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My Parents Are Aliens

2026-05-07T23:59:41Z

BGRDoreen32: new...

{{Short description|British children's television series}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| image = MPAAlogo.jpg
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| language = English
| runtime = 23 minutes
| creator = Andy Watts
| starring = [[Tony Gardner]] [[Carla Mendonça]] [[Barbara Durkin]] [[Danielle McCormack]] Alex Kew Charlotte Francis [[Olisa Odele]] [[Stephanie Fearon]] [[Keith Warwick]] Jessica Woods Daniel Feltham Katie Pearson Jake Young Danny Robinson
| channel = [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] ([[CITV]])
| first_aired = {{start date|1999|11|8|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2006|12|18|df=y}}
| num_series = 8
| num_episodes = 106
| list_episodes = List of My Parents Are Aliens episodes
| company = [[ITV Yorkshire|Yorkshire Television/Granada Yorkshire]]
| related = ''Agadam Bagdam Tigdam''
}}
'''''My Parents Are Aliens''''' is a British [[children's television]] [[sitcom]] that was produced for eight series by [[ITV Yorkshire|Yorkshire Television]] and aired on [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] from 8 November 1999 to 18 December 2006.<ref>{{Citation |title=My Parents Are Aliens |date=1999-11-08 |type=Comedy, Family, Fantasy |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0284335/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |others=Tony Gardner, Alex Kew, Charlotte Francis |publisher=Granada Media, Yorkshire Television (YTV)}}</ref>

==Overview==
The show primarily follows the lives of three [[orphan|orphaned children]] called Mel, Josh, and Lucy Barker, and their new foster parents Brian and Sophie Johnson.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/articles/m/myparentsarealie_66602560.shtml|title=BBC - Comedy Guide - My Parents Are Aliens|date=26 November 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041126062124/http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/articles/m/myparentsarealie_66602560.shtml |accessdate=30 November 2023|archive-date=26 November 2004 }}</ref> The children soon discover that the Johnsons are in fact aliens from the planet Valux, who crash-landed on Earth when Brian tampered with the controls of their spaceship. As shown by the opening credits, the house they live in is actually a morphed form of their spaceship. They also have the ability to [[shapeshifting|morph]] into other people. Brian and Sophie start out with very limited and muddled knowledge of life on Earth, and the children must do their best to help them understand. No one outside the family must ever learn that they are aliens, or they will be taken away for scientific testing, and the Barkers will lose another set of parents. The humour in the programme is considered surreal and sometimes gently subversive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hurst |first=Phoebe |date=2020-06-23 |title=The Oral History of 'My Parents Are Aliens' |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-oral-history-of-my-parents-are-aliens/ |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref> Whilst being a children's show, it occasionally makes reference to rather mature matters, high-brow culture, and complex scientific thinking; and because of this, it has also gained a considerable following of older viewers outside of its intended age range.

==Episodes==
{{main|List of My Parents Are Aliens episodes}}
{{:List of My Parents Are Aliens episodes}}

==Characters==
{{main|List of My Parents are Aliens characters}}

===Parents===
*Brian Johnson ([[Tony Gardner]]) (1999–2006): Brian is a Valuxian alien and the cause of the Johnsons' crash-landing on Earth. Often childlike, he follows crazes and fads and gets bored easily and is easily suckered into Josh's scams. He has little or no concept of morality, often creating difficult situations for the characters and only rectifying them because he is told to. He does care for and like his family but will often be very selfish or when well-meaning cause chaos through his ignorance of earth culture. Though he can morph at will, his allergy to ice cream makes him grow moose's antlers involuntarily whenever he eats it. He is, despite his personality, an excellent scientist, a trait that Lucy appreciates.
*Sophie Johnson ([[Barbara Durkin]]) (1999–2000, 2005) and ([[Carla Mendonça]]) (2001–2006): Sophie is a Valuxian alien and Brian's wife. She has slightly more common sense than Brian but is still quite clueless and easily led after enough persuasion. Unlike Brian, she is not good at morphing and can only do so when eating ice cream; after morphing into a new shape at the beginning of the third series, Sophie finds she is unable to return to her previous form and decides to remain as she is (Carla Mendonça took up the role). Barbara Durkin returns as Aunt Sophie in the episode ‘Thanks for All the Earthworm Custard’.

===Series 1–7: The Barkers===

*Melanie 'Mel' Barker ([[Danielle McCormack]]) (1999–2005): Mel is a teenager who has a sarcastic personality; the oldest of the Barker children, she has a protective and motherly nature towards her younger siblings since the death of their parents. Mel's difficult attitude comes from the pain of losing her parents, as well as being moved to and from different foster homes. Despite her reputation as a tough person, she displays weaknesses in episodes such as ‘The Box’, an episode towards her sister Lucy. Mel's best friend is Trent Clements, the two have an obvious romantic interest in each other, though they do not start going out until much later in the series. Mel has a radical and unusual sense of fashion and shows an interest in photography; this led to her moving to Canada on an exchange programme at the end of Series 6, she returned for the Series 7 finale, ‘Thanks for All the Earthworm Custard’.
*Joshua 'Josh' Barker (Alex Kew) (1999–2005): Josh is the middle Barker sibling and was around twelve years old when he was fostered by Valuxians, Brian and Sophie Johnson. Josh is devious and scheming, constantly inventing new and interesting scams to make money and roping Brian into his latest schemes. His two best friends are Pete and Frankie (in the first series, there is a friend named Mikey, but Frankie seems to be slowly, but surely replacing him in that series). Although cunning, Josh is often outsmarted by his more quick-witted sisters, Mel and Lucy; he does not show much interest in school studies, hence his poor grades, although he has shown average signs of intelligence. His interests include [[rollerblading]], making money and ‘the gorgeous Tania Thomas’. He also plays the [[guitar]] very well.
*Lucia 'Lucy' Barker (Charlotte Francis) (1999–2005): Lucy is the youngest and most intelligent Barker. At the start of the show, she was nine years old. She is very talented in her school subjects, particularly in Maths and Science, with her favourite subject being Chemistry. Her above-average intelligence means she often bonds with Brian, who has excellent scientific knowledge, despite a lack of common sense, and they often play chess or conduct chemistry experiments. Her best friend is Wendy Richardson, who is equally intelligent and shares Lucy's goal to become an astronaut. Lucy and Wendy are not very popular, due to their scientific interests. She is very honest and moral and is often the one to set her foster parents straight in Earth matters and issues; she easily sees through Mel and Josh's tough acts and voices their true feelings accurately. She lacks a sense of adventure and can be somewhat uptight and controlling. Despite these traits, she is the kindest and most caring character.
*C.J. ([[Olisa Odele]]) (2004–2005): C.J. is a small, quiet boy who was rescued from being run over by ‘SuperBrian’, a.k.a. Brian Johnson wearing a cape. He turns out to be an orphan from the children's home and is adopted into the family because he finds out about Brian and Sophie being aliens and threatens to report them. C.J. generally takes on the role of Brian's ‘sidekick’, and is involved in many of Brian's ridiculous schemes and mad ideas.
*Harriet 'Harry' ([[Stephanie Fearon]]) (2005): Harry first appeared in Series 7 Episode 1 '[[The Trouble with Harry]]'; Brian and Sophie adopted her, looking for a replacement for Mel, who left for Canada on an exchange trip. She is similar to Mel in personality, she is usually moody and is a bit of a tomboy. She is also very protective of C.J. because he is the youngest, although he finds her behaviour patronising. Like Josh, she plays the guitar, and her practising sometimes irritates the others. Originally, Josh planned to go out with her, but his plans went awry when Brian and Sophie [[foster care|fostered]] her making her his foster sister.

===Other characters===
*Pete Walker (Patrick Niknejad) (1999–2005) One of Josh's long-suffering friends. Pete has a pessimistic outlook on life and easily spots Josh's scams, but usually ends up getting drawn in anyway. His voice broke in Season 2. Pete is often seen feeling sorry for himself. He is also the first to realize all the signs that Brian and Sophie were aliens after Wendy reveals it in "Thanks For All The Earthworm Custard".
*Frankie Perkins (Jordan Maxwell) (1999–2005) Along with Pete he's often the target of Josh's scams. He has a long-held crush on Mel (when Mel asked Scott out to the disco, Frankie claims he would have attacked Scott if the table wasn't in the way, (‘First Christmas') and, in Series 7, he has a crush on Harry. Pete and Frankie have tried to desert Josh on several occasions, but have always come back.
*Wendy Richardson (Isabella Melling) (1999–2005), Lucy's only friend. In her scientifically minded and studious nature she is very similar to Lucy, but as has been seen throughout the episodes, is perhaps not as smart and is even less in touch with popular culture than Lucy. Pompous, and somewhat arrogant, she will always lose exams/tests to Lucy by 1%. Despite originally having strong feelings for Josh, she gets together with Frankie at the end of series seven due to Brian messing with both of their brains. (‘Thanks For All The Earthworm Custard’).
*Terence ‘Trent’ Clements ([[Keith Warwick]]) (2000–2005), Mel's long-time friend. He endures Mel's mood swings with resignation and good humour; it is hinted that he is romantically interested in her. They finally get together in series 6. In series 7, it is revealed that his Scottish accent is fake (although Warwick's Scottish accent is real). He is also known as a [[lothario]] of the series, much to Josh's resentment; a fan of music and cultural activities. Trent befriends Harry in her first appearance in the show, after finding her using Mel's old locker. He and Harry have a similar friendship to him and Mel's. Trent also shows that he looks out for her by trying his best to convince her not to enter a boxing competition.
*Mr Graham Whiteside (Dan O'Brien) (2000–2005), a very grumpy teacher with a particular dislike for Josh Barker. Sophie has a bit of an obsession with him, whilst he has an obsession with [[Kate Winslet]]. He can be quite judgmental and is the most feared of all the teachers. Graham often includes himself in after school activities such as first aid, chess club and advanced mathematics classes.
*Mrs Alison Hardman (Beatrice Kelley) (1999–2005), another of Josh's and Lucy's teachers who] has a dislike for Josh, and a liking for Lucy. In ‘The Box’, she went to the house to tell Josh that he might have [[dyslexia]]. He did not believe her and, thinking that she was Brian in disguise, threw several scoops of [[ice cream]] over her head resulting in her leaving the house and vowing to tell his [[Physician|Doctor]] and The School Counselor to give him extra work about being dyslexic. In ‘Thanks For All The Earthworm Custard’, at the leaving party for Canada she said sorry about giving him extra work. She cannot take criticism shown in the episode ‘Brian's Eleven (Minus 8)’. It's revealed in the episode ‘Dirty Dancing’ that Mrs Hardman had an unquestionable talent for ballroom dancing; she also enjoys her usual job as a Brownie leader.
*Poppy Manning (Kirsha Southward) (2002–2005), a girl who frequently appears as a rival to Josh, due to her similarly scheming, sneaky personality. She is also a rival to Lucy because of their moral differences and competitive attitude. She appears mostly in series 4 & 5. She also has the catchphrase of ‘It's too easy’ which she uses against Josh on many occasions while scamming him.
*Tania Thomas (Zoe Thorne) (1999); [[Emily Fleeshman]] (2001–2002) Sasha Tilley (2004–2005), the object of Josh's affections. In the ‘Valentine's Day’ episode she is shown to harbour a secret affection for Josh, though he mistakenly believes she has sent him hate mail and is determined to get back at her. Brian's well-meaning attempts to ask her out while morphed as Josh apparently ruin any potential relationship. She gets together with Pete Walker in series 7.
*Mikey (Chris Cornwell) (1999, 2005) appears in the first series, as good friends with Josh Barker, Pete Walker and Frankie Perkins. He is perfectly happy being Josh's third-in-command and is most commonly used as a look-out. He makes a cameo at the end of series 7.
*Dave Locket (Julian Triandafyllou) (1999), a cool, good-looking and popular - but very unintelligent - boy in school. Although originally Josh's idol, the two later sink into rivalry, most notably in the episode, ‘The Home Team’. He is particularly fond of his hair.
*Andy ‘the Freak’ (Danny Robinson) (2000–2005) appears throughout the Barker era as a repulsively geeky boy who is in love with Mel and is deluded in thinking that she returns his ardour. In an episode in Series 6 (‘[[Le Freak]] C'est Chic’), he gets a makeover. His cousin's name is Jamie, a [[association football|football]] player who Mel was briefly infatuated with in the episode, ‘Magic Johnson’. He almost discovered that the Johnsons were aliens after seeing Sophie as a mermaid while fishing. However, the family successfully convince him otherwise as he went in pursuit of her after falling in love.
*Scott Taylor (Marco Williamson) (2000) is a popular boy who Mel had a date with in the episode ‘First Christmas’. He is the head of the school football team and will not, to Josh's dismay, let him have a place on the team.

