Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Pranat Tudu

2026-05-06T12:28:40Z

BJRMelisa78144: new new entry with sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pranat Tudu
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Binpur Assembly constituency|Binpur (ST)]]
| predecessor = Debnath Hansda
| term_start = 2026
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Pranat Tudu''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was elected as a Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Binpur Assembly constituency|Binpur (ST)]] constituency in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Pranat Tudu(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BINPUR (ST)(JHARGRAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=505 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Pranat Tudu (BJP) Candidate from BINPUR (ST) Constituency, Dr. Pranat Tudu Political Career, Age, Education, Election Result 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/west-bengal/candidate-dr-pranat-tudu-13177 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tudu, Pranat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

{{WestBengal-politician-stub}}

Dubrajpur Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T12:23:32Z

BJRMelisa78144: created the entry w/ sources

{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dubrajpur
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Dubrajpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Dubrajpur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]
| constituency_no = 284
| established = 1962
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Anup Kumar Saha]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 181,978
}}

'''Dubrajpur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Birbhum district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 284, Dubrajpur Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following: [[Dubrajpur]] municipality, Balijuri, [[Hetampur]], Jashpur, Laxmi Narayanpur, Loba and Paduma [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Dubrajpur (community development block)|Dubrajpur]] [[Community Development Block in India|CD Block]], and [[Khoyrasol (community development block)|Khoyrasol]] CD Block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-09-26 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

Dubrajpur Assembly constituency is part of No. 42 [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/> It was earlier part of [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dubrajpur Election 2021: Assembly Elections News, Dubrajpur Constituency, Vidhan Sabha Seat|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/west-bengal/dubrajpur-election-result-s25a284/|access-date=2021-05-04|website=News18}}</ref>
{| - class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Bijoy Bagdi
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Chandra Naresh Bauri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Anup Kumar Saha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Dubrajpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chandra Naresh Bauri
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anup Kumar Saha
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bijoy Bagdi
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Dubrajpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Anup Kumar Saha]]
|votes = 98,083
|percentage = 47.94
|change = {{increase}}34.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Debabrata Saha|votes=94,220|percentage=46.05|change={{decrease}}5.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Forward Bloc|candidate=Bijoy Bagdi|votes=6,014|percentage=2.94|change={{decrease}}26.90}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=3,157|percentage=1.54|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

In the 2016 elections, Naresh Chandra Bauri of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] defeated his nearest rival, Bijoy Bagdi of [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]].

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Dubrajpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Chandra Naresh Bauri]]|votes=94,309|percentage=51.72|change={{increase}}5.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Forward Bloc|candidate=Bijoy Bagdi|votes=54,415|percentage=29.84|change={{decrease}}18.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Ramprasad Das|votes=25,258|percentage=13.85|change={{increase}}7.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=3,658|percentage=2.01|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Bahujan Mukti Party|BMUP]]
|candidate = Khagen Das
|votes = 2,906
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Biswanath Bauri
|votes = 1,812
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = All India Forward Bloc
|swing =
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=182,358|percentage=84.28|change=-1.48}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 elections, Bijoy Bagdi of AIFB defeated his nearest rival Santoshi Saha of Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Dubrajpur <ref>{{cite web|url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25284.htm|title = Dubrajpur|work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results|publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-05-26|archive-date = 16 May 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516121322/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25284.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=284| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526072642/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=284| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Dubrajpur| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-04-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_2nd_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Dubrajpur |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-04-20 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030419/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_2nd_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Bijoy Bagdi
|votes = 75,343
|percentage = 48.27
|change = -13.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Santoshi Saha
|votes = 72,634
|percentage = 46.54
|change = +22.95#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Paltu Pada Dhibar
|votes = 10,083
|percentage = 6.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 156,064
|percentage = 85.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Forward Bloc
|swing = -36.29#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977–2006===
In the 2006 and 2001 state assembly elections [[Bhakti Pada Ghosh]] of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] won the Dubrajpur assembly seat defeating his nearests Sailen Mahata and Sattick Roy, both of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] respectively. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. [[Bhakti Bhushan Mandal]] of Forward Bloc won the seat from 1977 to 1996, defeating Arun Kumar Chakraborty of Congress In 1996, Bishnu Charan Ghosh of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1991, Gourhari Chandra of Congress in 1987, Nitaipada Ghosh of Congress in 1987 and Enayet Karim Choudhury of Congress in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp286.htm | title = 286 - Dubrajpur Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 2010-10-01 }}</ref>

===1962–1972===
Sachi Nandan Swami of Congress won in 1972. [[Sheikh Manjurul Islam]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won in 1971. Bhakti Bhushan Mandal of Forward Bloc won in 1969. K.N.Bandopadhyay, Independent, won in 1967. Bhakti Bhushan Mandal of Forward Bloc won in 1962. Prior to that the Dubrajpur seat was not there.<ref name=archive>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections | access-date = 2010-10-01 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Birbhum topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Birbhum district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]

1989–90 Ranji Trophy

2026-05-01T11:27:33Z

BJRMelisa78144: adding the stub more to come

{{Use British English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1989–90 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 291px
| fromdate =
| todate =
| caption = The Ranji Trophy, which the winners get.
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = League and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| count = 2
| participants = 27
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[M. V. Sridhar]] (Hyderabad) (729)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1989/90 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1989-90/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Atul Wassan]] (Delhi) (39)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1989/90 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1989-90/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1988–89
| previous_tournament = 1988–89 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1990–91
| next_tournament = 1990–91 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''1989–90 Ranji Trophy''' was the 56th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. Bengal won a rain interrupted final against Delhi on run quotient.

==Group stage==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}

===North Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| 5 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''83''' || 2.387
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| 5 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''73''' || 1.506
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| 5 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''72''' || 1.227
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| 5 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''50''' || 0.699
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Services cricket team|Services]]
| 5 || 0 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''46''' || 0.672
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| 5 || 0 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''27''' || 0.530
|}

===Central Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''61''' || 1.567
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''55''' || 1.173
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''47''' || 1.440
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| 4 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''32''' || 0.682
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''28''' || 0.669
|}

===East Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''61''' || 2.337
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''60''' || 1.449
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''59''' || 1.338
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''28''' || 0.615
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''16''' || 0.399
|}
{{col-2}}

===South Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| 5 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''87''' || 1.545
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 5 || 1 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''81''' || 1.825
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| 5 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''79''' || 1.993
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| 5 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''50''' || 0.690
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| 5 || 0 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''37''' || 0.566
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| 5 || 0 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''27''' || 0.412
|}

===West Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''49''' || 1.493
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''46''' || 1.491
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''40''' || 0.905
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''40''' || 0.658
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''33''' || 0.757
|}
{{col-end}}

== Knockout stage ==
{{Round16

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 100px

|||||
|||||
|||||
|8 Feb 1990 — Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''636'''|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]|394 & 199
|||||
|||||
|||||
|8 Feb 1990 — Jamshedpur|'''[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]] (F)'''|'''567'''|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]|274 & 170/4

|16 Feb 1990 — Secunderabad|'''[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] (F)'''|'''416 & 234'''|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]|203 & 177/3
|16 Feb 1990 — Calcutta|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] '''(Q)'''|312/2|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]|590/5d
|16 Feb 1990 — Baroda|'''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''|'''320 & 275/7'''|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]|405 & 189
|16 Feb 1990 — Delhi|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] (F)'''|'''264/8'''|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]|249

|2 Mar 1990 — Secunderabad|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]|417|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] (F)'''|'''539/8d & 81/1'''
|2 Mar 1990 — Baroda|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]|234 & 225/4|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] (F)'''|'''560'''

|23 Mar 1990 — Calcutta|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] '''(Q)'''|216/4|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]|278

|skipmatch01=yes|skipmatch02=yes|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=no|skipmatch05=yes|skipmatch06=yes|skipmatch07=yes|skipmatch08=no
|RD1 = Pre-Quarter-finals|RD2 = Quarter-finals|RD3 = Semi-finals|RD4 = Finals
|3rdplace=no}}

'''(F)''' – Advanced to next round on First Innings Lead. 
'''(Q)''' – Advanced to next round/won the final on better Quotient.

===Final===
{{Test match
| date = 22–28 March 1990
| team1 = [[Bengal cricket team|Delhi]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bengal]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = 278 (100.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Kirti Azad]] 93 (242)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Rajiv Seth]] 3/73 (25 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 216/4 (63.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Arun Lal]] 52[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Manoj Prabhakar]] 2/42 (19 overs)
| result = Match drawn (Bengal won on runs per wicket)
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]
| umpires = [[R. S. Rathore]] and [[Piloo Reporter]]
| motm =
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/52/52544.html Scorecard]
| toss = Delhi won the toss and decided to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Sourav Ganguly]] (Bengal) made his first class debut.
}}

==Scorecards and averages==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1989-90.html CricketArchive]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1989-90 Ranji Trophy}}
[[Category:1989 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1990 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1989–90]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Meerut Conspiracy case

2026-04-29T20:55:37Z

BJRMelisa78144: starting new entry more to come

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Short description|Controversial court case initiated in British Raj}}
{{Infobox court case
|name = Meerut Conspiracy Case
|court = Court of Meerut, [[British Raj]]
|image = Meerut prisoners outside the jail.jpg
|imagesize = 250px
|imagelink =
|imagealt =
|caption = {{Hidden|Caption|Portrait of 25 of the [[Meerut]] prisoners taken outside the jail. Back row (left to right): K. N. Sehgal, [[Sohan Singh Josh|S. S. Josh]], [[Lester Hutchinson|H. L. Hutchinson]], [[Shaukat Usmani]], [[Benjamin Francis Bradley|B. F. Bradley]], A. Prasad, [[Philip Spratt|P. Spratt]], [[Gangadhar Adhikari|G. Adhikari]]. Middle row: [[Radharaman Mitra|R. R. Mitra]], Gopen Chakravarti, Kishori Lal Ghosh, L. R. Kadam, D. R. Thengdi, Goura Shanker, [[Sibnath Banerjee|S. Bannerjee]], [[K. N. Joglekar]], [[Puran Chand Joshi|P. C. Joshi]], [[Muzaffar Ahmad]]. Front row: M. G. Desai, D. Goswami, R. S. Nimbkar, [[S. S. Mirajkar]], [[Shripad Amrit Dange|S. A. Dange]], [[S. V. Ghate]], Gopal Basak.}}
|full name =
|date decided = January 1933
|citations =
|ECLI =
|transcripts =
|judges =
|number of judges =
|decision by =
|concurring =
|dissenting =
|concur/dissent =
|prior actions =
|appealed from =
|appealed to =
|subsequent actions =
|related actions =
|opinions =
|keywords = 
|italic title = no
}}

The '''Meerut Conspiracy Case''' was a controversial [[court case]] that was initiated in [[British Raj]] in March 1929 and decided in 1933. Several [[trade union]]ists, including three [[Englishmen]], were arrested for organizing an Indian railway strike. The [[British government]] prosecuted 27 [[leftist]] trade union leaders for conspiracy. The trial immediately caught attention in [[England]], where it inspired the 1932 play ''[[Meerut]]'' by a [[Manchester]] [[street theatre]] group, the [[Ewan MacColl|Red Megaphones]], highlighting the detrimental effects of [[Colonization|colonisation]] and [[industrialisation]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080303235605/http://www.wcml.org.uk/internat/meerut.htm ''Meerut'' 1932 play, by Manchester street theatre group the Red Megaphones] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303235605/http://www.wcml.org.uk/internat/meerut.htm |date=3 March 2008 }} ''[[Working Class Movement Library]]''.</ref>

==Background==
The British government was clearly worried about the growing influence of the [[Communist International]]. It was also thoroughly convinced that communist and socialist ideas were being spread to workers by the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI). Its ultimate objective, the government perceived, was to achieve "complete paralysis and overthrow of existing Governments in every country (including India) by means of a general strike and armed uprising".<ref name="Working Class Movement Library"/> The government's immediate response was to mount a conspiracy case, the Meerut Conspiracy Case.

In more than one way, the trial helped the Communist Party of India to consolidate its position among workers. CPI leader [[Shripad Amrit Dange|S. A. Dange]], along with 32 other people, was arrested on or about 20 March 1929 <ref name="Working Class Movement Library"/> and put on trial under Section 121A of the [[Indian Penal Code]]:

<blockquote>Whoever within or without [[British India]] conspires to commit any of the offences punishable by Section 121 or to deprive the King of the sovereignty of British India or any part thereof, or conspires to overawe, by means of criminal force or the show of criminal force, the Government of India or any local Government, shall be punished with transportation for life,<ref>During the British rule, a severe form of punishment was banishing convicts to a penal settlement in [[Andaman Islands]].</ref> or any shorter term, or with imprisonment of either description which may extend to ten years.</blockquote>

==Charges==
The main charges were that in 1921, [[Shripad Amrit Dange|S. A. Dange]], [[Shaukat Usmani]], and [[Muzaffar Ahmad]] joined a conspiracy to establish a branch of the Communist International in India and were helped by various persons, including the accused [[Philip Spratt]] and [[Benjamin Francis Bradley]], who were sent to India later by the Communist International. The aim of the accused persons, according to the charges raised against them, was under section 121-A of the [[Indian Penal Code]] (Act 45 of 1860):

<blockquote>... to deprive the King Emperor of the sovereignty of British India, and for such purpose to use the methods and carry out the programme and plan of campaign outlined and ordained by the Communist International.</blockquote>

The Sessions Court in Meerut imposed stringent sentences on the accused in January 1933. Of the accused, 27 persons were given various lengths of "transportation". Muzaffar Ahmed was transported for life, and Dange, Spratt, Ghate, Joglekar, and Nimbkar were awarded transportation for a period of 12 years. On appeal, in August 1933, the sentences of Ahmed, Dange, and Usmani were reduced to three years<ref>In S. H. Jhabwala And Ors. vs Emperor decided on 3 August 1933 AIR All 690 or 145 Ind Cas 481 http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1416180/</ref> by Sir [[Shah Muhammad Sulaiman]] Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court, on the grounds that the accused had already spent a considerable part of their sentence while they waited for the trial to be decided and because:

<blockquote>... in the case of political offences, arising out of the beliefs of the accused, severe sentences defeat their object. In practice such sentences confirm the offenders in their beliefs and create other offenders, thus increasing the evil and the danger to the public.</blockquote>

The sentences of the others convicted were also reduced.<ref name="Working Class Movement Library">{{Cite web |url=http://www.wcml.org.uk/Main/en/contents/international/india/meerut/ |title=Meerut - the trial |access-date=2 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102125813/http://www.wcml.org.uk/Main/en/contents/international/india/meerut/ |archive-date=2 November 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The convictions of Desai, Hutchinson, Mitra, Jhabwala, Sehgal, Kasle, Gauri Shankar, Kadara, and Alve were overturned on appeal.

==Impact==
All the accused were [[Communism|communists]]. The charges framed against them showed the British government's fear of the growth of communist ideas in India. In the trial, all of the accused were labelled as [[Bolsheviks]]. For four-and-a-half years, the defendants turned the courtroom into a public platform to espouse their cause. As a result, the trial saw strengthening of the communist movement in the country. [[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]], a former General Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], wrote about the aftermath of the Meerut Conspiracy Case:

<blockquote>... a Party with a centralised apparatus, came into being only after the release of the Meerut prisoners, in 1933. The Meerut Conspiracy Case, though launched to suppress the communist movement, provided the opportunity for communists to propagate their ideas. It came out with its own manifesto and was affiliated to the Communist International in 1934.<ref>[http://www.cpim.org/marxist/1995_marxist_cpi_75_hks.htm Surjeet, Harkishan Singh ''75th Anniversary of the Formation of the Communist Party of India''], an article in ''The Marxist'', New Delhi, Volume: 2, No. 1 Issue: January- March 1984</ref></blockquote>

==See also==
* [[Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy case]]
* [[Peshawar Conspiracy Cases]]
* [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]

==Further reading==
* ''Meerut 1929-1932: Statement given in his own defence at Meerut Court, India, against a charge of "Conspiracy against the King"'' by Lester Hutchinson. Manchester Meerut Defence Committee, 1932.
* ''Meerut: Release the Prisoners! A Statement Upon the Meerut Trial and Sentences'', by National Joint Council. Published by National Joint Council, 1933.
* ''Conspiracy at Meerut'', by Lester Hutchinson. Ayer Publishing, 1972, {{ISBN|0-405-04154-3}}.
* ''Meerut Conspiracy Case & the Left-wing in India'', by Pramita Ghosh. Published by Papyrus, 1978.
* ''The Great Attack: Meerut Conspiracy Case'', by Sohan Singh Josh. Published by People's Pub. House, 1979.
* ''Meerut Conspiracy Case and the Communist Movement in India, 1929-35'', by Devendra Singh. Published by Research India, 1990.
* ''Judgment on the Meerut Communist Conspiracy Case'', by Meerut (India). Sessions Court, R. L. Yorke, Adhir Chakravarti, State Archives of West Bengal. Published by State Archives of [[West Bengal]], Education Dept., Govt. of West Bengal, 1991.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071113162238/http://www.wcml.org.uk/internat/meerut1.htm The Meerut Conspiracy Trial: Background, charges and sentences]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080303235605/http://www.wcml.org.uk/internat/meerut.htm ''Meerut'' 1932 play, by Manchester street theatre group the Red Megaphones]
* [https://1drv.ms/f/s!Ao4INuFk6h37iQcs8v_x7MHbONjs Meerut Conspiracy Case - Newspaper cuttings 1929 (link updated 12/2019)]

{{Meerut division topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1933 in case law]]
[[Category:1933 in British India]]
[[Category:January 1933]]
[[Category:1930s trials]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India]]
[[Category:British administration in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Political repression in British India]]
[[Category:History of Meerut]]
[[Category:Indian case law]]

G. K. Venkatashiva Reddy

2026-04-29T13:46:41Z

BJRMelisa78144: created initial entry needs work - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1947)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''G. K. Venkatashiva Reddy''' (born 1947)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a five time member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Srinivasapur Assembly constituency]] in [[Kolar district]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tejaswi |first=Mini |date=2023-05-08 |title=Local officials failed to deliver funds, schemes to people of Srinivasapura: G.K. Venkatashiva Reddy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/local-officials-failed-to-deliver-funds-schemes-to-people-of-srinivasapura-gk-venkatashiva-reddy/article66825937.ece |access-date=2024-07-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He represented [[Indian National Congress]] in the first three terms but was elected as a [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] party candidate in the last two elections he won. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] as a [[JD (S)]] candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=G K Venkatashivareddy in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/g-k-venkatashivareddy-srinivasapur-candidate-s10a144c008/ |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Karnataka election results 2023: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/karnataka-election-results-full-list-of-winners-8606612/ |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Reddy is from [[Srinivaspur|Srinivasapur]], Kolar district. His father is G V Krishnareddy. He completed B.Sc. and LLB from Government Law College, Arahalli, Kolar district.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=G.K. Venkatashivareddy(JD(S)):Constituency- SRINIVASAPUR(KOLAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7066 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy won from [[Srinivasapur Assembly constituency]] representing [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 95,463 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]] of [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 10,443 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Srinivaspur Election Result 2023 Live: Jd(s) Candidate G.k. Venkatashivareddy Wins From Srinivaspur |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/mulbagal-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601863 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-election-results-2023-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

He became an MLA for the first time representing [[Indian National Congress]] from Srinivasapur winning the [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. From then on, he and his rival Ramesh Kumar were alternating as the MLA from this seat. However, his opponent broke the tradition and won twice, consecutively in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kundapura |first=Vishwa |date=2018-05-24 |title=A ‘tradition’ broken in Srinivasapur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/a-tradition-broken-in-srinivasapur/article23978044.ece |access-date=2024-07-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Reddy won in [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]], [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]], [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] and [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prabhu |first=Nagesh |date=2023-05-14 |title=Karnataka election results 2023 {{!}} Everyone who served as Speakers of Assembly lost elections |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/karnataka-election-results-2023-everyone-who-served-as-speakers-of-assembly-lost-elections/article66849569.ece |access-date=2024-07-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He won the [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. In the [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]], he defeated [[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]] an independent candidate by a narrow margin of 1,193 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Karnataka 1999 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1999/karnataka/143/43 |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatashiva Reddy, G. K.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1989–1994]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:People from Kolar district]]

Sanjay Karol

2026-04-23T06:01:11Z

BJRMelisa78144: Made a stub

{{Short description|Judge of the Supreme Court of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjay Karol
| image = Justice Sanjay Karol.jpg
| caption =
| office = Judge of [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start = 6 February 2023
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]]
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Patna High Court|43rd Chief Justice]] of [[Patna High Court]]
| appointer1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator1 = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| term_start1 = 11 November 2019
| term_end1 = 5 February 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Amreshwar Pratap Sahi]]
| successor1 = {{ubl|[[K. Vinod Chandran]]|[[Chakradhari Sharan Singh|C. S. Singh]] ''(acting)''}}
| office2 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Tripura High Court|4th Chief Justice]] of [[Tripura High Court]]
| term_start2 = 14 November 2018
| term_end2 = 10 November 2019
| nominator2 = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| appointer2 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| predecessor2 = {{ubl|[[Ajay Rastogi]]|[[Subhasis Talapatra]] ''(acting)''}}
| successor2 = {{ubl|[[Akil Kureshi]]|[[Subhasis Talapatra]] ''(acting)''}}
| office3 = Judge of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]]
| status3 =
| term_start3 = 8 March 2007
| term_end3 = 13 November 2018
| appointer3 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| term_start4 = 25 April 2017
| term_end4 = 4 October 2018
| status4 = [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]]
| predecessor4 = [[Mansoor Ahmad Mir]]
| successor4 = [[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]]
| appointer4 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| office5 = [[Advocate general (India)|Advocate General]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| term_start5 = 30 March 1998
| term_end5 = 1 March 2003
| appointer5 = [[V. S. Ramadevi]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|08|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Shimla]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Edward's School, Shimla]] [[Himachal Pradesh University]]
| nominator3 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| predecessor5 = Chhabil Dass
| successor5 = M. S. Chandel
| 1blankname5 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata5 = [[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]
}}
'''Sanjay Karol''' (born 23 August 1961) is serving as a judge in [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice Sanjay Karol {{!}} Supreme Court of India {{!}} India |url=https://www.sci.gov.in/judge/justice-sanjay-karol/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251115145848/https://www.sci.gov.in/judge/justice-sanjay-karol/ |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=www.sci.gov.in |language=en-US}}</ref> He is a former chief justice of the [[Patna High Court]] and [[Tripura High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Karol sworn in as new chief justice of Tripura HC |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sanjay-karol-sworn-in-as-new-chief-justice-of-tripura-hc-118111400983_1.html |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref> He has also served as judge and acting chief justice of the [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]]. He also served as [[Advocate general (India)|Advocate General]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ADVOCATE GENERAL HIMACHAL PRADESH |url=https://advocategeneral.hp.gov.in/profile-list |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=advocategeneral.hp.gov.in}}</ref>

==Career==
Sanjay Karol was born in [[Shimla]] in 1961. He passed from [[St. Edward's School, Shimla]] and graduated with History Honours from [[Government College, Sanjauli]]. Sanjay Karol obtained a law degree from [[Faculty of Law, Himachal Pradesh University|Faculty of law, Himachal Pradesh University]] and in 1983 he was enrolled as an advocate, practiced in various courts.

He was appointed as [[Advocate general (India)|Advocate general]] for [[Himachal Pradesh]] in 1998 when [[Prem Kumar Dhumal]] became chief minister following [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. He was appointed as judge of the [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]] in 2007 and also served as its Acting Chief Justice of that High Court from 25 April 2017 till appointment of [[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]] as permanent chief justice on 5 October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://himachalwatcher.com/2018/10/04/looking-back-at-magnificent-tenure-of-justice-sanjay-karol-at-hp-high-court/|title=Looking back at magnificent tenure of Justice Sanjay Karol at HP High Court|date=4 October 2018 |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/two-judges-of-himachal-high-court-take-oath-1130156-2018-01-08|title=Two judges of Himachal High Court take oath|agency=PTI|date=8 January 2018|publisher=India Today|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref> Justice Karol became the fourth Chief Justice of [[Tripura High Court]] on 14 November 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to High Court of Tripura |url=https://www.thc.nic.in/FCJprofile-SK.html |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=www.thc.nic.in}}</ref> He was transferred as [[Chief Justice]] of [[Patna High Court]] on 11 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-10 |title=Justice Sanjay Karol to be sworn-in as new Patna high court chief justice on Monday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/justice-sanjay-karol-to-be-sworn-in-as-new-patna-high-court-chief-justice-on-monday/articleshow/71996831.cms |access-date=2026-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He was recommended by Supreme Court collegium to be elevated as judge of [[Supreme Court of India]] on 13 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2022-12-13 |title=Collegium recommends five judges to be appointed to the Supreme Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/collegium-recommends-five-judges-to-be-appointed-to-the-supreme-court/article66259612.ece |access-date=2026-01-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> However central government cleared his appointment only in February 2023 and he took oath on 6 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-04 |title=Five judges elevated to Supreme Court to take oath today: Who are they? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meet-5-judges-elevated-to-supreme-court-after-centre-s-nod-101675518699620.html |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sitting Judges of the Supreme Court of India}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karol, Sanjay}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Himachal Pradesh High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Tripura High Court]]
[[Category:People from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh University alumni]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:People from Shimla]]

Sachin Sen

2026-04-21T02:58:52Z

BJRMelisa78144: Made new data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{primary sources|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sachin Sen
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1917|06|01}}
| birth_place = Galla village, [[Sylhet]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (present day [[Bangladesh]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1992|03|18|1917|06|01}}
| death_place = Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| term_start = 1977
| term_end = 1992
| predecessor = [[Subrata Mukherjee]]
| successor = [[Rabin Deb]]
| constituency = [[Ballygunge (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ballygunge]]
| office1 = Government Chief Whip, [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1989
| term_end1 = 1991
| predecessor1 = Niranjan Mukherjee
| successor1 = Lakshmi Kanta Dey
| spouse = Sadhana Sen
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| alma_mater = [[MC College|Murari Chand College]], [[University of Calcutta]]
| profession = Politician, social worker
}}

'''Sachin Sen''' (1 June 1917 – 18 March 1992) was an Indian politician belonging to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He was a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Ballygunge]] constituency (1977–1992), and served as Chief Government Whip from 1989 to 1991.

==Early life and education==
Sachin Sen was born on 1 June 1917 in Galla, [[Sylhet District]], [[Bangladesh]]. He attended school at Maulavi Bazar Govt.High School in Sylhet, which is now in Bangladesh. He graduated from the [[Murari Chand College]] under the [[University of Calcutta]]. He was a first division football player.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wbassembly.gov.in/MLA_WhosWho.aspx | title=- West Bengal Legislative Assembly }}</ref>

He joined the [[Communist Party of India]] before India's independence and sided with the CPI(M) after the split.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wbassembly.gov.in/MLA_WhosWho.aspx | title=- West Bengal Legislative Assembly }}</ref> He was also a member of [[All India Students' Federation]].

==Political career==
As a member of the CPIM his work was particularly focused at the grassroots level in refugee settlements in Calcutta.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2015/1227_pd/comrade-noorul-huda-shall-continue-inspire | title=Comrade Noorul Huda Shall Continue to Inspire | Peoples Democracy }}</ref> He was also elected to the Calcutta Municipal Corporation.

He unsuccessfully contested from the [[Rashbehari Assembly constituency|Rashbehari Avenue Assembly constituency]] in the [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] and [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], but lost both times.

He was a member of the CPI(M) Kolkata District Committee and District Secretariat. He was elected to a member of CPI(M) West Bengal State Committee in 1980s.

He was elected from Ballygunge Assembly Constituency, part of South Kolkata Lok Sabha constituency. He was nominated to contest from Ballygunge in 1977 and won the support and confidence of the people. He was re-elected in 1982, 1987, 1991.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wbassembly.gov.in/MLA_WhosWho.aspx | title=- West Bengal Legislative Assembly }}</ref>

Sen also served as the Government Chief Whip in [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] between 1989 and 1991.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wbassembly.gov.in/MLA_WhosWho.aspx | title=- West Bengal Legislative Assembly }}</ref>

He was a senior leader of All India Chemical and Pharmaceutical Employees Federation, too. He was also a member of the general council of [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wbassembly.gov.in/MLA_WhosWho.aspx | title=- West Bengal Legislative Assembly }}</ref>

He has also contributed a lot in pharma industry's field workers movement.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2015/0503_pd/remembering-comrade-p-k-ganguly | title=Remembering Comrade P K Ganguly | Peoples Democracy }}</ref>

==Sports Administration==
Being a football player he was active in sports administration in the state. He was a member of the [[Cricket Association of Bengal]] since 1971.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wbassembly.gov.in/MLA_WhosWho.aspx | title=- West Bengal Legislative Assembly }}</ref>

Sen was also elected to the governing Body of [[Indian Football Association]] since 1989 and was also the General Secretary of [[East Bengal Club]], Calcutta, 1990.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wbassembly.gov.in/MLA_WhosWho.aspx | title=- West Bengal Legislative Assembly }}</ref>

==Controversy==
He was one of the accused in the [[Bijon Setu massacre]], where 16 Hindu sadhus and a sadhvi belonging to Ananda Marga, were burned to death at Bijon Setu, near Ballygunge, Kolkata, in West Bengal, India, on 30 April 1982.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

Although the attacks were carried out in broad daylight, no arrests were ever made. After repeated calls for a formal judicial investigation, a single-member judicial commission was set up to investigate the killings in 2012.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==Personal life==
He was married to Sadhana Sen. The couple had two sons. He died in 1992, while serving as a member of the assembly.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deb, Rabin}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1977–1982]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]

Bathinda Municipal Corporation

2026-04-19T20:11:58Z

BJRMelisa78144: New

{{Short description|Local civic body in Bathinda, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Bathinda Municipal Corporation
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| coa-pic =
| coa-res =
| house_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| preceded_by = Bathinda Municipal Council
| foundation =
| leader1_type = Minister in charge
| leader1 = [[Sanjeev Arora (politician)|Sanjeev Arora]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://punjab.gov.in/department-of-local-government/#tab-3|title=Department of Local Government|website=punjab.gov.in|access-date=6 February 2021}}</ref>
| leader2_type = Mayor
| leader2 = Padamjeet Singh Mehta
| party2 = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| election2 = 2025
| leader3_type = Senior deputy mayor
| leader3 = Sham Lal Jain
| party3 = Aam Aadmi Party
| election3 = 2025
| leader4_type = Deputy mayor
| leader4 = Vacant
| election4 = 2025
| leader5_type = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal commissioner]]
| leader5 = Kanchan, IAS
| election5 =
| seats ='''50'''
| structure1 = India Bathinda Municipal Corporation 2021.svg
| structure1_res = 280px
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (8)'''
* {{Color box|#0066A4}} [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] (8)
'''Opposition (50)'''
* {{Color box|#00BFFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (35)
* {{Color box|#BD710F}} [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]] (7)
'''Ex-officio'''
* {{Color box|#0066A4}} [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] (1)
| first_election1 =
| last_election1 = [[2021 Punjab, India local elections|14 February 2021]]
| next_election1 = 2026
| term_length = 5 Years
| session_res =
| meeting_place =
| website = {{Official website|https://www.mcbathinda.com/}}
| motto =
}}
The '''Bathinda Municipal Corporation''' is a ''[[nagar nigam]]'' ([[urban local body|municipal corporation]]) which administers the city of [[Bathinda]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. It has 50 members elected with a [[first-past-the-post]] voting system and 1 ex-officio member which is MLA for [[Bathinda Urban Assembly Constituency|Bathinda Urban]]. The corporation was founded 2003, and the first elections were held in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Municipal Corporation, Bathinda|url=https://www.mcbathinda.com/AdministrativeMilestones.html|access-date=2021-12-30|website=www.mcbathinda.com}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Mayor==
The '''mayor of Bathinda''' is the elected chief of the Municipal Corporation of Bathinda. The mayor is the first citizen of the city. The role is largely ceremonial as the real powers are vested in the Municipal Commissioner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cms.gcg11.ac.in/attachments/article/233/Mayor.pdf|title=Mayor - Powers and Functions|access-date=4 March 2021}}</ref> The Mayor plays a decorative role of representing and upholding the dignity of the city and a functional role in deliberating over the discussions in the corporation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-20|title=Directly elected mayor: An idea whose time has come|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/directly-elected-mayor-an-idea-whose-time-has-come/story-XUhycvDC7wcTCxthjsUY7O.html|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!S. No.
!Name
!Took office
!Left office
!Tenure
!colspan=2|Party
!Corporation
!Ward No.
!Ref.
|-
!-
|Raman Goyal
|16 April 2021
|5 February 2025
|{{age in years and days|2021|4|16|2025|2|5}}
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-16|title=Bathinda gets its first woman mayor|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/bathinda-gets-its-first-woman-mayor-7275725/|access-date=2021-12-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
!-
|Padamjeet Singh Mehta
|5 February 2025
|Incubment
|{{age in years and days|2025|2|5|}}
|bgcolor=#0066A4|
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|
|
|
|}

==Deputy mayors==
'''Senior Deputy Mayor'''
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!S. No.
!Name
!Took office
!Left office
!Tenure
!colspan=2|Party
!Corporation
!Ward No.
|-
!-
|Ashok Kumar
|16 April 2021
|21 February 2025
|{{age in years and days|2021|4|16|2025|2|21}}
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|
|}

'''Junior Deputy Mayor'''
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!S. No.
!Name
!Took office
!Left office
!Tenure
!colspan=2|Party
!Corporation
!Ward No.
|-
!-
|Harmandar Singh Sidhu
|16 April 2021
|21 February 2025
|{{age in years and days|2021|4|16|2025|2|21}}
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|
|}

== Elections ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Years
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}"|
|bgcolor=#FBB917|
!rowspan=2| Others
!rowspan=2| Total
|-
! [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! 2015<ref>{{Cite news|title=SAD-BJP combine wins Punjab civic polls|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sad-bjp-combine-wins-punjab-civic-polls/articleshow/46384821.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2022-01-01}}</ref>
| 10
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|21
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|8
| 11
! 50
|-
! 2021
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|43
| 7
| 0
| 0
! 50
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bathinda]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Punjab, India]]

Walajapet Kasiviswanathar Temple

2026-04-19T11:27:57Z

BJRMelisa78144: Made a place

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Walajapet Kasiviswanathar Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Kasiviswanathar Temple, [[Walajapet]], [[Ranipet district|Ranipet]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12|55|32.9|N|79|21|34.9|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]
| location = [[Walajapet]]
| elevation_m = 175.69
| deity = Kasiviswanathar
| festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]], Chithirai Thiruvonam,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-12 |title=காசி விஸ்வநாதர் கோயிலில் திருவோண வழிபாடு |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/videos/ranipet-district-news-videos/thiruvona-worship-at-kasi-vishwanath-temple/251279 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=Dinamalar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=shakthionline Team |title=வாலாஜாபேட்டை ஸ்ரீ காசி விஸ்வநாதர் ஆலய திருவோண சிறப்பு வழிபாடு... |url=https://www.shakthionline.com/news/must-read/10048-valajapettai-kasi-viswanathar.html |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=shakthionline |language=ta}}</ref> Yearly abhishekh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lokal Tamil - தமிழ் செய்திகள் |url=https://tamil.getlokalapp.com/tamilnadu-news/vellore/ranipet-town/walaja-varushabhishek-ceremony-at-kashi-vishwanath-temple-11365408 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=tamil.getlokalapp.com}}</ref>
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity = One
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Kasiviswanathar Temple''' is a historical [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to Lord [[Shiva]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Walajapet, History of Walajapet, Walajapet Tourism |url=https://walajapet.tamilnaduonline.in/city-guide/about-walajapet |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=walajapet.tamilnaduonline.in}}</ref> situated in [[Walajapet]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-12 |title=Tamil Nadu Archives |url=https://www.bharattemples.com/tamil-nadu/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=Bharat Temples |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Temples In and Around Vellore |url=https://thetemplesoftamilnadu.tripod.com/id34.html |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=thetemplesoftamilnadu.tripod.com}}</ref> neighbourhood, [[Ranipet district|Ranipet]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in the peninsular [[India]]. This temple is built around 300 years ago.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DIN |date=2018-08-21 |title=ஆக. 30-இல் வாலாஜாபேட்டை காசி விஸ்வநாதர் கோயில் கும்பாபிஷேகம் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/religion/religion-news/2018/aug/22/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%95-30-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-2984902.html |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=தினமணி |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Location ==
This temple is located at an altitude of about {{convert|175.69|m|ft}} with the [[Coordinate system|geographic coordinates]] of ({{coord|12|55|32.9|N|79|21|34.9|E}}) in Walajapet.{{citation needed|date= December 2023}}

== Deities ==
The main deity of this temple is [[Shiva|Kasiviswanathar]] and the Goddess is [[Visalakshi|Kasivisalakshi]]. [[Vishnu|Maha Vishnu]], [[Brahma]], [[Durga]], Rishabarudar, [[Lingam|Shiv lingam]], [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]], Parvathavardhini, [[Dakshinamurti|Dakshinamurthy]], [[Ardhanarishvara|Ardhanareeswarar]], [[Ganesha|Vinayagar]], Pallhani Andavar, [[Kartikeya|Subrahmanya]] with consorts [[Valli]] and [[Devasena]], [[Sun]], [[Moon]], [[Appar|Thirunavukkarasar]], [[Sundarar]], [[Sambandar]], [[Manikkavacakar]], [[Nayanars|63 Nayanmars]], [[Bhairava]], [[Nāga|Nagas]], Chandikeswarar, [[Shani|Saneeswarar]] are the other deities in this temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kasi Viswanathar Walajapet |url=https://milliongods.com/vellore-district-temples/vellore-saivite-temples/kasi-viswanathar-walajapet/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=MillionGods |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Maintenance ==
This temple is maintained under the control of [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arulmigu Kasi Vishvanathar Temple, Walajah - 632513, Ranipet District [TM004156]., |url=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=4156 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=hrce.tn.gov.in}}</ref> [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=nhgmCS4WHGs YouTube - Kasiviswanathar Temple, Walajapet]

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ranipet district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Ranipet district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Ranipet district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu by district]]

Malayalee House

2026-04-11T15:54:38Z

BJRMelisa78144: starting some post initial version

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam reality TV series}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Original research|date=May 2014}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2014}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Malayalee House advert.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption =
| genre = Entertainment
| creator = [[Surya TV]]
| presenter = [[Revathi]]
| num_episodes = 85
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| network = [[Surya TV]]
| company =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|05|05}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2013|08|30}}
| num_seasons = 01
| runtime = 60–75 minutes
| related = [[Bigg Boss]] [[Big Brother (franchise)|Bigg Brother]]
}}

'''''Malayalee House''''' was an Indian [[Malayalam]] TV reality show which aired on [[Surya TV]]. It was an adaptation of ''[[Big Brother (TV series)|Big Brother]]''. The first season started airing on 5 May 2013, and ended on 30 August 2013. [[Revathi]] was the host for the show.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malayalam Tv Serial Malayalee House Synopsis Aired on SURYA TV Channel|url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Malayalam/tv-serials/malayalee-house|website=Nettv4u.com}}</ref>
[[Rahul Easwar]] was declared the winner of the first season, followed by [[Sindhu Joy]] as first runner up and Thinkal Bhal second runner up.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pillai|first=Gayathry V|date=2013-08-31|title=Rahul Easwar – Malayalee House Winner – Oneindia Entertainment|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2013/rahul-easwar-malayalee-house-winner-118685.html|access-date=2013-09-15|publisher=Oneindia}}</ref>

==Concept==
''Malayalee House'' is a [[reality television|reality show]] based on the original [[Big Brother (Netherlands)|Dutch ''Big Brother'']] format developed by [[John de Mol]]. A number of contestants (known as "residents") live in a [[bespoke|purpose-built]] house and are isolated from the rest of the world. Each week, residents nominate one among them for eviction, and the resident who receives the most nominations has to leave the house. The residents in Malayalee House are famous personalities in their respective fields. All the rooms in Malayalee House are locked in the beginning of the show. A room will be opened when a contestant gets evicted. The room to be opened after an eviction will be decided by the contestants through voting.

