|access-date=2021-09-02|website=amarujala.com}}</ref><ref name="ndtv">{{cite web|title=4 New Districts, 18 Tehsils In Chhattisgarh: Chief Minister Bhupesh Baghel|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-cm-announces-4-new-districts-18-tehsils-on-independence-day-celebrations-2510844|access-date=2021-09-02|website=ndtv.com}}</ref><ref name="Chhattisgarh">{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh to have 4 new districts, says CM Bhupesh Baghel on Independence Day|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chhattisgarh-to-have-4-new-districts-says-cm-baghel-on-independence-day/articleshow/85345132.cms|access-date=2021-09-02|website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh CM Bhupesh Baghel announces 4 new districts, 18 tehsils - India News|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chattisgarh-cm-bhupesh-baghel-announces-4-new-districts-18-tehsils-1841025-2021-08-15|access-date=2021-09-02|website=indiatoday.in}}</ref> The district was formerly the princely state of [[Sakti State|Sakti]], which had joined Bilaspur district after Independence.

The district is located in the [[Mahanadi]] river valley, with several hill ranges in the south of the district. The Mahanadi forms the southern boundary of the district.

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Sakti district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Chhattisgarh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11368/download/14481/DDW22C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|98.85}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|0.63}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.52}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, Sakti district had a population of 653,036, of which 61,508 (9.42%) live in urban areas. Sakti district has a sex ratio of 1004 females to 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 148,386 (22.72%) and 104,296 (15.97%) of the population respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Janjgir-Champa|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/350 |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Sakti district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] |value1 = 95.98 |color1 = peachpuff
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 2.72 |color2 = orange
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.30 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 95.98% of the population in the district spoke [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] and 2.72% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Chhattisgarh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10198/download/13310/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2200.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{clear|left}}

==Early history==

Before being a district, Sakti was previously a princely state, being ruled by royal family of Sakti.
The rulers of this princely state bore the title of 'Rana'.
* .... – .... Rudra Singh
* .... – .... Udai Singh
* .... – .... Kiwat Singh
* .... – .... Kagan Singh
* .... – 1837 Kalandar Singh
* 1837–19 Jun 1850 Vacant
* 19 Jun 1850 – 1875 Ranjit Singh (b. 1836 – d. ....)
*
* 1875 – Feb 1892 Vacant
* Feb 1892 – Jul 1914 Rup Narayan Singh
* 4 July 1914 – 15 August 1947 Liladhar Singh (b. 1892 – d. 19..)

His Son Raja Surendra Bahadur Singh, represented India in its hockey team and was twice a minister for the government of the State of Madhya Pradesh.

After independence of India the government of India took over ruling power and handed it to newly formed state government of Madhya Pradesh, on November 1, 2000 along many other districts Sakti got carved out of Madhya Pradesh to form a new state called Chhattisgarh.

==Formation as district ==

On August 15, 2021 then Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh announced 4 new districts with Sakti being one of them, raising the number of districts in state to 33 and giving the district identity of 33rd announced district. However Sakti will get its status as District a year later on September 9, 2021 after 3 more districts were announced and formed marking Sakti as 36th district of Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ravish Pal |date=2021-08-15 |title=Chhattisgarh CM Bhupesh Baghel announces 4 new districts, 18 tehsils |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chattisgarh-cm-bhupesh-baghel-announces-4-new-districts-18-tehsils-1841025-2021-08-15 |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Sakti district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Bilaspur division]]

{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Lists of Malayalam films

2026-02-17T08:19:03Z

BXIBerniece: cleaned up information further

{{Short description|none}}
{{confuse|List of Malaysian films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
[[File:Balan-malayalam.jpg|thumb|Screenshot from the first Malayalam sound movie ''[[Balan (film)|Balan]]'', released in 1938]]
'''Lists of Malayalam films''' cover films produced by the [[Malayalam cinema]] industry in the [[Malayalam]] language. The first Malayalam silent movie, ''[[Vigathakumaran]]'', directed by [[J. C. Daniel]] Nadar, began shooting in 1928 and was released in 1930.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nair|first=N.J.|title=His pioneering effort set the cameras rolling|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/23/stories/2005102311400400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114041131/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/23/stories/2005102311400400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 January 2006|access-date=1 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 October 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/malayalam|title=Malayalam Movie Releases|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
The lists are organized chronologically by release date.

==Lists by release date==
*[[List of Malayalam films before 1960]]
*[[List of Malayalam films of the 1960s]]
*[[List of Malayalam films of the 1970s]]
*[[List of Malayalam films of the 1980s]]
*[[List of Malayalam films of the 1990s]]
*[[List of Malayalam films of the 2000s]]
*[[List of Malayalam films of the 2010s]]
*[[List of Malayalam films of the 2020s]]

==See also==
* [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lists of films by language}}
{{Filmsbycountry}}
{{list of lists |film |listcat=Malayalam-language films}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Malayalam Films}}

[[Category:Lists of Indian films|Malayalam]]
[[Category:Lists of films by language|Malayalam]]

Sam Anderson (Tamil actor)

2026-02-11T06:51:54Z

BXIBerniece: small fix references to improve readability and updated info

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| name = Sam Anderson
| caption = Sam Anderson in Yaaruku Yaaro
| birth_name = Anderson Samuel<ref name="TimesOfIndia" />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|4|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Erode]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = [[Actor]], [[Comedian]]
| years_active=2007{{endash}}2015
}}

'''Sam Anderson''' is a former Indian actor. He played the lead role in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Yaaruku Yaaro|Yaarukku Yararo]]'' and became popular on the internet for his "feeble dance moves and feebler acting skills".<ref name="TimesOfIndia">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Sam-Anderson-from-Erode-goes-viral/articleshow/17083300.cms | title=Sam Anderson from Erode goes viral| newspaper=The Times of India | date=4 November 2012 | accessdate=24 November 2012}}</ref> His acting skills are frequently ridiculed in the [[social media]], alongside fellow actor [[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|"Power Star" Srinivasan]].

==Early life==
He was born in [[Erode]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and originally ran a courier delivery business,<ref name="TimesOfIndia" /> with an employee base of five<ref name="Vikatan">{{cite web | url=http://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/Cinema-News/8632--2.html | title= ''இவனா இப்படினு ரீ-என்ட்ரி கொடுக்குறேன் இருங்க...'' - 'ராசாத்தி' சாம் ஆண்டர்சன் அப்போ இப்போ கதை - 8 | work = [[Ananda Vikatan]] | language=ta| accessdate=24 November 2012}}</ref> in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]. Anderson was inspired by the Tamil film ''[[Chocolate (2001 film)|Chocolate]]'' (2001), and decided to turn his life towards the cinema industry. Before he worked as a staff in Time IIT coaching institution in Erode.

==Career==
Anderson played the lead role David, in the film [[Yaaruku Yaaro]], produced by his uncle, and released in four theatres in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Vikatan" /> For the sake of the film, Anderson Samuel changed his name to Sam Anderson,<ref name="TimesOfIndia" /> and practised acting, story-writing and dancing in front of a mirror.<ref name="Vikatan" />

''Yaaruku Yaaro'' ran for 25 days in the 4 theatres released. The film was released in parts on YouTube, and "went viral" on the Internet.<ref name="TimesOfIndia" /><ref name="Vikatan" /> Anderson states "What is the secret of my success? It could be because everything went wrong in my first attempt".<ref name="TimesOfIndia" />

After his debut, he appeared in many cameo roles in Tamil films.<ref name="Indiaglitz">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/88382.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122100450/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/88382.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=22 November 2012 | title= Premji teams up with Sam Anderson | work = Indiaglitz | accessdate=22 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Behindwoods">{{cite web | url=http://behindwoods.com/new-videos/tamil-actors/sam-anderson/mirchi-siva-with-sam-anderson-interview.html | title= Mirchi Shiva with Sam Anderson | work = Behindwoods | accessdate=24 November 2012}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2007
| ''[[Yaaruku Yaaro]]''
| David
|
|-
| ''[[Chennai 600028]]''
| David
|
|-
| 2012
| ''Siripu Varalana Porupu Naanga Illa''
| Gnana Prakash
| short
|-
| rowspan="4"|2013
| ''[[Naveena Saraswathi Sabatham]]''
| Kumar
| Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Sonna Puriyathu]]''
| Himself
| Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Thalaivaa]]''
| Himself
| Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]''
| Himself
| Cameo appearance
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Goli Soda]]''
| Himself
| Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="3"|2015
| ''[[Ettuthikkum Madhayaanai]]''
| Bommai
|
|-
| ''[[Maharani Kottai]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[10 Endrathukulla]]''
| Das' henchman||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5628626|Sam Anderson}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anderson, Sam}}
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Erode district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:1977 births]]

{{India-film-actor-1970s-stub}}

Gokulam Kerala FC (women)

2026-02-09T15:15:10Z

BXIBerniece: added info

{{Short description|Indian women's association football team}}
{{About|the women's football team|the men's team|Gokulam Kerala FC}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Gokulam Kerala Women
| image = Gokulam Kerala FC.svg
| image_size = 200px
| fullname = Gokulam Kerala Football Club Women
| short name = GKFC
| founded = {{start date and age|2018|1|}}
| nickname = The [[Malabar Coast|Malabarians]]
| ground = [[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Stadium]] [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium]]
| capacity = 50,000 30,000
| owntitle = Owner
| owner = Sree Gokulam Group
| chrtitle = President
| chairman = V. C. Praveen
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Raman Vijayan]]
| league = [[Indian Women's League]] [[Kerala Women's League]]
| season = [[2024–25 Indian Women's League|2024–25]]
| position = IWL, 2nd of 8 KWL, Champions
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _vneckorange
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = 9B111E
| body1 = 9B111E
| rightarm1 = 9B111E
| shorts1 = 9B111E
| socks1 = FF8000
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 = _vneckwhite
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = 8DFE61
| body2 = 8DFE61
| rightarm2 = 8DFE61
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = 8DFE61
| website = {{URL|https://www.gokulamkeralafc.com/|gokulamkeralafc.com}}
| current = 2025–26 Gokulam Kerala FC (Women) season
}}

'''Gokulam Kerala FC Women''' is an Indian [[women's association football|women's football]] section of [[Gokulam Kerala FC]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/gokulam-kerala-fc-embarrass-kenkre-fc-10-1-in-indian-womens-league/articleshow/73697563.cms|title=Gokulam Kerala FC embarrass Kenkre FC 10-1 in Indian Women's League|website=timesofindia.com|access-date=14 February 2021|archive-date=28 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428162446/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/gokulam-kerala-fc-embarrass-kenkre-fc-10-1-in-indian-womens-league/articleshow/73697563.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/indian-footballers-jyoti-and-soumya-selected-for-trials-at-znk-dinamo-zagreb/article65635351.ece|title=Indian footballers Jyoti and Soumya selected for trials at ZNK Dinamo Zagreb|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=13 July 2022|access-date=13 July 2022|first=TEAM SPORTSTAR|last=17:49 IST|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713150534/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/indian-footballers-jyoti-and-soumya-selected-for-trials-at-znk-dinamo-zagreb/article65635351.ece|archive-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> They participated in [[Indian Women's League]] (IWL),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/iwl-indian-womens-league-2018-19-ludhiana-punjab-may/sbtdnrytqh7a1ca20m3oqxd1c|title=Indian Women's League 2018-19 to kick off on May 5 in Ludhiana {{!}} Goal.com|website=www.goal.com|language=en|access-date=2019-04-15|archive-date=2019-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413032157/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/iwl-indian-womens-league-2018-19-ludhiana-punjab-may/sbtdnrytqh7a1ca20m3oqxd1c|url-status=live}}</ref> the premier women's football league in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Gokulam Kerala crowned new Hero IWL champions after thrilling finale |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/gokulam-kerala-crowned-new-hero-iwl-champions-after-thrilling-finale |accessdate=15 February 2020 |work=AIFF |date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215013759/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/gokulam-kerala-crowned-new-hero-iwl-champions-after-thrilling-finale |url-status=live }}</ref> They won their first [[Indian Women's League|IWL]] in [[2019–20 Indian Women's League|2019–20]] season.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/gokulam-kerala-crowned-new-hero-iwl-champions-after-thrilling-finale |title=Gokulam Kerala crowned new Hero IWL champions after thrilling finale |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215013759/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/gokulam-kerala-crowned-new-hero-iwl-champions-after-thrilling-finale|archive-date=15 February 2020}}</ref> They then retained the title in [[2021–22 Indian Women's League season|2021–22]] and [[2022–23 Indian Women's League season|2022–23]]. In 2021, they became the first club to represent India in [[AFC Women's Club Championship]].

==Crest==
[[File:Puliyoor Kali Theyyam at Mathamangalam.jpg|110px|thumb|right|Theyyam is a popular ritual form of worship in North Kerala]]
The club logo incorporates elements from historical [[Theyyam]], a famous ritual art form that originated in northern Kerala. It encompasses dance, mime and music.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kusuman |first=K. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA128 |title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume |date=1990 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-214-1 |language=en |access-date=25 March 2023 |archive-date=17 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617152606/https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA128#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Stadium==
[[File:Kozhikode_EMS_Stadium.jpg|180px|thumb|right|EMS Stadium on a matchday]]

Gokulam Kerala Women plays most of its home matches at the [[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Stadium]], which is located in the heart of Calicut.<ref>[https://www.gokulamkeralafc.com/album/ems-stadium-our-home/ EMS Stadium: Our home] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421053013/https://www.gokulamkeralafc.com/album/ems-stadium-our-home/ |date=2021-04-21 }} ''Gokulam Kerala FC'' (official website). Retrieved 21 April 2021</ref> They used the [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium]] after allegations surfaced that the corporation authorities were not happy with the state of the EMS Stadium under GKFC's maintenance.

==Supporters==
Kerala is a state known for its passionate football fans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/cricket-and-football-in-kerala|title=Kerala: The paradoxical Indian state where football rivals cricket|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now|date=19 May 2017|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507155025/https://khelnow.com/football/cricket-and-football-in-kerala|first=Srinath|last=Acharya}}</ref> Football in Northern Kerala (known as [[Malabar Coast|Malabar Coastal Region]]) has arguably one of the most passionate fanbase in the state.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/i-league-gokulam-kerala-fc-taking-football-forward-on-malabar-coast/articleshow/80726110.cms Gokulam Kerala FC taking football forward on Malabar Coast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909161532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/i-league-gokulam-kerala-fc-taking-football-forward-on-malabar-coast/articleshow/80726110.cms|date=9 September 2023}}. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/i-league-gokulam-kerala-fc-taking-football-forward-on-malabar-coast/articleshow/80726110.cms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909161532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/i-league-gokulam-kerala-fc-taking-football-forward-on-malabar-coast/articleshow/80726110.cms|date=9 September 2023}}. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 7 May 2021.</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Harigovind|last=Thoyakkat|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-kerala-blasters-inspiration-gokulam-kerala|title=How Kerala Blasters can learn from Gokulam Kerala's I-League success|access-date=11 December 2021|date=10 May 2021|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510134019/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-kerala-blasters-inspiration-gokulam-kerala|archive-date=10 May 2021}}</ref> "GKFC Battalia" is one of the largest supporters' group of Gokulam Kerala FC.<ref>{{cite web|first=Abdul|last=Nafie|title=Gokulam Kerala FC to honour former Indian football stars|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/gokulam-kerala-fc-to-honour-former-indian-football-stars|access-date=2018-03-03|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|date=3 March 2018|archive-date=25 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325045839/https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/football/gokulam-kerala-fc-to-honour-former-indian-football-stars}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/900972/when-it-comes-to-attendance-figures-is-the-i-league-better-than-the-isl|title=When it comes to attendance figures, is the I-League better than the ISL?|website=amp.scroll.in|publisher=[[Scroll.in|Scroll]]|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511133734/https://amp.scroll.in/field/900972/when-it-comes-to-attendance-figures-is-the-i-league-better-than-the-isl|url-status=live}}</ref> Another noted supporters' group of the club is named "GKFC Ultras".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/stepmotherly-treatment-to-i-league-clubs-gokulam-kerala-fans-irate-over-no-super-cup-qualifiers-live-telecast/|title='Stepmotherly treatment to I-League clubs': Gokulam Kerala fans irate over no Super Cup qualifiers live telecast|date=7 April 2023|access-date=10 October 2023|website=thesouthfirst.com|publisher=The South First News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010135948/https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/stepmotherly-treatment-to-i-league-clubs-gokulam-kerala-fans-irate-over-no-super-cup-qualifiers-live-telecast/|archive-date=10 October 2023|location=Kochi|first1=Sreerag|last1=PS}}</ref>

== Technical staff ==
{{updated|December 2025<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/raman-vijayan-named-gokulam-kerala-womens-team-head-coach/articleshow/122591282.cms|title=Raman Vijayan named Gokulam Kerala women’s team head coach|date=17 July 2025|accessdate=18 September 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Raman Vijayan]]
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Priyanka Kangralkar
|-
| Goalkeeper coach
|
|-
| Strength and conditioning coach
| {{flagicon|BRA}} Djair Miranda Garcia
|-
| Team manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ursha Mitra
|-
| Physio
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ramya V Shetty
|-
| Nutritionist
| {{flagicon|IND}} Anjali
|-
| Video Analyst
|
|-
| Media Manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Muhammad Sufail
|}

==Squad==
{{updated|9 January 2026|<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Women's League Squad |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/players/11821/11 |publisher=AIFF |access-date=8 January 2025 }}</ref>}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Shreya Hooda]]}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Kritina Devi Thounaojam]]}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Alina Chingakham}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Baby Lalchhandami}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Sowntharya Rajkumar}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Roja Devi Asem]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Menaka Devi Lourembam}}
{{fs player|no=8|nat=GHA|pos=MF|name=Sandra Atinga}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Babita Devi Oinam}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Daya Devi Heigrujam]]}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Mira Devi Pukhrambam}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=KEN|pos=DF|name=[[Phoeby Okech]]}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Rejiya Devi Laishram}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Sahena TH}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Shubhangi Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Muskan Subba}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=R. Darshini Devi}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Harmilan Kaur}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Shilji Shaji]]}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Melody Chanu Keisham}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Anitha S.}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Remi Thokchom}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Deblina Bhattacharjee}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Priyanka Kashyap}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Greeshma M. P.}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Priyadharshini Selladurai]]}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Sowmiya Narayanasamy]]}}
{{Fs player|no=32|nat=MOZ|pos=FW|name=[[Ninika]]}}
{{Fs player|no=33|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Dalima Chhibber]]}}
{{Fs player|no=35|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Jyoti Chouhan]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Alexiba Samson}}
{{Fs end}}

==Coaching history==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dates
! Name
! {{abbr|Ref|References}}
|-
| 2017–2020
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Priya P. V.]]
|
|-
| 2021–2022
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anthony Andrews (football manager)|Anthony Andrews]]
|
|-
| 2022
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Priya P. V.]]
|
|-
| 2022–2024
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anthony Andrews (football manager)|Anthony Andrews]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/gokulam-kerala-extends-coach-anthony-andrews-contract-womens-team-india-football/article67206496.ece|title=Gokulam Kerala women's team extends contract with coach Andrews until 2025|date=17 August 2023|website=Sportstar}}</ref>
|-
| 2024–2025
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ranjan Chowdhury
|
|-
| 2025–
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Raman Vijayan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/gokulam-kerala-fc-appoints-raman-vijayan-53887|title=Raman Vijayan takes charge of Gokulam Kerala FC women’s team|first=Ritu|last=Sejwal|date=16 July 2025|website=thebridge.in|accessdate=18 September 2025}}</ref>
|}

== Club captains ==
List of Gokulam Kerala Women's Football Team captains since its establishment.
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background: #74C2E1;" | Period
! style="background: #74C2E1;" | Name
|-
|2017–2018
|{{flagicon|IND}} Anita Rawat
|-
|2019–2020
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Michel Castanha]]
|-
|2021–2022
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aditi Chauhan]]
|-
|2022–2023
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Loitongbam Ashalata Devi]]
|-
|2023–2024
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Grace Dangmei]]
|-
|2024–2025
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Nongmaithem Ratanbala Devi]]
|}

== Seasons ==
{{updated|17 July 2025}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan=2 width=100| Season
!colspan="9"| [[Indian Women's League]]
!rowspan=2 align=center| [[Kerala Women's League|KWL]]
!rowspan=2 align=center| [[AFC Women's Club Championship|AFC Championship]]/ [[AFC Women's Champions League|AFC Champions League]]
!colspan=2| League Top Scorer
|-
! Tier !!width=20| {{Tooltip|Pld|Played}} !!width=20| {{Tooltip|W|Won}} !!width=25| {{Tooltip|D|Drawn}} !!width=20| {{Tooltip|L|Lost}} !!width=20| {{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}} !!width=20| {{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}} !!width=20| {{Tooltip|Pts|Points}} !! {{Tooltip|Pos|Position}} !! Name(s) !! Goals
|-
! [[2017–18 Indian Women's League|2017–18]]
| bgcolor="gold"| [[Indian Women's League|1]] || 6 || 1 || 1 || 4 || 6 || 12 || '''4''' || 5th
|DNP
|–
|{{flagicon|UGA}} [[Fazila Ikwaput]]
|5
|-
! [[2018–19 Indian Women's League|2018–19]]
| bgcolor="gold"| [[Indian Women's League|1]] || 6 || 5 || 0 || 1 || 18 || 5 || '''15''' || bgcolor="orange"|Semi Finals
|DNP
|–
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anju Tamang]]
| 5
|-
! [[2019–20 Indian Women's League|2019–20]]
| bgcolor="gold"| [[Indian Women's League|1]] || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 34 || 4 || '''15''' || bgcolor="gold" |Champions
|DNP
|–
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Sabitra Bhandari]]
|16
|-
! [[2020–21 Indian Women's League|2020–21]]
| bgcolor="gold"|[[Indian Women's League|1]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || NA<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-06|title=Indian Women's League 2021 postponed indefinitely|url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/4353165/indian-womens-league-2021-postponed-indefinitely|access-date=2021-06-19|website=ESPN|language=en|archive-date=13 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413053231/https://www.espn.in/football/story/4353165/indian-womens-league-2021-postponed-indefinitely|url-status=live}}</ref>
|DNP
|[[2021 AFC Women's Club Championship|3rd]]
|
|
|-
! [[2021–22 Indian Women's League|2021–22]]
| bgcolor="gold"| [[Indian Women's League|1]] || 11 || 11 || 0 || 0 || 66 || 4 || '''33''' || bgcolor="gold" |Champions
|bgcolor="gold" |Champions
|''[[FIFA]] Suspension''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/1030918/fifa-suspends-aiff-gokulam-kerala-fc-confirm-they-cannot-play-in-afc-womens-club-championship|title=Gokulam Kerala FC confirm they cannot play in AFC Women's Club Championship|website=scroll.in|access-date=13 April 2023|archive-date=28 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528222244/https://scroll.in/field/1030918/fifa-suspends-aiff-gokulam-kerala-fc-confirm-they-cannot-play-in-afc-womens-club-championship|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Elshaddai Acheampong]]
| 20
|-
! [[2022–23 Indian Women's League|2022–23]]
| bgcolor="gold"| [[Indian Women's League|1]] || 10 || 8 || 2 || 0 || 64 || 7 || '''26''' || bgcolor="gold" |Champions
|bgcolor="Silver" |Runners Up
|[[2023 AFC Women's Club Championship|GS]]
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Sabitra Bhandari]]
| 29
|-
! [[2023–24 Indian Women's League|2023–24]]
| bgcolor="gold"| [[Indian Women's League|1]] || 12 || 9 || 2 || 1 || 33 || 5 || '''29''' || bgcolor="Silver" |Runners Up
|bgcolor="gold" |Champions
|DNQ
|{{flagicon|UGA}} [[Fazila Ikwaput]]
| 13
|-
! [[2024–25 Indian Women's League|2024–25]]
| bgcolor="gold"| [[Indian Women's League|1]] || 14 || 9 || 2 || 3 || 30 || 14 || '''29''' || bgcolor="Silver" |Runners Up
|bgcolor="gold" |Champions
|DNQ
|{{flagicon|UGA}} [[Fazila Ikwaput]]
| 24
|-
! [[2025–26 Indian Women's League|2025–26]]
| bgcolor="gold"| [[Indian Women's League|1]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' ||
|
|DNQ
|
|
|}

==Performance in AFC competitions==
===AFC Women's Club Championship===
Winner of the 2020–21 Indian Women's League season would originally get the chance to participate in [[2021 AFC Women's Club Championship|2021 edition]] of [[AFC Women's Club Championship]]. As a backup, if the season is unable to complete, defending champions of [[2019–20 Indian Women's League season|2019–20 season]], Gokulam Kerala FC, will qualify for the event.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIFF keen to host women's league by September in light of continental invite|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2021/may/05/aiff-keen-to-host-womens-league-by-september-in-light-of-continental-invite-2298844.html|access-date=2021-05-26|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=2021-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526123421/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2021/may/05/aiff-keen-to-host-womens-league-by-september-in-light-of-continental-invite-2298844.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, on 15 July 2021, the All India Football Federation (AIFF) nominated Gokulam Kerala to represent India in the AFC Women's Club Championship 2020–21 pilot tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-15|title=Gokulam Kerala FC to represent India in AFC Women's Club Championship|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/gokulam-kerala-afc-women-club-championship-2021-participation-7406062/|access-date=2021-07-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=2022-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514171258/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/gokulam-kerala-afc-women-club-championship-2021-participation-7406062/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Season
! Competition
! Round
! Club
! Score
! Position
! Top scorer
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[2021 AFC Women's Club Championship|2021]]
|rowspan="3"|[[AFC Women's Club Championship]]
|rowspan="3"|[[2021 AFC Women's Club Championship|Round-robin]]
|{{flagicon|JOR}} [[Amman SC (women)|Amman]]
|style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#FCC|1–2
|rowspan="3" align=center|{{bronze3}}
|rowspan="3"|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Elshaddai Achempong]] {{small|(2 goals)}}
|-
|{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Shahrdari Sirjan]]
|style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#FCC|0–1
|-
|{{flagicon|UZB}} Bunyodkor
|style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#CFC|3–1
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[2022 AFC Women's Club Championship|2022]]
|rowspan="2"|[[AFC Women's Club Championship]]
|rowspan="2"|[[2022 AFC Women's Club Championship|Group stage]]
|{{flagicon|UZB}} [[FC Sogdiana Jizzakh|Sogdiyona Jizzak]]
|colspan=3 rowspan=2 Align=center|''Match abandoned due to [[FIFA]] ban on [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]]''
|-
|{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Bam Khatoon F.C.|Bam Khatoon]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[2023 AFC Women's Club Championship|2023]]
|rowspan="3"|[[AFC Women's Club Championship]]
|rowspan="3"|[[2023 AFC Women's Club Championship|Group stage]]
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Urawa Red Diamonds Ladies|Urawa Red Diamonds]]
|style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#FCC|0–7
|rowspan="3" align=center|GS (2nd)
|rowspan="3"|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Veronica Appiah]] {{small|(3 goals)}}
|-
|{{fbaicon|TPE}} [[Hualien Women's Football Team|Hualien]]
|style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#FFC|1–1
|-
|{{fbaicon|THA}} [[Bangkok W.F.C.|Bangkok]]
|style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#CFC|4–3
|-
|}

==Honours==
===Continental===
* '''[[AFC Women's Club Championship]]'''
** Third place (1): [[2021 AFC Women's Club Championship|2021]]

===Domestic===
* '''[[Indian Women's League]]'''
** Champions (3): [[2019–20 Indian Women's League season|2019–20]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Gokulam Kerala crowned new Hero IWL champions after thrilling finale|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/gokulam-kerala-crowned-new-hero-iwl-champions-after-thrilling-finale|access-date=15 February 2020|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|date=14 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215013759/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/gokulam-kerala-crowned-new-hero-iwl-champions-after-thrilling-finale|archive-date=15 February 2020}}</ref> [[2021–22 Indian Women's League season|2021–22]], [[2022–23 Indian Women's League season|2022–23]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Women's League 2023: Gokulam Kerala thrash Kickstart FC 5–0 to win third consecutive title|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/gokulam-kerala-wins-indian-womens-league-gkfc-5-0-kickstart-fc-sabitra-bhandari-top-scorer-iwl-records-milestones-stats/article66878249.ece|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=21 May 2023|access-date=22 May 2023|location=Chennai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522151217/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/gokulam-kerala-wins-indian-womens-league-gkfc-5-0-kickstart-fc-sabitra-bhandari-top-scorer-iwl-records-milestones-stats/article66878249.ece|archive-date=22 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gokulam Kerala steamroll Kickstart to complete hat-trick of Hero IWL titles|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/gokulam-kerala-steamroll-kickstart-to-complete-hat-trick-of-hero-iwl-titles|access-date=21 May 2023 |website=the-aiff.com|publisher=All India Football Federation|date=21 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522160849/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/gokulam-kerala-steamroll-kickstart-to-complete-hat-trick-of-hero-iwl-titles|archive-date=22 May 2023}}</ref>
** Runners-up (1): [[2024–25 Indian Women's League|2024–25]]
* '''[[Kerala Women's League]]'''
** Champions (2): [[2021–22 Kerala Women's League|2021–22]], [[2023–24 Kerala Women's League|2023–24]], [[2024–25 Kerala Women's League|2024–25]]
** Runners-up (1): [[2022–23 Kerala Women's League|2022–23]]

===Recognitions===
* '''[[Indian Women's League|IWL Roll of Honours]]'''
** Best Match Organisation (1): [[2024–25 Indian Women's League#Awards|2024–25]]<ref>{{cite web |title=IWL and I-League 2024-25 season awards declared |url=https://i-league.org/iwl-and-i-league-2024-25-season-awards-declared/ |publisher=i-league.org |access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Twitter|gokulamkeralafc}}

{{Football in Kerala}}
{{Kerala Sports}}

[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League clubs]]
[[Category:Women's football clubs in India]]
[[Category:Sport in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Kerala]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2018]]

Geetanjali Lal

2026-02-07T19:20:48Z

BXIBerniece: added a bio w/ infobox...

{{short description|Indian classical dancer and choreographer (born 1948)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Geetanjali Lal
|image = File:Geetanjali Lal.jpg
|birth_name = Geetanjali Desai
|birth_date = {{birth date and age| 5 Nov 1948|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Baroda]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
|known_for = Kathak dance and choreography
|spouse = [[Pandit Dev Lal]]
|children = [[Abhimanyu Lal]]
|occupation = Artistic Director, Devi-Durga Kathak Sansthan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.classicalclaps.com/devi-durga-kathak-sansthan-presented-two-day-aavaratan-dance-festival/ |website=classicalclaps|title=Devi Durga Kathak Sansthan presented two day Aavaratan Dance Festival|date=10 September 2020 }}</ref>
|website = http://kathakresonance.com/
}}

'''Geetanjali Lal''' (born '''Geetanjali Desai'''; 5 Nov 1948) is an Indian [[Kathak]] dancer and choreographer.

==Early life and education==
Geetanjali Lal received formal training in Hindustani Classical music from her father, Rajnikant Desai – vocalist & professor of music and the disciple of Aftab-e-Mosiqui Ustad Faiyaz Khan of Agra Gharana.<ref name="mid-day"/>
She began formal training in Kathak dance at an early age of 6, under the distinguished Kathak danseuse [[Roshan Kumari]].<ref name="where-words-fall-short">{{cite news |title=Where words fall short |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/where-words-fall-short-56699 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=TV channels reluctant to promote Kathak, say artists |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/jalandhar/add-covid-2-58750 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

Geetanjali Lal continued with her formal training in Kathak dance under stalwarts – [[Gopi Krishna (dancer)|Pandit Gopi Krishna]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sahai |first1=Shrinkhla |title=How gharanas shaped modern Kathak |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/how-gharanas-shaped-modern-kathak/article65277766.ece |work=The Hindu |date=31 March 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref> [[Mohanrao Kallianpurkar|Shri Mohan Rao Kallianpurkar]] and Pandit Devi Lal of Jaipur Gharana.<ref>{{cite news |title=Children must be aware of classical art forms: Kathak dancer Geetanjali Lal - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/children-must-be-aware-of-classical-art-forms-kathak-dancer-geetanjali-lal/articleshow/78062296.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="mid-day">{{cite news |title=India is immensely rich in heritage classical art forms: Kathak dancer Geetanjali Lal |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/article/india-is-immensely-rich-in-heritage-classical-art-forms--kathak-dancer-geetanjali-lal-22984206 |work=www.mid-day.com |date=11 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
She held the post of Chief of Repertory<ref name="hcicolombo">{{cite web |title=Welcome to High Commission of India, Colombo, Sri Lanka |url=https://hcicolombo.gov.in/press?id=eyJpdiI6Im82RUVWd0JXSzMxZUpDSDJSZmVvSUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVW9RYkwzanA5akJuSGNGZDA0NTZNdz09IiwibWFjIjoiNGMwNGUwNWEwNGUwNDFhY2VhZDgyYjU2ZDQ0NjM2MGFmOTQ0NDIxYjYxM2RiMTFjZTQ4NzE2NThkNTdlNjBlYyJ9 |website=hcicolombo.gov.in}}</ref> and Director of [[National Institute of Kathak Dance|Kathak Kendra]] from 2009-2012.<ref name="spicmacay">{{cite web |title=Kathak Guru Vidushi Smt. Geetanjali Lal - Apni Maati: Personality |url=http://spicmacay.apnimaati.com/2013/07/kathak-guru-vidushi-smt-geetanjali-lal.html |website=spicmacay.apnimaati.com}}</ref>
She is a top grade artist of [[Doordarshan]] and [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]], New Delhi.<ref name="spicmacay"/>

Geetanjali is well known for her abhinaya and other features of the Jaipur gharana, like laykaari, intricate rhythmic patterns in her footwork.
Geetanjali Lal had, ringing out the year 2001, surprised the audience with her imaginative choreography drawing on the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|tragic earthquake in Kutch]], the [[September 11 attacks|attack on the twin towers of the World Trade Centre]] in New York, and the popular TV quiz show ‘[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]' starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref name="hcicolombo" />

Geetanjali also acted in Kashmiri feature film – [[Shayar-e-Kashmir Mahjoor|Shayar-e-Kashmir Mahjoor (1972)]] by [[Prabhat Mukherjee]] – in the lead role, alongside actors [[Balraj Sahni|Balraj Sahani]], [[Parikshit Sahni]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]].<ref name="mahjoor1">{{cite web |title=Shair-E-Kashmir Mahjoor (1972) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/shair-e-kashmir-mahjoor-4038/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218081501/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/shair-e-kashmir-mahjoor-4038/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=18 December 2021 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref name="mahjoor2">{{cite web |last1=Naidu |first1=Jaywant |title=Dance helps the mind and body |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2017-03-12/Dance-helps-the-mind-and-body/286246 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |date=12 March 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She was married to Pandit Dev Lal of Jaipur Gharana.<ref name="where-words-fall-short"/><ref name="mid-day"/>

Famous Kathak dancers [[Abhimanyu Lal]] (her son), Vidha Lal and Avenav Mukherjee are her disciples.<ref name="ab-vi-1">{{cite news |title=Each other's shadow |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/each-other-s-shadow-659633 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ab-vi-2">{{cite news |title='We complement each other' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/%E2%80%98We-complement-each-other%E2%80%99/article17127484.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2 February 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="tribune">{{cite web |title=Dance bonds this saas, bahu |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140515/ldh1.htm#6 |website=www.tribuneindia.com |publisher=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Ludhiana Stories}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==

* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] in 2007<ref>{{cite news |title=President presents Akademi awards to 34 artists |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/president-presents-akademi-awards-to-34-artists-23162-2008-02-26 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="spicmacay" /><ref name="mid-day" /><ref name="tribune" />

Also, she has been awarded the title of “Nritya Sharada”, "Natya Kala Shree”, “Bharat Gaurav”, “Kala Shiromani” "Indira Gandhi Priyadarshini award" and “Kalpana chawala award, "Jjijabai Women Achivers Award", "Acharya Kala Vipanchee"<ref name="spicmacay" /><ref name="tribune" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:LaL, Geetanjali}}
[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Women educators from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Educators from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Gujarat]]

Education in Odisha

2026-02-04T20:56:28Z

BXIBerniece: minor edit

{{Short description|none}}
{{for|a list of education institutions|List of educational institutions in Odisha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
Previously a neglected aspect of the Indian Central government, '''Education in Odisha''' is witnessing a rapid transformation. Its capital city, [[Bhubaneswar]] along with [[Cuttack]], are emerging as a knowledge hub in India with several new public and private universities, including the establishment of an [[Indian Institute of Technology]] after five decades of demand.