===Series 8: The Bennetts===
*Jacqueline ‘Jaq’ Bennett (Jessica Woods) (2006); a fiery teenage girl, Jaq is the oldest of the new foster children. Jaq has difficulty making friends because of her attitude. She rarely shouts, usually letting her sharp wit do the talking.
*Dan Bennett (Daniel Feltham) (2006), Becky's [[twin]]. Although he is arguably the [[geek|‘geekier’]] of the two, collecting comics and speaking [[Klingon]], he is neither academic nor interested in science. Dan is a [[television]] addict, but also enjoys [[computer game]]s and the [[Internet]].
*Becky Bennett (Katie Pearson) (2006), Dan's twin. Becky is very studious. She is fond of dissecting animals, and her ambition is to study veterinary science at University. She is a little pompous.
*Eddie Bennett (Jake Young) (2006), the youngest member of the family. He manipulates and even emotionally blackmails the other characters to get what he wants. He does this easily because of his innocent appearance, as well as the naïveté of his foster parents. He often plays with Sophie and, like CJ, likes to play with Brian.

==Production==
The show was filmed in Studio 4 at ''[[The Leeds Studios]]''. A [[laugh track]] was added from series 4 onwards, although there were complaints that it spoiled the feel of the show. The last episode of series 7, ''Thanks for all the Earthworm Custard'', was the final one to feature the original regular cast, and concluded ongoing plots from the first seven series.

Despite the conclusive nature of the final episode of series 7, the show returned for an eighth series. The new plot acted as a clean slate for the show, with Brian and Sophie crashing their ship again and taking in a new family of foster children after having their memories of the past seven years erased by Guido, the new avatar of the galactic guidebook. The new family, the Bennetts, were very similar in personality to the Barkers and CJ, and Harry. However the new status quo was not to last long, as in 2006, it was announced by ITV that they were to close its in-house children's production unit, bringing the show to a sudden end following series 8.

The same year, [[Nickelodeon]] purchased the rights to make an [[United States|American]] version of the series. A pilot script was written; the structure was ostensibly the same as the UK original, with alien parents The Jonses (in place of the Johnsons) adopting three children, the Bishops (the Barkers), with similar characteristics to their UK counterparts: teenager Samantha (Sam) in place of Mel; Brad (Josh) and Shelly (Lucy). A pilot episode was written which, unlike the UK source material, introduced the series by having the Joneses adopting the Bishops on-screen. However, the pilot never entered production and the project was eventually dropped.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

==Broadcast==
Series 1 to 7 was repeated regularly on [[CITV]] from the channel's launch in 2006 up until late 2017, while series 8 repeats were discontinued by early 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guide |first=British Comedy |title=My Parents Are Aliens repeats |url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/my_parents_are_aliens/repeats/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=British Comedy Guide |language=en}}</ref>

[[Entertainment Rights|Entertainment Rights Distribution]] handled worldwide distribution rights to the series.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.entertainmentrights.com/programming/live-action/MyParentsAreAliens | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051216040706/http://www.entertainmentrights.com/programming/live-action/MyParentsAreAliens | archive-date=16 December 2005 | title=My Parents Are Aliens }}</ref>

==Home media==
In 2000, a VHS release containing all six Series One episodes was released by [[Video Collection International]] and Granada Media.

A single-release DVD containing two episodes from Series 2 and four from Series 3 titled ''The Best Of'' was released in 2006 by [[Entertainment Rights|Right Entertainment]]/[[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment|Universal Pictures Video UK]]. Right/Universal also released Series 1 and 2 in a box-set sold as a bulk-release.

==Awards and nominations==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2021}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Ceremony
!Award
!Result
|-
|2000
|[[Royal Television Society Awards]]||Best Children's Drama||{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url= https://rts.org.uk/award/programme-awards-winners-2000 |title=RTS Programme Awards 2000|date=14 March 2011 |publisher=Royal Television Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095106/https://rts.org.uk/award/programme-awards-winners-2000 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2001
|[[Children's BAFTA|Children's BAFTA Awards]]||Best Drama||{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2001/childrens/drama |title=Children's {{!}} Drama in 2001 |publisher=BAFTA |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Banff Television Festival]]||Best Children's Program||{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Royal Television Society Awards||Best Children's Drama||{{won}}
|-
|2002||Best Children's Fiction||{{won}}
|-
|2003
| rowspan="2" |Children's BAFTA Awards|| rowspan="2" |Best Drama||{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2003/childrens/drama |title=Children's {{!}} Drama in 2003 |publisher=BAFTA |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2004||{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2004/childrens/drama |title=Children's {{!}} Drama in 2004 |publisher=BAFTA |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2006
|Royal Television Society Awards||Best Children's Drama||{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2006|title=RTS Programme Awards 2006 |date=14 March 2011 |publisher=Royal Television Society |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|My Parents Are Aliens}}
*{{IMDb title | id=0284335 | title=My Parents Are Aliens}}

[[Category:1999 British television series debuts]]
[[Category:2006 British television series endings]]
[[Category:1990s British children's television series]]
[[Category:1990s British teen sitcoms]]
[[Category:2000s British children's television series]]
[[Category:2000s British teen sitcoms]]
[[Category:2000s British teen television series]]
[[Category:British children's comedy television series]]
[[Category:British children's fantasy television series]]
[[Category:British children's science fiction television series]]
[[Category:English-language British television shows]]
[[Category:ITV children's television shows]]
[[Category:ITV sitcoms]]
[[Category:Television series about extraterrestrial life]]
[[Category:Television series about orphans]]
[[Category:Television series by ITV Studios]]
[[Category:Television series by Yorkshire Television]]

Narain (actor)

2026-04-24T07:03:50Z

BGRDoreen32:

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Narain
| image = Narain Actor.jpg
| caption = Narain in 2015
| birth_name = Sunil Kumar
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| alma_mater = [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]],
[[Sree Kerala Varma College]], [[Thrissur]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2002–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Manju Haridas|2007}}
| children = 2
| parents = {{ubl|Ramakrishnan Nair|Shantha Kumari}}
| website =
}}

'''Sunil Kumar''', known by his [[stage name]] '''Narain''', is an Indian actor, who works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. He debuted as an actor in [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]'s ''[[Nizhalkuthu]]'' (2002), followed by the Malayalam films ''[[4 the People]]'' (2004), ''[[Achuvinte Amma]]'' (2005), and ''[[Classmates (2006 film)|Classmates]]'' (2006). Narain's Tamil and Telugu debuts were in [[Mysskin]]'s ''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi]]'' (2006) and [[Jayaraj]]'s ''[[Yuvasena]]'' (2004).

==Career==

Narain's first film was ''[[Nizhalkuthu]]''. His first commercial film, ''[[4 The People]]'', was dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. He portrayed a struggling lawyer, Emmanuel John, in ''[[Achuvinte Amma]]'' and also played a doctor, Jeevan, in ''[[Sheelabathi]]''. He also played roles in ''Annorikal'' and ''[[Classmates (2006 film)|Classmates]]''. His debut [[Tamil films|Tamil]] movie was ''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi]]'', alongside [[Malayalam cinema|Mollywood]] actress [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]], who too made her Tamil debut through this film. Through ''[[Panthaya Kozhi]]'', produced by director [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], he has been re-launched as an independent action hero in the Malayalam film industry. In 2008, he did another youth-oriented Malayalam movie ''[[Minnaminnikoottam]]''. He has acted in more than 20 Malayalam movies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Narain|title=Profile of Malayalam Actor Narain|website=malayalasangeetham.info|access-date=8 February 2021|archive-date=10 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210184522/https://malayalasangeetham.info/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Narain|url-status=live}}</ref>

Narain worked with director [[Sathyan Anthikkad]] in the 2005 movie ''[[Achuvinte Amma]]'' and again in 2009 in ''[[Bhagyadevatha]]''.

Narain played the lead role in [[P. T. Kunju Muhammed]]'s ''[[Veeraputhran]]'' (2011). He collaborated with director [[Mysskin]] on the 2008 film ''[[Anjaathe]]'' and the 2012 superhero film ''[[Mugamoodi]]'' where he portrayed a villain. However his career high came through the 2019, [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] directed venture ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' (2019), co starring with [[Karthi Sivakumar|Karthi]].<ref name="Busy days">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Busy-days-ahead-for-Narain/articleshow/15400550.cms |title=Busy days ahead for Narain |newspaper=Times of India |access-date=8 August 2012 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206140121/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Busy-days-ahead-for-Narain/articleshow/15400550.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' who bridges two films occurring in the same universe starring [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Vijay Sethupathi]], and [[Fahadh Faasil]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/jun/19/narain-vikrams-stellar-response-and-box-office-numbers-are-new-to-me-32191.html | title=Narain: Vikram's stellar response and box office numbers are new to me | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=19 June 2022 | access-date=22 June 2022 | archive-date=22 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622141028/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/jun/19/narain-vikrams-stellar-response-and-box-office-numbers-are-new-to-me-32191.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Narain completed his pre-degree from [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]] and graduated from [[Sree Kerala Varma College]]. He did his diploma in cinematography at the MGR Government Film And Television Institute. He joined cinematographer [[Rajiv Menon]] and later resigned to try for chances in acting. On 26 August 2007, he married Malayalam television host Manju Haridas. Manju had hosted shows like Superstar Junior and sang in ''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi]]'', a Tamil film in which Narain acted.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/narain-ties-the-knot-tamil-news-33241.html |title=Narain ties the knot |newspaper=IndiaGlitz |date=27 August 2007 |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206100558/https://www.indiaglitz.com/narain-ties-the-knot-tamil-news-33241.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/kerala/celebs-at-dileep-kavya-madhavan-wedding/articleshow/55616247.cms |title=Celebs at Dileep, Kavya Madhavan wedding |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 November 2016 |access-date=11 April 2017 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128163834/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/kerala/celebs-at-dileep-kavya-madhavan-wedding/articleshow/55616247.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The couple has two children, a daughter born in 2008 and a son born in 2022.