===The house===
The Malayalee House was built exclusively for the show at a film studio in [[Hyderabad]] owned by actor Nagarjuna. The open area at the center of the house (Nadumuttam) is the center place for all house activities. There is a kitchen, [[Chapel|prayer room]], and several bedrooms in the house. The house has no [[TV]] connection, no [[telephone|phones]], and no [[Internet]] connection or clocks. Residents were overseen by 30 [[Closed-circuit television|close circuit television cameras]] (hidden behind mirrors) 24/7. The house was equipped with LCD displays/speakers through which instructions were given to the contestants. The contestants have named all the cameras and the main camera is called "Kanthaari".

===Rules===
The show consists of 16 'residents' who live together with the main intention of creating a show out of the space and time provided to them. Residents must evict the least liked participant, from the option given to them by the Anchor, based on the rule set (with consideration of the ratings and the response from TV viewers). The rules for the contestants have never been told to the audience. They cannot leave the premises unless they are evicted or due to special reasons (e.g. medical concerns). Some of the contestants may be 'planted' or 'guests'. The audience is made to keep guessing as to who is acting, fake or genuine.

==Publication==
The main television coverage took the form of a highlights programme aired on [[Surya TV]] at 8:00 PM (Mon-Fri). Each episode contains the main events of two days worth of previously recorded footage. The extra video footage that is not part of the daily episode are aired at 10:30 PM on the same day which is called ''Malayalee House -Kaanakazhchakal''.

==Contestants==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:20px;"
|-
! style="width:160px;"|Career!! style="width:200px;" | Contestants
|-
|'''Politics'''||[[Sindhu Joy]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Singer'''||[[Chithra Iyer]]
|-
|Harisankar Kalavoor
|-
| [[Sherrin Varghese]]
|-
|'''Social Activist and Media Professional'''||[[Rahul Easwar]]
|-
|'''Intellectual'''||[[G. S. Pradeep]] (GS)
|-
|'''Director'''||Sojan Joseph
|-
|'''Fashion Choreographer'''||Dalu Krishnadas
|-
| rowspan="6" |'''Actors'''||[[Neena Kurup]]
|-
|Sneha Nambiar
|-
|Bindu Varapuzha
|-
|[[Rosin Jolly]]
|-
|[[Narayanankutty]]
|-
|[[Santhosh Pandit]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''Models'''||Sandeep Menon
|-
|Dr. Asha Gopinathan (Sasha)
|-
|Akshitha
|-
|Thinkal Bhal
|}

==Eviction==

=== Eviction by inmates ===
* In the first week, Bindu Varapuzha was eliminated by 11 votes.
* In the second week, Akkshita was evicted by 9 votes.
* In the third week, Harishankar Kalavoor was eliminated for health reasons.
* In the fourth week, Santosh Pandit was eliminated by 6 votes.

=== Up for public eviction the most times ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:20px;"
|-
! style="width:110px;"|Evictions faced !! style="width:580px;"| Housemate(s)
|-
| 8 || style="text-align:left;"| Sasha
|-
| 5 || style="text-align:left;"| Thinkal Bhal, Rosin Jolly
|-
| 4 || style="text-align:left;"| Sherrin Varghese, Rahul Easwar
|-
| 3 || style="text-align:left;"| Neena Kurup
|-
| 2 || style="text-align:left;"| G. S. Pradeep, Sindhu Joy
|-
| 1 || style="text-align:left;"| Narayanan Kutty, Chitra Iyer, Dalu Krishnadas, Sandeep Menon, Sojan Joseph, Santhosh Pandit
|}

=== Eviction pattern ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:20px;"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Contestant!! style="width:60px;"| Week 1 !! style="width:60px;"|Week 2 !! style="width:60px;"|Week 3!! style="width:60px;"|Week 4 !! style="width:60px;"|Week 5!! style="width:60px;"|Week 6!! style="width:60px;"|Week 7 !! style="width:60px;"|Week 8 !! style="width:60px;"|Week 9 !! style="width:60px;"|Week 10!! style="width:60px;"|Week 11 !! style="width:60px;"|Week 12!! style="width:60px;"|Week 13 !! style="width:60px;"|Week 14!! style="width:60px;"|Week 15!! style="width:60px;"|Week 16!! style="width:60px;"|Week 17

|-
|[[Rahul Easwar]] || || || || || |||| || ||Nominated || || ||Nominated ||Nominated || || ||Nominated|| style="background:lightgreen;"| Winner

|-

|Sindhu Joy || || || || || || || Nominated||Nominated ||||Nominated ||Nominated|| || || || ||Nominated|| style="background:BurlyWood;"|First Runner up
|-
| Thinkal Bhal || || || || || || || Nominated|| || || || || Nominated || || || || Nominated|| style="background:BurlyWood;"|Second runner Up
|-
| Asha Gopinathan || || || || || Nominated|| Nominated|| Nominated|| Nominated|| Nominated|| || Nominated|| Nominated || || || || Nominated|| Evicted
|-
|[[Neena Kurup]] || || || || || || || Nominated|| || Nominated|| || || || || || || Nominated|| Evicted
|-
| [[Rosin Jolly]] || || || || || || || Nominated|| Nominated|| || || || Nominated || Nominated || || || Nominated|| Evicted
|-
| [[G S Pradeep]] || || || || || || || || || Nominated|| || || Nominated || Nominated || || ||Evicted|| style="background:OldLace;"| Guest
|-
| [[Sherrin Varghese]] || style="background:lightgrey;" colspan="6"| || style="background:lightblue;"| Entry|| || Nominated|| || Nominated
| Nominated || Evicted || style="background:pink;" colspan="5" |
|-
| [[Santhosh Pandit]] || || || || Evicted|| style="background:lightblue;"| Re-Entry|| || || || || || Evicted|| style="background:pink;" colspan="7" |
|-
| Sneha Nambiar || || || || || || || || || || || style="background:tomato;"| Disqualified|| style="background:pink;" colspan="7" |
|-
| Sojan Joseph || || || || || || || || || || Evicted || style="background:pink;" colspan="8" |
|-
| Sandeep Menon || || || || || || || || || Evicted ||style="background:pink;" colspan="5" | || style="background:OldLace;"| Guest || style="background:pink;" colspan="3" |
|-
| Dalu Krishnadas || || || || || || || Evicted|| style="background:pink;" colspan="11" |
|-
|[[Chithra Iyer]] || || || || || || Evicted || style="background:pink;" colspan="12" |
|-
|| [[Narayanankutty]] || || || || || Evicted || style="background:pink;" colspan="13" |
|-
| Harisankar Kalavoor || style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightblue;"| Entry || Evicted || style="background:pink;" colspan="15" |
|-
| Akshitha || || Evicted ||style="background:pink;" colspan="11" | || style="background:OldLace;"| Guest || style="background:pink;" colspan="4" |
|-
|| Bindu Varappuzha || Evicted || style="background:pink;" colspan="17" |
|}
:{{Color box|lightgrey|border=darkgray}} Not in MH {{Color box|lightblue|border=darkgray}} Wild Card Entry {{Color box|lightpink|border=darkgray}} Evicted week {{Color box|tomato|border=darkgray}} Disqualified {{Color box|OldLace|border=darkgray}} In MH {{Color box|BurlyWood|border=darkgray}} Finalist {{Color box|lightgreen|border=darkgray}} Winner

=== Timeline of events ===
* Week 1 – Week 4: contestants held a poll to vote out another disliked contestant. Whoever got the maximum votes were evicted that week.
* Week 3: Harisankar Kavaloor was eliminated for medical reasons.
* Week 4: Santhosh Pandit was eliminated by 6 votes by other contestants
* Week 5: Public voting began this week. Narayanan Kutty was eliminated. Due to huge public support Santhosh Pandit made a re-entry via wild card.
* Week 6: Chitra Iyer was eliminated.
* Week 7: Nominations were by playing a surprise game where each contestant is given a set of animal names which they had to match with other contestants. Those contestant whose names were not on the list went for nomination. Sherrin Varghese entered MH as a Planted Contestant.
* Week 8: There was no eviction in this week. Rosin Jolly was removed for some time to make the contestants believe she had been eliminated. However, she returned after a few hours.
* Week 10: For the first time Saasha was not nominated for eviction.
* Week 11: Rahul nominated three contestants for elimination (Asha Gopinathan, Santhosh Pandit and [[Sherrin Varghese]]). [[Thinkal Bhal]] was automatically nominated. Sneha Nambiar was asked to leave the house for violating rules. Santhosh Pandit was evicted this week.
* Week 12: There was no eviction this week as a [[Ramadan]] gift for the nominees.
* Week 13: Sherrin was evicted. The contestants played a game to win a [[Dacia Duster|Renault Duster]] SUV.
* Week 14: Rahul won the SUV. Akshita made a re-entry as a Guest. There was no eviction.
* Week 15: All the inmates were nominated for Week 16 elimination. Sandeep Menon made a guest appearance.
* Week 16: A new competition was held for a [[Tata Nano]] car. Ridhi made a guest appearance in the house. G S Pradeep was evicted. Sindhu Joy won the Nano Car task.
* Week 17: MH completed 100 days on 13 August 2013.

=== Inmates voted against ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:20px;"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Contestant!! style="width:55px;"|Week 1 !! style="width:55px;"|Week 2 !! style="width:55px;"|Week 3 !! style="width:55px;"|Week 4 !! style="width:55px;"|Week 5 !! style="width:55px;"|Week 6 !! style="width:55px;"|Week 7 !! style="width:55px;"|Week 8 !! style="width:55px;"|Week 9 !! style="width:55px;"|Week 10 !! style="width:55px;"|Week 11 !! style="width:65px;"|Week 12 !! style="width:55px;"|Week 13 !! style="width:65px;"|Week 14 !! style="width:65px;"|Week 15 !! style="width:65px;"|Week 16 !! style="width:65px;"|Week 17
|-
| [[Rahul Easwar]] ||Santhosh ||? ||Sasha ||Santhosh ||Santhosh || Sasha|| ||Thinkal ||Sherrin ||Thinkal ||Sherrin, Sasha, Santhosh|| Sherrin || Sherrin || || || || style="background:lightgreen;"|
|-
| Thinkal Bhal ||? || ?|| Chitra ||Pradeep ||Rosin || Pradeep || ||Rosin ||Sasha ||Sojan || || Rosin || Rosin || || || || style="background:BurlyWood;"|
|-
| Sindhu Joy ||Bindu ||? || ||Santhosh||Santhosh||Chitra || || Sasha|| Sherrin || Thinkal || || Sasha || Sasha|| || || || style="background:BurlyWood;"|
|-
| Asha Gopinathan || ?|| ?|| Chitra ||Sneha ||Santhosh ||Pradeep || || Thinkal ||Neena ||Thinkal || || Sindhu || Rosin || || || ||
|-
| [[Neena Kurup]] ||? || ?||Sasha || Pradeep || Narayanan ||Sasha || ||Thinkal ||Sasha ||Sojan || || Sasha|| Rahul || || || ||
|-
| Rosin Jolly || ?||? || Sasha||Narayanan ||Narayanan ||Sandeep || ||Sasha ||Sherrin ||Thinkal || || Sasha ||Sherrin || || || ||
|-
| [[G. S. Pradeep]] ||Akshitha ||Akshitha || ||Santhosh|| Narayanan||Sasha || || Sasha ||Neena ||Thinkal || || Sasha|| Rahul|| || || || style="background:OldLace;"|
|-
| [[Sherrin Varghese]] || style="background:lightgrey;" colspan="6"| || style="background:lightblue;"| ||Sasha ||Sasha ||Sojan ||
| Rahul || || style="background:pink;" colspan="5"|
|-
| [[Santhosh Pandit]] ||Akshitha ||? || || Pradeep || style="background:lightblue;"| Narayanan || || ||Rosin ||Sherrin ||Sojan || || style="background:pink;" colspan="7" |
|-
| Sneha Nambiar || Bindu||? || Sasha||Narayanan ||Santhosh ||Sasha || ||Sasha ||Sandeep ||Thinkal || style="background:tomato;"| || style="background:pink;" colspan="8" |
|-
| Sojan Joseph ||? ||? || Chitra ||Neena ||Sandeep ||Neena || ||Sasha|| Neena || Thinkal || style="background:pink;" colspan="9" |
|-
| Sandeep Menon || Bindu||? ||Chitra ||Rahul ||Santhosh || Chitra || ||Rosin || Rahul ||style="background:pink;" colspan="5" | || style="background:OldLace;"| || style="background:pink;" colspan="3" |
|-
| Dalu Krishnadas ||? ||? ||Chitra ||Santhosh ||Santhosh || Chitra || || style="background:pink;" colspan="11" |
|-
|Chitra Iyer ||? ||? ||Sasha ||Narayanan || Narayanan || Pradeep. || style="background:pink;" colspan="12" |
|-
|| [[Narayanan Kutty]] ||? ||? || Chitra ||Santhosh || Santhosh || style="background:pink;" colspan="13" |
|-
|HarisankarKalavoor|| style="background:lightgrey;"| || style="background:lightblue;"| || || style="background:pink;" colspan="15" |
|-
| Akshitha ||Bindu || Pradeep ||style="background:pink;" colspan="11" | || style="background:OldLace;"| || style="background:pink;" colspan="4" |
|-
|| Bindu Varappuzha || Akshitha || style="background:pink;" colspan="17" |
|}

==Youtube hits==
From the initial episodes itself, the program received very good viewership (approximately 0.25 – 0.3 million per episode) in the Surya TV YouTube Channel.<ref name="SuryaTVYouTube">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLGQGbbxS99cUCLEoXxrw1nT6r5WPiNq76|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608213755/http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLGQGbbxS99cUCLEoXxrw1nT6r5WPiNq76|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-06-08|title=Surya TV Youtube channel| via=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> However, the view count hit below 0.2 million from approximately days 40-50 (eviction week of Chitra Iyer). Later, though, for a brief period, the view count could hit above 0.2 million. From approximately days 70-80 (eviction week of [[Santhosh Pandit]] and the disqualification of [[Sneha Nambiar]]) the viewership again fell below 0.2 million.

== Controversies and criticism ==

===Contestants allowed contact with outside world===
Even though the second title of ''Malayali House'' indicates that there is no connection to the outer world, Pradeep's wife came into Malayali House on 19 June 2013. The episode shows G S Pradeep and his wife use a secret code language to communicate with each other about the outside world and the viewers' opinions. Also, Pradeep's kids, Souparnika and Suryanarayanan; Sojan's kids, Chelsa and Crisa; and Sneha's kids, Varun and Tarun were in Malayali House on the 6th week. In later weeks, more guests were introduced into the house, including Neena's daughter Pavithra. Rahul and Sneha won a contest and were allowed to go out of MH to a mall to view a movie. There, Sneha contacted the outside world using a stranger's phone. She did this in a restroom where there were no crew members. Later, she was disqualified for breaking the rules. Thinkal's sister and Sasha's mother are also allowed in the house as guests.

===Accusations of rigged evictions===
MH was recorded two weeks before it was aired. Therefore, the program completed 100 days on 13 August 2013 but this final episode was aired on 26 August. In spite of this fortnight-long lag, the show had listed contestants for eviction on [[Facebook]] and through [[SMS]]. Since the broadcast events had already taken place, public votes had no effect, but this was not made clear.

Producers brought in Sherrin Varghese as a planted guest. The viewers were never informed of this. [[Sherrin Varghese]] was kept in all the eviction nominations, even though MH had no intention of removing him through public voting.

The hosts of the show decided to invite a public poll for the eviction of housemates from the 5th week onwards. But, one of the housemates [[Santhosh Pandit]] was having the maximum audience support and was evicted in the 4th week by Anand. The audience of the show widely claim that this was a planned move by hosts of the show to evict Pandit. The public support suggested that Pandit was perhaps better off than some of the other participants who have been exposed through the show.<ref name="TOISP">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Santhosh-Pandit-lauded-in-Malayali-house/articleshow/20349966.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608130210/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-30/news-and-interviews/39627571_1_participants-santhosh-pandit-reality-show|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-06-08|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Santhosh Pandit lauded in Malayali house}}</ref> Later the makers of the show admitted that evicting him was a mistake.<ref name="ReporterOnline">{{cite web|date=2 June 2013|title=Santhosh is waiting. Malayalee house to call back.|url=http://www.reporteronlive.com/2013/06/02/21815.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607162239/http://www.reporteronlive.com/2013/06/02/21815.html|archive-date=2013-06-07|website=reporteronlive.com|language=ml}}</ref> The makers of the show surprised the audience and housemates by bring back Pandit as a wildcard entry to the house at the end of the 5th week in a dramatic way. He was introduced back by lowering him from the top with the help of a crane.<ref name="Youtube-suryamalayalam">{{cite web|title=Mr.Santhosh Pandit coming back to MH| via=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kl05wBQXuY8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202232325/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kl05wBQXuY8|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-02-02}}</ref> Santosh Pandit was evicted again on 11th week by public voting.

There has been an outcry on the internet over the eviction of Dalu Krishnadas, Sandeep Menon and [[Santhosh Pandit]]. During the nomination of Dalu, a Facebook poll in Surya TV channel showed the maximum votes of eviction to Neena Kurup and Thingal Bhal. In spite of receiving a huge number of votes for eviction, Neena was not evicted and Dalu was shown going out of the house. Sandeep Menon suffered a similar fate. During the eviction of Santhosh Pandit the second time, the following votes were received by the contestant for eviction in Facebook: Santhosh Pandit (199), [[Sherrin Varghese]] (780), Thinkal Bhal (270), and Asha Gopinathan (227). In spite of receiving the lowest votes, Santhosh Pandit was asked to leave the house. There was an outcry on Facebook and their YouTube channel about the eviction. It became very evident that the show was trying to protect some contestants by the 12th week. Two instances of elimination were canceled when Rosin Jolly was nominated, much to the disdain of the public.

===Criticism from women's groups and on social media===
Many women's organisations such as the Women Commission of [[Kerala]]. The commission has asked for an explanation from Surya TV and discussed the matter in a meeting at [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. It concluded that some participants are degrading female participants in the show. Social media was full of criticism about supposed tastelessness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130618/entertainment-tvmusic/article/malayali-house-under-attack |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626234717/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130618/entertainment-tvmusic/article/malayali-house-under-attack |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 June 2013 |title=Malayali House under attack |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=2013-06-18 |access-date=2013-09-15}}</ref> Earlier, the Democratic Women's Association and DYFI opposed this programme and asked for it to be banned.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dcbooks.com/kerala-womens-commission-against-malayali-house.html |title=Kerala women's commission against Malayali House |publisher=Dcbooks.com |date=2013-05-29 |access-date=2013-09-15 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130826012909/http://www.dcbooks.com/kerala-womens-commission-against-malayali-house.html |archive-date=26 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Manayath |first=Nithin |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/why-we-keep-watching-malayalee-house-and-bigg-boss-081430040.html |title=Why We Keep Watching Malayalee House and Bigg Boss – Yahoo! News India |publisher=In.news.yahoo.com |date=2013-08-19 |access-date=2013-09-15}}</ref>

=== ''Bigg Boss'' copyright infringement ===
A case was filed by [[Endemol India|Endemol]] Group, the makers of the popular reality TV show ''[[Bigg Boss]]'', against the ''Malayalee House'' makers ([[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and Vedartha Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.) for copying the production format of ''Bigg Boss''. Endemol filed a suit in [[Bombay High Court]] against Sun TV Network Ltd. and four others, seeking an injunction to restrain them from exploiting, [[Broadcasting|telecasting]], publicizing or continuing to telecast the reality show ''Malayalee House'' which had allegedly infringing the Group's copyright in the production format of ''Bigg Boss''.<ref name="TOICase">{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-27/mumbai/40232443_1_sun-tv-network-ltd-reality-show-telecast|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703064318/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-27/mumbai/40232443_1_sun-tv-network-ltd-reality-show-telecast|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-07-03|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Bigg Boss makers seek stoppage of telecast of Malayalee House}}</ref>

==Future==
{{Main article|Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series)}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sunnetwork.in/Default.aspx?Lang=malayalam Sun Network ''Malyalee House'' webpage]
* [https://www.facebook.com/MalayaliHouseOfficial ''Malaylee House'' Facebook page]
* [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLGQGbbxS99cUCLEoXxrw1nT6r5WPiNq76 ''Malaylee House'' YouTube channel]
* [https://www.academia.edu/12900873/The_house_of_ill_repute_Malayalee_House_reality_television_and_morality_debates_in_contemporary_Kerala Essay on ''Malayalee House'' by Darshana Sreedhar Mini at the University of Southern California]
*[http://sarai.net/gossip-and-hybrid-televisuality-of-malayalee-house/ Another essay by Darshana Sreedhar]

[[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sun Surya original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]

Ravishankar Dakoju

2026-04-11T11:57:43Z

BJRMelisa78144:

{{Short description|Indian philanthropist and real estate investor}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ravishankar Dakoju
| image = Ravishankar-dakoju-2019.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1953|6|6}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]]
| alma_mater = The National College, Bangalore
| parents = Kamesh Dakoju and Indira Kamesh
| spouse = Paola Ravishankar
| children = Ektaa and Samta
| website = {{URL|http://ravishankardakoju.com}}
}}

'''Ravishankar Dakoju''' (born 6 June 1953) is an Indian philanthropist and [[real estate]] investor. During 2018–19 he was the president of Rotary Bangalore Orchards,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ravishankar Dakoju |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/rotary-president-elect-mark-maloney-the-need-of-every-place-is-identified-by-their-own-rotarians/1404106 |website=www.freepressjournal.in}}</ref> a charitable trust instituted under [[Rotary International]]. In 2018, he became the first Indian national to announce the single largest community development fund from India to [[Rotary Foundation]] at INR 100 Crores<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Rotary member decided to donate millions to Foundation |url=https://www.rotary.org/en/why-rotary-member-decided-donate-millions-foundation |website=www.rotary.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Philanthropist Dakoju Ravishankar felicitated in Vijayawada - Thehansindia |url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/thehansindia-epaper-hans/philanthropist+dakoju+ravishankar+felicitated+in+vijayawada-newsid-91937957 |website=m.dailyhunt.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhagat |first1=Rasheeda |title=A single gift of Rs 100 crore for TRF! |url=https://rotarynewsonline.org/a-single-gift-of-rs-100-crore-for-trf/ |website=rotarynewsonline.org |date=1 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bengaluru-based realtor donates Rs 100 crore to Rotary International community fund |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bengaluru-based-realtor-donates-rs-100-crore-rotary-international-community-fund-84018 |website=www.thenewsminute.com |language=en |date=1 July 2018}}</ref> (USD 14.7 million). It is the second single largest contribution to The Rotary Foundation after the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]]. He is currently a member of the Rotary Club of Bangalore. He is also the founder and managing director of Hara Housing and Land Development Company, a real estate development company based in Bangalore, India.
Declaring that “giving is a duty,” longtime Rotary member Ravishankar Dakoju pledged that he and his wife and fellow club member, Paola Dakoju, would donate approximately US$50 million (4.5 billion Indian rupees) to The Rotary Foundation. Dakoju announced the gift at Rotary’s International Assembly in Orlando, Florida, USA, on 13 January 2026.

== Personal life and education ==
Ravishankar was born in Bangalore in 1953 to Kamesh Dakoju and Indira Kamesh as the sixth among seven children. He is a BA Graduate and has a Diploma in Business Administration & Marketing Management. Ravishankar is married to Paola Ravishankar. They have two daughters, Ektaa and Samta.

== Philanthropy ==
Ravishankar has focused his philanthropic<ref>{{cite web |last1=Basker |first1=C. |title=Let's salute Ravi Shankar for his altruism |url=https://rotarynewsonline.org/lets-salute-ravi-shankar-for-his-altruism/ |website=rotarynewsonline.org |date=30 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=More than 2crore rupees raised at a charity fundraiser through music concert to support the development of Govt Schools in association with UB City – Save Govt Schools |url=https://www.savegovtschools.org/english/more-than-2crore-rupees-raised-at-a-charity/ |website=www.savegovtschools.org}}</ref> work on areas like community development, education, health, sanitation, orphans, senior citizens, tree plantation, animal welfare, lake rejuvenation, and support to physically challenged. He has worked on numerous projects in the North Eastern States like Manipur and Mizoram. Through the Paola Dakoju Ravishankar Foundation, he has completed the construction of a water storage tank with 77,500L capacity at Ijorong, Inpue District, Manipur. The Foundation has also built the Lyzon Friendship School in Khomunnom<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhagat |first1=Rasheeda |title=Building trust in the North-East |url=https://rotarynewsonline.org/building-trust-in-the-north-east/ |website=rotarynewsonline.org |date=1 March 2019}}</ref> Village, [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur District]], Manipur, for 350 students. The Sunbird Ravishankar Farming Knowledge Centre is being built in partnership with the Sunbird Trust at Ijorong.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dakoju, Ravishankar}}
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]

[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:1953 births]]

Korukunna Priyudu

2026-03-27T00:58:51Z

BJRMelisa78144: done

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Korukunna Priyudu
| image = Korukunna Priyudu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Muppalaneni Shiva]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Smt D. Venkata Ramana Chintala Lakshmi
| starring = [[Vadde Naveen]] [[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]]
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| studio = Sri Venkata Sai Pictures
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1997|3|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Korukunna Priyudu''''' ({{Translation|Desired lover}}) is a 1997 Indian Telugu-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Muppalaneni Shiva]] and starring newcomer [[Vadde Naveen]] and [[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/senior-heroine-not-getting-married-again-689229|title=Senior heroine not getting married again!|date=4 June 2021|website=[[The Hans India]]|access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/APND/|title=Korukunna Priyudu (1997)|date=1997|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vadde Naveen]] as Vijay
*[[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]] as Priya
*[[Vanisri]] as Rajeswari
*[[Srihari]] as Bhargava
*[[M. Balayya]] as Vijay's father
*Costumes Krishna as Seshachalam
*[[AVS (actor)|AVS]]
*[[Subbaraya Sharma]]
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*[[Maharshi Raghava]]
*[[Duvvasi Mohan]]
*[[Ramya Sri]]
}}

== Production ==
This film marked the debut of [[Vadde Naveen]] after his previous film ''Kranthi'' initially remained unreleased.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/hero-vadde-naveen-frist-wife-member-of-nadamuri-family-sa-751622.html|title=జూనీయర్ ఎన్టీఆర్ సోదరిని పెళ్ళి చేసుకున్న వడ్డే నవీన్.. కానీ..!|website=[[News18|News18 Telugu]]|date=6 February 2021 |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/hero-vadde-naveen-biography-and-personal-life-details/articleshow/79459671.cms|title=హీరో వడ్డే నవీన్ మొదటి భార్య ఎన్టీఆర్ మనవరాలు.. కొన్నాళ్లకే విడాకులు|website=[[The Times of India|Samayam Telugu]]|language=te|access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tszYn8mUKs|title=Kranthi Telugu Full Movie | Vadde Naveen | Sindhu | Super Hit Telugu Movies | Indian Video Guru|date=24 April 2018|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Korukunna Priyudu - All Songs |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/korukunna-priyudu/EtBUTiQ3544_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=2000|access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kongupatte
| length1 = 5:27
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title2 = Koyilamma
| length2 = 5:20
| lyrics2 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| title3 = Nauty Papa
| length3 = 5:04
| lyrics3 = Chandrabose
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title4 = Oho Vayyaram
| length4 = 4:58
| lyrics4 = Chandrabose
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| title5 = Maina Maina
| length5 = 4:46
| lyrics5 = Chandrabose
| extra5 = [[Devi Sri Prasad|Devi]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| title6 = Nyaya Devathaku
| length6 = 5:03
| lyrics6 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| total_length = 30:38
}}

== Reception ==
Griddaluru Gopalrao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' praised the performances of the lead cast and wrote that although the film has twists and turns, the characters are not well developed. Gopalrao concluded that the director has skillfully crafted the crime scenes, the romantic scenes and the mischievous college scenes, all of which delight the audience with their subtle touches.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Griddaluru Gopalrao |date=1 April 1997 |title=కోరుకున్న ప్రియుడు |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1997/Apr/1-Apr-1997.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224213113/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1997/Apr/1-Apr-1997.pdf |archive-date=24 Feb 2025 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |language=te|page=9}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1579793}}

{{Muppalaneni Shiva}}

[[Category:1997 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Muppalaneni Shiva]]
[[Category:Films scored by Koti (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Satish Gujral

2026-03-25T09:18:13Z

BJRMelisa78144: fixed lead per standard format additionally and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description|Indian painter and sculptor (1925–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Satish Gujral
| image = Satish Gujral photo.jpg
| caption = Gujral in December 2017
| birth_name = Satish Gujral
| birth_date = {{birth date|1925|12|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jhelum (city)|Jhelum]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|3|26|1925|12|25|df=y}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| field = [[Indian art]], [[Indian sculpture|sculpture]], [[mural]] and [[Indian literature|literature]]
| training = Mumbai
| movement =
| works =
| patrons =
| spouse = Kirana Gujral
| children = 3
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]] (1999)
| father = [[Avtar Narain Gujral]]
| relatives = [[Inder Kumar Gujral]] (brother) [[Naresh Gujral]] (nephew) [[Sheila Gujral]] (sister-in-law) [[Feroze Gujral]] (daughter-in-law)
}}

'''Satish Gujral''' (25 December 1925 – 6 April 2020)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://globalnewshut.com/renowned-artist-satish-gujral-passes-away-at-94/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326200056/https://globalnewshut.com/renowned-artist-satish-gujral-passes-away-at-94/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 March 2020 |title=Renowned artist Satish Gujral passes away at 94 |date=2020-03-26 |website=GlobalNewshut |language=en-US |access-date=2020-04-03}}</ref> was an Indian painter, sculptor, muralist and writer of the post-independent era.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/17/stories/2011031760530200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323075128/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/17/stories/2011031760530200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-03-23 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Archive News |date=2011-03-17 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]], the second-highest [[Indian honours system|civilian award]] of the [[Republic of India]], in 1999. His elder brother, [[Inder Kumar Gujral]], was the [[List of Prime Ministers of India|Prime Minister of India]] between 1997 and 1998.

==Early life==
Gujral was born in [[Jhelum (city)|Jhelum]] in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British India]] (now in [[Punjab, Pakistan]]) into a [[Punjabi Hindu]] [[Khatri]] family.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/17747 |title=Satish Gujral, an invaluable pearl of the Indian art world |publisher=Newstrackindia.com |date=2008-01-01 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> He was the son of Indian politician [[Avtar Narain Gujral]] and the brother of [[I. K. Gujral]], the 12th Prime Minister of India; his sister in law, [[Sheila Gujral]], was a noted Hindi poet. His nephew [[Naresh Gujral]] is also a politician.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hebbar|first=Nistula|date=2020-03-27|title=Satish Gujral passes away at 94|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/satish-gujral-passes-away-at-94/article31178795.ece|access-date=2021-06-12|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Education==
Because of his hearing problem, many schools refused admission to Gujral. One day he saw a bird sitting on a tree branch and drew a picture of it. It was an early indication of his interest in painting and later in 1939, he joined the [[Mayo School of Arts, Lahore|Mayo School of Arts]] in [[Lahore]], to study applied arts. He moved to [[Bombay]] in 1944 and enrolled in [[Sir JJ School of Art|the Sir JJ School of Art]]. In 1947, due to a recurring sickness, he was forced to drop out of school and leave Bombay.

In 1952, Gujral received a scholarship to study at the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]] in [[Mexico City]], where he was apprenticed to the renowned artists [[Diego Rivera]] and [[David Alfaro Siqueiros]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/memories-of-partition-and-more-from-ace-artist-satish-gujral-news-others-qctpEgagchjje.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916160737/http://www.sify.com/news/memories-of-partition-and-more-from-ace-artist-satish-gujral-news-others-qctpEgagchjje.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-09-16 |title=Memories of partition and more from ace artist Satish Gujral |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref>

[[File:Mural by Satish Gujral (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana).jpg|thumb|A mural by Satish Gujral at [[Punjab Agricultural University]] campus in [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab]]]]

==Works==
The [[Partition of India]] and the associated agony of the immigrants impacted a young Satish and manifested itself in the artworks he created. From 1952 to 1974, Gujral organised shows of his sculptures, paintings and graphics in many cities across the world such as [[New York City]], [[New Delhi]], [[Montreal]], [[Berlin]] and [[Tokyo]], among others.<ref>{{cite web |work= famouspunjabi.com |url= http://famouspunjabi.com/satish-gujral |title= Satish Gujral |access-date= 27 June 2015}}</ref>

Gujral was also an architect and his design of the [[Embassy of Belgium, New Delhi|Belgium Embassy in New Delhi]] was selected by the international forum of architects as one of the finest buildings built in the 20th century.

==Personal life==
Gujral lived with his wife Kiran (1937–2024) in New Delhi. Their son Mohit Gujral, who is an architect, is married to former model, [[Feroze Gujral]]. They also have 2 daughters, Alpana, a jewellery designer, and [[Raseel Gujral Ansal]], an interior designer and owner of Casa Paradox & Casa Pop and is married to Navin Ansal.<ref>{{cite web|author=Rashmi Hemrajani |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_art-inspired-jewellery_1810426 |title=Art-inspired jewellery | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=2013-03-13 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
Dozens of documentaries have been made recording Gujral's work. The [[Films Division of India]] produced a [[Short film|short]] [[documentary film]] on his life, titled ''Satish Gujral'', directed by [[Balwant Gargi]] it provides an overview of his life and works.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Satish Gujral {{!}} Films Division|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/satish-gujral|access-date=2021-06-12|website=filmsdivision.org|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612093919/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/satish-gujral|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He was also part of the 2007 [[BBC]] [[television film]], ''Partition: The Day India Burned''. A 24-minute documentary called "A Brush with Life" was released on 15 February 2012 which was based on his own book with the same name. Four books of his work have been published, including an autobiography.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Official Website|url=http://www.satishgujral.com/|access-date=2016-12-01|publisher=Satish Gujral}}</ref>

== Global policy ==
Along with his brother [[Inder Kumar Gujral]], he was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a [[world constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961 |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.6 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref> As a result, for the first time in human history, a [[World Constituent Assembly]] convened to draft and adopt the [[Constitution for the Federation of Earth]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preparing earth constitution {{!}} Global Strategies & Solutions {{!}} The Encyclopedia of World Problems |url=http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 |url-status=dead |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The Encyclopedia of World Problems {{!}} Union of International Associations (UIA) |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719215501/http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 }}</ref>

==Awards==
Gujral was awarded India's second-highest civilian honour [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1999. In April 2014, he was honoured with [[NDTV Indian of the Year]] Award.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amjad Ali Khan, Satish Gujral honoured with NDTV Indian of the Year Award|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/amjad-ali-khan-satish-gujral-honored-with-ndtv-indian-of-the-year-award/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=29 April 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Manjit Bawa]]
*[[Sobha Singh (painter)|Sobha Singh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.saffronart.com/artists/satish-gujral "Satish Gujral Profile, Interview and Artworks"]
*[http://www.zingyhomes.com/thought-leaders/shri-satish-gujral "Satish Gujral on the Architect in him"]
*{{IMDb name|id=nm11569478}}

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{World Constitutional Convention call signatories}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujral, Satish}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jhelum]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Indian male sculptors]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian graphic designers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts]]
[[Category:National College of Arts alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian architects]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Male artists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Government College of Art, Chandigarh alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:World Constitutional Convention call signatories]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Copyright law of India

2026-03-13T07:46:20Z

BJRMelisa78144:

{{Short description|Laws relating to copyright in India}}
The Copyright Act, 1957 as amended governs the subject of copyright law in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction|url=https://copyright.gov.in/|url-status=live|website=|publisher=Copyright Office, Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613112652/http://www.copyright.gov.in:80/ |archive-date=2006-06-13 }}</ref> The Act is applicable from 21 January 1958.<ref name=":0"/> The history of copyright law in India can be traced back to its colonial era under the [[British Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Scaria|first=Arul George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4LRAwAAQBAJ|title=Piracy in the Indian Film Industry: Copyright and Cultural Consonance|date=2014-05-15|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-06543-7|pages=47–53}}</ref> The Copyright Act 1957 was the first post-independence copyright legislation in India and the law has been amended six times since 1957.{{sfnp|Das, Law of Copyright|2021|pp=88}} The most recent amendment was in the year 2012, through the Copyright (Amendment) Act 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India. The Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012 (Act No. 27 of 2012)|url=https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/legislation/details/13230|url-status=live|access-date=|website=|publisher=[[WIPO Lex]] of the World Intellectual Property Organization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725170751/https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/legislation/details/13230 |archive-date=2019-07-25 }}</ref>

India is a member of most of the important international conventions governing the area of copyright law, including the [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention of 1886]] (as modified at Paris in 1971), the [[Universal Copyright Convention|Universal Copyright Convention of 1951]], the [[Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations|Rome Convention of 1961]] and [[Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights|the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)]].<ref>[http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=IN India], [[WIPO Lex]], World Intellectual Property Organization</ref> Initially, India was not a member of the [[World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty|WIPO Copyright Treaty]] (WCT) and the [[WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty]] (WPPT) but subsequently entered the treaty in 2013.