Odisha has fared reasonably well in terms of literacy rates. The overall literacy rate according to [[2011 Indian census|Census 2011]] is 73.5%, which is marginally behind of the national average of 74.04%. In Odisha there are also many schools and colleges, maintained by government.
==History==
===Ancient and medieval era===
Historically, Odisha has been at the forefront of education and research. The ruins of a major ancient university, [[Puspagiri University|Puspagiri]], were recently discovered in Odisha. Scholars from far away lands, such as Greece, Persia and China used to study philosophy, astronomy, mathematics and science at this famed university. Along with [[Takshashila]] and [[Nalanda]] universities, Puspagiri was among the oldest universities in the world. All three universities were mentioned by the Chinese traveler Huien Tsang ([[Xuanzang]]), who visited India in the 7th century, but unlike the others, the whereabouts of Puspagiri university were unknown until recently. As of 2007, the ruins of this university have not been fully excavated yet.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2204/stories/20050225001308600.htm
| title=Odisha's treasures
| date=February 2005
| access-date=7 June 2007
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021104518/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2204/stories/20050225001308600.htm
| archive-date=21 October 2007
| url-status=usurped
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/intro.htm
| title=Odisha: Introduction
}}</ref>
Odisha's education prospered under Hindu and Buddhist rule. However, it went into a period of decline under the Sun dynasty, after 1568. The Muslims and the Marathas, who occupied Odisha before the British, did little to spread education.<ref>{{cite web
| title=Development of modern education in India: an empirical study of Odisha
| author=Bina Kumari Sarma
| date=28 March 2007}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=March 2017}} Before the creation of modern Odisha, the mainstay of the education system were the Sanskrit ''[[Pathsala]]s'', and the ''Maktabs'', which existed in [[Cuttack]], [[Balasore]], [[Puri]], [[Angul]] and [[Sambalpur]], local ''Chatasalis'' to cater to grassroot level education, as well as advanced centres of Oriental learning.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/Sept-Octo-2008/engpdf/67-72.pdf
|title = Orissa Review: Development of Educational Journals in Orissa
|author = Jagannath Mohanty
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410035518/http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/Sept-Octo-2008/engpdf/67-72.pdf
|archive-date = 10 April 2009
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

===Colonial era===
The colonialization of Odisha by the [[British East India Company]] in 1803 proved disastrous to Odisha in all spheres. It led to the collapse of the traditional education system. Yet, Odisha being one of the last Indian territories to come under the British rule became exposed much later than other parts of India to the system of education they introduced. Under the East India Company, Christian missionaries who took up printing the Old and New Testaments in Odia, also contributed to some growth in education. The first primary school was created in 1822 by missionaries.

The Cuttack Zilla school, Odisha's first modern school up to matriculation level, was established in 1866. It was extended to become a Collegiate school in 1868, which provided first and second year college education to Odia students. However, Odias were severely disadvantaged by having to attend [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]] in Kolkata for B.A. degrees. This was until the collegiate branch of Zilla school was converted into a full bachelor's degree granting college under the then commissioner, T. E. Ravenshaw. This college was named as [[Ravenshaw College]] after him.

In the early 20th Century, [[Gopabandhu Das]] established the 1st nationalist school in [[Odisha]], the [[Satyabadi Bana Bidyalaya]], following which [[Sayeed Mohammed]] established the second nationalist school of Odisha at [[Cuttack]] named the ''Muslim Seminary'' (present day : [[Sayeed Seminary]]). These nationalist schools aimed to cultivate the ideals of patriotism in the hearts of the students.

Women's education was taken up with the establishment of the Ravenshaw Hindu Girls' School in 1873. The Maharajah of Keonjhar, the Rani of Talcher, amongst other notable Odia personalities, who made contributions. Later, [[Reba Ray]], a former student of this school, [[Begum Badar un nissa Akhtar]] and [[Sailabala Das]] became instrumental in furthering the cause of women's education, leading to the creation of the [[Sailabala Women's College, Cuttack]] which was founded by Sailabala Das in the year 1913.

Medical education began with the opening of the first medical school in 1876, by Dr. Stewart, the Civil Surgeon of Cuttack, who also translated the ''[[Materia Medica]]'' into Odia. The first industrial school was opened in 1884, in Alalpur, [[Balasore]]. A survey school began at the same time in Cuttack, which later on became the Orissa School of Engineering, marking the beginnings of technical education in the state.<ref>{{cite web
| title=Some aspects of British administration in Orissa, 1912–1936
| author=Bandita Devi
| date=28 March 2007}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=March 2017}}

==School education==

===Literacy===
Although 10 years of primary education is mandatory in Odisha, the literacy rate is only 73.5%, which is marginally behind of the national average of 74.04%.
The government of India has undertaken steps to improve women's literacy in the tribal pockets in the state and elsewhere in India.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=38541
|title=Ministry of Human Resource Development: Education complexes for women in low literacy pockets
}}</ref>
But the Cuttack district, including Kendrapara-Jagatsinghpur, are continuing as the most educated districts of Orissa since independence till date.

Non-formal and adult literacy programs are run in various districts and are at different stages of implementation. Out of 30 districts, 9 are continuing total literacy campaign [TLC]. 10 districts are either continuing or awaiting approval of post literacy program [PLP]. 11 districts have completed PLP, and some of them have received sanction for Continuing Education Program.
The State Government is committed to the Universalisation of Elementary Education in the State with the aim of fulfilling the constitutional obligation with the assistance of Central Government.

=== Odisha Adarsha Vidyalayas ===
One of the major innovation in recent years has been plans of [[Odisha|Odisha State]] to set up one [[Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya]] (literally Odisha Model School) at each of 314 block headquarters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oavs.in/about.html|title=About Us|work=Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya Sangathan|access-date=18 March 2017}}</ref> 100 Odisha Adarsha Vidyalayas has already started functioning from academic session 2016–17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/Odisha-launches-100-Adarsha-Vidyalayas/articleshow/51701895.cms|title=Odisha launches 100 Adarsha Vidyalayas|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=5 April 2016|access-date=18 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oavs.in/pdf/Guideline%20for%20entrance%20test%20in%20OAVs.pdf|title=Information Brochure|access-date=18 March 2017}}</ref> These Adarsha Vidyalayas would be [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] affiliated [[Boarding school|fully residential schools]], provide free of education, and target talented students through an annual entrance examination. These would have Class VI through Class XII and each class would have 80 number of students.

==Universalisation of elementary education==
Keeping in view the need for Universalisation of elementary education, there has been expansion at Primary and Upper Primary School stage of education, in the Government sector, especially in rural areas as well as backward areas.

===Status of elementary education in the state===
In Odisha there are 35,928 Primary and 20,427 Upper Primary schools to provide education at elementary level. More 491 New Primary and 490 New Upper Primary schools opened under S.S.A. to provide schooling in unserved areas.
* 66 lakh children of 6–14 years age group are in-school, out of which 12 lakh are SC and 17 lakh are ST.
* 1.87 lakh children of 6–14 years age group are out-of-school from which 0.3 lakh are from SC and 0.9 lakh are from ST community. Out of them 56,995 Children were admitted to regular existing & New Schools under Enrolment Drive in districts.
Further to improve access to Elementary Education and to achieve 100% enrolment, Government have relaxed the norm for opening of new Primary schools
* In K.B.K. districts and Tribal Sub Plan areas new primary schools will be opened in habitations having at least 25 children in the 6–14 years age group provided there is no primary school within one KM of such habitations.
* In all the districts the distance norm for opening of new primary and new upper primary schools is relaxed in case of natural barrier like river, hilly terrain, dense forest etc.
* There are 218 Minority and Mission Managed Primary Schools, wherein 599 teachers are receiving grant-in-aid from the government. Besides, Odia Medium Schools.
* Odisha_Adarsha_Vidyalaya Sangathan]<ref>{{URL|http://www.oavs.in}}</ref>

==Universalisation of Secondary Education==

===Secondary Education===
There are 6193 Govt. and aided Secondary Schools, 849 Recognized High Schools and 151 permitted High Schools in the State.
* As per the GIA Rules, 2004, 1981 private High Schools have been notified to receive block grant.
* 1375 nos. of Contract Teachers has been engaged against the 3210 posts advertised.
* Contract teachers of High Schools have been allowed the minimum basic pay of their respective regular scale in Revised Scale of Pay 2008.
* Government have approved 799 candidates as non-teaching staff under the Rehabilitation Assistance Scheme in the year 2010.
* Computer Literacy is being popularized in High Schools. Board of Secondary Education has included computer learning as an optional subject in the curriculum for Secondary schools.

===Rastriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA)===
[[Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan|RMSA]] is a national flagship programme initiated in 2009–10 to universalise Secondary Education by making good quality education available, accessible and affordable to all children within the age group of 14 – 18 years with strong focus on the elements of gender, equity & justice.

====Objectives====
* To provide secondary school within 5 km and higher secondary school within 7–10 km of every habitation.
* Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) of 75% for class-IX & X within five years (by 2013–14).
* Universal Access to Secondary Education (SE) by 2017.
* Universal Retention by 2020.
* Access to Secondary Education (SE) for all disadvantaged group of children.
* To improve quality of education resulting in enhanced intellectual, social and cultural learning.

====Action Taken====
* Annual Work Plan for 2010–11 and Perspective Plan for 5 years submitted to GOI.
* PAB approved for 2009–10 Rs.207.18 crores and for 2010–11 Rs. 507.92 crore.
* Rs. 3.00 crores released by GOI for "Preparatory Activities" such as Strengthening State and District offices.
* Strengthening manpower organising training/workshop/SEMI Setc.
* Rs. 71.40 crores released by GOI for "Project Activities" such as; Civil works for new school.
* M.M.E.R. (Management Monitoring Evaluation & Research which is being released to all the 30 districts.
* Data collection, data entry and analysis of "Secondary Education Management Information System" (S.E.M.I.S.), 2009–10 is completed & is under verification by the Inspector of Schools.

===The 10+2 structure===
In Odisha, as elsewhere in India, children are enrolled in school at the age of five. The core subjects taught in schools include Science (including Physics, Chemistry and Biology), Mathematics (Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry, Computer Science, and Set theory), Social Studies (Geography, History, Civics and Economics), and three languages, which are usually Odia, Hindi and English. Additionally, school children receive training in sports and physical education, as well as vocational training.

After ten years of schooling, children at the end of class X must appear in one of the three school examinations;
1. All India Secondary School Examination, which is conducted by the Central Government run [[Central Board of Secondary Education]],
2. Odisha High School Certificate Examination, which is conducted by the [[Board of Secondary Education, Odisha]] and
3. [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] examination, conducted annually by the New Delhi-based [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]].

Children who appear in either the All India Secondary School Examination or the Odisha High School Certificate Examination have a choice of using Odia or English as the medium language. However, the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations makes English the mandatory language.

Two years of higher secondary education follow, which is optional. Students, usually in the 15 through 17 age group, have a choice of specializing in the following streams;
# Arts
# Science
# Commerce

At this stage, the students get exposed to a wide array of elective subjects. The Central Board of Secondary Education conducts the All India Senior School Certificate Examination and the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations conducts the Indian School Certificate Examinations for students in class XII. There are also Junior colleges and Degree colleges in the state that offer secondary education for class XII children. The [[Council of Higher Secondary Education, Odisha]] conducts the higher secondary level examination for them.

This educational structure in Odisha is referred to commonly as the 10+2 system. Students who undergo the 10+2 education system are eligible for admission into a college or university in Odisha, and can also opt for other professional training. However, admission into the few top institutions in Odisha, particularly in engineering and medicine, are highly competitive. Students graduating from class XII typically must qualify in an entrance examination in order to gain admission.

===Odisha Joint Entrance Examination===
The Government of Odisha conducts a highly competitive Joint Entrance Examination annually to select students for admission into the various engineering colleges operating under Biju Patnaik University of Technology. In 2010, around 73,587 students took the exam against 76,000 students last year.{{clarify|What is "last year"?|date=September 2020}} Out of them 51,174 students sat for engineering, 19,663, in MBA, 9,446, in MCA.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=17912
| title=OJEE
| date=19 April 2010
| access-date=7 July 2011
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319064434/http://orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=17912
| archive-date=19 March 2012
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==National level public institutions==

Odisha has become a hub for higher education and has numerous institutions which are nationally and internationally recognised.

===General===
====Central University of Odisha====
The [[Central University of Odisha]] has been established in [[Koraput]] by the Parliament under the Central Universities Act, 2009 (No. 3C of 2009). It is one of the 15 new Central Universities established by the Government of India during the UGC XI Plan period to address the concerns of “equity and access” and as per the policy of the Government of India to increase the access to quality higher education by people in less educationally developed districts which have a Graduate Enrollment Ratio of less than the national average of 11%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cuo.ac.in/|title=Welcome to Central University Of Odisha|website=cuo.ac.in|accessdate=6 January 2024}}</ref>

====Indian Institute of Mass Communication====
[[Indian Institute of Mass Communication|IIMC]] [[Dhenkanal, India|Dhenkanal]], was set up in August 1993 as the first branch of [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication|IIMC]] [[New Delhi]], under the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Govt. of India]]. It imparts education and training in [[journalism]] and also undertakes media studies and research. The institute conducts PG Diploma courses in Journalism in English and [[Oriya language|Odia]], besides short term courses and workshops.

====National University====
A national university for research is being set up in [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref name="World Class Universities">{{cite web
| url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=50715
| title=World Class Universities
| date=21 July 2009
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=45702
| title= Setting up of World Class Universities
| date=16 December 2008
}}</ref> The government of India will seek expertize from leading universities, such as Yale, [[MIT]] and [[Princeton University|Princeton]], in setting up the national university at [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Sibal-eyes-tie-ups-with-leading-global-universities/articleshow/5066504.cms
| title=Sibal eyes tie-ups with leading global universities
| date=29 September 2009
|work=The Times Of India
}}</ref>

====Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan (Deemed University), Shri Sadashiva Campus====
This campus was established in 1971 and is situated at [[Puri]] in Odisha. The institution is more than 100 years old. The campus is pursuing research work leading to the degree of Vidyavaridhi (PhD) and imparting education in Sahitya, Dharma Shastra, Navya Vyakarana, Puranetihas, Jyotish, Advaita Vedanta, Navya Nyaya, Sarvadarshana and Sankhya Yoga at post–graduate and graduate level and Shiksha Shastri at graduate level.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/puri.htm |title=Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan |access-date=29 December 2011 |archive-date=28 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228035851/http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/puri.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Regional Institute of Education====
A premier centre of education research, the Regional Institute of Education is located near Acharya Vihar in [[Bhubaneswar]]. It is a regional centre of [[NCERT]] serving the eastern region. Apart from running training programmes for teachers of schools and colleges, the institute also has integrated courses of B.Sc. and B.Ed. The institute also runs courses on B.Ed., M.Ed. and M.Phil. (education).

===Law===
====National Law University of Odisha====
{{main|National Law University Odisha}}
A national law university was established in 2009 at Naraj, in the outskirts of the city of [[Cuttack]]. The university offers integrated B.A. LL.B. and B.B.A. LL.B., integrated LL.M-PH.D and Ph.D. courses.

===Management===
====Indian Institute of Management====
{{main|Indian Institute of Management, Sambalpur}}
The Indian Institute of Management, [[Sambalpur]] is the 14th [[Indian Institute of Management]] established by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|MHRD]], Government of [[India]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web
| title=IIM Sambalpur
| url=http://www.iimsambalpur.ac.in/
}}</ref> A total of {{convert|237|acre|km2}} of land has been allocated at Basantpur towards the state of art permanent campus <ref>{{cite web
| title=IIM Sambalpur
| url=http://www.iimsambalpur.ac.in/
|date=9 September 2017
}}</ref> The institute has started Post Graduation Program (PGP) in Management since 2015.

====Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management====
Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management (IITTM), [[Bhubaneswar]] is one of the five premier autonomous institutes set by [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]], [[Government of India]]. IITTM is engaged in teaching, training, research and consultancy and is the only institute in the country dedicated to the tourism learning. The institute at [[Bhubaneswar]] was in 1996 as Baji Rout Regional Centre for Eastern India with the primary objective of expanding its activities to a part of the country that is full of tourism potential. It offers two years postgraduate diploma in management specializing in Tourism and Travel and International Business.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iittm.org/doc/Broucher%20%20final%20BHU.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 December 2011 |archive-date=26 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426081445/http://www.iittm.org/doc/Broucher%20%20final%20BHU.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Medical===
====All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar====
[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar]] (AIIMS) is being set up in the state under the Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojna. Former Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] had laid the foundation stone for the super-speciality hospital in 2003. The state AIIMS was then estimated to cost about Rs 820.49 crore. The institute has initiated the process of recruiting staff and is buying equipment simultaneously and the facility would be ready to take admissions in undergraduate medical courses by 2013. Work on the medical college and the hospital buildings would be complete by September 2012. The Union government recently selected three top medical institutes to mentor the six upcoming AIIMS prototypes. [[AIIMS New Delhi]] will mentor its clone in [[Bhubaneswar]]. The mentor will guide the upcoming institute in selecting faculty and setting up necessary infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news
| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/City-AIIMS-to-be-ready-by-Sept-2012-says-govt/articleshow/9055641.cms
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905125812/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-30/bhubaneswar/29721413_1_institute-selection-sijua
| url-status=live
| archive-date=5 September 2012
| work=[[The Times of India]]
| title=City AIIMS to be ready by Sept 2012
| date=30 June 2011
}}</ref>

====Institute of Dental Sciences====
Institute of Dental Sciences, [[Bhubaneswar]] was set up in 2005 on the recommendation of Dental Council of India, Health and Family Welfare Department, [[Govt. of India]]. It has been conducting [[B.D.S]] Course from the academic session 2006–07.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ids.ac.in/profile.php |title=Institute of Dental Sciences |access-date=29 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109122853/http://ids.ac.in/profile.php |archive-date= 9 January 2012 }}</ref>

==== Institute of Life Sciences ====
The Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), an autonomous institute has been brought under the fold of the [[Department of Biotechnology]], [[Government of India]] in August 2002. The institute is located in close proximity to other research institutions at [[Bhubaneswar]]. The institute was earlier established on 11 February 1989 and was under the administrative and financial control of Department of Science and Technology, [[Government of Odisha]]. [[Prime minister of India]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] dedicated the institute to the nation on 15 July 2003 with a declaration to develop the institute as a "National Centre for Excellence". The mandate of ILS is to undertake basic and translational research in frontier areas of life sciences. The research interests of the faculty are in three major areas: (a) Infectious Disease Biology, (b) Gene Function and Regulation and (c) Translation Research and Technology Development. In addition, new collaborations with industry have been established to tap commercial potential of laboratory science.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ils.res.in/institute.htm |title=Institute of Life Sciences |access-date=29 December 2011 |archive-date=20 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120194542/http://www.ils.res.in/institute.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Indian Institute of Public Health====
Indian Institute of Public Health, [[Bhubaneswar]] is one of the four institutes set up by PHFI as a part of its charter to build public health capacity in [[India]]. IIPH, [[Bhubaneswar]], commenced its academic activities from August 2010. The institute offers a Post Graduate Diploma course in Public Health Management, launched on 2 August 2010. Government doctors from Odisha and Chhattisgarh and self-sponsored candidates are participating in this course. In addition to this, various short term training programmes, workshops and research activities are being undertaken by the institute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.phfi.org/our-activities/academic-programmes/492|title = Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI)|date = 28 November 2016}}</ref>

====National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research====
{{main|National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research}}
The [[National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research]] (NIRTAR) is an autonomous body established in 1975 under the [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]], [[Govt. of India]]. It is located in a beautiful rural area at Olatpur, Cuttack, 30 km from [[Cuttack]] [[City Bus Stand]]. It conducts three bachelor's degree courses in Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy, Prosthetics and Orthotics, two Postgraduate courses in Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy affiliated to Utkal University, Bhubaneswar. It also has an accreditation for DNB in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of National Board of Examination (NBE), New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://svnirtar.nic.in/|title=SVNIRTAR|website=svnirtar.nic.in|accessdate=6 January 2024}}</ref>

====Regional Medical Research Centre====
Regional Medical Research Centre, [[Bhubaneswar]], was established in 1981 by [[Indian Council of Medical Research]]. It conducts interdisciplinary research on locally prevailing communicable and non-communicable diseases. It provides training and research to post graduate students for Ph.D./ MD degree, MSc. dissertation and short term training to the doctors and technicians from state health departments and NVBDCP, Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://icmr.nic.in/icmrsql/insprofile.asp?insno1=000517 |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=28 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028153916/http://www.icmr.nic.in/icmrsql/insprofile.asp?insno1=000517 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Technical===
====Biju Patnaik National Steel Institute====
Biju Patnaik National Steel Institute (BPNSI), [[Puri]] is an autonomous Institute constituted by [[Ministry of Steel]], [[Government of India]] was established on 1 January 2002 for the development of steel sector with an emphasis on the secondary steel sector. BPNSI is one of the few institutes in the country and the only institute in Odisha that offers a curriculum in Iron & Steel manufacturing & Plant Management. Currently the institute is offering a one and half year “Advanced Certificate Course on Iron and Steel Manufacturing & Plant Management.” The institute plans to offer Degree and P.G. Diploma courses in the future.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bpnsi.org/|title=Biju Patnaik National Steel Institute|website=www.bpnsi.org|accessdate=6 January 2024}}</ref>

====Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology====
{{main|Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar}}
[[Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar]] established in 1986 is one of the 15 state-of-the-art centres spread across [[India]] devoted to academic, technology support & research (ATR) activities for the growth of plastics & allied industries in the country. [[Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar|CIPET, Bhubaneswar]] has a track record of best performance centre consistently for last few years and rated to be the best centre. The institute offers B.Tech., M.Tech. and PhD program on Plastics Engineering and Technology in affiliation with [[Biju Patnaik University of Technology]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cipet.gov.in/visitourcampus/orissa/orissa.html |title=CIPET | Visit Our Campus | Orissa | Bhubaneswar | About Us |access-date=29 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101112655/http://cipet.gov.in/visitourcampus/orissa/orissa.html |archive-date= 1 January 2012 }}</ref>

====Central Rice Research Institute====
{{main|Central Rice Research Institute}}
The [[Central Rice Research Institute]] (CRRI) is located in the city of [[Cuttack]]. It is one of the premier institutions in Asia for rice research. It was established by the centre in 1946 with an experimental farm land of 0.6 km2 provided by the [[Odisha]] government. It is the second largest institution dedicated to rice research after the one at [[Manila]].
The institute has two research stations- Central Rainfed Upland Rice Research Station (CRURRS), [[Hazaribagh]], in [[Jharkhand]], and the Regional Rainfed Lowland Rice Research Station (RRLRRS), Gerua, in [[Assam]]. These research stations were established to tackle the problems of rainfed uplands, and flood prone rainfed lowlands, respectively.
Two Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) also function under the CRRI located at Santhapur, [[Cuttack]] and [[Jainagar, Koderma]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://crri.nic.in/index.html |title=Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack |access-date=29 December 2011 |archive-date=19 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719012841/http://crri.nic.in/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Central Tool Room & Training Centre====
{{main|Central Tool Room & Training Centre}}
[[Central Tool Room & Training Centre]], [[Bhubaneswar]] is an autonomous institute under the Ministry of MSME, [[Government of India]]. Since 1991 imparting industry oriented long & short term training programmes on [[CAD/CAM]], Tool Design & Manufacturing, Tool & Die Making, Diploma in Mechatronics, CNC Programming & Machining, Machine Maintenance, CCNA, Industrial Automation, [[VLSI]], Hardware & Networking Management, ITI (Machinist/Welder) etc.

====Indian Institute of Handloom Technology====
I.I.H.T. [[Bargarh]], the fifth central sector institute came into existence on 2 June 2008. Initially it started functioning in the panchayat college campus in [[Bargarh]] township which is a prominent place in western part of Odisha. The permanent campus is under construction on Bargarh-Bhatli road, 8 km from the district headquarters. It offers a diploma course in handloom and textile technology.

====Institute of Physics====
{{main|Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar}}
The Institute Of Physics, [[Bhubaneswar]] is an autonomous research institution funded jointly by the Department Of Atomic Energy (DAE) and the [[Government of Odisha]]. It provides research facilities for postgraduate research.

====National Institute of Science Education & Research====
{{main|National Institute of Science Education & Research}}
The National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) is a premier research institution in India along the lines of the internationally reputed IISc in Bangalore, and five sister institutions, the IISERs. Instead of the Ministry of Human Resources Development, NISER operates under the umbrella of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE). It was established in 2007, in [[Bhubaneswar]], Odisha, when the first batch of students were admitted into its integrated postgraduate programs.

NISER is dedicated to graduate education and research only. It offers M.S.,5 year integrated M.S. as well as PhD degrees in physics, chemistry, mathematics, and biology. The Odisha government has provided {{convert|301|acre|km2|1}}of land free of cost for the upcoming campus at Jatani (22 km south from [[Bhubaneswar]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niser.ac.in/institute.php?p%3Dcampus |title=:: Niser :: |access-date=30 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211035525/http://www.niser.ac.in/institute.php?p=campus |archive-date=11 December 2011 }}</ref>

Keeping in view the paucity of central government institutions in the state, the [[Government of Odisha]] has mooted the idea of a National Institute for Technology Education and Research (NITER), a sister institution of [[NISER]], in [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEQ20070910020147&Page=Q&Headline=After+NISER%2C+State+wants+one+more&Title=ORISSA&Topic=0
| title=After NISER, State wants one more
| date=8 September 2007
}} {{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

====Indian Institute of Science Education and Research====
{{main|Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur}}
Established by the Ministry of Human Resource Development IISER, Berhampur is one of the 7 such institutes spread across India. It started taking students since 2016.<ref>[http://www.iiserbpr.ac.in/ Indian Institute of Science Education and Research]</ref> It provides BS, MS and PhD degrees in basic sciences.

====Indian Institute of Technology====
{{main|IIT Bhubaneswar}}
The Indian Institute of Technology, [[Bhubaneswar]] is the third and one of the largest of eight [[New IITs|new Indian Institutes of Technology]] established by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|MHRD]], Government of [[India]] in 2008–2009.<ref>{{cite web
| title=IIT Bhubaneswar: CM lays foundation stone
| url=http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/alldocs/2954.pdf
}}</ref> A total of {{convert|935|acre|km2}} of land has been allocated at '''Arugul (a village 25 km south of Bhubaneswar)''' towards the self-contained campus for 10,000 students and 1,100 faculty, making it the second largest of all IITs after the one at Kharagpur.<ref>{{cite web
| title=IIT Bhubaneswar starts taking shape
| url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article36070.ece
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211804/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article36070.ece
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=4 March 2016
|date=13 February 2009
|author=Express News Service
}}</ref>

As of 2009, there are undergraduate programs leading to B.Tech. degrees in civil engineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering. Postgraduate students are being admitted into the M.Tech. and PhD programs.

====International Institute of Information Technology====
{{main|International Institute of Information Technology, Bhubaneswar}}
International Institute of Information Technology, Bhubaneswar is an information technology higher education institute established in 2006 by the [[Government of Odisha]]. It has been converted to a unitary university on 20 January 2014. It is located 8 km from Bhubaneswar <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iiit-bh.ac.in/|title=IIIT Bhubaneswar|website=www.iiit-bh.ac.in|accessdate=6 January 2024}}</ref>

====Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology====
{{main|Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology}}
The [[Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology]] IMMT, (formerly Regional Research Laboratory, Bhubaneswar) was set up as a premier establishment of the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi in 1964 in the State of Odisha, in eastern India. The laboratory specializes in providing R&D support for process and product development with special emphasis on conservation and sustainable utilization of natural resources. Over the years, IMMT has developed S&T capabilities in a wide range of areas from mineralogy to materials engineering. The laboratory has expertise in conducting technology oriented programmes in mining and mineral/bio-mineral processing, metal extraction and materials characterization, process engineering, industrial waste management, pollution monitoring and control, marine and forest products development, utilization of medicinal and aromatic plants and appropriate technologies for societal development.<ref>[http://www.immt.res.in/ Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology]</ref>

====National Institute of Fashion Technology====
National Institute of Fashion Technology(NIFT), [[Bhubaneswar]] centre started functioning from June 2010 from its transit campus situated in Centurion Institute of Technology, near HP Gas Plant, 5 km north of [[Bhubaneswar]]. The course being offered at the institute at present, include specialization in disciplines such as Bachelor of Design in Textile Design, Fashion Design, Fashion and Lifestyle Accessory Design and Fashion communication, Bachelor of Fashion Technology and Master of Fashion Management Studies.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.nift.ac.in/bhubaneswar/index.html
| title=NIFT Bhubaneswar
}}</ref> A total of {{convert|35|acre|m2}} of land have been granted by the state government. The NIFT would be funded through the Indian Ministry of Commerce. It is admitting students from 2010.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.samaylive.com/news/orissa-to-get-an-nift-soon/649280.html
| title=Odisha to get an NIFT soon
| work=SamayLive
| date=20 August 2009
}}</ref>

====National Institute of Technology====
{{main|National Institute of Technology, Rourkela}}
Established in the year 1961, The [[National Institute of Technology]] (NIT) located at the steel city of [[Rourkela]] is the foremost engineering degree granting institutions in Odisha. It has consistently been ranked among the top engineering institutes in the country, most recently being placed as the 3rd best Engineering Institute in Eastern India, after [[IIT Kharagpur]] and [[IIT Guwahati]] by DataQuest.<ref name="us.rediff.com">{{cite web
| url=http://us.rediff.com/money/2005/jun/28spec.htm
| title=India's top 20 engineering colleges
| date=28 June 2005
}}</ref>

==State level public institutions==

===Berhampur University===
{{main|Berhampur University}}
Berhampur University was established in southern Odisha in 1965, as the third oldest university in the state. The university has 25 affiliated colleges and covers the districts of [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]], [[Ganjam]], [[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]], [[Koraput]], [[Malkangiri]], [[Nabarangpur]] and [[Rayagada]].

===Biju Patnaik University of Technology===
{{main|Biju Patnaik University of Technology}}
The Biju Patnaik University of Technology, [[Rourkela]], was created by an act of the Odisha state legislature in the year 2002. Almost all the engineering, pharmacy, architecture and most of the colleges offering MBA degree programmes are either constituent or affiliated colleges. The university has 110 colleges, both constituent and affiliated, with around 58,000 students. The disciplines include engineering and architecture, business management and hotel management, computer studies and pharmacy.

===Odisha University of Technology and Research (OUTR)===
{{main|College of Engineering and Technology}}
The Odisha University of Technology and Research (OUTR), formerly College of Engineering and Technology Bhubaneswar(CET-B), is a public technical unitary university under the state government of Odisha. It was initially established within the purview of OUAT in Bhubaneswar as a constituent autonomous college since 1981. It got separated from OUAT since 2002, having its own vast campus of about {{convert|139|acre|km2}} in Ghatikia, Khandagiri, Bhubaneswar. It offers undergraduate programs in Architecture, Computer science, Information Technology, Electrical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Instrumentation & Electronics Engineering, Bio-Technology Engineering, Mechanical engineering, Textile engineering and Fashion Technology. It offers M Tech/M Arch/MCA, Applied M Sc & Phd degrees in various engineering & science areas including Nanobiotechnology, VLSI & Embedded Systems, Computer Science and Engineering, Mechanical System Design & Dynamics, Textile Chemical Processing, Thermal Engineering, Structural Engineering, Industrial Engineering and Management, Urban and Regional Planning, Biotechnology, Applied Physics, Applied Chemistry, Mathematics and computing. It places about 75% of its students every year before they graduate and has a large number of students interning all over India.

===Government College Of Engineering, Keonjhar===
{{main|Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar}}
Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar is the only Government engineering college in North Odisha. The institute started under the Department of Industries, Government of Odisha in 1956 offering Diploma education in [[Mining Engineering]] and later in 1995 introduced degree curriculum. [[Electrical Engineering]] and [[Mechanical Engineering]] branches were added in 1997. In 2006, the government of Odisha declared Orissa School of Mining Engineering (Degree Stream) as a constituent college of Biju Pattnaik University of Technology, [[Rourkela]] under self finance mode to develop it as a centre of excellence in the field of Engineering & Technology. In 2008, Mineral Engineering and in 2009, [[Metallurgical Engineering|Metallurgical & Materials Engineering]] were added. In 2011, as per a government notification, it has been declared as a full-fledged government engineering college. In 2015, [[Computer Science Engineering|Computer Science & Engineering]] and [[Civil Engineering]] were added.

===Fakir Mohan University===
{{main|Fakir Mohan University}}
Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, [[Balasore]] was established by the [[Government of Odisha]], in 1999.

===Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology===
{{main|Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology, Sarang}}
The Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology (IGIT) is located at Sarang in the industrial belt of Talcher. It was established in 1982 by the government of Odisha. In addition to four year undergraduate degrees in electrical, mechanical, chemical and civil engineering, and metallurgical & materials science, it offers three year diplomas in a few technical disciplines.

===Institute of Mathematics and Applications===
{{main|Institute of Mathematics and Applications, Bhubaneswar}}
The Institute of Mathematics and Applications, (IMA) located in Bhubaneswar is an academic institution, established by the government of Odisha to conduct research in pure and applied mathematics, and to conduct postgraduate degree programs in the field. It was established in 1999.

===Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati Medical College===
{{main|MKCG Medical College and Hospital}}
The Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati (MKCG) Medical College is a medical college in Berhampur. It was originally started in 1976 as an extension of the SCB Medical College. It operates under Berhampur University. It offers MBBS and MD degrees and also provides training in medical related fields.

===North Orissa University===
{{main|North Orissa University}}
[[North Orissa University]], [[Baripada]] is a public and open university established in 1998. The jurisdiction of the university extends over two districts, [[Mayurbhanj]] and [[Keonjhar]]. There are 103 affiliated colleges, both general and professional, catering to the demand of higher education.

===Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology===
{{main|Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology}}
The Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT) was established in the city of Bhubaneswar in 1962. It is dedicated to agriculture related research and education, and has seven colleges as well as a centre for postgraduate studies.

===Parala Maharaja Engineering College, Berhampur===
{{main|Parala Maharaja Engineering College}}
Parala Maharaja Engineering College was established in 2009 by the government of Odisha, and started functioning in its academic building at Sitalapalli, Berhampur with four branches. It is a constituent college of Biju Patnaik University of Technology. The college was inaugurated by Sri Naveen Patnaik.

===Ravenshaw University===
{{main|Ravenshaw University}}
[[File:Ravenshaw Convention Centre,Ravenshaw University,Cuttack.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Ravenshaw Convention Centre, [[Ravenshaw University]], [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]]]]
Upgraded from Ravenshaw College one of the oldest and largest colleges of India, the Ravenshaw University came into existence on 15 November 2006. Originally affiliated to University of Calcutta and thereafter to Patna University and then finally to Utkal University the institution finally got its own identity and became one of the most reputed universities of the Odisha state. Presently the university runs 23 Post-Graduate courses with research facilities and 27 Undergraduate honours courses.

===Sambalpur University===
{{main|Sambalpur University}}
Sambalpur University (Jyoti Vihar) in [[Burla, India|Burla]], in western Odisha is another important university covering the districts of [[Bargarh]], [[Bolangir]], [[Boudh]], [[Debagarh|Deogarh]], [[Jharsuguda]], [[Kalahandi]], [[Nuapada]], [[Sambalpur]], [[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]], [[Sundargarh]] as well as the Athamallik Sub-Division of [[Angul]] district. It offers postgraduate education in twenty seven subjects. The university has been functioning since 1967.

===Govt Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Balangir===
GAC balangir is the premier government ayurvedic institute in the state of Odisha established in 1975. It offers both UG and PG degree to students. It also has a city hospital named Sardeswari Government Ayurvedic hospital in daily market.

===Shriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College===
{{main|Shriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College}}
Established in 1944, The Shriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College (SCB Medical College) at Cuttack, is the premier medical institution in Odisha and one of the oldest in India. It offers postgraduate degrees in all broad areas of medicine. It also runs super speciality training facilities in several areas such as cardiology, neurosurgery, and radiotherapy. There also exists a dental wing under the SCB Medical college.

===Shri Jagannath Sanskrit Vishvavidayalaya===
Shri Jagannath Sanskrit Vishvavidayalaya was established in Puri by the erstwhile Chief Minister of Odisha Janaki Ballabh Pattanayak, an eminent scholar of Sanskrit, on 7 July 1981. It is the third Sanskrit university of the country next to Sampurnananda Sanskrit University of [[Banaras]] and Kameswar Singh Sanskrit University of Darabhanga.

===Utkal University===
{{main|Utkal University}}
Utkal University (Vani Vihar) was the first university to be established in Odisha in 1943. It is also the seventeenth oldest in India. It is located in [[Bhubaneswar]] and has about 3,000 postgraduate and doctoral students enrolled. The university has jurisdiction over nine districts in Odisha, namely [[Angul]], [[Cuttack]], [[Dhenkanal, India|Dhenkanal]], [[Jajpur]], [[Jagatsinghpur]], [[Kendrapara]], [[Khurda]], [[Nayagarh]] and [[Puri]] catering to the needs of higher education of a population of over 11 million people.
[[File:Utkal University main entrance gate in Bhubaneswar,.jpg|thumb|Main entrance to Utkal University]]

===Utkal University of Culture===
The Utkal University of Culture is a newly established institution located in [[Bhubaneswar]].

=== Vikram Dev University ===
{{Main|Vikram Dev University}}
The Vikram Dev University (formerly: Vikram Deb Autonomous College) is a institutionally transformed university at [[Jeypore]], [[Koraput district|Koraput]]. It was established as College in 1947, making it one of the oldest educational institutions in Odisha.