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Nizhalkuthu]]'' || Muthu || rowspan="2" | [[Malayalam]] || rowspan=2|Credited as Sunil Kumar
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2004 || ''[[4 the People]]'' || Rajan Mathew IPS
|-
| ''[[Yuvasena]]'' || Sharat Chandra || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Credited as Suresh Menon
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2005 || ''[[Achuvinte Amma]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Emmanuel John || rowspan="4" | Malayalam || rowspan=4|Credited as Sunil Kumar
|-
| ''Annorikal'' || Benny
|-
| ''[[By the People (2005 film)|By the People]]'' || Rajan Mathew IPS
|-
| ''[[Sheelabathi]]'' || Dr. Jeevan
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2006 || ''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi]]'' || Thiru || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| ''[[Classmates (2006 film)|Classmates]]'' || Murali || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Nenjirukkum Varai (2006 film)|Nenjirukkum Varai]]'' || Ganesan || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2007 || ''[[Panthaya Kozhi]]'' || Nandagopal || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Pallikoodam (film)|Pallikoodam]]'' || Vetrivel IAS || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2008
|'' [[Anjathe]]''|| SI Sathyavan || Nominated {{Em dash}} [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]]
|-
|''[[Ore Kadal]]''|| Jayakumar || rowspan="4" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Minnaminnikoottam]]'' || Abhilash ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2009 || ''[[Bhagyadevatha]]'' || Sajan Joseph ||
|-
| ''[[Robin Hood (2009 film)|Robin Hood]]'' || CID Alexander Felix ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2011 || ''[[Thambikottai]]'' || Azhagiri Sundaram || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]'' || Himself || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Veeraputhran]]'' || [[Mohammed Abdul Rahiman]] || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2012 || ''[[Grandmaster (2012 film)|Grandmaster]]'' || Kishore IPS ||
|-
| ''[[Mugamoodi]]'' || Anguchamy / Dragon || Tamil ||Nominated {{Em dash}} [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Tamil|SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role]] Nominated {{Em dash}} [[Vijay Award for Best Villain]]
|-
| ''[[Ayalum Njanum Thammil]]'' || Dr. Vivek || rowspan="7" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[The Hitlist]]''|| Dr. Lewis|| rowspan="2" | Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="4"|2013 || ''[[Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath]]'' ||[[IRS]] officer Suresh
|-
| ''[[3 Dots]]'' || Dr. Isaac Samuel ||
|-
| ''[[Aaru Sundarimaarude Katha]]'' || Sreekumar ||
|-
| ''[[Red Rain (2013 film)|Red Rain]]'' || Jay ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Njangalude Veettile Athidhikal]]'' || Raj Menon ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Kaththukkutti]]'' || Arivazhagan || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2016 || ''[[Hallelooya (2016 film)|Hallelooya]]'' || Dr. Roy|| rowspan="3" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Angane Thanne Nethave Anjettennam Pinnale|Angane Thanne Nethave Anchettennam Pinnale]]'' || Karthika Perumal ||
|-
| ''[[Kavi Uddheshichathu..?]]'' || Vattathil Bosco ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017|| ''[[Rum (film)|Rum]]'' || Inspector Praveen Thomas || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Adam Joan]]''|| Cyriac || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2018|| ''Police Junior''|| Sai Ram ||
|-
| ''[[U Turn (2018 film)|U Turn]]''|| Ritesh || Tamil Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Odiyan]]''|| Prakashan || rowspan="4" | Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2019||''[[Pengalila]]''|| Vinod ||
|-
|''[[Madhura Raja]]''|| SI Balachandran || Cameo appearance
|-
|''[[Marconi Mathai]]''|| CI Eesho Tharakan
|
|-
| ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' || [[Lokesh Cinematic Universe|Inspector Bejoy]] || Tamil||<ref name="‘Kaithi’ should pick me up from where ‘Anjathe’ left me: Narain">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title='Kaithi' should pick me up from where 'Anjathe' left me: Narain |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaithi-should-pick-me-up-from-where-anjathe-left-me-narain/article29758185.ece |accessdate=8 August 2022 |date=21 October 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808114231/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaithi-should-pick-me-up-from-where-anjathe-left-me-narain/article29758185.ece |archivedate=8 August 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Champion (2019 film)|Champion]]'' ||Santha|| Tamil||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2022 || ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' || Inspector Bejoy ||Tamil ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narain: Vikram's stellar response and box office numbers are new to me |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/jun/19/narain-vikrams-stellar-response-and-box-office-numbers-are-new-to-me-32191.html |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=19 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622141028/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/jun/19/narain-vikrams-stellar-response-and-box-office-numbers-are-new-to-me-32191.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Ente Mazha''|| {{Unknown}} || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Yugi (film)|Yugi]]'' || rowspan=2 | Nandakumar || Tamil || rowspan=2 | Bilingual film
|-
| ''Adrishyam'' || rowspan="2" | Malayalam
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2023 || ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' || Winston ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mammootty heaps praise on '2018' trailer. True depiction of Kerala's worst tragedy, add netizens |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/12/13/mammootty-jude-anthany-joseph-2018-trailer-mollywood-flood-movie.html |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505062314/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/12/13/mammootty-jude-anthany-joseph-2018-trailer-mollywood-flood-movie.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gandeevadhari Arjuna]]'' || Ajit Chandra || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[800 (film)|800]]'' || [[Velupillai Prabhakaran|Master]] || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Iraivan]]''|| ACP Andrew ||
|-
| ''[[Queen Elizabeth (2023 film)|Queen Elizabeth]]'' || Alex || Malayalam ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meera Jasmine and Narain's Queen Elizabeth gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/dec/13/meera-jasmine-and-narains-queen-elizabeth-gets-a-release-date-50338.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=13 December 2023 |language=en |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220173946/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/dec/13/meera-jasmine-and-narains-queen-elizabeth-gets-a-release-date-50338.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Rowspan=2| 2024 || ''[[Devara: Part 1]]'' || Irfan || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Manorathangal]]'' || Prabhakaran || rowspan="4" | Malayalam || Anthology series; segment: ''Kazhcha''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-07-15 |title=Manorathangal Trailer: Film legends assemble for anthology on MT Vasudevan Nair's stories |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/15/manorathangal-trailer-film-legends-assemble-for-anthology-on-mt-vasudevan-nairs-stories |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2025 || ''[[Eko (film)|Eko]]'' || Navykkaran ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-11-08 |title=Sandeep Pradeep's Eko gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/08/sandeep-pradeeps-eko-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pharma (TV series)|Pharma]]'' || Dr. VIjay ||[[JioHotstar]] series<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-13 |title=Nivin Pauly on his OTT debut with 'Pharma', says' This is the story of a common man’s fight for the next generation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/malayalam/nivin-pauly-on-his-ott-debut-with-pharm-says-this-is-the-story-of-a-common-mans-fight-for-the-next-generation/articleshow/125935714.cms |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Aghosham'' || Sooraj Samuel || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-10-25 |title=First look of Narain's Aghosham out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Oct/25/first-look-of-narains-aghosham-out |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|{{Pending film|[[Jana Nayagan]]}}
|Kaali
|Tamil
|Delayed<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sista |first1=Pratyusha |title=Thalapathy 69 titled ‘Jana Nayagan’; First look poster released |url=https://telanganatoday.com/thalapathy-69-titled-jana-nayagan-first-look-poster-released |access-date=26 January 2025 |work=[[Telangana Today]] |date=26 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" {{TBA}}
| {{Pending film|Kural}} || {{TBA}} || Tamil || Delayed
|-
| {{Pending film|Nodikku Nodi}} || {{TBA}} ||Tamil||Delayed<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 Jul 2024 |title=Ashwin Kumar's next 'Nodikku Nodi' begins with a pooja|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ashwin-kumars-next-nodikku-nodi-begins-with-a-pooja/articleshow/111750796.cms|website=TimesofIndia.com}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
|2007
|[[54th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Classmates (2006 film)|''Classmates'']]
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2010
|[[57th Filmfare Awards South|Fimfare Awards South]]
|Best Supporting Actor
|''[[Robin Hood (2009 film)|Robin Hood]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2012
|[[Vijay Awards]]
|Best Villain
|''[[Mugamoodi]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2021
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Kaithi (2019 film)|''Kaithi'']]
|{{Nominated}}
|}
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Narain (actor)}}
*{{IMDb name|1230844}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narain}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Sree Kerala Varma College alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Bhay: The Gaurav Tiwari Mystery

2026-04-21T07:53:35Z

BGRDoreen32: added basic pg added tags

{{Short description|2025 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bhay The Gaurav Tiwari Mystery.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| inspired_by = {{Based on|''Ghost Hunter Gaurav Tiwari: The Life and Legacy of India's Foremost Paranormal Investigator''|[[Abhirup Dhar]]}}
| screenplay = [[Arshad Syed]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Arshad Syed
}}
| director = Robbie Grewal
| presenter =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Karan Tacker]]
* [[Kalki Koechlin]]
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| music =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| list_episodes = Bhay: The Gaurav Tiwari Mystery#Episodes
| executive_producer = Sudhir Narayan Sherigar
| producer = Prabhleen Sandhu Shalini Thackeray
| location =
| cinematography = Aditya Kapur
| editor = Archit D Rasstogi
| runtime = 22–53 minutes
| company = Almighty Motion Picture
| budget =
| network = [[MX Player|Amazon MX Player]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|12|12|df=yes}}
| last_aired = 
| related =
}}
'''''Bhay: The Gaurav Tiwari Mystery''''' ({{Translation|Fear: The Gaurav Tiwari Mystery}}) is a 2025 Indian [[paranormal television|paranormal]] television series directed by Robbie Grewal and written by [[Arshad Syed]]. Produced by Prabhleen Sandhu under Almighty Motion Picture, it stars [[Karan Tacker]] and [[Kalki Koechlin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Karan Tacker to star in paranormal thriller Bhay The Gaurav Tiwari Mystery |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/karan-tacker-to-star-in-paranormal-series-bhay-the-gaurav-tiwari-mystery--23605772 |website=Mid-day |date=1 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kalki reveals first look of Bhay |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/kalki-reveals-first-look-of-bhay/ |website=The Tribune |date=3 December 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Karan Tacker]] as [[Gaurav Tiwari]]
* [[Kalki Koechlin]] as Irene Venkat
* [[Saloni Batra]] as Megha singh
* Danish Sood as Siddharth
* Nimisha Nair as Dr. Niharika
* Shubham Chaudhary as Raj
* Chinmaya Sharma as Aryaman
* Gayatri Hariharan as Sharmila
* Adarsh Marathe as Bachuaa
* Sayandeep Sengupta as Manish
* [[Avinash Sachdev]] as Vikram
* [[Sonal Jha]] as Gaurav's mother
* Babla Kochhar as Gaurav's father
* Ruchi Chaurasia as Bride ghost
* Aaloak Kapoor as Mr. Kaul (Hostel warden)

== Episodes ==
{{Expand section|1=episode summaries|small=no|date=December 2025}}

{{Episode table |background=#2F55A6 |overall= |title= |airdate= |airdateR= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Ek Gehra Raaz
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = 2F55A6
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Jaanoge Nahi To Maanoge Kaise
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 2F55A6
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Khauff Ki Dastak
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 2F55A6
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Ek Adhura Case
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 2F55A6
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Darr Ya Dare
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 2F55A6
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Wo Kaun Thee
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 2F55A6
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = Sach Ki Talaash
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 2F55A6
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = Woh Tujhe Nahi Chhodega
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 2F55A6
}}
}}

== Production ==
The series was announced on [[MX Player|Amazon MX Player]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Merican |first=Sara |title=Amazon MX Player In India Unveils 2025 Slate, Including Reality Show 'Rise and Fall' Starring Ashneer Grover & 'Bhay' Series |url=https://deadline.com/2025/01/amazon-mx-player-india-unveils-2025-slate-rise-and-fall-ashneer-grover-bhay-series-1236272848/ |website=Deadline |date=30 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Amazon MX Player Makes Major India Play With 100-Show Slate, Pushes Free Streaming |url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/amazon-mx-player-india-slate-1236292723/ |website=Variety |date=31 January 2025}}</ref> It is inspired from Abhirup Dhar's ''Ghost Hunter Gaurav Tiwari: The Life and Legacy of India's Foremost Paranormal Investigator'' (2021).<ref>{{cite web |title=Soon, horror series based on ghost hunter Gaurav Tiwari |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/soon-horror-series-based-on-ghost-hunter-gaurav-tiwari-201600/ |website=The Tribune |date=21 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Manik |title=Abhirup Dhar probes the paranormal in new book Ghost Hunter Gaurav Tiwari |url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/abhirup-dhar-probes-the-paranormal-in-new-book-ghost-hunter-gaurav-tiwari-9969841.html |website=Firstpost |date=16 September 2021}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] of the series commenced in October 2024,<ref>{{cite web | last=Bhatnagar | first=Akash | title=EXCLUSIVE: Karan Tacker and Kalki Koechlin to star together in a web series | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/exclusive-karan-tacker-and-kalki-koechlin-to-star-together-in-a-web-series-101730439214464.html | website=Hindustan Times | date=1 November 2024}}</ref> and concluded in April 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Karan Tacker wraps his supernatural thriller Bhay in London : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/karan-tacker-wraps-supernatural-thriller-bhay-london/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=2 May 2025}}</ref> [[Post-production]] of the series began in August 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Karan Tacker begins dubbing for Bhay – The Gaurav Tiwari Mystery ahead of December release : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/karan-tacker-begins-dubbing-bhay-gaurav-tiwari-mystery-ahead-december-release/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=18 August 2025}}</ref>