==Applicable Copyright Act before 1958==

Prior to 21 January 1958, the Indian Copyright Act, 1914, was applicable in India and still applicable for works created prior to 21 January 1958, when the new act came into force.<ref name=":0"/> The Indian Copyright Act, 1914 was based on the Imperial [[Copyright Act 1911]] passed by the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]], but was slightly modified in terms of its application to Indian law.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Indian Copyright Act, 1914|url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/in/in121en.pdf|website=|via=World Intellectual Property Organization}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Copyright Act 1957|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/old-html/indianbrodcast/legalreso/Introforcopy.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822014224/http://www.indiantelevision.com/old-html/indianbrodcast/legalreso/Introforcopy.htm|archive-date=22 August 2015|website=IndianTelevision.com}}</ref> According to this act, the period of copyright for photographs was 50 years from the time it was created (act language is: "the term for which copyright shall subsist in photographs shall be fifty years from the making of the original negative from which the photograph was directly or indirectly derived, and the person who was owner of such negative at the time when such negative was made shall be deemed to be the author of the work, and, where such owner is a body corporate, the body corporate shall be deemed for the purposes of this Act to reside within the parts of His Majesty's dominions to which this Act extends if it has established a place of business within such parts.")<ref>{{cite web|title=Copyright Act 1911|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/1-2/46/contents/enacted|website=|publisher=|via=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)]]}}</ref> For photographs published, before 21 January 1958 in India, the period of copyright is thus 50 years, as for them the old Act is applicable.<ref name=":0"/>{{failed verification|date=September 2021}}

==Definition of copyright==
Copyright is a bundle of rights given by the law to the creators of literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works and the producers of cinematograph films and sound recordings. The rights provided under Copyright law include the rights of reproduction of the work, communication of the work to the public, adaptation of the work and translation of the work. The scope and duration of protection provided under copyright law varies with the nature of the protected work.

In a 2016 copyright lawsuit, the [[Delhi High Court]] states that copyright is "not an inevitable, divine, or natural right that confers on authors the absolute ownership of their creations. It is designed rather to stimulate activity and progress in the arts for the intellectual enrichment of the public. Copyright is intended to increase and not to impede the harvest of knowledge. It is intended to motivate the creative activity of authors and inventors in order to benefit the public."<ref name="techdirt-indcopy">{{cite web|last=Masnick|first=Mike|date=19 September 2016|title=Indian Court Says 'Copyright Is Not An Inevitable, Divine, Or Natural Right' And Photocopying Textbooks Is Fair Use|url=https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20160917/00432335547/indian-court-says-copyright-is-not-inevitable-divine-natural-right-photocopying-textbooks-is-fair-use.shtml|access-date=19 September 2016|website=Techdirt}}</ref>

==Types of works protected==
The Indian copyright law protects literary works, dramatic works, musical works, artistic works, cinematograph films and sound recordings.<ref>Sec. 2(y) of Copyright Act 1957.</ref>
===Freedom of panorama===
{{excerpt|Freedom of panorama|India}}

== Duration of copyright protection under the Copyright Act 1957==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
* Literary
*dramatic,
*musical and
*artistic works

|lifetime of the author + sixty years<ref name="bits-pilani.ac.in">[https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/uploads/Patent_ManualOct_25th_07.pdf Intellectual Property Rights. A Manual.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326101950/https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/uploads/Patent_ManualOct_25th_07.pdf |date=2023-03-26 }} Entrepreneurship Development and IPR unit. BITS-Pilani. 2007.</ref> from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the author dies.
|-
|
*Anonymous and pseudonymous works
*Cinematograph films
*Sound records
*Government work
*Public undertakings
*International Agencies
*photographs
|until sixty years<ref name="bits-pilani.ac.in"/> from the beginning of the calendar years next following the year in which the work is first published<ref name=":1" />
|-
|}

==Foreign works==
Copyrights of works of the countries mentioned in the International Copyright Order are protected in India, as if such works are Indian works. The term of copyright in a work shall not exceed that which is enjoyed by it in its country of origin.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Copyright Order, 1999|url=http://copyright.gov.in/documents/international%20copyright%20order.htm|via=Copyright Office, Government of India.}}</ref>

== Ownership of copyright under the Copyright Act 1957==
The author of a work is generally considered as the first owner of the copyright under the Copyright Act 1957.<ref>Section 17 of the Copyright Act 1957</ref> However, for works made in the course of an author's employment under a "contract of service" or apprenticeship, the employer is considered as the first owner of copyright, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary.<ref name=":1">Sec. 22-29 of the Copyright Act 1957</ref>

The concept of [[Joint authorship#Joint Authorship: The law in India|joint authorship]] is recognised in Section. 2(z) of the Act which provides that "''a work produced by the collaboration of two or more authors in which the contribution of one author is not distinct from the contribution of the other author or authors"'' is a work of joint authorship. This concept has been elucidated in cases like [[Joint authorship#Relevant Case|Najma Heptulla v. Orient Longman Ltd. and Ors]].

Section 19 of the Copyright Act 1957 lays down the modes of assignment of copyright in India. Assignment can only be in writing and must specify the work, the period of assignment and the territory for which assignment is made.<ref>Sec.19(2) of the Copyright Act 1957</ref> If the period of assignment is not specified in the agreement, it shall be deemed to be five years and if the territorial extent of assignment is not specified, it shall be presumed to be limited to the territories of India.<ref>Sec 19(5) and 19(6) of Copyright Act 1957</ref> In a recent judgement (''Pine Labs Private Limited vs Gemalto Terminals India Limited''), a division bench of the [[Delhi High Court]] confirmed this position and held that in cases wherein the duration of assignment is not specified, the duration shall be deemed to be five years and the copyright shall revert to the author after five years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pine Labs vs Gemalto Terminals|url=http://lobis.nic.in/dhc/AKS/judgement/01-10-2011/AKS03082011FAOOS6352009.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201004419/http://lobis.nic.in/dhc/AKS/judgement/01-10-2011/AKS03082011FAOOS6352009.pdf|archive-date=2012-02-01|access-date=2011-10-29}}</ref>

==Exceptions to copyright infringement in India==
{{anchor | Allow | Allowed | Exception | Exceptions }}

The Copyright Act 1957 exempts certain acts from the ambit of copyright infringement.<ref>Sec. 52 of the Copyright Act 1957</ref> Section 52 of Copyright Act, 1957 deal with the ''Fair Dealing Exceptions''.<ref name=fair1>[https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1013176 Rail Dealing Use], Indian Kanoon, accessed 19 Sept 2025.</ref>

===Permissible===

India follows a hybrid approach that allows:

* [[fair dealing]] with any copyrighted work for certain specifically mentioned purposes<ref>Sec. 52(1)(a) of the Copyright Act 1957</ref> and

* certain specific activities enumerated in the statute.<ref>Secs.52(1)(aa)to(zc) of the Copyright Act 1957</ref>

===Permissible use under fair dealing===
{{anchor | AllowFair }}

India follows a narrower approach, called ''fair dealing'', towards copyright exceptions compared to American legal concept of [[fair use]]. While many people tend to use the term [[fair use]] to denote copyright exceptions in India, it is a factually wrong usage, because the correct term for India is ''fair dealings''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rathod|first=Sandeep Kanak|date=28 May 2012|title=Fair Use: Comparing US and Indian Copyright Law|url=https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2012/05/sandeep-kanak-rathod-copyright/|url-status=live|publisher=Jurist. University of Pittsburgh.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129085659/https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2012/05/sandeep-kanak-rathod-copyright/ |archive-date=2022-01-29 }}</ref> While the [[fair use]] approach followed in the US can be applied for any kind of uses, the narrower [[fair dealing]] approach followed in India is clearly limited towards the purposes of

# private or personal use, including research,<ref>Sec. 52(1)(a)(i) of the Copyright Act 1957</ref> and education,<ref name="ht-copyshop"/>
# criticism or review,<ref>Sec. 52(1)(a)(ii) of the Copyright Act 1957</ref>
# reporting of current events and current affairs, including the reporting of a lecture delivered in public.<ref>Sec. 52(1)(a)(iii) of the Copyright Act 1957.</ref> For example, based on the Indian copyright law, one can use a screenshot or a downloaded image of a copyrighted airport layout (for an ongoing construction, upgrade, or future development plan) for public use. This includes things like for-profit commercial news reporting or on a not-for-profit platform such as [[Bharatpedia]]. However, be aware that Bharatpedia may have its own rules that may or may not restrict this (see [[Commons:Screenshots]] and [[Bharatpedia:Uploading images]]), even if it's permitted under Indian law.

'''Case law example for permissible use of copyrighted material:''' While the term [[fair dealing]] has not been defined anywhere in the Copyright Act 1957, the concept of '[[fair dealing]]' has been discussed in different judgments, including the decision of the Supreme Court of India in Academy of General Education v. B. Malini Mallya (2009) and the decision of the [[High Court of Kerala]] in [[Civic Chandran v. Ammini Amma]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Gopalakrishnan|first1=N. S.|url=|title=Principles of Intellectual Property|last2=Agitha|first2=T. G.|date=2014|publisher=Eastern Book Company|isbn=978-81-7012-157-2|pages=369–393|language=en}}</ref>
: In September 2016, the Delhi High Court ruled in Delhi University's [[Rameshwari Photocopy Service shop copyright case|Rameshwari Photocopy Service shop case]], which sold photocopies of chapters from academic textbooks was not infringing on their publisher's copyright, arguing that the use of copyright to "stimulate activity and progress in the arts for the intellectual enrichment of the public" outweighed its use by the publishers to maintain commercial control of their property.<ref name="techdirt-indcopy" /><ref name="ht-copyshop">{{cite web|last=Singh|first=Rocky Soibam|date=16 September 2016|title=Publishers lose copyright case against DU's photocopy shop|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/publishers-lose-copyright-case-against-du-s-photocopy-shop/story-Yly8FJ1mNjf71snIL8tpvO.html|access-date=19 September 2016|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> However, in December 2016, the ruling was reversed and taken back to court, citing that there were "triable issues" in the case.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jain|first=Akanksha|date=2016-12-09|title=DU photocopy case: court restores copyright suit by publishers for trial|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/DU-photocopy-case-court-restores-copyright-suit-by-publishers-for-trial/article16783415.ece|access-date=2022-01-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Permissible use under panorama===
{{anchor | AllowPanorama }}

India's copyright law under Sections 52(s), 52(t), and 52( allows permissible free use of copyrighted material under the ''Freedom of Panorama'' (FoP).<ref name=fair1/>

* Section 52(s): “the making or publishing of a painting, drawing, engraving or photograph of a work of architecture or the display of a work of architecture” is exempt.<ref name=fair1/>

* Section 52(t): similar exemption for sculptures or other works of artistic craftsmanship that are permanently situated in a public place or premises accessible to the public.<ref name=fair1/>

* Section 52(u): allows inclusion of such artistic works in cinematograph film, etc., if they are permanently situated in a publicly accessible place; or are incidental/background.<ref name=fair1/>

==Remedies available against copyright infringement in India==
The Copyright Act 1957 provides three kinds of remedies - administrative remedies, civil remedies and criminal remedies.<ref>Copyright Act 1957</ref> The administrative remedies provided under the statute include detention of the infringing goods by the customs authorities.<ref>Sec. 53 of the Copyright Act 1957</ref> The civil remedies are provided under Chapter XII of the Copyright Act 1957 and the remedies provided include [[injunctions]], [[damages]] and [[account of profits]].<ref>Sec. 55 of Copyright Act 1957</ref> The criminal remedies are provided under Chapter XIII of the statute and the remedies provided against copyright infringement include imprisonment (up to 3 years) along with a fine (up to 200,000 Rupees).<ref>Secs. 63 and 63A of the Copyright Act 1957</ref>

'''Jurisdiction [Place of Suing] Under Copyright Act, 1957''' - in 2015 the jurisdiction law regarding copyright violation underwent significant change through the judgement of the Supreme Court in the 2015 case [https://advocatespedia.com/Indian_Performing_Rights_Society_Ltd._V._Sanjay_Dalia_%26_Anr. Indian Performing Rights Society Ltd. Vs. Sanjay Dalia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408133509/https://advocatespedia.com/Indian_Performing_Rights_Society_Ltd._V._Sanjay_Dalia_%26_Anr. |date=2022-04-08 }} – If cause of action has arisen wholly or in part in place where plaintiff resides or is doing business suit has to be filed at such place – Plaintiff cannot drag defendant to far off place under guise that he carries business there also. --- Interpretation of statutes – Mischief Rule – Construction that suppresses even counter mischief has to be adopted.

==See also==
*[[Registrar of Copyrights (India)]]
*[[Public domain in India]]
* [[National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy – Government of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book|last=Das|first=Jatindra Kumar|url=|title=Law of Copyright|date=2021|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-948002-1-7|language=en|ref={{sfnref|Das, Law of Copyright|2021}}}}
* The Copyright Act, 1957

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal|last1=Deka|first1=Maitrayee|date=2017|title=Calculation in the pirate bazaars|journal=Journal of Cultural Economy|volume=10|issue=5|pages=450–461|doi=10.1080/17530350.2017.1352009|s2cid=56318191|url=http://repository.essex.ac.uk/23285/1/Calculation_in_the_pirate_bazaars.pdf}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Baxi|first=Upendra|date=1986|title=Copyright Law and Justice in India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43951048|journal=Journal of the Indian Law Institute|volume=28|issue=4|pages=497–540|jstor=43951048|issn=0019-5731}}
*{{Cite journal|last=James|first=T C|date=September 2002|title=Indian Copyright Law and Digital Technologies|journal=Journal of Intellectual Property Rights|volume=7|pages=423–435}}
* {{Cite web|last=|first=|date=27 June 2021|title=Copyright law in digital era|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/business-laws/copyright-law-in-digital-era/article35004543.ece|access-date=2022-01-20|website=The Hindu Business Line}}
* {{Cite web|last1=Ramdas|first1=Varun|last2=Venkatesan|first2=Shweta|date=2020-11-25|title=Why India needs to modernise its copyright laws for the digital era|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/why-india-needs-to-modernise-its-copyright-laws-for-the-digital-era/550243/|access-date=2022-01-20|website=ThePrint}}
* {{Cite web|last1=Datta|first1=Ameet|last2=Mandal|first2=Suvarna|date=2015-07-20|title='Originality' concept under India's copyright regime|url=https://law.asia/originality-concept-under-indias-copyright-regime/|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Law.asia|publisher=India Business Law Journal}}

== External links ==
{{Wikisource|Indian Copyright Law}}
* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014060929/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Copyright%20rules,%202013/Copy%20Right%20Rules,%202013.pdf|date=2020-10-14 |title=Copyright Rules, 2013}}
* [http://www.copyright.gov.in Official website of Registrar of Copyright]
* [http://copyright.gov.in/Documents/CopyrightRules1957.pdf Indian Copyright Act, 1957: Full text]
* [http://copyright.gov.in/Documents/handbook.html A Handbook of Copyright Law]
* [http://www.copyright.gov.in/Documents/CRACT_AMNDMNT_2012.pdf Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012]
* [http://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l195-Copyright-Law-in-India.html Copyright law in India]

{{Asia topic|Copyright law of |state=collapsed}}
{{Copyright law by country|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Copyright law by country|India]]
[[Category:Law of India]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]

Jawaan

2026-03-10T21:08:06Z

BJRMelisa78144: slightly rework formatting based on references per standard format

{{Short description|2017 Telugu action thriller film by B.V.S.Ravi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{About|the 2017 Telugu film|the 2023 Hindi film|Jawan (film){{!}}''Jawan'' (film)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jawaan
| image = Jawaan poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[B. V. S. Ravi]]
| producer = Krishna Kommalapati
| writer = B. V. S. Ravi Kalyan Varma Dandu Sai Krishna Vamsi Balapanuri
| starring = [[Sai Dharam Tej]] [[Mehreen Pirzada]] [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] [[Subbaraju]]
| music = [[S. Thaman]]
| cinematography = [[K. V. Guhan]]
| editing = M. S. Rajashekhar Reddy (S. R. Shekhar)
| studio = Arunachal Creations
| released = {{Film date|2017|12|01|df=yes}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = ₹17.4 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Jawaan Final WW Collections
|url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=4165&cid=6&fid=5787 |website=andhraboxoffice |language=en |date=1 March 2018 |access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''''Jawaan''''' ({{translation|Soldier}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama]] film directed by [[B. V. S. Ravi]] and produced by Krishna Kommalapati, under Arunachal Creations. It stars [[Sai Dharam Tej]] and [[Mehreen Pirzada]] while [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] and [[Subbaraju]] play the antagonists. The music was composed by [[S. Thaman]]. ''Jawaan'' was released worldwide on 1 December 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/previews/jawaan/articleshow/61858943.cms|title = Jawaan| newspaper=The Times of India | last1=Nyayapati | first1=Neeshita }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Yellapragada Jai is a proud [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] volunteer who wants to serve India by working for [[DRDO]]. After giving an interview to DRDO, his selection is put on hold for an indefinite period as a better candidate is selected. This is also the time when Jai's childhood friend, Keshava, who is a dreaded international criminal based in [[Hong Kong]], plans to get hold of the new missile system which has been developed by DRDO, in Hyderabad. He is on the payroll of foreign enemies working to destroy India. How Jai, with the help of his friends and police, defeats the heinous plans of Keshava by killing him and his henchmen in the climax even at the cost of danger to his family forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Sai Dharam Tej]] as Yellapragada Jai
* [[Mehreen Pirzada]] as Bhargavi
* [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] as Keshava
* [[Subbaraju]] as Iqbal
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Yellapragada Ramachandra Rao, Jai's father
* [[Easwari Rao]] as Yellapragada Lakshmi, Jai's mother
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Prakash Rao, Jai's uncle
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Raghavaram, Keshava's father
* [[Nagendra Babu]] as [[Police Commissioner|Commissioner]]
* Appaji Ambarisha Darbha as Senior Scientist
* [[Anish Kuruvilla]] as a DRDO scientist
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Rajesh, Jai's friend
* [[Raj Madiraju]] as Bhargavi's father
* [[Madhunandan]] as Jai's friend
* Karunya Chowdary as Jai's sister
* Sashidhar as Jai's brother
* Revathi as Jai's sister-in-law
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The film's soundtrack was composed by [[S. Thaman]].
{{Infobox album
| name = Jawaan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = S.Thaman
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 19 November 2017
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:35
| label = Mango Music
| producer = S. Thaman
| prev_title = [[Raju Gari Gadhi 2]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Golmaal Again]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 20:37
| headline = Traack-List
| title1 = Intiki Okkadu Kavale
| length1 = 04:13
| lyrics1 = Krishna Kanth
| extra1 = Aditya, Raghuram, Saketh, Sri Krishna
| title2 = Aunanaa Kaadanaa
| length2 = 04:30
| lyrics2 = Krishna Kanth
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Thaman S
| title3 = Bangaru
| length3 = 04:17
| lyrics3 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]]
| extra3 = Deepu, [[Raashii Khanna]]
| title4 = Bugganchuna
| extra4 = [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]], Lipsika
| length4 = 04:02
| lyrics4 = [[Sri Mani]]
| title5 = Bomma Adirindhi
| extra5 = Saketh, [[Mohana Bhogaraju]]
| length5 = 03:35
| lyrics5 = Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar
}}

==Production==
The movie was launched on 30 January 2017 with a formal pooja ceremony. The ceremony was flanked by many from [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]]. [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.|Jr NTR]] sounded the clapboard, while [[Koratala Siva]] switched on the camera and [[V. V. Vinayak]] directed the first shot.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/muhurat-jawan.html | title= Sai Dharam Tej's "Jawaan" launched | accessdate= 13 June 2017 |publisher=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> The Pre-look of the movie was released on 8 June 2017.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://idlebrain.com/news/today/prelook-jawaan.html | title= Sai Dharam Tej's "Jawaan" pre-look released | accessdate= 13 June 2017 |publisher=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
The prerelease event was conducted on 19 November 2017 in Hyderabad at Peoples Plaza, where audio of the movie was released. Director [[Koratala Siva]] and [[V. V. Vinayak]] attended as the chief guest.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdvaEmEZPFI | title= "Sai Dharam Tej's" "Jawaan" PreRelease Event | accessdate= 19 November 2017 |publisher= Mango Music}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt7208648}}

[[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2017 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]

H. R. Shah

2026-03-08T17:00:08Z

BJRMelisa78144: created

{{short description|Indian-American entrepreneur and media personality}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = H. R. Shah
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Bahadarpur, Gujarat, India
| occupation = Entrepreneur, media personality
| known_for = Chairman and CEO of [[TV Asia]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2017)
| website =
}}

'''H. R. Shah''', also known as '''Hasmukh Shah,''' is an [[Indian Americans|Indian American]] [[Entrepreneurship|entrepreneur]] and [[celebrity|media personality]]. He is the Chairman and CEO of [[TV Asia]] and the Chairman of [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] (USA). He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honour, in 2017 in the field of literature and education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2017 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=157675 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506125413/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=157675 |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=www.pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shah was born in Bahadarpur village of [[Gujarat]] state of [[India]] and later immigrated to the United States in 1971 where he's been residing since.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 6, 2017 |title=Mr. HR Shah: The Doyen of Indian American Community |url=https://www.theindianpanorama.news/unitedstates/mr-hr-shah-doyen-indian-american-community/ |access-date=May 17, 2025 |publisher=The Indian Panorama}}</ref>

Shah received the [[Padma Shri]] in 2017, recognizing his efforts in media and education that have fostered closer ties between India and the United States and promoted Indian culture and heritage abroad.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last=PTI |date=January 26, 2017 |title=Padma Shri awardee bats for stronger India-US relationship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/us-canada-news/padma-shri-awardee-bats-for-stronger-india-us-relationship/articleshow/56797646.cms |access-date=May 17, 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He is also a recipient of the 2005 Ellis Island Medal of Honor, an award for immigrants who have made significant contributions to the United States.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=January 27, 2017 |title=TV Asia Chairman HR Shah and 2 others from USA among recipients of Padma awards |url=https://www.theindianpanorama.news/india/tv-asia-chairman-hr-shah-2-others-usa-among-recipients-padma-awards/ |access-date=May 17, 2025 |publisher=The Indian Panorama}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=H. R. SHAH CONFERRED PADMA SHRI |url=https://www.avstv.com/h-r-shah-conferred-padma-shri/ |website=AVS TV Network - bollywood and Hollywood latest News, Movies, Songs, Videos & Photos - All Rights Reserved |date=26 January 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.tvasiausa.com/ TV Asia Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302193654/http://www.tvasiausa.com/ |date=2 March 2024 }}
* [https://www.bhartiyavidyabhavan.org/ Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan (USA) Official Website]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:People from Gujarat]]
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the mass media industry]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Middle Indo-Aryan languages

2026-03-08T14:42:26Z

BJRMelisa78144: expand content additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Distinguish|Central Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{short description|Historical group of Indo-Aryan languages from 600 BCE to 1000 CE}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Middle Indo-Aryan
| altname = Middle Indic
| region = Northern India
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| glotto = midd1350
| glottorefname = Middle Indo-Aryan
}}

[[File:Indoarische_Sprachen_Gruppen.png | thumb | right | alt=1978 map showing Indo-Aryan languages, grouping according to SIL Ethnologue | 1978 map showing Indo-Aryan languages, grouping according to SIL Ethnologue]]
The '''Middle Indo-Aryan languages''' (or '''Middle Indic languages''', sometimes conflated with the [[Prakrit]]s, which are a stage of Middle Indic) are a historical group of languages of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan family]]. They are the descendants of [[Indo-Aryan languages#Old Indo-Aryan|Old Indo-Aryan]] (OIA; attested through [[Vedic Sanskrit]]) and the predecessors of the modern [[Indo-Aryan languages]], such as [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] (Hindi-Urdu), [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].

The Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) stage is thought to have spanned more than a millennium between 600 BCE and 1000 CE, and is often divided into three major subdivisions.

* The early stage is represented by the [[Ardhamagadhi]] of the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] (c. 250 BCE) and [[Jain Agamas]], and by the [[Pali]] of the [[Tripitaka]]s.
* The middle stage is represented by the various literary [[Prakrit]]s, especially the [[Shauraseni language]] and the [[Maharashtri Prakrit|Maharashtri]] and [[Magadhi Prakrit|Magadhi]] Prakrits. The term Prakrit is also often applied to Middle Indo-Aryan languages (''prākṛta'' literally means 'natural' as opposed to ''saṃskṛta'', which literally means 'constructed' or 'refined'). Modern scholars such as Michael C. Shapiro follow this classification by including all Middle Indo-Aryan languages under the rubric of "Prakrits", while others emphasise the independent development of these languages, often separated from [[Sanskrit]] by social and geographic differences.<ref name="Shapiro, Hindi">Shapiro, Michael C. (2001), "Hindi", in: ''Facts About the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present'', eds. Jane Garry and Carl Rubino: New England Publishing Associates.</ref>
* The late stage is represented by the [[Apabhraṃśa]]s of the 6th century CE and later that preceded early [[Indo-Aryan languages#Modern Indo-Aryan|Modern Indo-Aryan]] languages<ref>Bubenik, Vit (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA204 "Chapter Six: Prākrits and Apabhraṃśa"]. In Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George. ''The Indo-Aryan Languages''. Routledge. p. 209. {{ISBN|978-1-135-79711-9}}.</ref><ref name="Shapiro, Hindi"/> (such as [[Braj Bhasha]]).

==History==
The [[Indo-Aryan languages]] are commonly assigned to three major groups: [[Old Indo-Aryan languages]], Middle Indo-Aryan languages and Early Modern and Modern Indo-Aryan languages. The classification reflects stages in linguistic development, rather than being strictly chronological.<ref name="Oberlies2007" /><ref>"...the MIA languages are not younger than ('classical') Sanskrit. And a number of their [[morphophonology|morphophonological]] and [[lexical semantics|lexical]] features betray the fact that they are not direct descendants of [[Vedic Sanskrit|Rigvedic Sanskrit]], the main basis of 'Classical' Sanskrit; rather they descend from dialects which, despite many similarities, were different from Rigvedic and in some regards even more archaic." {{harvcol|Oberlies|2007|p=163}}</ref>

The Middle Indo-Aryan languages are younger than the Old Indo-Aryan languages<ref>"The most archaic Old Indo-Aryan is found in Hindu sacred texts called the [[Vedas]], which date to approximately 1500 BCE". Encyclopædia Britannica - Indo-Aryan languages. General characteristics.</ref> but were contemporaneous with the use of [[Classical Sanskrit]], an Old Indo-Aryan language used for [[literary]] purposes.<ref>"If in "Sanskrit" we include the Vedic language and all dialects of the Old Indian period, then it is true to say that all the Prakrits are derived from Sanskrit. If on the other
hand " Sanskrit " is used more strictly of the Panini-Patanjali language or "Classical Sanskrit," then it is untrue to say that any Prakrit is derived from Sanskrit, except that S'auraseni, the Midland Prakrit, is derived from the Old Indian dialect". Introduction to Prakrit, by Alfred C Woolner. Baptist Mission Press 1917</ref>

According to Thomas Oberlies, a number of [[morphophonology|morphophonological]] and [[lexical semantics|lexical]] features of Middle Indo-Aryan languages show that they are not direct continuations of [[Vedic Sanskrit]]. Instead they descend from other dialects similar to, but in some ways more archaic than Vedic Sanskrit.<ref name="Oberlies2007">{{Cite book |last=Oberlies |first=James |chapter=Aśolan Prakrit and Pāli |editor-last1=Jain|editor-first1=Danesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA163|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|editor-last2=Cardona|editor-first2=George|date=2007-07-26|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9|pages=163|language=en}}</ref>

===Early phase (3rd century BCE)===
*[[Ashokan Prakrit|Ashokan Prakrits]] (regional dialects of the 3rd century BCE)
*[[Gāndhārī language|Gandhari]] (a Buddhist canonical language)
*[[Pali language|Pali]] (a Buddhist canonical language)
*[[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit|Early Ardhamagadhi]] (language of the oldest Jain sutras)
*[[Elu]] (an ancient Sri Lankan Prakrit. It was ancestral to the [[Sinhala language|Sinhalese]] and [[Dhivehi language|Dhivehi]] languages.)

===Middle phase (200 BCE to 700 CE)===
*[[Monumental Prakrit]]
*Niya Prakrit
*Ardhamagadhi (later Jain canon)
*[[Dramatic Prakrit]]s ([[Maurya Empire|Maurya period]])
**[[Magadhi Prakrit|Magadhi]]
**[[Maharashtri Prakrit|Maharashtri]]
**[[Shauraseni Prakrit|Shauraseni]]
*[[Elu|Sinhalese Prakrit]]
*[[Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit]] (later texts)

===Late phase: [[Apabhraṃśa]] (700–1500)===
*[[Abahatta]] (Magadhi Apabhraṃśa)

==General characteristics==
The following phonological changes distinguish typical MIA languages from their OIA ancestors:<ref>Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (2007-07-26). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 163-220.</ref>
# The replacement of vocalic liquids ''ṛ'' and ''ḷ'' by ''a'', ''i'' or ''u''
# The OIA diphthongs ''ai'' and ''au'' became the monophthongs ''e'' and ''o'' which were long in open syllables and short in closed syllables.
# Long vowels become short in overweight and later pre/post-tonic heavy syllables.
# The three sibilants of OIA are reduced to one, either ''ś'' (Magadhi) or ''s'' (elsewhere).
# OIA clusters either became geminates through assimilation (deletion if the output would violate phonotactics) or were split by vowel epenthesis.
# Initially, intervocalic aspirated stops spirantised. Later, all other intervocalic stops were deleted, weakened, or voiced.
# Dentals (and sometimes retroflexes) are palatalised if directly preceding /j/.
# Most final consonants delete except in [[sandhi]] junctions. Final ''m'' became ''ṃ'' instead, which was preserved.

Note that not all of these changes happened in all MIA languages. Archaisms persisted in northwestern Ashokan Prakrits like the retention of all 3 OIA sibilants, for example, retentions that would remain in the later Dardic languages.

The following morphological changes distinguish typical MIA languages from their OIA ancestors:
# The dual number in nominal declensions was lost.
# Consonantal stems were thematicised.
# The ''i-/u-'' and ''ī-/ū-'' declensions were merged into one ''ī-/ū-'' declension.
# The dative was eliminated and the genitive took on its former functions.
# Many different case-endings could be used for one verbal paradigm.
# The middle voice eventually disappeared.
# ''mahyaṃ'' and ''tuhyaṃ'' became used for genitives and ''me'' and ''te'' for instrumentals.
# New verbal forms based on the present stem coexisted with fossilised forms from OIA.
# Active endings replaced passive endings for the passive voice.

A Middle Indo-Aryan innovation are the [[serial verb construction]]s that have evolved into [[complex predicate]]s in modern north [[India]]n languages such as [[Hindi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. For example, भाग जा (bhāg jā) 'go run' means run away, पका ले (pakā le) 'take cook' means to cook for oneself, and पका दे (pakā de) 'give cook' means to cook for someone. The second verb restricts the meaning of the main verb or adds a shade of meaning to it.<ref name="Shapiro, Hindi"/> Subsequently, the second verb was [[grammaticalisation|grammaticalised]] further into what is known as a [[light verb]], mainly used to convey [[lexical aspect]] distinctions for the main verb.

The innovation is based on Sanskrit atmanepadi (fruit of the action accrues to the doer) and parasmaipadi verbs (fruit of the action accrues to some other than the doer). For example, पका दे (pakā de) 'give cook' has the result of the action (cooked food) going to someone else, and पका ले (pakā le) 'take cook' to the one who is doing the cooking.

==Attested languages==
===Pāli===
{{Main article|Pali}}

Pali is the best attested of the Middle Indo-Aryan languages because of the extensive writings of early Buddhists. These include canonical texts, canonical developments such as [[Abhidhamma]], and a thriving commentarial tradition associated with figures such as [[Buddhaghosa]]. Early Pāli texts, such as the [[Sutta Nipata|Sutta Nipāta]] contain many "Magadhisms" (such as ''heke'' for ''eke''; or masculine nominative singular in ''-e''). Pāli continued to be a living [[second language]] until well into the second millennium. The [[Pali Text Society]] was founded in 1881 by [[Thomas William Rhys Davids]] to preserve, edit, and publish texts in Pāli, as well as English translations.

===Ardhamāgadhī===
{{main article|Jain Prakrit}}
Known from a few inscriptions, most importantly the pillars and edicts of [[Ashoka]] found in what is now [[Bihar]].<ref>South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, By Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills, Routledge, 2003, p. 203</ref>

===Gāndhārī===
{{main article|Gandhari language}}
Many texts in [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhi]] script have been discovered in the area centred on the [[Khyber Pass]] in what was known in ancient times as [[Gandhara]] and the language of the texts came to be called Gāndhārī. These are largely Buddhist texts which parallel the Pāli Canon, but include Mahāyāna texts as well. The language is distinct from other MIA dialects.

===Elu===
{{main article|Elu}}
'''Elu''' (also '''Eḷa''', '''Hela''' or '''Helu Prakrit''') was a [[Sri Lanka]]n Prakrit of the 3rd century BCE. It was ancestral to the [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]] and [[Maldivian language|Dhivehi]] languages. One major source of sample is from [[Thonigala Rock Inscriptions, Anamaduwa]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gandhari-language Gāndhārī Language] entry in the Encyclopædia Iranica

{{Old and Middle Indo-Aryan}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Middle Indo-Aryan Languages}}
[[Category:Medieval languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 6th century BC]]
[[Category:6th-century BC establishments]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 10th century]]
[[Category:10th-century disestablishments in Asia]]

Kalyana Rathriyil

2026-03-04T09:15:28Z

BJRMelisa78144: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalyana Rathriyil
| image = Kalyana Rathriyil.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]]
| producer = M. Raju Mathan
| writer = Thankom Movies [[S. L. Puram Sadanandan]] (dialogues)
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Adoor Bhasi]] [[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]] [[T. S. Muthaiah]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| studio = Thankam Movies
| released = {{Film date|1966|07|15|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Kalyana Rathriyil''''' ({{Translation|During the [[Consummation|wedding night]]}}) is a 1966 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[crime thriller film]] directed by [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]] and produced by M. Raju Mathan. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Adoor Bhasi]], [[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]] and [[T. S. Muthaiah]]. Notably, it is the first Malayalam film to receive an [[A certificate|A (adults only) certificate]]. The horror in the film stems from its suspenseful plot, which involves a man investigating his in-laws' connection to a ghost on his wedding night. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=13 August 2017 |title=Kalyanarathriyil?: 1966 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/kalyanarathriyil-1966/article19488847.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913065902/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/kalyanarathriyil-1966/article19488847.ece |archive-date=13 September 2022}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=September 2022}}

The story follows a man named Rajan who becomes suspicious of his new in-laws and a ghost linked to them, leading him to investigate the mystery during his wedding night.

== Cast ==
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Rajagopal
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Appukuttan
*[[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]]
*[[T. S. Muthaiah]] as PK Menon
*[[Kaduvakkulam Antony]]
*[[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]] as KB Nair
*[[Latha (actress)|Latha]]
*N. Saroja
*[[Paravoor Bharathan]]
*[[Philomina]] as Madhavi Amma
*[[Vijaya Nirmala]] as Radha

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Vayalar Ramavarma]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=കല്യാണ രാത്രിയിൽ (1966) |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4429 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517002821/https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4429 |archive-date=17 May 2022 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyana Rathriyil |url=https://www.hungama.com/album/kalyana-rathriyil/54982736/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913065902/https://www.hungama.com/album/kalyana-rathriyil/54982736/ |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=Hungama}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers
|-
| "Aadyathe Raathriyil" || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| "Alliyaambal Poovukale" || S. Janaki, [[P. Jayachandran]]
|-
| "Chilamboli" || [[L. R. Eeswari]]
|-
| "Maathalappoonkaavilinnale" || S. Janaki
|-
| "Nadikal" || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| "One Two Three" || L. R. Eeswari
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0254471}}

[[Category:1960s crime thriller films]]
[[Category:1966 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1966 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. Krishnan Nair]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]

John Jani Janardhan (1984 film)

2026-03-03T23:54:15Z

BJRMelisa78144: done

{{For|the 2016 film|John Jani Janardhan (2016 film)}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = John Jani Janardhan
| image = John Jani Janardhan 1984 poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[T. Rama Rao]]
| writer = [[Dr. Rahi Masoom Reza]] (dialogue)
| based_on = ''[[Moondru Mugam]]'' (Tamil) by [[Peter Selvakumar]]
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Thiagarajan]] [[Poonam Dhillon]] [[Rati Agnihotri]]
| producer = [[Atluri Purnachandra Rao|A. Poornachandra Rao]]
| music = [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = [[B. S. Loknath]]
| editing = J. Krishnaswamy V. Balasubramaniam
| released = {{Film date|1984|10|26|df=yes}}
| studio = Lakshmi Productions
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''John Jani Janardhan''''' is a 1984 Hindi film directed by T. Rama Rao. Rajinikanth played the main lead in a triple role. John being the father and Johnny and Janardhan being the two sons. It is a remake of the 1982 Tamil film ''[[Moondru Mugam]]'', which also starred Rajinikanth.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/110516/three-is-a-charm.html|title=Three is a charm!|date=2016-05-11|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2017-09-30}}</ref> It is the only movie in Bollywood with the hero in a triple role to become a massive hit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.masala.com/desi-weddings/our-favourite-rajnikanth-movies-31444|title=John Jani Janardhan (1984)}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=March 2022}}
Janardhan, one of two twin sons of the police inspector John A. Mendez, seeks to avenge his father's murder.

==Cast==
* [[Rajinikanth]] in a triple role (Inspector John, Jani & Janardhan Gupta)
* [[Poonam Dhillon]] as Cheryl Mendes
* [[Rati Agnihotri]] as Madhu
* [[Utpal Dutt]] as Brijmohan Gupta
* [[Kader Khan]] as Gajanand
* [[Thiagarajan]] as Gopaldas
* [[Chandrashekhar (actor)|Chandrashekhar]] as Madhu's dad
* Leena Das
* [[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]]
* [[Alka Nupur]]
* Renu Joshi
* [[Alka Nupur]]
* Vijay Kumar
* [[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]]

==Music==
The film's music was composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] and lyrics by [[Anand Bakshi]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Tu Meri Jaan Hai"
| [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]], [[Kavita Krishnamurti]]
|-
| 2
| "Chat Mangni Or Pat Shaadi"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| 3
| "Laundiya Satra Saal Ki"
| S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
| 4
| "Swamiji O Swamiji"
| Shailendra Singh, S. Janaki
|-
| 5
| "Aye Naujawan Iss Jawani"
| Shailendra Singh, S. Janaki
|-
| 6
| "Jab Tak Hai Jee .. Jee Bhar ke Pee"
| [[Suresh Wadkar]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0354671}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. Rama Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Loham

2026-03-03T20:39:04Z

BJRMelisa78144: starting basic post v1

{{Good article}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Loham
| image = Loham film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
| producer = [[Antony Perumbavoor]]
| writer = Ranjith
| screenplay =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Mohanlal]]
*[[Renji Panicker]]
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
*[[Andrea Jeremiah]]
*[[Ajmal Ameer]]
}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Sreevalsan J Menon]] '''Score:''' C. Rajamani
| cinematography = Kunjunni S. Kumar
| editing = Manoj Kannoth
| studio = [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]
| distributor = [[Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments|Maxlab Entertainments]]
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2015|8|20|India}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR Convert|14|c}}<ref name="BO" />
}}

'''''Loham''''' ({{Translation|Metal}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]], and produced by [[Antony Perumbavoor]] for the production company [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]. The film, starring [[Mohanlal]], [[Renji Panicker]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]] and [[Ajmal Ameer]] is about an elusive smuggling operation and the mysterious disappearance of {{convert|100|kg|lb}} of gold. [[Sreevalsan J. Menon]] and C. Rajamani composed the [[soundtrack]] and [[film score]], respectively.