===Veer Surendra Sai Medical College===
{{main|Veer Surendra Sai Medical College}}
The Veer Surendra Sai (VSS) Medical college and hospital has been in operation since 1959 in Burla. It offers undergraduate and postgraduate education in medicine and surgery, besides offering training courses in pharmacy and nursing.

===Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla===
{{main|Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla}}
Established in 1956 at Burla, the Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, formerly known as University College of Engineering (UCE) is Odisha's oldest, and one of the oldest and prestigious engineering institutions of [[East India]]. Initially an autonomous college since 1991, it was elevated as a university in the year 2009, as a result of a move by the Government of Odisha to accord it with the status of a unitary university. It offers undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral degrees in several engineering disciplines. VSSUT receives financial grants from [[All India Council of Technical Education]] and [[University Grants Commission (India)]], two central government agencies, as well as from the state government. While other major engineering institutions (such as the [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IITs]]) only enjoy deemed university status, VSSUT is one of India's full scale university for engineering and technology. The campus covers an area of 203 acres (0.82 km2) with an expansion capacity up to 503 acres (2.04 km2), as per the land allotted to it. There is a proposal to upgrade this to [[National Institutes of Technology|NIT]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.welcomeorissa.com/orissa_news.php?opt=view&id=15817&ChosenDay=05&ChosenMonth=08&ChosenYear=2008 |title=CM seeks NIT status for UCE, Burla, Wel Come to Orissa || About Orissa, Orissa Culture, Odissi, Oriya Songs, Purely Soul & Image of Orissa |access-date=20 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718023707/http://www.welcomeorissa.com/orissa_news.php?opt=view&id=15817&ChosenDay=05&ChosenMonth=08&ChosenYear=2008 |archive-date=18 July 2011 }}</ref> In the year 2012 VSSUT was awarded 12B status by [[University Grants Commission (India)]].

==Private institutions==
[[File:Campus overview.jpg|thumb|GIET campus overview]]

===GIET University===
GIET University (GIETU) (formerly known as Gandhi Institute of Engineering and Technology) is one of the most prestigious universities of India. The university status of GIETU was Conferred through an act of Odisha Legislative Assembly and forthwith approved by UGC, New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|title=GIET University Gunupur home page|url=http://www.giet.edu/|website=www.giet.edu|access-date=7 February 2020}} Click on "ABOUT GIET".</ref>

[[File:XIMB New Academic Block.JPG|thumb|[[Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar]] is a premier business school in India]]

===Centurion University===
Centurion University, [[Bhubaneswar]], is Odisha's first private state university.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cutm.ac.in/ |title=Centurion University |access-date=31 December 2011 |archive-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404084059/http://www.cutm.ac.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===ICFAI University===
Hyderabad based Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India (ICFAI) has signed a memorandum of understanding with the chief minister of Odisha, Mr. Naveen Patnaik, to set up a university in the outskirts of the city of Bhubaneswar. ICFAI plan to buy {{convert|150|acre|km2|1}} of land from private parties in Jatni, near the Khurda Road station.<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/21/stories/2007032103620200.htm
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331211834/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/21/stories/2007032103620200.htm
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=31 March 2007
| title=ICFAI inks MoU with State Government to set up varsity
| date=21 March 2007
| work=[[The Hindu]]
| location=Chennai, India
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050731/himachal.htm#1
| title=ICFAI to set up varsity in state
| date=30 July 2005
}}</ref> The university is budgeted at Rs. 150 crores (1.5 billion). It will function primarily as a business school.

===Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology Deemed to be University===
[[File:KIITSOCompApp.jpg|thumb|a building of KIIT's School of Technology]]
{{main|Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT University)}}
The Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) is established in Bhubaneswar in 1992.
Academic programmes of KIIT University are conducted by its seven constituent schools – School of Technology, School of Computer Application, School of Management, School of Rural Management, School of Medicine, School of Biotechnology and KIIT Law School.

===Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (SOA) Deemed to be University===
{{main|SOA UNIVERSITY}}
[[Siksha 'O' Anusandhan]] gained Deemed to be university status from the UGC in 2007. SOA has the highest grade of 'A' from NAAC. Additionally, SUM Hospital (its affiliated hospital) has been awarded with the prestigious NABH accreditation.[http://soauniversity.ac.in/ Link to SOA University's Website]

===Sri Sri University===
{{main|Sri Sri University}}
[[Sri Sri University]] has been established under the Sri Sri University Act, 2009. The [[Government of Odisha]] has leased out about 187 acres of land near [[Bidyadharpur]], [[Cuttack]] for the purpose of setting up the university. The total area of construction is expected to be 3,000,000 square feet and is slated to be completed in a phased manner in the next six years. On completion, the university campus will cater to the needs of 10,000 students and around 2000 faculty staff. The university currently offers [[MBA]] programs in Agribusiness, General Management and Entrepreneurship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://srisriuniversity.edu.in/|title=Sri Sri University – Learn Lead Serve|accessdate=6 January 2024}}</ref>

===Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar===
{{main|Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar}}
[[Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar]] (XIMB) was established in 1987. It owes its origin to a contract between the government of Odisha and the Odisha Jesuit Society. XIMB is governed by a board consisting of representatives from the Odisha Jesuit Society, the [[government of India]], the government of Odisha, and invited industrialists and academics.

XIMB has been ranked among the top 10 business schools in India. The institution offers postgraduate programs, leading to Masters and PhD degrees in business management, rural management, human resource management, sustainability management as well several professional training programs.<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-05-29/news/28418838_1_ximb-fellow-programme-aicte
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001101527/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-05-29/news/28418838_1_ximb-fellow-programme-aicte
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=1 October 2015
| title=Doctoral summer school at XIMB
| date=29 May 2007
| work=The Times Of India
}}</ref> It has a few research centres in areas such as entrepreneurship, utility regulation, small and micro enterprise development, and healthcare management. XIMB grown up to become "XIM University".<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEQ20070506191304&Page=Q&Title=ORISSA&Topic=0
|title = Coming up: XIMB II
|date = 6 May 2007
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092936/http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEQ20070506191304&Page=Q&Title=ORISSA&Topic=0
|archive-date = 29 September 2007
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

==Institutions through public-private partnership==

===Indian Institute of Information Technology, Brahmapur===
In June 2007, the UPA government in New Delhi decided to establish a central government funded IIITs in each state. The IIIT in Odisha would be established in Brahmapur, and unlike its sister institute in Bhubaneswar, would receive funding from the centre.<ref name=BS>{{cite news
| url=http://www.business-standard.com/strategist/storypage.php?leftnm=lmnu7&subLeft=8&autono=288957&tab=r
| title=Odisha may get 3 more educational institutes
| newspaper=Business Standard India
| date=25 June 2007
}}</ref>

The IIIT at Berhampur is being established on a {{convert|100|acre|km2|adj=on}} land and this is likely to be functional by end of 2009. This will help attracting more IT companies to South Odisha and the presence of STPI Brahmapur and IT Park at Brahmapur will also help. The Marine Bio-Technology Park is also planned for Brahmapur.

===Sambalpur University Institute of Information Technology, Sambalpur===
Thanks to Prof. Arun Pujari, Sambalpur university will get an [[Indian Institutes of Information Technology]] like IT institution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orissalinks.com/archives/3857|title = Odisha HRD » Sambalpur University to have a IIIT like IT institute; State to give 10 crores}}</ref><ref name="orissalinks.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orissalinks.com/archives/category/universities/rest-of-orissa/sambalpur-university|title=Odisha HRD » Sambalpur University|accessdate=6 January 2024}}</ref>

==Plans==

===Bhubaneswar as an emerging education hub===
National institutes of excellence have been established recently in Bhubaneswar, while several more are planned, such as AIIMS, NISER, IIT, IIIT and a National university. There are several prominent private universities, such as XIMB and ICFAI University. Institutions dedicated to research such as the Institute of Physics, and the Institute of Mathematics and Applications are also located here. Additionally, the city also houses several Odisha government funded public universities, and over 70 technical institutions, which well above than any other city in eastern India. The city is also being promoted as an Information Technology Investment Region (ITIR) by the government.<ref>{{cite web
| title=IL&FS to prepare DPR for Bhubaneswar ITIR
| date= 11 July 2008
| url= http://www.financialexpress.com/news/il&fs-to-prepare-dpr-for-bhubaneswar-itir/334253/
}}</ref> A total of 40 km2 of land has been allocated for the purpose, out of which about 60% will be devoted to research and development.<ref>{{cite news
| title=IL&FS-IDC submits final report on IT investment region
| newspaper=Business Standard India
| date=29 July 2009
| url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/ilfs-idc-submits-final-reportit-investment-region/365196/
| last1=Dash
| first1=Jayajit
}}</ref> The Chief Minister of the state has asserted that Bhubaneswar is poised to emerge as India's foremost education hub.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Odisha to be recognized as hub of higher education
|url = http://indiaeducationdiary.in/Shownews.asp?newsid=1643
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162544/http://indiaeducationdiary.in/Shownews.asp?newsid=1643
|archive-date = 21 July 2011
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title=Govt committed to support educational ventures
| url=http://www.welcomeorissa.com/orissa_news.php?opt=view&id=21349&
| access-date=25 September 2009
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718023629/http://www.welcomeorissa.com/orissa_news.php?opt=view&id=21349&
| archive-date=18 July 2011
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>

===Odisha Higher Education Vision 2020===
The ''Orissa Higher Education Vision 2020'', an effort organized by leading national and international researchers, scientists, and academicians of Odia origin, envisages a globally competitive higher education system in Orissa by 2020, with four tiered knowledge centres being developed throughout the state. An international level knowledge hub comparable to the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] or [[Boston metropolitan area]] in the USA is suggested in the rapidly expanding Bhubaneswar-Cuttack-Khurda-Puri metropolitan region. This will consist of several world class universities, technical and medical institutions, and laboratories, including NISER, IIT, IIIT, National University, National Law University, AIIMS, Vedanta University, Sri Sri University, NIPER, and several other new institutions to be established by the central government or through public-private partnership, as well as private institutions. At the second tier would be five other metropolitan regions, Rourkela, Sambalpur-Jharsuguda (IIHT Bargarh, OUAT branch at Chiplima, XIMB campus at Sambalpur, CIFT Burla, plan to upgrade VSS medical college and GM college to university status),<ref name="orissalinks.com"/> Berhampur, Balasore-Baripada, and Jeypore-Koraput-Sunabeda, each with two universities, multiple engineering and medical colleges, as well as one or more national level institutions. The third tier knowledge hubs, located in all urban areas throughout the state, would have a university, an autonomous college, as well as a medical and an engineering college. Lastly, the fourth tier would include smaller towns, which would have at least an autonomous college and a trade school.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Odisha Higher Education Vision 2020 – an unofficial effort
|url=http://www.orissa2020.org/
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805063835/http://www.orissa2020.org/
|archive-date= 5 August 2009 }}</ref>

===Under construction and planned medical and engineering colleges===
Medical college [[Bhawanipatna]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wodcorissa.org/bhpatna_medicalcollege.htm |title=Bhabanipatna Medical College : Western Orissa Development Council |access-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110050622/http://www.wodcorissa.org/bhpatna_medicalcollege.htm |archive-date=10 January 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
Medical college [[Keonjhar]] by ahayog Healthcare and Research Foundation<ref name="dailypioneer.com">[http://www.dailypioneer.com/263791/20-acres-land-Rs-10-cr-for-medical-college-at-Keonjhar.html 20 acres land for Medical College]dailypioneer.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329131614/http://www.dailypioneer.com/263791/20-acres-land-Rs-10-cr-for-medical-college-at-Keonjhar.html |date=29 March 2013 }}</ref>
Medical college Jagatpur, [[Cuttack]] by ahayog Healthcare and Research Foundation<ref name="dailypioneer.com"/>
Medical college [[Talcher]] by MCL<ref name="dailypioneer.com"/>
Hitech medical college [[Rourkela]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orissalinks.com/archives/3956|title = Odisha HRD » Hi-Tech advertises for its Rourkela Medical College: Dharitri, Samaja}}</ref>
Medical college [[Rourkela]] by [[Steel Authority of India Limited|SAIL]] upgrading the IGH<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orissalinks.com/archives/4625|title = Odisha HRD » Odisha government finally approaches SAIL for a medical college in Rourkela}}</ref>
Govt Medical college [[Bolangir]] and [[Balesore]]<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.dailypioneer.com/264176/Govt-medical-college-at-Balangir-now-only-option.html Medical College in Bolangir]dailypioneer.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701100947/http://www.dailypioneer.com/264176/Govt-medical-college-at-Balangir-now-only-option.html |date=1 July 2011 }}</ref>
Central university Koraput will establish a medical college at [[Koraput]]<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
ESIC medical college [[Bhubaneswar]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=16737 |title=ESIC to set up medical college in Orissa with an investment of Rs 600 crore, Orissa Current News |access-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927100501/http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=16737 |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
AIIMS [[Bhubaneswar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orissalinks.com/archives/category/marquee-institutions/bbsr-ctc-puri-area-2/aiims-like-bhubaneswar|title = Odisha HRD » AIIMS, Bhubaneswar}}</ref>
Medical college at [[Angul]].<ref>[http://www.dailypioneer.com/268156/Decks-cleared-for-medical-college-super-speciality-hospital-in-Angul.html Decks cleared for Medical College]dailypioneer.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616054903/http://www.dailypioneer.com/268156/Decks-cleared-for-medical-college-super-speciality-hospital-in-Angul.html |date=16 June 2011 }}</ref> University in western Orissa with the partnership between government and industries<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.orissalinks.com/orissagrowth/topics/corridors/rourkela-jharsugurha|title = ___________ » Rourkela-Jharsuguda}}</ref>
Upgradation Jharsuguda engineering school to engineering college<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
A medical college between jharsuguda and Sundargarh by the mines operating there<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
A power management institute to be established at Jharsuguda<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
2 branch of XIMB bhubaneswar at [[Sambalpur]] and [[Bolangir]]<ref>[http://www.dailypioneer.com/267764/XIMB-to-open-centres-in-Balangir-Sambalpur.html XIMB to open centres in Balangir]dailypioneer.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616054704/http://www.dailypioneer.com/267764/XIMB-to-open-centres-in-Balangir-Sambalpur.html |date=16 June 2011 }}</ref>

Summary,<ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orissa2020.org/medical-colleges-plan |title=Medical Colleges Plan (Orissa Higher Education Vision 2020 - unofficial personal thoughts) |access-date=20 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122140239/http://www.orissa2020.org/medical-colleges-plan |archive-date=22 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orissa2020.org/orissa-government-engineering-and-medical-colleges |title=Orissa government engineering and medical colleges - Orissa Higher Education Vision 2020 - unofficial personal thoughts |access-date=20 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125172900/http://www.orissa2020.org/orissa-government-engineering-and-medical-colleges |archive-date=25 November 2010 }}</ref>

==State legislation pertaining to higher education==
The Odisha state legislative assembly (Vidhan Sabha) will be formulating a Private Universities Act to facilitate the growth of private universities such as Vedanta University, Sri Sri University. The higher education department of the state will draft the bill, which will be referred to the law department, before being placed in the assembly. This bill would guarantee the fiscal and administrative autonomy for private institutions.<ref>{{cite web
| url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/09/21/orissa-to-formulate-new-act-for-private-universities-1158820462.html
| title=Odisha to formulate new Act for Private Universities
| date=21 September 2006
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url=http://orissamatters.com/news/index.php/2003/01/13/private-universities-in-orissa-on-anvil/
| title=Private Universities in Odisha on Anvil
| newspaper=Orissa Matters
| date=1 January 2003
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.hcl.in/attachment/Wall_Street_Journal_SSN_Institutions.pdf
|title = India: Private Colleges Fill A Void
|date = 28 March 2007
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213317/http://www.hcl.in/attachment/Wall_Street_Journal_SSN_Institutions.pdf
|archive-date = 27 September 2007
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

===Vedanta University act===
The Odisha legislature was going to consider a specific act to make Vedanta university a statutory body.{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}} After the passage of the act, the university would have established its own, independent governing board, where the Odisha government would not exercise any control.{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}} Later news reports suggested that the plan for the Vedanta University was a "closed chapter" <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/vedanta-university-a-closed-chapter/678836|title=Vedanta University a closed chapter – Indian Express|accessdate=6 January 2024}}</ref>

==Problems==
Until 2007, the Ministry of Human Resources and Development (MHRD) of the Government of India had set up several premier technical institutes, across the country that produce India's world class talent pool in science, engineering, and management, and contribute strongly to the economic development of the state where they are located as well as the nation. These institutions included the original seven [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IITs]], the [[Indian Institute of Science]], the original five [[Indian Institutes of Management|IIMs]], the [[Indian Statistical Institute]], several earlier central universities, and a few other smaller institutions, all of which receive direct funding from the centre.<ref name=chitta1>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/18992.html
|title=Higher education, lower development
|date=21 December 2006
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203182345/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/18992.html
|archive-date= 3 December 2008 }}</ref> There were reports of large scale discrimination in setting up these institutions of higher learning against a few states, especially Odisha.<ref name=HEdivide>{{cite news
| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070201/asp/nation/story_7333969.asp
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203165204/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070201/asp/nation/story_7333969.asp
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=3 February 2007
| title=Cry to end higher education divide
| date=1 February 2007
| location=Calcutta, India
| work=The Telegraph
| first=Monobina
| last=Gupta
}}</ref> It was observed within scholarly circles that Odisha was routinely discriminated against by the Indian government, which had caused the state to lag behind the rest of the nation in terms of infrastructure, poverty reduction, literacy, education, and health until very recently.<ref name=Haan1>{{cite journal
|url=http://www.baral.us/regional-disparity.pdf
|title=Poverty, Disparities, or the Development of Underdevelopment in Odisha
|author1=Arjan de Haan |author2=Amaresh Dubey |journal=Economic and Political Weekly
|volume=40
|issue=22, 23
|year=2006
|pages=2330–2340
}}</ref><ref name=Haan2>{{cite journal
|url=https://www.utoronto.ca/mcis/q2/papers/II_deHann_Dubey_Qual-Quant-AdH-21m.pdf
|title=Conceptualising social exclusion in the context of India's poorest regions: a contribution to the quantitative-qualitative debate
|author=Arjan de Haan
|journal=Conference on Experiences of Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Poverty Appraisal
|date=May 2004
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214095416/http://www.utoronto.ca/mcis/q2/papers/II_deHann_Dubey_Qual-Quant-AdH-21m.pdf
|archive-date=14 February 2012 }}</ref><ref name=Malik1>{{cite journal
|url=http://paa2006.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=60873
|title=Chronic Poverty and Remote Rural Areas in Eastern India
|author1=B. K. Malik
|author2=S. K. Mohanty
|journal=Conference on Experiences of Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Poverty Appraisal
|date=March–April 2006
|publisher=Population Association of America
|location=Los Angeles, California
|access-date=5 June 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901184752/http://paa2006.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=60873
|archive-date=1 September 2006
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref name=Shah1>{{cite conference
|url=http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/3524.pdf
|title=Patterns, processes of reproduction, and Policy Imperatives for Poverty in Remote Rural Areas: A Case Study Southern Orissa in India
|author=Amita Shah
|conference=Understanding and addressing spatial poverty traps: an international workshop
|date=29 March 2007
|publisher=Chronic Poverty Research Centre & Overseas Development Institute
|location=Stellenboch, South Africa
|access-date=1 September 2014
|archive-date=24 September 2015
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924055055/http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/3524.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.odi.org.uk/PPPG/Poverty_and_Inequality/events/2007_Spatial_Poverty_Traps/Background2_RemoteRuralAreas.pdf |author1=Kate Bird |author2=David Hulme |author3=Karen Moore |author4=Andrew Shepherd |title=Chronic Poverty in Remote Rural Areas |year=2002 |publisher=International Development Department, Univ. Birmingham |location=Birmingham, UK |isbn=1-904049-12-5 |archive-date=16 June 2007 |access-date=5 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616124519/http://www.odi.org.uk/PPPG/Poverty_and_Inequality/events/2007_Spatial_Poverty_Traps/Background2_RemoteRuralAreas.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|url=http://www.chronicpoverty.org/pdfs/CPR1%20FINAL/CPRfinCH7.pdf
|title=Understanding chronic poverty in South Asia
|access-date=5 June 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011045207/http://www.chronicpoverty.org/pdfs/CPR1%20FINAL/CPRfinCH7.pdf
|archive-date=11 October 2008
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.gdnet.org/fulltext/1171789698_Tata_Steel_and_Underdevelopment_of_Orissa.pdf
|title=Tata steel's romance with Odisha: minerals-based underdevelopment and federal politics in India
|author=P. J. Pradhan
|access-date=5 June 2007
|archive-date=16 June 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616124521/http://www.gdnet.org/fulltext/1171789698_Tata_Steel_and_Underdevelopment_of_Orissa.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/517195.stm
| title=Analysis: Odisha's history of neglect
|author=P. J. Pradhan |work=BBC News | date=12 November 1999 | access-date=3 January 2010}}</ref>

Until recently, none of the premier institutions of national importance were located in the state of Odisha.<ref name = np1>{{cite web
| url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20071016/795624.html
| title=Naveen urges PM to open IIT, IIM & IIIT in Odisha
| date=16 October 2007
| access-date=17 October 2007
| archive-date=7 March 2012
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307132105/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20071016/795624.html
| url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref name = np2>{{cite news
| url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200710162221.htm
| title=Odisha demands well known institutes
| date=17 October 2007
| location=Chennai, India
|work=The Hindu }}</ref><ref name = np3>{{cite web
| url=http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEQ20071016142930&Page=Q&Headline=Give+me+an+'Ivy+League'%3A+CM+to+Centre&Title=ORISSA&Topic=0
| title=Give me an 'Ivy League': CM to Centre
| date=17 October 2007
}}</ref><ref name=np4>{{cite web
|url = http://www.thestatesman.net/page.news.php?clid=9&theme=&usrsess=1&id=173544
|title = CM demands setting up of elite institutes
|date = October 2007
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20070527134811/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.news.php?clid=9&theme=&usrsess=1&id=173544
|archive-date = 27 May 2007
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> In terms of per capita funding received from the HRD ministry, it was among the bottom-most of all states along with Bihar and Rajasthan, and a few very small states in the north eastern region.<ref name=chitta1 /><ref name=newtable /><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.baral.us/nis-iit2.pdf
|title=Denying Basic Human Rights to Citizens of Odisha and Bihar
|author=Purna C. Mishra
|year=2005
}}</ref> The non-allocation of quality educational institutions to the state of Odisha by New Delhi has been interpreted by various quarters, ranging from politicians to Odia academics living abroad, as proof of discrimination against the state by the HRD ministry. Odisha, the 9th largest state of India, which has 3.6% of the population of India and abundance of natural resources, received a minuscule 0.73% of the allocated budget.<ref name="HEdivide"/><ref name=newtable>{{cite web
|url=http://www.baral.us/hrd05.pdf
|title=Statewise allocation of educational funds by HRD
|author=Chitta Baral
|year=2005}}</ref><ref name="h1"/><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRANETSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/dehaannewpaper.rev.pdf
| title=Social Policy: Towards Inclusive Institutions
| work=World Bank
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.baral.us/nis-iit2.pdf
| title=Denying Basic Human Rights to Citizens of Odisha and Bihar
}}</ref> The inequitable distribution of resources by the central government to the various states was identified in 1991 as a cause of regional disparities.<ref name = h1>{{cite web
| url=http://www.blonnet.com/2006/01/09/stories/2006010900080900.htm
| title=Central institutions and regional disparity
| date=9 January 2006
| access-date=7 June 2007
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929110844/http://www.blonnet.com/2006/01/09/stories/2006010900080900.htm
| archive-date=29 September 2007
| url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.iegindia.org/worksakthi244.pdf
|title = Regional Disparity in India: A Comparison Between Pre and Post Reforms Decades
|author = Bhattacharya and Sakthivel
|publisher = Institute of Economic Growth
|location = New Delhi, India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927221801/http://www.iegindia.org/worksakthi244.pdf
|archive-date = 27 September 2007
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> Studies had blamed central government policies above any other factor, as the cause of Odisha's recent backwardness.<ref name = h1/><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.empowerpoor.com/backgrounder.asp?report=3
| title=Disparities in national development
| access-date=27 June 2007
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008102918/http://www.empowerpoor.com/backgrounder.asp?report=3
| archive-date=8 October 2007
| url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://kbk.nic.in/main.htm
|title=KBK Districts
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701235131/http://kbk.nic.in/main.htm
|archive-date= 1 July 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://pd.cpim.org/2001/sept30/2001_sept30_kashipur.htm
| title=Shocking Reports Of Starvation Deaths
| date=30 September 2001
| access-date=5 June 2007
| archive-date=30 September 2007
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930024111/http://pd.cpim.org/2001/sept30/2001_sept30_kashipur.htm
| url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1815/18150490.htm
|title=Ferment in Odisha
|date=July–August 2001
|access-date=5 June 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218014322/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1815/18150490.htm
|archive-date=18 February 2007
|url-status=usurped
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/08/31/stories/02310004.htm
| archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125080952/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/08/31/stories/02310004.htm
| url-status=usurped
| archive-date=25 January 2013
| title=Centre to blame for starvation
| date=31 August 2001
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?aid=398105&sid=REG&sname=&news=Neglecting%20eastern%20region%20not%20good%20for%20national%20integration:%20Orissa%20CM
| title=Neglecting eastern region not good for national integration: Odisha CM
| date=September 2007
}}</ref>

There were also early allegations of discrimination in establishing newer institutions, such as the IIESTs, a group of technical institutions planned to be IIT clones. They were set up by upgrading existing NITs and other state funded prominent engineering institutions. Several institutions have been identified by the Indian government for this purpose,<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/sep/28iit.htm
| title=The IIT story: IIESTs, 3 new IITs on way
| date=20 January 2007
}}</ref> but none in Odisha, which had the University College of Engineering at Burla, one of the oldest in India,<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://worldorissa.com/news/html_long_news/Orissa_news_agamee_orissa_memorandom_IIT_UCE_collector.htm
|title = Upgradation of Odisha's oldest and finest engineering college 'UCE, Burla' as an IIEST
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929082317/http://worldorissa.com/news/html_long_news/Orissa_news_agamee_orissa_memorandom_IIT_UCE_collector.htm
|archive-date = 29 September 2007
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> as well as NIT, Rourkela which ranked higher than four of the five institutions that were selected.<ref name="us.rediff.com"/> It has been alleged that the government had originally picked Bhubaneswar, the capital city of Odisha as one of the locations for an IISER, which was later shifted to Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.baral.us/nis3.pdf
| title=NIS/IISER/equivalent must be established in Odisha
| date=20 January 2007
}}</ref>

As of 2009, there is a demand for one of the new IIMs to be established in Odisha, on grounds that the state is witnessing large-scale foreign investment, and because until recently, it had been the bottom-most state in Indian central government funded institutions.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.freshnews.in/patnaik-writes-to-pm-wants-iit-in-orissa-6983
| title=Patnaik writes to PM, wants IIT/IIM in Odisha
| date=11 May 2007
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/orissa-cries-foul-after-being-denied-iim_100239643.html
| title=Odisha cries foul after being denied IIM
| date=28 August 2009
| access-date=30 September 2009
| archive-date=29 August 2009
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829204219/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/orissa-cries-foul-after-being-denied-iim_100239643.html
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.odisha.gov.in/schooleducation/index.html School & Mass Education Department, Government of Odisha]
* [https://niswass.org/ NISWASS, Institution of Higher Education, Social Research, and Training ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207182051/https://niswass.org/ |date=7 February 2022 }}

{{Odisha}}
{{Education in India}}
{{Department of Higher Education, Odisha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Education In Odisha}}
[[Category:Education in Odisha| ]]
[[Category:Department of Higher Education (Odisha)]]

Adyar Assembly constituency

2026-02-04T06:30:58Z

BXIBerniece: added data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Adyar
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1962
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 174,045
| mla = Sawarbandhe Bhuishchandra Alies Bandubhau Harishchandra
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Adyar Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Aba Dhondu Gosawi || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || M. N. Waldewar
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || M. Mahadeorao Dhote || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Tighare Vitthalrao Sakharamji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Katekhaye Ramkrishana Zibalji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=2 | Shrungapawar Vilas Vishwanath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=3 | Sawarbandhe Bhuishchandra Alies Bandubhau Harishchandra
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}
==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Adyar<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sawarbandhe Bhuishchandra Alies Bandubhau Harishchandra |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 43,627 |percentage = 33.11% |change={{decrease}}16.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dahare Naresh Keshaorao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 37,860 |percentage = 28.73% |change={{increase}}13.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dongare Rajesh Kisan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 20,595 |percentage = 15.63% |change={{increase}}12.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vilas Ramkrishna Katekhaye |party=Independent politician |votes = 13,196 |percentage = 10.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Devendra Wasudeo Hajare |party=Peoples Republican Party |votes = 7,551 |percentage = 5.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Satyabhama Wasudeo Wasnik |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,067 |percentage = 2.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rewatkar Rajendrabhau Ramchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,686 |percentage = 1.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,767 |percentage = 4.38% |change= {{decrease}}29.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,31,802 |percentage = 75.73% |change= {{increase}}4.81 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,31,769}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,74,045|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Adyar<ref name="auto1"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sawarbandhe Bhuishchandra Alies Bandubhau Harishchandra |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 54,870 |percentage = 49.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sheshrao Pisaram Girhepunje |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 17,182 |percentage = 15.55% |change={{decrease}}5.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Panchebudhe Nana Jayaram |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 15,957 |percentage = 14.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Katekhaye Vilas Ramkrushna |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,707 |percentage = 8.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pachare Prakash Hiraman |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,861 |percentage = 6.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gajbhiye Rajvilas Ratiram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,956 |percentage = 2.67% |change={{decrease}}11.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ajabale Satyavan Namdeo |party=Independent politician |votes = 745 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 37,688 |percentage = 34.10% |change= {{increase}}23.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,17,710 |percentage = 75.51% |change= {{decrease}}12.70 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,10,528}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,55,890|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}17.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Adyar<ref name="auto2"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sawarbandhe Bhuishchandra Alies Bandubhau Harishchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 41,644 |percentage = 32.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Revatkar Rajendra Ramchandra |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 27,675 |percentage = 21.42% |change={{increase}}2.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajvilas Rtiram Gajbheye |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 18,900 |percentage = 14.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ekanath Ramchandra Bawankar |party=Janata Dal |votes = 12,456 |percentage = 9.64% |change={{decrease}}3.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramtake Parmanand Sitaram |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 6,756 |percentage = 5.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivarkar Laxman Sakharam |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,081 |percentage = 3.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bansod Dharamdas Mokas |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,283 |percentage = 2.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,969 |percentage = 10.81% |change= {{increase}}3.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,32,216 |percentage = 85.56% |change= {{increase}}13.04 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,29,189}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,54,529|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.87 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}4.70 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Adyar<ref name="auto4"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shrungapawar Vilas Vishwanath |party=Independent politician |votes = 28,091 |percentage = 27.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramteke Charandas Marotrao |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 20,521 |percentage = 20.11% |change={{decrease}}5.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Katekhaye Vilas Ramkrushna |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 19,453 |percentage = 19.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ekanath Ramchandra Bawankar |party=Janata Dal |votes = 13,043 |percentage = 12.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kewat Mahadeo Maniram |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,257 |percentage = 4.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Warkade Narhari Govinda |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,592 |percentage = 2.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tirpude Laxmanrao Shrawan |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,236 |percentage = 2.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,570 |percentage = 7.42% |change= {{decrease}}9.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,03,136 |percentage = 71.33% |change= {{decrease}}0.21 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,02,035}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,44,594|ref = |change= {{increase}}23.42 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}14.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Adyar<ref name="auto"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shrungapawar Vilas Vishwanath |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,455 |percentage = 41.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramteke Harishchandra Sadashiorao |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 20,836 |percentage = 25.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bandebuche Pandurang Atmaram |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 12,338 |percentage = 14.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tighare Vitthalrao Sakharamji |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,692 |percentage = 10.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kewat Mahadeo Maniram |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,173 |percentage = 2.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wanjari Anandrao Chaitu |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,216 |percentage = 1.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Karwade Dhanraj Dudha |party=Independent politician |votes = 705 |percentage = 0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,619 |percentage = 16.42% |change= {{decrease}}2.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 84,293 |percentage = 71.95% |change= {{increase}}6.91 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 82,922}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,17,155|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{decrease}}2.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Adyar<ref name="auto3"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Katekhaye Ramkrishana Zibalji |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 31,481 |percentage = 44.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wanjari Anandrao Tukaram |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 18,065 |percentage = 25.37% |change={{decrease}}13.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramteke Charandas Marotrao |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 18,061 |percentage = 25.37% |change={{increase}}0.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pipare Raghunath Chintaman |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,746 |percentage = 2.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Girshettiwar Rajeshwar Haribhau |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,337 |percentage = 1.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,416 |percentage = 18.84% |change= {{increase}}4.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,561 |percentage = 65.09% |change= {{decrease}}9.03 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,200}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,11,473|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}5.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Adyar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Tighare Vitthalrao Sakharamji |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 29,993 |percentage = 39.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Katekhaye Ramkrishana Zibalji |party=Independent politician |votes = 19,177 |percentage = 25.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Damle Rajaram Bhivaji |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 19,121 |percentage = 24.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Motghare Tukaram Urkuda |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,276 |percentage = 6.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tirpude Ramesh Danuji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,200 |percentage = 1.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Meshram Ramchandra Gujaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,028 |percentage = 1.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramteke Sadanand Mangalrao |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 726 |percentage = 0.95% |change={{decrease}}2.90 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,816 |percentage = 14.13% |change= {{increase}}14.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,472 |percentage = 75.71% |change= {{increase}}1.61 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,521}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,04,968|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.23 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Adyar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=M. Mahadeorao Dhote |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,389 |percentage = 32.97% |change={{increase}}9.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. Zibalaji Katekhaye |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes = 21,299 |percentage = 32.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Moreshwar Waladekar |party=Independent politician |votes = 11,249 |percentage = 17.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raghunath Hari Bramhankar |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,550 |percentage = 8.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gasavi Abaji Dhondu |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 2,494 |percentage = 3.84% |change={{decrease}}22.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhukar Gajabhiye |party=Independent politician |votes = 869 |percentage = 1.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nilakanth Handkuji Manape |party=Independent politician |votes = 784 |percentage = 1.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 90 |percentage = 0.14% |change= {{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,811 |percentage = 73.41% |change= {{increase}}5.93 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,880}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,006|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.84 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Republican Party of India |swing= {{increase}}6.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Adyar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=M. N. Waldewar |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 14,247 |percentage = 26.31% |change={{decrease}}14.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. Zibalaji Katekhaye |party=Independent politician |votes = 14,098 |percentage = 26.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=G. S. Rambol |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 12,870 |percentage = 23.76% |change={{decrease}}16.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. H. Brambaukar |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,684 |percentage = 14.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=N. S. Sawarbande |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,451 |percentage = 4.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. M. Rahate |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,693 |percentage = 3.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. D. Kulwante |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,114 |percentage = 2.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 149 |percentage = 0.28% |change= {{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,105 |percentage = 72.54% |change= {{increase}}9.04 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 54,157}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,855|ref = |change= {{increase}}19.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Republican Party of India |loser = Republican Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}14.24 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Adyar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Aba Dhondu Gosawi |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 15,791 |percentage = 40.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prabhavatibai Kashinath Gajabhiye |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 15,583 |percentage = 40.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dinkar Modku Rahate |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,285 |percentage = 13.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ratiram Antoo Maldhari |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,640 |percentage = 4.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Motiram Ganu Ramteke |party=Independent politician |votes = 648 |percentage = 1.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 208 |percentage = 0.53% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,746 |percentage = 61.82% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,947}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,149|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Republican Party of India |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
[[Category:Bhandara district]]
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Menhdawal Assembly constituency

2026-01-30T23:33:28Z

BXIBerniece:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Menhdawal
| map_image = 312-Menhdawal.svg
| mla = [[Anil Tripathi|Anil Kumar Tripathi]]
| party = {{Party index link|NISHAD Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Sant Kabir Nagar]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 4,57,864
| constituency_no = 312
}}
'''Menhdawal''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Menhdawal in the [[Sant Kabir Nagar district]] of Uttar Pradesh in [[India]].