== Release ==
The series was made available to stream on [[MX Player|Amazon MX Player]] on 12 December 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhay – The Gaurav Tiwari Mystery trailer: Internet reacts to Karan, Kalki starrer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/bhay-the-gaurav-tiwari-mystery-trailer-karan-tacker-kalki-koechlin-starrer-internet-reaction-2833075-2025-12-09 |website=India Today |date=9 December 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Archika Khurana from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the series 3.5 out of 5 stars and said that "A gripping, atmospheric watch—best suited for fans of investigative, psychological, and grounded supernatural storytelling".<ref>{{cite web |first=Archika|last=Khurana|title=Bhay: The Gaurav Tiwari Mystery Season 1 Review : Karan Tacker–Kalki Koechlin lead a chilling dive into Gaurav Tiwari's mysterious world |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/bhay-the-gaurav-tiwari-mystery/season-1/seasonreview/125930263.cms |website=The Times of India |date=12 December 2025}}</ref> Arpita Sarkar of ''[[OTT Play]]'' gave the series 2 stars out of 5 and stated that "The ghosts aren't scary, the cases lack suspense, and the emphasis on paranormal investigation overshadows the potential for deeper explorations into Gaurav's personal life. The real-life footage adds a little interest, but overall, the series struggles to captivate or terrify. "<ref>{{cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Arpita |title=Bhay – The Gaurav Tiwari Mystery Review: Karan Tacker and Kalki Koechlin in an 'outdated' paranormal series that struggles to scare |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/bhay-the-gaurav-tiwari-mystery-review-karan-tacker-and-kalki-koehlin-in-an-outdated-paranormal-series-that-struggles-to-scare/e3e1516414998 |website=OTTPlay |date=13 December 2025}}</ref>
Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated 3.5/5 stars and said that "It’s a show that jolts you and forces you to think twice before saying ghosts do not exist."<ref>{{cite web |last=Mathur |first=Vinamra|title='Bhay - The Gaurav Tiwari Mystery' Web-Series Review: Karan Tacker and Kalki Koechlin's horror-thriller inspired by true events will shock you |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bhay-the-gaurav-tiwari-mystery-web-series-review-karan-tacker-and-kalki-koechlins-horror-thriller-inspired-by-true-events-will-shock-you-13959475.html|website=Firstpost |date=14 December 2025}}</ref>

''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and said that ""On the whole, BHAY - THE GAURAV TIWARI MYSTERY is an intriguing paranormal thriller powered by an unusual premise, a solid investigative hook and Karan Tacker’s terrific central performance. Sadly, a show with such mass appeal has dropped with limited promotion. Hence, it’ll need a strong word of mouth to catch the attention of its vast target audience."<ref>{{cite web |title=Web Series Review: BHAY – THE GAURAV TIWARI MYSTERY is an intriguing paranormal thriller with an unusual premise |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/web-series-review-bhay-gaurav-tiwari-mystery-intriguing-paranormal-thriller-unusual-premise/|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=14 December 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt35674970}}
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/0IJZ0G6KB392420AUJIQYAPKZX ''Bhay: The Gaurav Tiwari Mystery''] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]
* [https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-bhay-the-gaurav-tiwari-mystery-series-online-8b0bf664a9de9eb79f31e8e8b959c118 ''Bhay: The Gaurav Tiwari Mystery''] on [[MX Player]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian horror fiction television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in India]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in London, Ontario]]
[[Category:MX Player original programming]]
[[Category:Biographical television series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Indian mystery television series]]
[[Category:Television series based on actual events]]
[[Category:Television series based on books]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural television series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]

Bengali literature

2026-04-17T14:49:00Z

BGRDoreen32:

{{short description|Literature written in the Bengali language}}
{{Bengali literature}}
{{Contains special characters|Bengali}}
{{Bengalis}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
'''Bengali literature''' ({{langx|bn|বাংলা সাহিত্য|Bangla Shahittô}}) denotes the body of writings in the [[Bengali language]] and which covers [[Old Bengali]], [[Bengali language#Medieval|Middle Bengali]] and Modern Bengali with the changes through the passage of time and dynastic patronization or non-patronization.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azad |first=Humayun |title=Koto Nodi Sorobor Ba Bangla Vashar Jibonee (The History of Bangla Language) |publisher=Agami Prokashoni |year=2016 |isbn=9789840414215 |edition=2nd |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh |language=Bangla}}</ref> Bengali has developed over the course of roughly 1,400 years. If the emergence of the Bengali literature supposes to date back to roughly 650 AD, the development of Bengali literature claims to be 1600 years old. The earliest extant work in Bengali literature is the ''[[Charyapada]]'', a collection of [[Buddhist]] mystic songs in [[Old Bengali]] dating back to the 8th century. The timeline of Bengali literature is divided into three periods: ancient (650–1200), medieval (1200–1800) and modern (after 1800). Medieval Bengali literature consists of various poetic genres, including Hindu religious scriptures (e.g. [[Mangalkavya]]), Islamic epics (e.g. works of [[Syed Sultan]] and [[Abdul Hakim (poet)|Abdul Hakim]]), [[Vaishnava]] texts (e.g. biographies of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]), translations of [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Sanskrit]] texts, and secular texts by Muslim poets (e.g. works of [[Alaol]]). Novels were introduced in the mid-19th century. [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel laureate]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]] is the best known figure of Bengali literature to the world. [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], notable for his activism and anti-British literature, was described as the Rebel Poet and is now recognised as the [[National poet]] of [[Bangladesh]].

==Ancient==
The first works in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] appeared between 8th and 12th centuries C.E.<ref name="sukumarseneng24">{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Sukumar |title= History of Bengali |edition=3rd |year= 1979 |orig-year=1960 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |location= New Delhi |isbn= 81-7201-107-5|page=24 }}</ref> It is generally known as the ''[[Charyapada]]'' and are 47 mystic hymns composed by various [[Buddhist]] monks, namely; [[Luipa]]da, [[Kanha (poet)|Kanhapada]], [[Kukkuripa]]da, Chatilpada, Bhusukupada, Kamlipada, Dhendhanpada, Shantipada and Shabarapada amongst others. The manuscript was discovered on a palm leaf in the [[Nepal]] Royal Court Library in 1907 by the [[Bengalis|Bengali]] linguist [[Haraprasad Shastri]]. Due to the language of these manuscripts only being partially understood, they were classified by Shastri with the name ''Shôndha Bhasha'' (সন্ধ্যা ভাষা), meaning ''dusk language''.

==Medieval (1200–1800)==
{{Main|Middle Bengali literature}}

===Early medieval/Transitional (1200–1350)===
This period is considered to be the time in which many common proverbs and rhymes first emerged. The [[Bengali alphabet]] became a lot like what it currently is. [[Ramai Pandit]] and Halayudh Misra were notable writers of this period.<ref name="bpedia">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Bangla Literature|author=Mohammad Daniul Haq & Aminur Rahman}}</ref>

===Nath Literature===
{{Main|Nath Literature}}
[[Nath Literature]] is a distinctive branch of medieval Bengali literature, rooted in the teachings and spiritual practices of the Nath yogis. Originating from the 10th century, it combines elements of Buddhist, Shaiva, and folk traditions, and centers on themes like yoga, devotion to the guru, and mystical discipline. Notable works include ‘Goraksha Bijoy’ and songs about Maynamati and Gopichandra, which blend supernatural stories with lessons on renunciation, self-control, and spiritual achievement. Passed down through both oral and written traditions, Nath Literature has played a key role in shaping Bengal’s religious culture, rural society, and folk heritage, and remains influential in Bengali folk songs even today.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nath Literature - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Nath_Literature |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=[[Banglapedia]]}}</ref>

===Pre-Chaitanya (1350–1500)===
[[File:Tomb of Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah, Narayanganj, Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|The tomb of [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]], under whose patronage were writers such as [[Shah Muhammad Sagir]] and [[Krittibas Ojha]].]]

Muslim writers were exploring different themes through narratives and epics such as religion, culture, cosmology, love and history; often taking inspiration from or translating Arabic and Persian literary works such as the [[Thousand and One Nights]] and the [[Shahnameh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.edgehill.ac.uk/sacs/files/2012/07/Document-6-Billah-A.-M.-M.-A-The-Development-of-Bengali-Literature-during-Muslim-Rule.pdf |title=The development of Bengali literature during Muslim rule |access-date=2017-09-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809050525/https://blogs.edgehill.ac.uk/sacs/files/2012/07/Document-6-Billah-A.-M.-M.-A-The-Development-of-Bengali-Literature-during-Muslim-Rule.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2017}}</ref> The literary romantic tradition saw poems by [[Shah Muhammad Sagir]] on [[Yusuf and Zulaikha]], as well as works of [[Zainuddin (poet)|Zainuddin]] and Sabirid Khan. The ''[[Dobhashi]]'' culture introduced [[Arabic]] and Persian vocabulary into Bengali texts to illustrate Muslim stories. [[Epic poetry]] included ''Nabibangsha'' by [[Syed Sultan]] and ''Rasul Bijoy'' by Shah Barid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sufi_Literature|title=Sufi Literature |website=Banglapedia |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911195841/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sufi_Literature|archive-date=11 September 2016}}</ref>[[File:Rajshahi College Library Inside 02.JPG|thumb|left|''Charyapada'' manuscript preserved in the library of [[Rajshahi College]].]][[Chandidas]] was the celebrated Hindu lyrical poet of this period, famed for translating [[Jayadeva]]'s work from Sanskrit to Bengali and for producing thousands of poems dedicated to the love between [[Radha Krishna|Radha and Krishna]] such as the [[Shreekrishna Kirtana]]. Majority of Hindu writers in this period drew inspiration from a popular [[Maithili language]] Vaishnavite poet known as [[Vidyapati]]. [[Maladhar Basu]]'s ''Sri Krishna Vijaya'', which is chiefly a translation of the 10th and 11th cantos of the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', is the earliest Bengali narrative poem that can be assigned to a definite date.<ref name = sukumarseneng>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Sukumar |title= History of Bengali |edition=3rd |year= 1979 |orig-year=1960 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |location= New Delhi |isbn= 81-7201-107-5|pages=65–66 }}</ref> Composed between 1473 and 1480 C.E., it is also the oldest Bengali narrative poem of the [[Krishna]] legend.<ref name=bp>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Wakil |year=2012 |chapter=Maladhar Basu |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Maladhar_Basu |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref name = sukumarseneng/> The ''[[Ramayana]]'', under the title of ''Sri Rama Panchali'', was translated by [[Krittibas Ojha]].<ref name=s1>Sen, Sukumar (1991, reprint 2007). ''Bangala Sahityer Itihas'', Vol.I, {{in lang|bn}}, Kolkata: Ananda Publishers, {{ISBN|81-7066-966-9}}, pp.105–10</ref>