''Loham'' opened on 20 August 2015 in over 250 theatres across India. Its release in the [[United Arab Emirates]] and the [[United Kingdom]] followed on 28 August. The film was a commercial success at the box office, upon release, it set a record for the highest opening day gross for a Malayalam film at the time. ''Loham'' received mixed reactions from critics, some of whom praised the lead actors' performances and the film's technical aspects but criticised the screenplay. The film's gross in 2015 following its release was approximately {{INR Convert|14|c}} worldwide.<ref name="BO">{{Cite web|url=https://onlookersmedia.in/collection-report/loham-collection-report-22nd-day-box-office-collection/|title=Loham Completes 7000 Shows And Grosses Around 12 Crore From 22 Days|website=onlookersmedia.in|date=13 September 2015|access-date=27 July 2024}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A [[Coffin|casket]] containing the body of a deceased construction worker, Rafeeq, is flown from [[Dubai]] to the [[Calicut International Airport]] in [[Kozhikode]], then transported by ambulance to its destination. While ''en route'', the ambulance is ambushed by criminals hired by Muhammed Unni to retrieve the {{Convert|100|kg|lbs}} of gold that he and his co-smugglers have hidden in the casket. When they open the casket, they discover the gold is missing.

Around the same time, Jayanthi arrives in [[Kochi]] from [[Mumbai]] in search of her missing husband, Ramesh, an [[Indian Revenue Service|IRS]] officer who frequently disappeared from home for various reasons, but is now a suspect in the gold smuggling. Jayanthi arranged for a taxi to drive her to various locations in her quest to find Ramesh. Raju, the cab driver appears to have an interest of his own in the circumstances surrounding Ramesh's disappearance. At Jayanthi's bidding, Raju drives her to the home of her mother-in-law, where he cooks for them and interacts in such a way to earn their trust.

Jayanthi then asks Raju to drive her to Kochi to the office of her friend, [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Chandrasekharan, who promises Jayanthi he will investigate the disappearance of Ramesh. After leaving Chandrasekharan's office, Raju drives Jayanthi to see Chandrasekharan's wife, [[Advocate|Adv.]] Rekha, who is also her friend. During their chat, Jayanthi receives a surprise phone call from Ramesh. He explains that he is in [[Kovalam]] for an official meeting but will return home the next day, and insists that Jayanthi return home as well.

Later, Chandrasekharan informs Jayanthi that the phone number Ramesh called from was actually in Kochi, not Kovalam. It is also revealed that Sudheer, Ramesh's brother, is involved in the smuggling operation. Meanwhile, Unni, Babu, Shaji, Shenoy, and [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] meet atop an apartment building to discuss the circumstances surrounding the gold they smuggled into [[Kozhikode]] and lost to an ambush while in transit from the airport. They suspect Ramesh is involved since he disappeared right after the incident. They devise a plan to kidnap Jayanthi in order to force Ramesh to return the gold.

An unsuspecting Raju and Jayanthi become the targets of their surprise attack in which Jayanthi is rendered unconscious. Raju draws his concealed [[handgun]] and foils the kidnapping by shooting at his assailants. He collects the unconscious Jayanthi and transports her to a safe place. When she awakens, she finds herself surrounded by strangers. She also discovers that Raju is not just a [[Taxi|cab]] driver, but is part of an investigation to find Ramesh and the missing gold. Raju explains to her that Ramesh was involved in the smuggling, and has since become the target of the criminals.

Jayanthi returns to Rekha's home for safety, and Chandrasekharan begins investigating Raju, who, in a turn of events, has raised suspicion. Raju and his team, now disguised as [[Sabarimala]] pilgrims, rent a van hoping to catch Jayan. Raju's teammate, Ameer Amanulla, pretends to be an informer for Arif Bhai. He lures Jayan into a trap by telling him a gift from Arif is waiting for him in the van. Jayan is captured and interrogated by Raju, who questions the 30,000 [[Dirham]] Jayan received from Arif in Dubai, as well as the circumstances surrounding the death of Rafeeq.

Jayan reveals that Rafeeq was purposely pushed off a building to his death as part of Arif's master plan to transport the gold, thinking no one would suspect the gold was hidden in his casket. The trail leads Raju to the home of Ramesh's parents, where Ramesh has been hiding under the protection of his mother, who is also aware of the smuggling. Raju takes Ramesh into custody along with others involved in the crime, but he lets Ramesh go. It is eventually revealed that co-smuggler Shaji, a young politician, had deceived Unni and took the gold for himself.

After Raju and his team retrieve the gold, they are detained by local police. Raju identifies himself as a [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] agent and his team as intelligence officers from various agencies of India. He discloses his real name as Rajeev Sathyamoorthy. The police release them so that they can complete their investigation and allows them to go back to Mumbai. However, it is revealed that Raju and his team are the actual smugglers.

== Cast ==
'''Principal cast'''
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mohanlal]] as Rajeev "Raju" Sathyamoorthy
* [[Renji Panicker]] as Albert Alex
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Muhammed Unni
* [[Andrea Jeremiah]] as Jayanthi Ramesh
* [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Ameer Amanullah
* [[Gowri Nandha]] as Jacqueline Fernandez
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police#India|ACP]] M. Chandrasekharan
* [[Niranjana Anoop]] as Mythri
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Ramesh and Sudheer's mother
* [[Ashvin Mathew]] as Ramesh Nambiar [[Indian Revenue Service|IRS]], Custom's officer
* [[Ajmal Ameer]] as Azhagan Perumal
* [[Hareesh Peradi]] as [[Member of Legislative Assembly#Kerala|MLA]]
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as Shaji Bhaskar
* [[Krishna (Malayalam actor)|Krishna]] as Jayaram Shenoy
* [[Joju George]] as Pallan Davis
* [[Mohan Jose]] as Kunjumon
* [[Muthumani]] as [[Advocate]] Rekha Chandrasekhar, Mythri's mother
* [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]] as Sudheer, Ramesh's brother
* [[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]] as Jayan
* [[Musthafa]] as Rafeeq Muhammed
* [[Mythili]] as Rafeeq's wife
* [[Aju Varghese]] as auto driver

* [[Jayan Cherthala]] as [[Commissioner of Police#India|Commissioner]] Varghese [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
}}
'''Cameos'''

{{Cast listing|
* [[Joy Mathew]] as Arif Bhai
* [[Shyamaprasad]] as Rajeev Sathyamoorthy, RAW officer
* [[Pearle Maaney]] as the bride
* [[Manikuttan]] as a boy at the wedding
* [[Srinda Arhaan]] as a girl at the wedding
* [[Thesni Khan]] as a nurse
* [[Tini Tom]] as Jacob alias Thrissurkaran Thendi
* [[Soubin Shahir]] as a street rowdy

* [[Sasi Kalinga]] as the stranger near Jayan's home
* James Pottackal as Jolly Moothedan{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
* [[Pradeep (Malayalam actor)|Pradeep Chandran]] as [[Sub Inspector#Kerala|SI]] Biju

}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
[[File:കോഴിക്കോട് വിമാനത്താവളം.jpg|thumb|[[Calicut International Airport]], where the casket with the hidden gold arrived for transport to its destination|alt=Calicut International Airport]]
In 2013, Ranjith announced plans to produce a film for [[Aashirvad Cinemas]], starring Mohanlal and [[Manju Warrier]], which was scheduled for a 2014 release coinciding with the annual [[Vishu]] festival held in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Production was slated to begin in December 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |last=P. K. Ajith Kumar |date=3 September 2013 |title=How the comeback was scripted |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/how-the-comeback-was-scripted/article5087829.ece |url-status=live |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226174708/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/how-the-comeback-was-scripted/article5087829.ece |archive-date=26 February 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The announcement of ''Loham'' received considerable media attention as it was Manju Warrier's return to the screen after leaving the film industry to marry actor [[Dileep]]. The media coverage was further heightened when [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] joined the cast. However, the film was shelved soon after its official announcement. Ranjith explained it was dropped because the film's story resembled that of another film in the same language released during its [[pre-production]] time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj Vikram |date=19 August 2014 |title=Dileep had nothing to do with the shelving of Mohanlal-Manju Warrier film says Ranjith. |url=http://www.metromatinee.com/news-articles/dileep-had-nothing-to-do-with-the-shelving-of-mohanlalmanju-warrier-film-says-ranjith-9228 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321112016/http://www.metromatinee.com/news-articles/dileep-had-nothing-to-do-with-the-shelving-of-mohanlalmanju-warrier-film-says-ranjith-9228 |archive-date=21 March 2016 |access-date=25 August 2015 |publisher=Metromatinee}}</ref>

Later that year, the director planned another film with the same production company starring Mohanlal, which was titled ''G for Gold''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj Vikram |date=25 December 2013 |title="G for Gold" – Ranjith- Mohanlal project . |url=http://www.metromatinee.com/news-articles/g-for-gold-ranjith-mohanlal-project-7371 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320215628/http://www.metromatinee.com/news-articles/g-for-gold-ranjith-mohanlal-project-7371 |archive-date=20 March 2016 |access-date=26 August 2015 |publisher=Metromatinee}}</ref> Filming was scheduled to begin on 10 January 2014 in [[Kozhikode]] and [[Kasargode]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2014 |title=Mohanlal to start shooting for 'G For Gold' |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/mohanlal-to-start-shooting-for-g-for-gold-660023.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042217/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/mohanlal-to-start-shooting-for-g-for-gold-660023.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=26 August 2015 |website=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref> but production did not begin on schedule due to Ranjith's dissatisfaction with the screenplay.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhika C Pillai |date=17 January 2014 |title=Mohanlal's G for Gold shelved ! |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mohanlals-G-for-Gold-shelved-/articleshow/28945323.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115015335/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mohanlals-G-for-Gold-shelved-/articleshow/28945323.cms |archive-date=15 January 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film was speculated to be titled as ''Loham'' in February 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/the-ranjith-mohanlal-project-titled-loham/articleshow/46299762.cms|title=The Ranjith-Mohanlal project titled Loham?|first=Deepa|last=Soman|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 February 2015|access-date=27 July 2024|archive-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228031607/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/The-Ranjith-Mohanlal-project-titled-Loham/articleshow/46299762.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Casting and crew ===
''Loham'' is the fifth film directed by Ranjith in which Mohanlal was cast in the lead role.<ref name="Teaser">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-loham-official-teaser-out/articleshow/48469662.cms|title=Mohanlal's 'Loham': Official teaser out|date=13 August 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 July 2024|archive-date=17 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817183952/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mohanlals-Loham-Official-teaser-out/articleshow/48469662.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Mohanlal plays a cab driver in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mohanlal-is-a-cab-driver-in-Ranjiths-Loham/articleshow/46794764.cms|title=Mohanlal is a cab driver in Ranjith's Loham|first=Shruti|last=Karthikeyan|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 April 2015|access-date=27 July 2024|archive-date=15 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215052109/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-is-a-cab-driver-in-ranjiths-loham/articleshow/46794764.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Gowri Nandha received boxing lessons to help her prepare for her role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2015 |title=Gauri Nandas action sequences in Loham |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/gauri-nandas-action-sequences-in-loham-malayalam-news-128095.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924171711/http://www.indiaglitz.com/gauri-nandas-action-sequences-in-loham-malayalam-news-128095.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 August 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> Niranjana Anoop, a daughter of one of Ranjith's family friends, made her acting debut in the film as Mythri, a badly behaved youngster.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IndiaGlitz |date=22 August 2015 |title=Niranjana's naughty act impresses in 'Loham' |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/niranjanas-naughty-act-impresses-in-loham-malayalam-news-140485.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824023358/http://www.indiaglitz.com/niranjanas-naughty-act-impresses-in-loham-malayalam-news-140485.html |archive-date=24 August 2015 |access-date=22 August 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> ''Loham'' is the second collaboration between Ameer and Mohanlal, following ''[[Madampi]]'' (2008). Ajmal's character's looks were modelled after popular young politicians in the country, who are often spotted in the white [[kurta]]-jacket outfit.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deepa Soman |date=8 May 2015 |title=Ajmal will speak Tamil in his next M-Town outing |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Ajmal-will-speak-Tamil-in-his-next-M-Town-outing/articleshow/47188148.cms |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509222633/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Ajmal-will-speak-Tamil-in-his-next-M-Town-outing/articleshow/47188148.cms |archive-date=9 May 2015}}</ref> In March 2015, it was confirmed that Aju Varghese would play a guest role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nita Sathyendran |date=26 March 2015 |title=Being Aju |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/being-aju/article7031431.ece |url-status=live |access-date=1 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309164323/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/being-aju/article7031431.ece |archive-date=9 March 2018}}</ref> Also Deepak Parambol who came to see Mohanlal in the filming location ended up in a guest role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2015 |title=When Deepak met Mohanlal |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Times News Network |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/When-Deepak-met-Mohanlal/articleshow/46743755.cms |url-status=live |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428151828/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/When-Deepak-met-Mohanlal/articleshow/46743755.cms |archive-date=28 April 2015}}</ref> In April, Srinda Ashab, Manikuttan and Parvathi Menon were also signed for guest appearances in a musical performance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 April 2015 |title=Prithviraj to do a cameo in Mohanlal's Loham |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Times News Network |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Prithviraj-to-do-a-cameo-in-Mohanlals-Loham/articleshow/47059016.cms |url-status=live |access-date=3 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309164323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Prithviraj-to-do-a-cameo-in-Mohanlals-Loham/articleshow/47059016.cms |archive-date=9 March 2018}}</ref> The [[Hindu wedding]] song was shot in Kozhikode.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shruti Karthikeyan |date=19 April 2015 |title=Srinda roped in for a song sequence in Loham |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Srinda-roped-in-for-a-song-sequence-in-Loham/articleshow/46975702.cms |url-status=live |access-date=3 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309164323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Srinda-roped-in-for-a-song-sequence-in-Loham/articleshow/46975702.cms |archive-date=9 March 2018}}</ref> Several media outlets reported [[Pearle Maaney]] was to perform an [[item number]] in the film but the report was determined to be incorrect after a [[selfie]] of Maaney dressed in a wedding outfit was leaked online. She appeared in a cameo role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhika C Pillai |date=8 April 2015 |title=Pearle Maaney to do a cameo in Mohanlal film |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Pearle-Maaney-to-do-a-cameo-in-Mohanlal-film/articleshow/46837702.cms |url-status=live |access-date=3 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416052222/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Pearle-Maaney-to-do-a-cameo-in-Mohanlal-film/articleshow/46837702.cms |archive-date=16 April 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Maaney's scenes were filmed in three days.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Litty Simon |date=24 August 2015 |title=Curly 'Mane'y on a roll |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/pearle-maaney-on-double-barrel-loham-and-telugu-project.html |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825230158/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/pearle-maaney-on-double-barrel-loham-and-telugu-project.html |archive-date=25 August 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Salim grew a beard and shaved his head for his role. He said, "My getup in the movie is similar to that of [[Dwayne Johnson]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tony Mathew |date=4 August 2015 |title=Action scenes highlight of 'Loham': Abu Salim |work=Malayala Manorama |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/abu-salim-on-loham-mohanlal-ranjith-malayalam-movie.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807121140/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/abu-salim-on-loham-mohanlal-ranjith-malayalam-movie.html |archive-date=7 August 2015}}</ref>

Kunjunni S. Kumar, son of [[cinematographer]] S. Kumar, was hired as ''Loham's'' cinematographer. Kunjunni had first worked with Ranjith as an associate director during the production of ''[[Indian Rupee (film)|Indian Rupee]]'' (2011) while his father worked behind the camera. Earlier, he was supposed to debut as a cinematographer on Ranjith's ''[[Leela (2016 film)|Leela]]'' in 2012, but the project was shelved ten days before production. In an interview with the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', Kunjunni said that after the script narration, Ranjith told him to avoid gimmicks in framing and shots in order to make it more realistic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aravind K.S |date=17 August 2015 |title=Working with seniors made me more conscious: Kunjunni S Kumar |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150817/entertainment-mollywood/article/working-seniors-made-me-more-conscious-kunjunni-s-kumar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817145809/http://deccanchronicle.com/150817/entertainment-mollywood/article/working-seniors-made-me-more-conscious-kunjunni-s-kumar |archive-date=17 August 2015 |access-date=17 August 2015 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Mythili]], who was cast by Ranjith in her debut film, acted in and served as an assistant director for the film which was her debut behind the camera.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2015 |title=Mythili turns assistant director for Ranjiths Loham |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/mythili-turns-assistant-director-for-ranjiths-loham-malayalam-news-129060.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822213038/http://www.indiaglitz.com/mythili-turns-assistant-director-for-ranjiths-loham-malayalam-news-129060.html |archive-date=22 August 2015 |access-date=22 August 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2015 |title=Mythili turns Assistant Director |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mythili-turns-Assistant-Director/articleshow/46744025.cms |url-status=live |access-date=30 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309164323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mythili-turns-Assistant-Director/articleshow/46744025.cms |archive-date=9 March 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> She also sang a duet song in the film's soundtrack.<ref name=mythili /> [[Sreevalsan J. Menon]] was selected by Ranjith to compose the film's [[Soundtrack|original music score]].<ref name="music">{{Cite news |last=Deepa Soman |date=14 August 2015 |title=Mythili sings for Loham |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Mythili-sings-for-Loham/articleshow/48477682.cms |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309164323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Mythili-sings-for-Loham/articleshow/48477682.cms |archive-date=9 March 2018}}</ref> [[Renji Panicker]] suggested Menon to Ranjith during the film's pre-production stage. C. Rajamani composed the [[film score]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vinod Sasidharan |date=20 August 2015 |title=Dancing to the tunes of Loham |work=Malayala Manorama |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/loham-dancing-to-the-tunes-by-sreevalson-j-menon.html |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822191650/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/loham-dancing-to-the-tunes-by-sreevalson-j-menon.html |archive-date=22 August 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Filming and promotions ===
[[Principal photography]] began on 9 March 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/loham-shooting-starts/articleshow/46501981.cms|title=Loham shooting starts|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 March 2015|access-date=27 July 2024|archive-date=28 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728030226/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/loham-shooting-starts/articleshow/46501981.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was shot at various locations such as Kozhikode, Kochi, Delhi and Dubai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/mohanlal-s-smart-cop-act-in-loham/photo-eo0w3YqfskMvxqWrgGnnTJ.html|title=Mohanlal's smart cop act in Loham|date=28 August 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=27 July 2024|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916212335/http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/mohanlal-s-smart-cop-act-in-loham/photo-eo0w3YqfskMvxqWrgGnnTJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Teaser"/> The first-look poster featuring Mohanlal was released on 29 June 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June 2015 |title=Mohanlal looks menacing in 'Loham' first look |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/mohanlal-looks-menacing-in-loham-first-look-1013377.html |url-status=live |access-date=29 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703002538/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/mohanlal-looks-menacing-in-loham-first-look-1013377.html |archive-date=3 July 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> More detailed posters were released during the first week of August. The first poster showed an [[ensemble cast]] with Mohanlal in the centre; their facial expressions indicative of the film's thriller genre. Other posters showed Mohanlal wearing army-style camouflage pants.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nivedita Mishra |date=11 August 2015 |title=Loham posters: Mohanlal is in familiar territory |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=New Delhi |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/loham-posters-mohanlal-is-in-familiar-territory/article1-1378982.aspx |url-status=dead |access-date=16 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816121942/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/loham-posters-mohanlal-is-in-familiar-territory/article1-1378982.aspx |archive-date=16 August 2015}}</ref>

The first teaser of the film was 43 seconds long and was released on 12 August 2015. It received positive reviews in various media outlets with regard to Mohanlal's acting, and for the film's plot as a thriller.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 August 2015 |title='Loham' teaser shows who's the boss |work=Malayala Manorama |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/loham-teaser-mohanlal-andrea-jeremiah-ranjith.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813184639/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/loham-teaser-mohanlal-andrea-jeremiah-ranjith.html |archive-date=13 August 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Upon release, the teaser started trending.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/loham-films-official-trailer-trends-online/articleshow/48500829.cms|title=''Loham'' film's official trailer trends online|date=16 August 2015|first=Deepika|last=Jayaram|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 July 2024|archive-date=22 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822141641/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Loham-films-official-trailer-trends-online/articleshow/48500829.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Loham: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sreevalsan J. Menon]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Digital Music Cover Art
| released = 17 August 2015
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=19|s=03}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Satyam Audios]]
| producer = [[Sreevalsan J. Menon]]
| prev_title = [[Swapaanam]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film's music was composed by [[Sreevalsan J. Menon]], and lyrics were written by [[Rafeeq Ahammed]], [[Manoj Kuroor]] and [[Rajeev Nair]]. The first song, "Kanaka Mayilanchi", sung by [[Mythili]], was released by [[Mathrubhumi]] on 13 August 2015.<ref name="music" /> ''[[The Times of India]]'' called the duet Mythili sang with [[Shahabaz Aman]] "a melody that remind [sic] listeners of the golden era of Malayalam cinema".<ref name=mythili>{{Cite news |last=Deepa Soman |date=14 August 2015 |title=Mythili sings for Loham |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Mythili-sings-for-Loham/articleshow/48477682.cms |url-status=live |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309164323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Mythili-sings-for-Loham/articleshow/48477682.cms |archive-date=9 March 2018}}</ref> The audio CD comprising three songs was released on 17 August during a function held at [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 2015 |title=Mohanlal spotted at the music launch of 'Loham' at Kochi |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Times News Network |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/Mohanlal-spotted-at-the-music-launch-of-Loham-at-Kochi/articleshow/48539878.cms |url-status=live |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015146/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/Mohanlal-spotted-at-the-music-launch-of-Loham-at-Kochi/articleshow/48539878.cms |archive-date=28 April 2016}}</ref>

{{Track listing
|headline=Track list
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|total_length=19:03
|title1=Ethippoyi
|lyrics1=[[Manoj Kuroor]]
|extra1=Dr. Bineetha Renjith, Siyad
|length1=3:41
|title2=Kanaka Mayilanchi
|note2=duet version
|lyrics2=[[Rafeeq Ahammed]]
|extra2=[[Mythili]], [[Shahabaz Aman]]
|length2=4:16
|title3=Kanaka Mayilanchi
|note3=female version
|lyrics3=Rafeeq Ahammed
|extra3=Mythili
|length3=4:16
|title4=Kanaka Mayilanchi
|note4=male version
|lyrics4=Rafeeq Ahammed
|extra4=Shahabaz Aman
|length4=4:16
|title5=Manchadi Meghame
|lyrics5=[[Rajeev Nair]]
|extra5=[[Gayatri Asokan]], Amal Antony
|length5=3:14
}}

== Release ==
''Loham'' was initially scheduled to be released in July 2015 during [[Ramadan]], but it had to be postponed until 20 August because of delays in [[post-production]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2015 |title='Loham' Release Postponed |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/loham-release-postponed-kannada-news-135962 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |archive-date=28 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728030227/https://www.indiaglitz.com/loham-release-postponed-kannada-news-135962 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was then scheduled to open in [[India]] on 20 August 2015 as a festival release during the [[Onam]] season.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijay George |date=19 August 2015 |title=Can Mohanlal's Loham live up to the hype? |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mammootty-and-nayantara-to-team-up-again/20150819.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820200824/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mammootty-and-nayantara-to-team-up-again/20150819.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=19 August 2015 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |location=Kochi}}</ref>

On 20 August 2015, the film was released on 141 screens in [[Kerala]], and to other theatres in [[India]] on 21 August 2015. The film's debut in the Middle East took place on 27 August 2015. It also opened in theatres in the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] and [[United Kingdom|UK]] on 28 August 2015.<ref name="uae">{{Cite news |last=Mythili Ramachandran |date=19 August 2015 |title='Loham,' a Mohan Lal action thriller, sets the mood for 'Onam' |work=[[Gulf News]] |url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/south-india/loham-a-mohan-lal-action-thriller-sets-the-mood-for-onam-1.1569490 |url-status=live |access-date=26 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824231613/http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/south-india/loham-a-mohan-lal-action-thriller-sets-the-mood-for-onam-1.1569490 |archive-date=24 August 2015}}</ref> Rights for television broadcast was sold as a joint venture to [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] and [[Kairali TV]] for {{INR}}6 crore and {{INR}}1 crore respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kerala TV |date=19 August 2015 |title=Loham Satellite Rights Goes to Kairali TV and Asianet |url=http://www.keralatv.in/2015/08/loham-satellite-rights/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820035033/http://www.keralatv.in/2015/08/loham-satellite-rights/ |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=19 August 2015 |website=KeralaTV.com}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film grossed {{INR Convert|3.5|c}} on its opening day in India, with {{INR Convert|2.20|c}} from [[Kerala]] box office receipts alone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/malayalam-movies-that-had-the-highest-first-day-collections/photostory/50158800.cms|title=Malayalam movies that had the highest first day collections|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 December 2015|first=Ankita|last=Chaurasia|access-date=27 July 2024|archive-date=28 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728030227/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/malayalam-movies-that-had-the-highest-first-day-collections/photostory/50158800.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Loham'' created a new opening day record in Malayalam that surpassed the previous record set by ''[[Casanovva]]'' in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moviebuzz |date=22 August 2015 |title='Loham' breaks collection records on the first day |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/loham-breaks-collection-records-on-the-first-day-news-malayalam-piwkDfdcgiaih.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823103933/http://www.sify.com/movies/loham-breaks-collection-records-on-the-first-day-news-malayalam-piwkDfdcgiaih.html |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=22 August 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj Vikram |date=21 August 2015 |title=Loham sets a new collection record. |url=http://www.metromatinee.com/news-articles/loham-sets-a-new-collection-record-12237 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083924/http://www.metromatinee.com/news-articles/loham-sets-a-new-collection-record-12237 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=13 December 2015 |publisher=Metromatinee}}</ref> The film was released in Chennai and collected {{INR Convert|0.03|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/loham/loham-box-office-aug-23.html|title=CHENNAI BOX OFFICE|work=Behindwoods|date=23 August 2015 |access-date=27 July 2024|archive-date=27 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127092344/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/loham/loham-box-office-aug-23.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
Rejath R.G of ''[[Kerala Kaumudi]]'' said, "Renjith has beautifully conceived the film", and praised the technical aspects with special mention to Kunjunni's camera work and the three "beautiful" songs composed by Sreevalsan. He summarised it as "a watchable good film that could have been much better if the director paid a little more attention to the screenplay. The problem is that it loses steam here and there, particularly in the post-interval sequences".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rejath R. G |date=20 August 2015 |title=Loham will not disappoint you... |work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |url=http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=68154 |url-status=live |access-date=20 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921042914/http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=68154 |archive-date=21 September 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and said, "Any of [Mohanlal's] fans, who are exposed to thrillers of Hollywood and Bollywood like ''[[Ocean's 11]]'' and ''[[Special 26]]'' will lose the thrill soon. There is nothing commendable about the script or cinematography or music", but he praised Mohanlal's action sequences and car chasing scenes, Siddique and his companion's performances, and Mythili and Musthafa's "heart touching" moments. He called the message of the film "socially relevant" and "effective".<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 2015 |title=Movie Review 'Loham': An entertainer for Mohanlal's fans |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150822/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-loham-entertainer-mohanlals-fans |url-status=live |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823072330/http://deccanchronicle.com/150822/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-loham-entertainer-mohanlals-fans |archive-date=23 August 2015}}</ref>

Pramod Thomas of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' commented, "Mollywood has been in an experimental mode of late. Unfortunately, movies like ''Loham'' are many laps behind. . . . When Megalomaniac directors decide to live in the shadow of their past glory, films like ''Loham'' happen".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pramod Thomas |date=23 August 2015 |title=When Film-makers Prefer Shadow Walking |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/When-Film-makers-Prefer-Shadow-Walking/2015/08/23/article2988643.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001232112/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/When-Film-makers-Prefer-Shadow-Walking/2015/08/23/article2988643.ece |archive-date=1 October 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Parech C. Palicha of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' commented, "''Loham'' lacks lustre, and is not original at all".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paresh C Palicha |date=21 August 2015 |title=Review: Loham is lacklustre |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-loham-lacks-lustre/20150821.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822044350/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-loham-lacks-lustre/20150821.htm |archive-date=22 August 2015 |access-date=21 August 2015 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' praised the performance of Mohanlal and the humour of Siddique and Soubin Saheer but criticised the script, saying, "''Loham'' is about a topical subject, but it is far from engaging".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moviebuzz |date=21 August 2015 |title=Review: Loham |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/loham-review-Kannada-piuruQgddgigj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821120117/http://www.sify.com/movies/loham-review-Kannada-piuruQgddgigj.html |archive-date=21 August 2015 |access-date=21 August 2015 |website=[[Sify]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Raj Vikram of ''Metromatinee'' said that technically the film is slick with well shot sequences. "Mohanlal is the lifeblood of the movie, and he pulls off an easy role by his standards with characteristic panache . . . ''Loham'' is not among the best works of director Renjith but is far better than some of his forgettable duds".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj Vikram |date=20 August 2015 |title=Loham Movie Review |url=http://www.metromatinee.com/movie-review/loham-movie-review-624 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100401/http://www.metromatinee.com/movie-review/loham-movie-review-624 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=21 August 2015 |publisher=Metromatinee}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "if you go keeping your expectations under check, in spite of the big names involved in the movie, ''Loham'' is a one-time watch drama".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/malayalam-movies/loham/loham-review.html|title=LOHAM MOVIE REVIEW|date=20 August 2015|work=Behindwoods|access-date=27 July 2024|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909004239/http://www.behindwoods.com/malayalam-movies/loham/loham-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt4881242}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|loham_2015|Loham}}

{{Ranjith (director)}}
{{Aashirvad Cinemas}}

[[Category:2015 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2015 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sreevalsan J. Menon]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ranjith (director)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Aashirvad Cinemas films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments films]]

Sameer (film)

2026-03-02T10:07:59Z

BJRMelisa78144: Made new details

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Sameer Tailor (2017 film)
| image = Sameer_Poster_New.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Dakxin Bajrange Chhara
| producer = Bankim Tamychi Viren Ghamande Manish Patel Dakxin Bajrange Chhara
| writer = Karan Vyas
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]]
*[[Subrat Dutta]]
*[[Anjali Patil]]
*[[Chinmay Mandlekar]]
*[[Seema Biswas]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = Pankaj Awasthy
| cinematography = Gargey Trivedi
| editing = Aashish Mayur Shah
| studio = Nomad Movies Pvt Ltd
| distributor = Platoon One Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|05|06|17th [[New York Indian Film Festival]]|2017|09|08|India}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sameer ''''' is the 2017 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama film|drama]] film directed by Dakxin Chhara in his directorial debut.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.der.org/films/filmmakers/dakxin-bajrange.html|title=Dakxin Bajrange- Documentary Educational Resources }}</ref> The film premiered at the [[New York Indian Film Festival]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/unwind/amdavadi-film-goes-to-new-york/articleshow/58084693.cms
|title=Amdavadi Film Goes to New York - Ahmedabad Mirror}}</ref> The film stars [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]], [[Subrat Dutta]], [[Anjali Patil]], and [[Seema Biswas]]. ''Sameer'' was released in India on 8 September 2017.

== Premise ==
After a series of bomb blasts in Hyderabad a special ATS team, led by officer Desai, identified Yasin Darji as the suspect. Following a tip, the team reaches a location to arrest Yasin only to end up arresting Sameer, the wrong guy. While the error needs to be fixed, the higher authorities decide to bargain with Sameer for his freedom, sending him as a mole. Sameer turns a mole to stop Yasin Darji before he kills more innocent people. A chase begins. Will they manage to stop Yasin, or will Yasin triumph?<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sameerthefilm.com/|title=Official site}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]] as Sameer Sengupta
* [[Subrat Dutta]] as Desai, ATS Dy. Chief
* [[Anjali Patil]] as Alia Irade
* [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] as Shaheed
* [[Seema Biswas]] as Mumtaz Khala
* Manoj Shah as Bahubali Mehta
* Alok Gagdekar as Manto
* Master Shubham Bajrange as Rocket

==Film Festivals and Awards==

''Sameer'' premiered at the 17th [[New York Indian Film Festival]] on 6 May 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaac.us/nyiff2017/schedule.htm |title=Sameer World Premiere - 17th NYIFF 2017 |publisher=[[New York Indian Film Festival]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pandolin.com/dakxin-chharas-sameer-world-premiere-new-york-indian-film-festival-2017/|title= Pandoline News Report|work=Centist|access-date= 6 May 2017}}</ref> The film was also screened at the Charlotte Asian Film Festival 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://creativeyatra.com/culture/charlotte-asian-film-festival-touching-culture-asia-medium-motion-pictures/|title= The Official Selection at Charlotte Asian Film Festival|work=Centist|access-date= 25 May 2017}}</ref>

== Controversy ==

Sameer made into the headlines when India's [[Central Board of Film Certification]] ordered the director to remove the words "Mann ki baat", from a dialogue as it is the name of the radio show hosted by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mann-ki-baat-copyrighted-phrase-censor-board-dakxin-chhara-pahlaj-nihalani-bollywood-news/18102169|title= Is 'Mann Ki Baat' copyrighted phrase now? Censor Board thinks so – Mid Day|work=Centist|date= 23 March 2017|access-date= 24 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/03/24/apparently-you-cant-even-use-mann-ki-baat-in-a-films-dialog_a_22009903/|title= CBFC Asks Film To Delete 'Mann Ki Baat' – Huff Post|work=Centist|date= 24 March 2017|access-date= 24 May 2017}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Sameer
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Pankaj Awasthi & Vipin Heero
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|09|01}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/sameer-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-single/1278312782 |title=Sameer (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 12:48
| label = [[Times Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack of ''Sameer'' consists of 3 songs composed by Vipin Heero and Pankaj Awasthi while the lyrics have been written by [[Piyush Mishra]] and Vipin Heero.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/hindi/Sameer-2017/VpIzdCk1dyc_ |title=Sameer - Vipin Heero, Pankaj Awasthi |date=31 August 2017 |publisher=[[Saavn]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|m=12|s=48}}
| title1 = Jaa Chhipkali Ja
| extra1 = Vipin Heero
| lyrics1 = Vipin Heero
| music1 = Vipin Heero
| length1 = 04:35
| title2 = Yaad Hai Yaa Bhulte
| extra2 = [[Aaman Trikha]]
| lyrics2 = [[Piyush Mishra]]
| music2 = Pankaj Awasthi
| length2 = 03:41
| title3 = Ye Jo, Jo Bhi Mar Gaya
| extra3 = Pankaj Awasthi & Swanand Kirkire
| lyrics3 = [[Piyush Mishra]]
| music3 = Pankaj Awasthi
| length3 = 04:33
| all_writing =
| title4 =
| length4 =
| title5 =
| length5 =
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
}}

==Reception==

Sweta Kausal of [[Hindustan Times|''Hindustan Times'']] gave the film a rating of 3.5 out of 5 stars and praised the performance of [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]] saying that, "While all the actors seamlessly fit their characters, Zeeshan once again proves his mettle as he goes from a vulnerable man to a becoming a puppet and later a master negotiator.". About the film the critic said that, "It is the well-knit screenplay and crisp editing that maintains the pace and makes Sameer an edge-of-the-seat thriller with a few melodramatic dialogues thrown in."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/sameer-movie-review-an-explosive-mix-of-brave-cinema-gripping-suspense-and-zeeshan-ayyub-s-acting/story-LaV3SUI0KNkAXtP75zCFKP.html |title=Sameer movie review: An explosive mix of brave cinema, gripping suspense and Zeeshan Ayyub's acting |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Reza Noorani of [[The Times of India|''The Times of India'']] gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 stars and said that, "Sameer is a proper edge-of-the-seat thriller, albeit with its flaws, but keeps you hooked till the very end with a very strong pay-off."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/sameer/movie-review/60409609.cms |title=Sameer Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of [[The Indian Express|''The Indian Express'']] praised the performance of Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub but also added that, "the rest of it is thin and predictable" and gave the film a rating of 1.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sameer-movie-review-mohammed-zeeshan-ayyub-star-rating-4832865/ |title=Sameer movie review: This Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub film is predictable |date=8 September 2017 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Business Standard|''Business Standard'']] gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 and said that, "For all its glaring sins of excesses and hysteria "Sameer" dares to go into a political theme that spells trouble for the perpetrator. For this, the film needs to be commended."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/sameer-brings-up-an-explosive-subject-review-117090700256_1.html |title='Sameer': Brings up an explosive subject (Review) |publisher=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> Vishal Verma of Glamsham gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 and said that, "Despite having its flaws and its overwhelming reluctance to take any sides, SAMEER still manages to be a tight, edge of the seat surprise in the end and that's the movie's biggest victory."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/sameer-movie-review.asp |title=SAMEER Movie Review: An edge-of-the-seat surprise |date=31 January 2024 |publisher=Glamsham}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|7207156}}
* {{Official website|sameerthefilm.com}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2017 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

M. Muthaiya

2026-03-02T06:26:47Z

BJRMelisa78144: starting new stub and citations

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| name = M. Muthaiya
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Srivilliputhur]], [[Tamil Nadu, India]]
| birth_name =
| occupation = [[Film director]], screenwriter
| years_active = 2013–present
}}
''' M. Muthaiya ''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in [[Tamil cinema]]. He is known for directing village-based action films.