Menhdawal is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Sant Kabir Nagar Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 312 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Menhdawal Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/menhdawal.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Sucheta Kripalani]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Chandra Sekhar Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Lalsa Prasad
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" |Chandra Sekhar Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Mohd. Nabi Khan
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (U)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Afsar-U-Ahmad
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="3" |Chandra Sekhar Singh
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="3" |Abdul Kalam
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Laxmikant|Laxmikant Nishad]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Rakesh Singh Baghel]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Anil Kumar Tripathi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|NISHAD Party}}" |
|[[NISHAD Party]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===

Currently this seat belongs to [[NISHAD Party]] candidate '''[[Anil Tripathi|Anil Kumar Tripathi]]''' who won in last Assembly election of [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Jai Chand alias Jairam Pandey by a margin of 5,223 votes.<ref name="2022 result">{{cite web |date=11 March 2022 |title=Menhdawal Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Anil Kumar Tripathi of NISHAD Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/menhdawal-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4852088.html |publisher=News18}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Menhdawal<ref name="2022 result"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = [[Anil Tripathi|Anil Kumar Tripathi]]<ref name="election2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/sant-kabir-nagar/nishad-party-bets-on-anil-tripathi-from-mehndawal-khalilabad-news-gkp425700093|title=मेंहदावल से निषाद पार्टी ने अनिल त्रिपाठी पर लगाया दांव|date=3 February 2022|publisher=Amar Ujala}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:90193}}
|percentage = 37.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Jairam Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:84970}}
|percentage = 35.08
|change = {{increase}}18.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Muhammad Tabish Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:50554}}
|percentage = 20.87
|change = {{increase}}1.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Vikassheel Insaan Party
|candidate = Surendra Mohan
|votes = {{formatnum:2440}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rafica Khatoon
|votes = {{formatnum:2370}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2058}}
|percentage = 0.85
|change = {{decrease}}0.35
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5223}}
|percentage = 2.15
|change = {{decrease}}16.94
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:242230}}
|percentage = 52.9
|change = {{increase}}1.63
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = NISHAD Party
|loser = BJP
|swing = -1.92
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=2017 General Elections: Menhdawal<ref name="2017 result">{{cite web |date=16 August 2018 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=ECI}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rakesh Singh Baghel]]
|votes = {{formatnum:86976}}
|percentage = 38.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Anil Tripathi|Anil Kumar Tripathi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:44062}}
|percentage = 19.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Jairam Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:37557}}
|percentage = 16.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Er. Mohammad Irfan
|votes = {{formatnum:25499}}
|percentage = 11.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Mohd Tabish Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:19040}}
|percentage = 8.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Mohd Akram Hussain
|votes = {{formatnum:3445}}
|percentage = 1.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2663}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:42914}}
|percentage = 19.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:224820}}
|percentage = 51.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +8.96
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Menhdawal<ref name="2012 result">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/|title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|date=16 August 2018|publisher=ECI}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Laxmikant]]
|votes = 56,107
|percentage = 27.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = [[Anil Tripathi|Anil Kumar Tripathi]]
|votes = 40,030
|percentage = 19.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohd Tayyab
|votes = 33,183
|percentage = 15.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rakesh Singh Baghel]]
|votes = 30,525
|percentage = 14.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Madan Narayan Singh
|votes = 20,966
|percentage = 10.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Chandra Sekhar Pandey
|votes = 10,897
|percentage = 5.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Rajendra Kumar
|votes = 2,773
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 16,077
|percentage = 7.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,07,521
|percentage = 51.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|loser = Peace Party of India
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.98|83.11|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sant Kabir Nagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-30T21:44:26Z

BXIBerniece: added data

{{Short description|Constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bangalore Central
|state = [[Karnataka]]
| type = LS
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Karnataka/Bangalore Central.map}}
|map_caption = Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency map
|established = 2008
|assembly_cons = [[Sarvagnanagar Assembly constituency|Sarvagnanagar]] [[C. V. Raman Nagar Assembly constituency|C. V. Raman Nagar]] [[Shivajinagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]] [[Shanti Nagar Assembly constituency|Shanti Nagar]] [[Gandhi Nagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Gandhi Nagar]] [[Rajaji Nagar Assembly constituency|Rajaji Nagar]] [[Chamrajpet Assembly constituency|Chamrajpet]] [[Mahadevapura Assembly constituency|Mahadevapura]]
|reservation=None
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|mp = [[P. C. Mohan]]
|latest_election_year = 2024
|electors= 19,31,456<ref name=turnout/>
}}
[[File:Bangalore Central Lok Sabha Constituency Map with district boundary (2009 - Present).pdf|thumb|]]

'''Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 28 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state in southern [[India]]. This constituency was created in 2008 as part of delimitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Draft/karanataka/karanataka.pdf|title=Order No. 42|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=23 March 2007|access-date=28 November 2014|page=116}}</ref> It was carved out of the Bangalore North and South Lok Sabha constituencies during 2009 Indian elections.<ref name=Kaggere /> It first held elections in 2009 and its first member of parliament (MP) was [[P. C. Mohan]]

==Demographics==
The Central Lok Sabha constituency is dominated by minority voters, and is challenge for candidates, with having to get the support of both linguistic and religious minorities. The constituency has around 5.5 lakh [[Tamil People]], 4.5 lakh [[Muslims]] and about 2 lakh [[Christianity in India|Christians]]. There is also a significant number of [[Marwari people|Marwaris]] and [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]], especially around [[Chickpet]] and Gandhinagar suburbs. The Tamil population is concentrated around the suburbs of [[Shivajinagar, Bangalore|Shivajinagar]], [[Ulsoor]], Gandhinagar, Seshadripuram and are a deciding factor for the winning candidate. Further, the demography of the constituency ranges from rich to middle class to slums.<ref name=Kaggere>{{cite news|last1=Kaggere|first1=Niranjan|title=Tamil voters will decide winner in B'lore Central|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Tamil-voters-will-decide-winner-in-Blore-Central/articleshow/33460807.cms|access-date=4 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|date=9 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=Hegde>{{cite news|last1=Hegde|first1=Bhaskar|title=Will Tamilians back BJP this election?|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140413/nation-politics/article/will-tamilians-back-bjp-election|access-date=4 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|date=13 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Mohan|first1=P C|title=Support from Tamil Sangham 10-04-2014|url=http://pcmohan.org/support-from-tamil-sangham-10-04-2014/|access-date=4 January 2015|date=10 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104114903/http://pcmohan.org/support-from-tamil-sangham-10-04-2014/|archive-date=4 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Vidhan Sabha segments and serving MLAs==
As of 2014, Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency presently comprises the following eight [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:<ref name="assembly">{{cite web|url=http://bjpkarnataka.org/parliamentary-constituencies-of-karnataka-as-per-new-delimitation/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108155552/http://bjpkarnataka.org/parliamentary-constituencies-of-karnataka-as-per-new-delimitation/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 November 2014|title=Parliamentary constituencies of Karnataka as per new delimitation|publisher=BJP Karnataka|date=10 February 2009|access-date=8 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=8 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008102903/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf|archive-date=8 October 2014}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
! colspan="2"|Party Leading [[2024 Indian general election|2024]] (By Number )
|-
|160
|[[Sarvagnanagar Assembly constituency|Sarvagnanagar]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
|[[K. J. George]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|161
|[[C. V. Raman Nagar Assembly constituency|C. V. Raman Nagar]] (SC)
|[[S. Raghu]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|162
|[[Shivajinagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]
|[[Rizwan Arshad]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|163
|[[Shanti Nagar Assembly constituency|Shanti Nagar]]
|[[N. A. Haris]]
|-
|164
|[[Gandhi Nagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Gandhi Nagar]]
|[[Dinesh Gundu Rao]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|165
|[[Rajaji Nagar Assembly constituency|Rajaji Nagar]]
|[[S. Suresh Kumar]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|168
|[[Chamrajpet Assembly constituency|Chamrajpet]]
|[[B. Z. Zameer Ahmed Khan|Zameer Ahmed]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|174
|[[Mahadevapura Assembly constituency|Mahadevapura]] (SC)
|[[Manjula S|Manjula Aravind Limbavali]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==List of members of parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2008 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="4" |[[P. C. Mohan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float = right
|title = Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar = #ddd
|width = 260px
|barwidth = 250px
|bars = {{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|50.05}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|50.35}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|51.85}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|40.16}}
}}
=== General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Bengaluru|Bangalore Central]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bangalore central">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bangalore central |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1025.htm |access-date=30 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730051559/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1025.htm |archive-date=30 July 2024}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[P. C. Mohan]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 6,58,915
|percentage = 50.05
|change = -0.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mansoor Ali Khan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 626,208
|percentage = 47.57
|change = +3.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 12,126
|percentage = 0.92
|change = +0.02
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 32,707
|percentage = 2.48
|change = -3.44
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 13,18,346
|percentage = 54.16
|change = -0.16
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|swing = -0.30
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Bangalore Central]]<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election – 2014|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=17 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|archive-date=2 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Bangalore Central">{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1025.htm?ac=25|title=Bangalore Central|publisher=Election Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628100459/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1025.htm?ac=25|archive-date=28 June 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |candidate=[[P. C. Mohan]] |votes=6,02,853 |percentage=50.35 |change=-1.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rizwan Arshad]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=531,885|percentage=44.43|change=+4.39}}
{{Election box candidate||candidate=[[Prakash Raj]]|party=[[Independent (politician)|Independent]] |votes=28,906|percentage=2.41|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= [[None of the Above]] |party=None of the above|votes=10,760|percentage=0.90|change=+0.11}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 70,968
|percentage = 5.92
|change = -6.88
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,197,687|percentage=54.32
|change=-1.32}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = -1.50
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Bangalore|Bangalore Central]]<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election – 2014|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=17 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|archive-date=2 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Bangalore Central">{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1025.htm?ac=25|title=Bangalore Central|publisher=Election Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628100459/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1025.htm?ac=25|archive-date=28 June 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[P. C. Mohan]]
|votes = 557,130
|percentage = 51.85
|change = +11.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rizwan Arshad]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 419,630
|percentage = 39.05
|change = +3.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = V. Balakrishnan
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 39,869
|percentage = 3.69
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nandini Ala
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|votes = 20,387
|percentage = 1.90
|change =-17.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 8,449
|percentage = 0.79
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 137,500
|percentage = 12.80
|change = +8.63
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,074,609
|percentage = 55.64
|change = +11.09
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +11.69
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Bangalore Central<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |pages=62–63|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[P. C. Mohan]]
|votes = 340,162
|percentage = 40.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[H. T. Sangliana]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 304,944
|percentage = 36.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[B. Z. Zameer Ahmed Khan]]
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|votes = 162,552
|percentage = 19.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 35,218
|percentage = 4.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 846,982
|percentage = 44.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Chinnaswamy Stadium MI vs RCB.jpg|Chinnaswamy Stadium in Bangalore falls under this constituency
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Bangalore]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/karnataka/bangalore_central/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Bangalore Central lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.99|77.61|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]

Mughal weapons

2026-01-30T12:38:28Z

BXIBerniece: minor edit

{{Short description|Weaponry of the Mughal Empire}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=December 2012}}
{{lead too short|date=February 2014}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=September 2015}}
}}
{{use British English|date=February 2014}}
[[File:Ain-i Akbari Weaponry.jpg|thumb|400px|Ain-i Akbari weaponry]]
'''Mughal weapons''' significantly evolved during the ruling periods of its various rulers. During its conquests throughout the centuries, the [[Mughal Army|military]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] used a variety of weapons including swords, bows and arrows, horses, camels, elephants, some of the world's largest cannons, muskets and [[flintlock]] [[blunderbuss]]es.

==Arms==
Under the Mughals, the most important centers of production of military equipment were [[Delhi]] and [[Lahore]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7HpAAAAMAAJ&q=mughals |title=A Century of Collecting, 1882–1982: A Guide to the Manchester City Art Galleries |author=Timothy Clifford |date=1983 |publisher=Manchester City Art Gallery |isbn=9780901673206 |quote=Under the Mughals, Delhi and Lahore had been the most important centres for the production of military equipment.}}</ref>
[[File:Zulfikarsword.jpg|thumb|[[Zulfikar]], a Mughal sword|337x337px]]
Most cavalrymen mainly depended upon the short arms (kotah-yaraq) for close quarter combat. They are classified into five categories: swords and shields, maces, battle-axes, spears and daggers. Weapons used for long range attacks were the bow and arrow (Kaman & Tir), the matchlock (Banduq or Tufanq) and the pistols. Rockets were also used by the artillerymen (Topkanah).

Each man had to be supplied with his own weaponry, usually bringing spears, axes or single-edged swords. The great number of weapons that a man carried is graphically described by [[George FitzClarence, 1st Earl of Munster | Fitzclarence]], about an officer of his guards. He was a petty officer of the Nizam's service, who commended his escort: {{blockquote|"Two very handsome horses with superb caparisons belong to this [[Jemadar|jamadar]], who is himself dressed in a vest of green English broad cloth laced with gold, and very rich embroidered belts. A shield of buffalo hide with gilt bosses is hung over his back. His arms are two swords and a dagger, a brace of English pistols (flintlocks), and he has his matchlock carried before him by a servant."}}

=== Swords ===
[[Cummerbund|Swordbelt]]s were generally broad and handsomely [[embroidery|embroidered]]. On horseback they were worn on a belt hanging over the shoulder. Otherwise a man carried his sword by three straps hanging from a [[Cummerbund|waist-belt]].

[[File:Dara Shikuh’s sword and scabbard (number 8), at the V&A Museum in London..jpg|thumb|Prince [[Dara Shikoh]]'s sword and scabbard (number 8), at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum|V&A Museum]] in London.]]
Types of blades:
*[[Talwar]] was the principle blade of the Mughal infantry. By the 18th century it would later be carried by [[Sepoy]].
*[[Shamshir|Shamsher]] - A curved weapon similar to a scimitar. Purely a cutting weapon due to its shape and the small size of the grip.
*Dhup - A straight sword. It was adopted from the [[Deccan Plateau|Dakhin]], this straight sword had a broad blade four feet long and a cross hilt. Considered an emblem of sovereignty and high dignity, it was displayed on state occasions carried in a velvet wrapping by a man who held it upright before his master. It also lay on the great man's pillow when he was seated at a ''darbar'', a public transaction of business. This kind of sword was conferred as a distinction on successful soldiers, great nobles, and court favourites. It was made of steel.
*[[khanda (sword)|''Khanda'']] - A straight sword. It was apparently identical to the ''dhup''.
*[[Sirohi sword]] - A [[scimitar]]. This sword had a slightly curved blade, shaped like a Damascus blade, slightly lighter and narrower than the ordinary ''talwar''. They were made in [[Sirohi]] with Damascus steel.
*[[Pata (sword)|''Pata'']] - A narrow-bladed, straight rapier with a gauntlet hilt. Often used in performances.
*[[Gupti]] - A straight sword concealed in the sheath of a walking stick . The head or handle and a fakir's crutch was closely allied in appearance with the crutch of dagger length and the weapon appearing like a short crooked staff about three feet long. It was used by persons of rank as an emblem of humility.
*[[Zulfikar]] - It was a very vital sword in Mughal era, specially used by Mughal emperors (After emperor Aurangzeb) and generals in the battlefield to break the opponent fighter's sword or short dagger by its own divided blade during fighting and that made to killing enemy more easier on that weaponless situation. This sword was the personal sword of Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] which was in service for first 10 years of his reign. But it was discontinued around 1670 as part of the emperor's austerity measures.

=== Shields ===
[[File:Dhal (shield), North India, Mughal period, 17th century, steel, gold, silk, leather - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC04543.JPG|thumb|[[Dhal (shield)]], North India, Mughal period, 17th century, steel, gold, silk, leather - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC04543]]
A shield always accompanied a sword as part of the swordsman's equipment. Carried on the left arm, or when out of use, slung over the shoulder, shields were made of steel or hide and were generally from {{convert|17|to|24|in|abbr=off}} in diameter. If made of steel they were often highly ornamented with patterns in gold [[damascening]] while hide shields bore silver or gold bosses, crescents, or stars. Some types of shields were made of [[sambar deer]], [[Bubalina|buffalo]], [[nilgai|nilgau]], [[Indian elephant|elephant]], or [[Indian rhinoceros|rhinoceros]] hide, the last being the most highly prized. Brahman soldiers wore shields made up of forty or fifty folds of silk painted with colors.

Types of shields
*'''Chirwah and Tilwah'''— These shields were carried by the ''shamsherbaz'', or gladiators, groups of whom always surrounded the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] (1542{{ndash}}1605) on the march.
*'''Fencing Shields'''— Small circular shields of cane or bamboo sometimes called ''[[dal]]'' (pronounced ''dhaal'') because their shape resembled a lentil. The quaint [[maduvu|maru]] or ''singauta'', was made from a pair of antelope horns tipped with steel and united at the butt-ends. ''Sainti'' were classed as [[Parry (fencing)|parrying]] shields.

=== Ceremonial Mace ===
[[File:WLA vanda Ceremonial Mace chob.jpg|thumb|Ceremonial Mace chob]]
*The mace (''gurj''), a short-handled club with three large round balls at the end, usually formed part of the weaponry of any Mughul warrior of considerable rank.
*Another variety, the ''shashbur'', or "lung-tearer", had a single round-shaped head while similar weapons included the ''dhara'', ''gargaj'' and ''khandli phansi''.
*The {{convert|2|ft}} long ''dhara'' had a six-bladed head and octagonal steel shaft and came from [[Kolhapur]].
*The ''garguz'' had eight-bladed heads and basket hilts or was seven-bladed with a basket hilt. Its length varied from {{convert|2.4|to|2.10|in}}.
*The ''khundli phansi'' was {{convert|1|in}} long and had a head of open scroll work.
*The [[Flail (weapon)|flail]] was a weapon that may be classed as a mace, along with the ''pusht-khar'', or "back-scratcher", made of steel in the shape of a hand.
*The ''khar-i-mahi'', or "fish backbone", had steel spikes projecting from each side of a straight head.
*The weapon called the ''gujbag'' was the common [[elephant goad]] or ''ankus''.

=== Battle-axe ===
[[File:Mumtaz Mahal Museum, Red Fort19.JPG|thumb|1. Dagger Crutch (fakir's crutch, mendicant's crutch), 2. [[Tabar (axe)|Tabar]] (war axe), 3. Eight Bladed flanged mace, 4. Tabar (war axe) and 5. Zaghnal (battle axe) 6.Sword Stick (at the time of Mughals)]]
*If the head was pointed and had two cutting edges, the axe was called a ''zaghnol'', or "crow's beak".
*A double headed axe with a broad blade on one side of the handle and a pointed one on the other was styled a ''tabar zaghnol''.
*An axe with a longer handle, called ''tarangalah'', was also used. The shafts of the ''[[Tabar (axe)|tabar]]'' ranged from {{convert|17|to|23|in}} in length with a head from {{convert|5|to|6|in}} one way and {{convert|3|to|5|in}} the other. Some heads were crescent shaped with one of the shafts hollow for storage of a dagger.
*A 'Basolah' looked like a chisel while highly ornamented silver axes were carried by attendants for display in the audience hall.

=== Spears ===
{{see also|Gatka}}
[[File:Mumtaz Mahal Museum, Red Fort10.JPG|thumb|Rifle, Spear and Inscribed Sabre-Hilt at the time of Mughals]]
There were several varieties of this class of weapon. [[Sowar|Cavalry]] troops generally used a [[lance]] with other types of [[spear]]s used by [[Sipahi|foot soldiers]] and guards surrounding the emperor's audience hall. There is also some evidence, particularly among the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]]s, for the use of a javelin or short spear, which was thrown.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}
*''Nezah'' - A cavalry lance with a small steel head and a long bamboo shaft carried by ''nezah-bazan'' (lance-wielders). In normal use, a man on horseback held his spear above his head at the full length of his arm. Made up of Bamboo and steel
*[[Barcha|Barchhah]] - a Mughal weapon also used by the Marathas. With a head and shaft made wholly of iron or steel, use of this heavy spear was confined to infantry as it would prove too heavy for men on horseback.
*''Sang'' - Made up entirely of iron, this spear was much shorter than the ''barchhah'' although some exist that are {{convert|7.11|ft}} long, of which the head accounting for {{convert|2.6|ft}}. The weapon possessed long, slender, three or four-sided heads, steel shafts, and had a grip covered with velvet.
*Sainthi - The shaft was shorter than that of the ''sang''.
*Selarah - A spear with a head and shaft longer than those of the ''sainthi'' but not so long as those of the ''sang''.
*''Ballam'' - A spear, pike, or lance with barbed heads and wooden shafts and a total length of {{convert|5.11|ft}}, of which the blade took up {{convert|18|in}}. The ''Ballam'' was a short spear with a broad head used by infantry. || Infantry
*Pandi-ballam - A hog-spear with an iron leaf-shaped blade at the end of a bamboo shaft with a total length of {{convert|8.3|ft}}, of which the blade accounted for {{convert|2.3|ft}}.
*''Panjmukh'' - Five-headed spear used by the people of Gujarat.
*''Lange'' - A Mughal lance with a four-cornered iron head and a hollow shaft.
*''Garhiya'' - May be pike, javelin or spear
*''Alam'' - A spear (properly a standard or banner)
*''Kont'' - One type of spear
*''Gandasa'' - A kind of bill-hook or pole-axe with a steel chopper attached to a long pole. Used by the ''chaukidar'' or village watchmen

=== Daggers and knives ===
[[File:Dagger, Mughal dynasty, late 17th century, watered steel blade, hilt of nephrite inlaid with gold, rubies, and emeralds - Freer Gallery of Art - DSC05186.JPG|thumb|Dagger, Mughal dynasty, late 17th century, watered steel blade, hilt of [[nephrite]] [[inlay|inlaid]] with gold, [[ruby|rubies]], and [[emerald]]s - Freer Gallery of Art - DSC05186]]

These were of various shapes and kinds, each with a separate name (a dagger would also indicate the ethnicity of the warrior).
*[[Katar (dagger)|''Katara'' or ''Katari'']] - A lightweight [[push dagger]] similar to a [[poignard]] and peculiar to India. Made with a hilt whose two branches extended along the arm so as to protect the hand and part of the arm, this weapon had a thick blade with two cutting edges having a breadth of {{convert|3|in|abbr=off}} at the hilt and a solid point {{convert|1|in|abbr=off}} wide. The blade could not be bent and was so stiff that nothing but a cuirass could stop it. A katara's total length extended to {{convert|22|in}}, one half of this being the blade. The hilt had a cross-bar at right angles to the blade, by which the weapon was grasped such that it could only be used for a forward thrust. Some were slightly curved whilst others resembled a fork or were two-bladed. Blades were of various patterns with a length that varied from {{convert|9|to|17.5|in}}.
*''Jamadhar'' - This had the same handle as a katara but with a broad and straight blade, while the katara blade could be either straight or curved. The ''jamadhar katari'' - Had a straight blade and a handle held in the same way as a table-knife or sword.
*''[[Khanjar]]'' - A poignard type dagger with a hilt like a sword of which most had doubly curved blades and were about {{convert|12|in}} long. The weapon originated among the Turks, who carried it upright and on the right side, but it was occasionally worn by both Persians and Indians, the latter wearing it inclined on the left side. They were four types: ''jamhak'', ''jhambwah'', ''bank'', and ''narsingh moth''. All four of these weapons appear to be of the same class as the ''khanjar'', although they varied slightly in form. Mainly used by Turks, occasionally by both Persians and Indians
*''[[Bichuwa]]'' and ''Khapwah''. Literally "scorpion", this type of knife had a wavy blade while the ''khapwah'' was also a type of dagger. It was almost identical with the ''jambwah''and used by mainly Marathas.
*''[[pesh-kabz|Peshkaj]]'' - A pointed Persian dagger generally with a thick straight back to the blade and a straight handle without a guard, though at times the blade was curved, or even double-curved. Some of the hilts had guards.
*''Karud'' is Introduced by Afghans, this resembled a butcher's knife and was kept in a sheath. Karuds had a total length of {{convert|2.6|ft}} with a blade {{convert|2|ft}}. The ''gupti-karud'' was inserted into a stick while the ''qamchi-karud'' was a whip-shaped knife. The ''chaqu'' was a clasp-knife. It is a combat knife used by Panjabis.
*''Sailabah-i-Qalmaqi'' - The name for a knife used by men from [[Kashghar]]. As long as a sword and with a handle made of fish-bone called ''sher-mahi'' (lion-fish), it was worn slung from an ''ashob'' or [[shoulder belt (military)|shoulder belt]].This Combat Knife is Used by the men from Kashghar.

===Missiles===
Bows and arrows, matchlocks, pistols and cannons made up the four categories of missile weapons. Cavalry were mainly equipped with the bow with Mughal horsemen noted for their archery. Legend told that the bow and arrow were brought down straight from Heaven and given to [[Adam in Islam|Adam]] by the archangel [[Gabriel in Islam|Gabriel]]. Personal weapons were ranked in the following order: the dagger, the sword, the spear and the soldier's with the top weapon the bow and arrow.

Despite the spread of firearms, use of the bow persisted throughout the 18th century due to its superior build quality and ease of handling. Bows were widely used by the rebels during the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

The matchlock, a cumbrous and no doubt ineffective weapon, was left mainly to the infantry while pistols seem to have been rare.

Mughal [[field artillery]], although expensive, proved an effective tool against hostile [[war elephant]]s and its use led to several decisive victories. After [[Babur]]'s artillery defeated the armies of [[Ibrahim Lodi]] in the 16th century, subsequent Mughal emperors considered field artillery the most important and prestigious type of weapon.<ref name=Rothermund>{{cite magazine |title=Akbar 'Der Große' |trans-title=Akbar 'The Great' |language=de |magazine=[[Damals]] |first=Dietmar |last=Rothermund |author-link=Dietmar Rothermund |year=2014 |issue=1 |volume=46 |pages=24–29}}</ref>

====Rocket====

[[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]] are given credit for the creation of the rocket. However it is very possible that the idea originated in Mughal era India.

====Bows====
[[File:A standing portrait of Muhammad Shah holding a bow and arrow, as well as a huqqa pipe.jpg|thumb|A standing portrait of [[Muhammad Shah]] holding a bow and arrow, as well as a huqqa pipe]]
Considered especially expert in the use of their weapons, Mughal horsemen armed with bows could shoot three times faster than musketeers.

The standard Mughal ''kaman'' ([[bow and arrow|bow]]) was about {{convert|4|ft|abbr=off}} long and generally shaped in a double curve with a grip covered in velvet. Made of horn, wood, bamboo, ivory, and sometimes of steel, two of these steel bows.

Several strings of thick [[catgut]] lined the Mughal bow on its concave side (convex when strung) to give it elasticity and force. The belly was made of finely polished buffalo or wild goats' horn in jet black. Glued to this was a thin slip of hard, tough wood. The ends were fashioned to represent snakes' heads with the horn left plain, while the wooden back was decorated with rich intermingled arabesques of gilded birds, flowers or fruit. Indian bows carried by travellers also served for show or amusement. These types were made of buffalo horn in two identically curved pieces curved, each with a wooden tip for receipt of the string. Their other ends were brought together and fastened to a strong piece of wood that served as a centre and was gripped in the left hand. After construction, they were covered with a [[Sizing|size]] made of animal fibres then wrapped in a thin layer of fine [[Tow (fibre)|tow]] before the application of a final coat of paint and varnish.

Bow strings were sometimes made of strong threads of white silk laid together to form a cylinder about {{convert|1.25|cm}} in diameter. Whipping of the same material was then bound firmly round for a length of three or four inches at the centre, and to this middle piece large loops of scarlet or other coloured material attached by a complicated knot. These gaudy loops then formed a striking contrast to the white silk.

A [[Bow string]] holder consists of a broad ring made of precious stone, crystal, jade, ivory, horn, fishbone, gold or iron in accordance with an individual's rank.

'''Special bows'''
*Charkh - A [[crossbow]] used by Afghan men from [[Charkh District|Charkh]]
*''Takhsh kaman'' - A type of small bow.
*''Kaman-i-gurohah'' - A pellet-bow, identical to the modern ''[[gulel]]'', used by boys to scare birds away from ripening crops.
*''Gobhan'' are [[Slingshot|Sling]]s such as these were brought by the villagers who assembled in 1710 to aid in the defence of Jalalabad town [[Khalsa Fauj|against the Sikh]]s led by [[Banda Singh Bahadur]].
*''Kamthah'' - The long bow of the [[Bhil people|Bhils]] of Central India. This group held the bow with their feet, drawing the string (''chillah'') with the hands and able to shoot with enough power for their arrow to penetrate elephant's hide. The principal weapon of the Bhils was the ''kampti'' or bamboo bow, with a string made of a thin strip from the elastic bark of the bamboo. Bhils carried sixty barbed arrows each a yard long in their quiver, those intended for striking fish having heads which came off the shaft on striking the fish. A long line connected the head and the shaft, so that the shaft remained on the water's surface as a [[Fishing float|float]].
*''Nawak'' - A pipe through which an arrow was shot, the ''nawak'' was used for shooting birds. This was either a cross-bow, or formed in some way as part of an ordinary bow. It was not a blow-pipe like those used by the Malays for their poisoned arrows. Specimens of the pipe are {{convert|6.6|to|7.6|ft}} long and use foot-long arrows.
*Tufak-i-dahan - A blow-pipe used as a tube for shooting clay balls by force of the breath.

Arrows were of two types: those in common use relied on [[reed (plant)|reed]]s for their fabrication and used against tigers had wooden shafts. Reed-based arrows used resin to attach the head while those of wood had a hole bored into their shaft into which a red-hot head was forced.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} Some arrows in the [[India Museum]] were {{convert|2.4|ft}} long; one example, obtained at [[Lucknow]] in 1857, extended to {{convert|6|ft|abbr=off}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Egerton |first1=Wilbraham |title=An Illustrated Handbook of Indian Arms; Being a Classified and Descriptive Catalogue of the Arms Exhibited at the India Museum |year=1880 |publisher=William H. Allen & Co. |location=London |page=130 |url=https://archive.org/details/indian-arms/page/n170/mode/1up?q=group}}</ref> and would have required the use of a larger than average bow. Feathers used for arrows were frequently mixed black and white (''ablaq'') while the arrowhead was ordinarily of steel although the Bhils used bone.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

====Matchlock====
[[File: Officer of the Mughal Army, c.1585 (colour litho).jpg|thumb|Officer of the Mughal Army with large Matchlock]]
Known as the ''[[Matchlock|tufang]]'', Mughal emperor Akbar introduced many improvements in the manufacture of the matchlock, like the [[toradar]].{{sfn|Richards|1995|p=288}}

The relatively small bore and thick barrel often made of [[wootz steel]] allowed Indian firearms to be used with proportionate larger powder charge, likely providing greater range and precision than European barrels at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kolb |first=Charles C. |date=2005 |title=''Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire 1500-1700'', by Jos Gommans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.40.1.158 |journal=Canadian Journal of History |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=158–160 |doi=10.3138/cjh.40.1.158 |issn=0008-4107|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]] observed that "the barrels of their muskets are stronger than ours, and the iron is better and purer, this makes them not liable to burst". Nevertheless, during most of the Mughal period up to the middle of the 18th century, the weapon was looked on with less favour than the bow and arrow and blanches. The matchlock was left chiefly to the infantry, who occupied a much inferior position to that of the cavalry in the opinion of Mughal commanders. In the mid-19th century the Mughal cavalry continued to use matchlocks compared to the invading Iranian and Afghan armies using firelock. A critical point of failure was not adopting an efficient trigger and lock, such as the European [[wheellock]] and [[snaplock]] or the Ottoman [[miquelet lock]]. During the mid-18th century Indian rulers began using flintlock (tufang-i chaqmaq) and were increasingly being trained in European style and formation by foreign companies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gommans |first=Jos J.L. |date=2005 |title=''Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire 1500-1700'', by Jos Gommans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.40.1.158 |journal=Canadian Journal of History |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=158–160 |doi=10.3138/cjh.40.1.158 |issn=0008-4107|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The barrels of Akbar's matchlocks were of two lengths: {{convert|66|in}} and {{convert|41|in}}. They were made of rolled strips of steel with the two edges welded together. In the [[Deccan Plateau]] the introduction of the [[flintlock]] weapon, owing to intercourse with the French and English, may have been somewhat earlier.

Matchlock barrels, covered with elaborate damascened work, had their stocks adorned with embossed metal work or with various designs either in [[lacquer]], paint, or inlays of different materials. The stocks were at times decorated with embossed and [[engraving|engraved]] mounts in gold, or the butt had an [[ivory]] or [[ebony]] cap. The barrel was generally attached to the stock by broad bands of metal or by a wire made of steel, brass, silver or gold. The broad bands were sometimes of perforated design and chased. The stocks were of two designs, the first narrow, slightly sloped, and of the same width throughout and the second sharply curved and narrow at the grip, expanding to some breadth at the butt. When not in use, matchlocks were kept and carried about in covers made of scarlet or green.

The set consisted of a [[powder flask]], bullet pouches, [[Tubes and primers for ammunition|priming horn]] (''singra''), matchcord, [[flint]] and steel with the whole ensemble attached to a belt often made of velvet embroidered in gold. The receptacles which contained powder and musket balls were unwieldy, and as the Mughal troops never used cartridges for their pieces, they were slow to load. Some soldiers carried more than twenty yards of match about their person, similar in appearance to a large ball of pack-thread.

Mughal infantryman armed with musket would be placed upon an [[war elephant|elephant]] making them mobile, and sharpshooter in their task.

Special type of guns
*'''Cailletoque''' - A strange very long and heavy matchlock. This musket was often carried under the arm.
*'''Jazail or Jazair''' - A wall-piece or [[swivel gun]] falling somewhere between a firearm as carried by combatants and a piece of artillery and having features of both.
*'''Ghor-Dahan''' was a kind of ''jezail''. The allusion in the name seems to be to the everted or widened mouth of the barrel.

===Pistols===
The pistols were called as ''tamanchah''. The pistol was in use in India, to some extent at any rate, early in the 18th century. For instance, it was with a shot from a pistol that in October 1720 a young Sayyad, related to [[Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan Barha|Husain Ali Khan]], killed that nobleman's assassin. The pistol was confined to the higher ranks of the nobles, very few soldiers having European pistols and ''tabanchah''.
*'''Sherbachah''' - This [[musketoon]] or [[blunderbuss]] seems to have been of a still later introduction than the pistol. Probably the weapon came into India with Nadir Shah's army (1738) or that of Ahmad Shah, Abdali, (1748–1761). In the last quarter of the 18th century there was a regiment of Persian horse in the [[nawab of lucknow|Lucknow service]] known as the Sher-bachah.

=== Artillery ===
[[File:Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during the attack on Ranthambhor Fort.jpg|thumb|Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort<ref>{{cite web |last=Unknown |url=http://warfare2.likamva.in/Moghul/Akbar/1568-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.htm |title=Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort |date=1590–95 |work=the Akbarnama |access-date=2014-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519132308/http://warfare2.likamva.in/Moghul/Akbar/1568-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.htm |archive-date=2014-05-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref>]]

{{main|Mughal artillery}}
The Mughal military employed a broad array of gunpowder weapons larger than personal firearms, from [[Rocket (weapon)|rocket]]s and mobile guns to an enormous [[cannon]], over {{convert|14|ft}} long, once described as the "largest piece of ordnance in the world."<ref>Irvine (1903): ''The army of the Indian Moghuls'', 113–159.</ref> This array of weapons was divided into heavy and light artillery.<ref name="Gommans2002">{{cite book |last=Gommans |first=Jos |title=Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire, 1500–1700 |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |page=148 |isbn=978-0-415-23988-2}}</ref>

Possession of mobile field artillery is seen by some historians as the central military power of the Mughal Empire and distinguished its troops from most of their enemies. A status symbol for the emperor, pieces of artillery would always accompany the Mughal ruler on his journeys through the empire.<ref name=Rothermund/> In battle the Mughals mainly used their artillery to counter hostile war elephants, which made frequent appearances in warfare on the Indian subcontinent. However, although emperor [[Akbar]] personally designed gun carriages to improve the accuracy of his cannons, Mughal artillery proved most effective in frightening the other side's elephants on the battlefield. The chaos that ensued in the opposing army's ranks allowed Mughal forces to overcome their enemy.<ref name=Rothermund/> Animal-borne [[swivel guns]], like the [[zamburak]] became a feature of Mughal warfare with stocks often more than {{convert|6.7|ft|abbr=off}} in length, which fired a projectile {{convert|3.9|to|4.7|in}} in diameter{{sfn|Richards|1995|p=288}}

It is a widely held belief that smaller pieces of Mughal artillery were even placed upon the elephant.