===Late medieval era (1500–1800)===
[[File:Fakir Lalon Shah.jpg|thumb|[[Lalon]] inspired and influenced many poets, social and religious thinkers including [[Rabindranath Tagore]],<ref name="Choudhury 1992, p. 59">{{cite book|last1=Caudhurī|first1=Ābadula Āhasāna|title=Lālana Śāha, 1774 – 1890|date=1992|publisher=Bāṃlā Ekāḍemī|location=Ḍhākā|isbn=978-9840725977|edition=1. punarmudraṇa.|oclc=246442470}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Urban|first1=Hugh B.|title=Songs of ecstasy tantric and devotional songs from colonial Bengal|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-513901-3|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivG6mAEACAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Tagore|first1=Rabindranath|last2=K. Stewart|first2=Tony (Translation)|last3=Twichell|first3=Chase (Translation)|title=The lover of God|date=2003|publisher=Consortium Book Sales & Dist.|location=Port Townsend, Wash.|isbn=978-1556591969|page=94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UrZjAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hossain|first1=Abu Ishahaq|title=Lalon Shah, the great poet|date=2009|publisher=Palal Prokashoni|location=Dhaka|isbn=978-9846030679|page=148|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=avyppwAACAAJ}}</ref> and [[Allen Ginsberg]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Ginsberg|first1 = Allen|last2 = Foley|first2 = Jack|date = Winter–Spring 1998|title = Same Multiple Identity: An Interview with Allen Ginsberg|journal = Discourse|volume = 20|issue = 1/2, The Silent Beat|pages = 158–181|issn = 1522-5321|jstor=41389881}}</ref>]]

Bengali literature flourished in [[Arakan]] following [[Reconquest of Arakan|its reconquest]]. It was home to prominent writers patronised in the Arakan royal court such as [[Alaol]], who wrote [[Padmavati (poem)|Padmavati]], as well as [[Daulat Qazi]], [[Dawlat Wazir Bahram Khan]], Quraishi Magan Thakur who wrote Chandravati and Maradan who wrote Nasirnama. Qazi was the first poet under the court patronage. He started writing Satimayna O Lorchandrani, considered to be the first Bengali romance. Teamwork was common in the court, and Alaol finished off Qazi's romance as the latter had died before managing to complete it.<ref>Sen, Sukumar (1993). ''Islami Bangla Sahitya'' (in Bengali), Kolkata: Ananda Publishers, {{ISBN|81-7215-301-5}}, pp.23–33</ref> [[Heyat Mahmud]], a judge by profession, is considered to be the last poet of Middle Bengali literature.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Heyat Mamud|author=[[Wakil Ahmed]]}}</ref>

==Modern (1800–present)==
The modern period of Bengali literature can roughly be categorized into six phases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangla Literature |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Bangla_Literature |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Banglapedia}}</ref>

# First phase: The era of prose (1800–1850). During this time, the [[Christian Missionaries|Christian missionaries]] and Sanskrit-educated Bengali scholars worked to induce modernism through prose.
# Second phase: The era of development (1850–1900). During this time, pioneers like [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee|Bankim Chattapadhyay]] and [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt|Michael Madhusudan Datta]], wrote novels and poems that exhibit Western influence. These classics remain masterpieces through test of time.
# Third phase: The era of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (1890–1930). This period was dominated by Tagore's work and other works, especially poems, were subsumed by his influence.
# Fourth phase: The post-Rabindranath Tagore phase (1930–1947). During this time, many writers made a conscious effort to move away from the Rabindrik influence. This continued roughly until the partition of India.
# Fifth phase: The post-partition phase (1947–1970). After the partition, Bangla literature started developing separately in West Bengal and East Pakistan/Bangladesh focusing mostly view corresponding with on political and religious identities of each Bengal.
# Sixth phase: Bangladesh/West Bengal era (1971–present). After creation of [[Bangladesh]] in 1971, literature in Bangladesh was invigorated by writers like [[Humayun Ahmed]], who built a new style of writing in simple language appealing to the masses.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=How Humayun Ahmed became the Shakespeare of Bangladesh |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/517470/How-Humayun-Ahmed-became-the-Shakespeare-of-Bangladesh |access-date=2022-04-28 |work=Daily Sun |language=en}}</ref> Around the same time, West Bengali writers like [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]], [[Samaresh Majumdar]], and [[Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay]], wrote with a fresh view of West Bengal in the era of globalization. As popular writers from this era demises, the literature created by the millennial era is yet to be characterized.

=== First and second phase (1800–1900) ===
The first Bangla books to be printed were those written by Christian missionaries. [[Dom Antonio]]'s ''Brahmin-Roman-Catholic'' Sambad, for example, was the first Bangla book to be printed towards the end of the 17th century. Bangla writing was further developed as Bengali scholars wrote textbooks for [[Fort William College Calcutta|Fort William College]]. Although these works had little literary values, prose-writing was greatly developed with the practice of these didactic works. [[Ram Mohan Roy|Raja Rammohan Roy]] contributed to Bengali collection of religious and educational books. As more journals and newspapers were published by missionaries and [[Brahmo Samaj|Brahmo Shamaj]], the culture of writing to communicate novel ideals made rapid growth.

[[Michael Madhusudan Datta]]'s first epic ''Tilottama Sambhab Kabya'' published in 1860 was the first Bengali poem written in [[blank verse]]. [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]] was considered one of the leading Bengali novelists and essayists of the 19th century. He also wrote ''[[Vande Mataram]]'', the national song of India, which appears in his novel ''[[Anandamath]]'' (1882).<ref name="sukumarsenengbankim" /> In the 1880s, Chatterjee critically analysed Hindu scriptures such as the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' as well as the problems of [[Krishnaism]] from a historical perspective in his ''Dharmatattva'' and ''Krishna Charitra''.<ref name="sukumarsenengbankim" />

[[Romesh Chunder Dutt]] and [[Mir Mosharraf Hossain]] are notable for their works of fiction. [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]] and [[Dwijendralal Ray]] were prominent playwrights of the time, whereas [[Akkhoykumar Boral|Akshay Kumar Boral]] and [[Ramendra Sundar Tribedi]] are famous for their influential essays. [[Rassundari Devi]] authored the first full-fledged [[Autobiographical novel|autobiography]] in modern Bengali literature in 1876.<ref>{{cite web|author=Deepa Bandopadhyay|script-title=bn:নারীর লেখা নারীর কথা|url=http://www.kaliokalam.com/2012/12/01/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE/|website=Kali O Kalam |language=bn |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519090732/http://www.kaliokalam.com/2012/12/01/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE/|archive-date=19 May 2015}}</ref>

The pre-Tagore era also saw an undercurrent of popular literature which was focused on daily life in contemporary Bengal. The prose style, as well as the humour in these works, were often crass, blunt and accessible. A masterpiece in this regard was "Hutom Pechar Naksha" (The Sketch of the Owl) written by [[Kaliprasanna Singha]], and satirically depicts "Babu" culture in 19th century Kolkata. Other notable works in this regard are "Alaler Ghorer Dulal" (The Spoilt Brat) by [[Peary Chand Mitra]], "[[Ramtanu Lahiri]] o tatkalin Banga shamaj" (Ramtanu Lahiri & contemporary Bengali society) by [[Sivanath Shastri|Shibnath Shastri]] and "Naba Babu Bilas" & "Naba Bibi Bilas" by Bhabanicharan Bandopadhyay. These books arguably portrayed contemporary Bengali dialect and popular society effectively, and also incorporated now-extinct music genres such as Khisti, Kheur and Kabiyal gaan by stalwarts like [[Roopchand Pakshi|Rupchand Pakhi]] and Bhola Moyra. Books like these have become rarer since the emergence of Tagore culture, and the burgeoning preference for literary elegance and refinement in Bengali society.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sarai.net/publications/readers/02-the-cities-of-everyday-life/13calcutta.pdf |title=Mechanicalcutta: Industrialisation, new media in the 19th century |access-date=16 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705092243/http://www.sarai.net/publications/readers/02-the-cities-of-everyday-life/13calcutta.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2010}}</ref>
<gallery widths="120" heights="120" perrow="7">
File:Bankim Chattapadhyay.jpg|[[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]'s first novel ''[[Durgeshnandini]]'' was considered a benchmark in the history of Bengali literature.<ref name = sukumarsenengbankim>{{cite book |last=Sen|first=Sukumar|title= History of Bengali |edition=3rd|year=1979|orig-year=1960|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location= New Delhi |isbn= 81-7201-107-5|pages=211–12}}</ref>
File:Shaheed Minar.JPG|[[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka]] as displayed on the annual anniversary of [[Bengali language movement]].
File:Bhasha Smritistambha Arnab Dutta 2011.jpg|[[Bhasha Smritistambha]], [[Kolkata]].
File:Kaykobad 1932.jpg|[[Kaykobad]] was a popular narrative poet.
File:হাসন রাজা (ঊর্ধাংশ).jpg|[[Hason Raja]]'s poetry continues to be prominent in rural Bengal.
</gallery>[[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]'s [[Vande Mataram]] played a vital role in the [[Indian independence movement]] and he is widely respected in India. His novels are popular to a lesser extent in Bangladesh.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} [[Bankim Puraskar|Bankim Memorial Award]] is the highest literary award which is given by the [[Government of West Bengal]], India.

=== Third and fourth phases (1900–1947) ===
[[File:Rabindranath Tagore unknown location.jpg|thumb|[[Rabindranath Tagore]], Asia's first [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] laureate.]]
[[File:Kazi Nazrul Islam with the Kendriya Muslim Sahitya Sangsad.jpg|thumb|[[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] seated with Bengali Muslim littérateurs in [[Sylhet]]. Nazrul's contributions included the profuse enrichment of the Bengali [[Ghazal|gôzôl]].]]
[[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] are the most well-known prolific writers of Bengal in the 20th century. Tagore is celebrated as the writer of both India's national anthem, [[Jana Gana Mana]] and Bangladesh's [[Amar Shonar Bangla]] as well as being a source of inspiration for the [[Sri Lanka Matha]]. Tagore’s short stories are celebrated for their profound exploration of human emotions and social issues. Through characters like Phatik in "The Homecoming" and the themes of class in "The Babus of Nayanjore," Tagore masterfully depicts the complexities of Indian society and the human experience.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dattatraya Das |url=https://www.brainwareuniversity.ac.in/celebrating-tagore/author/dattatraya/ |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Celebrating Tagore - The Man, The Poet and The Musician |language=en-US}}</ref> Similarly Nazrul is celebrated as the [[national poet]] of Bangladesh.<ref name="University of Hawaii Press">{{cite book |last1=de Silva |first1=K. M. |author-link1=K. M. de Silva |last2=Wriggins |first2=Howard |author-link2=William Howard Wriggins |title=J. R. Jayewardene of Sri Lanka: a Political Biography – Volume One: The First Fifty Years |date=1988 |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] |isbn=0-8248-1183-6 |page=368 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6orPBJCSPhIC}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |title=Man of the series: Nobel laureate Tagore |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/off-the-field/Man-of-the-series-Nobel-laureate-Tagore/articleshow/7854172.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Times News Network]] |date=3 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="IBN Live">{{cite news |title=How Tagore inspired Sri Lanka's national anthem |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/how-tagore-inspired-sri-lankas-national-anthem/255713-40-103.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510201526/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/how-tagore-inspired-sri-lankas-national-anthem/255713-40-103.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 May 2012 |work=[[IBN Live]] |date=8 May 2012}}</ref>

[[Sarat Chandra Chatterjee]] wrote novels, novellas, and stories. He also wrote essays, which were anthologized in ''Narir Mulya (1923)'' and ''Svadesh O Sahitya (1932)''. ''Shrikanta, Charitrahin, Devdas, Grihadaha, Dena-Paona'' and ''Pather Dabi'' are among his most popular works.

===Short story writers===
Bengali literature is also famous for short stories. Some famous short story writers are [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Manik Bandopadhyay]], [[Tarashankar Bandopadhyay]], [[Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay]], [[Rajshekhar Basu]] (Parasuram), [[Syed Mujtaba Ali]], [[Premendra Mitra]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-04|title=Mosquito and Other Stories by Premendra Mitra|url=https://www.purplepencilproject.com/mosquito-and-other-stories-premendra-mitra/|access-date=2020-06-09|website=Purple Pencil Project|language=en-US}}</ref> Bengal is also known for its detective stories and novels written by [[Satyajit Ray]], [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]] and others.