==Career==
Muthaiya moved to [[Chennai]] from [[Srivilliputhur]] in [[Virudhunagar District|Virudhunagar]] to make movies and debuted with the rural drama ''[[Kutti Puli]]'' (2013) starring [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]]. The film did not receive favorable reviews from the media but went on to perform well at the box office.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/interview-with-director-muthaiah/article6711005.ece|title=Back to the village|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 December 2014|last1=Srinivasan|first1=Sudhir}}</ref>

Muthaiya moved on to make ''[[Komban]]'' (2015), a story set in the [[Ramanathapuram]] district starring [[Karthi]], [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]], and [[Rajkiran]]. The film is about an aggressive man (Karthi) and his relationship with his father-in-law (Rajkiran). Muthaiya, inspired by the egotistical tussles between his father and his grandmother, scripted the story straight from his own experiences.<ref name="hindu"/> The release of ''Komban'' was mired by controversy when protesters claimed that the story revolved around the animosity between different caste groups and that it therefore had the potential to incite violence in southern districts of Tamil Nadu. After a brief legal battle, the film opened to positive reviews and did well commercially.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/karthstarrer-komban-release-controversy-hc-verdict/article7055545.ece|title=HC verdict on "Komban" today|date=1 April 2015|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Following the success of ''Komban'', Muthaiya made ''[[Marudhu]]'' (2016), featuring [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] and [[Sridivya]] in the lead roles.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vishals-marudhu-set-massive-release-679223"Vishal's 'Marudhu' set for massive release"]</ref> The film received mixed reviews from critics but was a decent hit.

In 2017, Muthaiya reunited with Sasikumar to make another rural drama film titled ''[[Kodiveeran]]''. Prior to the release of the film, the film's producer committed suicide due to financial problems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/kuttipuli-muthaiah-to-direct-sasikumar-again.html|title = Kuttipuli Muthaiah to direct Sasikumar again|date = 24 February 2017}}</ref>

In January 2018, Muthaiya began work on ''[[Devarattam]]'', a second film with [[Studio Green]], which features a brother-sisters relationship with [[Gautham Karthik]] in the lead role. The film released in 2019 to negative reviews but was still a hit. The film was an average rural action entertainer with routine elements that may have worked for audiences in [[Madurai]], [[Tirunelveli]], and surrounding areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/devarattam-review-template-rural-revenge-story-review-tamil-tfbqNpadgcjcg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501220052/http://www.sify.com/movies/devarattam-review-template-rural-revenge-story-review-tamil-tfbqNpadgcjcg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 May 2019|title = Devarattam review: Template rural revenge story!|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>

Muthaiya followed the same successful style in ''[[Pulikkuthi Pandi]]'' (2021), which stars [[Vikram Prabhu]] and [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] comparing their previous film. ''Pulikkuthi Pandi'' is Lakshmi Menon's third film under Muthaiya's direction, and the film also marks the actress's comeback to big screens after four years of film.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-prabhus-puli-kutty-pandi-to-be-the-first-release-of-2021/articleshow/79915919.cms|title=Vikram Prabhu's 'Puli Kutty Pandi' to be the first release of 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thandoratimes.com |title=Pulikkuthi Pandi to be released live on Sun TV as Pongal treat Thandoratimes.com |url=https://www.thandoratimes.com/news-id-pulikkuthi-pandi-to-be-released-live-on-sun-tv-as-pongal-treat10177.htm |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Thandoratimes.com |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2022, Muthaiya's much expected ''[[Viruman]]'', the first time under the banner of [[2D Entertainment]] was released. The film features [[Karthi]] in the lead role, marking his second collaboration with Muthaiya, and was produced by [[Suriya]] and [[Jyothika]]. [[Aditi Shankar]], the daughter of Indian director [[S. Shankar|Shankar]], made her acting debut as the female lead.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-04 |title=Shankar's daughter Aditi Shankar on making debut with 'Viruman': I feel honoured to enter the same industry as my father |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shankars-daughter-aditi-shankar-on-making-debut-with-viruman-i-feel-honoured-to-enter-the-same-industry-as-my-father/articleshow/93344210.cms |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2023, Muthaiya directed ''[[Kathar Basha Endra Muthuramalingam]]'', which saw him collaborating with [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 December 2022|title=Arya's film with Muthaiya titled 'Kathar Basha Endra Muthuramalingam'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/dec/10/aryas-film-with-muthaiya-titled-kathar-basha-endra-muthuramalingam-2526898.html|website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Filmmaking style==
Muthaiya is known for his regional village oriented scripts and mostly directs [[Madurai District|Madurai]], [[Ramanathapuram District|Ramanathapuram]], [[Virudhunagar District|Virudhunagar]], [[Theni District|Theni]], [[Tirunelveli District|Tirunelveli]] and [[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]]-based movies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/muthaiah/biography.html|title = Exclusive biography of #Muthaiah and his life.}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As film director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
!Notes
|-
| 2013 || {{Lang|ta-latn|[[Kutti Puli]]}}
|
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Komban]]''
|
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Marudhu]]''
|
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Kodiveeran]]''
|
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Devarattam]]''
|
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Pulikkuthi Pandi]]''
|
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Viruman]]''
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Kathar Basha Endra Muthuramalingam]]''
|
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Rambo (2025 film)|Rambo]]''
|
|-
| {{TBA}}
|''Sullan Sethu''
|
|}

===As screenwriter===
*''[[Raid (2023 film)|Raid]]'' (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivarajkumar-starrer Tagaru's Tamil remake rights sold to director Muthaiah |url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/oct/24/shivarajkumar-starrer-tagarus-tamil-remake-rights-sold-to-director-muthaiah-8472.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028190314/http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/oct/24/shivarajkumar-starrer-tagarus-tamil-remake-rights-sold-to-director-muthaiah-8472.html |archive-date=28 October 2018 |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

===Frequent collaborators===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Collaborator
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Kutti Puli]]'' | (2013)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Komban]]'' | (2015)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Marudhu]]'' | (2016)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Kodiveeran]]'' | (2017)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Devarattam]]'' | (2019)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Pulikkuthi Pandi]]'' | (2021)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Viruman]]'' | (2022)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Kathar Basha Endra Muthuramalingam]]'' | (2023)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Rambo (2025 film)|Rambo]]'' | (2025)}}
|-
| [[G. Gnanasambandam]]
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|-
| [[Namo Narayana]]
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|-
| [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]]
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|-
| [[Vela Ramamoorthy]]
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|-
| [[R. K. Suresh]]
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|-
| [[Soori (actor)|Soori]]
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|-
| [[Singampuli]]
|
|
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|-
| [[Aruldoss]]
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|-
| [[G. Marimuthu]]
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|-
| [[Saravana Sakthi]]
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| Rajasimman
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|-
| Hello Kandasamy
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|5709298}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muthaiah, M.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election

2026-02-27T21:36:15Z

BJRMelisa78144: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly Election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = No
| previous_election = 1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1962
| next_election = 1969 Punjab Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1969
| election_date = 1967
| seats_for_election = All 104 seats in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]],
| turnout = 71.18%
| majority_seats = 53
| image_size = 100px
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| image1 = Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir 2001 stamp of India (cropped).jpg
| leader1 = [[Giani Gurmukh Singh Mussafir]]
| leaders_seat1 =
| seats1 = 48
| last_election1 = 90
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 42
| popular_vote1 = 1,594,160
| percentage1 = 37.45%
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 6.27%
| party2 = Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group
| leader2 = [[Gurnam Singh]]
| image2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| seats2 = 24
| last_election2 = ''New''
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 24
| popular_vote2 = 871,742
| percentage2 = 20.48%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 20.48%
| party3 = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| image3 = Oil_lamp.svg
| leader3 = -
| leaders_seat3 =
| seats3 = 9
| seat_change3 = {{increase}} 1
| popular_vote3 = 418,921
| percentage3 = 9.84%
| swing3 = {{increase}} 0.12%
| title = [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)|CM]]
| before_election = [[Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir|Gurmukh Singh]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Gurnam Singh]]
| after_party = [[Akali Dal - Sant Fateh Singh|AD(SFS)]]
}}
Elections to the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] were held in 1967, to elect members of the 104 constituencies in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India. It resulted in a hung Assembly with the [[Indian National Congress]] as the largest party with 48 seats.

==Voter statistics ==
[[1968 Indian Punjab political crisis]]
{| class="wikitable"
! Title
! MEN
! WOMEN
! TOTAL
|-
! No. of electors
|3406064
|2904999
|6311063
|-
! No. of electors who voted
|2502570
|1989796
|4492366
|-
! Polling percentage
|73.47%
|68.50%
|71.18%
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!S.No.
!Title
!Data
|-
!1.
!No. of valid votes
!24468090
|-
!2.
!No. of votes rejected
!1391425
|-
!3.
!No. of polling stations
!6866
|-
!4.
!Average no. of electors
per polling station
!919
|-
!5.
!Men contestants
!594
|-
!6.
!Women contestants
!8
|-
!7.
!Total contestants
!602
|-
!8.
!Elected men
!102
|-
!9.
!Elected women
!2
|}

== Political parties ==

=== List of participating political parties in Punjab assembly election in 1967 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!S. No.
!Party abbreviation
!Party
|-
| colspan="3" |National Parties
|-
|1.
|INC
|Indian National Congress
|-
|2
|CPI
|Communist Party Of India
|-
|3
|CPM
|Communist Party Of India (Marxist)
|-
|4.
|BJS
|Bharatiya Jan Sangh
|-
|5
|PSP
|Praja Socialist Party

|-
|6
|RPI
|Republic Party of India
|-
|7
|SSP
|Sanghata Socialist Party
|-
|8
|SWA
|Swatantra Party
|-
| colspan="3" |State Parties
|-
|9
|ADM
|Akali Dal Master Tara Singh Group
|-
|10
|ADS
|Akali Dal Sant Fateh Singh Group
|-
| colspan="3" |Independents
|-
|11
|IND
|Independents
|}

== Results ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan=10|[[File:India Punjab Legislative Assembly 1967.svg]]
|-
!
!Party{{efn|Parties in green box formed a coalition government}}
!Contested
!Seats won
!Change in seats
!Popular vote
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}"|
|style="background:#90EE90;"|[[Akali Dal - Sant Fateh Singh Group]]
|59
|24
|{{increase}} 24
|8,71,742
|20.48
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}"|
|style="background:#90EE90;"| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|49
|9
|{{increase}} 1
|4,18,921
|9.84%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|style="background:#90EE90;"| [[Communist Party of India]]
|19
|5
|{{decrease}} 4
|2,21,494
|5.20%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
|style="background:#90EE90;"| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|13
|3
|{{increase}} 3
|1,38,857
|3.26%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Republican Party of India}}"|
|style="background:#90EE90;"| [[Republican Party of India]]
|17
|3
|{{increase}} 3
|76,089
|1.79%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}"|
|style="background:#90EE90;"| [[Akali Dal - Master Tara Singh Group]]
|61
|2
|{{increase}} 2
|1,78,746
|4.20%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}"|
|style="background:#90EE90;"| [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]
|8
|1
|{{decrease}} 3
|30,591
|0.72%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
|style="background:#90EE90;"| [[Independent politician|Independents]]
|235
|9
|{{decrease}} 9
|6,83,369
|16.05%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|102
|48
|{{decrease}} 42
|15,94,160
|37.45%
|-
|
|Others
|19
|0
|
|43,144
|1.02%
|-
!
!Total<ref name="eci">{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3445-punjab-1967/|title=Statistical Report on General Election Punjab 1967|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
!602
!104
!
!42,57,113
!
|-
!colspan=7|Source<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in//punjab/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html|title=List of Polling Booth For Punjab Lok Sabha Elections 1967|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
|-
|}
{{noteslist}}

== Results by constituency ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="3" |Constituency
! colspan="4" |Winner

! colspan="4" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number|Margin
|-
! No.
! Name
!Category
! Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number|Votes
! Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number|Votes
|-
|-
|1
|[[Muktsar Assembly constituency|Muktsar]]
|(SC)
|Guruev Singh
| {{Party name with color|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group}}
|18028
|Matu Ram
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|15939
|style="background:{{party color|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group}} ; color:white;" | 2089

|-
|2
|[[Gidderbaha Assembly constituency|Gidderbaha]]
|GEN
|[[Harcharan Singh Brar]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|21692
|[[Parkash Singh Badal]]
| {{Party name with color|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group}}
|21635
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" | 57
|-
|3
|[[Malout Assembly constituency|Malout]]
|GEN
|Gurmit Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|13046
|Pritam Singh
| {{Party name with color|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group}}
|11562
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" | 1484
|-
|4
|[[Lambi Assembly constituency|Lambi]]
|(SC)
|S. Chand
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|11982
|Dana Ram
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India }}
|8327

|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" | 3655
|-
|5
|[[Abohar Assembly constituency|Abohar]]
|GEN
|Satya Dev
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Jan Sangh}}
|21724
|Chandi Ram
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|15029
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Jan Sangh}} ; color:white;" | 6695
|-
|6
|[[Fazilka Assembly constituency|Fazilka]]
|GEN
|Radha Krishan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|20048
|Aad Lal
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Jan Sangh}}
|13011
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" | 7037
|-
|7
|[[Jalalabad, Punjab Assembly constituency|Jalalabad]]
|GEN
|Prem Singh
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|20046
|Lajinder Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|19378
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;" | 668
|-
|8
|[[Guru Har Sahai Assembly constituency|Guru Har Sahai]]
|GEN
|B. Singh
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|15361
|Daulat Rai
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|14189
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:white;" | 1172
|-
|9
|[[Firozpur Assembly constituency|Firozpur]]
|GEN
|Gardhara Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|15419
|Balmukand
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Jan Sangh}}
|9029
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" | 6390
|-
|10
|[[Firozpur Cantonment Assembly constituency|Firozpur Cantonment]]
|GEN
|M. Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|12127
|R. Singh
| {{Party name with color|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group }}
|10560
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" | 1567
|-
|11
|[[Zira Assembly constituency|Zira]]
|GEN
|Harcharan Singh
| {{Party name with color|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group }}
|21494
|Metab Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|20622
|style="background:{{party color|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group}} ; color:white;" | 872
|-
|12
|[[Dharamkot Assembly constituency|Dharamkot]]
|GEN
|[[Lachhman Singh Gill]]
| {{Party name with color|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group }}
|15204
|R. Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|16733
|style="background:{{party color|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group}} ; color:white;" | 5901
|-
|13
|[[Nihal Singh Wala Assembly constituency|Nihal Singh Wala]]
|(SC)
|Munsha Singh
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|15204
|Saggar Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|10720
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;" | 4484
|-
|14
|[[Moga Assembly constituency|Moga]]
|GEN
|Nachhatar Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|16847
|Roop Lal
| {{Party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|11433
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" | 5414
|-
|15
|[[Bhagha Purana Assembly constituency|Bhagha Purana]]
|GEN
|C. Singh
| {{Party name with color|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group }}
|22170
|C. Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|17027
|style="background:{{party color|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group}} ; color:white;" | 5143
|-
|16
|[[Khadoor Sahib Assembly constituency|Khadoor Sahib]]
|GEN
|[[Mohan Singh Nagoke|Jathedar Mohan Singh Nagoke]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|22443
|A. Singh
| {{Party name with color|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group }}
|21565
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" | 878
|-
|17
|[[Patti, Punjab Assembly constituency|Patti]]
|GEN
|R. Kaur
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|26273
|Jaswant Singh
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|13677
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" | 12596
|-
|18
|[[Valtoha Assembly constituency|Valtoha]]
|GEN
|H. Singh
| {{Party name with color|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group }}
|21249
|U. Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|15985
|style="background:{{party color|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group}} ; color:white;" | 5264
|-
|19
|[[Attari Assembly constituency|Attari]]
|(SC)
|S. Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|15844
|Darshan Singh
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|11624
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" | 4220
|-
|20
|[[Tarn Taran Assembly constituency|Tarn Taran]]
|GEN
|H. Singh
| {{Party name with color|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group }}
|24496
|N.S.S. Puri
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|20610
|style="background:{{party color|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group}} ; color:white;" | 3886
|-
|By Polls in 1967
|[[Tarn Taran Assembly constituency|Tarn Taran]]
|GEN
|Manjinder Singh
| {{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|30081
|Dilbag Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|15880
|style="background:{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}} ; color:white;" | 14201
|-
|21
|[[Beas Assembly constituency|Beas]]
|GEN
|S. Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|20401
|K. Singh
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|12148
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" | 8253
|-
|22
|[[Jandiala Assembly constituency|Jandiala]]
|(SC)
|A. Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|16005
|Tara Singh
| {{Party name with color|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group}}
|12499
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" | 3506
|-
|23
|[[Amritsar East Assembly constituency|Amritsar East]]
|GEN
| Dr. [[Baldev Prakash]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Jan Sangh}}
|19750
|I. Nath
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|15124
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Jan Sangh}} ; color:white;" | 4626
|-
|24
|[[Amritsar South Assembly constituency|Amritsar South]]
|GEN
| [[Harbans Lal Khanna]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Jan Sangh}}
|17023
| Kirpal Singh
| {{Party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|16320
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Jan Sangh}} ; color:white;" | 703
|-
|25
|[[Amritsar Central Assembly constituency|Amritsar Central]]
|GEN
| [[Balram Das Tandon]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Jan Sangh}}
|22404
|J.I. Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|13256
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Jan Sangh}} ; color:white;" | 9148
|-
|26
|[[Amritsar West Assembly constituency|Amritsar West]]
|GEN
| Satya Pal Dang
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|23339
|G.G.S. Mussafir
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|13368
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;" | 9971

|-
|27
|[[Verka West Assembly constituency|Verka]]
|(SC)
|K. Singh
| {{Party name with color|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group}}
|14940
|G. Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|13354
|style="background:{{party color|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group}} ; color:white;" | 1586
|-
|28
|[[Majitha Assembly constituency|Majitha]]
|GEN
|Parkash Kaur
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|28002
|Parkash Singh
| {{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|18584
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" | 9418
|-
|29
|[[Ajnala Assembly constituency|Ajnala]]
|GEN
| Dalip Singh
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|20932
|I. Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|12385
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;" | 8547
|-
|30
|[[Fatehgarh Sahib Assembly constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
|GEN
|N. Singh
|{{Party name with color|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group}}
|18570
|J. Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|17081
|style="background:{{party color|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group}} ; color:white;" | 1489
|-
|31
|[[Batala Assembly constituency|Batala]]
|GEN
|Mohan Lal
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|18528
|Rattan Lal
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Jan Sangh}}
|13722
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" | 4806
|-
|32
|[[Sri Hargobindpur Assembly constituency|Sri Hargobindpur]]
|GEN
| Satnam Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|15278
|Karam Singh
|{{Party name with color|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group}}
|11722
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" | 3556
|-
|33
|Qadian
|GEN
|S. Singh
|M
|INC
|18126
|B. Singh
|M
|CPI
|6748
|-
|34
|Dhariwal
|GEN
|S. Singh
|M
|INC
|15067
|U. Singh
|M
|IND
|10752
|-
|35
|Gurdaspur
|GEN
|P. Chandra
|M
|INC
|16741
|M. Singh
|M
|ADS
|13546
|-
|36
|Dina Nagar
|(SC)
|J. Muni
|M
|INC
|13464
|S. Pal
|M
|BJS
|12309
|-
|37
|Narot Mehra
|(SC)
|S. Singh
|M
|INC
|16452
|R. Chand
|M
|BJS
|13764
|-
|38
|Pathankot
|GEN
|C. Ram
|M
|BJS
|18142
|B. Lal
|M
|INC
|14958
|-
|39
|Balachaur
|GEN
|B. Ram
|M
|INC
|20687
|D. Chand
|M
|IND
|19466
|-
|40
|Garhshankar
|GEN
|Capt. R. Singh
|M
|INC
|20412
|D. Singh
|M
|CPI
|13478
|-
|41
|Mahilpur
|(SC)
|G. Singh
|M
|INC
|18973
|K. Singh
|M
|ADM
|10477
|-
|42
|Hoshiarpur
|GEN
|B. Singh
|M
|SSP
|16027
|Balkrishan
|M
|INC
|12669
|-
|43
|Sham Chaurasi
|(SC)
|G. Dass
|M
|INC
|14656
|Devraj
|M
|CPM
|11241
|-
|44
|Tanda
|GEN
|J. Singh
|M
|RPI
|11969
|A. Singh
|M
|INC
|10697
|-
|45
|Dasuya
|GEN
|R.P. Dass
|M
|IND
|15539
|D. Singh
|M
|IND
|11958
|-
|46
|Mukerian
|GEN
|B. Nath
|M
|IND
|17451
|R. Ram
|M
|INC
|12382
|-
|47
|Kapurthala
|GEN
|K. Singh
|M
|INC
|18976
|B.H. Singh
|M
|IND
|12083
|-
|48
|Sultanpur
|GEN
|B. Singh
|M
|INC
|17743
|A. Singh
|M
|ADM
|15211
|-
|49
|Phagwara
|(SC)
|S. Ram
|M
|INC
|14943
|G. Ram
|M
|IND
|11547
|-
|50
|Jullundur North
|GEN
|L.C. Suberwal
|M
|BJS
|19613
|G. Saini
|M
|INC
|15374
|-
|51
|Jullundur South
|GEN
|Manmohan
|M
|BJS
|19138
|Yashpal
|M
|INC
|14222
|-
|52
|Jullundur Cantonment
|GEN
|R. Singh
|M
|IND
|11763
|B. Raj
|M
|IND
|9473
|-
|53
|Adampur
|GEN
|D. Singh
|M
|INC
|17485
|K. Singh
|M
|CPI
|16989
|-
|54
|Kartarpur
|(SC)
|P. Ram
|M
|RPI
|18708
|G. Singh
|M
|INC
|16000
|-
|55
|Jamsher
|(SC)
|D. Singh
|M
|INC
|11808
|M. Singh
|M
|IND
|9185
|-
|56
|Nakodar
|GEN
|D. Singh
|M
|IND
|11755
|U. Singh
|M
|INC
|8437
|-
|57
|Nur Mahal
|GEN
|D. Singh
|M
|INC
|23230
|T. Singh
|M
|CPI
|16451
|-
|58
|Bara Pind
|GEN
|H.S. Surjit
|M
|CPM
|18078
|P. Singh
|M
|INC
|15946
|-
|59
|Banga
|(SC)
|H. Ram
|M
|ADS
|16368
|J. Ram
|M
|INC
|15293
|-
|60
|Nawanshahr
|GEN
|D. Singh
|M
|INC
|22048
|H. Singh
|M
|ADS
|14094
|-
|61
|Phillaur
|GEN
|A. Singh
|M
|INC
|17267
|G. Singh
|M
|CPM
|9510
|-
|62
|Jagraon
|GEN
|G. Singh
|M
|INC
|20660
|D. Singh
|M
|ADS
|18173
|-
|63
|Raikot
|GEN
|J. Singh
|M
|ADS
|28912
|S. Singh
|M
|INC
|16947
|-
|64
|Qila Raipur
|GEN
|G. Singh
|M
|ADS
|25488
|A. Singh
|M
|INC
|20034
|-
|65
|Dakha
|(SC)
|J. Singh
|M
|INC
|18060
|B. Singh
|M
|ADS
|16903
|-
|66
|Ludhiana North
|GEN
|K. Chand
|M
|BJS
|22785
|T. Dass
|M
|INC
|12055
|-
|67
|Ludhiana South
|GEN
|V.A. Vishwanath
|M
|BJS
|14482
|J. Pall
|M
|INC
|11194
|-
|68
|Kum Kalan
|GEN
|G.M. Singh
|M
|INC
|17655
|M. Singh
|M
|ADS
|16921
|-
|69
|Payal
|GEN
|G. Singh
|M
|INC
|24505
|B. Singh
|M
|ADS
|20027
|-
|70
|Khanna
|(SC)
|G. Singh
|M
|RPI
|16617
|B. Singh
|M
|INC
|12371
|-
|71
|Samrala
|GEN
|J. Singh
|M
|ADS
|27719
|A. Singh
|M
|INC
|20320
|-
|72
|Nangal
|GEN
|S. Parasher
|F
|INC
|10733
|B. Singh
|M
|BJS
|7737
|-
|73
|Anandpur
|GEN
|J. Singh
|M
|INC
|12016
|S. Singh
|M
|ADS
|9768
|-
|74
|Rupar
|GEN
|G. Singh
|M
|INC
|21314
|S. S. Josh
|M
|CPI
|13288
|-
|75
|Morinda
|(SC)
|P. S. Azad
|M
|INC
|18852
|R. Singh
|M
|CPM
|12377
|-
|76
|Kharar
|GEN
|B. Singh
|M
|ADS
|15429
|N. S. Talib
|M
|INC
|14830
|-
|77
|Banur
|GEN
|P. Singh
|M
|INC
|18595
|P. Singh
|M
|IND
|18086
|-
|78
|Rajpura
|GEN
|S. Parkash
|M
|INC
|11623
|K. Singh
|M
|ADM
|7932
|-
|79
|Raipur
|GEN
|S. Kapur
|M
|INC
|19073
|B. Singh
|M
|SWA
|13337
|-
|80
|Patiala
|GEN
|S. Singh
|M
|ADM
|13778
|O. Parkash
|M
|BJS
|11541
|-
|81
|Dakala
|GEN
|Y. Singh
|M
|IND
|28827
|R. Singh
|M
|CPI
|3297
|-
|82
|Samana
|(SC)
|B. Lal
|M
|IND
|14549
|H. Singh
|M
|INC
|12228
|-
|83
|Nabha
|GEN
|N. Singh
|M
|IND
|24135
|G. Singh
|M
|INC
|14629
|-
|84
|Amloh
|(SC)
|B. Singh
|M
|INC
|14629
|S. Singh
|M
|ADS
|13146
|-
|85
|Sirhind
|GEN
|J. Singh
|M
|ADM
|13871
|R. Singh
|M
|ADS
|12028
|-
|86
|Dhuri
|GEN
|T. Singh
|M
|INC
|17829
|J. Singh
|M
|CPM
|16556
|-
|87
|Malerkotla
|GEN
|H. H. N. I. A. Khan
|M
|INC
|22090
|N. Mohammad
|M
|ADS
|15307
|-
|88
|Sherpur
|(SC)
|K. Singh
|M
|ADS
|23490
|L. Singh
|M
|INC
|10200
|-
|89
|Barnala
|GEN
|S. Singh
|M
|ADS
|24271
|R. Singh
|M
|INC
|10119
|-
|90
|Bhadaur
|(SC)
|B. Singh
|M
|CPI
|14748
|G. Singh
|M
|INC
|8287
|-
|91
|Dhanaula
|GEN
|H. Singh
|M
|CPM
|21192
|B. H. Singh
|M
|INC
|11228
|-
|92
|Sangrur
|GEN
|J. Singh
|M
|ADS
|14233
|G. Singh
|M
|INC
|13437
|-
|93
|Sunam
|GEN
|G. Singh
|M
|ADS
|20027
|N. Ram
|M
|BJS
|8671
|-
|94
|Lehra
|GEN
|B. Bhan
|M
|INC
|26377
|B. Lal
|M
|IND
|10340
|-
|95
|Sardulgarh
|GEN
|H. Singh
|M
|ADS
|22167
|K. Singh
|M
|INC
|19050
|-
|96
|Budhlada
|GEN
|G. Singh
|M
|INC
|19621
|T. Singh
|M
|ADS
|16977
|-
|97
|Mansa
|GEN
|J. Singh
|M
|CPI
|14466
|H. Singh
|M
|INC
|11864
|-
|98
|Talwandi Sabo
|GEN
|D. Singh
|M
|ADS
|21148
|G. Singh
|M
|INC
|10106
|-
|99
|Pakka Kalan
|GEN
|K. Singh
|M
|ADS
|19968
|T. Singh
|M
|INC
|15865
|-
|100
|Bhatinda
|GEN
|F. Chand
|M
|IND
|26356
|H. Lal
|M
|INC
|14921
|-
|101
|Phul
|GEN
|H. Singh
|M
|INC
|19826
|B. Singh
|M
|CPI
|17925
|-
|102
|Nathana
|(SC)
|H. Singh
|M
|ADS
|21061
|K. Singh
|M
|INC
|7615
|-
|103
|Kotkapura
|GEN
|H. Singh
|M
|ADS
|23907
|M. Singh
|M
|INC
|14185
|-
|104
|Faridkot
|(SC)
|B. Singh
|M
|ADS
|16273
|S. Singh
|M
|INC
|12771
|}

==Government formation==
After result [[Gurnam Singh]] formed the government by making an alliance called [[People's United Front (Punjab)|People's United Front]] with other political parties, but in November 1967 [[Lachhman Singh Gill|Lashman Singh Gill]] with 16 MLAs defected and with the support of [[Indian National Congress]] formed government which lasted till August 1968.

== See also ==

* [[Fourth Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Politics of Punjab, India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Punjab (India) elections}}

[[Category:1967 State Assembly elections in India|Punjab]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1960s in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1967–1972| ]]

Vasad

2026-02-25T05:14:42Z

BJRMelisa78144:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|reason=[[Special:Diff/1255686645|This 2024 edit]]; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in promotional tone, vocab distribution typical of 2024 LLM output, etc}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vasad
| other_name = Vasudhanagari
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.4500|N|73.0667|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Anand
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = Sarpanch
| leader_name1 = '''Poonambhai D. Parmar'''
| leader_title2 = Deputy Sarpanch
| leader_name2 = '''Deepbhai P. Patel '''
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 18.89
| population_total = 14,384
| population_as_of = 2013
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 388306
| registration_plate = GJ
| footnotes =
| official_name = Vasad
| area_code = 02692
}}
Vasad is a town located in the [[Anand district]] of [[Gujarat|Gujarat, India]]. Situated on the northern bank of the [[Mahi River]], it serves as a gateway to the [[Charotar region]]. The town is approximately 15 kilometers south of Anand, the district headquarters.

==Geography==
Vasad is positioned between the major cities of [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Vadodara]], making it strategically significant for transportation and commerce. The town is surrounded by forests to the south and northeast, contributing to its scenic landscape. The central government has established the Soil Conservation and Water Research Institute in Vasad to address soil erosion and enhance water management in the region.

== Demographics ==
As per the 2011 Census of India, Vasad has a population of 14,384 residents, comprising 7,530 males and 6,854 females. The town boasts a high literacy rate of 80.12%, with male literacy at 84.18% and female literacy at 75.66%. The community is diverse, with various cultural and religious groups coexisting harmoniously.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vasad village in Anand taluka, Anand, Gujarat, India |url=https://vill.co.in/gujarat/anand/anand-482038640/vasad-038645169430/ |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=vill.co.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Economy==
Agriculture forms the backbone of Vasad's economy, with a significant emphasis on the cultivation and processing of [[pigeon pea]]s ([[Pigeon pea|toor dal]]). The town hosts over 45 toor dal processing mills, highlighting its role as a major hub for this commodity. Additionally, tobacco farming is prevalent, contributing to the local agrarian economy.

== Transport ==
Vasad is well-connected by both road and rail networks. The town lies along [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]], facilitating easy access to nearby cities such as Ahmedabad and Vadodara. [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Vasad+Junction/@22.4503801,73.0609203,16z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x395fb53ecfbbe195:0xcfb7de0a36baaf55!8m2!3d22.45275!4d73.060532!16s%2Fg%2F11gy79dcq1?authuser=0&entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MTAyOS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Vasad Junction railway station] serves as a key node on the Western Railway network, with passenger, MEMU, and select express trains halting here. The station is approximately 15 kilometers from [[Anand Junction railway station|Anand railway station]].

== Education ==
The town is home to the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Technology|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Technology (SVIT)]], established in 1997. SVIT offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs in engineering, architecture, and nursing. The institute is affiliated with [[Gujarat Technological University]] and has contributed significantly to the region's educational development.

== Culture and Landmarks ==
Vasad is known for its cultural heritage and landmarks. The town hosts the [https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/The+Art+Of+Living%E2%80%93Gujarat+Ashram+(AOL%E2%80%93Gujarat+Ashram)/@22.4605131,72.9512161,11z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x395e4b4dc4dd236f:0xa1dd4d7cb9da69eb!8m2!3d22.4903412!4d73.0854872!16s%2Fg%2F11hdvm4xf3?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MTAyOS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Art of Living's Vasad Ashram], offering courses and events focused on stress reduction and well-being.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
Tejwani, KG. (1979) Soil fertility status, maintenance, and conservation for agroforestry systems on wasted lands in India.

== External links ==

* [https://indianvillageinfo.in/gujarat/anand/anand/vasad-village-516943 Vasad village in Anand, Gujarat]
{{Anand district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Anand district]]

Mar Gregorios Orthodox Christian Student Movement

2026-02-21T04:07:12Z

BJRMelisa78144: starting a data needs work

{{independent sources|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = MGOCSM
| native_name = Mar Gregorios Orthodox Christian Student Movement
| image =
| caption =
| country = India
| religious_affiliation = [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]], [[Oriental Orthodox]]
| denomination = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] (Indian Orthodox)
| founders = Students of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian church
| status = Active
| motto = Worship, Study, Service.
| address = MGOCSM Student Centre, College Road, Kottayam, Kerala 686 001
| patron = St. [[Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala]]
| established = 1908
| free_label1 = Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan
| free_text1 = [[Mathews III|H.H Moran Mar Baselios Marthoma Mathews III]]
| free_label2 = President of MGOCSM
| free_text2 = [[Abraham Seraphim|H.G Abraham Mar Seraphim]]
| free_label3 = Vice President of MGOCSM
| free_text3 = [[Zacharias Aprem|H.G Zacharias Mar Aprem]]
| free_label4 = General Secretary
| free_text4 = Fr.Vivek Varghese
| free_label5 =
| free_text5 =
| website = http://mgocsm.in https://mgocsmamerica.com
}}
{{Christianity}}
'''Mar Gregorios Orthodox Christian Student Movement''' (MGOCSM) is the oldest Christian Student Organization in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://delhiorthodoxdiocese.com/spiritual-organizations/mar-gregorios-orthodox-christian-students-movement-mgocsm/|title=Mar Gregorios Orthodox Christian Students Movement (MGOCSM) – Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mosc.in/spiritual/mar-gregorios-orthodox-christian-student-movement-mgocsm|title=Mar Gregorios Orthodox Christian Student Movement (MGOCSM) ||website=mosc.in}}</ref> It is a spiritual organization of the Indian Orthodox Church, officially known as the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] for the student community.<ref>{{Cite web|last=The Holy Episcopal Synod|year=2016|title=The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Mar Gregorios Orthodox Christian Student Movement MGOCSM Constitution|url=http://www.mgocsm.in/uploads/questions/1504789873ghmbgvtz279765.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=mgocsm.in|publisher=MGOCSM, Kottayam, India|location=Kottayam, India}}</ref> The MGOCSM headquarters is located in Devalokam, Kottayam, Kerala, India.

==History==
The students and senior leaders of the Church who were residing in Madras in the early part of the last century felt the need for an organization to bring together Christian students in various colleges and high schools with a view to deepening their spiritual life and to create in them a lively sense of fellowship. The Syrian Student Conference, the parent organization was formed in 1907 and the first conference was convened on 1–3 January 1908 at Balikamadom School, Tiruvalla, Kerala. Annual Conferences have been a regular feature since 1908. From 1912 to 1960 it was called St Thomas Syrian Students Movement. The movement adopted the name of MGOCSM in 1960 after joining with Jacobite faction, with its motto is Worship, Study, Service, after its merger with MGSSA (Mar Gregorios Syrian Students' Association), then the students wing of Jacobite Church. And in 1972 it had a split forming SOSMI (Syrian Orthodox Students Movement of India), the Student wing of Jacobite Church which was later renamed as JASSMI (Jacobite Syrian Students Movement of India) in 2002 and then as Mor Gregorios Jacobite Students' Movement ([[MGJSM]]) in 2009.

The strength of the movement is the wide network of its units centered in educational institutions and major parishes spread all over India and outside. MGOCSM has been maintaining inter-disciplinary contacts in the academic field for a long time by the formation of its wings. They include the High School, Higher Secondary, College students’ wings, University, Higher Secondary, High School teachers’ associations, Medical Auxiliary, Technical Auxiliary, Missionary Forum, Literary Forum, and the Publication wing.
[[File:MGOCSM Logo.jpg|thumb|227x227px]]
Student Centres at Kottayam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kothamangalam, Alwaye and Davengere stand as fitting monuments to the continuous and tireless efforts of the movement during the past years. Each Student Centre provides hostel facilities in addition to a chapel, an auditorium, a reading room and guest rooms. Mar Theophilus Study Centre in Kottayam is used for conducting seminars, study classes and the like. Our dream of establishing other student centres is also coming to life in Pampady, Iritty, Bangalore, Chennai and Kolar. MGOCSM Bookshop and Publishing House at Kottayam continue to function purposefully.
The Orthodox Study Bible, Total Education for 100 students, Financial assistance and scholarship to students of low income group, outside Kerala student chaplain services and CHAIROS - Centenary building complex are major projects of the Centenary 2008. The movement has appointed priests in major educational centres to carry on the student mission. A Diaspora secretariat has also opened with its office at Nagpur to co-ordinate the youngsters born and brought up outside Kerala.

The high ideals behind finding of the movement included bringing together the Orthodox Christian students of different educational institutions into one body in order to get them rooted in Orthodox faith and traditions and to strengthen them in spiritual life and Christian fellowship. The movement has grown as an international one with about 1500 units all over the world. It has been maintaining inter-disciplinary contacts in the academic field for a long time by the formation of its wings. They are the high school, higher secondary, college-post college wings; University, higher secondary, high school teachers association, medical auxiliary, technical auxiliary, missionary forum, literary forum and publication wing.

== Active Regions ==

# Kerala - South Region
# Kerala - North Region
# Outside Kerala - North and East
# Outside Kerala - West and South
# Gulf Region
# America and Canada Region
# East Asia Region
# UK, Europe and Africa Region

== Objective ==
The movement has three main objectives. The aims of the movement are to:

* bring together students of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church with a view of deepening their spiritual lives and also to create spiritual fellowship
* enable members to bear witness to the Lordship of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]] and spread the gospel
* help members and others grow as disciples of Jesus Christ and resemble the image and likeness of Christ.

==Famous alumni==
The greatest contribution the movement has made to the Church is that it has prepared and provided able and outstanding leaders for her service from time to time including Late lamented Metropolitan Dr. Stephanos Mar Theodosious, late Metropolitan Dr. Philipose Mar Theophilos, Metropolitan Dr. [[Paulose Mar Gregorios]] (Theologian & Former President, WCC), the late Shri [[C.M. Stephen]] (Former Union Cabinet Minister), Alexander Joseph and Dr. [[P.C. Alexander]] M.P. (Former Governor of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]). The blessed name of the Patron saint [[Gheevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala|Saint Gregorios]] of Parumala, the great vision of Saint [[Geevarghese Mar Dionysius of Vattasseril|Saint Dionysius]] (Vattasseril), the prayerful patronage of holy fathers of the Church and the encouragement of elders have enabled the movement to serve the Church and the student community at large.