The [[Bengal Subah|Bengali]] forces that fought at the [[Battle of Plassey]] owed a degree of loyalty to the "Great Moghul" they owned metallic silver lustre cannons which were placed upon specially designed bullock.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:1526-First Battle of Panipat-Ibrahim Lodhi and Babur.jpg|Mughal battle scene, 16th century.
File:Police Chuprasi, Delhi.png|Police in Delhi, 19th century
File:A Mughal Infantryman.jpg|Mughal soldier, 19th century.
File:Tanding figure of an officer.jpg|Mughal officer, 17th century.
File:Elephants pushing cannons drawn by bullocks.jpg|Elephants pushing cannons drawn by bullocks, Kota, mid-18th century.
</gallery>

==References==
===Notes===
{{PD-old-text|title=[https://archive.org/details/armyofindianmogh00irvirich ''The army of the Indian Moghuls: its organization and administration'']|year=1903|author=[[William Irvine (historian)|William Irvine]]}}

===Cited sources===
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite book
| title= The Mughal Empire
| last1 = Richards
| first1 = J.F.
| isbn = 9780521566032
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC
| year = 1995
| publisher = Cambridge University Press}}

{{Mughal Empire}}

[[Category:Military of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Indo-Persian weaponry]]
[[Category:Weapons of India]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]

1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election

2026-01-28T17:33:18Z

BXIBerniece:

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly election in Nagaland, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| party_name =
| alliance_name =
| previous_election = 1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1987
| election_date = ''21 January 1989''
| next_election = 1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1993
| seats_for_election = All 60 seats in the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 31
| registered = {{formatnum:582416}}
| turnout = 85.65%

| image2 = <div style="width:80px;"> '''NPC'''</div>
| leader2 = ''Unknown''
| leaders_seat2 =
| party2 = [[Nagaland People's Conference|NPC]]
| leader_since2 =
| seats_before2 =
| popular_vote2 = 41.61%
| seat_change2 = ''New''
| seats2 = 24
| swing2 =

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Governor S. C. Jamir with CM Naveen Patnaik and President Kovind (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[S. C. Jamir]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Mokokchung Town Assembly constituency|Mokokchung Town]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since1 =
| seats_before1 = 34
| popular_vote1 = 51.45%
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 2
| seats1 = 36
| swing1 =


| title = [[Chief Minister of Nagaland|CM]]
| before_party =
| before_election = [[President's Rule]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[S. C. Jamir]]
}}

Elections to the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] were held in January 1989 to elect members of the 60 constituencies in [[Nagaland]], India. The [[Indian National Congress]] won a majority of seats and [[S. C. Jamir]] was appointed as the [[Chief Minister of Nagaland]]. The number of constituencies was set as 60 by the recommendation of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]].<ref name="delimitation1976">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=DPACO (1976) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= December 9, 2020}}</ref>

==Result==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1989.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=253792|seats1=36|sc1={{increase}}2
|party2=[[Naga People's Front]]|votes2=205283|seats2=24|sc2=New
|party3=[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]|votes3=13596|seats3=0|sc3=New
|party5=[[Independent (politics)|Independents]]|votes5=20625|seats5=0|sc5{{decrease}}7
|total_sc=0
|invalid=5526
|electorate=582416
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3638-nagaland-1989/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=22 August 2021}}</ref>
}}

=== Results by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
| 1 || [[Dimapur I Assembly constituency|Dimapur I ]] || 58.01 || Vikheshe Sema || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 11,719 || 64.21 || Manik Bhattacharjee || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 4,852 || 26.58 || 6,867
|-
| 2 || [[Dimapur II Assembly constituency|Dimapur II]] || 73.85 || Imtisunget Jamir || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 18,468 || 79.99 || Webansao || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 4,081 || 17.68 || 14,387
|-
| 3 || [[Dimapur III Assembly constituency|Dimapur III]] || 77.36 || [[Kihoto Hollohon]] || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 4,413 || 51.60 || Vihepu Yephthomi || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,900 || 45.60 || 513
|-
| 4 || [[Ghaspani I Assembly constituency|Ghaspani I]] || 67.62 || [[H. Khekiho Zhimomi]] || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 10,000 || 44.45 || Shikiho Sema || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 8,799 || 39.11 || 1,201
|-
| 5 || [[Ghaspani II Assembly constituency|Ghaspani II]] || 93.27 || L. Hekiye Sema || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 8,351 || 57.45 || Rokonicha || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 5,967 || 41.05 || 2,384
|-
| 6 || [[Tening Assembly constituency|Tening]] || 99.30 || [[T. R. Zeliang]]|| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|| 3,387 || 39.59 || H. L. Singson || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,721 || 31.80 || 666
|-
| 7 || [[Peren Assembly constituency|Peren]] || 89.75 || Bangdi Lheilung || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 4,429 || 47.63 || Ata || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,622 || 38.95 || 807
|-
| 8 || [[Western Angami Assembly constituency|Western Angami]] || 73.57 || N. T. Nakhro || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 3,499 || 53.24 || Crellan Peseyie || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,951 || 44.90 || 548
|-
| 9 || [[Kohima Town Assembly constituency|Kohima Town]] || 66.87 || [[K. V. Keditsu]]|| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|| 5,182 || 50.09 || Khrieketoulie || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,957 || 47.91 || 225
|-
| 10 || [[Northern Angami I Assembly constituency|Northern Angami I]] || 81.78 || Tseivilie Miachieo || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,273 || 55.47 || [[Shürhozelie Liezietsu|Dr. Shürhozelie Liezietsu]] || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 2,535 || 42.96 || 738
|-
| 11 || [[Northern Angami II Assembly constituency|Northern Angami II]] || 87.41 || [[Neiphiu Rio]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,366 || 50.99 || Chupfuo || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 4,063 || 47.45 || 303
|-
| 12 || [[Tseminyü Assembly constituency|Tseminyü]] || 94.62 || Khasu || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 4,350 || 52.99 || Nillo || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,799 || 46.28 || 551
|-
| 13 || [[Pughoboto Assembly constituency|Pughoboto]] || 91.49 || Joshua Achumi || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 2,386 || 39.91 || Huska Sumi || {{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}} || 2,063 || 34.50 || 323
|-
| 14 || [[Southern Angami I Assembly constituency|Southern Angami I]] || 89.52 || Mavil Khieya || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,241 || 52.54 || Diethoo || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 2,874 || 46.59 || 367
|-
| 15 || [[Southern Angami II Assembly constituency|Southern Angami II]] || 85.91 || [[Vizadel Sakhrie]] || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 2,715 || 50.54 || [[Viswesül Pusa]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,613 || 48.64 || 102
|-
| 16 || [[Pfütsero Assembly constituency|Pfütsero]] || 85.56 || Thenucho || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 3,821 || 50.00 || Lhiweshelo Mero || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,732 || 48.84 || 89
|-
| 17 || [[Chizami Assembly constituency|Chizami]] || 95.00 || [[K. G. Kenye]] || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 3,463 || 44.65 || Zhovehu Lohe || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,313 || 42.72 || 150
|-
| 18 || [[Chozuba Assembly constituency|Chozuba]] || 88.08 || [[Melhupra Vero]]|| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|| 4,870 || 50.07 || Vamuzo Phesao || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 4,759 || 48.93 || 111
|-
| 19 || [[Phek Assembly constituency|Phek]] || 85.47 || Zachilhu Vadeo || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,128 || 54.78 || Vejoyi || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 3,320 || 44.06 || 808
|-
| 20 || [[Meluri Assembly constituency|Meluri]] || 94.55 || Khuosatho || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,206 || 42.06 || Chiekhutso || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 2,649 || 34.75 || 557
|-
| 21 || [[Tuli Assembly constituency|Tuli]] || 98.97 || Tsuknungpenzu || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,356 || 50.52 || T. Tali || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 5,224 || 49.27 || 132
|-
| 22 || [[Arkakong Assembly constituency|Arkakong]] || 96.79 || Jongpongchiten || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,175 || 49.43 || Marchiba || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 2,923 || 34.61 || 1,252
|-
| 23 || [[Impur Assembly constituency|Impur]] || 98.28 || T. Chuba || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,135 || 42.75 || N. Yabang Aier || {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} || 3,732 || 38.59 || 403
|-
| 24 || [[Angetyongpang Assembly constituency|Angetyongpang]] || 93.05 || S. Lima || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,837 || 48.98 || Temsu Ao || {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} || 2,324 || 29.67 || 1,513
|-
| 25 || [[Mongoya Assembly constituency|Mongoya]] || 83.00 || N. I. Jamir || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,713 || 64.03 || Nungsanginba || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 2,586 || 35.13 || 2,127
|-
| 26 || [[Aonglenden Assembly constituency|Aonglenden]] || 95.09 || Nungshizenba || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,293 || 92.02 || Alichiba || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 506 || 7.40 || 5,787
|-
| 27 || [[Mokokchung Town Assembly constituency|Mokokchung Town]] || 89.14 || [[S. C. Jamir]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,017 || 81.33 || Takuyaba || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 411 || 16.57 || 1,606
|-
| 28 || [[Koridang Assembly constituency|Koridang]] || 95.38 || L. Nokzenketba || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,574 || 36.14 || Bendangtoshi || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 2,867 || 28.99 || 707
|-
| 29 || [[Jangpetkong Assembly constituency|Jangpetkong]] || 95.54 || Chubatemjen Ao || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,201 || 53.57 || I. Imkong || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 2,734 || 45.76 || 467
|-
| 30 || [[Alongtaki Assembly constituency|Alongtaki]] || 98.18 || Tiameren Imchen || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,305 || 55.26 || Imnanungsang || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 2,643 || 44.19 || 662
|-
| 31 || [[Akuluto Assembly constituency|Akuluto]] || 89.53 || I. Khehoto Sema || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,017 || 51.14 || I. Vitokhe Sema || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 1,912 || 48.48 || 105
|-
| 32 || [[Atoizü Assembly constituency|Atoizu]] || 88.25 || Kiyezhe L. Chishi || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 3,016 || 51.33 || Yeshito || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,839 || 48.32 || 177
|-
| 33 || [[Suruhoto Assembly constituency|Suruhoto]] || 93.12 || Khukivi Awomi || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 3,328 || 55.23 || Kiyezhe Aye || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,670 || 44.31 || 658
|-
| 34 || [[Aghunato Assembly constituency|Aghunato]] || 88.38 || Pukhayi || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,780 || 53.50 || Nihokhe || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 2,370 || 45.61 || 410
|-
| 35 || [[Zünheboto Assembly constituency|Zünheboto]] || 71.05 || [[Tokheho Yepthomi]]|| {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|| 3,187 || 49.61 || Ghutoshe Sema || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,165 || 49.27 || 22
|-
| 36 || [[Satakha Assembly constituency|Satakha]] || 89.56 || Hokheto Sema || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,088 || 50.90 || Kughavi || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 2,807 || 46.27 || 281
|-
| 37 || [[Tyüi Assembly constituency|Tyüi]] || 89.37 || T. A. Nguillie || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,796 || 54.84 || N. L. Odyuo || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 3,912 || 44.73 || 884
|-
| 38 || [[Wokha Assembly constituency|Wokha]] || 78.81 || [[T. M. Lotha|Dr. T. M. Lotha]] || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 5,346 || 51.77 || John Lotha || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,879 || 47.25 || 467
|-
| 39 || [[Sanis Assembly constituency|Sanis]] || 86.88 || T. Nchibemo Ngullie || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,960 || 40.70 || Nkhao Lotha || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 2,658 || 36.55 || 302
|-
| 40 || [[Bhandari Assembly constituency|Bhandari]] || 87.08 || E. Thungohamo Ezung || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,071 || 54.43 || Tsenlamo Kikon || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 4,189 || 44.97 || 882
|-
| 41 || [[Tizit Assembly constituency|Tizit]] || 94.55 || Yeangphong || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 5,149 || 53.06 || B. Tingkap Wangnao || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,363 || 44.96 || 786
|-
| 42 || [[Wakching Assembly constituency|Wakching]] || 93.63 || [[Chingwang Konyak]]|| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|| 4,853 || 49.62 || P. Enyei || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 4,809 || 49.17 || 44
|-
| 43 || [[Tapi Assembly constituency|Tapi]] || 98.80 || [[Noke Wangnao]] || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 2,753 || 37.09 || K. Tingnei K || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,495 || 33.62 || 258
|-
| 44 || [[Phomching Assembly constituency|Phomching]] || 58.13 || Kongam || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,940 || 86.37 || P. Pohwang || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 603 || 13.22 || 3,337
|-
| 45 || [[Tehok Assembly constituency|Tehok]] || 98.02 || C. Nocklem Konyak || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,292 || 52.25 || T. P. Manlen Konyak || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 3,902 || 47.50 || 390
|-
| 46 || [[Mon Town Assembly constituency|Mon Town]] || 88.33 || S. Yokten || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 5,248 || 49.84 || John Konyak || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,181 || 49.20 || 67
|-
| 47 || [[Aboi Assembly constituency|Aboi]] || 93.94 || Nyeiwang Konyak || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,324 || 50.12 || W. Eyung || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 3,255 || 49.08 || 69
|-
| 48 || [[Moka Assembly constituency|Moka]] || 98.88 || K. Kiko Konyak || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,064 || 61.15 || Nyamnyei || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 3,169 || 38.27 || 1,895
|-
| 49 || [[Tamlu Assembly constituency|Tamlu]] || 99.85 || Pangjak S. Phom || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 3,501 || 52.39 || Bamgtick Phom || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,165 || 47.37 || 336
|-
| 50 || [[Longleng Assembly constituency|Longleng]] || 99.28 || Bukchem Phom || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 5,003 || 55.34 || Chenlom Phom || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,025 || 44.52 || 978
|-
| 51 || [[Noksen Assembly constituency|Noksen]] || 97.64 || C. Chongshen Chang || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,809 || 85.19 || S. Sao Chang || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 612 || 13.69 || 3,197
|-
| 52 || [[Longkhim–Chare Assembly constituency|Longkhim Chare]] || 96.01 || S. Kyukhangba Sangtam || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,831 || 57.00 || Thrinimong Sangtam || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 3,609 || 42.58 || 1,222
|-
| 53 || [[Tuensang Sadar I Assembly constituency|Tuensang Sadar I]] || 82.30 || Changkong Chang || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,222 || 58.90 || S. Khoney || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 2,856 || 39.84 || 1,366
|-
| 54 || [[Tuensang Sadar II Assembly constituency|Tuensang Sadar II]] || 98.89 || Lakiumong || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 3,419 || 55.58 || M. B. Yimkong || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,696 || 43.83 || 723
|-
| 55 || [[Tobu Assembly constituency|Tobu]] || 82.36 || Neakba Konyak || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 5,636 || 64.71 || Pongchai || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,047 || 34.98 || 2,589
|-
| 56 || [[Noklak Assembly constituency|Noklak]] || 93.45 || Sedem Khaming || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,693 || 42.81 || Tongthan || {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} || 2,621 || 41.66 || 72
|-
| 57 || [[Thonoknyu Assembly constituency|Thonoknyu]] || 97.70 || Khongo || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 3,123 || 45.93 || P. Pongom || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,827 || 41.58 || 296
|-
| 58 || [[Shamator–Chessore Assembly constituency|Shamator–Chessore]] || 93.26 || Yamukum || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 3,816 || 54.63 || K. Zungkum Yimchunger || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,135 || 44.88 || 681
|-
| 59 || [[Seyochung–Sitimi Assembly constituency|Seyochung–Sitimi]] || 89.85 || S. Sethricho Sangtam || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,732 || 55.19 || Yopikyu Thongtsar || {{party name with color|Naga People's Front}} || 2,993 || 44.26 || 739
|-
| 60 || [[Pungro–Kiphire Assembly constituency|Pungro–Kiphire]] || 93.89 || T. Rothrong || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,713 || 38.20 || T. Porechw || {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} || 3,693 || 38.00 || 20
|}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nagaland elections}}

[[Category:1989 in Nagaland]]
[[Category:1989 State Assembly elections in India|Nagaland]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Nagaland]]
[[Category:1980s in Nagaland|1989]]

Kamalakanta Bhattacharya (Bengal)

2026-01-28T11:04:33Z

BXIBerniece: created basic info needs work - done

{{Short description|Bengali Shakta poet and yogi of India}}
{{Mscn|date=January 2026}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Kamalakanta Bhattacharya
|native_name = কমলাকান্ত ভট্টাচার্য
|image = Kobi-kamalakanta.jpg
|caption =
|birth_date = 1769
|birth_place = [[Ambika Kalna]], [[Burdwan]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India (now [[Purba Bardhaman]], [[West Bengal]], India)
|death_date = {{death date and age|1821|1769|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Burdwan]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
|known_for = [[Shakta]] poetry
|occupation = Court Advisor and Guru of Maharaja of Bardhaman, Tej Chandra
}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}

'''Kamalakanta Bhattacharya''' ({{langx|bn|কমলাকান্ত ভট্টাচার্য}}; c. 1769–1821), also known as '''Sadhaka Kamalakanta''', was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Shakta]] [[poet]] and [[yogi]] of [[India]] of the late 18th century. He is often considered to have followed the example of [[Ramprasad Sen|Ramprasad]], both in his poetry and in his lifestyle.<ref>McDermott, Rachel Fell (2001). ''Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams: Kali and Uma in the Devotional Poetry of Bengal'', p. 84. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-513435-4}}.</ref>

==Early life==
Kamalakanta was born at Ambika Kalna in [[Bardhaman]], [[Bengal Presidency]]. His father was Maheswar Bhattacharya, a [[Brahmin]] priest who died when Kamalakanta was still a boy. His mother, Mahamaya Devi, struggled financially to provide for the family with the meagre income from the small amount of land left to them, but she managed to send Kamalakanta to higher education.

Kamalakanta was a bright student, studying [[Sanskrit]] and showing an early talent for poetry and music. It is said that "his heart opened to the love of God" when he received the sacred thread and was initiated into spiritual practice by Chandra Shekhar Goswami. From an early age he expressed an interest in spirituality and later in life Kamalakanta received initiation into [[Tantra|Tantric]] [[Yoga]] from a Tantric [[yogi]] named Kenaram Bhattacharya.

==Life==
In order to support his family, Kamalakanta started a small school in addition to his work as a Brahmin priest. But Kamalakanta struggled to make ends meet. His songs made him famous during his lifetime. Because of his fame as a singer poet, the Maharaja of Bardhaman, Tej Chandra, asked Kamalakanta to be his Guru and appointed him as a court advisor. Throughout his life Kamalakanta was a great devotee of [[Kali]] and composed many impassioned and devotional love poems to the Mother.

It is said that the Divine Mother in her aspect of [[Mahakali]] wishes her sincere devotees to make the fastest progress. Kali is often depicted as the great destroyer of ignorance and hostile forces. The poetry of Kamalakanta displays this heroic attitude, imploring Kali to destroy limitations and bondage. The poetry of Kamalakanta also displays a profound faith in his all-powerful Kali.

:''The earth quakes under Your leaps and bounds.''
:''You are frightful with that sword in Your hand.''

Whilst Kali is often depicted as a black and terrifying form, this is just one aspect of hers as a destroyer of ignorance. Kamalakanta also alludes to the other aspect of Kali as he states in his poem - "Is my Mother Really Black?"

:''If She's black,''
:''how can She light up the world?''
:''Sometimes my Mother is white,''
:''sometimes yellow, blue, and red.''
:''I cannot fathom Her.''
:''My whole life has passed trying.'' [trans. Rachel Fell McDermott]

The poems of Kamalakanta and [[Ramprasad Sen|Ramprasad]] were later sung by mystic [[Sri Ramakrishna]], who himself was a great devotee of the Divine Mother. These devotional songs would often send Sri Ramakrishna into an ecstatic state as he became absorbed in contemplation of the Divine Mother. Many of these songs are recorded in ''[[The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna]]'', which at one point mentions, ''"... he (Ramakrishna) would spend hours singing the devotional songs of great devotees of the Mother, such as Kamalakanta and Ramprasad. Those rhapsodic songs describing direct vision of God ...''"<ref>''[[The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna]]'', by [[Swami Nikhilananda]], Introduction, ''p. 13''.</ref>

Two legends are widely known of Kamalakanta. Once the Maharaja of Burdwan had asked him to show full moon in Amavasya (when there is no moon in the sky) but Kamalakanta was able to show a bright full moon to the Maharaja. He got mesmerized.
Another legend goes that once the Maharaja had asked if he can show that the idol of Kali whom he worships as his mother is alive or not. Kamalakanta took a thorn of Bel (Wood apple) and gently pricked the feet of the idol of Mother Kali and then held a bel leaf under the wound. Slowly blood came out of the spot. The Maharaja dared not to question him like that. The two events filled his heart with deep gratitude for Kamalakanta. Such powerful matrisadhak was he.
That idol is still worshipped now even in Burdwan. Grand festivals are arranged every year in the temple during Kali puja.

==Citations==

===References===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* McDermott, Rachel Fell (1993). ''Evidence for the Transformation of the Goddess Kālī: Kamalākānta Bhaṭṭācārya and the Bengali Śākta Padāvalī Tradition''. (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1993)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Kamalakanta}}
[[Category:1821 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Bengali-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:1769 births]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:18th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]

List of Indian Premier League five-wicket hauls

2026-01-14T16:40:43Z

BXIBerniece: quick improve citations per standard format and fixed typos

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{For|five-wicket hauls in Women's Premier League|List of Women's Premier League (cricket) five-wicket hauls}}
In [[cricket]], a five-wicket haul (also known as a "five-for" or "fifer")<ref name=tct07>{{cite web
|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/sport/cricket/pigeons-almost-perfect-sendoff/160581.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080815122142/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/sport/cricket/pigeons-almost-perfect-sendoff/160581.aspx |archive-date=15 August 2008
|title=Pigeon's almost perfect sendoff
|author= Greg Buckle
|work=[[The Canberra Times]]
|date=30 April 2007
|access-date=30 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=ts08>{{cite news
|title=Swinging it for the Auld Enemy – An interview with Ryan Sidebottom
|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/swinging-it-for-the-auld-enemy-an-interview-with-ryan-sidebottom-1-1436381
|access-date=30 September 2012
|newspaper=[[The Scotsman]]
|date=16 August 2008
|archive-date=5 August 2017
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805022201/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/swinging-it-for-the-auld-enemy-an-interview-with-ryan-sidebottom-1-1436381
|url-status=live
}}</ref> refers to a [[Bowler (cricket)|bowler]] taking five or more [[wicket]]s in a single [[Innings (cricket)|innings]]. This is regarded as a notable achievement, especially in [[Twenty20|T20 cricket]] where a bowler can bowl a maximum of only 24 [[Delivery (cricket)|balls]] (4 [[Over (cricket)|overs]]).<ref>{{cite book
|last=Pervez
|first=M. A.
|title=A Dictionary of Cricket
|publisher=Orient Blackswan
|year=2001
|page=31
|isbn=978-81-7370-184-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwYsHe-F-IUC&pg=PA31
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Yahoo Cricket|url=https://cricket.yahoo.net/news/bowlers-most-t20-five-wicket-113642644|access-date=2020-12-01|website=cricket.yahoo.net|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420055956/https://cricket.yahoo.net/news/bowlers-most-t20-five-wicket-113642644|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) is a professional [[Twenty20]] cricket league in India,<ref>{{cite web|title=ICC Members – India|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/the-icc/icc_members/profile.php?countryCode=ICC_FULL_MEMBERS_INDIA|publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]|access-date=30 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107133238/http://www.icc-cricket.com/the-icc/icc_members/profile.php?countryCode=ICC_FULL_MEMBERS_INDIA|archive-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> which has been held annually since its [[2008 Indian Premier League|first season]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title=IPL auction 2011: Teams to spend big for top cricketers|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-01-07/news/28423450_1_player-auction-indian-premier-league-ipl-auction|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=30 September 2012|date=7 January 2011|archive-date=24 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424101701/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-01-07/news/28423450_1_player-auction-indian-premier-league-ipl-auction|url-status=dead}}</ref> So far, 37 five-wicket hauls have been taken by different bowlers, of which only two five-wicket hauls have been taken outside [[India]].<ref name=":0" /> Players from twelve of the thirteen teams have taken five-wicket hauls; [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]] is the only franchise for which a player has not taken a five-wicket haul.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Indian Premier League Cricket Team Records & Stats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/list_5wi.html?class=6&id=117&type=trophy|access-date=2020-12-01|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
[[File:JAMES FAULKNER (11704434875) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[James Faulkner (cricketer)|James Faulkner]] is one of the only four bowlers to take multiple five-wicket hauls and the only to take multiple five-wicket hauls in the [[2013 Indian Premier League|same season]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-17|title=IPL: Five bowlers with the most five-wicket hauls|url=https://www.crictracker.com/ipl-five-bowlers-with-the-most-five-wicket-hauls/|access-date=2020-11-30|website=CricTracker|language=en}}</ref>]]
The first five-wicket haul was taken by [[Sohail Tanvir]] of the [[Rajasthan Royals]] against the [[Chennai Super Kings]] on 4 May 2008.<ref name="rrvscsk">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/336005.html|title=24th match: Rajasthan Royals v Chennai Super Kings at Jaipur, May 4, 1900|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 September 2012|archive-date=26 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626192851/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/336005.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He finished the game with 6 wickets.<ref name=":0"/> The most economical five-wicket haul was taken by [[Akash Madhwal]] of the [[Mumbai Indians]], who claimed five wickets with an [[Cricket statistics#Bowling statistics|economy rate]] of 1.43 in the [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023 season]].<ref name="5-wh">{{cite web|title=Records / Indian Premier League / Twenty20 matches / List of five-wickets-in-an-innings|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/list_5wi.html?class=6;id=117;type=trophy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081308/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/list_5wi.html?class=6%3Bid%3D117%3Btype%3Dtrophy|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=30 September 2012|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name="rcbvsrr" /> [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] of the [[Rajasthan Royals]] took the least economical five-wicket haul, 5/40 bowling with an economy rate of 10.00 in [[2022 Indian Premier League|2021]]. [[Anil Kumble]] is the oldest bowler to take a five-wicket haul, achieving the feat at the age of 38,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-18|title=Oldest players to take a five-wicket haul in IPL|url=https://en.100mbsports.com/oldest-players-to-take-a-five-wicket-haul-in-ipl-eng/|access-date=2020-11-30|website=100MB|language=en-US|archive-date=13 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213010949/https://en.100mbsports.com/oldest-players-to-take-a-five-wicket-haul-in-ipl-eng/|url-status=live}}</ref> while [[Jaydev Unadkat]] is the youngest, he was 21 when he took his [[2013 Indian Premier League#match57|first five-for]] in [[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-23|title=Beginning early: Youngest bowlers to take a five-fer in IPL|url=https://en.100mbsports.com/oozing-with-talent-youngest-bowlers-to-take-a-five-fer-in-ipl-eng/|access-date=2020-11-30|website=100MB|language=en-US|archive-date=14 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214233529/https://en.100mbsports.com/oozing-with-talent-youngest-bowlers-to-take-a-five-fer-in-ipl-eng/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[James Faulkner (cricketer)|James Faulkner]], Jaydev Unadkat, [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]], and [[Jasprit Bumrah]] are the only bowlers to take multiple five-wicket hauls in the IPL<ref name="5-wh"/> Seven five-wickets hauls have been taken by players of the [[Mumbai Indians]], which is more than any other team.<ref name="5-wh"/> [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] have had seven five-wicket hauls against them, the highest for any team.<ref name="4-wh">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/list_4wi.html?class=6;id=117;type=trophy|title=Records / Indian Premier League / Twenty20 matches / List of four-wickets-in-an-innings (and over)|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122220126/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/list_4wi.html?class=6%3Bid%3D117%3Btype%3Dtrophy|archive-date=22 November 2016}}</ref> Five five-wicket hauls have been taken at the [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], the most for a single venue.<ref name=":0"/> [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]], [[Andrew Tye]] and [[Jaydev Unadkat]] are the only bowlers to take a hat-trick and a five-wicket haul in the same match, later two achieving the feat during the [[2017 Indian Premier League|2017 season]], whereas [[Alzarri Joseph]] and Tye are the only bowlers to take a five-wicket haul on their IPL debut.

The best [[Bowling analysis|bowling figures]] in an IPL match was taken by [[Alzarri Joseph]] of [[Mumbai Indians]] who returned figures of 6/12 on his debut at the [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad]] in [[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alzarri Joseph's record-breaking 6 for 12 routs Sunrisers Hyderabad|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1178394/sunrisers-hyderabad-vs-mumbai-indians-19th-match-indian-premier-league-2019|access-date=2020-11-30|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|archive-date=13 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113170939/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1178394/sunrisers-hyderabad-vs-mumbai-indians-19th-match-indian-premier-league-2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Two other bowlers have taken a six-wicket haul in IPL – [[Sohail Tanvir]] of [[Rajasthan Royals]] in [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]] and [[Adam Zampa]] of [[Rising Pune Supergiant]] in [[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanvir bowls Rajasthan to first place|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/336005/rajasthan-royals-vs-chennai-super-kings-24th-match-indian-premier-league-2007-08|access-date=2020-11-30|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430234242/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/336005/rajasthan-royals-vs-chennai-super-kings-24th-match-indian-premier-league-2007-08|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sunrisers defend 137 to go top of the table|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/980979/rising-pune-supergiants-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-40th-match-indian-premier-league-2016|access-date=2020-11-30|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

The first part of this list includes all the five-wicket hauls taken in the IPL in chronological order. The second part of the list provides an overview of five-wicket hauls by IPL seasons, and the third part provides an overview of five-wicket hauls by IPL teams. The list does not cover the games played by the IPL teams in other tournaments, such as the [[Champions League Twenty20]], the [[British Asian Cup]] or the [[2008 Kolkata Knight Riders tour of Australia]].

==Key==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Key
|-
! scope="col" | Symbol
! scope="col" | Meaning
|-
! scope="row"|{{dagger}}
|The bowler was [[Man of the match#Cricket|man of the match]]
|-
! scope="row"|Date
|Day on which the match was held
|-
! scope="row"|Inn
|[[Innings (cricket)|Innings]] in which the five-wicket haul was taken
|-
! scope="row"|Overs
|Number of [[Over (cricket)|overs]] bowled
|-
! scope="row"|Runs
|Number of [[Run (cricket)|runs]] conceded
|-
! scope="row"|Wkts
|Number of [[Wicket (dismissal)|wickets]] taken
|-
! scope="row"|Econ
|[[Cricket statistics#Bowling statistics|Runs conceded per over]]
|-
! scope="row"|Batsmen
|[[Batting (cricket)|Batsmen]] whose wickets were taken
|-
! scope="row"|Result
|[[Result (cricket)|Result]] for the bowler's team
|}