===Fifth phase: post-partition era (1947–1971)===
[[Rajshekhar Basu]] (1880–1960) was the best-known writer of satiric short story in Bengali literature.<ref name =parashuram>{{cite book |editor1-first=Sisir Kumar |editor1-last= Das |title= Samsad Bangla Sahityasangi|trans-title= Samsad Companion to Bengali Literature |edition=1st |year= 2003 |publisher= Sahitya Samsad |location= Kolkata |language=bn |isbn=81-7955-007-9 |page= 189}}</ref> He mocked the charlatanism and vileness of various classes of the Bengali society in his stories written under the pseudonym "Parashuram".<ref name =parashuram/> His major works include: ''Gaddalika'' (1924), ''Kajjwali'' (1927), ''Hanumaner Swapna'' (1937), ''Gamanush Jatir Katha'' (1945), ''Dhusturimaya Ityadi Galpa'' (1952), ''Krishnakali Ittadi Galpa'' (1953), ''Niltara Ittadi Galpa'' (1956), ''Anandibai Ittadi Galpa'' (1958) and ''Chamatkumari Ittadi Galpa'' (1959). He received the [[Rabindra Puraskar]], the highest literary award of [[West Bengal|Paschimbanga]] in 1955 for ''Krishnakali Ityadi Galpa''.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Adhya|first1=Hemanta Kumar |title= Rajshekhar Basu |edition= 1st|series= Bharatiya Sahityakar Pustakmala |year= 2001|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|location= Kolkata |language=bn |id= 41-45}}</ref> Rajsheskhar was also a noted lexicographer, translator and essayist. His ''Chalantika'' (1937) is one of the most popular concise Bengali dictionaries, while his Bengali-language translations of ''[[Meghaduta]]'' (1943), the ''[[Ramayana]]'' (1946), the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (1949) and the ''[[Bhagavat Gita]]'' (1961) are also acclaimed.<ref name =parashuram/> His major essays are included in ''Laghuguru'' (1939) and ''Bichinta'' (1955).<ref name =parashuram/> Other three well-known authors of that time were [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]], [[Tarashankar Bandyopadhyay]] and [[Manik Bandyopadhyay]]; popularly known as ''Bandyopadhyay Troyee'' (Trio of ''Bandyopadhyay''s).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ritujanpub.com/2021/04/19/664/ | title=তিন বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ের দ্যুতি | work=Ritujan Publication | date=19 April 2021 }}</ref> [[Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay]], who wrote under the pen name of ''Banaphul'', was another noted author of that period. He is most noted for his short [[Vignette (literature)|vignettes]], often just half-page long, but his body of work spanned sixty-five years and included "thousands of poems, 586 short stories (a handful of which have been translated to English),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-13|title=Wildfire and Other Stories by Banaphool|url=https://www.purplepencilproject.com/wildfire-and-other-stories-by-banaphool-review/|access-date=2020-07-05|website=Purple Pencil Project|language=en-US}}</ref> 60 novels, 5 dramas, a number of one-act plays, an autobiography called ''Paschatpat'' (''Background''), and numerous essays."<ref>[http://www.indiaheritage.org/creative/creative_literature_bengali.htm Spectrum of Bengali literature (modern period)], ''Indiaheritage.org'', Retrieved 1 May 2007.</ref><ref>Ananta Ghosh, [http://www.bagc.net/newsletter2000-2.html Great writers], ''Bengali Association of Greater Chicago Newsletter'', Volume 25: Issue 2 : April 2000. Retrieved 1 May 2007.</ref> [[Saradindu Bandyopadhyay]], who was also a renowned [[historical fiction]] writer, created the detective [[Byomkesh Bakshi]]. Other noted authors of this period included [[Samaresh Basu]], [[Buddhadeb Bosu]], [[Premendra Mitra]], [[Shibram Chakraborty]], [[Narayan Gangopadhyay]], [[Subodh Ghosh]], and [[Narendranath Mitra]].

==== Prakalpana Movement ====
Prakalpana Movement, branded by Steve LeBlanc, the noted US critic, as 'a tiny literary revolution', 'nurtured' by Kolkata, has been fostering its new genres of Prakalpana fiction, Sarbangin poetry and Chetanavyasism for over four decades, spearheaded by Vattacharja Chandan, beginning in 1969. It is probably the only bilingual (Bengali -English) [[literary movement]] in India mothered by Bengali literature, that has spread its wings worldwide through the participation of well known international [[avant-garde]] writers and [[mail art]]ists such as [[Richard Kostelanetz]], [[John M. Bennett]], [[Sheila Murphy (poet)|Sheila Murphy]], [[Don Webb (writer)|Don Webb]], with notable Bengali poets, writers and artists like Vattacharja Chandan.<ref>''Songs of Kobisena'' by Steve Leblanc in ''Version 90'', PMS Cafe Press, Alston, MS, USA.</ref>

=== Sixth phase: two streams (1971–present) ===

==== Bangladesh stream ====
[[Humayun Ahmed]], created his own style of simplistic writing that became immensely popular. His characters like Himu, Misir Ali, Baker Bhai etc. continue to be household names loved by all. His teacher, [[Nurul Momen | Natyaguru Nurul Momen]], regarded as the Shakespeare of Bangladesh was the pioneer in simultaneously three fields of literature:- Playwrighting, Belle Lettres & Satire. Other prominent writers include [[Muhammed Zafar Iqbal]], [[Humayun Azad]], [[Ahmed Sofa]], [[Selina Hossain]], [[Taslima Nasrin|Taslima Nasreen]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Randeep |date=2008-02-11 |title=Leading Indians campaign for exiled writer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/feb/11/news.india?CMP=share_btn_url |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-16 |title=Why Taslima Nasreen wants to return to Bangladesh |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-28307267 |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> and many others.<ref name=":0" />

==== West Bengal stream ====
West Bengal Bengali literature was influenced by a flock of modernist thinkers who steered Bangla literature. [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]], a poet, novelist, and children's story writer, was one of the most prolific writers of his time. [[Satyajit Ray]] created his own detective [[Feluda]], who is accompanied by Tapesh Ranjan Mitra, regarded by his nickname 'Topshe' by Feluda and [[Lalmohan Ganguly]]. Ray also created the characters [[Professor Shonku]] and [[Tarini Khuro]], a revolutionary scientist and an adventurer and storyteller respectively. Additionally, others who left marks include [[Narayan Sanyal]], [[Buddhadeb Guha]], [[Mahasweta Devi|Mahashweta Devi]], [[Nirendranath Chakravarty|Nirendranath Chakraborty]], [[Samaresh Majumdar]], [[Samaresh Basu]], [[Suchitra Bhattacharya]], Purusottom Kumar Debnath, [[Nabaneeta Dev Sen]], [[Syed Mustafa Siraj]], Baren Gangopadhyay, [[Amiya Bhushan Majumdar|Amiya Bhushan Mazumdar]], [[Debesh Roy]], [[Atin Bandyopadhyay]], [[Shankha Ghosh]], [[Shakti Chattopadhyay]], [[Moti Nandi]], [[Kamal Kumar Majumdar]], [[Sankar (writer)|Shankar]], [[Malay Roy Choudhury]], Haripada Mondal, and [[Bani Basu]].

==See also==
* [[List of Bengali poets|List of Bengali Poets and Writers]]
* [[List of Bengali-language authors (chronological)]]
* [[List of Bengali-language authors (alphabetical)]]
* [[Dalit literature#Dalit literature in Bengali|Dalit Literature in Bengali]]
* [[Bengali novels]]
* [[Ghosts in Bengali culture]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Bengali literature}}
* [https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/bengali.html Library of Congress – Bengali Section]
* [http://www.bangla-literature.ueuo.com An English Magazine on Bengali Literature] by Sayeed Abubakar
* [https://www.18upchoti.com/forums/bengali-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE.6/ A Bengali Forum on Bengali Literature] by Abdul Momin
* [https://www.brainwareuniversity.ac.in/celebrating-tagore/author/dattatraya/ Celebrating Tagore]

{{Bengali language topics}}
{{Bengal Renaissance}}

{{West Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Literature}}
[[Category:Bengali-language literature|*]]
[[Category:Literature by ethnicity|Bengali]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian literature by language]]

Wangoi Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:37:52Z

BGRDoreen32: Creating Data

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Wangoi
| mla = [[Khuraijam Loken Singh]]
| party = {{Party index link|National People's Party (India)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Imphal West district|Imphal West]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:30031}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 22
}}
'''Wangoi''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/magazine/2019/gels/CEO%20Report%202019%20.pdf |title= Report - General Election to Lok Sabha, 2019|website=ceomanipur.nic.in |date= |author=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= December 27, 2020}}</ref>

It is part of [[Imphal West district]]. As of 2022, it is represented by [[Khuraijam Loken Singh]] of the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]].<ref name=election2022/>