==Activities==
The unit meets every Sunday after the [[Holy Qurbana]]. The sessions consist of prayer, bible reading, devotional songs, classes/speeches, quizzes, personality development programs, games, entertainment programs etc. Various other activities which do justice to the motto are also organized. Some of them are :

*Classes on faith, liturgy, and traditions of the church.
*Educational orientation classes and personality development programs.
*Providing study materials, uniforms, and other scholarships to financially backward students.
*Awards for academic excellence.
*Providing clothes, medicines, and financial aid to the needy.
*Annual grants to selected orphanages and charitable institutions.
*Arts and sports competitions for Sunday School students, during Onam Holidays.
*Annual tours to various Christian centers and other important places.
*Quiz and Light Music competitions.
*Publishing Newsletters and Magazines (for circulation among members only).

MGOCSM helps students to review the Sunday school topics, discuss the disturbing thoughts, and doubts they carry, enlighten through seminars and conferences, etc. Nurses Christian Fellowship of India is a fellowship of Christian Nurses across the faith irrespective of the domain started by Late H. G. Dr. Zachariah Mar Theophilos Metropolitan, Former General Secretary, MGOCSM. NCFIN is the largest community of Christian Nurses in India.

==Membership==
Any student who is thirteen years or older and is enrolled in a school, college, university or institute and a member of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church is eligible to become a member of MGOCSM

==Global Conferences==
MGOCSM organizes Global Conferences annually.
109th MGOCSM Global Annual Conference was held at [[MBC College of Engineering, Peerumed, Kerala]] from 27 December to 30 December 2017.
108th Mgocsm Global Conference was held at [[Baselius College, Kottayam, Kerala, India]] from 26 December to 29 December 2016
107th MGOCSM Global Conference was held at [[Catholicate college, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India]] from 22 December to 26 December 2015.
106th MGOCSM Global Conference was held at [[Christian College of Engineering & Technology, Bhilai]] Chhattishgarh, INDIA from 2 October to 5 October 2014.
105th MGOCSM Global Conference was held at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in December 2013.

==Centenary==
The movement celebrated hundred years of service to the Church and society in 2009. [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Patriarch]] [[Abune Paulos]] was the chief guest at the public meeting held on 30 December 2008, in connection with the centenary global conference at [[Parumala Church|Parumala Seminary]] where the patron saint is entombed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Uphold-values-Ethiopian-Patriarch/article16343299.ece|title=Uphold values: Ethiopian Patriarch|newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 January 2009|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> In his inaugural address, the Patriarch stressed the need for upholding Christian values in this age of ‘conflicts and chaos.’ He also said that India was a fast-growing economy and added that Ethiopians and Indians had many similarities. The [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan]] [[Didymos I|Baselios Marthoma Didymus I]] presided over the meeting. The Catholicos also conferred the [[Order of St. Thomas (award)|Order of St. Thomas]], the supreme award of the Malankara Orthodox Church, on the Ethiopian Patriarch on the occasion.
Gerima W. Kirkos, Abba Timotheos Tesfa and Abba Dioscoros, Archbishops from Ethiopia, accompanied the Patriarch. [[Oommen Chandy|Mr. Oommen Chandy]], Metropolitans [[Geevarghese Mar Osthathios]], Geevarghese Mar Coorilos, Mathews Mar Severios, [[Gabriel Mar Gregorios]], Paulose Mar Pachomios, Youhanon Mar Chrysostomos, Thomas Mar Athanasius, Kuriakos Mar Cleemis, Zacharias Mar Theophilus, Zacharias Mar Anthonios, and other dignitaries including Jiji Thomson IAS, Malankara Association secretary George Joseph, MGOCSM vice-president Anju Paulose, general secretary Fr V.M. Abraham (later Abraham Mar Seraphim), Parumala seminary manager Fr M. D. John, [[Priest Trustee|priest trustee]] Fr Johns Abraham Konattu; and lay trustee M. George Muthoottu also addressed the meet.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151122060939/http://www.mgocsmofficial.com/ MGOCSM of India]
* [http://bombaymgocsm.org MGOCSM Bombay]
* [http://www.mgocsmamerica.com MGOCSM of North America]
* [http://www.ds-wa.org/mgocsm/ MGOCSM of Southwest America]
* [http://www.mgocsmbhilai.org MGOCSM Bhilai, India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071008174606/http://www.stthomashoustonmgocsm.org/ St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, Houston, TX - MGOCSM]
* [http://www.mgocsm.in MGOCSM Chennai]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090328183459/http://www.stthomasokc.com/concept/activities/mgocsm.asp St. Thomas Orthodox Church, Oklahoma City, OK - MGOCSM]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120315223331/http://www.ambernathmgocsm.org/ MGOCSM Ambernath, Thane, Maharashtra]

{{Christianity in India by region}}
{{Churches in India}}
{{Christianity footer}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Christian organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Student organisations in India]]
[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
[[Category:Oriental Orthodox education]]

Dermatoxenus

2026-02-14T00:09:51Z

BJRMelisa78144: created the article from scratch - done

{{Short description|Genus of broad-nosed weevils}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image =
| image_caption =
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Dermatoxenus
| authority = Marshall, 1916
| type_species = Dermatodes vermiculatus<ref name="fauna">{{cite book |last1=Guy Anstruther Knox |first1=Marshall |title=The Fauna of British India Including Ceylon and Burma: Coleoptera. Rhynchophora:-Curculionidæ |date= |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=1846645204 |pages=50-51 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9799989#page/71/mode/1up |access-date=13 February 2026}}</ref>
| type_species_authority = Gyllenhal, 1833
}}

'''''Dermatoxenus''''' is a [[genus]] of broad-nosed weevils in the family [[Curculionidae]].<ref name=":0" /> They are found in India, Myanmar, Indonesia, Japan, and Taiwan.<ref name="fauna" /><ref name="tbn">{{cite web |title=Dermatoxenus {{!}} 分類群 {{!}} 台灣生物多樣性網絡 |url=https://www.tbn.org.tw/taxa/dd3b1c07-c714-4849-a946-b2bf642fa1a7 |website=www.tbn.org.tw |access-date=13 February 2026 |language=zh-hant}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Dermatoxenus Marshall, 1916 |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/1202340 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=GBIF |language=en}}</ref>

==Description==
The body length of ''Dermatoxenus'' ranges from 8.0 to 13.0 mm.<ref name = anderson>{{cite journal |last1=S. Anderson |first1=Robert |title=The genus Dermatoxenus Marshall 1916 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae: Dermatodini) in the Philippines |journal=Journal of Tropical Coleopterology |date=28 June 2021 |volume=2 |pages=26-34}}</ref> The head is transversely impressed behind the eyes, and the [[frons]] bears a median furrow between the eyes. The eyes are small, rounded, and prominent. The [[Rostrum (anatomy) |rostrum]] has a crosswise groove at the base, just in front of the eyes, and a deep central furrow with one or two shallower grooves on each side. The [[epistome]] is large and bare. The scrobe (or specialized antennal groove) is short and bends sharply downward, ending some distance before the front edge of the eye. <ref name = anderson />

The [[Antenna (zoology)|antenna]] have a short basal segment that does not reach the anterior margin of the eye. The first two segments of the funicle are longer than the ones that follow. The mandibles have a very small scar, and the deciduous process is stalked.<ref name = anderson />

The pronotum is approximately as long as it is wide, widest at or near the base, and sometimes has a shallow middle groove. The rear margin is slightly extended at the center. The small scutellar shield is not visible from above. The elytra are broader at the base than the pronotum and appear swollen toward the back when viewed from the side. The shoulders are distinct. The elytral intervals may be slightly raised or tuberculate, and there are ten complete rows of punctures (striae), which may be either clear or faint.<ref name = anderson />

The legs have clavate femora without ventral teeth. The metatibia is straight, with a small, rounded inner apical spur that is largely concealed by setae or scales. The corbel bevel is broad, closed, and densely scaled. The third tarsal article is large, deeply bilobed, and densely pilose ventrally; the claws are connate.<ref name = anderson />

The aedeagus is slender, with very long aedeagal apodemes about twice the length of the aedeagal body. The endophallus contains a very long, semi-rigid, rod-like flagellum that exceeds the length of the apodemes, based on three species examined.<ref name = anderson />

==Taxonomy==
''Dermatoxenus'' contains the following species:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=''Dermatoxenus'' Marshall, 1916 |url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8HHFL |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=[[Catalogue of Life]]}}</ref>
* ''[[Dermatoxenus binodosus]]'' (Marshall, 1916)
* ''[[Dermatoxenus caesicollis]]'' (Gyllenhal, 1833)
* ''[[Dermatoxenus candidus]]'' (Heller, 1896)
* ''[[Dermatoxenus chrysochlorus]]'' (Ritsema, 1882)
* ''[[Dermatoxenus clathratus]]'' (Roelofs, 1873)
* ''[[Dermatoxenus helleri]]'' (Marshall, 1916)
* ''[[Dermatoxenus hians]]'' (Marshall, 1932)
* ''[[Dermatoxenus indicus]]'' (Marshall, 1916)
* ''[[Dermatoxenus lithocollus]]'' (Heller, 1915)
* ''[[Dermatoxenus marmoreus]]'' (Marshall, 1941)
* ''[[Dermatoxenus montanus]]'' (Morimoto, 2015)
* ''[[Dermatoxenus quadrisignatus]]'' (Marshall, 1916)
* ''[[Dermatoxenus ritsemai]]'' (Heller, 1915)
* ''[[Dermatoxenus scutellatus]]'' (Heller, 1915)
* ''[[Dermatoxenus sexnodosus]]'' (Voss, 1932)
* ''[[Dermatoxenus vermiculatus]]'' (Gyllenhal, 1833)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q14925532}}

[[Category:Entiminae]]
[[Category:Curculionidae genera]]

Saleem Farook

2026-02-10T03:16:47Z

BJRMelisa78144: Made new details

{{Use dmy dates|date = March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Saleem Farook
| image = Portrait of Saleem Farook.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Saleem Farook
| native_name_lang = Kannada
| birth_name = Saleem Basheer Farook
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1964|2|20}}
| birth_place = [[Somwarpet]], [[Coorg]], [[Karnataka]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2000|7|04|1964|2|20}}
| death_place = [[Kalahandi]], [[Odisha]]
| resting place = [[Qadam e Rasool, Cuttack]]
| alma_mater = [[Maharaja's College, Mysore]]
| occupation = [[social activist]]
| years_active = 1987-2000
| height_m =
| movement = [[Thuamul Rampur]] [[tribal]] movement
| spouse = [[Farhat Amin]]
| children = 1 (Riyyan Amin Farooq)
| mother =
| father = Patel Basheer Farook
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Hussain Rabi Gandhi]] ''(brother in law)''|[[Afzal-ul Amin]] (''father in law'')|[[Sayeed Mohammed]] (''grandfather in law'')}}
| awards =
| organisation = Antodaya
| website = http://www.antodaya.org.in
}}

'''Saleem Farook''' was an Indian [[economist]], [[Tribal Rights Act|tribal rights activist]] and [[social worker]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kumbhar|first=Sitaram|title=The Political Economy of Mining-Mediated Development and the Livelihood Movements Against Mining in Orissa|date=2010|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|volume=71|issue=4|pages=1213–1222|jstor=42748948|issn=0019-5510}}</ref> from [[Karnataka]]. In 1989 he started the [[Thuamul Rampur]] tribal movement in [[Kalahandi]], [[Odisha]] which fought against the issue of land alienation of the tribals in that region. On 9 June 1989 he established the ''Antodaya'' society and organisation for the protection of tribal rights and promotion of tribal welfare in the tribal populated regions of southern [[Odisha]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=AboutUs|url=http://www.antodaya.org.in/AboutUs.htm|website=www.antodaya.org.in|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Home|url=http://www.antodaya.org.in/default.htm|website=www.antodaya.org.in|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref><ref name=":4"/> The Saleem Farook Janasikhya Pathagar at [[Kalahandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mohangiri]], [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]] is named after him.<ref name=":1" />

== Early life and education ==

Saleem Farook was born Patel Saleem Basheer Farookh Ahmed in 1962 into the Patagaar-Patel family of [[Coorg]] to Patel Rahmaan Basheer Ahmed and his wife Begum Rahmath Basheer. He did his schooling from O.L.V convent school in Somwarpet. He later graduated in economics from [[Maharaja's College, Mysore]]. He did a diploma in rural development and management from [[Mysore University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Detailed Information|url=https://www.givingtuesdayindia.org/ngo-detail/6153|website=#GivingTuesdayIndia|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Blue Planet Network|url=http://dashboard.blueplanetnetwork.org/organizations/181|website=dashboard.blueplanetnetwork.org|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>

== Career ==

Farook was initially appointed as a campaign manager for a state based NGO in [[Maharashtra]]. Later he shifted his base to [[Kalahandi]], [[Odisha]] where he started working for the tribals.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenamani|first=Suvendra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwTr9rh2LXQC&dq=thuamul+rampur+tribal+movement&pg=PA90|title=Poverty and Underdevelopment in Tribal Areas: (a Geographical Analysis)|date=2005|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-169-0|language=en}}</ref> He and his team started a movement fighting against this issue of land alienation of tribals of this block.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Orissa govt plans Bailey bridges in tribal districts - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/orissa-govt-plans-bailey--bridges-in-tribal-districts/1129997/|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref> During this period the local government made an attempt to interact with the people of [[Thuamul Rampur]] block and Sri R.B. Pattanaik who was the then collector of [[Kalahandi]] advised the group led by Farook (which was later to become Antodaya) to explore the possibilities of initiating community development work in either [[Lanjigarh]] or [[Thuamul Rampur]] block. Farook opted to explore possibilities in [[Thuamul Rampur]] block as there were no NGOs there at that time. The initial strategy was to gain experience by living with the tribal community and to address the issues and the possible solutions which could improve the living conditions of the tribal population. In a survey in 1985 it was found that a large number of tribals were either [[selling]] or [[mortgaging]] their lands in spite of the benefits that were provided to them under the "Land Reforms Act" (Art-22, 23,23A of regulation 2).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=NGO Darpan|url=https://ngodarpan.gov.in/index.php/home/statewise_ngo_sof/517/21/2?per_page=50|website=ngodarpan.gov.in|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref>

[[File:Saleem Farook at Antodaya.jpg|thumb|Farook at Antodaya, [[Kalahandi]], [[Odisha]] in 1997.]]

It took almost two years to take up the issue of land alienation to the higher authorities, the district administration then came forward to help the tribals get back their lands. A public interest litigation was filed in the [[Odisha High Court|Odisha high court]] by Farook which led to a Commission of Inquiry by Justice Baidyanath Mishra. The High Court advised the administration to allow tribals to plead without the services of advocates. More than 175 acres of alienated lands were restored to the tribals.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Choudhary|first=Kameshwar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3L2GAwAAQBAJ&dq=mohanty+manoranjan+retreat&pg=PA360|title=Globalisation, Governance Reforms and Development in India|date=2007-12-11|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=978-81-321-0162-8|language=en}}</ref>

Farook founded an organisation called Antodaya which he registered as a society in 1989. He took active steps to stop [[child selling]], [[starvation]], [[Land alienation in Ratanakiri Province|land alienation]] and killings due to [[superstitions]] in the area. He wrote a paper titled 'Ascertaining Basic Rights over Collecting, Processing and Marketing of minor forest products produced by Tribal Women', which examines the tribal economy and the role of the organization in linking the poor tribals to the market. He served as the founder and chairman of the organisation until his death in 2000.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/>

The Saleem Farook Janasikhya Pathagar at Mohangiri, [[Kalahandi]] is named after him.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Saleem Farook Janasikhya Pathagar|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/18082/13/13_chapter%205.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Adivasi activists]]
[[Category:Amin family]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]

Shekhar Kumar Yadav

2026-02-08T00:09:11Z

BJRMelisa78144: Made new bio

{{Short description|Judge at the Allahabad High Court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
'''Shekhar Kumar Yadav''' (born 16 April 1964) is an Indian judge serving in the [[Allahabad High Court]] since 12 December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice Shekhar Kumar Yadav|url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/service/judgeDetail.jsp?id=319|access-date=2021-11-05|website=www.allahabadhighcourt.in}}</ref> His position as judge has been in the spotlight following reportedly Islamophobic comments he made in December 2024 at an event of the right-wing [[Vishva Hindu Parishad|Vishwa Hindu Parishad]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Simran |date=2025-06-18 |title=All India Lawyer's Association for Justice revives demand for in-house inquiry against Justice Shekhar Yadav, seven months after hate speech |url=https://theleaflet.in/leaflet-reports/all-india-lawyers-association-for-justice-revives-demand-for-in-house-inquiry-against-justice-shekhar-yadav-seven-months-after-hate-speech |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=The Leaflet |language=en}}</ref> Calls for his removal include an impeachment motion initiated against him in [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] seeking his removal as judge on grounds of promoting [[majoritarianism]] and [[Hate speech in India|hate speech]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Justice Yadav 'hate speech' case: An acid test for the Supreme Court |url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/justice-yadav-hate-speech-case-an-acid-test-for-the-supreme-court/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-06-09 |title=SC dropped probe on Allahabad HC judge Shekhar Kumar Yadav after Rajya Sabha alert |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-probe-on-hc-judge-dropped-after-rajya-sabha-alert-101749410048411.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609091000/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-probe-on-hc-judge-dropped-after-rajya-sabha-alert-101749410048411.html |archive-date=2025-06-09 |access-date=2025-07-27 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-24 |title=Notice against Justice Shekhar Kumar Yadav pending, 50 MPs confirm signing |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/notice-against-justice-shekhar-kumar-yadav-pending-50-mps-confirm-signing-10084299/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The Case of Justice Shekhar Kumar Yadav Needs Firm and Transparent Handling |url=https://thewire.in/law/the-case-of-justice-shekhar-kumar-yadav-supreme-court-judiciary |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

== Contentious comments ==
Yadav is known for his public support for [[Hindu nationalism]], which was seen as a sharp departure from the standard norms of the [[Judiciary of India]]. He has publicly supported ban on [[Cattle slaughter in India|cow slaughter in India]] & implementation of a [[Uniform Civil Code]]. Some of his famous comments are —
{{Blockquote|text=Scientists believe the cow is the only animal that inhales and exhales oxygen. This [cow's milk] gives special energy to sunrays, which ultimately causes rain. [[Panchgavya]] which is made of cow milk, curd, ghee, urine and cow dung helps in treatment of several incurable diseases.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Scientists believe cow only animal that inhales, exhales oxygen: Allahabad HC judge|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/cow-exhales-oxygen-not-carbon-dioxide-allahabad-hc-judge/articleshow/85891230.cms|access-date=2021-11-05}}</ref>|author=}}{{Blockquote|text=Parliament must bring law to pay ‘rashtriya samman’ (national honour) to [[Lord Ram]], [[Lord Krishna]], [[Ramayana|Ramayan]] and its author [[Valmiki]] besides [[Gita]] and its author [[Vyasa|Maharishi Ved Vyas]], as they are the culture and heritage of the country<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Jaiswal|first1=Anuja|last2=Pandey|first2=Rajesh Kumar|date=October 10, 2021|title=Bring law to honour Ram, Krishna, says Allahabad high court judge|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bring-law-to-honour-ram-krishna-says-allahabad-high-court-judge/articleshow/86903410.cms|access-date=2021-11-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>|author=}}{{Blockquote|text=Cow is the culture of India and the work of saving the culture is of every citizen living in the country irrespective of religion. Fundamental right is not only the prerogative of beef eaters, rather, those who worship the cow and are financially dependent on cows, also have the right to lead a meaningful life. India will prosper only if cows are revered.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Declare cow national animal, protecting it should be a fundamental right of Hindus: Allahabad HC|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1004351/declare-cow-national-animal-make-its-protection-a-fundamental-right-of-hindus-allahabad-hc|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>|author=}}In December 2024, Yadav courted controversy by using derogatory slurs against [[Islam in India|Muslims in India]] & mocking the practice of [[Khitan (circumcision)|Islamic circumcision]] while delivering a speech at an event in [[Prayagraj]] organised by the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad|Vishwa Hindu Parishad]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-10 |title=HC judge's speech sparks massive political uproar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/hc-judge-s-speech-sparks-massive-political-uproar-101733821493699.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214061810/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/hc-judge-s-speech-sparks-massive-political-uproar-101733821493699.html |archive-date=2025-02-14 |access-date=2025-07-23 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> Amid calls for sacking him, a motion of impeachment against him on grounds of promoting [[majoritarianism]] & [[Hate speech in India|hate-speech]] has been initiated in the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-22 |title=Motion to impeach justice Yadav stalled due to forged signature: Dhankhar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/motion-to-impeach-justice-yadav-stalled-due-to-forged-signaturedhankhar-101753127839911.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722203440/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/motion-to-impeach-justice-yadav-stalled-due-to-forged-signaturedhankhar-101753127839911.html |archive-date=2025-07-22 |access-date=2025-07-23 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Shekhar Kumar}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Kaushambi district]]
[[Category:Judges of the Allahabad High Court]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Netaji Subhas University of Sports and Entrepreneurship

2026-02-06T01:22:17Z

BJRMelisa78144: new the stub first draft

{{Short description|Proposed university in West Bengal, India}}
The '''Netaji Subhas University of Sports and Entrepreneurship''' is India’s first proposed [[Private university|private]] [[Sports University|sports university]] in [[Hugli-Chuchura|Chuchura]], [[Hooghly district]], West Bengal, India. Approved by the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in June 2025. The university was established under the Netaji Subhas University of Sports and Entrepreneurship Act, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2025 |title=Netaji Subhas University of Sports and Entrepreneurship Act, 2025 |url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/west-bengal/2025/Bill9of2025WB.pdf |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=[[PRS Legislative Research]]}}</ref> The university is part of the state’s efforts to enhance higher education infrastructure and sports opportunities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bratya worried over fate of Netaji Subhas univ sports bill
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bratya-worried-over-fate-of-netaji-subhas-univ-sports-bill/articleshow/122030065.cms|date=2025-06-23|access-date=2025-06-24|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Overview ==
The university is named after [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], the Indian nationalist leader. It will offer education in sports science, performance analytics, physiotherapy, nutrition, sports law, management and coaching. The university will collaborate with sports organisations, including the Indian Olympic Association (IOA), All India Football Federation (AIFF) among others.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengal to get India's 1st dedicated sports univ
|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/big-stories/bengal-to-get-indias-1st-dedicated-sports-univ-616121|date=2025-06-23|access-date=2025-06-24|publisher=Millenniumpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengal education minister bats for collaboration between govt, pvt sector to boost sports, education
|url=https://theprint.in/india/bengal-education-minister-bats-for-collaboration-between-govt-pvt-sector-to-boost-sports-education/2667799/|date=2025-06-23|access-date=2025-06-24|publisher=[[The Print]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=স্পোর্টস নিয়ে পড়াশোনা-গবেষণা, এই বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় তৈরি করবে পেশাদার ক্রীড়াবিদও, বিধানসভায় পাশ এনএসইউএসই-র বিল
|url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/51548/netaji-subhash-university-of-sports-amp-entrepreneurship-university-bill-passed-west-bengal-legislative-assembly|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629140705/https://www.aajkaal.in/story/51548/netaji-subhash-university-of-sports-amp-entrepreneurship-university-bill-passed-west-bengal-legislative-assembly|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 29, 2025|date=2025-06-23|access-date=2025-06-24|publisher=Aajkaal}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Universities in West Bengal}}
{{authority control}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Sport schools in India]]

Namvar Singh

2026-01-18T02:19:13Z

BJRMelisa78144: quick update

{{Short description|Indian literary critic, linguist and academic (1927–2019)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Namvar Singh
| image = bharat-s-tiwari-photography-IMG 2504 June 06, 2015.jpg
| caption = Namvar Singh speaking at the launch of 'Aalochana' vol 53-54 (published by [[Rajkamal Prakashan]]), at Rabindra Bhawan, [[Sahitya Akademi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/rajkamal-prakashan-bhartiya-jantantra-ka-jayja-discussion-sahitya-akademy-1-815739.html|title = एक परिचर्चाः भारतीय जनतंत्र का जायजा| date=4 June 2015 }}</ref>
| native_name = Namvar Singh
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1926|07|28}}
| birth_place = [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|02|19|1926|07|28|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| alma_mater = [[Banaras Hindu University]]
| notableworks = ''Kavita Ke Naye Pratiman'', '' Chhayavaad '', '' Dusari Parampara Ki Khoj ''
| occupation = Writer, critic
| awards = 1971: [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] 1991: Shalaka Samman, Sahitya Bhushan Samman, Kuvempu Rashtreeya Puraskar
| relatives = [[Kashinath Singh]] (brother)
| nationality = Indian
}}

'''Namvar Singh''' (28 July 1926 – 19 February 2019) was an Indian literary critic, linguist, academician and theoretician.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Hindi-author-Namwar-Singh-bucks-the-trend-questions-writers-returning-Sahitya-Akademi-awards/articleshow/49429237.cms|title=Hindi author Namwar Singh bucks the trend|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/politics/namvar-singh-what-will-marx-think|title=Namvar Singh: What Will Marx Think?|website=Open|date=4 August 2016 }}</ref> He received his doctorate degree from Banaras Hindu University where he also taught for some time. He served as a professor of Hindi literature in several other universities. He was the founder and first chairman of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]'s Centre of Indian Languages and continued to remain as a professor emeritus after his retirement in 1992.

==Early life==
Singh was born on 28 July 1926 in Jiyanpur village in [[Varanasi]] (now under [[Chandauli district|Chandauli]]) District of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name="auto" /> He received his early education there. He then moved to Varanasi to pursue his further studies and did his matriculation and higher secondary education at [[Udai Pratap Autonomous College]], Varanasi.<ref name="auto" /> He enrolled in [[Banaras Hindu University]] (BHU) for higher studies, where he completed his bachelor's in 1949 and master's with gold medal in 1951. He got the Ph.D. under the supervision of [[Hazari Prasad Dwivedi]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rajkamalprakashan.com/default/jmproducts/filter/index/?author=112|title=Authors of Rajkamal Prakashan Group | Namvar Singh|website=www.rajkamalprakashan.com|access-date=17 September 2018|archive-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917105327/https://www.rajkamalprakashan.com/default/jmproducts/filter/index/?author=112|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kDLPwWxO48C&q=namvar+singh&pg=PA435|title=Namvar Singh: Aalochna Ke Dusre Arampara|first1=Namwar|last1=Singh|first2=Kamalā|last2=Prasāda|first3=Rājendra|last3=Śarmā|date=20 February 2002|publisher=Vāṇī Prakāśana|isbn=978-81-7055-145-4|via=Google Books}}</ref> His younger brother [[Kashinath Singh]] is also a writer.<ref name="NDTV_death" />

==Career==
After completing his Ph.D., Singh started teaching at Banaras Hindu University. For a brief period he also taught at [[Sagar University]]. His association with the two universities ended due to his [[communist]] activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/books/namwar-singh-and-the-perils-of-inconsistency|title=From Red to Saffron, the Literary Journey of Namvar Singh|website=The Wire}}</ref> He later became a professor of Hindi at [[Jodhpur University]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/anything-but-epic/article7309931.ece|title=Anything but epic|first=Kuldeep|last=Kumar|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 June 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> At [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU), he created a new pattern of teaching and prepared the curriculum. He was the founder and first chairman of JNU's Centre of Indian Languages.<ref name="pustakNamvar">{{cite web |title=नामवर सिंह संकलित निबंध – नामवर सिंह Namvar Singh Sankalit Nibandh – Hindi book by – Namvar Singh |url=https://pustak.org/index.php/books/bookdetails/7830 |website=pustak.org |access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref> He retired from JNU in the year 1992. After his retirement, he served as a professor emeritus at the Center of Indian Languages at JNU.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |title=मशहूर आलोचक डॉ नामवर सिंह को दी गई साहित्य अकादमी की महत्तर सदस्यता |url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/literature/litterateur-namvar-singh-honoured-by-sahitya-akademi-1674266 |access-date=20 February 2019 |work=NDTVIndia}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/prof-namvar-singh-to-be-conferred-kuvempu-rashtreeya-puraskar-114092200722_1.html|title=Prof. Namvar Singh to be conferred Kuvempu Rashtreeya Puraskar|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=22 September 2014|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/Administration/ProfessorEmeritus.asp|title=Professors Emeritus/Emerita, JNU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115201938/http://www.jnu.ac.in/Administration/ProfessorEmeritus.asp|archive-date=15 November 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 1959, Singh unsuccessfully contested the [[Elections in India|general election]] as a [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) candidate from the [[Chandauli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandauli]] constituency in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He polled over 18,000 votes, finishing a distant third. 5b <ref name="NDTV_death" />

Apart from his academic engagement, Singh worked as the editor of a weekly news magazine ''Janyuga'', and ''Alochana'', a Hindi magazine for literary criticism.<ref name="NDTV_death" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjsHCwAAQBAJ&q=Namvar+singh+award&pg=PT322|title=Today's Pasts: A Memoir|first=Bhisham|last=Sahni|date=10 November 2015|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-85890-19-2|via=Google Books}}</ref> Following his retirement from JNU he was appointed the Chancellor of [[Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya]], Wardha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/06/26/namwar-singh-appointed-chancellor-of-international-hindi-university-1151328010.html|title=Namwar Singh appointed Chancellor of International Hindi University|date=26 June 2006|website= Oneindia }}</ref> He also worked as the chairman of the [[Raja Rammohun Roy]] Library Foundation.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IBB8drHUz7YC&q=Namvar+singh+RRMRLF&pg=PR10|title=National Policy on Library and Information Systems and Services for India: Perspectives and Projections|first=Brahmanda Pratap|last=Barua|date=20 February 1992|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-730-2|via=Google Books}}</ref> Singh also served as the chairman of the selection board for the [[Jnanpith Award]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jnanpith.net/awards/jnanpith-award|title=JNANPITH AWARD, Present Selection Board|access-date=5 September 2018|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320010124/http://www.jnanpith.net/awards/jnanpith-award|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/marathi-novelist-bhalchandra-nemade-chosen-for-jnanpith-award/article6865738.ece|title=Marathi novelist Bhalchandra Nemade chosen for Jnanpith award|first=Satish|last=Nandgaonkar|newspaper=The Hindu|date=6 February 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

Namvar Singh died on 19 February 2019 in [[Delhi]] at the age of 92.<ref name="NDTV_death">{{cite news |title=Acclaimed Hindi Author Namvar Singh Dies At 92 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/acclaimed-hindi-author-namvar-singh-dies-at-92-1996217 |access-date=20 February 2019 |work=NDTV.com |date=20 February 2019}}</ref>

==Selected works==
Singh has authored more than a dozen books.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/06/namvars-kabir/|title=Namvar's Kabir|first=Kamlesh Verma कमलेश|last=वर्मा|date=15 June 2016|website=Forward Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2016/7/28/Namvar-Singh-Contribution-Hindi-Literature|title=Namvar Singh gets felicitated}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=147932|title=Shri Rajnath Singh Felicitates Prof. Namvar Singh at 'First Cultural Dialogue Series' of IGNCA|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref> Some of his works are:
* ''Kavita Ke Naye Pratiman'' {{ISBN|978-8-1267-0744-7}}<ref name="NDTV_death" />
* ''Chhayavaad'' {{ISBN|978-8-1267-0736-2}}<ref name="NDTV_death" />
* ''Dusari Parampara Ki khoj'' {{ISBN|978-8-1267-1591-6}}<ref name="NDTV_death" />
* ''Itihaas Aur Alochana'' {{ISBN|978-8-1267-0510-8}}


==Awards and recognition==
* [[Kendra Sahitya Academy Award|''Kendra Sahitya Akademi'' Award]] (1971) for his work ''Kavita Ke Naye Pratiman''.<ref name="NDTV_death" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|title=Akademi Award (1955–2016)|access-date=28 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084937/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
* ''Shalaka Samman'' by Hindi Academy, Delhi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bharatdiscovery.org/india/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8|title=शलाका सम्मान - Bharatkosh|website=bharatdiscovery.org}}</ref>
* ''Sahitya Bhushan Samman'' by [[Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/vishesh-aalekh/story/835855.html|title=90 के नामवर: साहित्यिक योगी का जीवन जीते रहे हैं नामवर सिंह|date=28 July 2016 }}</ref>
* ''Kuvempu Rashtriya Puraskar'' by Rashtrakavi Kuvempu Prathisthana<ref name="auto3"/>
* ''Bharat Bharati Samman''<ref name="pustakNamvar" />
* [[D.Litt.]] by [[University of Hyderabad]]<ref name="pustakNamvar" />

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Hindi}}

dr namvar singh founder of narayani sahitya academy

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Namvar}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]

Dipanwita Roy Chowdhury

2025-12-28T15:38:58Z

BJRMelisa78144: created first article v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian computer scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=October 2024}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=October 2024}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs2}}
'''Dipanwita Roy Chowdhury''' (born 1963,{{r|ias|inae}} also published as Dipanwita RoyChowdhury) is an Indian computer scientist whose research interests include [[cellular automaton|cellular automata]], [[VLSI]], and their applications in [[error correcting code]]s and [[cryptography]]. She is a professor of computer science and engineering at [[IIT Kharagpur]].{{r|profile}}

Roy Chowdhury was a student at the [[University of Calcutta]], where she received a bachelor's degree in 1987 and a master's degree in 1989. She completed a Ph.D. at IIT Kharagpur in 1994.{{r|x}}

Roy Chowdhury became an associate member of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] in 1994.{{r|ias}} She is a member of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]],{{r|wfi}} elected in 2011,{{r|inae}} and a recipient of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] Medal for Young Scientists.{{r|x}}

==References==
<references>

<ref name=ias>{{citation|url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/AS1994003|title=Dr Roy Chowdhury Dipanwita|work=Fellows|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|access-date=2024-10-30}}</ref>

<ref name=inae>{{citation|url=https://www.inae.in/storage/2022/05/INAE_Year_Book_2022_Med.pdf|title=INAE Year book 2022|page=226|contribution=ROY CHOWDHURY, Prof. Dipanwita|publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering|access-date=2024-10-30}}</ref>

<ref name=wfi>{{citation|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/Initiatives/Women_in_Science/Women_Fellows_of_INAE|title=Women Fellows of INAE|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|access-date=2024-10-30}}</ref>

<ref name=profile>{{citation|url=http://203.110.245.244/department/CS/faculty/cs-drc|title=Dipanwita Roy Chowdhury|work=Computer Science and Engineering faculty|publisher=IIT Karaghpur|access-date=2024-10-30}}</ref>

<ref name=x>{{citation|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37341962600|title=Dipanwita Roy Chowdhury|work=IEEE Xplore|publisher=IEEE|date=17 June 2010|access-date=2024-10-30}}</ref>

</references>

==External links==
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180812073122/http://www.facweb.iitkgp.ac.in/~drc/ Home page]}}
*{{Google Scholar id|F_MRaWYAAAAJ}}

{{Authority control|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy Chowdhury, Dipanwita}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:Indian women computer scientists]]
[[Category:Cellular automatists]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Kharagpur]]

Britannia (1774 ship)

2025-12-14T23:23:37Z

BJRMelisa78144: minor cleanup

{{other ships|Britannia (ship)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
|country=Great Britain
|flag= {{shipboxflag|Kingdom of Great Britain|civil}} [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|65px]]
| name = ''Britannia''
| owner = *Originally: Waters & Co.<ref name=Hackman>Hackman (2001), p. 225.</ref>
*1800: Lambert
*1801: Cleland & Co.
| ordered =
| builder = Bombay Dockyard<ref name=Hackman/>
| original_cost =
| laid_down =
| launched = 1774<ref name=Hackman/>
| acquired =
| commissioned =
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| honours =
| captured =
| fate = Last listed 1809 in ''Register of Shipping'' and 1810 in ''[[Lloyd's Register]]''
| notes =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class =
| tons_burthen = 305,<ref name=BL5>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001114666 British Library: ''Britannia'' (5)].</ref> 500,<ref name=LoM>{{Cite web |url=http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf# |title=Letter of Marque, p.53 - accessed 25 July 2017. |access-date=19 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020052005/http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf# |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=LoM2/> or 500 {{small|{{frac|74|94}}}},<ref name=Hackman/> ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
| length =*{{convert|97|ft|10|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (overall)<ref name=BL5/>
*{{convert|77|ft|3|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (keel)<ref name=BL5/>
| beam = {{convert|27|ft|3|in|m|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=BL5/>
| draught =
| draft =
| hold_depth = {{convert|12|ft|0|in|m|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=BL5/>
| propulsion =
| sail_plan =
| complement = 60-80<ref name=LoM/><ref name=LoM2/>
| armament = *1799: 12 × 9-pounder guns<ref name=LoM/><ref name=LoM2/>
*1810: 10 × 6-pounder guns<ref name=LR1810/>
| notes = *Two-decked, [[teak]]-built merchantman
*During the period 1790–1800, or so, six vessels named ''Britannia'' engaged in whaling in the South Seas, with several visiting Australia, either with convicts, or without. Separating them out is a non-trivial task as records appear to conflate them.
}}
}}
'''''Britannia''''' was launched in 1774, at Bombay. She was the focus of a protest against the [[Tea Act]] in Charleston, South Carolina in 1774. In 1796, she transported [[convict]]s from [[Ireland]] to [[Australia]]. This voyage was noteworthy for her captain's cruelty, for which he was tried but not sanctioned. She then sailed to China to pick up a cargo for the [[East India Company]]. On the way she visited or saw four islands in the present-day [[Marshall Islands]]. She remained employed in the services of the [[East India Company]] (EIC) until 1799. She then traded with India for a number of years, twice taking cargoes back to England for the EIC. Between 1808 and 1809, she was a [[whaler]] in the South Seas Fishery.