==Five-wicket hauls==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Indian Premier League five-wicket hauls<ref group="lower-greek">To sort the table by any statistic, click on the [[File:Sort both small.svg|link=|alt=Table sort icon]] icon in the column title.</ref>
|- align=center
! scope="col" style="width:30px;"|No.
! scope="col" style="width:145px;"|Bowler
! scope="col" style="width:150px;"|Date
! scope="col" style="width:120px;"|Ground
! scope="col" style="width:120px;"|Team
! scope="col" style="width:120px;"|Opposing team
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"|Inn
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"|Overs
! scope="col" style="width:70px;"|Runs
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"|Wkts
! scope="col" style="width:70px;"|Econ
! scope="col" style="width:160px;" class="unsortable"|Batsmen
! scope="col" style="width:70px;"|Result
|- align=center
| 1
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Sohail|Tanvir}} {{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2008|05|4}}
| [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|14}}
| {{sort|0686|6}}
| {{nts|3.50}}
| align=left |
*[[Parthiv Patel]]
*[[Stephen Fleming]]
*[[Vidyut Sivaramakrishnan]]
*[[Albie Morkel]]
*[[Muttiah Muralitharan]]
*[[Makhaya Ntini]]
| {{Won}}<ref name="rrvscsk"/>
|- align=center
| 2
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Lakshmipathy|Balaji}} {{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2008|5|10}}
| [[MA Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| [[Kings XI Punjab]]
| {{nts|2}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|24}}
| {{sort|0576|5}}
| {{nts|6.00}}
| align=left |
*[[Shaun Marsh]]
*[[Ramnaresh Sarwan]]
*[[Irfan Pathan]]
*[[Piyush Chawla]]
*[[V. R. V. Singh]]
| {{Won}}<ref>name="cskvskxip">{{cite web|title=31st match: Chennai Super Kings v Kings XI Punjab at Chennai, May 10, 2008|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/336013.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 September 2012|archive-date=2 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002225819/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/336013.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- align=center
| 3
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Amit|Mishra}} {{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2008|5|15}}
| [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| [[Delhi Daredevils]]
| [[Deccan Chargers]]
| {{nts|2}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|17}}
| {{sort|0583|5}}
| {{nts|4.25}}
| align=left |
*[[Shahid Afridi]]
*[[Herschelle Gibbs]]
*[[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]]
*[[R. P. Singh]]
*[[Pragyan Ojha]]
| {{Won}}<ref name="ddvsdc">{{cite web|title=37th match: Delhi Daredevils v Deccan Chargers at Delhi, May 15, 2008|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/336020.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 September 2012|archive-date=26 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626052409/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/336020.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- align=center
| 4
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Anil|Kumble}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2009|4|18}}
| [[Newlands Cricket Ground]], [[Cape Town]]
| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| {{nts|2}}
| {{nts|3.1}}
| {{nts|5}}
| {{sort|0595|5}}
| {{nts|1.57}}
| align=left |
*[[Yusuf Pathan]]
*[[Ravindra Jadeja]]
*[[Shane Warne]]
*[[Munaf Patel]]
*[[Kamran Khan (Indian cricketer)|Kamran Khan]]
| {{Won}}<ref name="rcbvsrr">{{cite web|title=2nd match: Royal Challengers Bangalore v Rajasthan Royals at Cape Town, Apr 18, 2009|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/392182.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 September 2012|archive-date=14 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714064409/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/392182.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- align=center
| 5
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Lasith|Malinga}} {{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2011|4|10}}
| [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
| [[Delhi Daredevils]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|3.4}}
| {{nts|13}}
| {{sort|0587|5}}
| {{nts|3.54}}
| align=left |
*[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]
*[[Unmukt Chand]]
*[[Yalaka Venugopal Rao|Venugopal Rao]]
*[[Morné Morkel]]
*[[Ashok Dinda]]
| {{Won}}<ref name="ddvsmi">{{cite web|title=4th match: Delhi Daredevils v Mumbai Indians at Delhi, Apr 10, 2011|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/501201.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 September 2012|archive-date=2 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702142225/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/501201.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- align=center
| 6
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Harbhajan|Singh}} {{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2011|4|22}}
| [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
| [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| {{nts|2}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|18}}
| {{sort|0582|5}}
| {{nts|4.50}}
| align=left |
*[[Suresh Raina]]
*[[Anirudha Srikkanth]]
*[[Albie Morkel]]
*[[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
*[[Joginder Sharma]]
| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web|title=25th match: Mumbai Indians v Chennai Super Kings at Mumbai, Apr 22, 2011|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/501221.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 September 2012|archive-date=2 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002225825/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/501221.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- align=center
| 7
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Ishant|Sharma}} {{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2011|4|27}}
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi]]
| [[Deccan Chargers]]
| [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]]
| {{nts|2}}
| {{nts|3}}
| {{nts|12}}
| {{sort|0588|5}}
| {{nts|4.00}}
| align=left |
*[[Mahela Jayawardene]]
*[[Parthiv Patel]]
*[[Raiphi Gomez]]
*[[Brad Hodge]]
*[[Kedar Jadhav]]
| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web|title=32nd match: Kochi Tuskers Kerala v Deccan Chargers at Kochi, Apr 27, 2011|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/501229.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 September 2012|archive-date=30 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830074202/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/501229.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- align=center
| 8
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Munaf|Patel}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2011|5|10}}
| [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
| [[Kings XI Punjab]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|21}}
| {{sort|0579|5}}
| {{nts|5.25}}
| align=left |
*[[Paul Valthaty]]
*[[Shaun Marsh]]
*[[Dinesh Karthik]]
*[[David Hussey]]
*[[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]]
| {{Lost}}<ref name="kxipvsmi">{{cite web|title=54th match: Kings XI Punjab v Mumbai Indians at Mohali, May 10, 2011|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/501251.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 September 2012}}</ref>
|- align=center
| 9
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Ravindra|Jadeja}} {{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2012|4|7}}
| [[ACA-VDCA Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| [[Deccan Chargers]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|16}}
| {{sort|0584|5}}
| {{nts|4.00}}
| align=left |
*[[Parthiv Patel]]
*[[Bharat Chipli]]
*[[Daniel Christian]]
*[[Manpreet Gony]]
*[[Dale Steyn]]
| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web|title=6th match: Deccan Chargers v Chennai Super Kings at Visakhapatnam, Apr 7, 2012|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/548311.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 September 2012|archive-date=1 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701230242/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/548311.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- align=center
| 10
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Dimitri|Mascarenhas}} {{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2012|4|12}}
| [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| [[Kings XI Punjab]]
| [[Pune Warriors India]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|25}}
| {{sort|0575|5}}
| {{nts|6.25}}
| align=left |
*[[Sourav Ganguly]]
*[[Marlon Samuels]]
*[[Robin Uthappa]]
*[[Mithun Manhas]]
*[[Rahul Sharma (cricketer, born 1986)|Rahul Sharma]]
| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web|title=14th match: Kings XI Punjab v Pune Warriors at Mohali, Apr 12, 2012|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/548319.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 September 2012|archive-date=2 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702132320/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/548319.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- align=center
| 11
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Sunil|Narine}} {{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2012|4|15}}
| [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| [[Kings XI Punjab]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|19}}
| {{sort|0581|5}}
| {{nts|4.75}}
| align=left |
*[[Adam Gilchrist]]
*[[Shaun Marsh]]
*[[Bipul Sharma]]
*[[Dimitri Mascarenhas]]
*[[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]]
| {{Lost}}<ref name="kkrvkxip">{{cite web|title=17th match: Kolkata Knight Riders v Kings XI Punjab at Kolkata, Apr 15, 2012|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/548323.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 September 2012|archive-date=30 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630182229/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/548323.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- align=center
| 12
! scope="row"| {{sortname|James|Faulkner|James Faulkner (cricketer)}} {{dagger}} (1/2)
| {{dts|format=dmy|2013|4|27}}
| [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|20}}
| {{sort|0580|5}}
| {{nts|5.00}}
| align=left |
*[[Shikhar Dhawan]]
*[[Kumar Sangakkara]]
*[[Karn Sharma]]
*[[Darren Sammy]]
*[[Amit Mishra]]
| {{Won}}<ref name=rrvssh>{{cite web|title=36th match: Rajasthan Royals v Sunrisers Hyderabad at Jaipur, Apr 27, 2013|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/598032.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 April 2013|archive-date=1 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501043958/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/598032.html?|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- align=center
| 13
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Jaydev|Unadkat}} {{dagger}} (1/2)
| {{dts|format=dmy|2013|5|10}}
| [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| [[Delhi Daredevils]]
| {{nts|2}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|25}}
| {{sort|0575|5}}
| {{nts|6.25}}
| align=left |
*[[Mahela Jayawardene]]
*[[Virender Sehwag]]
*[[Unmukt Chand]]
*[[Kedar Jadhav]]
*[[Morne Morkel]]
| {{Won}}<ref name=ddvrcb>{{cite web|title=57th match: Delhi Daredevils v Royal Challengers Bangalore at Delhi, May 10, 2013|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/current/match/598054.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 May 2013|archive-date=6 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606235229/http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/current/match/598054.html?|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- align=center
| 14
! scope="row"| {{sortname|James|Faulkner|James Faulkner (cricketer)}} (2/2)
| {{dts|format=dmy|2013|5|17}}
| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|16}}
| {{sort|0584|5}}
| {{nts|4.00}}
| align=left |
*[[Parthiv Patel]]
*[[Shikhar Dhawan]]
*[[Biplab Samantray]]
*[[Darren Sammy]]
*[[Dale Steyn]]
|{{Lost}}<ref name=sshvrr>{{cite web|title=68th match: Sunrisers Hyderabad v Rajasthan Royals at Hyderabad (Deccan), May 17, 2013|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/current/match/598065.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 May 2013|archive-date=7 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607021519/http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/current/match/598065.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- align=center
| 15
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Adam|Zampa}} {{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2016|5|10}}
| [[ACA-VDCA Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| [[Rising Pune Supergiants]]
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|19}}
| {{sort|0686|6}}
| {{nts|4.75}}
| align=left |
*[[Yuvraj Singh]]
*[[Kane Williamson]]
*[[Moises Henriques]]
*[[Deepak Hooda]]
*[[Naman Ojha]]
*[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
| {{Lost}}
|- align=center
| 16
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Andrew|Tye}} {{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2017|4|14}}
| [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| [[Gujarat Lions]]
| [[Rising Pune Supergiants]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|17}}
| {{sort|0681|5}}
| {{nts|4.25}}
| align=left |
*[[Rahul Tripathi]]
*[[Ben Stokes]]
*[[Ankit Sharma (cricketer)|Ankit Sharma]]
*[[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]]
*[[Shardul Thakur]]
| {{Won}}<ref name=glvrpsg>{{cite web|title=13th match: Gujarat Lions v Rising Pune Supergiants at Rajkot, Apr 13, 2017|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2017/engine/match/1082603.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 April 2017|archive-date=20 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420141621/http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2017/engine/match/1082603.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- align=center
| 17
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Bhuvneshwar|Kumar}}{{dagger}} (1/2)
| {{dts|format=dmy|2017|4|17}}
| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| [[Kings XI Punjab]]
| {{nts|2}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|19}}
| {{sort|0681|5}}
| {{nts|4.75}}
| align=left |
*[[Hashim Amla]]
*[[Glenn Maxwell]]
*[[Mohit Sharma]]
*[[KC Cariappa (cricketer)|KC Cariappa]]
*[[Manan Vohra]]
| {{Won}}<ref name=sshvkpxi>{{cite web|title=19th match: Sunrisers Hyderabad v Kings XI Punjab at Hyderabad (Deccan), Apr 17, 2017|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2017/engine/match/1082609.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 April 2017|archive-date=20 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420140857/http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2017/engine/match/1082609.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- align=center
| 18
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Jaydev|Unadkat}} (2/2)
| {{Date table sorting|2017|May|6|format=dmy}}
| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| [[Rising Pune Supergiant]]
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|4}}
| 30
| {{sort|0681|5}}
| {{nts|7.5}}
| align=left |
*[[Yuvraj Singh]]
*[[Bipul Sharma]]
*[[Naman Ojha]]
*[[Rashid Khan (Afghan cricketer)|Rashid Khan]]
*[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
| {{Won}}
|- align=center
| 19
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Ankit|Rajpoot}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2018|4|26}}
| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| [[Kings XI Punjab]]
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|14}}
| {{sort|0681|5}}
| {{nts|3.50}}
| align=left |
*[[Kane Williamson]]
*[[Shikhar Dhawan]]
*[[Wriddhiman Saha]]
*[[Manish Pandey]]
*[[Mohammad Nabi]]
| {{Lost}}
|- align=center
| 20
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Alzarri|Joseph}} {{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2019|4|6}}
| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| {{nts|2}}
| {{nts|3.4}}
| {{nts|12}}
| {{sort|0686|6}}
| {{nts|3.27}}
| align=left |
*[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]
*[[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]]
*[[Deepak Hooda]]
*[[Rashid Khan (cricketer)|Rashid Khan]]
*[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
*[[Siddarth Kaul]]
| {{Won}}
|- align=center
| 21
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Varun|Chakravarthy}} {{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2020|10|24}}
| [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| [[Delhi Capitals]]
| {{nts|2}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|20}}
| {{sort|0681|5}}
| {{nts|5.00}}
| align=left |
*[[Rishabh Pant]]
*[[Shimron Hetmyer]]
*[[Shreyas Iyer]]
*[[Marcus Stoinis]]
*[[Axar Patel]]
| {{Won}}
|- align=center
| 22
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Harshal|Patel}} {{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2021|4|9}}
| [[MA Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|27}}
| {{sort|0681|5}}
| {{nts|6.75}}
| align=left |
*[[Hardik Pandya]]
*[[Ishan Kishan]]
*[[Krunal Pandya]]
*[[Kieron Pollard]]
*[[Marco Jansen]]
| {{Won}}
|- align=center
| 23
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Andre|Russell}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2021|4|13}}
| [[MA Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|2}}
| {{nts|15}}
| {{sort|0681|5}}
| {{nts|7.50}}
| align=left |
*[[Kieron Pollard]]
*[[Marco Jansen]]
*[[Krunal Pandya]]
*[[Jasprit Bumrah]]
*[[Rahul Chahar]]
| {{Lost}}
|- align=center
| 24
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Arshdeep|Singh|dab=cricketer}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2021|9|21}}
| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| [[Punjab Kings]]
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|32}}
| {{sort|0681|5}}
| {{nts|8.00}}
| align=left |
*[[Evin Lewis]]
*[[Liam Livingstone]]
*[[Mahipal Lomror]]
*[[Chetan Sakariya]]
*[[Kartik Tyagi]]
| {{Lost}}
|- align=center
| 25
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Yuzvendra|Chahal}} {{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2022|4|18}}
| [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| {{nts|2}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|40}}
| {{sort|0681|5}}
| {{nts|10.00}}
| align=left |
*[[Nitish Rana]]
*[[Venkatesh Iyer]]
*[[Shreyas Iyer]]
*[[Shivam Mavi]]
*[[Pat Cummins]]
| {{Won}}
|- align=center
| 26
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Umran|Malik}} {{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2022|4|27}}
| [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| [[Gujarat Titans]]
| {{nts|2}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|25}}
| {{sort|0681|5}}
| {{nts|6.25}}
| align=left |
* [[Shubman Gill]]
* [[Hardik Pandya]]
* [[Wriddhiman Saha]]
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]
* [[Abhinav Manohar]]
| {{Lost}}
|- align=center
| 27
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Wanindu|Hasaranga}} {{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2022|5|8}}
| [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| {{nts|2}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|18}}
| {{sort|0681|5}}
| {{nts|4.50}}
| align=left |
* [[Aiden Markram]]
* [[Nicholas Pooran]]
* [[Jagadeesha Suchith]]
* [[Shashank Singh]]
* [[Umran Malik]]
| {{Won}}
|- align=center
| 28
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Jasprit|Bumrah}} {{dagger}} (1/2)
| {{dts|format=dmy|2022|5|9}}
| [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|10}}
| {{sort|0681|5}}
| {{nts|2.50}}
| align=left |
* [[Andre Russell]]
* [[Nitish Rana]]
* [[Sheldon Jackson (cricketer)|Sheldon Jackson]]
* [[Pat Cummins]]
* [[Sunil Narine]]
| {{Lost}}
|- align=center
| 29
! scope="row"|[[Mark Wood (cricketer)|Mark Wood]]
{{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2023|4|1}}
| [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| [[Delhi Capitals]]
| {{nts|2}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|14}}
| {{sort|0681|5}}
| {{nts|3.50}}
| align=left |
* [[Prithvi Shaw]]
* [[Mitchell Marsh]]
* [[Sarfaraz Khan]]
* [[Rilee Rossouw]]
* [[Chetan Sakariya]]
| {{Won}}
|-align=center
| 30
! scope="row"|{{sortname|Bhuvneshwar|Kumar}}
{{dagger}} (2/2)
| {{dts|format=dmy|2023|5|15}}
| [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| [[Gujarat Titans]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|4}}
| {{nts|30}}
| {{sort|0681|5}}
| {{nts|7.50}}
| align=left |
* [[Wriddhiman Saha]]
* [[Shubman Gill]]
* [[Hardik Pandya]]
* [[Rashid Khan]]
* [[Mohammed Shami]]
| {{Lost}}
|-align=center
| 31
! scope="row"|{{sortname|Akash|Madhwal}}
{{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2023|5|24}}
| [[M.A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
| [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| {{nts|2}}
| {{nts|3.3}}
| {{nts|5}}
| {{sort|0681|5}}
| {{nts|1.43}}
| align=left |
* [[Prerak Mankad]]
* [[Ayush Badoni]]
* [[Nicholas Pooran]]
* [[Ravi Bishnoi]]
* [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]]
| {{Won}}
|-align=center
| 32
! scope="row"|{{sortname|Mohit|Sharma}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2023|5|26}}
| [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| [[Gujarat Titans]]
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
| {{nts|2}}
| {{nts|2.2}}
| 10
| {{sort|0681|5}}
| {{nts|4.3}}
| align=left |
* [[Suryakumar Yadav]]
* [[Vishnu Vinod]]
* [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]]
* [[Piyush Chawla]]
* [[Kumar Kartikeya]]
| {{Won}}
|-align=center
|33
! scope="row"|{{sortname|Yash|Thakur}}{{dagger}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2024|4|7}}
|[[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
|[[Lucknow Super Giants]]
|[[Gujarat Titans]]
| {{nts|2}}
| {{nts|3.5}}
|30
| {{sort|0681|5}}
| {{nts|7.8}}
| align=left |
* [[Shubman Gill]]
* [[Vijay Shankar]]
* [[Rashid Khan]]
* [[Rahul Tewatia]]
* [[Noor Ahmad]]
| {{Won}}
|-align=center
|34
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Jasprit|Bumrah}}{{dagger}} (2/2)
|{{dts|format=dmy|2024|4|11}}
|[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|4}}
|21
| {{sort|0581|5}}
| {{nts|5.20}}
| align=left |
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Faf du Plessis]]
* [[Mahipal Lomror]]
* Saurav Chauhan
* [[Vijaykumar Vyshak]]
| {{Won}}
|-align=center
|35
! scope="row"|{{sortname|Sandeep|Sharma}}{{dagger}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2024|4|22}}
|[[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|[[Mumbai Indians]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|4}}
|18
| {{sort|0581|5}}
| {{nts|4.50}}
| align=left |
* [[Ishan Kishan]]
* [[Suryakumar Yadav]]
* [[Tilak Varma]]
* [[Gerald Coetzee]]
* [[Tim David]]
| {{Won}}
|-align=center
|36
! scope="row"|{{sortname|Mitchell|Starc}}{{dagger}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2025|3|30}}
|[[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|3.4}}
|35
| {{sort|0581|5}}
| {{nts|9.54}}
| align=left |
* [[Ishan Kishan]]
* [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]]
* [[Travis Head]]
* [[Harshal Patel]]
* [[Wiaan Mulder]]
| {{Won}}
|-align=center
|37
! scope="row"|{{sortname|Hardik|Pandya}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2025|4|4}}
|[[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|[[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| {{nts|1}}
| {{nts|4}}
|36
| {{sort|0581|5}}
| {{nts|9}}
| align=left |
* [[Nicholas Pooran]]
* [[Rishabh Pant]]
* [[Aiden Markram]]
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]
* [[Akash Deep]]
| {{Lost}}
|}

== Season overview ==
[[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]], [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]], and [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]] had the most five-wicket hauls with 4. No five-wicket hauls were taken in [[2010 Indian Premier League|2010]], [[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]] and [[2015 Indian Premier League|2015]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
Season wise statistics for five-wicket hauls
! Year
! No. of five-wicket hauls
! class="sortable" |Best Bowling figures
! class="sortable" |Bowler
! class="sortable" |Team
|-
|[[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]]
|3
|6/14
| [[Sohail Tanvir]]
|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian Premier League|2009]]
|1
|5/5
| [[Anil Kumble]]
|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|-
|[[2010 Indian Premier League|2010]]
|0
|4/13
| [[Doug Bollinger]]
|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|-
|[[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]]
|4
|5/12
| [[Ishant Sharma]]
|[[Deccan Chargers]]
|-
|[[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]]
|3
|5/16
| [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|-
|[[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]]
|3
|5/16
| [[James Faulkner (cricketer)|James Faulkner]]
|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]]
|0
|4/12
| [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|-
|[[2015 Indian Premier League|2015]]
|0
|4/10
| [[Ashish Nehra]]
|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|-
|[[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]]
|1
|6/19
| [[Adam Zampa]]
|[[Rising Pune Supergiants]]
|-
|[[2017 Indian Premier League|2017]]
|3
|5/17
| [[Andrew Tye]]
|[[Gujarat Lions]]
|-
|[[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]]
|1
|5/14
| [[Ankit Rajpoot]]
|[[Kings XI Punjab]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]]
|1
|6/12
| [[Alzarri Joseph]]
|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|-
|[[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]]
|1
|5/20
| [[Varun Chakravarthy]]
|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|-
|[[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]]
|3
|5/15
| [[Andre Russell]]
|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|-
|[[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]]
|4
|5/10
| [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|-
|[[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]]
|4
|5/5
| [[Akash Madhwal]]
|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]]
|3
|5/18
| [[Sandeep Sharma]]
|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|}

== Team overview ==
{{Hatnote|{{Dagger}} Team defunct}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
Team wise statistics for five-wicket hauls
!Team
! No. of five-wicket hauls
! class="unsortable" |Best bowling figures
! class="unsortable" |Bowler
! class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Ref|Reference}}
|-
|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|2
|5/16
| [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chennai Super Kings Cricket Team Records & Stats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=6&id=4343&type=team|access-date=2020-12-04|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|[[Deccan Chargers]]{{Dagger}}
|1
|5/12
| [[Ishant Sharma]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deccan Chargers Cricket Team Records & Stats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=6&id=4347&type=team|access-date=2020-12-04|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|1
|5/17
| [[Amit Mishra]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi Capitals Cricket Team Records & Stats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=6&id=4344&type=team|access-date=2020-12-04|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gujarat Lions]]{{Dagger}}
|1
|5/17
| [[Andrew Tye]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarat Lions Cricket Team Records & Stats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=6&id=5845&type=team|access-date=2020-12-04|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gujarat Titans]]
|1
|5/10
|[[Mohit Sharma]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Premier League - Gujarat Titans Cricket Team Records & Stats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/list_5wi.html?id=117&team=6904&type=trophy |access-date=2023-05-31 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]]{{Dagger}}
|0
|4/13
| [[Brad Hodge]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kochi Tuskers Kerala Cricket Team Records & Stats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl-kochi/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=6&id=4788&type=team|access-date=2020-12-04|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|3
|5/15
| [[Andre Russell]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kolkata Knight Riders Cricket Team Records & Stats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl-kolkata/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=6&id=4341&type=team|access-date=2020-12-04|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|[[Lucknow Super Giants]]
|2
|5/14
|[[Mark Wood (cricketer)|Mark Wood]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Premier League - Lucknow Super Giants Cricket Team Records & Stats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/list_5wi.html?id=117&team=6903&type=trophy |access-date=2023-04-11 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|7
|6/12
| [[Alzarri Joseph]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai Indians Cricket Team Records & Stats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl-mumbai/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=6&id=4346&type=team|access-date=2020-12-04|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pune Warriors India]]{{Dagger}}
|0
|4/18
| [[Ashoke Dinda]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pune Warriors Cricket Team Records & Stats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=6&id=4787&type=team|access-date=2020-12-04|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|[[Punjab Kings]]
|3
|5/14
| [[Ankit Rajpoot]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kings XI Punjab Cricket Team Records & Stats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=6&id=4342&type=team|access-date=2020-12-04|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|5
|6/14
| [[Sohail Tanvir]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan Royals Cricket Team Records & Stats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=6&id=4345&type=team|access-date=2020-12-04|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rising Pune Supergiant]]{{Dagger}}
|2
|6/19
| [[Adam Zampa]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rising Pune Supergiant Cricket Team Records & Stats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=6&id=5843&type=team|access-date=2020-12-04|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|4
|5/5
| [[Anil Kumble]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Royal Challengers Bangalore Cricket Team Records & Stats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=6&id=4340&type=team|access-date=2020-12-04|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|3
|5/19
| [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sunrisers Hyderabad Cricket Team Records & Stats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl-sunrisers/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=6&id=5143&type=team|access-date=2020-12-04|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|}

Last updated: 31 May 2023

==See also==
* [[List of Indian Premier League records and statistics]]
* [[Purple Cap]]
* [[List of Indian Premier League centuries]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group="lower-greek"}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Premier League}}
{{International cricket five-wicket hauls}}

{{featured list}}

[[Category:India cricket-related lists]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League records and statistics|Five-wicket hauls]]

2025 in Indian public domain

2026-01-02T04:05:05Z

BXIBerniece: added stub - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{one source|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox recurring event
|name = 
|nickname = [[Public Domain Day]]
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|date = {{start date|2025|1|1}}
|frequency = Annually
|country = India
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When a work's [[copyright]] expires, it enters the [[public domain]]. The following is a list of creators whose works enter the public domain in 2025 as per [[Copyright law of India]].

== List of works that are entering into public domain in India ==

=== Works Entering Public Domain After 60 Years from Author's Death ===

These works enter the public domain 60 years after the author's death (or, in the case of a multi-author work, the death of the last surviving author), counted from the beginning of the following calendar year<ref name="india_copyright">[https://copyright.gov.in/Documents/Copyright_Act_1957.pdf Indian Copyright Act, 1957]</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name of the person
!Date of birth
!Date of death
! Occupation
! Notable Works
|-
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|14 November 1889
|27 May 1964
| writer, politician, barrister, trade unionist, autobiographer, freedom fighter
| [[The Discovery of India]], [[Glimpses of World History]], ''[[An Autobiography (Nehru)|An Autobiography]], [[Letters from a Father to His Daughter]]''
|-
| [[Mehboob Khan]]
|9 September 1907
|28 May 1964
| film director, film producer, film actor
| [[Mother India]], Andaz, [[Aan]]
|-
| [[Bhargavaram Viththal Varerkar]]
|1883
|1964
| writer
| Viththal Yashodai, Gajanan Vijay
|-
| [[Guru Dutt]]
|9 July 1925
|10 October 1964
| screenwriter, choreographer, film director, film producer, film editor, film actor
| [[Pyaasa]], [[Kaagaz Ke Phool]], [[Chaudhvin Ka Chand]]
|-
| [[J. B. S. Haldane|J.B.S. Haldane]]
|5 November 1892
|1 December 1964
| biologist, university teacher, physiologist, biochemist, geneticist, philosopher
| [[The Causes of Evolution]], Possible Worlds, [[On Being the Right Size]], [[Daedalus; or, Science and the Future|Daedalus, or Science and the Future]], The Marxist Philosophy and the Sciences, The Inequality of Man, A Dialectical Account of Evolution
|-
| [[Amrit Kaur]]
|2 February 1887
|6 February 1964
| politician, activist, freedom fighter
| The Political Biography of an Indian Woman
|-
| [[Bastiampillai Anthonipillai Thomas]]
|7 March 1886
|26 January 1964
| Catholic priest
| History of Christianity in Sri Lanka
|-
| Benoytosh Bhattacharyya
|
|1964
| writer, Indologist
| History of Indian Literature, Vedic Literature
|-
| [[Maithili Sharan Gupt]]
|3 August 1886
|12 December 1964
| writer, poet, politician, translator, linguist
| Rangabhoomi, Bharat-Bharati, Saket
|-
| Michael Rodrigues
|
|1964
| Catholic priest, Catholic bishop
| History of Christianity in Goa
|-
| Sheikh Fattelal
|
|1964
| cinematographer, film director, production designer, film producer
| Madhavpura, Kashinath
|-
| [[P. Kannamba|Pasupuleti Kannamba]]
|5 October 1911
|7 May 1964
| actor, singer
| Seetha Kalyanam, Maya Bazaar
|-
| [[Verrier Elwin]]
|29 August 1902
|22 February 1964
| ethnologist, anthropologist, autobiographer
| [[The Tribal World of Verrier Elwin]], The Baiga
|-
| [[Aluru Venkata Rao]]
|12 July 1880
|25 February 1964
| journalist
| History of Andhra Movement
|-
| [[Asit Kumar Haldar]]
|10 September 1890
|13 February 1964
| writer, teacher, painter
| Chaya Samhita
|-
| [[Attoor Krishna Pisharody]]
|29 September 1875
|5 June 1964
| teacher, author, musicologist
| Bharatiya Sangeet
|-
| [[Baselios Geevarghese II]]
|16 June 1874
|3 January 1964
| presbyter
| Religious Teachings of Saint Thomas Christians
|-
| [[Biren Nag]]
|1922
|1964
| art director, film director
| Chandralekha, Ram Rajya
|-
| [[Birinchi Kumar Barua]]
|10 November 1908
|30 March 1964
| poet, university teacher, literary scholar, Indologist
| Shakuntala, Indology and Sanskrit Literature
|-
| [[Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu]]
|8 November 1893
|25 November 1964
| musician, violinist
| Violin Recitals
|-
| [[Bhatt Mathuranath Shastri]]
|23 March 1889
|4 June 1964
| poet
| Brahmanand Kavya
|-
| [[Louisa Durrell]]
|16 January 1886
|24 January 1964
| novelist
| The Garden of the Gods, The Durrells of Corfu
|-
| [[Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh]]
|13 November 1917
|11 September 1964
| writer, poet, journalist, literary critic
| Bhagavad Gita aur Hindu Dharma, The Serene Walk
|-
| [[Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao]]
|1903
|25 May 1964
| composer
| Vandemataram, Deva Kanya
|-
| [[Komarraju Atchamamba]]
|6 September 1906
|20 October 1964
| politician, gynecologist, obstetrician
| Women in Society
|-
| [[M. H. Douglas]]
|2 October 1910
|30 March 1964
| actor, stunt performer
| Stunt Techniques in Cinema
|-
| [[N. Sivaraj]]
|29 September 1892
|29 September 1964
| politician
| Social Welfare and Politics in India
|-
| [[Nares Chandra Sen-Gupta|Naresh Chandra Sengupta]]
|17 May 1882
|19 September 1964
| writer, lawyer, novelist
| The People of India
|-
| [[Nawal Kishore Dhawal]]
|11 November 1911
|17 April 1964
| writer
| My Life in Literature
|-
| [[P. T. Chacko]]
|9 April 1915
|31 July 1964
| lawyer, politician
| Constitutional Law in India
|-
| [[Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar]]
|9 February 1873
|24 September 1964
| theatrical director
| Swaraj and National Drama
|-
| [[Phakirappa Gurubasappa Halakatti]]
|2 July 1880
|29 June 1964
| writer
| Makkalabharathi, Brahmanandavijay
|-
| [[Premankur Atorthy]]
|1 January 1890
|13 October 1964
| screenwriter, actor, writer, film director, film producer
| Pather Panchali, Apu Trilogy
|-
| [[Rajendrasinhji Jadeja]]
|1 April 1955
|14 May 1955
| military personnel
| Jadeja Dynasty
|-
| [[Samarendra Nath Roy]]
|11 December 1906
|23 July 1964
| mathematician, statistician
| The Statistical Theory of Probability
|-
| [[Shashibhusan Dasgupta]]
|1911
|21 July 1964
| writer, academic
| Indian Literature and Culture
|-
| [[T. Mariappa]]
|1904
|1964
| politician
| Politics in Post-Independence India
|-
| [[T. P. Rajalakshmi]]
|11 November 1911
|20 August 1964
| film director, film actor
| Sundara Kanda
|-
| [[V. T. Krishnamachari|Vangal Thiruvenkatachari Krishnamachari]]
|8 February 1881
|14 February 1964
| politician, civil servant
| The Politics of Public Service
|-
| [[Vaikunthbhai Mehta]]
|26 October 1891
|27 October 1964
| politician, economist
| Economic Development in India
|-
| Eugeniusz Banasiński
|
|1964
| diplomat
| The Diplomacy of India in the 20th Century
|-
| [[Parvati Prasad Baruva]]
|19 August 1904
|7 June 1964
| writer, poet, playwright, lyricist, film director
| The Lamb of God, Vandana
|-
| [[Ghanshyamsinhji Daulatsinhji Jhala]]
|23 October 1902
|10 November 1964
| cricketer
| Cricket at Its Best
|-
| [[Duvvuri Subbamma]]
|15 November 1880
|31 May 1964
| activist
| Feminist Writings in India
|-
| [[Jatindra Nath Duwara|Jatindranath Dowara]]
|4 March 1892
|5 July 1964
| writer, poet
| Dharmayudhha
|-
| [[Surya Kumar Bhuyan]]
|27 January 1892
|5 July 1964
| poet, politician
| Bengal and its People
|-
| [[Namdeo Jadav]]
|18 November 1921
|2 August 1984
| military personnel
| The Jadav Dynasty
|-
| [[Amritlal Hargovinddas]]
|29 August 1889
|12 December 1964
| businessperson
| Entrepreneurship in Colonial India
|-
| [[Bhargavaram Viththal Varerkar|Bhargavram Vitthal Warerkar]]
|1883
|1964
| politician
| Political Leadership in Maharashtra
|-
| [[Vishwanath Jadhav|Vishwanathbuwa Jadhav]]
|5 October 1885
|1 September 1964
| composer
| Classical Music of India, Music Director to first sound film of India Gangavataran (directed by Phalke)
|-
| [[George Ayling|G. Ayling]]
|14 November 1919
|9 October 1964
| cricket umpire, cricketer
| The Role of Umpires in Cricket
|-
| [[S. V. Ramamurthy|Sonthi Venkata Ramamurthy]]
|1 August 1888
|19 January 1964
| scientist
| Theories of Science and Nature
|-
| [[Jogendranath Gupta]]
|22 March 1883
|31 May 1964
| writer, children's writer
| Stories of India
|-
| [[Shanta Apte]]
|1916
|1964
| film actor
| Maya, Pahili Mangalagaur
|-
| [[H. C. Dasappa]]
|5 December 1894
|16 November 1964
| lawyer, politician
| Indian Constitution and Social Change
|-
| [[Nitish Chandra Laharry]]
|1892
|21 July 1964
| lawyer, film director, film producer, social worker, president of a non-profit organisation, film distributor
| The Struggle for Equality
|-
| [[Samuel Fyzee-Rahamin]]
|19 December 1880
|1 January 1964
| painter
| Indian Art: The Tradition and Modernity
|-
| [[Ram Narayan Singh]]
|1885
|1964
| politician, social worker
| Social Work in India
|-
| [[Jibeswar Baruah]]
|1906
|1964
| sculptor
| Sculpture of Assam
|-
| Biswanath Pasayat
|
|1964
| writer
| Indian History and Culture
|-
| [[Joseph Vithayathil]]
|23 July 1865
|8 June 1964
| Catholic priest
| Christianity in Kerala
|-
| [[Banarsi Prasad Sinha]]
|7 November 1899
|1964
| politician
| Indian Politics and Independence
|-
| Ishwar Chandra Nayak
|
|1964
| politician
| The Politics of Rural India
|-
| Anandrao Krishnaji Tekade
|
|1964
| writer, singer, publisher
| Songs of Maharashtra
|-
| Jadumani Mangaraj
|
|1964
| politician
| History of Odisha
|-
| Ardhendu Prasad Bandopadhyay
|
|1964
| painter
| The Colors of India
|-
| Janina Stroka
|
|1964
| poet, painter, mystic, diarist
| The Journey of the Soul
|-
| [[Jahangir Edalji Sanjana]]
|14 May 1880
|17 January 1964
| translator, literary critic, literary scholar
| Persian Influence on Indian Literature
|-
| Narendra Nath Law
|
|1964
| writer, historian
| History of India from Early Times
|-
| [[Nagendranath Basu|Narendranath Basu]]
|6 July 1866
|11 October 1938
| writer
| Life and Culture in Ancient India
|-
| Jaladhar Chattopadhyay
|
|1964
| lawyer, playwright
| Indian Legal System
|-
| Naseeruddin Hashmi
|
|1964
| historian, archivist, biographer, researcher, travel writer, cataloger
| Travels in South Asia
|-
| Kali Krishna Bhattacharya
|
|1964
| writer, lawyer
| The Legal System in India
|-
| Bhudeb Sen
|
|1964
| poet
| The Poems of Bhudeb Sen
|-
| Apurba Krishna Bhattacharya
|
|1964
| writer
| In Search of the Past
|-
| Abaninath Mitra
|
|1964
| writer
| The People of Bengal, Stories from the Himalayas
|-
| Professor Muhammad Ahmed Usmani
|
|1964
| poet, university teacher
| Poems of the Soul
|}

=== Works Entering Public Domain After 60 Years from Publication ===

These works enter the public domain 60 years after the date of first publication, counted from the beginning of the following calendar year:<ref name="india_copyright"/>
* Anonymous works
* Photographs
* Cinematographic works (aka movies/films)
* Sound recordings
* Government works
* Works of corporate authorship or of international organizations

==== Movies ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title
! Original Language
! Director
|-
| [[Dosti (1964 film)|Dosti]]
| Hindi
| [[Satyen Bose]]
|-
| [[Kashmir Ki Kali]]
| Hindi
| Shakti Samanta
|-
| [[Aap Ki Parchhaiyan]]
| Hindi
| Mohan Kumar
|-
| [[Dulha Dulhan]]
| Hindi
| Ravindra Dave
|-
| [[Deiva Thai|Dheiva Thaai]]
| Tamil
| P. Madhavan
|-
| [[Aandavan Kattalai (1964 film)|Andavan Kattalai]]
| Tamil
| K. Shankar
|-
| [[Poompuhar (film)|Poompuhar]]
| Tamil
| P. Neelakantan
|-
| [[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]
| Tamil
| B. R. Panthulu
|-
| [[Bharthavu]]
| Malayalam
| M. Krishnan Nair
|-
| [[Ayee Milan Ki Bela]]
| Hindi
| Mohan Kumar
|-
| [[Bhargavi Nilayam]]
| Malayalam
| A. Vincent
|-
| [[Apne Huye Paraye]]
| Hindi
| Ajit Chakraborty
|-
| [[Kadhalikka Neramillai|Kaadhalikka Neramillai]]
| Tamil
| C. V. Sridhar
|-
| [[Devata (1965 film)|Devatha]]
| Telugu
| Hemambharadhara Rao K.
|-
| [[Aayisha]]
| Malayalam
| Kunchacko
|-
| [[Anna (1964 film)|Anna]]
| Malayalam
| K. S. Sethumadhavan
|-
| [[Atom Bomb (film)|Atom Bomb]]
| Malayalam
| P. Subramaniam
|-
| [[Ganga Ki Lahren]]
| Hindi
| Devi Sharma
|-
| [[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]]
| Hindi
| Raj Kapoor
|-
| [[Althaara]]
| Malayalam
| P. Subramaniam
|-
| [[Aadyakiranangal|Aadya Kiranangal]]
| Malayalam
| P. Bhaskaran
|-
| [[Woh Kaun Thi?]]
| Hindi
| Raj Khosla
|-
| [[Devaalayam]]
| Malayalam
| S. Raamanathan
|-
| [[Charulata]]
| Bangla
| Satyajit Ray
|-
| [[Mr. X in Bombay]]
| Hindi
| Shantilal Soni
|-
| [[Yaadein (1964 film)|Yaadein]]
| Hindi
| Sunil Dutt
|-
| [[April Fool (1964 film)|April Fool]]
| Hindi
| Subodh Mukherjee
|-
| [[Bireswar Vivekananda]]
| Bangla
| Madhu
|-
| [[Leader (1964 film)|Leader]]
| Hindi
| Ram Mukherjee
|-
| [[Ramadasu (1964 film)|Ramadasu]]
| Hindi
| Chittoor Nagaiah
|-
| [[Jatugriha]]
| Bangla
| Tapan Sinha
|-
| [[Mangala Muhurta]]
| Kannada
| M. R. Vittal
|-
| [[Arunagirinathar (film)|Arunagirinathar]]
| Tamil
| T. R. Ramanna
|-
| [[Pachhai Vilakku (1964 film)|Pachai Vilakku]]
| Tamil
| A. Bhimsingh
|-
| Prabhater Rang
| Bangla
| Ajoy Kar
|-
| [[Muriyada Mane]]
| Kannada
| Y. R. Swamy
|-
| [[Aathma Balam]]
| Telugu
| V. Madhusudhan Rao
|-
| [[Char Dervesh]]
| Hindi
| Homi Wadia
|-
| [[Vazhkai Vazhvatharke]]
| Tamil
| R. Krishnan, S. Panju
|-
| [[Kalai Kovil]]
| Tamil
| C. V. Sridhar
|-
| Swarga Hotey Biday
| Bangla
| Manju Dey
|-
| [[Prathigne]]
| Kannada
| B. S. Ranga
|-
| [[Veera Sankalpa]]
| Kannada
| Hunsur Krishnamurthy
|-
| [[Chandavalliya Thota]]
| Kannada
| T.V. Singh Thakore
|-
| [[Alli (film)|Alli]]
| Tamil
| S. S. Rajendran
|-
| [[Sri Tirupatamma Katha]]
| Telugu
| B. S. Narayana
|-
| [[Marmayogi (1964 film)|Marmayogi]]
| Telugu
| B. A. Subba Rao
|-
| [[Pathiye Daiva]]
| Kannada
| R. Nagendra Rao
|-
| [[School Master (1964 film)|School Master]]
| Malayalam
| Puttanna Kanagal
|-
| [[Bommai (1964 film)|Bommai]]
| Tamil
| S. Balachander
|-
| Sadhana
| Hindi, Odia
| Prabhat Mukherjee
|-
| [[Pratinidhi (film)|Pratinidhi]]
| Bangla
| Mrinal Sen
|-
| [[Mane Aliya]]
| Kannada
| S.K. Ananthachari
|-
| [[Dagudu Moothalu]]
| Telugu
| Adurthi Subba Rao
|-
| [[Aggi Pidugu]]
| Telugu
| B. Vittalacharya
|-
| [[Badshah (1964 film)|Badshah]]
| Hindi
| Chandrakant Gaur
|-
| [[Vaarasatwam]]
| Telugu
| Tapi Chanakya
|-
| [[Sabhash Suri]]
| Telugu
| I. N. Murthy
|-
| [[Thozhilali]]
| Tamil
| M. A. Thirumugam
|-
| [[Aarohi (film)|Aarohi]]
| Bangla
| Tapan Sinha
|-
| [[Naandi (film)|Naandi]]
| Kannada
| N. Lakshminarayan
|-
| [[Chinnada Gombe]]
| Kannada
| B. R. Panthulu
|-
| [[Chitralekha (1964 film)|Chitralekha]]
| Hindi
| Kidar Sharma
|-
| [[Phoolon Ki Sej]]
| Hindi
| Inder Raj Anand
|-
| [[Geet Gaya Patharon Ne]]
| Hindi
| V. Shantaram
|-
| [[Oral Koodi Kallanayi]]
| Malayalam
| P. A. Thomas
|-
| [[Ramudu Bheemudu]]
| Telugu
| Tapi Chanakya
|-
| [[Omanakuttan]]
| Malayalam
| K. S. Sethumadhavan
|-
| [[Panakkara Kudumbam]]
| Tamil
| T. R. Ramanna
|-
| [[Manavatty]]
| Malayalam
| K. S. Sethumadhavan
|-
| [[Server Sundaram]]
| Tamil, Telugu
| R. Krishnan
|-
| [[Rajkumar (1964 film)|Rajkumar]]
| Hindi
| K. Shankar
|-
| [[Kuttikkuppayam|Kutti Kuppayam]]
| Malayalam
| M. Krishnan Nair
|-
| [[Jahan Ara (film)|Jahan Ara]]
| Hindi
| Vinod Kumar
|-
| [[Gudi Gantalu]]
| Telugu
| V. Madhusudhan Rao
|-
| [[Mera Qasoor Kya Hai]]
| Hindi
| [[Krishnan–Panju]]
|-
| [[Navarathri (1964 film)|Navarathri]]
| Tamil
| A. P. Nagarajan
|-
| [[Navakoti Narayana]]
| Kannada
| S.K. Ananthachari
|-
| [[Kalanjukittiya Thankam|Kalanju Kittiya Thankam]]
| Malayalam
| Puttanna Kanagal
|-
| [[Pazhassi Raja (1964 film)|Pazhassi Raja]]
| Malayalam
| Kunchacko
|-
| [[Karutha Kai]]
| Malayalam
| M. Krishnan Nair
|-
| [[Kudumbini]]
| Malayalam
| J. Sasikumar
|-
| Sindoore Megh
| Bangla
| Sushil Ghosh
|-
| [[Gazal (1964 film)|Gazal]]
| Hindi
| Madan, Ved
|-
| [[Kai Kodutha Deivam|Kai Koduttha Dheivam]]
| Tamil
| K. S. Gopalakrishnan
|-
| [[Main Bhi Ladki Hoon]]
| Hindi
| A. C. Tirulokchandar
|-
| [[Kohra (1964 film)|Kohra]]
| Hindi
| Biren Nag
|-
| [[Pooja Ke Phool]]
| Hindi
| A. Bhimsingh
|-
| [[Jagga (film)|Jagga]]
| Punjabi
| Jugal Kishore
|-
| [[Padagotti]]
| Tamil
| Tatineni Prakash Rao
|-
| [[Murali Krishna (film)|Murali Krishna]]
| Telugu
| P. Pullaiah
|-
| [[Babruvahana (1964 film)|Babruvahana]]
| Telugu
| Samudrala Raghavacharya
|-
| [[Thacholi Othenan (film)|Thacholi Othenan]]
| Malayalam
| S.S. Rajan
|-
| Shabnam
| Hindi
| Aspi Irani
|-
| [[Nalvaravu]]
| Tamil
| Charle
|-
| [[Mooga Manasulu]]
| Telugu
| Adurthi Subba Rao
|-
| [[Post Master]]
| Kannada
| G. V. Iyer
|-
| [[Vettaikkaran (1964 film)|Vettaikaaran]]
| Tamil
| M. A. Thirumugam
|-
| Door Ki Awaaz
| Hindi
| Devendra Goel
|-
| [[Daal Me Kala|Daal Me Kaala]]
| Hindi
| Satyen Bose
|-
| [[Pooja Phalam|Pooja phalam]]
| Telugu
| Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy
|-
| [[Ziddi (1964 film)|Ziddi]]
| Hindi
| Pramod Chakravorty
|-
| [[Muradan Muthu]]
| Tamil
| B. R. Panthulu
|-
| [[Thayin Madiyil|Thaayin Madiyil]]
| Tamil
| Adurthi Subba Rao
|-
| [[Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein]]
| Hindi
| Kishore Kumar
|-
| Beti Bete
| Hindi
| L. V. Prasad
|-
| [[Cha Cha Cha (1964 film)|Cha Cha Cha]]
| Hindi
| Chandrashekhar
|-
| [[Vazhi Piranthadu]]
| Tamil
| A. S. A. Sami
|-
| Suhagan
| Hindi
| K. S. Gopalakrishnan
|-
| [[Manchi Manishi]]
| Telugu
| Kotayya Pratyagatma
|-
| Dooj Ka Chand
| Hindi
| Nitin Bose
|-
| [[Aayiram Roobai]]
| Tamil
| K. S. Gopalakrishnan
|-
| [[Zindagi (1964 film)|Zindagi]]
| Hindi
| Ramanand Sagar
|-
| [[Ishaara (1964 film)|Ishaara]]
| Hindi
| K. Amarnath
|-
| [[Rishyasringar (1964 film)|Rishyasringar]]
| Tamil
| Mukkamala
|-
| [[Hamara Ghar (1964 film)|Hamara Ghar]]
| Hindi
| Khwaja Ahmad Abbas
|-
| [[Pasamum Nesamum]]
| Tamil
| Dasari Yoganand
|-
| [[Shagoon]]
| Hindi
| Nazir
|-
| [[Shehnai (1964 film)|Shehnai]]
| Hindi
| S.D. Narang
|-
| [[Sanjh Aur Savera]]
| Hindi
| Hrishikesh Mukherjee
|-
| [[Awara Badal]]
| Hindi
| B. R. Ishara
|-
| Pratidhwani
| Assamese
| Bhupen Hazarika
|-
| [[Vivaha Bandham]]
| Telugu
| P. S. Ramakrishna Rao
|-
| Ek Tuku Chhonya Lage
| Bangla
| Kamal Majumdar
|-
| [[Sree Guruvayoorappan (1964 film)|Shree Guruvayoorappan]]
| Malayalam
| S. Raamanathan
|-
| Kaise Kahoon
| Hindi
| Atma Ram
|-
| [[Pathlaag]]
| Marathi
| Raja Paranjape
|-
| Deivath Thirumagaal
| Tamil
| Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar
|-
| Aao Pyar Karen
| Hindi
| R. K. Nayyar
|-
| [[Haqeeqat (1964 film)|Haqeeqat]]
| Hindi
| Chetan Anand
|-
| [[Benazir (film)|Benazir]]
| Hindi
| S. Khalil
|}