== Extent ==
Wangoi is the 22nd among 60 constituencies of Manipur. It consists of 40 parts namely: 1 - Irom Meijrao Maning Leikai, 2 - Irom Meijrao Mamang Leikai, 3 - Wakching Khullen, 4 - Samurou Awang Leikai, 5 - Samurou Awang Makha, 6 - Takhellambam Konjin, 7 - Samurou Mamang Leikai, 8 - Samurou Mayai Maning Leikai, 9 - Samurou Makha Leikai (A), 10 - Samurou Makha Leikai (B), 11 - Naorem Chaprou, 12 - Oinam Sawombung Makha Leikai, 13 - Oinam Sawombung Awang, 14 - Wangoi Longjam Leikai & Wangoi Kabui, 15 - Wangoi Makha Leikai, 16 - Wangoi Wahengbam Leikai, 17 - Wangoi Mamang Leikai, 18 - Wangoi Thoudam Leikai and Thounaojam Leikai, 19 - Wangoi Thoudam Makha Leikai, 20 - Laiphrakpam, 21 - Khaidem Leikai, 22 - Thiyam Leishangkhong, 23 - Thiyam Leishangkhong Khwai Leirak Makha (A), 24 - Thiyam Leishangkhong Khwai Leirak Makha (B), 25 - Paobitek Mamang Leikai, 26 - Paobitek Mayai Leikai, 27 - Upokpi, 28 - Paobitek Maning Leikai, 29 - Wangoi Top Pangal Siphai (A), 30 - Wangoi Top Pangal Siphai (B), 31 - Laku Huidrom Awang Leikai (A), 32 - Laku Huidrom Awang Leika (B), 33 - Iram Siphai Mayai Leikai, 34 - Iram Siphai Mamang Leikai, 35 - Yumnam Huidrom Mayai Leikai, 36 - Yumnam Huidrom Makha Leikai (A), 37 - Yumnam Huidrom Makha Leikai (B), 38 - Mutum Phibou Mayai Leikai (A), 39 - Mutum Phibou Mayai Leikai (B), and 40 - Chongtham Kona.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chief Electoral Officer |first=Manipur |date=Jan 2023 |title=Electoral Roll SSR 2023 |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/eroll}}</ref>{{update after|2027|5}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Chungkham Rajmohan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || [[Wahengbam Nipamacha Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Chungkham Rajmohan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] ||[[Wahengbam Nipamacha Singh]]|| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]] ||[[Wahengbam Nipamacha Singh]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha}}
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] ||[[Wahengbam Nipamacha Singh]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] ||[[Wahengbam Nipamacha Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Yumnam Mani Singh
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || Salam Joy Singh || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || rowspan=3 | [[Oinam Lukhoi Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2020 elections in India#Manipur|2020 by-election]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Khuraijam Loken Singh]]|| {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Wangoi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khuraijam Loken Singh]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=15,606 |percentage=55.29% |change={{increase}}34.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Oinam Lukhoi Singh]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=12,340|percentage=43.72%|change={{increase}}3.51}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Salam Joy Singh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=156|percentage=0.55%|change={{decrease}}38.72}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=122|percentage=0.43%|change={{increase}}0.08}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,266 |percentage=11.57% |change= {{increase}}10.63 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=28,224|percentage=93.98%|change={{decrease}}0.56}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,031 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}15.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2020 elections in India#Manipur|2020 Manipur Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Wangoi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12753-bye-elections-2020-parliamentary-and-assemblies/ |title=Bye Elections 2020 (Parliamentary and Assemblies) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Oinam Lukhoi Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,960 |percentage=40.21% |change={{increase}}15.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Khuraijam Loken Singh]]|party=National People's Party (India)|votes=10,703|percentage=39.27%|change={{increase}}10.89}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Salam Joy Singh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=5,591|percentage=20.51%|change={{decrease}}7.73}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=96|percentage=0.35%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=257 |percentage=0.94% |change= {{increase}}0.81 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=27,254|percentage=94.94%|change={{decrease}}0.09}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,828 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=National People's Party (India) |swing= {{increase}}11.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Wangoi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Oinam Lukhoi Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,443 |percentage=28.38% |change={{increase}}5.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Khuraijam Loken Singh]]|party=National People's Party (India)|votes=7,407|percentage=28.24%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Salam Joy Singh|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=6,590|percentage=25.13%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sagolsem Achouba Singh|party=Manipur National Democratic Front|votes=3,983|percentage=15.19%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Moirangmayum Thoiba Singh|party=Lok Janshakti Party|votes=719|percentage=2.74%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=83|percentage=0.32%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=36 |percentage=0.14% |change= {{decrease}}0.63 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=26,225|percentage=94.63%|change={{increase}}2.65}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,714 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.76 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Trinamool Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Wangoi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Oinam Lukhoi Singh]] |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=9,154 |percentage=38.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salam Joy Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=8,972 |percentage=37.93% |change={{increase}}5.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sagolsem Achouba Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,312 |percentage=22.46% |change={{increase}}4.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumnam Mani Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=218 |percentage=0.92% |change={{decrease}}21.52 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=182 |percentage=0.77% |change= {{decrease}}9.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,656 |percentage=91.98% |change= {{decrease}}3.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,719 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Trinamool Congress |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}5.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Wangoi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Salam Joy Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=7,171 |percentage=32.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Nipamacha Singh |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=5,033 |percentage=23.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumnam Mani Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=4,903 |percentage=22.44% |change={{decrease}}18.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sagolsem Achouba Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,031 |percentage=18.45% |change={{decrease}}2.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangmayum Tombi Devi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=445 |percentage=2.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Oinam Jugindro Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=265 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,138 |percentage=9.79% |change= {{increase}}6.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,848 |percentage=95.54% |change= {{decrease}}0.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,868 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Wangoi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumnam Mani Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=7,526 |percentage=40.57% |change={{decrease}}0.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Nipamacha Singh |party=Manipur National Conference |votes=6,911 |percentage=37.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sagolsem Achouba Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,805 |percentage=20.51% |change={{increase}}10.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naorem Rabei Singh |party=Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party |votes=136 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=615 |percentage=3.32% |change= {{decrease}}5.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,551 |percentage=95.66% |change= {{increase}}0.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,393 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Wangoi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Nipamacha Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=7,113 |percentage=41.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumnam Mani Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,575 |percentage=32.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sagolsem Achouba Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,796 |percentage=10.40% |change={{decrease}}13.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Oinam Jugindro Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,482 |percentage=8.58% |change={{decrease}}11.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Indrasen Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,134 |percentage=6.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,538 |percentage=8.90% |change= {{increase}}6.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,273 |percentage=94.68% |change= {{decrease}}2.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,243 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}17.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Wangoi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=W. Nipamacha Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,868 |percentage=23.43% |change={{decrease}}2.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Mani Singh |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=3,519 |percentage=21.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Oinam Jugindro Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,319 |percentage=20.11% |change={{decrease}}1.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Indrasen Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=3,077 |percentage=18.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sagolsem Achouba Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,506 |percentage=15.18% |change={{increase}}6.23 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=349 |percentage=2.11% |change= {{decrease}}2.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,508 |percentage=96.90% |change= {{increase}}3.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,036 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.87 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |swing= {{decrease}}7.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Wangoi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nipamacha Singh |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=4,645 |percentage=30.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chungkham Rajmohan Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,895 |percentage=25.82% |change={{decrease}}18.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Oinam Jugindro Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,268 |percentage=21.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Longjam Laiba Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,764 |percentage=11.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangmayum Indrasen Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,351 |percentage=8.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wangjam Shama Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=80 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=750 |percentage=4.97% |change= {{decrease}}1.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,087 |percentage=93.76% |change= {{increase}}4.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,091 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}19.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Wangoi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Nipamacha Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=6,435 |percentage=50.77% |change={{increase}}15.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chungkham Rajmohan Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,583 |percentage=44.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Birendra |party=Independent politician |votes=355 |percentage=2.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=852 |percentage=6.72% |change= {{increase}}0.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,676 |percentage=89.39% |change= {{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,181 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}9.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Wangoi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chungkham Rajmohan Singh |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=4,749 |percentage=41.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Nipamacha Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=4,063 |percentage=35.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumnam Birendra |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=2,427 |percentage=21.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=686 |percentage=5.95% |change= {{decrease}}3.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,538 |percentage=89.25% |change= {{increase}}3.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,928 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}12.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Wangoi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=W. Nipamacha Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,729 |percentage=53.52% |change={{increase}}12.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chungkham Rajmohan Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,862 |percentage=43.71% |change={{decrease}}2.63 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=867 |percentage=9.81% |change= {{increase}}4.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,836 |percentage=86.09% |change= {{decrease}}2.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,264 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= {{increase}}7.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Wangoi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chungkham Rajmohan Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,794 |percentage=46.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Nipamacha Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,330 |percentage=40.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salam Krishnadas |party=Communist Party of India |votes=767 |percentage=9.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thoudam Toyaima |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=166 |percentage=2.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=464 |percentage=5.67% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,188 |percentage=88.41% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,261 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Imphal West district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}

{{coord|24.68|93.9|display=title}}

[[Category:Imphal West district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]

Malom Hiyanghang Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:53Z

BGRDoreen32: starting a details v1.

{{refimprove|date=January 2024}}
{{Short description|Constituency of the Manipur legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Malom Hiyanghang
|type= SLA
|state = [[Manipur]]
|established = 1972
|abolished = 1972
|electors = 9,983
|mla = Tokpam Sanajao Singh
|party = {{Party index link|Manipur Peoples Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Malom Hiyanghang Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Manipur]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Tokpam Sanajao Singh || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|}
== Election results ==
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Malom Hiyanghang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalReport%201972%20Manipur.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130251/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalReport%201972%20Manipur.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tokpam Sanajao Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,939 |percentage=46.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar Ranbir Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,217 |percentage=38.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Langoljam Iboyaima |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,135 |percentage=13.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=722 |percentage=8.53% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,463 |percentage=84.77% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,983 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 disestablishments in India]]

Melur South Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:48:49Z

BGRDoreen32: starting a article basic info

{{distinguish|Melur Assembly constituency|Melur North Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1967
| district = [[Madurai district|Madurai]]
| loksabha_cons =
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| mla = O. P. Raman
| name = Melur (South)
| electors= 1,09,718
| reservation =
| abolished= 1971
}}
'''Melur South''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Madurai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It existed from 1967 to 1971.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]||O. P. Raman|| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||O. P. Raman|| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.80}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|63.41}}
}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Melur (South)<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=O. P. Raman |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,090 |percentage=58.80% |change=-4.61% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Karuthanan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,214 |percentage=36.79% |change=0.20% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Poosari |party=Independent politician |votes=2,574 |percentage=3.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Gandhi Veeran |party=Independent politician |votes=807 |percentage=1.05% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,876 |percentage=22.01% |change=-4.82% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,685 |percentage=75.80% |change= -8.16% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,718 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.61% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Melur (South)<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=O. P. Raman |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,913 |percentage=63.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kakkan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,376 |percentage=36.59% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,537 |percentage=26.82% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,289 |percentage=83.96% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,125 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coords|10.027|78.335|display=title}}

[[Category:Madurai district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Madurai]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 disestablishments in India]]

{{Madurai-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

List of Indian tornadoes

2026-04-13T21:29:03Z

BGRDoreen32: starting the stub from scratch

{{Short description|List of tornadoes in the country of India}}
{{dynamic list}}
[[File:Tornado in the Indian Ocean.jpg|thumb|300x300px|A waterspout in the Indian Ocean]]
'''Tornadoes in India''' are rare, with only ~12 tornadoes being recorded between 1976 and 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aryan |first=Aniket |title=Tornadoes in India {{!}} SRIRAMs IAS |url=https://www.sriramsias.com/upsc-daily-current-affairs/tornadoes-in-india/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=www.sriramsias.com |language=en}}</ref> Most tornadoes in India are deadly, with an average of 80 people killed per tornado. The deadliest Indian tornado on record hit areas near [[Belda]] on March 24, 1998, killing 250 people.

== Events ==

=== Pre-1950s ===

* April 8, 1838 – A long-tracked and destructive FU tornado tore through downtown Kolkata, damaging numerous structures and killing 215.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bengal Tornadoes—background info |url=https://bangladeshtornadoes.org/bengaltornadoes.html |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=bangladeshtornadoes.org}}</ref>
* May 1, 1865 – A strong FU tornado tracks through rural areas west of [[Pandua, Hooghly|Pandua]], taking an extremely unusual sharp-turned path and killing 20 people.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=De |first1=Saumyendu |last2=Sahai |first2=Atul |date=July 8, 2024 |title=Was the earliest documented account of tornado dynamics published by an Indian scientist in an Indian journal? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332585436 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref>
* April 27, 1888 – A relatively brief FU tornado moves through [[Serampore]], killing 7 people.<ref name=":0" />
* March 13, 1921 – A violent tornado struck [[Barisal.|Barisal]], [[West Bengal]] and caused significant damage to property and infrastructure. Homes were razed, trees were uprooted and many person were killed or injured.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1921-03-14 |title=VIOLENT TORNADO. |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article20484524 |access-date=2025-05-27 |work=Brisbane Courier}}</ref>
* June 30, 1936 – A "terrific cyclone" in North Malabar affected a large swath of area, causing 2 thousand crore in damage before dissipating.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cyclone In North Malabar – MUCH DAMAGE CAUSED |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58A-AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA3 |access-date=15 September 2024 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=1 July 1936 |language=en}}</ref>
* March 2, 1942 – A tornado occurred in [[Burdwan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://library.oarcloud.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/cd019_pdf/0046267A.pdf|title=India weather review. Annual summary. Part C, Storms and depressions.}}</ref>

=== 1950s ===

* March 20, 1951 – A brief and extremely weak FU tornado touches down in the outskirts of [[Sherpur Bhura|Sherpur]], causing no damage.<ref name=":0" />

=== 1960s ===

* April 19, 1963 – On April 19, 1963, a tornado impacted [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]] district in North [[West Bengal|Bengal]] and the adjacent [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]] district in North [[Assam]], India. The tornado's path spanned 36 kilometres and had a funnel diameter of 100–130 meters, rotating anticlockwise.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saha |first1=K. R. |title=The Cooch Behar -Assam Tornado of 19 April 1963 |journal=MAUSAM |date=1 July 1966 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=427–432 |doi=10.54302/mausam.v17i3.5736|bibcode=1966Mausa..17..427S |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* March 21, 1969 – A weak FU tornado tracks through areas near Ushti, causing little damage and no fatalities.<ref name=":0" />