==Voyages==
In November 1774, ''Britannia'' sailed from London to [[Charleston, South Carolina]]. In addition to passengers, she was carrying "seven chests of East Indian tea." The Captain, Samuel Ball, Jr., said that the tea had been ordered "without his knowledge or consent." Because of local objections to the British duty on tea, "on Thursday at Noon [November 3, 1774], an [[wikt:oblation|Oblation]] was made to [[Neptune (mythology)|Neptune]]." This incident has been called "The Charleston Tea Party" because the tea was dumped over the side, in the same fashion as had occurred at the [[Boston Tea Party]] a year earlier.<ref name="scgazette">{{cite news | url=http://www.teachingushistory.org/CharlestonTeaPartyarticleintheSouthCarolinaGazetteNovember211774.html | title=Charleston Tea Party Article | work=South Carolina Gazette | date=21 November 1774 | accessdate=2 February 2012}}</ref>

Captain Thomas Dennett (or Dennott) sailed ''Britannia'' from [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] on 28 November 1785, and [[Diamond Harbour]] on 4 January 1786. She reached [[Cape colony|the Cape]] on 2 March, and [[Saint Helena|St Helena]] on 23 March. She arrived at Plymouth on 15 May, and Deptford on 8 June.<ref name=BL5/>

''Britannia'' was admitted to Registry in Great Britain on 20 June 1796.<ref>House (1814), p.87.</ref>

===Convict ship===
On 5 August 1796, Thomas Demmett [sic] received a [[letter of marque]], which authorized him to capture French ships should the opportunity arise.<ref name=LoM/> Under the command of Thomas Dennett, ''Britannia'' departed [[Cork (city)|Cork]], Ireland on 10 December, and arrived in [[Sydney Cove]] on 27 May 1797.<ref>Bateson (1959), pp.139 & 143.</ref> She embarked 144 male and 44 female prisoners; ten male convicts and one female convict died during the course of the voyage.<ref name=Bateson>Bateson (1959), p.153.</ref> An enquiry into the conduct of Captain Dennott (Demmett) was held in Sydney and is recorded in the ''[[Historical Records of Australia]]''. The enquiry recommendations as to Demmett's "callous and brutal" treatment of the convicts was sent to England but the only repercussion was that Demmett never served on a convict ship again.<ref>Bateson (1959), pp.142-147.</ref>

===Exploration===
''Britannia'' left Sydney on 2 August 1797, for China, where she would pick up a cargo of tea. She initially followed the route that ''Scarborough'' followed. ''Britannia'' sailed north and into the region of the Marshall Islands. On 19 September, she sighted an island that Dennott named "Hunter Island" ([[Kili Island]]). Canoes brought out some islanders who wanted to trade breadfruit. The next day she sighted an island in the [[Ailinglaplap Atoll]] that Dennott named "Lamber Island". Natives again came out to trade but ''Britannia'' sailed on. Later that day ''Britannia'' did stop at an island in [[Namu Atoll]] that Dennott named "Ross Island". This time ''Britannia'' stopped and traded with the natives who came out. One native tore off a galley rail and took it away as a prize. On 21 September, ''Britannia'' sighted "Princess Island" at {{coord|8|21|N|167|25|E|display=inline,title}}; this would appear to be [[Lib Island]].

Dennett arrived at [[Macao]] on 16 October 1797, and was at [[Huangpu District, Guangzhou|Whampoa]] on 2 December. For her return to Britain, ''Britannia'' was at Macao on 28 March 1798, [[False Bay]] on 25 July, the Cape on 8 September, and St Helena on 17 November. ''Britannia'' reached [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|the Downs]] on 4 February 1799.<ref name=BL5/> She reached London on 7 February.

Dennott left ''Britannia'' and apparently died around 1800. ''Lloyd's Register'' for 1800 records her owner as Lambert, and her master as "Palmer".

==London-India trade==

Captain Edward Hanoner Palmer received a letter of marque of ''Britannia'' on 1 May 1799.<ref name=LoM/> On 28 May, ''Britannia'' sailed from London for Madras. On 24 September, she left [[Cape colony|the Cape]] in company with the American armed ship ''Atlantic''. The two planned on sailing together as far as "Achun Head" ([[Aceh]]). On 8 October, a ship came into sight and appeared to be chasing them, but they separated and both escaped.<ref>Williams (2009), p.69.</ref> Palmer and ''Britannia'' left [[Chennai|Madras]] on 16 April 1800, reached St Helena on 8 July, and arrived at The Downs on 23 September.<ref name=BL8>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001114669 British Library: ''Britannia'' (8).]</ref> ''Britannia'' arrived back in London on 30 September.

''Lloyd's Register'' for 1801, repeats the names of owner and master from the prior volume, but indicates a change with the name of ''Britannia''{{'}}s new owner as "Cleland Co." and the name of her master as "J. Johnson". It also indicates that she carried two 9-pounder guns and ten short 9-pounders "on the New Construction".

''Britannia'' sailed from London on 21 January 1801, for Madeira and India. In Portsmouth her captain was relieved by Captain Stout. Benjamin Stout had received a letter of marque for ''Britannia'' two days earlier.<ref name=LoM2>{{Cite web |url=http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf# |title=Letter of Marque, p.54 - accessed 25 July 2017. |access-date=19 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020052005/http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf# |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Stout left Calcutta 28 October 1801. Homeward bound, ''Britannia'' was at [[Khejuri II#Khijri|Kedgeree]] on 4 January 1802, the Cape of Good Hope on 7 February, and St Helena on 26 March, arriving at The Downs on 29 May.<ref name=BL8/> She returned to London on 31 May2.

In 1802, Captain J. Reddy replaced Stout, though her master had still been listed as J. Johnson.<ref>''Lloyd's Register'' (1802).</ref> Captain James Reddy, of ''Britannia'' was reported to have died in Bengal on 29 August 1803.<ref>''The Gentleman's magazine'', 1804, Vol. 74, Part 1, p.181.</ref>

==Fate==
Contradictorily, another report has ''Britannia'' still under Reddy's command between 1808 and 1810, with Cleland & Co. employing her on the South Sea whale fishery.<ref>Clayton (2014), p.77.</ref> Supporting evidence is thin.

A database of whaling voyages does not include ''Britannia''.<ref name=bswf>[http://www.britishwhaling.org/voyage-and-crew-databases.html] Jones, A.G. E.; Dale Chatwin; and Rhys Richards. BSWF Database – voyages: ''Britannia''.</ref> ''Lloyd's Register'' and the ''Register of Shipping'' for 1809 both still shows her trading on the India-London route, with Reddy as master. The 1810, ''Lloyd's Register'' shows ''Britannia'', J. Reddy, master, and Cleland & Co., owners. Her trade is now London-South Seas.<ref name=LR1810>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005676393?urlappend=%3Bseq=85 ''Lloyd's Register'' (1810), Seq. №B435.]</ref> ''Britannia'' is no longer listed in the ''Register of Shipping'' after 1809, or in ''Lloyd's Register'' after 1810.

==Cultural depictions==
''Britannia''{{'}}s voyage as convict ship to New South Wales is depicted in the second episode of the Australian miniseries [[Against the Wind (miniseries)|''Against the Wind'']].

==Citations==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |title =The Convict Ships | first =Charles | last =Bateson | year =1959 | publisher =Brown, Son & Ferguson | oclc =3778075}}
* {{cite book | last=Clayton | first=J.M. | title=Ships employed in the South Sea Whale Fishery from Britain: 1775-1815: An alphabetical list of ships | publisher=Jane M. Clayton | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-908616-52-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzMzAwAAQBAJ }}
*Druett, Joan (2000) "She Captains: Heroines and Hellions of the Sea". (Simon & Schuster) [https://books.google.com/books?id=PG6TuUhoq88C&dq=%22The+Hell-ship+%22Britannia%22%22&pg=PA134]
* {{cite book |last1=Hackman |first1=Rowan |year=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7}}
* {{cite book |author=((House of Commons, Parliament, Great Britain)) |year=1814 |title=Minutes of the Evidence Taken Before the Select Committee on Petitions Relating to East-India-Built Shipping |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |ref={{SfnRef|House of Commons|1814}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Williams |first=Greg H. |year=2009 |title=The French assault on American shipping, 1793-1813: a history and comprehensive record of merchant marine losses |publisher=McFarland |isbn= 9780786438372}}

==External links==
*[http://www.oocities.org/heartland/prairie/1167/ships.htm Brittania (1774) GeoCities page]

[[Category:1774 ships]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1774]]
[[Category:Tax resistance in the United States]]
[[Category:History of the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:History of Charleston, South Carolina]]
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Convict ships to New South Wales]]
[[Category:Whaling ships]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:18th century in Charleston, South Carolina]]

Bhatkyachi Bhramanti

2025-11-25T05:38:46Z

BJRMelisa78144: adding initial article more to come

{{italic title}}
'''''Bhatkyachi Bhramanti''''' (Journey of a tramp<ref name="ET-20071121">{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-11-21/news/28441541_1_police-stations-pramod-navalkar-shiv-sena-bjp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305055517/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-11-21/news/28441541_1_police-stations-pramod-navalkar-shiv-sena-bjp|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 5, 2016|title=Pramod Navalkar passes away|date=2007-11-21|work=The Economic Times (online)|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|location=Mumbai|accessdate=30 June 2012}}</ref>) was a weekly [[column (periodical)|column]] by [[Pramod Navalkar]] using the [[pen name]] of "Bhatkya" in the Sunday edition of ''[[Navshakti]]'' that ran for a time-span of 52 years. It was first published on 2 December, 1956.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYiKAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhatkyachi+Bhramanti+|title=Assembly Elections, 1994-95: An Analysis and Results|last=Chowdhry|first=N. K.|date=1995|publisher=Shipra Publications|isbn=9788185402734|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kASYYjWFlEC&q=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80|title=Maharashtra Legislative Council Debates|last=Council|first=Maharashtra (India) Legislature Legislative|date=1973|publisher=Director, Government Print. and Stationery.|language=mr}}</ref> The time-span of the column has found a mention in [[Limca Book of Records]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeJtAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80|title=Limca Book of Records|date=2002|publisher=Bisleri Beverages Limited|language=en}}</ref>

In the column, Navalkar wrote about [[Street gang|criminal gangs]], gold [[smuggling]] rackets, [[prostitution]] dens, [[barmaid]]s and other ''societal malices (''in his opinion), often using disguises to gain entry into exclusive areas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19950615-pramod-navalkar-aims-to-curb-surrogate-advertising-and-soft-porn-magazines-807412-1995-06-14|title=Pramod Navalkar aims to curb surrogate advertising and soft-porn magazines|access-date=2017-11-26}}</ref><ref name="DNA-20051202" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_shiv-sena-leader-pramod-navalkar-passes-away_1134415|title=Shiv Sena leader Pramod Navalkar passes away {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2007-11-20|work=dna|access-date=2017-12-14|language=en-US}}</ref> Navalkar wrote free of charge.<ref name="DNA-20051202">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_for-pramod-navalkar-ink-still-flows_1000138|title=For Pramod Navalkar, ink still flows|last=Deshmukh|first=Smita|date=2005-12-02|work=Daily News and Analysis|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation Ltd.|location=Mumbai|accessdate=30 June 2012}}</ref> The column exposed shocking aspects of [[Mumbai]]'s nightlife.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/editorial/dhavte-jag/night-life-in-mumbai/articleshow/46268252.cms|title=रात्रीची मुंबई -Maharashtra Times|date=2015-02-17|work=Maharashtra Times|access-date=2017-11-26|language=mr}}</ref>

[[Ashish Rajadhyaksha]] is quoted in a [[doctoral thesis]] describing this column as an example of "territorial realism".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cscs.res.in/dataarchive/textfiles/turning-towards-the-bodily-subject-theorising-the-field-of-visibility-in-contemporary-india|title=Turning towards the bodily subject: Theorising the field of visibility in contemporary India|last=Vasudevan|first=Nitya|date=2014-01-19|website=Centre for study of culture and society, Manipal University|access-date=2017-11-26}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Columns (periodical)]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in India]]

Krishna Kumari (regent)

2025-11-21T22:22:04Z

BJRMelisa78144: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Indian politician (1926–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Krishna Kumari
| birth_date =10 February 1926
| birth_place =
|death_date =3 July 2018
| death_place = Jodhpur
| residence =
| party =
| alma_mater =
| education =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Jodhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jodhpur]]
| predecessor = N K Sanghi
| successor = R D Gattani
| term = 1971 - 1977
| parents =
| children = [[Gaj Singh]] II
| spouse = [[Maharaja Hanuwant Singh]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

[[Rajmata]] '''Krishna Kumari''' (10 February 1926<ref>{{cite book |title=Reference India |date=1975 |publisher=Tradesman and Men India. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jv8ZAAAAIAAJ&q=krishna+kumari+February+10+,+1926 |accessdate=5 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=The Economic Times |author-link=The Economic Times |title=Marwar Rajmata and former MP Krishna Kumari passes away at 92 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/marwar-rajmata-and-former-mp-krishna-kumari-passes-away-at-92/articleshow/64837970.cms |accessdate=5 July 2018 |date=3 July 2018}}</ref> – 3 July 2018) was an Indian politician. She was the [[Maharani]] consort of [[Marwar]]-[[Jodhpur]] as the spouse of [[Maharaja Hanuwant Singh]], and the titular regent of [[Marwar]]-[[Jodhpur]] during the minority of [[Gaj Singh]] II in 1952-1970. She was a Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha, in 1971-1977.

==Life==
She was the last [[Maharani]] consort of [[Marwar]]-[[Jodhpur]] in 1947–1949 as the spouse of [[Maharaja Hanuwant Singh]].<ref name="urlWomen in power 1940-1970">{{cite web |url=http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/womeninpower/Womeninpower1940.htm |title=Women in power 1940-1970 |accessdate=2011-08-29}}</ref> She contested the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'' election in 1971 from [[Jodhpur]] and won, serving until 1977.<ref name="urlWomen in power 1940-1970" /> She died on 3 July 2018, in Jodhpur, aged 92.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dainik Bhaskar |author-link=Dainik Bhaskar |title=जोधपुर की पूर्व राजमाता कृष्णा कुमारी का निधन, आज शाम 4 बजे अंतिम संस्कार |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jodhpur/news/jodhpur-s-former-rajmata-krishna-kumari-passes-away-5908296.html |accessdate=3 July 2018 |date=3 July 2018}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumari, Krishna}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Regents in India]]
[[Category:20th-century women regents]]
[[Category:20th-century regents]]
[[Category:People from Jodhpur]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:Queen mothers]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Women in Rajasthan politics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Rajput princesses]]
[[Category:Indian queens consort]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]

2025 Hassan district truck accident

2025-11-19T12:37:33Z

BJRMelisa78144: adding basic place more to come

{{Short description|Vehicle collision in Karnataka, India}}
{{Infobox event
|image =
|caption =
|time = {{Circa}} 8:00{{nbsp}}p.m.
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|date = 12 September 2025
|venue = Mosale Hosahalli
|location = [[Hassan district]], [[Karnataka]], India
|coordinates = {{Coord|12|53|46.9|N|76|09|39.2|E|}}
| map = {{OSM Location map
|coord = {{Coord|12|53|46.9|N|76|09|39.2|E|}}
|float = center
|zoom = 15
|width = 300
|height = 220
|scalemark = 40
|mark-coord1 = {{Coord|12|53|46.9|N|76|09|39.2|E|}}
|fullscreen-option = 1
}}
|type = [[Traffic collision]]
|cause = Under investigation
|reported deaths = 10
|reported injuries = 22 (including the driver)
}}
On 12 September 2025, a truck drove into people celebrating the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] festival of [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] in Mosale Hosahalli village, [[Hassan district]], [[Karnataka]], India. It resulted in the deaths of ten people and injuries to 22 others, including the driver. The cause of the accident is under investigation.

==Background==
[[Ganesh Chaturthi]] is a [[Hindu festival]] celebrating the birthday of [[Ganesha]], a [[Hindu deities|Hindu deity]]. The festival is marked by the installation of large idols of the god, which is later carried in a public procession, and immersed in a body of water.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ganesh-Chaturthi|title=Ganesh Chaturthi: Hindu Festival|work=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Patrick Taylor|author2=Frederick I. Case|title=The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XOyYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA332 |year=2013|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|isbn=978-0-252-09433-0|page= 332}}</ref> Earlier, a militant group had warned of attacks being planned during the festival, which resulted in security being tightened.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 September 2025 |title='Lashkar-e-Jihadi' warns Mumbai police: '34 vehicles ready with human bombs'; 14 Pakistani terrorists cited |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/34-human-bombs-planted-in-vehicles-mumbai-police-receive-terror-threat-on-whatsapp-lashkar-e-jihadi-message-cites-14-pakistani-terrorists-14kg-rdx/articleshow/123713402.cms |access-date=14 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Accident==
At about 8:00{{nbsp}} pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], a speeding truck drove into a crowd of people at Mosale Hosahalli village in [[Hassan district]]. The truck reportedly traveling from [[Arkalgud]] towards [[Holenarasipura]] on the [[National Highway 373]], lost control, hit a two-wheeler, and jumped over a median before driving into a crowd of people at a Ganesh Chaturthi immersion procession.<ref name="TH">{{cite news |date=13 September 2025 |title=Truck driver booked for ‘rash driving’ after ploughing into crowd during Ganesha procession in Karnataka’s Hassan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/truck-driver-booked-for-rash-driving-after-ploughing-into-crowd-during-ganesha-procession-in-hassan/article70044784.ece |access-date=13 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="TOI1">{{cite news |date=13 September 2025 |title=9 dead, 22 injured as truck ploughs into Ganpati procession in Karnataka's Hassan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/9-dead-22-injured-as-truck-ploughs-into-ganpati-procession-in-karnatakas-hassan/articleshow/123862150.cms |access-date=13 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
At least ten people were killed and 22 others were injured including the driver with at least eight critically.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 September 2025 |title=Karnataka: 8 dead as truck ploughs into Ganesha procession |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/karnataka-8-dead-as-truck-ploughs-into-ganesha-procession-101757703023024.html |access-date=13 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |date=12 September 2025 |title=8 Killed As Truck Loses Control, Crashes Into Ganesha Procession In Karnataka: Police |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/8-killed-as-truck-ploughs-into-ganesha-procession-in-karnataka-police-9267837 |access-date=13 September 2025 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> The truck reportedly ploughed into the crowd while trying to avoid hitting a biker, and the biker was amongst the dead.<ref name="PTI">{{cite press release |date=15 September 2025 |title=PTI Fact Check: Social media post falsely claims Karnataka road tragedy was deliberate attack by Muslim man; details inside |url=https://www.ptinews.com/fact-detail/social-media-post-falsely-claims-karnataka-road-tragedy-was-deliberate-attack-by-muslim-man-details-inside/2916972 |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> At least four people were pronounced dead at the scene and the injured were transported to the [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]] in [[Bengaluru]] and other private hospitals in the district. The victims were aged between 17 and 27 years, and included seven villagers and three engineering students from the [[Government Engineering College, Hassan|Government Engineering College]] in [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]].<ref name="TH" /><ref>{{cite news |date=13 September 2025 |title=Hassan tragedy: Death toll rises to 10; nine were under 27 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/hassan-tragedy-death-toll-rises-to-10-nine-were-under-27-3726951 |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Postmortems of nine of the victims were completed by 3{{nbsp}} am the next day, and the bodies were handed over to their families.<ref name="TOI1" /><ref name="NDTV" />

The driver of the truck was identified as Bhuvenesh from Katte Belaguli in [[Holenarasipura]], and was charged with reckless driving.<ref name="TH"/> The driver, who was assaulted by the locals after the accident, was initially admitted to the [[intensive care unit]] at the local hospital before being shifted to Bengaluru for further treatment on 14 September.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 September 2025 |title=Trucker who rammed into crowd, killing 10, shifted to Bengaluru for medical test |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/trucker-who-rammed-into-crowd-killing-10-shifted-to-bengaluru-for-medical-test/article70049485.ece |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A police official said that investigations were being conducted into the cause of the crash.<ref name="TOI1" /> Social media reports claimed the driver of the truck as a Muslim and the incident was an [[Islamic terrorism|Islamic terrorist attack]], which was later debunked by the government.<ref name="PTI"/><ref>{{cite news |date=13 September 2025 |title=कर्नाटक के हासन में गणेश विसर्जन हादसे का आरोपी ट्रक ड्राइवर मुस्लिम नहीं है |trans-title=The truck driver accused in the Ganesh immersion accident in Hassan, Karnataka is not a Muslim |url=https://newschecker.in/hi/fact-check-hi/karnataka-hassan-truck-accident-driver-muslim-mohammad-feroz |access-date=13 September 2025 |work=News Checker |language=Hindi}}</ref>

==Reactions==
Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] expressed his condolences and announced a relief of {{INRconvert|0.2|m}} for the families of the dead from the [[Prime Minister's National Relief Fund|Prime minister's relief fund]]. Karnataka chief minister [[Siddaramaiah]] expressed his condolences and announced a compensation of {{INRconvert|0.5|m}} to the families of the deceased. He also said that the state government would bear the medical expenses for the treatment of those injured in the incident. Union minister [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] expressed his shock on the accident.<ref name="NDTV" /> Other politicians, and government officials from Karnataka also expressed their grief on the accident, with the opposition blaming the government for inadequate security measures.<ref name="TOI1" />

==See also==
*[[Traffic collisions in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Disasters in India in 2025}}
{{Road incidents in 2025}}

[[Category:2025 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Karnataka]]
[[Category:September 2025 in India]]
[[Category:2025 road incidents in Asia]]
[[Category:Disasters in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hassan district]]
[[Category:Road incidents in India]]

Hajra Falls

2025-11-16T18:25:43Z

BJRMelisa78144: created

{{Short description|Waterfall in India}}
{{for|the falls in Haripur District, Pakistan|Hazara Waterfalls}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=November 2018}}
{{Orphan|date=November 2018}}
}}
{{coord|21.2791717|80.5720238|display=title}}
[[File:Hazra-fall.jpg|thumb|Hazra waterfalls]]

'''Hajra Falls''' is a [[waterfall]] 191 km from [[Nagpur]], 50 km from Gondia and close to the [[Gondia district]] in India.

Hajra Falls, in [[Salekasa]] tehsil, is a tourist attraction during the rainy season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://welcomenri.com/Tourism/Waterfalls/hajra-waterfall-in-chhatisgarh.aspx|title=Hajra Waterfall|website=WelcomeNRI.com|language=en|access-date=2018-07-31|archive-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731093518/http://welcomenri.com/Tourism/Waterfalls/hajra-waterfall-in-chhatisgarh.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is located 1 km from [[Darekasa railway station]].

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Waterfalls of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Gondia district]]
{{Waterfall-stub}}
{{Maharashtra-stub}}

DK (publisher)

2025-11-15T05:27:51Z

BJRMelisa78144: slightly rework references for consistency and corrected details for clarity

#REDIRECT [[Dorling Kindersley]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from brand name}}
{{R from move}}
{{R from short name}}
{{R to natural disambiguation}}
{{R to official name}}
}}

Nanjaraja Wodeyar

2025-11-02T16:15:18Z

BJRMelisa78144: improve content based on references

{{Short description|Maharaja of Mysore from 1766 to 1770}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Biography|date=November 2023}}
{{Refimprove|date=November 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Nanjaraja Wodeyar
| image =
| caption =
| reign = 25 April 1766 – 2 August 1770
| succession = 19th [[Maharaja of Mysore]]
| coronation = [[Srirangapatna]], 6 May 1766
| full name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1748
| birth_place =
| death_date = 2 August 1770
| death_place = Royal Palace, Srirangapata
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| predecessor = [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar II]] (father)
| successor = [[Chamaraja Wodeyar VIII]] (younger brother)
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house = [[Wodeyar]]
| dynasty = [[Wodeyar dynasty]]
| father = [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]]
| mother = Devaja Ammani Avaru
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| signature =
}}
'''Nanjaraja Wodeyar''' (Nanjaraja Wodeyar Bahadur; 1748 – 2 August 1770) was the nineteenth [[Maharaja of Mysore|maharaja]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] for only four years, from 1766 to 1770.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sampath | first=Vikram | title=Tipu Sultan: The Saga of Mysore's Interregnum (1760–1799) | publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited | date=2024-10-31 | isbn=978-93-6790-094-9 | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Tipu_Sultan/tTgxEQAAQBAJ?hl=es-419&gbpv=1&dq=Nanjaraja+Wodeyar&pg=PT136&printsec=frontcover | access-date=2025-11-02 | page=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Balakrishna | first=Sandeep | title=TipuSultan- The Tyrant of Mysore | publisher=RARE Publications | date=2015-01-28 | isbn=978-2-7659-0832-6 | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/TipuSultan_The_Tyrant_of_Mysore/dwRtBgAAQBAJ?hl=es-419&gbpv=1&dq=Nanjaraja+Wodeyar&pg=PT48&printsec=frontcover | access-date=2025-11-02 | page=}}</ref>

==Life==
He was eldest son of Maharaja [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]], and succeeded on the death of his father in 1766.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Wodeyar dynasty]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wodeyar}}
[[Category:1748 births]]
[[Category:1770 deaths]]
[[Category:Kings of Mysore]]
[[Category:Wadiyar dynasty|Nanjaraja]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]

{{Karnataka-stub}}

Criminal Justice: Adhura Sach

2025-10-29T02:11:00Z

BJRMelisa78144:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Criminal Justice Season 3.jpg
| caption = Promotional Poster
| genre = [[Crime (genre)|Crime]] [[Legal drama]] 
[[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| director = [[Rohan Sippy]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Pankaj Tripathi]]|[[Shweta Basu Prasad]]|[[Purab Kohli]]|[[Swastika Mukherjee]]}}
Aatm Prakash Mishra
| writer = {{ubl|Bijesh Jayarajan|Iti Agarwal|Pratyush Athavale| Riya Poojary|Siddharth Hirwe<ref name="toi"/>}}
| num_episodes = 8
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| company = [[BBC Studios|BBC Studios India]] [[Applause Entertainment Limited|Applause Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite news |title='Criminal Justice 3'- Lawyer Pankaj Tripathi to solve murder-mystery of popular child star |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/web-series/criminal-justice-3-lawyer-pankaj-tripathi-to-solve-murder-mystery-of-popular-child-star-2498681.html |access-date=15 October 2022 |work=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|08|26|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|10|07|df=yes}}
| related = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Criminal Justice (Indian TV series)|Criminal Justice]]'' (2019)
}}
}}
'''''Criminal Justice: Adhura Sach''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[legal drama]] television series directed by [[Rohan Sippy]]. Starring [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Shweta Basu Prasad]], [[Purab Kohli]], [[Swastika Mukherjee]] and [[Adinath Kothare]] in prominent roles, the storyline follows the murder case of a teenage celebrity.<ref name="toi"/> It premiered on 26 August 2022 and is the third installment in [[Hotstar Specials]]' [[anthology series|anthology]] courtroom drama, ''[[Criminal Justice (Indian TV series)|Criminal Justice]]''.

==Synopsis==
Mukul Ahuja is the spoilt teenage son of Avantika and Arvind Ahuja, and the stepson of Neeraj Ahuja. Neeraj's daughter, Zara Ahuja, is a child star who appears in a teleseries called Bittu. The Ahujas practically live off of the money earned by Zara. A property developer in Madh Island hires Zara to shoot an ad for his upcoming project. The night before the shoot, both Mukul and Zara sneak out of their villa separately and end up in the same party. They have a heated argument in public before leaving the party.

Mukul returns home, but Zara does not. Her body is later found drowned in the sea, with acid burns on her face. All circumstantial evidence points to Mukul, leading to his arrest and placement in an observation home for juveniles. Prosecutor Lekha is appointed to represent the State of Maharashtra and is almost prejudiced in her determination to convict Mukul. Meanwhile, Zara's parents hire Madhav Mishra as defense counsel, but Mukul lacks confidence in his lawyer and tries to find his own way out of the situation.

==Cast==
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]] as Advocate Madhav Mishra, Mukul's lawyer
* [[Shweta Basu Prasad]] as Prosecutor Lekha Agastya
* [[Purab Kohli]] as Neeraj Ahuja, Mukul's step-father
* [[Swastika Mukherjee]] as Avantika Ahuja, Mukul's mother
* Aaditya Gupta as Mukul Ahuja, Zara's elder step-brother
* Deshna Dugad as Zara Ahuja, Mukul's younger step-sister
* [[Gaurav Gera]] as Arvind Ahuja, Mukul's father
* Khushboo Atre as Ratna Mishra, Madhav's wife
* [[Adinath Kothare]] as Inspector Prashant Waghmare
* Kalyanee Mulay as Gauri Karmarkar
* Sushil Kumar as Sachin
* [[Rushad Rana]] as Vicky Kumar
* Chandresh Singh
* Ishrat Khan
* [[Rajesh Khera]] as Solkar, Lekha's senior
* [[Upendra Limaye]] as Superintendent Juvenile justice home
* Aatm Prakash Mishra as Deepu, Madhav's assistant<ref name="toi">{{cite news |title=Criminal Justice: Adhura Sach Season 3 Review: Rohan Sippy-Pankaj Tripathi's courtroom drama is engaging yet drags in emotional scenes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/criminal-justice/criminal-justice-adhura-sach-season-3/seasonreview/93596998.cms |publisher=Times of India|access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table|background=#000000|overall=|title=|director=|airdate=|airdateR=|country=India|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = A Dark Night
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|[[Rohan Sippy]]}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Mukul Ahuja is the spoilt teenage son of Avantika and Arvind Ahuja, and the stepson of Neeraj Ahuja. Neeraj's daughter, Zara Ahuja, is a child star who appears in a teleseries called Bittu. Mukul is shown to have drugs with his friends and have anger issues due to Zara getting more attention. A property developer in Madh Island hires Zara to shoot an ad for his upcoming project. The night before the shoot, both Mukul and Zara sneak out of their villa separately and end up at the same party. They are seen to have a heated argument in public before leaving the party.

Mukul returns home, but Zara does not.
The next morning Zara is not found in her bed.
Some fisherman pull out a body , wrapped in a blue tarp, from the sea which turns out to be Zara.

|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Web of Lies
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|[[Rohan Sippy]]}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Post mortem results show Zara's face to have been disfigured with acid causing her death. Zara's death sets off a news and social media frenzy.

Under interrogation, Mukul tells the police that he and his sister ended up at the same party where he found Zara drunk and high. He dragged her home and had to stop on the way when Zara threw up in the car , to clean it at the abandoned construction site near the beach. Zara refused to come back home and Mukul thinking she could make the short distance back on foot left her on the beach.
Waghmare finds a crime scene inside the construction site with blood and a jerrycan of acid. All the forensic evidence seems to point to Mukul. His DNA is at the crime scene and his fingerprints on the can of acid.

Based on CCTV footage and witness statements, the police arrest Mukul for the murder and send him to juvenile detention. Desperate to find a lawyer, Avantika lands up at Madhav Mishra's doorstep.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Bail Denied
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|[[Rohan Sippy]]}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|02|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Madhav appeals for bail stating that this is Mukuls first offence. Lekha shows a video where Mukul is shown brutally attacking a classmate at school and successfully has his bail denied. Madhav gets permission for Mukul to attend Zara's funeral where Neeraj gives Mukul the cold shoulder. Mukul struggles at the juvenile home and the inmate gang led by Rocky beat him up and toss him in the water tank. Mukul is rescued by another inmate.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Section 15
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|[[Rohan Sippy]]}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|09|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Using the media frenzy to exploit public sentiment, Lekha wants to invoke Section 15 and prosecute Mukul as an adult. Madhav and Deepu visit the crime scene where Deepu has doubts about the way things seem to have transpired. Gauri pursues Moti, the spot boy who had an unhealthy obsession with Zara only to find his alibi backed by Vicky Kumar. Mukul is evaluated by a psychiatrist in order to determine his suitability to be tried as an adult. He sneaks into office of the juvie home's warden to research ways to fool the psych eval but is seen by Rocky. Based on Rocky's tip, the police produce the search history in court. This leads the court to decide against Mukul and allows him to be prosecuted as an adult.
Avantika finds a dictaphone in Mukul's closet where she finds a recording of Mukul expressing his hate for Zara and his desire to kill her.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Confirmation Bias
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|[[Rohan Sippy]]}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|16|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Madhav meets with Mukul's therapist to get an insight into his mental state. In court he tries to prove that the police were suffering from confirmation bias when they locked on to Mukul as the killer and did not look for any other suspects.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title =The Breaking Point
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|[[Rohan Sippy]]}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Mukul and two other inmates plan to break out of the home during the wardens birthday party.
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Digging Deeper
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|[[Rohan Sippy]]}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|30|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Madhav and Deepu look for other suspects with motives to murder Zara. They meet with the property developer and Madhav notices that his manager, Awasthi seems to have respiratory issues. Madhav also learns that Awasthi's daughter committed suicide by consuming acid. Madhav sends his wife to get inside Awasthi's home and talk to his wife , where she learns that her daughter was cyberbullied after Zara made a humiliating remark on her Bittu impression video.
|LineColor = 000000
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Nothing but the Truth
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|[[Rohan Sippy]]}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Using expert testimony to prove that exposure to acid fumes causes respiratory issues, Madhav calls Awasthi as his final witness.
|LineColor = 000000
}}}}

==Release==
On 10 August 2022, [[Disney+ Hotstar]] released the trailer<ref>{{cite news |title=Criminal Justice Adhura Sach trailer: Pankaj Tripathi tackles his toughest case yet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/criminal-justice-adhura-sach-trailer-pankaj-tripathi-tackles-the-most-gruelling-case-yet-8082432/ |access-date=15 October 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=10 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and announced the release date. The series premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 26 August 2022<ref>{{cite news |title=Disney + Hotstar's 'Criminal Justice: Adhura Sach' To Premiere On August 26 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/disney-hotstar-s-criminal-justice-adhura-sach-to-premiere-on-august-26-news-215569 |access-date=15 October 2022 |work=Outlook India |date=10 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and concluded on 7 October 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=New on Disney+ Hotstar in October: 'Grey's Anatomy' Season 19, 'Prey', 'Alaska Daily', and more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/new-on-disney-hotstar-in-october-greys-anatomy-season-19-prey-alaska-daily-and-more/article65962281.ece |access-date=15 October 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=2 October 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Reception==
The series received mixed to positive reviews from critics. Subhash K. Jha, reviewing on ''[[Firstpost]]'', praised the "storytelling structure, giving to each episode a kind of free-flowing momentum that doesn’t seem artificial or simulated" and added that the "new season manages to go beyond the other two seasons in the pursuit of an engaging thriller perched on the legal theme."<ref>{{cite news |title=Criminal Justice is back, and it's a knock-out |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/criminal-justice-is-back-and-its-a-knock-out-11125001.html |access-date=15 October 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=27 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Agnivo Niyogi of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' praised the screenplay and acting performances, calling the series "an instant hit".<ref>{{cite news |title=Pankaj Tripathi shines in Criminal Justice Season 3 yet again |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/pankaj-tripathi-shines-in-criminal-justice-season-3-yet-again/cid/1891965 |access-date=15 October 2022 |work=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath wrote on ''[[Scroll.in]]'' that Pankaj Tripathi "hugely boosts the new edition, even if he can’t quite rescue it entirely."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramnath |first1=Nandini |title='Criminal Justice – Adhura Sach' review: Truth be told, this is a Pankaj Tripathi show all the way |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1031230/criminal-justice-adhura-sach-review-truth-be-told-this-is-a-pankaj-tripathi-show-all-the-way |access-date=15 October 2022 |work=Scroll.in}}</ref>

Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the series three stars out of five, calling it an "engaging legal drama with emotionally dragging scenes", which is "overly stretched before the actual action and courtroom drama begins."<ref name="toi"/> Srijita Sen of ''[[News18]]'' opined that important topics like [[trial by media]], [[juvenile justice system]], [[substance abuse]] and [[Depression in childhood and adolescence|mental health issues in adolescents]] remained underexplored due to "unnecessary, slow-paced drama".<ref>{{cite news |title=Criminal Justice Adhura Sach Review: Panjak Tripathi's Most Difficult Case Fails to Thrill |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/criminal-justice-adhura-sach-review-panjak-tripathis-most-difficult-case-fails-to-thrill-5840899.html |access-date=15 October 2022 |work=News18 |date=29 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Abhimanyu Mathur of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' was critical of the storyline for sidetracking from the show's original theme of portraying "the shortcomings of India’s legal systems" and labelled it a "run-of-the-mill murder mystery".<ref>{{cite news |title=Criminal Justice Adhura Sach review: Pankaj Tripathi sleepwalks through this boring, predictable murder mystery |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/criminal-justice-3-adhura-sach-pankaj-tripathi-is-wasted-in-this-boring-thriller-101661490436266.html |access-date=15 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|21818260}}

[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian legal television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Television series by BBC Studios]]

National Highway 56 (India, old numbering)

2025-10-14T18:03:38Z

BJRMelisa78144: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 731 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Abar Kanchanjungha

2025-10-14T17:49:09Z

BJRMelisa78144: adding new data added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Abar Kanchanjungha
| image = Abbar Kanchanjangha.jpg
| caption =
| director = Raajhorshee De
| writer = Padmanabha Dasgupta Raajhorshee De
| producer = Akshatt K Pandey
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Rupankar Bagchi]]
* [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]]
* [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]]
* [[Bidipta Chakraborty]]
* [[Tanushree Chakraborty]]
* [[Arpita Chatterjee]]
* [[Saswata Chatterjee]]
* Padmanabha Dasgupta
* Devlina Kumar
* [[Kaushik Sen]]
}}
| cinematography = Gopi Bhagat
| editing = Sanglap Bhowmik
| music = Ashu Chakraborty
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|04|01}}
| country = India
| language = Bengali
}}

'''''Abar Kanchanjungha''''' is a 2022 Indian Bengali-language family drama film directed by Raajhorshee De. The screenplay was written by Padmanabha Dasgupta and Raajhorshee De. The film features an ensemble cast including [[Anindya Chatterjee]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-01 |title=Anindya Chatterjee in Subhrajit Mitra's next film |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/anindya-chatterjee-in-subhrajit-mitras-next-film/articleshow/78984403.cms |access-date=2023-05-26 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Rupankar Bagchi]], [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]], [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]], [[Bidipta Chakraborty]], [[Tanusree Chakraborty|Tanushree Chakraborty]], [[Arpita Pal|Arpita Chatterjee]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]], Padmanabha Dasgupta, Devlina Kumar, and [[Kaushik Sen]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cast members of 'Abar Kanchenjunga' get candid |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/cast-members-of-abar-kanchenjunga-get-candid/cid/1858064 |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> The film was produced by Akshatt K Pandey, and Shilpi A Pandey. It was released theatrically on 1 April 2022 and digitally on 26 May 2023 on [[ZEE5]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-12-12 |title=OTT platform Zee5 announces Bangla originals |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/ott-platform-zee5-announces-bangla-originals-221212 |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=Indian Television Dot Com |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film is set in [[Darjeeling]] and revolves around the [[Deb (surname)|Deb family]]. The eldest son of the family Nishith invites his brothers Sudev, Debesh, and Rohit, along with their sister Semonti and her husband Tridib (for the first time), to their ancestral home named "Abhilash" in Darjeeling on the eve of [[Christmas]]. The reunion is intended to rekindle their childhood memories, but as the story unfolds, each character reveals secrets, makes major revelations, and works towards restoring broken promises. The film delves into the family dynamics and explores the belief in miracles that binds the family together.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Abbar Kanchanjangha Movie Review : Abbar Kanchanjangha |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/abbar-kanchanjangha/movie-review/90645208.cms |access-date=2023-05-26 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Arpita Pal]] as Semanti
* [[Saswata Chatterjee]] as Tridib
* [[Kaushik Sen]] as Nisith
* [[ Gaurav Chakrabarty]] as Rohit
* [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)| Rahul]] as Debesh
* Padmanava Dasgupta as Sudeb
* [[Bidipta Chakraborty]] as Rini
* [[Tanusree Chakraborty]] as Ruchira
* Debosree Ganguly as Ritangana
* Devlina Kumar as Angelina
* Anindya Chatterjee as Sunayan
* Ranita Dasgupta as Ritoja
* [[Rupankar Bagchi]] as Debmalya
* Priyanka Rati Pal as Sananda
* Sohini Guha Roy as Atisha
* Ashim Roychowdhury as Jagdish Da
* Richa Sharma as Surita

== Production ==

The film was directed by Raajhorshee De as a tribute to [[Satyajit Ray]]'s [[Kanchenjungha (film)|''Kanchenjungha'']] and was written by Padmanabha Dasgupta and De.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raajhorshee De on his family drama 'Abbar Kanchanjangha' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/raajhorshee-de-on-his-family-drama-abbar-kanchanjangha/cid/1859487 |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> It was produced by Akshatt K Pandey, and Shilpi A Pandey. The music for the film was composed by Ashu Chakraborty, cinematography was handled by Gopi Bhagat, and the editing was done by Sanglap Bhowmik.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-21 |title=Raajhorshee De's Satyajit Ray tribute film 'Abbar Kanchenjungha' is finally releasing |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/raajhorshee-des-satyajit-ray-tribute-film-abbar-kanchenjungha-is-finally-releasing/articleshow/89033298.cms |access-date=2023-05-26 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The filming took place in various locations in Darjeeling and its surroundings.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-23 |title=Anindya in a completely new avatar in Subhrajit Mitra's 'Mayamrigaya' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/anindya-in-a-completely-new-avatar-in-subhrajit-mitras-mayamrigaya/articleshow/79914688.cms |access-date=2023-05-26 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
Abar Kanchanjungha was released in theaters across [[West Bengal]] on 1 April 2022.<ref name=":2" />

=== Home media ===
The [[Digital distribution|digital rights]] of the film were acquired by [[ZEE5]].<ref name=":1" />

== Reception ==
The film received mixed reviews from critics. Shamayita Chakraborty of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5/5, praising the performances of the actors, particularly highlighting Arpita Chatterjee's performance and Rahul Banerjee's portrayal of a politician.<ref name=":0" /> Roushni Sarkar from ''Cinestaan'' found the character arcs weak, making the multi-starrer film predictable.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Roushni |title=Abbar Kanchanjangha review: Weak character arcs make this multi-starrer film predictable |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/abbar-kanchanjangha-45343 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404021551/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/abbar-kanchanjangha-45343 |url-status=live |archive-date=4 April 2022 |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> Suparna Majumder of ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' appreciated the acting by both renowned and lesser-known actors and praised the songs composed by Ujjaini and Anupam Roy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=সত্যজিতের 'কাঞ্চনজঙ্ঘা'র সঙ্গে 'আবার কাঞ্চনজঙ্ঘা'র মিল কতটা? পড়ুন রিভিউ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/here-is-the-review-of-bengali-film-abbar-kanchanjangha/ |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=16711580}}
* ''[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/abar-kanchanjungha/0-0-1z5359399 Abar Kanchanjungha]'' on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Films shot in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Films set in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Indian Christmas films]]
[[Category:Films about the upper class]]

Annamanada

2025-10-09T00:13:54Z

BJRMelisa78144: cleanup structure and fixed typos

{{essay-like|date=September 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Annamanada
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Annamanta
| nickname = Annanta
| settlement_type = Village/Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.24|N|76.33|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thrissur| Thrissur(Trichur / Trissur)]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Annamanada Grama Panchayath, Kadukutty Grama Panchayath
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 680741
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91480
| registration_plate = KL-64
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Annamanada''' is a village in a southern corner of [[Thrissur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Kerala]]. It is situated 8 km from [[Mala, Kerala|Mala]] and 10 km south of [[Chalakudy]].The locals call Annamanada as "Annanta" and"Annamanta"

==Transportation==

Buses avail from Chalakudy, Angamaly, Kodungalloor, Irinjalakuda, Alwaye, Trichur bus stations to Annamanada Bus Station. Nearest Railway station Chalakudi – 12 km and Koratty 5 km. Nearest Airport- [[Nedumbassery]] (Kochi)-16 km, Total Area -2.5 km. Major Town Area Includes Annamanada Central, South Annamanada(Palissery), Ambalanada, Kallur.2 (Approx)

==History==
Originally this village was part of Adoor gramam in Kochi kingdom neighbouring to Thiruvithaamkoor kingdom. (Some of the neighbouring villages still known as Mel-Adoor, Keez-Adoor etc.). During the nineteenth century there was a dispute between these kingdoms regarding the ownership of this gramam and the temple. The case gone to [[East India Company]] and their arbitrator made their judgement in favour of Kochi kingdom. Some meetings also conducted between Thiruvithaamkoor and Kochi kings in this village. There was a court and police station located in this village during the kingdom region. At period of Kochi kingdom region in that court two judges from Muslim Community. One senior judge Kandarumadathil Mr. Ahammedhunni Mather and other Mr. Bava Kutty Mather.