== Kerala ==
On 1st January 2025, [[M. P. Parameswaran]] gave his formal consent to release a selection of his works under a free license, making them available to the public domain via [[Wikimedia Commons]]. A ceremony was held at his residence where the first batch of books marked for digitization to the Wikimedia community. The digitisation process was undertaken by the Sahya Digital Conservation Foundation, with representatives from the Kerala Sasthra Sahitya Parishad, the Wikimedians of Kerala User Group, and other volunteers in attendance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-01 |title=M.P. Parameswaran to release his books on Wiki Commons |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mp-parameswaran-to-release-his-books-on-wiki-commons/article69050532.ece |access-date=2026-01-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MVD |date=2025-01-02 |title=Preserving Malayalam's legacy: A digital renaissance begins with New Year |url=https://english.metrovaartha.com/news/kerala/preserving-malayalams-legacy-a-digital-renaissance-begins-with-new-year |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Metrovaartha- En |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Public domain in India]]
* [[2025 in public domain]]
* [[Copyright law of India]]
* [[1964 in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Years_in_Public_Domain_in_India}}

[[Category:2025 in India]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Intellectual property law in Asia]]
[[Category:Public domain in India]]
[[Category:Public domain by year|India]]

Enchey Monastery

2025-12-13T13:35:19Z

BXIBerniece: added first info w/ refs...

{{Short description|Monastery in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery
|name =Enchey Monastery
|image = Enchey_Monastery_in_Gangtok_district,_East_Sikkim.jpg
|alt =
|caption =Enchey Monastery
|pushpin_map = India Sikkim
|coordinates = {{coord|27|20|9|N|88|37|9|E|type:landmark_region:IN-SK|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption = Location within India
|location_country = India
|location=[[East Sikkim]], [[Sikkim]], India
|founded_by = Lama Druptab Karpo
|founded= {{start date and age|1840}}
|sect = [[Nyingma]]
|dedicated_to =
|head_lama =
|architecture =[[Architecture of Tibet|Tibetan]]
|festivals= [[Cham Dance|Chaam Dance]], Singhe Chaam, and Pang Lhabsol
|footnotes =
}}
The '''Enchey Monastery''' was established in 1909 above [[Gangtok]], the capital city of [[Sikkim]] in the Northeastern [[Indian state]]. It belongs to the [[Nyingma]] order of [[Vajrayana]] [[Buddhism]]. The monastery built around the then small hamlet of Gangtok became a religious centre. The location was blessed by Lama Drupthob Karpo, a renowned exponent of [[Vajrayana|tantric]] (adept) art in [[Buddhism]] with flying powers; initially a small [[Gompa]] was established by him after he flew from [[Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary|Maenam Hill]] in [[South Sikkim]] to this site. The literal meaning of Enchey Monastery is the "Solitary Monastery".<ref name= Bindloss>{{Cite book|last= Bindloss|first= Joe|title= Northeast India|page=179|access-date=2001-10-20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_bYWjJOe9cC&dq=Enchey+Gompa&pg=PA179|publisher= Lonely Planet|year=2009|isbn= 978-1-74179-319-2}}</ref><ref name=Bisht>{{Cite book|last=Bisht|first=Ramesh Chandra|title= International Encyclopaedia of Himalayas (5 Vols. Set)|page=225|access-date=2010-06-01|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aHnK8W5FwYoC&dq=enchey+monastery&pg=PA225|publisher= Mittal Publications|year= 2008|isbn=978-81-8324-265-3}}</ref><ref name=Enchey>{{Cite web|url=http://sikkim.nic.in/sws/enc_mon.htm|title=Enchey Monastery|access-date=2010-06-01|publisher=National Informatics Centre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522141103/http://sikkim.nic.in/sws/enc_mon.htm|archive-date=22 May 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Buddhist>{{Cite web|url=http://www.buddhist-temples.com/buddhist-monastery/sikkim/enchey-monastery.html|title= Enchey Monastery|access-date=2010-06-01|publisher=Buddhist Temples}}</ref> Its sacredness is attributed to the belief that [[Khangchendzonga]] and [[Yabdean]] – the protecting deities – reside in this monastery. As, according to a legend, [[Guru Padmasambhava]] had subdued the spirits of the Khangchendzonga, Yabdean and [[Mahākāla]] here. In view of this legend, the religious significance of Enchey Monastery is deeply ingrained in every household in Gangtok. It is also believed that these powerful deities always fulfil the wishes of the devotees.<ref name="sikkim"/>

==Geography==
The monastery is built on a stunning ridge of a hill above the Gangtok city to its northeast from where the Kanchendzonga range is visible. It is located on Gangtok – [[Nathula]] road, above the [[Siniolochu]] lodge and passes through an avenue of [[wiktionary:sylvan|sylvan]] [[coniferous tree]]s, bypassing the TV telecommunications tower. It is about {{convert|3|km|mi}} from the northeast of the main market place in Gangtok.<ref name=Bisht/><ref name=sikkim>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikkiminfo.net/enchey_monastery.htm|title= Place of Solitude|access-date=2010-06-01|publisher=Sikkim Infoonline}}</ref><ref name=Bradnock>{{Cite book|last=Bradnock|first=Robert|author2=Roma Bradnock|title=Indian Himalaya handbook: the travel guide|page=299|access-date=2010-08-03|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TyZGp_YVzb8C&dq=Enchey+Monastery&pg=PA300|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides|year=2000|isbn=1-900949-79-2}}</ref> Even though it is a small monastery situated on a strategic peak overlooking Gangtok, compared to other monasteries in Sikkim, it provides views of the Kanchendzonga peak.

==Architecture==
[[File:Window of prayer hall, Enchey.jpg|left|thumb|Ornately carved colourful Window of prayer hall]]
The monastery was first built in the 1840s by the eighth [[Chogyal]] and as a result, Gangtok as the small hamlet became a pilgrimage place. However, the monastery as seen now was aesthetically built in 1909, one of the two in Gangtok, like a [[Chinese art|Chinese]] [[Pagoda]] during the rule of [[Sikyong Tulku]] (1909–1910). The monastery was built at the exact location where [[Lama Druptub Karbo]] had his hermitage. The monastery is topped by a shining golden [[cupola]]. It houses a number of images of Gods, Goddesses and religious objects. The deities worshipped in the monastery are the [[Buddha]], [[Loki Sharia]] and Guru Padmasambhava. The walls of the monastery in the large prayer hall are fully covered with paintings and murals of four religious kings, the deities of the four cardinal directions as stated in the scriptures and the entire galaxy of Mahayan Buddhist deities. Manuscripts of scriptures are kept in an almirah. The four pillars supporting the roof of the monastery are elaborately carved. Built under the Nyingma order, it houses 90 monks.<ref name=Bisht/><ref name=sikkim/><ref name=Bradnock/><ref name= Daruwalla>{{Cite book|last= Daruwalla|first= Keki |author2=Ashok Dilwali|title=Riding the Himalayas|page=254|access-date=2010-08-05|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OCNuAAAAMAAJ&q=Enchey+Gompa|publisher=Niyogi Books|year= 2006|isbn=81-89738-05-4}}</ref><ref name=Dorji>{{Cite book|last=Dorji|first= Yab Ugyen|title= Of rainbows and clouds: the life of Yab Ugyen Dorji as told to his daughter|page=60|access-date=2010-08-04|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKiNspaeno8C&dq=Enchey+monastic+order+in+gangtok&pg=PA60-IA13|publisher= Serindia Publications, Inc.|year= 1999|isbn= 0-906026-49-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/indiaeyewitnesst00dkpu_0|title=India|access-date=2010-06-01|publisher=DK Pub.|year=2002|isbn=0-7894-8395-5|quote=... of the town is the early 20th-century Enchey Monastery whose large prayer hall is full of vibrant murals and images representing the entire pantheon of Mahayana Buddhist deities ...}}</ref><ref name=Bajwa>{{Cite book|last=Bajwa|first= Jagir Singh|author2=Ravinder Kaur|title= Tourism Management|page=222|access-date=2010-06-01|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVXCiwdwPxsC&dq=Enchey+Gompa&pg=PA222|publisher= APH Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-81-313-0047-3}}</ref> The windows of the monastery are very ornately carved and painted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/travelblogs/751/41903/Enchey+monastery+of+Nyingmapa,+Gangtok,+Sikkim,+India?destId=356468|title=Enchey monastery of Nyingmapa, Gangtok|access-date=2010-08-13|publisher=Lonely Planet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520191304/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/travelblogs/751/41903/Enchey+monastery+of+Nyingmapa%2C+Gangtok%2C+Sikkim%2C+India?destId=356468|archive-date=20 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The monastery has a large collection of [[masks]] which are used for the annual ritual dances. As its name implies, monastery has a peaceful atmosphere and also maintains a good library.<ref name= Kishore>{{Cite book|last=Kishore|first=B.R.|author2=Shiv Sharma|title= India – A Travel Guide|year=2008|page=377|access-date=2010-08-03|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COHI7LlpkSAC&dq=Enchey+Monastery&pg=PA377|publisher= Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn= 978-81-284-0067-4}}</ref>

A very serene atmosphere has been created with the colourful prayer flags fluttering around the monastery.<ref name=Ray>{{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Arundati|author2=Sujoy Das|title= Sikkim: a traveller's guide|page=151|access-date=2010-08-13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xnw-2sU1KMoC&dq=Enchey+Monastery+Sikkim&pg=PA151|publisher= Orient Blackswan|year=2001|isbn= 81-7824-008-4}}</ref> Like all other Nyingmapa monasteries in Sikkim, this monastery is also under the jurisdiction of the [[Pemayangtse Monastery]].

The monastery was gutted in 1947. However, it was rebuilt in 1948 with the support of the devotees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trekkinginsikkim.com/sikkim-monasteries-tour.html|title=Sikkim Monasteries Tours|access-date=2010-08-13|publisher=Trekking in Sikkim}}</ref>

===Earthquake damage===
In a reconnaissance report on Sikkim Earthquake of 14 February 2006, it was noted that the Enchey Monastery, apart from other buildings in Sikkim, also suffered severe damage in the 2006 Earthquake (with the maximum intensity of shaking as VII on MSK scale); wide shear and vertical cracks were noted in masonry walls, at corners and near openings. It was not the first time that the monastery, among other masonry structures in Sikkim, was subject to damage by earthquake. Earthquake events in the 1980 and 1988 had also caused damage to the monastery but the repairs done were not adequate, as in 2006, the masonry wall of the building suffered damage again. The report has observed that "The damage seen in and around Gangtok was clearly disproportionate to the size of the earthquake, which was a moderate 5.7 on the Richter scale. This very clearly establishes the high level of seismic vulnerability of the region. Such disproportionate damage is a direct consequence of poor design and construction practices in an inadequate professional environment that is challenged by the lack of trained human resources in the state." Sikkim as a whole, and particularly masonry structures, are vulnerable to suffer damage from such severe earthquakes. Hence, it has been suggested to adopt "safer constructions through choice of appropriate construction systems, incorporation of earthquake resistant technology, use of good construction materials and their quality control, and involvement of competent manpower for design, construction and supervision."<ref name=Information>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nicee.org/eqe-iitk/uploads/EQR_Sikkim.pdfformat=pdf|title=Reconnaissance Report on Sikkim Earthquake Of 14 February 2006|pages=1–5|access-date=2010-08-13|publisher= National Information Center of Earthquake Engineering (NICEE) at IIT Kanpur for Tata Steel Limited, India}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

The Enchey Monastery, a heritage structure built in stone masonry with 500 mm thick walls, is a double storied structure with timber frames making up the columns and beams in the roof and also in the flooring. Galvanised iron sheet roofing is also supported on wooden trusses. The masonry wall was damaged due to seismic shear. The decorative plaster of the walls also fell off due to cracks in the masonry walls and spoiled some of the beauty of the structure.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} Grouting of the cracks was suggested as a solution to strengthen the damaged portions of the walls.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.becs.ac.in/SDME/SkmDarjEQReport.pdf|title=A Reconnaissance Based Vulnerability Report; The Sikkim Earthquake of 14th February 2006|pages=14–15|access-date=2010-08-14|publisher=School of Community Science and Technology:Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717071315/http://www.becs.ac.in/SDME/SkmDarjEQReport.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref>

==Festival==
Detor Cham is the colourful and vibrant [[Cham dance]] festival that is held in the monastery on the 18th and 19th day of the 12th [[Lunar month]] of the [[Tibetan calendar]], corresponding to the dates during January/February of the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref name= Bindloss/> Other festivals observed in the Enchey Monastery are: the Singhe Chaam performed once every three years, Pang Lhabsol commemorating the swearing of blood-brotherhood between the [[Bhutias]] and [[Lepcha people|Lepchas]] in the presence of Khangchendzonga as witness.<ref name=Enchey/><ref name=sikkim/> The Cham dances are mask dances where the dancers wearing ornate robes perform dances representing the [[Tibet]]an deity figurines of [[Mahakala]] (the protector) and mythical snow lions; both depict a third eye on their foreheads to represent the "need for inner reflection." The dance festivals are usually held prior to the [[Losar]], the [[Tibetan New Year]] day (February/March) and Losoong, the Sikkimese New Year (December/January).<ref name=Singh>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Sarina|title=India|page=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari_1/page/523 523]|access-date=2010-06-01|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari_1|url-access=registration|quote=Enchey Gompa.|publisher= Lonely Planet|year=2005|isbn= 1-74059-694-3}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery perrow=4>
File:Enchey Monastery Inside.jpg|Enchey Monastery Inside View
File:Chorten in Enchey Gompa in Gangtok.jpg|A Chorten in Enchey Monastery in Gangtok
File:Close view of Enchey Gompa in Gangtok.jpg|A close view of Enchey Monastery in Gangtok
File:Courtyard of Enchey Gompa in Gangtok.jpg|Courtyard of Enchey Monastery
File:Prayer wheels in Enchey Gompa in Gangtok.jpg|Prayer wheels in Enchey Gompa
File:Signage Enchey Monastery-Gangtok-Sikkim-MA-19.jpg|Signage in front of the Enchey Monastery in Gangtok
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Buddhism]]
*[[Gautama Buddha]]
*[[History of Buddhism in India]]
*[[Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://wikimapia.org/#lat=27.3404741&lon=88.6294234&z=17&l=0&m=s&v=9&show=/8921404/Enchey-Heaven-on-Earth-Marked-By-Jacob-John Coordinates of Enchey]
* [http://www.buddhist-temples.com/buddhist-pilgrimage.html Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]
* [http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/pilgrim/places.htm Pilgrims Guide to Buddhist India: Buddhist Sites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704152615/http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/pilgrim/places.htm |date=4 July 2008 }}
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Enchey+Monastery/@27.3357678,88.6179385,322m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x39e6ba848fe4b38f:0xf1c23957008e31e8!8m2!3d27.3359368!4d88.6191659|title= Enchey Monastery}}

{{Portal bar|Religion|Architecture}}

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Buddhist monasteries in Sikkim}}

[[Category:Gangtok]]
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India]]
[[Category:Nyingma monasteries and temples]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1909]]

Pamidi

2025-12-02T06:27:09Z

BXIBerniece: made a info - done

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pamidi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Telugu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.9500|N|77.5833|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=municipality>{{cite web|title=Basic Information of Municipality|url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/PAMIDI/Basic_information_Municipality.html|website=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration|publisher=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 31.56
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 284
| population_total = 26886
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=633093|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=22 August 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|515775]]
| postal_code = 515 xxx
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh|Anantapur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Guntakal
| website = {{URL|http://cdma.ap.gov.in/PAMIDI/|Pamidi website}}
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Pamidi''' is a town in [[Anantapur district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the mandal headquarters of Pamidi [[mandal]] in [[Anantapur revenue division]].<ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Anantapur|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2822_PART_B_DCHB_ANANTAPUR.pdf |website=Census of India|accessdate=31 October 2015|page=14,222|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Anantapur District Mandals|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=6 June 2017|pages=380|format=PDF}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Pamidi is located at {{Coord|14.9500|N|77.5833|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Pamidi.html Pamidi in Fallingrain.com]</ref> It has an average elevation of 284 meters (935 ft).

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], the town had a population of {{formatnum:30886}}. The total
population constitutes {{formatnum:13583}} males, {{formatnum:13303}} females, and
{{formatnum:2992}} children, in the age group of 0–6 years. The average literacy rate is
68.0%.<ref name=census />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Anantapur district]]

Kanchan armour

2025-12-01T16:48:22Z

BXIBerniece: created the stub nd citations - done

{{Short description|Indian composite vehicle armour}}
The '''Kanchan armour''' (literally ''gold'' in [[Hindi]]) is the name informally given to a modular [[composite armour]] developed by [[India]]. The armour got its name from [[Kanchanbagh|Kanchan Bagh]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps/place?ftid=0x3bcba29d6e18be0d:0x4581fdc1badae0c0&q=Kanchan+Bagh,+Hyderabad&gl=uk&ei=tgLgS7rKJ4eD_Aaf1bmcCA&sll=17.333092,78.506447&sspn=0.021303,0.032015&ie=UTF8&ll=17.335471,78.501617&spn=0,0&t=h&z=17&iwloc=A|title = Kanchan Bagh · Hyderabad, Telangana, India}}</ref> [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], where the [[Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory]] (DMRL) is located.

Although the construction details of the armour remain a secret, it has been described as being made by [[Sandwich-structured composite|sandwiching composite panels]] between [[rolled homogeneous armour]] (RHA). The number of layers may vary based on the user requirements. This armour is able to defeat [[armour-piercing discarding sabot]] (APDS) and [[high-explosive anti-tank warhead]] (HEAT) rounds and is known to defeat [[armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot]] (APFSDS).<ref name=frontier-armour>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110725073043/http://frontierindia.net/the-kanchan-armor/ Kanchan armor], frontierindia.net</ref>

This armour is lightweight and compact. A new [[honeycomb structure]] design of non-explosive and [[non-energetic reactive armour]] (NERA) is reportedly being tested on Arjun tanks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/arjun-mk-ii.htm|title=Arjun Mark-II}}</ref>

==History==
During development in the 1980s, Kanchan armour defeated a 106 mm [[recoilless rifle]] which was tried on the [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun Tank]]. During trials in 2000, the armour was able to withstand hits from [[T-72 tank]] at point blank range, and defeated all available [[high-explosive squash head]] (HESH) and APFSDS rounds, which included Israeli APFSDS rounds.

The Kanchan was also used on [[Vijayanta]] tanks prior to retirement.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/armour-materials-modules-mbts-and-other-combat-vehicles | title=Armour Materials & Modules: MBTS and Other Combat Vehicles | Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India }}</ref>

==Protection==
Upon impact of a projectile, the armour will — ideally — prevent penetration via [[compression (physical)|compression]] and decompression methods. As the projectile hits the armour, it faces compression because of the RHA, and then it faces decompression because of the composite. When the projectile passes through several such sandwiched layers, it breaks up those projectiles.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=B. Bhav|last2=Sukumar|first2=G.|last3=Senthil|first3=P. Ponguru|last4=Jena|first4=P. K.|last5=Reddy|first5=P. R. S.|last6=Kumar|first6=K. Siva|last7=Madhu|first7=V.|last8=Reddy|first8=G. M.|date=2017-06-30|title=Future Armour Materials and Technologies for Combat Platforms|url=https://publications.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/dsj/article/view/11468|journal=Defence Science Journal|language=en|volume=67|issue=4|pages=412–419|doi=10.14429/dsj.67.11468|doi-broken-date=18 July 2025 |issn=0976-464X|url-access=subscription|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Composition==
In the 1980s the Kanchan composite had a composition of [[ceramic]], [[aluminium oxide]], [[fibreglass]] and some other such materials mixed. The Kanchan composite tried out had two thicknesses, i.e. a {{convert|350|mm}} plate and a {{convert|315|mm}} plate. However these two plates had the same weight as a {{convert|120|mm}} RHA. Hence it is said that Kanchan armour is more volume at same weight. [[Anti-tank warfare|Anti-tank munition]]s have problems in penetrating such materials.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Balakrishna Bhat|first=T.|title=Composite armour materials and modules|date=2017|others=Vemuri Madhu, Defence Research & Development Organisation|isbn=978-81-86514-90-0|location=New Delhi|oclc=1003193312}}</ref>

Kanchan armour composition has undergone massive changes since the 1980s. The volume of the RHA has been reduced to lesser mass because of better metallurgy. The composite has evolved too and it does not use the 1980s technology any more.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanchan Armour}}
[[Category:Vehicle armour]]

List of Marathi films of 1921

2025-10-23T17:36:51Z

BXIBerniece: added references

{{Short description|None}}
{{Marathi films}}
{{one source|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
A list of films produced by the Marathi language film industry based in [[Maharashtra]] in the year 1921.

==1921 Releases==
A list of Marathi films released in 1921.

{| class ="wikitable sortable collapsible"
! Year
! Film
! Director
! class="unsortable" |Cast
! Release date
! class="unsortable" |Production
! class="unsortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Source
|-
| rowspan=15 align="center" | 1921
| ''Surekha Haran''||[[Baburao Painter]] || Vishnupant Pagnis, [[Rajaram Vankudre Shantaram]] || || ||Silent Film ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0250009/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_31|title=Surekha Haran (1921)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Govardhan Dhari''|| [[G. V. Sane]] || || || Hindustan Cinema Film Company||Silent Film ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0392060/|title=Govardhan Dhari (1921)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Shani Prabhav''|| G. V. Sane || || || Hindustan Cinema Film Company||Silent Film ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1594543/|title=Shani Prabhav (1921)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Vikram Satvapariksha''|| G. V. Sane || || || Hindustan Cinema Film Company||Silent Film ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0397718/|title=Vikram Satvapariksha (1921)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sati Sulochana (1921 film)|Sati Sulochana]]''|| G. V. Sane || || || Hindustan Cinema Film Company||Silent Film ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0393700/|title=Sati Sulochana (1921)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Valmiki''|| G. V. Sane || || || Hindustan Cinema Film Company||Silent Film ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0393924/|title=Valmiki (1921)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Govardhan Dhari''|| G. V. Sane || || || Hindustan Cinema Film Company||Silent Film ||
|-
| ''Sati Madalasa''||Shree Nath Patankar || || || ||Silent Film ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0251385/|title=Sati Madalasa (1921)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Urvashi ''|| V. P. Divekar || || || ||Silent Film ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0393917/|title=Urvashi (1921)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Raja Gopichand''|| V. P. Divekar || || || ||Silent Film ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0392666/|title=Raja Gopichand (1921)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Tridandi Sanyas''|| V. P. Divekar || || || ||Silent Film ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0393897/|title=Tridandi Sanyas (1921)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Pradyumna ''|| V. P. Divekar || || || ||Silent Film ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0392622/|title=Pradyumna (1921)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sharashandri ''||Baburao Pendharkar|| || || ||Silent Film ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0243551/|title=Sharashandri (1921)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Tukaram ''||Shinde|| ||15 July 1921 (India) || Hindustan Cinema Film Company ||Silent Film ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0393904/|title=Tukaram (1921)|date=15 July 1921|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Pundalik ''||Shinde|| || ||Hindustan Cinema Film Company ||Silent Film ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0392644/|title=Pundalik (1921)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{1921 films|state=collapsed}}
{{Indian film list|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marathi Films Of 1921}}
[[Category:Lists of 1921 films by language]]
[[Category:Lists of Marathi films by year|1921]]
[[Category:1921 in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:1920s Marathi-language films| ]]

Kumki (elephant)

2025-10-08T20:15:43Z

BXIBerniece: page edit

{{short description|Elephant trained to help with wild elephants}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Gajendra_and_Durga_kumkies_AJT_Johnsingh_IMG_0398.JPG|thumb|Two kumkis with their [[mahout]]s]]

'''Kumki''' ('''Koomkie''', '''Koonki''' or '''Kunki'''; known as '''Thāppāna''' in [[Malayalam]]) is a term used in India for trained captive [[Asian elephant]]s used in operations to trap wild elephants, sometimes to rescue or to provide medical treatment to an injured or trapped wild elephant.<ref>{{cite book |title=The standard natural history. Mammals. Volume V.|editor=Kingsley, John Sterling|year=1884 |place=Boston |publisher=S.E. Cassino and Company|url=https://archive.org/stream/standardnaturalh05king#page/219/mode/1up/|page=219}}</ref> Kumkis are used for capturing, calming and herding wild elephants or to lead wild elephants away in conflict situations.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Elephant|pages=143–149 |title=The Wealth of India. Volume III: D-E. |year=1952 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|place=New Delhi|editor=Sastri, B.N. |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.101559/2015.101559.The-Wealth-Of-India-Col-3-D-To-E#page/n195/mode/2up/}}</ref> In such cases the training process aims at preserving some of the wild dominant character in them, so that they can control wild elephants by force if necessary. When wild elephants enter human settlements and kumkis are used to drive them away, sometimes direct physical contact might not be needed since the territorial behaviour is aided by scent and other communication between animals.

Some Kumki are particularly trained to follow the "foot commands" from their [[mahout]]s and to move silently during the entire [[Mela shikar#The method|capturing operation]].<ref name="cd">{{cite book|title=Practical Elephant Management - A Handbook for Mahouts|editor=Nibha Namboodiri|publisher=Elephant Welfare Association|date=July 1997|chapter=Elephant capturing in North-Eastern India by Parbati Baruah|url=http://www.elephantcare.org/manwild.htm#CAPTURING|accessdate=2009-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720001902/http://www.elephantcare.org/manwild.htm#CAPTURING|archive-date=20 July 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word is derived from Persian ''kumak'' which means "aid" and is in wide usage from Bengal to Tamil Nadu by mahouts.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/hobsonjobsonagl02croogoog#page/n302/mode/1up/|page=251 |year=1903 |place=London |publisher=John Murray|title=Hobson-Jobson|author1=Yule, Henry |author2=Burnell, A.C.|editor=Crooke, William}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/b22031212#page/112/mode/2up/|page=113|title=The Naturalist's Library. Mammalia. Volume XXIV.|editor=Jardine, Sir William|place=Edinburgh|publisher=W.H. Lizars|year=1854}}</ref>

==Phandi commands==
Following are the commands that phandis use to drive an elephant.<ref name="xy">{{cite journal|last=Mitra|first=Naresh|author2=Ray, Achintyarup|date=2009-09-13|title=Caught in a trap|journal=The Times of India|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|location=Kolkata|pages=13|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Archive/skins/pastissues2/navigator.asp?login=default&AW=1252898431312|accessdate=2009-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604145300/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/archive/skins/pastissues2/navigator.asp?login=default|archive-date=4 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* '''''Agad:''''' Go forward
*'''''Pisoo/Pichoo:''''' Go backward.
*'''''Dhutt/Datt:''''' Stop
*'''''Beit:''''' Lie (on belly)
*'''''Tere:''''' Lie (on one side)
*'''''Meile/Mut:''''' Get up

==In popular culture==
Some movies related to kumki elephants have been released in the Tamil film industry, such as ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'' (2012).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Elephants in Indian culture]]

{{India-culture-stub}}

National Highway 204 (India, old numbering)

2025-09-23T21:21:29Z

BXIBerniece: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 361 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

2021–22 FD Senior Division

2025-08-29T09:17:05Z

BXIBerniece: added info - done

{{Short description|Top tier football league in the state of Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{infobox football league season
| competition = [[Delhi Football League|FD Senior Division]]
| season = [[2021–22 in Indian football|2021–22]]
| dates = 9 October 2021 – 7 January 2022 (including ''Premier League'')
| winners = [[Delhi FC]] (1st title)
| matches =
| total goals =
| league topscorer =
| best goalkeeper =
| highest scoring =
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest losses =
| prevseason = [[2021 Delhi 2nd Division Qualifiers|2021]]
| nextseason = [[2022–23 Delhi Premier League|2022–23]]
}}

The '''2021–22 FD Senior Division'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senior Division {{!}} Football Delhi|url=https://www.footballdelhi.com/competitions/senior-division/|access-date=2021-12-11|language=en-US|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108015816/https://www.footballdelhi.com/competitions/senior-division/|url-status=live}}</ref> was the top-tier [[association football|football]] season of [[Delhi Football League]]. The season started on October 9, 2021, and commenced on January 7, 2022. Previously, a short format tournament was held for the [[I-League 2|I-League Qualifiers]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Football Delhi Senior Division Football League from Saturday -|url=http://kheltoday.com/uncategorized/football-delhi-senior-division-football-league-from-saturday/|access-date=2021-10-09|website=kheltoday.com|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009233923/http://kheltoday.com/uncategorized/football-delhi-senior-division-football-league-from-saturday/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Format==
18 teams are divided in two groups, comprising 10 teams in group A and 8 teams in group B.<ref name=":1" /> Group stage matches will be played in robin round basis. Five teams from each group will qualify for the inaugural '''Delhi Premier League'''.