==Administration==
Annamanada is the headquarters of Annamanada Grama Panchayat, which includes 10-15 villages. Chalakudi River passing east side of this village. There is a bus station, Govt treasury, Govt Sub Registrar Office, Post office, Electricity office, Banks, Schools, Govt. ayurvedic hospital, Telephone Exchange, Medical clinics etc. located in this village. In addition to this, there are some cultural institutions like Achutha marar memorial vadiakalakendram also located in Annamanada.

Neighbouring villages of annamanada are as under
North - Kallur & Vennur
South – Kumbidy & Palissery (South Annamanada)
West – [[Edayattoor]]
East – Chalakudi River –Villages located other Side of Chalakudi River is Valoor and Mambra

There is a bridge connecting Annamanada to Koratty (NH 47) via Valoor - Pulikkakadavu palam. Now buses connecting Annamanada to Chalakudi, Angamaly passing through this bridge.

==Annamanada Mahadeva Temple==
The name "Annamanada" came from some Brahmin families (Manas) where Brahmins used to get free food (Annam) in older days. The village where Food (Annam) serving Brahmin families (manas) situated, later known as Annamanada.

Annamanada is famous for old (more than 1000 years) Mahadeva temple, which is located near the bank of Chalakudi River.
10 km south of Chalakudi on the Mala route and is about 5 km from Mala in Thrissur District. The presiding deity of the temple is Lord Shiva. The shivling is almost four feet tall and is considered as the Kiratamoorthy in a pleasing mood while giving Pashupatastra to Arjuna.
The temple faces to the east and the sanctum is square shaped. There is a low Valiabalikkal in front of the Agramandapam on the eastern side and a bali peetha equal in height of the basement of the shrikovil. The sopana with carved hasti-hasta railings on either side provides access to the square Mukha Mandapam. The doors on the south and the west lead to the shrines of Lord Ganesh and Goddess Parvati respectively. The Mukha mandapam and the shrikovil have dvi-tala structure, which is covered with copper sheet. The nalam balam of the temple has two thidappallies. On the northern side of the nalambalam lies the shrine of Lord Vishnu. In the outer [[prakaram]] (outer courtyard) there is a tank and the oottupura in the north-east corner. The other deities of the temple are Shasta, Goshala Krishnan, Mahakali, Nagaraja, Durga mounted on lion and Narasimha.
The annual festival is celebrated during February or March. The festival lasts for ten days and is observed with pomp and pageantry. Peoples from surrounding villages gather here for worshipping lord Shiva in this temple, mainly in this festival time. Aarattu, Laksha deepam (one lack chirags) on eighth day etc. are very famous. Shivarathri ustav also celebrating in this temple. The arattu on the concluding day of the annual festival is done in the Annamanada River. Mahadeva Temple controlled by Cochin Devaswom board.

==Christ King Church==
About 50 years back very few Christian families only were in Annamanada compared to neighbor villages. During last fifty years so many families migrated to Annamanada and a church (Christ king church) constructed and blessed the same during 1984. Before constructing this church Christians from Annamanada village used to go churches in the surrounding villages mainly Meladoor church, which is located almost center of Annamanada panchayat. Feast of Annamanada church celebrating forth Sunday of November. Generally the celebration lasting one week and the main celebrations are last three days i.e. Saturday (Ambu thirunal), Sunday and Monday (Angadi Ambu). This church coming under Irinjalakuda Diocese. Two Christian convents also operating under this church.

==Siddique Juma Masjidh ==
The History of Muslim community in Annamanada village is also very old. Hundreds of years back presence of Muslim community was there and there was a Muslim Mosque in Kallur, name Adoor Sidhique Jumaa Masjid wakfy Kandarumadathil Janab Ahammedunni Mather. This is the first mosque in Annamanada . Now there is a new mosque also in Annamanada junction constructed few years back. Majority of population in of surrounding villages like Mambra, Valoor and Kallur are Muslims. Muslims was the major business peoples in this village.

==Laughter Club==
Annamanada is also famous for the first Laughter club in Kerala state established in sept 2001 under the guidance of Dr. Shibu Pandalai.
There are two junctions in this village – North Junction where school, Bus station, Banks, Mosque etc. located and in the south Junction. Temple & Church located. Roads connected to Mala and Alwaye from south Junction and Chalakudi. Angamaly, and Ashtamichira from North Junction.

The place is famous for [[Annamanada Mahadeva Temple|Mahadeva temple]],<ref>[http://www.india9.com/i9show/-Kerala/Annamanada-Mahadeva-Temple-55862.htm Annamanada Mahadeva Temple in India]</ref> where the presiding deity is [[Lord Shiva]]. Annamanada is a place of historical importance and was the venue of two historic interviews between the rulers of [[Travancore]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] in the later part of the eighteenth century.<ref>[http://www.trichur.com/html/places1.htm Trichur, Tourist Desk]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Annamanada}}
* [http://www.india9.com/i9show/-Kerala/Annamanada-Mahadeva-Temple-55862.htm Annamanada Mahadeva Temple]
* [https://www.facebook.com/annamanadamahadevertemple Annamanada Mahadevar Temple Facebook Page]
* [https://www.facebook.com/annamanadacity Annamanada Town Facebook Page]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Thrissur district]]

National Highway 33 (India, old numbering)

2025-07-29T17:52:32Z

BJRMelisa78144: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 50 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Firingi Kalibari

2025-07-21T08:44:22Z

BJRMelisa78144: created initial bio first draft

{{short description|Hindu temple dedicated to goddess Kali in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Firingi Kalibari
| image = Firingi Kalibari in Bowbazar, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Firingi Kalibari in Bowbazar, July 2022
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Kolkata]]
| location = Kolkata
| elevation_m =
| deity = Goddess [[Kali]]
| festivals =
* ''[[Kali Puja]]''
* ''Kartik Amavasya''
* ''Kaushiki Amavasya''
* ''Phalaharini Amavasya''
| temple_quantity = 1
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website = firinghikalibari.com
}}

'''Firingi Kalibari''' is a temple dedicated to the [[Hindu]] Goddess [[Kali]] located on [[B.B. Ganguly Street]] in [[Bowbazar]] locality of [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mitra|first=Swati|title=Kolkata:Guide Book|year=2011|publisher=Goodearth Publication|pages=84|isbn=9789380262154|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eUq9heKpjEIC&q=Lal+Mandir+Shobhabazar+Kolkata&pg=PA84}}</ref> The temple is said to be over 200 years old and is named after its association with [[Anthony Firingee]] (1786-1839), a European who converted to [[Hinduism]] and was a great devotee of [[Kali]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Prasun |title=Freedom Ink Redux: The story of Firingi Kali, from the independence movement to revival |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/freedom-ink-redux-the-story-of-firingi-kali-from-the-independence-movement-to-revival/cid/1993659 |access-date=4 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=14 January 2024}}</ref>

One of the oldest Kali temples in Kolkata, Maa Kali is worshipped here in the form of "Maa Siddheshwari". Hundreds of devotees gather at the temple for worship on the occasions of [[Kali Puja]], Kaushiki Amavasya and Phalaharini Amavasya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mazumder |first1=Rukmini |title=৫০০ বছরের পুরনো ফিরিঙ্গি কালীবাড়ির পুজো, সকাল থেকেই ভক্তদের উপচে-পড়া ভিড় |url=https://bengali.news18.com/videos/kolkata/kali-puja-2023-devotees-flock-at-firingi-kalibari-puja-rm-1366084.html |access-date=4 January 2025 |work=[[News18]] |date=12 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

== History ==
There are a number of legends and believes regarding the establishment of the temple. The most popular one is linked to the association of [[Anthony Firingee]] with the temple with. A [[Demographics of Europe|European]] who converted to [[Hinduism]] after marrying a widowed Hindu lady and being influenced by the Hindu culture, the temple derived it's prefix "Firingi" from his name. From that, the deity of Maa Kali is also sometimes known as "Firingi Kali".<ref>{{cite news |title=9 Kali Temples To Visit If You Are In And Around Kolkata |url=https://news.abplive.com/web-stories/travel/kolkata-kalibari-list-temples-of-goddess-kali-in-and-around-bengal-capital-1689601 |access-date=4 January 2025 |work=[[ABP News|ABP Live]] |date=23 May 2024}}</ref>

But the thing to be noted is, no historical proof of Anthony Firingee being associated with the temple has been found. Historian Radharaman Mitra in his book "Kolkata Darpan" mentions that the association of [[Hensman Anthony]] with the temple is incorrect. Historians have mixed opinion regarding the establishment year of the temple.<ref name="ie">{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Rajit |title=থিমের জাঁকজমকে নয়, নিজ মাহাত্ম্যে আজও অদ্বিতীয় কলকাতার এই কালী মন্দিরগুলি |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/famous-kali-pujas-in-kolkata-kalighat-firingi-kalibari-thanthania-kali-mandir-siddheswari-kali-temple-karunamoyee-ma-kali-dhaka-kali-690610/ |access-date=4 January 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=4 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> There is a date stone in the temple which mentions the temple was established in 905 AD, which means the temple is more than 525 years old. But many historians think it is not possible to construct a temple at that time because, there were no human settlements in this region during that time.<ref>{{cite news |title=কালী-কথা: ফিরিঙ্গি কালীবাড়ি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/kolkata/firingi-kalibari-brief-history-and-myths-dgtlx-1.1226797 |access-date=4 January 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=10 November 2020 |language=bn}}</ref>

According to another story from the book of Sir Harry Evan Cotton, which most historians believe, the temple was established by Dom Srimanta as a [[Shiva|Shiv Mandir]], in a small house on a [[shmashana]], located inside the dense forests of that region. Later he also started worshipping Maa Shitala. It was located close to the Bhagirathi river. Since the temple was established by a Dom, no priests went to the temple. Hence, Srimanta himself worshipped the deities.<ref>{{cite news |title=ডোমের হাতে কলকাতাতেই প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়েছিল এই কালীমন্দির, পুজো দিতে আসতেন ক্রিস্টান! |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/ananda-utsav/puja-parikrama/know-unknown-facts-of-firingi-kalibari-the-famous-kali-temple-of-bowbazar-kolkata-dgtl/cid/1555509|date=25 October 2024|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=3 January 2025|language=bn}}</ref>

[[File:Firinghi Kalibari at B.B. Ganguly Street in Bowbazar, a locality of Kolkata.jpg|thumb|left|160px|Firinghi Kalibari at B.B. Ganguly Street in Bowbazar, Kolkata, May 2022.]]

Behind the temple was [[Anthony Firingee|Hensman Anthony]]'s maternal uncle's house.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kali Puja: মামার বাড়ি এলে একচালার মন্দিরে মাকে গান শোনাতেন অ্যান্টনি কবিয়াল, আজ ফিরিঙ্গি কালীবাড়িতেও সমারহ |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/uncategorized/kali-puja-antony-kabial-used-to-sing-for-mother-in-the-temple-when-he-came-here-firingi-kalibari-puja-preparation-929686 |access-date=4 January 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=24 October 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> Sometimes he used to come to the temple while visiting his maternal uncle's house and sang hymns to the deities. One time he sang "Bhajan pujan jani ne maa, jatete firingi. Jadi daya kore kripa koro, hey Shiva Matangi." It is said that he did small renovations to the temple after getting ''swapnadesh'' from Maa Kali herself.<ref name="sp">{{cite news |title=ধর্মপরিচয় হিন্দু না হলেও কীভাবে জুড়ল বিদেশির নাম? রইল ফিরিঙ্গি কালীমন্দিরের ইতিহাস |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/kali-puja-2023-here-is-a-brief-history-of-kolkatas-firingi-kali-temple/ |date=8 November 2023|work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]]|access-date=4 January 2025|language=bn}}</ref>

Whether Srimanta himself established the Maa Kali's idol in the temple or it was established by Anthony is unclear. But according to some sources, it was built by Anthony after "swapnadesh" from Maa Kali.<ref>{{cite news |title=বিখ্যাত ফিরিঙ্গি কালীবাড়ি, স্বপ্নাদেশ পেয়ে মা সিদ্ধেশ্বরীকে নিজে হাতে গড়েছিলেন অ্যান্টনি কবিয়াল |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/videos/religion/firingi-kalibari-antony-kabial-built-siddheshwari-himself-1023656 |access-date=4 January 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=13 November 2023}}</ref> Many [[English people|English]] and [[Portuguese people]] used to live in this region (Locally known as the "firingi sahebs"). They sometimes worshipped at the temple, hoping a bloom in their business. When they were affected with chickenpox, many of them were treated and cured by Srimanta. As a sign to express their gratitude, they offered puja at the temple and from that time, the temple could have received it's prefix "Firingi".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Ashok |title=The famous Kali temples in Kolkata gear up for puja |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/the-famous-kali-temples-in-kolkata-gear-up-for-puja-1503240374.html |access-date=4 January 2025 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=13 November 2023}}</ref>

Over time, the temple came to the hands of a Bandopadhyay family of Kolkata. They have worshipped the deities and taken care of the temple since generations. According to the info given by present ''sevayets'', the temple was received by their ancestors in 1880 AD.<ref name="es">{{cite news |last1=বসুমল্লিক |first1=গৌতম |title=বৌবাজারে জাগ্রত মা ফিরিঙ্গি কালী, ইতিহাস জানা আছে তো? |url=https://eisamay.com/durgotsav/news/history-of-bowbazar-antony-firingi-kali-mandir/104894372.cms |access-date=4 January 2025 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=1 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> As Srimanta did not have any successor, he sold the temple to Shashibhusan Bandopadhyay for {{INR|60}} rupees. Once upon a time, although animal sacrifices was performed, it is not practised today.<ref name="ie"></ref>

== Deities worshipped ==
The temple is made from moonstones of silvery-white colour. Maa Siddheswari's idol is three-eyed and has a height of about five-and-a-half feet. Maa [[Kali]] here is worshipped as "Maa Siddheswari". The idol is placed in a "panchamundi ashan" and faced towards the south direction. Initially the idol was made of clay but now it is made of concrete. Besides Maa Siddheswari Kali, there are idols of Maa [[Durga]] and Maa [[Jagaddhatri]] made from "ashtadhatu". There are idols of Maa [[Shitala]] and Maa [[Manasha]] too. There is also a "Narayan Shila" to worship Lord [[Vishnu]] and a [[Lingam|Shiv Lingam]] dedicated to Lord [[Shiva]].<ref name="es"></ref>

== Rituals and prasad ==
Over the last century, the temple is managed and the deities are worshipped by descendants of the Banerjee family. Every day, the deities are worshipped with fruit and sweet offerings, while "anna bhog" is offered twice a month. Special puja is offered on the ''[[Amavasya|amavasyas]]'' every month. On ''[[Purnima|purnimas]]'', [[Narayana|Narayan Puja]] takes place. On "Kartik Amavasya", the temple registers the highest number of devotees. It takes place akin to an annual celebration and "pujapath" occurs throughout the day.<ref name="sp"></ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India}}
{{Anthony Firingee}}
{{Hindu temples in West Bengal}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kolkata]]

Wheel of time

2025-07-18T22:45:04Z

BJRMelisa78144: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Religious and philosophical concept of cyclical, repeating epochs or ages}}
{{About|the religious concept|other uses|Wheel of time (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2008}}
[[File:Flammarion.jpg|thumb|left|[[Camille Flammarion]]'s L'atmosphere (1888)]]
The '''wheel of time''' or '''wheel of history''' (also known as ''[[Kalachakra]]'') is a concept found in several religious traditions and philosophies, notably religions of Indian origin such as [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], and [[Buddhism]], which regard time as [[Historic recurrence|cyclical]] and consisting of repeating ages. Many other cultures contain belief in a similar concept: notably, the [[Q'ero]] people of [[Peru]], the [[Hopi]] people of [[Arizona]], and the [[Kongo people|Bakongo people]] of [[Angola]] and [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].

== Ancient Africa ==
{{Main article|Kongo cosmogram}}
[[File:Kongo_Cosmogram_3.png|thumb|The Bakongo Cosmogram]]
In traditional [[Kongo religion|Bakongo religion]], the four elements are incorporated into the Kongo cosmogram. This sacred wheel depicts the physical world (''Nseke''), the spiritual world of the ancestors (''Mpémba''), the [[Kalunga line|Kalûnga line]] that runs between the two worlds, the sacred river (''mbûngi'') that began as a circular void and forms a circle around the two worlds, and [[Sun path|the path of the sun]]. Each element correlates to a period in the life cycle, which the Bakongo people also equate to the four cardinal directions and seasons. According to their cosmology, all living things go through this cycle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fu-Kiau |first=Kimbwandènde Kia Bunseki |url=http://archive.org/details/africancosmology00kimb |title=African cosmology of the Bântu-Kôngo : tying the spiritual knot : principles of life & living |date=2001 |publisher=Brooklyn, N.Y. : Athelia Henrietta Press, Pub. in the name of Orunmila |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-890157-28-9}}</ref>

* '''Mbûngi''' represents ''aether'' and is the void that exists before creation.
* '''Musoni time''' (South) represents ''air'' and is the period of conception that takes place during spring.
* '''Kala time''' (East) represent ''fire'' and is the period of birth that takes place during summer.
* '''Tukula time''' (North) represents ''earth'' and is the period of maturity that takes place during fall.
* '''Luvemba time''' (West) represents ''water'' and is the period of death that takes place during winter.

==Ancient Rome==
The philosopher and emperor [[Marcus Aurelius]] saw time as extending forwards to infinity and backwards to infinity, while admitting the possibility (without arguing the case) that "the administration of the universe is organized into a succession of finite periods".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aurelius |first=Marcus |title=Meditations |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Robin Hard |isbn=978-0-19-957320-2 |location=Oxford [England] |oclc=757023454}}</ref>{{rp|Book 5, Paragraph 13}}

==Buddhism==
{{Main|Kalachakra}}

The [[Kalachakra|Wheel of Time]] or Kalachakra is a [[Tantra|Tantric]] deity that is associated with [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Tantric Buddhism]], which encompasses all four main schools of [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)|Sakya]], [[Nyingma]], [[Kagyu]] and [[Gelug]], and is especially important within the lesser-known [[Jonang]] tradition.

The Kalachakra tantra prophesies a world within which (religious) conflict is prevalent. A worldwide war will be waged which will see the expansion of the mystical Kingdom of [[Shambhala]] led by a messianic king.
==Hinduism==
{{Main|Yuga Cycle|Manvantara|Kalpa (time)}}

In [[Hindu cosmology]], ''[[Kaal|kala]]'' (time) is eternal, repeating general events in four types of cycles. The smallest cycle is a ''[[Yuga Cycle|maha-yuga]]'' (great age), containing four ''[[yuga]]s'' (''[[Dharma#Hinduism|dharmic]]'' ages): ''[[Satya Yuga]]'', ''[[Treta Yuga]]'', ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'' and ''[[Kali Yuga]]''. A ''[[manvantara]]'' (age of [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]]) contains 71 ''maha-yugas''. A ''[[Kalpa (aeon)|kalpa]]'' (day of [[Brahma]]) contains 14 ''manvantaras'' and 15 ''sandhyas'' (connecting periods), which lasts for 1,000 ''maha-yugas'' and is followed by a ''[[pralaya]]'' (night of partial dissolution) of equal length, where a day and night make one full day. A ''maha-kalpa'' (life of Brahma) lasts for 100 of Brahma's years of 12 months of 30 full days (100 360-day years) or 72,000,000 ''maha-yugas'', which is followed by a ''maha-pralaya'' (full dissolution) of equal length.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Dr. S. V. |title=Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |year=2010 |isbn=9783642007378 |editor-last=Hull |editor-first=Robert |series=Springer Series in Materials Science: 122 |pages=6–9 (1.2.4 Time Measurements) |oclc=501804251 |editor-last2=Osgood |editor-first2=Richard M. Jr. |editor-link2=Richard M. Osgood Jr. |editor-last3=Parisi |editor-first3=Jurgen |editor-last4=Warlimont |editor-first4=Hans}}</ref>

==Jainism==
{{Main|Ajiva}}
[[File:Jain Cosmic Time Cycle.jpg|thumb|''Kalachakra''s in Jainism]]
Within [[Jainism]], time is thought to be a wheel that rotates for infinity without a beginning. This wheel of time holds twelve spokes that each symbolize a different phase in the universe's cosmological history. It is further divided into two equal halves having six eras in them. While in a downward motion, the wheel of time falls into what is known as [[Avasarpiṇī]] and when in an upward motion, enters a state called [[Utsarpini]]. During both motions of the wheel, 24 [[tirthankara]]s come forth to teach the three jewels or sacred Jain teachings of right faith, right knowledge, and right practice, then create a spiritual ford across the ocean of [[Reincarnation#Jainism|rebirth]] for humanity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Sibajiban |title=Buddhist Philosophy From 350 to 600 A.D. |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1970 |isbn=9788120819689 |page=3|oclc=91697 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dundas |first=Paul |title=The Jains |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2003 |isbn=9781134501656 |edition=2 |page=20 |oclc=71358145 |author-link=Paul Dundas}}</ref>

==Modern usage==
===Literature===
In an interview included with the [[audiobook]] editions of his novels, author [[Robert Jordan]] has stated that his bestselling fantasy series ''[[The Wheel of Time]]'' borrows the titular concept from Hindu mythology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Jordan chats about his 'Wheel of Time' series |url=http://www.cnn.com/chat/transcripts/2000/12/12/jordan/ |access-date=14 June 2017 |website=CNN}}</ref>

The first chapter of every book in the series begins with the lines: ''"The Wheel of Time turns, and ages come and pass, leaving memories that become legend. Legends fade to myth, and even myth is long forgotten when the Age that gave it birth comes again."'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jordan |first=Robert |title=[[The Eye of the World]] |date=1990 |publisher=Orbit|isbn=978-0-356-50382-0}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Eternal return]]
*[[Wheel of the Year]]

{{Time Topics}}
{{Time in religion and mythology}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
;Sources
*{{Cite book |last=Jordan |first=Robert |url=https://archive.org/details/eyeofworld00jord |title=The eye of the world |publisher=T. Doherty Associates |year=1990 |isbn=0-312-85009-3 |location=New York |url-access=registration}}

[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Jain cosmology]]
[[Category:Time in religion]]
[[Category:Buddhist cosmology]]
[[Category:Time in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Time in Buddhism]]

Anand Sagar Lake

2025-04-07T07:25:44Z

BJRMelisa78144: adding new entry v1

{{Short description|Lake in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox lake
| name = Anand Sagar Lake
| image =
| caption =
| alt = View of Anand Sagar Lake
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Banswara district, Rajasthan]], India
| pushpin_map = Rajasthan
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of the lake within Rajasthan
| coords = {{coord|23.546|74.475|type:waterbody_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| type =
| inflow =
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries =
| length =
| width =
| area =
| depth =
| max-depth =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands =
| sections =
| cities =
| frozen =
}}
'''Anand Sagar Lake''', also known as '''Bai Talaab''' is an artificial lake in present-day [[Banswara district, Rajasthan]]. It was constructed by [[Jagmal Singh of Banswara]] for his Queen Lanchi Bai.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/rajasthan/anand-sagar-lake-banswara.html | title=Anand Sagar Lake, Banswara - A Picturesque Destination in Rajasthan }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/GFWG%2BJ8W+Bai+Talab,+Parkha+Mahura,+Rajasthan+327001/@23.5466126,74.4758211,16z/data=!4m5!1m2!2m1!1sbai+talab+banswara!3m1!1s0x3966c50bd7aa8777:0xd011e52bc73f95a6 | title=Google Maps }}</ref>

==Tourist attractions==
The lake side is adorned by rows of [[kalpavriksha]] trees and also has [[chhatris]] or [[cenotaphs]] related to other rulers of the state of [[Banswara State|Banswara]].{{fact|date=May 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lakes of Rajasthan]]

{{Lake-stub}}
{{Udaipurdivision-geo-stub}}

Prabhakar Barwe

2025-01-10T07:50:41Z

BJRMelisa78144: new new stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian painter (1936–2005)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}{{Infobox artist
| image = Prabhakar Barwe.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1936|03|16}}
| birth_place = [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]], [[Bombay Presidency]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1995|12|06|1936|03|16}}
| alma_mater = [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|Sir J.J. School of Art, Mumbai]]
| known_for = [[Painting]]
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}

'''Prabhakar Barwe''' (16 March 1936 – 6 December 1995) was a pioneer of [[Modern Indian painting]]. He was active in Mumbai, India from the 1959 until his death on 6 December 1995. Influenced by the esoteric tradition of Tantric painting,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Thinking Tantra: Research Papers|year=2016|publisher=Drawing Room (Gallery), and Peninsula Arts Gallery (Plymouth, England)}}</ref> Barwe along with G. R. Santosh, P. T. Reddy, [[K.C.S. Paniker]], Biren De, Om Prakash, K. V. Haridasan, Prafulla Mohanti and Mahirwan Mamtani was considered part of the modernist movement Neo-Tantra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-12-25-ca-21297-story.html|title=A View Of India's Modern Tantric Art|website=LA Times|access-date=2018-07-14}}</ref>

He was awarded the Academy of Fine Arts Award in Kolkata in 1963, the Bombay Art Society Award in 1964 and 1968, the Maharashtra State Award and the prestigious [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] Award in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/579542/thinking-artist.html|title=Thinking artist|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=2018-07-14}}</ref>

He died in Bombay on 6 December 1995.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Prabhakar Barwe|title=Osian's Forty Masterpieces: The Masterpieces and Museum-Quality Series|year=2006|publisher=Mapin Publishing Group|isbn=978-1890206833|author=Neville Tuli|page=178}}</ref>

==Publications==
Drawing Room (Gallery), and Peninsula Arts Gallery (Plymouth, England). 2016. Thinking Tantra: research papers.
Pinto, Jerry. 2013. The Blank Canvas: Prabhakar Barwe. Mumbai: Bodhana
Barwe, Prabhakar. 1992. Gallery Chemould presents an exhibition of paintings and water colours by Prabhakar Barwe: 25 February to 14 March 1992. [Bombay]: [Gallery Chemould, Jehangir Art Gallery].
Jehangir Art Gallery (Bombay). 1992. Prabhakar Barwe. Bombay: Jehangir Art Gallery.
Khanna, Balraj, and Aziz Kurtha. 1998. Art of Modern India. London: Thames & Hudson.

==Exhibitions selected solo exhibition==
{{Div col|colwidth=27em}}
*2013 Percept Art, Mumbai, India
*1982 Art Gallery, Ahmedabad, India
*1968 Taj Art Gallery, Mumbai, India
*1967 Taj Art Gallery, Mumbai, India
*1963 Book Bay Gallery, Wisconsin, USA
{{div col end}}

==Selected group exhibitions==
{{Div col|colwidth=35em}}
*2015 Abby Grey and Indian Modernism: Selections from the NYU Art Collection, [[Grey Art Gallery]], New York University, New York, USA
*2012 One Eye Sees, the Other, Feels, The Viewing Room, Mumbai, India
*2010 Legacy: A-Vanguard, Gallery Threshold, New Delhi, India
*2010 Masters of Maharashtra, [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)]], Mumbai, India
*1993 Reflections and Images, Vadehra Art Gallery, New Delhi and Jehangir Art Gallery, Mumbai, India (1993)
*1983 Modern Indian Paintings, [[Hirshhorn Museum]], Washington D.C, USA
*1977 Pictorial Space, Rabindra Bhavan Galleries Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi, India
*1975 Inaugural Exhibition, [[Grey Art Gallery]], New York University, USA
*1975 Third India Triennale, New Delhi, Lalit Kala Akademi, India
*1970 Indian Painters, Gallery Coray, Zurich, Switzerland
*1970 Indian Painters, Hamburg, Germany
*1969 Man and His World, Indian Pavilion, Montreal Worlds Fair, Canada
*1969 5th International Young Artists Exhibition, Tokyo, Japan
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Div col|colwidth=33em}}
*[http://www.bodhana.org/archives/prabhakar-barwe.aspx]
*[http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.56.html/2012/modern-and-contemporary-south-asian-art-n08889?sort=lotnum]
*[https://drawingroom.org.uk/uploads/secure/Tantric_Research_Papers_web_op.pdf]
*[http://www.artblogazine.com/2012/03/feeling-presence-in-absence-remembering.html]

{{div col end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barwe, Prabhakar}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nagaon district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]

Kulsi River

2023-12-16T05:50:55Z

BJRMelisa78144:

{{short description|River in India}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Kulsi River
| native_name ={{native name|as|কুলশী নদী}}
| name_other =
| name_etymology =
| nickname =

| image = File:Ganges River Dolphin.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Kulsi river is a habitat of [[South Asian river dolphin]] (Ganges river dolphin)
| image_alt =

| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_map_alt =

| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kamrup District]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length =
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location =
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = [[West Khasi Hills]]
| source1_location = [[Meghalaya]]
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|25|33|55.7|N|91|39|34.4|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Brahmaputra River]]
| mouth_location =Nagarbera, [[Kamrup district]], [[Assam]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|26|07|10.4|N|91|00|04.4|E|display=inline}}
| mouth_elevation =
| progression = Kulsi River - [[Brahmaputra River]]
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| basin_landmarks =
| basin_population =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| waterbodies =
| waterfalls =
| bridges =
| ports =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
The '''Kulsi River''' is a [[tributary]] of the [[Brahmaputra River]] in the Indian state of [[Assam]]. The river originates from [[West Khasi Hills]] of [[Meghalaya]]. The river is known as Khir River in its origin. After travelling 12 km in [[Meghalaya]], the river then flows through [[Kamrup district]] of [[Assam]] and is known as Kulsi. The confluence of the Kulsi with [[Brahmaputra River]] is at Nagarbera of [[Kamrup district]], [[Assam]].{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Habitat of Dolphin==
The Kulsi river is the habitat of endangered [[South Asian river dolphin]] (''Platanista gangetica''). This endangered dolphin (known as ''Xihu'' in [[Assamese language]]) breeds only in the [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]] and Kulsi rivers across the entire [[Ganges Delta|Brahmaputra delta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/184796/17/17_summary.pdf |title= Summary of Dolphin habitat zone of river Kulsi}}</ref> However, sand mining and other development activities make dolphins in the Kulsi vulnerable and the numbers of this endangered dolphin have sharply declined.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/brahmaputra-tributaries-no-longer-secure-dolphin-habitats.html |title= Brahmaputra tributaries no longer secure dolphin habitats|website=Northeast Now|language=en|access-date=23 January 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rivers of Assam]]

{{India-river-stub}}

Zubayrids

2023-07-29T21:57:46Z

BJRMelisa78144: Redirect page

#redirect [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Gaura, Jamo

2023-06-06T00:35:24Z

BJRMelisa78144: created the data more to come - done

{{other uses|Gaura (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gaura
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Jamo block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Gaura (#052) in Jamo CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.400771|N|81.675882|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here |title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faizabad division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Amethi district|Amethi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.887
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4349
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gaura''' is a village in [[Jamo, Uttar Pradesh|Jamo]] block of [[Amethi district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Sultanpur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=147–63 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0948_PART_A_DCHB_SULTANPUR.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> The namesake of the historical [[pargana]] of [[Gaura Jamun]], Gaura consists of a main site called Gaura ''khas'' in the northeast surrounded by several smaller hamlets.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Sultanpur: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XLVI Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1903 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=176–7 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.113213 |access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> The village lands are fertile and contain many orchard groves.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> In the east-central part there is a large ''[[jhil]]'' which provides a convenient source of irrigation but also sometimes overflows and floods the surrounding fields.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> Gaura is located just north of Jamo on the [[Gauriganj, India|Gauriganj]]-[[Jagdishpur, Sultanpur|Jagdishpur]] road, and another road also leads off to [[Musafirkhana]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/>

As of 2011, Gaura has a population of 4,349 people, in 700 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has 3 primary schools and a family welfare centre and it does not host a regular market or weekly [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011"/> It serves as the seat of a [[nyaya panchayat]] which also includes 6 other villages.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==History==
At the turn of the 20th century, Gaura was described as a fairly large but otherwise rather insignificant village that belonged to the [[taluqdar]]i estate of [[Katari, Amethi|Katari]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> It had a primary school, and an area of high ''[[nazul (land)|nazul]]'' land indicated that there also used to be a fort here.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> As of 1901, Gaura's population was 1,448 people, of which the majority were [[Ahir]]s and also including a Muslim minority of 131.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Gaura as comprising 17 hamlets, with a total population of 1,731 people (824 male and 907 female), in 368 households and 366 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (49 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=128–9, 199 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/843/1/52301_1951_SUL.pdf |access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 1,282 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> 146 residents were literate, 126 male and 20 female.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the pargana of Gaura Jamo and the [[thana]] of [[Jagdishpur, Sultanpur|Jagdishpur]].<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village had a district board-run primary school with 177 students in attendance as of 1 January 1951.<ref name="Census 1951"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Gaura as comprising 22 hamlets, with a total population of 1,770 people (889 male and 881 female), in 381 households and 356 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (44 - Sultanpur District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=xvi-xvii |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1035/1/22847_1961_SUL.pdf |access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 1,282 acres and it had a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Gaura as having a population of 2,557 people, in 465 households, and having an area of 518.83 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=42–3 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1311/1/28684_1981_SUL.pdf |access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Gaura as having a total population of 2,795 people (1,435 male and 1,360 female), in 523 households and 515 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 84–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1413/1/37121_1991_SUL.pdf |access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 490.00 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 556, or 20% of the total; this group was 53% male (294) and 47% female (262).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled caste]]s numbered 430, or 15% of the village's total population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 32% (579 men and 148 women, counting only people age 7 and up).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 837 people were classified as main workers (687 men and 150 women), while 145 people were classified as marginal workers (5 men and 140 women); the remaining 1,813 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 392 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 256 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 12 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 45 household industry workers; 4 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 0 [[construction worker]]s; 77 employed in trade and commerce; 8 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 43 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Amethi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Amethi district]]