Premier League will be played in round robin format. 10 teams will play each other once and league leader will be adjudged the winner. Bottom teams could be relegated to lower division.<ref name=":0" />

== Teams ==

18 teams took part in the 2021 regular edition of the league:<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Groups|url=https://twitter.com/footballdelhi/status/1445400230774587408|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-10|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005144849/https://twitter.com/FootballDelhi/status/1445400230774587408 |archive-date=5 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi (DSA) Senior Division League|url=https://theawayend.co/delhi-dsa-senior-division-league/|access-date=2021-11-02|website=The Away End|language=en-GB|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102053854/https://theawayend.co/delhi-dsa-senior-division-league/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Group A===
*[[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force FC]]
*Royal Rangers FC
*Youngmen SC
*City FC
*Tarun Sangha FC
*Uttarakhand FC
*National United SC
*Ahbab FC
*Jaguar FC
*Friends United FC

===Group B===
*[[Delhi FC]]
*[[Garhwal FC]]
*[[Delhi United FC]]
*[[Hindustan FC]]
*Shastri FC
*Rangers SC
*[[Sudeva Delhi FC]]
*Garhwal Diamond FC

==Foreign players==
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size:100%"
|-
!style="text-align:center;"|Club
!style="text-align:center;"| Player 1
!style="text-align:center;"| Player 2
!style="text-align:center;"| Player 3
|-
|[[Delhi FC]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Sérgio Barboza]]
|{{Flagicon|CIV}} [[Arthur Kouassi]]
|{{flagicon|CMR}} [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]]
|-
|City FC
|{{Flagicon|NGR}} Adeyemi Wahab Lasisi
|{{Flagicon|CIV}} Major Bangaly Coulibaly
|
|-
|Rangers SC
|{{flagicon|CIV}} Bema Coulibaly
|
|
|-
|[[Garhwal FC]]
|{{flagicon|CIV}} Oumar Cisse
|{{flagicon|SEN}} Hamidou Dieye
|
|-
|[[Hindustan FC]]
|{{flagicon|CIV}} Cheick Hamza Bamba
|
|
|-
|Tarun Sangha FC
|{{Flagicon|NGR}} Stanley Ifeanyi Eze
|{{flagicon|CIV}} Lassine Karamoko
|
|}

==Standings==
===Group stage===
Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20220702172535/https://theawayend.co/delhi-dsa-senior-division-league/ The Away End]

====Group A====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Pos
! width="175" |Team!! width="20" |Pld!!width="20"|W!!width="20"|D!!width="20"|L!!width="20"|GF!!width="20"|GA!!width="20"|GD!!width="20"|Pts!! width="20"|
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|1
| align="left" |Royal Rangers FC
|9||7||1||1||22||5||+17||'''22'''|| rowspan="5" |Advanced to Premier League
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
|2
| align="left" |[[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force FC]]
|9||7||1||1||19||8||+11||'''22'''
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
|3
| align="left" |Friends United FC
|9||6||1||2||16||10||+6||'''19'''
|-bgcolor=#ccffcc
|4
| align="left" |Uttarakhand FC
|9||5||2||2||19||8||+11||'''17'''
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|5
| align="left" |Tarun Sangha FC
|9||5||0||4||15||16||-1||'''15'''
|-
|6
| align="left" |Youngmen SC
|9||4||1||4||10||11||-1||'''13'''||
|-
|7
| align="left" |City FC
|9||3||0||6||12||23||-11||'''9'''||
|-
|8
| align="left" |Ahbab FC
|9||1||3||5||9||18||-9||'''6'''||
|-
|9
| align="left" |National United SC
|9||1||1||7||9||17||-8||'''4'''||
|-
|10
| align="left" |Jaguar FC
|9||1||0||8||7||22||-15||'''3'''||
|-
|}

====Group B====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Pos
! width="175" |Team!!width="20"|Pld!!width="20"|W!!width="20"|D!!width="20"|L!!width="20"|GF!!width="20"|GA!!width="20"|GD!!width="20"|Pts!!width="20"|
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
|1
| align="left" |'''[[Delhi FC]]'''
|7||6||0||1||42||5||+37||'''18'''
|rowspan="5" |Advanced to Premier League
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|2
| align="left" |[[Garhwal FC]]
|7||5||2||0||23||4||+19||'''17'''
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|3
| align="left" |[[Hindustan FC]]
|7||4||1||2||18||10||+8||'''13'''
|-bgcolor=#ccffcc
|4
| align="left" |Rangers SC
|7||4||0||3||19||13||+6||'''12'''
|-bgcolor=#ccffcc
|5
| align="left" |[[Sudeva Delhi FC]]
|7||4||0||3||10||7||+3||'''12'''
|-
|6
| align="left" |[[Delhi United FC]]
|7||2||0||5||8||30||-22||'''6'''
|
|-
|7
| align="left" |Garhwal Diamond FC
|7||0||2||5||4||22||-18||'''2'''
|
|-
|8
| align="left" |Shastri FC
|7||0||1||6||3||36||-33||'''1'''
|
|-
|}

===Premier League===
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220702172535/https://theawayend.co/delhi-dsa-senior-division-league/ The Away End]
|update=complete


|team1=DFC
|team3=FRU
|team5=GFC
|team6=IAF
|team2=HFC
|team8=RSC
|team4=ROR
|team7=SUD
|team10=TSG
|team9=UFC

|result1=C |result2=Q

|win_DFC=7 |draw_DFC=1 |loss_DFC=1 |gf_DFC=20 |ga_DFC=6 
|win_FRU=5 |draw_FRU=1 |loss_FRU=3 |gf_FRU=15 |ga_FRU=10 
|win_GFC=4 |draw_GFC=2 |loss_GFC=3 |gf_GFC=23 |ga_GFC=13 
|win_IAF=2 |draw_IAF=1 |loss_IAF=6 |gf_IAF=7 |ga_IAF=18 
|win_HFC=6 |draw_HFC=1 |loss_HFC=2 |gf_HFC=20 |ga_HFC=14 
|win_RSC=3 |draw_RSC=1 |loss_RSC=5 |gf_RSC=15 |ga_RSC=15 
|win_ROR=5 |draw_ROR=1 |loss_ROR=3 |gf_ROR=16 |ga_ROR=11 
|win_SUD=2 |draw_SUD=4 |loss_SUD=3 |gf_SUD=9 |ga_SUD=6 
|win_TSG=2 |draw_TSG=2 |loss_TSG=5 |gf_TSG=7 |ga_TSG=24 
|win_UFC=2 |draw_UFC=0 |loss_UFC=7 |gf_UFC=9 |ga_UFC=24 


|name_IAF=[[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force FC]]
|name_DFC=[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|name_UFC=Uttarakhand FC
|name_TSG=Tarun Sangha
|name_RSC=Rangers SC
|name_ROR=Royal Rangers FC
|name_FRU=Friends United FC
|name_GFC=[[Garhwal FC|Garhwal]]
|name_SUD=[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
|name_HFC=[[Hindustan FC|Hindustan]]


|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) head-to-head goals scored; 5) goal difference; 6) number of goals scored; 7) fair play ranking; 8) drawing of lots


|res_col_header=Q
|col_C=green1 |text_C='''Champions''' and possible qualification for [[2022–23 I-League 2]]{{efn|name=license|Depending on licensing criteria}}
|col_Q=yellow1 |text_Q= Possible qualification for [[2022–23 I-League 2]]{{efn|name=license}}
}}
{{notelist}} </onlyinclude>

==See also==
*[[2021–22 season in state football leagues of India]]
**[[2021–22 Punjab State Super Football League]]
**[[2022 Himachal Football League]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2021–22 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2021-22 FD Senior Division}}
[[Category:Football in Delhi]]
[[Category:2021–22 in Indian football leagues|3]]
[[Category:2021–22 in Indian football]]

Bharti Dayal

2025-08-13T22:21:02Z

BXIBerniece: added a article

{{short description|Indian artist}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=September 2016}}
{{autobiography|date=September 2016}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=September 2016}}
{{tone|date=September 2016}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bharti Dayal
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1961|12}}
| birth_place = [[Samastipur]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Painter]]
| years_active = 1984–present
| known_for = [[Madhubani art|Madhubani]] (Mithila) paintings
|website= https://bhartidayal.com/
| notable_works =
}}
'''Bharti Dayal'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharti Dayal is a Madhubani painting artist (National Awardee) from India. |url=https://www.bhartidayal.com/ |website=www.bhartidayal.com/}}</ref> (born December, 1961 in [[Darbhanga district|Samastipur]]<ref name=Belgium>{{Cite web |url=http://mosabelgium.com/bharti-dayal-b-1961/ |title=Artists: Bharti Dayal (b. 1961) |access-date=2 March 2016 |publisher=Museum of Sacred Art |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306225037/http://mosabelgium.com/bharti-dayal-b-1961/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>) is an Indian artist who specializes in [[Madhubani art]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-05-23 |title=Folk paintings and traditions of India |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Young-Hans/2016-05-23/Folk-paintings-and-traditions-of-India/229866 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==

Dayal was born in the [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]] district of [[Shankar Singh (Bihar politician)|North Bihar]], the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region famous for Madhubani painting. She has completed her Bachelors in Science (B.Sc) and completed her postgraduation with a Masters in Science (M.Sc).<ref name=Belgium />

Since 1991, she has lived in Delhi.

== Work ==
[[File:Madhubani Art with Bharti Dayal.ogv|thumb|Bharti Dayal showing how Madhubani Paintings are made.]]
From a young age, Dayal was taught [[Madhubani painting]] by her mother and grandmother.<ref name=Belgium /> She pursued the art form professionally from 1984. She has worked to bring innovation in the traditional art practiced in Mithila, and train other women artists from the region at her studio in [[New Delhi]].

Her style is known for bringing a contemporary cast to traditional Madhubani art using modern media such as acrylic and canvas. She paints with natural, vegetable-based colors. Her renditions of [[Krishna]] and [[Radha]] are said to depict undercurrents of "love, longing, and peace".

== Exhibitions ==

Dayal has held numerous exhibitions of her work nationally and internationally. Her Madhubani art was the subject of a [[Documentary film|documentary]] shown on French television in 1995.<ref name=Belgium /> An exhibition of her works in acrylic on canvas painted between June 2015 and June 2016 was organized by the Museum of Sacred Art (MOSA).<ref name= Gurvich>{{Cite web |last= Gurvich |first= Martin |url= http://mosabelgium.com/madhubani-art-indian-art-series-bharti-dayal-june-2015-june-2016/ |title= Exhibitions:Madhubani Art (Indian Art Series) – Bharti Dayal [June 2015 – June 2016] |access-date= 2 March 2016 |agency= Museum of Sacred Art |archive-date= 6 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160306230236/http://mosabelgium.com/madhubani-art-indian-art-series-bharti-dayal-june-2015-june-2016/ |url-status= dead }}</ref>

Dayal's seven Madhubani paintings, which are a combination of traditional art with contemporary modern subjects, are included in the book ''The New Bihar''. Her illustration for the book's cover includes a girl riding a bicycle, symbolizing the "empowerment of women and the quest for education", and a fish, which denotes the theme of "rainbow agriculture", or the blending of agricultural pursuits to enhance rural income. Book authors [[N. K. Singh|N.K. Singh]] and Nicholas Stern have observed: "Bharti's use of the traditional style on contemporary themes can contribute to the revival of Madhubani art".{{Sfn|Singh|Stern|2013|p=6}}

== Awards ==
* [[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society|AIFACS]]
* Millennium award
* National Merit awards
* 2006: India's National Award for excellence in handicrafts<ref name=Belgium />

== Publications ==
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8YajwEACAAJ|title=Madhubani Art|publisher=Niyogi Books|year=2016|isbn=978-9385285080 |ref=none}}

;Cover art
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ScZBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT4|title=Writing Resistance: The Rhetorical Imagination of Hindi Dalit Literature|first=Laura R.|last=Brueck|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-231-16604-1 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=N. K. |last2= Stern |first2=Nicholas |title=The New Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FcHjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT6|year=2013|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=978-93-5029-642-4 |ref=none}}
*Cover Art for 'Language Politics and Public sphere in North India. Making of the Maithili Movement by Mithilesh kumar jha. Publisher: Oxford University Press; {{ISBN|0-19-947934-8}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=N. K. |last2= Stern |first2=Nicholas |title=The New Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FcHjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT6|date=23 August 2013|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=978-93-5029-642-4}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.bhartidayal.com}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dayal, Bharti}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Painters from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian women painters]]
[[Category:Women artists from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Samastipur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian artists]]

S. Ramachandra Iyer

2025-07-22T04:18:53Z

BXIBerniece:

{{Short description|Indian lawyer (born 1901)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
''' Subramanya Ramachandra Iyer''' (1 October 1901 – date of death unknown) was an Indian [[lawyer]] who served as the Chief Justice of the [[Madras High Court]] from 10 May 1961 to 1 November 1964.<ref name=Madras_high_court>{{cite web|url=http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/cjlist.htm|access-date=29 August 2014|title=The Honourable Chief Justices|publisher=Madras High Court|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212201925/http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/cjlist.htm|archive-date=12 February 2012}}</ref> Madras lawyer [[Vasantha Pai]] found evidence that Iyer had falsified his birth date to avoid compulsory retirement at the age of 60 including going to the Judge's birthplace and photographing his original birth register which showed his real age. Judge Iyer denied that he was over 60 years. It became a scandal after the judge's younger brother, Subramanya Rajagopalan, sent invitations to celebrate his [[Shashthipurti|60th birthday]] while his elder brother the judge's age was shown as below 60 years.<ref name=Pai_obituary_Hindu>{{cite news|title=Vasantha Pai: an advocate's advocate|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/16/stories/2009021658760700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221053444/http://hindu.com/2009/02/16/stories/2009021658760700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2009|work=The Hindu|date=16 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/column/timing-of-katjus-allegations-needs-to-be-questioned/20140723.htm | title=Timing of Katju's allegations needs to be questioned | publisher=Rediff | date=23 July 2014 | accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref> Pai filed a petition. Iyer resigned on 1 November 1964 on a request from the then [[Chief Justice of India]] [[P. B. Gajendragadkar]] as the case would bring the judiciary into disrepute<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/contempt-law-and-human-rights/article27921111.ece| title=Contempt Law and Human Rights | date=10 March 2001 | work=The Hindu | accessdate=9 September 2021}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-openpage/the-controversy-over-age-then-and-now/article2841441.ece | title=The controversy over age... then and now | work=The Hindu | date=29 January 2012 | accessdate=8 April 2015}}</ref> and this led to the petition eventually being dismissed in 1967 on the grounds that Iyer had already resigned his judgeship.<ref name=Pai_v_Iyer>{{cite court |url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1159245/ |litigants=G. Vasantha Pai vs Sri S. Ramachandra Iyer |vol=2 |reporter=MLJ |opinion=151 |date=1967}}</ref><ref name="Albuquerque 2022 e106">{{cite web | last=Albuquerque | first=Olav | title=PIL jurisprudence needs to undergo a change, writes Olav Albuquerque | website=Free Press Journal | date=29 April 2022 | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/analysis/pil-jurisprudence-needs-to-undergo-a-change-writes-olav-albuquerque | access-date=14 April 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iyer, S. Ramachandra}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

{{india-law-bio-stub}}

Tandoor (web series)

2025-07-10T16:04:55Z

BXIBerniece: started new entry!

{{Short description|Indian web series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Nivedita Basu]]
| producer = [[Nivedita Basu]] Chitra Vakil Sharma Chandni Soni<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nivedita Basu: A woman's character helps in layering the subject|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/nivedita-basu-woman-s-character-helps-layering-the-subject-201220|access-date=2021-05-24|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref>
| company =
| based_on =
| creator =
| narrator =
| writer = Ribhu Mishra
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Rashami Desai]]
*[[Tanuj Virwani]]
}}
| composer = Ankit Shah Shubhankar Banerjee
| cinematography =
| editor = Shlok Bhandari
| location = [[Mumbai]], India
| runtime =
| genre = [[Crime thriller]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi English
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 5
| last_aired =
| first_aired =
| released = {{Start date|2021|07|23|df=y}}
| network = [[MX Player]] [[Ullu]]
}}

'''''Tandoor''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language web series directed by [[Nivedita Basu]]. It features [[Rashami Desai]], [[Tanuj Virwani]] and Amitriyaan in the lead roles.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} Loosely inspired from the infamous [[Murder of Naina Sahni|1995 real life incident]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/rashami-desai-says-her-role-in-web-series-tandoor-is-layered-1746968-2020-12-05|title=Rashami Desai says her role in web series Tandoor is layered| work=India Today| date= 5 December 2020| access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/oct/28tandoor1.htm| work= Rediff| title= Tandoor case: Murder most foul| date= 28 October 2003| access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref> the series revolves around a married couple whose lives take an unexpected turn when a friend enters into wife's life leading to her murder. The shooting [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped up]] in November 2020.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/first-look-of-tanuj-virwani-in-his-upcoming-series-tandoor-174385|title=First look of Tanuj Virwani in his upcoming series Tandoor| work=The Tribune| date= 23 November 2020| access-date=9 March 2021}}</ref> The series released on 23 July 2021 on [[Voot]], [[MX Player]] and [[Ullu App]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/amp/movies/report/coming-this-march-8-ott-releases/20210302.htm| work= Rediff| title= Coming this March: 8 OTT Releases| date=2 March 2021| access-date= 7 March 2021}}</ref>

== Premise ==
Based on the spine-chilling [[Murder of Naina Sahni|Tandoor case]] in Delhi, the show reconstructs the events before and after the gruesome murder of a woman by her own husband.

== Cast and characters ==
'''<big>Main</big>'''

*[[Rashami Desai]] as Palak Sahni/Palak Sharma
*[[Tanuj Virwani]] as Sahil Sharma
*Amitriyaan as Aiyaaz

'''<big>Recurring</big>'''
*Ravi Gossain as Abdul Razzak
*Vijay Kadechkar as Charan Singh
*[[Sonal Parihar]] as Rashi
*Kamal Malik as Robert Pereira
*Hirdeyjeet Jarnail Singh as Bahubali Mishra
*Yuvraj Haral as DCP Shenoy
*Utkarsh Gaharwar as Kanhaiya Shukla
*Jeevan Shetty as Vijay
*Simran Poojary
*Amber Wasi
*Harshita Bist
*Afsar Adil

==Episodes==
{{Episode table|airdate=s|background=251e35|director=Nivedita Basu|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Tandoor Kaand!
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Nivedita Basu
|WrittenBy = Ribhu Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|07|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 251e35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Pyaar Ya Takraar
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Nivedita Basu
|WrittenBy = Ribhu Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|07|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 251e35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Pati, Patni Aur Woh?
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Nivedita Basu
|WrittenBy = Ribhu Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|07|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 251e35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Ladai Ka Nishana
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Nivedita Basu
|WrittenBy = Ribhu Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|07|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 251e35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Junoon, Ek Saza?
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Nivedita Basu
|WrittenBy = Ribhu Mishra
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|07|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 251e35
}}|title=|writer=Ribhu Mishra|overall=}}

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
[[Tanuj Virwani]] had been in talks for ''Tandoor'' with [[Nivedita Basu]] for a long time. Around March 2020 when they were planning to take the next step, lockdown due to [[COVID-19]] was implemented. Things between them picked up again around August–September. Dates at that time became a concern as Virwani was stuck in continuity on another project and Basu needed him to look a certain way. However, due to forced halt on the other project for some reason, he was able to change his look as Basu wanted. So he gained some weight, grew his hair and facial hair for the role.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Keshri |first=Shweta |title=Tanuj Virwani says any actor would kill for the character I play in Tandoor|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/tanuj-virwani-says-any-actor-would-kill-for-the-character-i-play-in-tandoor-1782250-2021-03-22|date=22 March 2021| access-date=25 May 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

On the other hand, Basu had initial plans to cast [[Rashami Desai]] for another project. However, Vibhu Agarwal, the CEO of [[Ullu]], was very keen on getting Desai on board for the series.<ref name="Tandoor1">{{Cite web|title=I am happy that Ullu gave us the opportunity with Tandoor, which will be a game-changer: Nivedita Basu|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/i-am-happy-ullu-gave-us-the-opportunity-tandoor-which-will-be-game-changer-nivedita-basu|date=14 March 2021| access-date=25 May 2021|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref> Upon narration, Desai found the script intriguing and immediately took up the project.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-05|title=Rashami Desai on Digital Debut in 'Tandoor': It Breaks Away from My Regular TV Work|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rashami-desai-on-digital-debut-in-tandoor-it-breaks-away-from-my-regular-tv-work-3044909.html|access-date=2021-05-25|website=www.news18.com|language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The series was originally supposed to be shot in [[Delhi]] but due to COVID -19 Pandemic the plan changed and it was entirely shot in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref name="Tandoor1"/> The series went on floors soon after the COVID-19 lockdown restrictions were lifted in [[Maharastra]] and the government gave a green signal for shootings to resume. A stringent shoot of 14 days was planned and executed with a plenty of precautions in order to ensure that COVID-19 stayed at bay from filming sets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Here's how webshow Tandoor was shot, right after the COVID lockdown was lifted|url=https://www.mid-day.com/amp/entertainment/television-news/article/heres-how-webshow-tandoor-was-shot-right-after-the-covid-lockdown-was-lifted-23163701|date=14 March 2021| access-date=24 May 2021|website=www.mid-day.com}}</ref> The filming [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped up]] in November 2020.
Assistant Directors - Jagpreet Khokar, Rahul Dubey, Ravi, Himanshu Singh.

== Marketing and release ==
[[Rashami Desai]] unveiled the first poster of ''Tandoor'' on 7 March 2021 via her Instagram handle.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=First look|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/all-set-to-make-her-ott-debut-rashami-desai-shares-the-poster-of-tandoorfirst-look-221807|access-date=2021-05-23|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref> The trailer was released on [[YouTube]] on 12 July.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Shweta Keshri |date=July 12, 2021 |title=Rashami Desai, Tanuj Virwani's Tandoor trailer out. Web series premieres on July 23|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/rashami-desai-tanuj-virwani-s-tandoor-trailer-out-web-series-premieres-on-july-23-1827174-2021-07-12|access-date=2021-08-31|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Ronak Kotecha gave the series 3 stars in his review for ''[[The Times of India]]'', and wrote "Tandoor surely grabs your curiosity and manages to build on the suspense. This despite the fact that we know the outcome of the case yet it is exciting to watch the mystery unfold."<ref>{{Citation|title=Tandoor Season 1 Review: Tandoor relives one of the most chilling crime stories of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/tandoor/season-1/seasonreview/84783613.cms|date=27 July 2021|access-date=28 July 2021|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
Tandoor was also nominated in filmfare OTT 2021 under Best webseries category.

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Result
|-
| Midday IIIA Awards
(2022)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Photos Celebs attend the Midday India International Influencer Awards 2022 (16) {{!}} Rashami Desai Images - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/photos-celebs-attend-midday-india-international-influencer-awards-2022/photos-celebs-attend-the-midday-india-international-influencer-awards-2022-16/ |access-date=2025-05-03 |language=en}}</ref>
| Best Debut Actress In A Web Series
| [[Rashami Desai]]
| {{won}}
|-
| IIFTA Awards
(2023)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-29 |title=IIFTA Awards 2023: Adnan Khan, Archana Gautam, Falaq Naaz and other TV stars grace the red carpet |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/webstories/news-gossip/iifta-awards-2023-adnan-khan-archana-gautam-falaq-naaz-and-other-tv-stars-grace-the-red-carpet-2528272/ |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=bollywoodlife.com |language=en}}</ref>
| Stellar Performer of the Year
| [[Rashami Desai]]
| {{won}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=13517780}}

[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]

Rajkot West Assembly constituency

2025-07-08T13:38:41Z

BXIBerniece: new some data v1

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajkot West
| mla = Dr. Darshita Shah
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajkot Lok Sabha constituency|Rajkot]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:354378}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
}}

'''Rajkot West''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Rajkot district|Rajkot]] district and it came into existence after 2008 delimitation. Prior to that some areas under it were called 'Rajkot II' seat. Its former MLA was Gujarat's Chief Minister [[Vijay Rupani]]. It is a segment of [[Rajkot Lok Sabha constituency]].

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Rajkot Taluka (Part) – Rajkot Municipal Corporation (Part) Ward No. – 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 22, 23, 24.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!Image
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| 1967
| M. P. Jadeja ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 1972
| Pradummansinh Jadeja ||
|-
| 1975
| Arvindbhai Maniyar ||
|-
| 1980
| Manibhai Ranpara ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
| 1985
| rowspan="4" | [[Vajubhai Vala]]
|rowspan="4" | [[File:Governor of Karnataka Vajubhai Rudabhai Vala.jpg|75px]]
|-
| 1990
|-
| 1995
|-
| 1998
|-
| 2002 (Feb) {{efn|by-poll}}
| [[Narendra Modi]]<ref>{{cite news |url =https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20020225-narendra-modi-pushes-his-own-image-as-a-rising-star-of-bjp-795944-2002-02-25|title =Rajkot II by-elections: Narendra Modi pushes his own image as a rising star of BJP|publisher =India Today|quote =While the focus is on the assembly elections in four states, the real drama seems to be in a quintet of by-elections in which everyone from a former prime minister, a current chief minister and a super chief minister are contesting.|date =February 25, 2002|website =indiatoday.in/magazine|author =Uday Mahurkar|access-date =June 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeFeb2002/bye_2002_guj_RajkotII.htm|title =BYE-ELECTIONS - FEBRUARY, 2002|publisher =[[Election Commission of India]]|quote =Legislative Assembly of Gujarat Assembly Constituency - 18- Rajkot II|website =eci.gov.in|access-date =June 7, 2020}}</ref>
| [[File:NarendaraModi.jpg|75px]]
|-
| [[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Vajubhai Vala]]
|rowspan="2"| [[File:February 19, 2018. The Governor of Karnataka, Shri Vajubhai Vala .jpg|75px]]
|-
| [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:gray |{{color|white|Major boundary changes (constituency name changed from Rajkot II to Rajkot West)}}
|-
| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Vajubhai Vala]]
| [[File:Vajubhai Vala.jpg|75px]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 2014{{efn|by-poll after Vala was appointed [[Governor of Karnataka]]}}
|rowspan="2" | [[Vijay Rupani]]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vijay Rupani.jpg|75px]]
|-
| [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=election2017/>
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Darshita Shah]]<ref name=election2022b>{{cite web |url= https://eci.gov.in/assembly-election/ae-2022-gujarat/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref> ||
|-
|}
{{noteslist}}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Rajkot West Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Darshita Paras Shah|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,38,687|percentage=67.98|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kalariya Mansukhbhai Jadavbhai
|party=Indian National Congress
|votes=32,712
|percentage=16.03
|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dineshkumar Mohanbhai Joshi|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=26319|percentage=12.9|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3419
|percentage = 1.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 105,975
|percentage = 51.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:350580}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Rajkot West<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vijay Rupani]]
|votes = 1,31,586
|percentage = 60.67
|change = +4.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Indranil Rajguru]]
|votes = 77,831
|percentage = 35.89
|change = -3.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vijaybhai Somabhai Parmar
|votes = 1,198
|percentage = 0.55
|change = +0.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate= Ketan Mansukhbhai Chandarana
|votes = 578
|percentage = 0.27
|change = +0.27
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Rajendrakumar Shamjibhai Chauhan
|votes = 509
|percentage = 0.23
|change = +0.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 3,309
|percentage = 1.53
|change = -0.63
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 53,755
|percentage = 24.78
|change = +8.33
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,16,883
|percentage = 68.48
|change = +19.05
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +4.47
}}
{{Election box end}}

====2014 Bypoll====
{{Election box begin|
title=By-election, 2014: Rajkot West}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vijay Rupani|Vijaybhai Ramniklalbhai Rupani]]
|votes = 81,092
|percentage = 56.20
|change = +2.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jayantibhai Kalaria
|votes = 57,352
|percentage = 39.75
|change = +0.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Bhavesh Lokhil
| votes = 1,027
| percentage = 0.71
| change = +0.71
}}
{{Election box candidate |
| party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| candidate = Tejasbhai Anilbhai Trivedi
| votes = 514
| percentage = 0.36
| change = +0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate |
| party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| candidate = Imranbhai Ramjanbhai Kachara
| votes = 373
| percentage = 0.26
| change = +0.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 3,110
|percentage = 2.16
|change = +2.16
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 23,740
|percentage = 16.45
|change = +1.48
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,44,282
|percentage = 49.43
|change = -14.15
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +2.03
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Rajkot|Rajkot West]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vajubhai Rudabhai Vala]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 90,405
|percentage = 54.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Atul Rasikbhai Rajani
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 65,427
|percentage = 39.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Gujarat Parivartan Party
| candidate = Jaydeep Jayantibhai Makadia
| votes = 5,194
| percentage = 3.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
| candidate = Sandipbhai Hargovindbhai Jivarajani
| votes = 1,784
| percentage = 1.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Pravinbhai Damjibhai Sanchaniya
| votes = 1,645
| percentage = 0.99
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,978
|percentage = 14.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,66,891
|percentage = 63.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
* Vajubhai Vala M BJP 48215
* Nathwani Kashmira Bakulbhai F INC 38359

===February 2002 by-poll===
{{Election box begin | title=Gujarat Legislative Assembly By Election, 2002: [[Rajkot|Rajkot II]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Narendra Modi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 45298
|percentage = 57.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Ashwinbhai Narbheshankar Mehta
| votes = 30570
| percentage = 38.68
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
| candidate = Makwana Bharatbhai Bhikhalal
| votes = 748
| percentage = 0.95
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 79028
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998 Vidhan Sabha===
* Vajubhai Roodabhai Vala (BJP) : 43,034 votes<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.elections.in/gujarat/assembly-constituencies/1998-election-results.html | title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results in 1998 }}</ref>
* Kashmeeraben Bakulbhai Nathvanee F AIRJP : 14316

===1990 Vidhan Sabha===
* Vajubhai Vala (BJP) : 31,864 votes
* Sudhir Joshi M INC : 16388

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Rajkot district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.25|70.73|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rajkot]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2008]]
[[Category:Rajkot district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]

Kashinath Rao Vaidya

2025-06-26T00:23:42Z

BXIBerniece: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox politician
| name = Kashinath Rao Vaidya
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Lawyer
| office = Speaker of the [[Hyderabad State]] Legislative Assembly
| term_start = 1952
| term_end = 1956
| constituency = [[Begum Bazar]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Hyderabad State]] Legislative Assembly
| term_start1 = 1952
| term_end1 = 1959
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = Begum Bazar
}}

'''Kashinath Rao Vaidya''' (died 13 March 1959, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]) was an Indian lawyer and politician.<ref name="a">Abbasayulu, Y. B. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vz4dAAAAMAAJ Scheduled Caste Elite: A Study of Scheduled Caste Elite in Andhra Pradesh]''. Hyderabad: Dept. of Sociology, Osmania University, 1978. p. 43</ref> Vaidya was elected to the [[Hyderabad State]] [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] in the [[1952 Hyderabad Legislative Assembly election|1952 election]] as the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate from the [[Begum Bazar]] constituency.<ref name="ap">AP Legislature. ''[http://www.aplegislature.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=e7f895b2-fcc2-456e-9f89-4f674bde3a6f&groupId=11343 HYDERABAD LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (CONSTITUTED ON 1952)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804032941/http://www.aplegislature.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=e7f895b2-fcc2-456e-9f89-4f674bde3a6f&groupId=11343 |date=4 August 2013 }}''</ref> Vaidya obtained 15,794 votes (72.48% of the votes in the constituency).<ref name="eci">Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1951 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF HYDERABAD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127213324/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |date=27 January 2013 }}''</ref> Following the election, he was elected speaker of the Assembly, a position he held until 1956.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Speakers - Legislative Assembly - Liferay DXP |url=https://aplegislature.org/web/legislative-assembly/former-speakers |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=aplegislature.org |archive-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623041531/https://aplegislature.org/web/legislative-assembly/former-speakers |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="a"/>

Vaidya died in Hyderabad on 13 March 1959.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

==References==
{{Portal|India}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Hyderabad State politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Hyderabad, India]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Ramakrishnapuram

2025-06-23T16:23:47Z

BXIBerniece:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = R K Puram
| postal_code = 500056
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Ramakrishna Puram]]
| registration_plate = TG-08
| population_as_of =
| unemployment_rate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Malkajgiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malkajgiri]]
| website =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Malkajgiri (Assembly constituency)|Malkajgiri]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| other_name = Ramakistapuram
| subdivision_name2 = [[Medchal–Malkajgiri]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type4 = City
| elevation_m =
| subdivision_name4 = [[Secunderabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| governing_body = [[GHMC]] Malkajgiri Circle
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 2.5
| elevation_footnotes =
| official_name = Ramakrishnapuram, Neredmet
}}
'''Ramakrishnapuram''' (or '''RK Puram''' ) is a locality in [[Neredmet]] in [[Medchal-Malkajgiri]] district of [[Indian State]] of [[Telangana]]. It falls under [[Malkajgiri mandal]]. In the past 15 years, this suburb has become an important residential area in the twin cities. Many colonies, townships and apartments came up in this suburb.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation wards|url=https://www.ghmc.gov.in/Documents/Wards.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615000938/https://www.ghmc.gov.in/Documents/Wards.pdf|archive-date=15 June 2019|access-date=2020-07-01|website=[[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]}}</ref>

== History ==
RK Puram lake's roots can be traced back to 1798 when the '[[subsidiary alliance]]' was proposed by then British Governor-General in India, [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Lord Wellesley]].

By the early 1800s, the Electronics and Mechanical Engineering (EME), which is presently the Military College of Electronics and Mechanical Engineering (MCEME), had been set up at [[Trimulgherry]]. The engineers and electricians who worked here needed water, So RK Puram Lake was commissioned by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] and dug up in the mid-1800s, occupying a space of around 100 acres.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-06|title=From bird paradise to frothing mess: Tracing the history of Secunderabad's RK Puram lake|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pristine-bird-paradise-frothing-mess-tracing-secunderabads-rk-puram-lake-74293|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

== Localities in RK Puram==
Listed below are some popular and developed colonies in R K Puram also known as Ramakrishnapuram.
*RK Puram (Ramakrishnapuram Hamlet) Village,
*Sapthagiri Colony,
*Bharani Colony,
*Chandra Babu Naidu Colony,
*Raghavendra Nagar,
*Matrupuri Colony,
* GK Colony,
*Brundavan Colony,
*Prem Nagar,
*Ananthaiah Colony,
*Santhosh Colony,
*Balaji Colony,
*Sri Venkateshwara Officers Colony,
*Asha Officers Colony,
*Shakthi Nagar,
*Gandhi Nagar,
*Anantha Saraswathi Colony,
*Brindavan Colony.
* Balaji Nagar.

== Services ==

=== Schools ===

* Army Public School RK puram
*Little Diamond High School, RK.Puram

== Lakes and Water Parks ==

* [[Ramakrishnapuram Lake| Ramakrishnapuram Mukidigan Cheruvu]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=TelanganaToday|title=RK Puram lake to wear new look|url=https://telanganatoday.com/rk-puram-lake-to-wear-new-look|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Transport ==
[[File:A WDM 3A loco with Kaacheguda Yesvanthpur Express.jpg|thumb|Kaacheguda Yesvanthpur Express at Ramakistapuram Gate Railway Station.]]

=== Bus Stops ===
R K Puram is well connected by [[TSRTC]] city bus services with [[Secunderabad]]. [[Tirumalagiri]] and [[ECIL X Roads]], by RK Puram Bus Stop and R K Puram Rythu Bazar Bus Stop.

=== Railways ===
It is connected by [[Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System|suburban rail]] system, by [[Ramakistapuram Gate Railway Station]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 January 2020|first=Preeti|last=Biswas|title=GHMC plans new railway overbridge at RK Puram to ease traffic, DPR being finalised |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ghmc-plans-new-rob-at-rk-puram-to-ease-traffic-dpr-being-finalised/articleshow/73620985.cms|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== Metro ===
Nearest [[Hyderabad Metro]] station is Parade Grounds Metro Station.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:Villages in Medchal–Malkajgiri district]]

Free India Society

2025-06-10T19:36:38Z

BXIBerniece: update section additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian student organization in England}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
The '''Free India Society''' was an organization of Indian students in London, founded by [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] in 1906, who drew inspiration from the thoughts of Italian nationalist [[Giuseppe Mazzini]]. The Society was committed to promoting the cause of Indian independence from the [[British Raj]].<ref name="Open"/><ref name="Bidyut"/> It functioned effectively as the London branch of the [[Abhinav Bharat Society]].<ref name="Laursen"/>

==History and activities==
The Free India Society was founded by [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], drawing inspiration from the thoughts of Italian nationalist [[Giuseppe Mazzini]].<ref name="Open">{{cite web |title=Free India Society {{!}} Making Britain |url=https://www5.open.ac.uk/research-projects/making-britain/taxonomy/term/565 |publisher=[[The Open University]] |access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref> It was established in 1906 in London by Savarkar and his associates as a counterpart to the [[Abhinav Bharat Society]] established earlier in [[Pune]]. Envisioned as a nationalist organisation, it soon became a centre for political activism among Indian nationalist students residing in London. The Society invited prominent nationalist leaders from India and organised lectures and interactive sessions. In addition to nationalist meetings, the Society also celebrated Indian cultural festivals and commemorated prominent figures of the Indian freedom struggle.<ref name="Bidyut">{{cite book |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Bidyut |title=Many Ideas of Nationalism in India: Priorities and Challenges |date=27 June 2025 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-040-38708-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5tfEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT184 |access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref> Among its notable members and revolutionaries were [[Bhai Parmanand]], [[Pandurang Mahadev Bapat]], [[Madan Lal Dhingra]], [[Har Dayal]], and Harnam Singh.<ref name="Garg">{{cite book |last1=Garg |first1=Kavita |title=Veer Savarkar: Bestseller Book by Kavita Garg: Veer Savarkar |date=1 January 2020 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5186-390-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GqdwBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Free+India+Society%22&pg=PP8 |access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref> The Free India Society also functioned as a recruiting ground for the Abhinav Bharat Society in London, where Savarkar organised Indian students. Among those who were attracted to his ideological visions also included [[Madam Cama]].<ref name="Grover"/>

In 1907, [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]], the founder of [[India House]] and [[Indian Home Rule Society]], entrusted the management of India House to Savarkar, having developed a paternal affection for him.<ref name="Grover">{{cite book |last1=Grover |first1=Verinder |title=V.D. Savarkar |date=1993 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-425-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwmT2XjEXw0C&dq=%22Free+India+Society%22&pg=PA428}}</ref> After Savarkar took charge of India House, the Society became increasingly active, hosting frequent debates and discourses.<ref name="Trehan"/> [[V. V. S. Aiyar]] was Savarkar's chief aide during this period. The Society gradually replaced the Indian Home Rule Society and functioned effectively as the London branch of the Abhinav Bharat Society.<ref name="Laursen">{{cite book |last1=Laursen |first1=Ole Birk |title=Anarchy or Chaos: M. P. T. Acharya and the Indian Struggle for Freedom |date=1 July 2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-776677-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ferIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 |access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref> Savarkar often read passages from his book ''[[The Indian War of Independence (book)|The Indian War of Independence]]'' during its meetings, using it as a tool for political education and motivation.<ref name="Garg"/> By late 1908, the Society's activities increased significantly. Prominent Indian nationalists such as [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], Gokul Chand Narang, B. P. Pal, [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]], G. B. Khaparde, and R. V. Karandikar visited London and participated in events organised by the Society, where they presented their views before the British public. In July 1909, one of its member, Madan Lal Dhingra, assassinated [[Curzon Wyllie]], a senior British official associated with the [[India Office]]. The act, reportedly inspired by Savarkar's revolutionary philosophy, led to Dhingra's arrest, trial, and death sentence.<ref name="Trehan">{{cite book |last1=Trehan |first1=Jyoti |title=Veer Savarkar: Thought and Action of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar |date=1991 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-322-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JD1ZMJZZNr4C&pg=PA21 |access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India House}}

[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:India House]]
[[Category:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]]
[[Category:1906 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Defunct English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Student societies in India]]
[[Category:Student societies in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Assassinations in India]]
[[Category:Nonviolent resistance movements]]
[[Category:Nonviolence organisations based in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Student newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Student newspapers published in the United Kingdom]]