=== 1970s ===

*
* April 7, 1977 – A brief FU tornado tracks through rural [[Palashipara]], killing 2 people.<ref name=":0" />
* April 15, 1977 – An FU tornado affects areas north of [[Contai]], killing 10.<ref name=":0" />
* March 18, 1978 – A freak tornado hit the university campus area in [[New Delhi]] killing at least 28 people and injuring over 700 others, about 100 of them seriously.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-11 |title=HT This Day: March 18, 1978 – Tornado hits North Delhi: 30 dead |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/htthis-day-march-18-1978-tornado-hits-north-delhi-30-dead-101647009953381.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313051230/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/htthis-day-march-18-1978-tornado-hits-north-delhi-30-dead-101647009953381.html |archive-date=2022-03-13 |access-date=2025-05-27 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>
* April 16, 1978 – A brief but extremely powerful FU tornado touches down west of [[Bhadrak]], in [[Purana Bandgoda]], killing 150.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tornado that killed hundreds of villagers on April 16, 1978 in Odisha's Keonjhar |url=https://kalingatv.com/features/tornado-that-killed-hundreds-of-villagers-on-april-16-1978-in-odishas-keonjhar-watch/}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
* April 17, 1978 – At least one hundred people were killed and more than 500 injured as a tornado battered [[Ramachandrapur, Odisha|Ramachandrapur]] in the administrative district of [[Keonjhar district|Keonjhar]], [[Orissa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-17 |title=Forty Years Ago, April 17, 1978: Tornado Kills 100 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/april-17-1978-forty-years-ago/ |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* April 18, 1978 – a FU tornado hit [[Karimpur]] in [[Nadia district]] and went on to [[Murshidabad district]]. 128 deaths were reported.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of 86 tornados in Bengal for 1838–2001 |url=http://bangladeshtornadoes.org/climo/TORCLIMB.htm |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=bangladeshtornadoes.org}}</ref>

=== 1980s ===

* April 17, 1981 – A strong FU tornado tracks through populated areas east of [[Kendujhar district|Kendujhar]], reaching a maximum width of 997 meters and killing ~120.<ref name=":0" />
* April 12, 1983 – A brief but powerful FU tornado touches down in rural areas surrounding [[Kanchrapara]], destroying crops and other structures in its path. The tornado is estimated to have killed 50 people.<ref name=":0" />

=== 1990s ===

* April 9, 1993 – An F2 tornado tracks through densely populated areas south of [[Berhampore]], killing 145 and injuring an unknown number of people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=P |first1=K. Misra |last2=Goldar |first2=R. N. |last3=Banerjee |first3=S. K. |date=1996-07-01 |title=Devastating tornado -of Kandi (9 April 1993) -A case study |url=http://103.215.208.102/index.php/MAUSAM/article/view/3748 |journal=MAUSAM |language=en |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=301–306 |doi=10.54302/mausam.v47i3.3748 |bibcode=1996Mausa..47..301M |issn=0252-9416|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":0" />
* March 24, 1998 – A relatively strong but brief tornado inflicts F2 damage to areas outside of [[Belda]], inflicting damage to buildings and killing 250 people.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=1998-03-25 |title=World News Briefs; Tornado in India Kills at Least 105 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/25/world/world-news-briefs-tornado-in-india-kills-at-least-105.html |access-date=2024-07-08 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== 2000s ===

* October 9, 2003 – An EFU tornado caused damage to several buildings and injured several people when it went through the 3 villages of [[Harahari]], [[Chhamugram]] and [[Manigram.|Manigram]] in [[Murshidabad district]]. It lasted 5 minutes and occurred at 10 am local time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tornado hits Murshidabad district |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/musicindia/hyderabad-girl-panipat-guy-wins-shankar-mahadevan-s-mobisur_125009.html/amp |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref>
* August 15, 2007 – An EF0 tornado was spotted close to [[Sahnewal Airport|Sahanewal Airport]] and damaged standing crops, uprooted trees and blew off the roof of a tube well.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-geophysical-location-of-Ludhiana-in-Punjab-region-of-study_fig1_229894449}}</ref>
* March 31, 2009 – An EF3+ tornado destroyed 300 homes in [[Rajkanika]] and 11 other villages in [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapada District]]. There were about 20 casualties and 150 injured.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ODISHA STATE DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY {{!}} Rajkanika Tornado Disaster Management, 31st March, 2009 |url=https://www.osdma.org/successstory/rajkanika-tornado-disaster-management-31st-march-2009/ |access-date=2025-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 2010s ===

* April 15, 2010 – 128 killed by EFU tornado in Bihar caused by a [[Kalbaisakhi|Nor' Wester]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-04-15 |title=120 die as tornado hits Bihar, Bengal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/120-die-as-tornado-hits-bihar-bengal/articleshow/5806201.cms |access-date=2025-05-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* May 16, 2012 – An EFU tornadic waterspout formed on the [[Godavari River]] in [[Dummugudem mandel]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] (in present-day [[Telangana]]). The tornado lasted 10–15 minutes and sucked out many fish from the water. No injuries were caused by it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-16 |title=Tornado over Godavari river! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2009/Sep/11/tornado-over-godavari-river-85316.html |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* August 26, 2013 – An EFU tornado ripped off at least 40 feet of the roof of the terminal building of [[Ranchi Airport]]. It lasted 15 minutes and caused no injuries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-08-26 |title=A massive and violent tornado hit Ranchi around 4pm on Monday. At least 40 feet of the roof of the terminal building of Ranchi airport has been flown away in the tornado. The tornado remained around 15 minutes at the airport which caused a panic at the place. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/-a-massive-and-violent-tornado-hit-ranchi-around-4pm-on-monday-at-least-40-feet-of-the-roof-of-the-terminal-building-of-ranchi-airport-has-been-flown-away-in-the-tornado-the-tornado-remained-around-15-minutes-at-the-airport-which-caused-a-panic-at-the-place-/articleshow/22068569.cms |access-date=2025-05-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* April 2, 2015 – A dark and dusty EFU tornado in [[Bikaner|Bikaner, Rajasthan]] displaced 50 families and ripped off trees and power lines.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fritz |first=Angela |date=2015-04-02 |title=Watch: Close-up video of ominous India tornado |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2015/04/02/watch-close-up-video-of-ominous-india-tornado/ |access-date=2025-05-27 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
* May 31, 2017 – A sudden tornado impacted [[Chagharia]] and a few other villages in [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapada District]]. 30 thatched houses were damaged, trees were uprooted and 5 people were injured.<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2017-06-01 |title=Tornado plays havoc in Kendrapara |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/odisha/2017/Jun/01/tornado-plays-havoc-in-kendrapara-1611502.html |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* October 12, 2018 – A [[Multiple-vortex tornado|Multi-Vortex]] tornado hit [[Kharagpur]], [[West Bengal]] and snapped power lines, downed trees, and caused significant damage to homes. There was a lot of footage of the tornado destroying trees and houses, most of it was posted on Facebook. The tornado was caused by [[Cyclone Titli]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDnflNYR700 |title=Cyclone Titli in Kharagpur |date=2018-10-12 |last=চেনা অচেনা পথে (Chena Ochena Pothe) |access-date=2025-05-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* February 7, 2019 – A large tornado struck [[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]], a [[satellite city]] of [[New Delhi]] ([[India|India's]] Capital), causing downed trees, roof damage and some other Major damage. Along with the tornado, New Delhi, Faridabad and nearby cities, towns and villages, were hit by a hailstorm which caused 40 injuries, and also a rainstorm which caused New Delhi to get 30 millimetres of rain, which is more than the average 22 millimeters of rain New Delhi gets in the month of February.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TW |date=2019-02-08 |title=Tornado hits Faridabad, intense hailstorm Delhi-NCR, India |url=https://watchers.news/2019/02/08/tornado-hits-faridabad-heavy-hailstorm-delhi-ncr-india/ |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=The Watchers |language=en-US}}</ref>
* October 1, 2019 – A likely tornado touched down in [[Talod]], [[Sabarkantha district|Sabarkantha District]], [[Gujarat]] and caused light damage to cotton and peanut plants. There is only a few videos of the Tornado and several news channels said it was 'Tornado-like cloud' even though the 'Tornado-like cloud' was rotating and had some debris flying around it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-01 |title=Gujarat: Tornado-like cloud formation in Sabarkantha leaves farms damaged |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gujarat-tornado-like-cloud-formation-in-sabarkantha-leaves-farms-damaged-1605166-2019-10-01 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2020s ===

* June 15, 2020 – A tornado touched down in the [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara District]] of [[Odisha]] and caused damage to 70 thatched houses in the villages of [[Talchua, Odisha|Talchua]], [[Tikayat Nagar]], [[RajendraNagar, odisha|RajendraNagar]], [[Baghamari, kendrapura district|Baghamari]], [[Giria Pahi]], [[Garta, odisha|Garta]] and [[Banipal, odisha|Banipal]] in [[Rajnagar Block, Kendrapara|Rajnagar Block]]. It was on the ground for 5 to 10 minutes and caused 12 injuries. Kendrapara District Collector [[Samarth Verma]] said that the wind speed of the tornado was probably more than 100 kmph (60 mi/h)<ref>{{Cite web |title=12 injured as tornado wreaks havoc in Odisha's Kendrapara |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/12-injured-as-tornado-wreaks-havoc-in-odishas-kendrapara-849905.html |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* May 25–26, 2021 – At least two tornadoes were spawned by the outer bands of [[Cyclone Yaas]] in the districts of [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Paragana]] and [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]. One tornado was reported in [[Halisahar|Halishar]] with another reported in [[Chinsurah]]. Two people died with five injured, and 80 houses were damaged. Damage to trees and some businesses occurred as well. On May 26, Another tornado was spotted in [[Mahakalapada.|Mahakalapada]], [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapada District]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-25 |title=Two electrocuted to death, 80 houses damaged as 'tornado' hits West Bengal districts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/two-electrocuted-to-death-80-houses-damaged-as-tornado-hits-west-bengal-districts/articleshow/82946743.cms |access-date=2025-05-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tornado In Kendrapada Triggers Panic Among Locals During Cyclone Yaas |url=https://odishatv.in/videos/exclusive/tornado-in-kendrapada-triggers-panic-among-locals-during-cyclone-yaas-47439 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=Tornado In Kendrapada Triggers Panic Among Locals During Cyclone Yaas |language=en}}</ref>
* May 7, 2022 – On May 7, A [[Waterspout|tornadic waterspout]] that formed on the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra river]] caused significant damage to several huts in [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]], [[Assam]] at 10:20 a.m local time. No deaths or injuries were reported. It occurred during [[Cyclone Asani|Severe Cyclonic Storm Asani]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEmyTNCNhHE |title=Tornado rips roofs off in Assam, India (May. 07, 2022) |date=2022-05-07 |last=Wild WeatherUS |access-date=2025-05-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* March 24, 2023 – A large cone tornado struck [[Fazilka]] in India on March 24, causing significant damage. At least 50 un-reinforced masonry homes were severely damaged or destroyed. Farming equipment was tossed, trees were snapped or uprooted, power poles were downed, and there was significant crop damage in farm fields. At least 12 people were injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Tornado in Punjab's Fazilka damages houses, crops {{!}} Video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tornado-punjab-fazilka-wreaks-havoc-damages-houses-crops-video-2351221-2023-03-25 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* July 2, 2023 – On July 2, a tornado struck Rajkania block in [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapada District]], [[Odisha]] and caused light damage to few huts in the villages of [[Talchua]] and [[RajendraNager]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9P1c2-K1TRo |title=Tornado Wreaks Havoc In Odisha's Kendrapara, Residents Of Rajnagar & Talachua Area Affected |date=2023-07-02 |last=Kanak News |access-date=2025-05-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* March 2, 2024 – A tornado touched down near [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], causing significant damage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=x.com |url=https://x.com/1kGc9/status/1765066864219324838 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207064229/https://x.com/1kGc9/status/1765066864219324838 |archive-date=2024-12-07 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref>
* March 31, 2024 – A tornado, accompanied by a [[Kalbaisakhi|nor'wester]], struck the city of [[Jalpaiguri]], [[West Bengal]], killing five people and injuring over 100 others. More than 100 houses were destroyed by the tornado.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-02 |title=IMD warns of more tornadoes in northern Bengal after 5 killed and over 100 injured in Jalpaiguri |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/imd-tornadoes-northern-bengal-killed-injured-jalpaiguri-9244595/ |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* March 15, 2026 – An EF2<ref>{{cite web | last=Paul | first=James | title=Massive Tornado In Odisha Blows Off 70 Houses; Two Dead & Several Injured In Nature's Fury [WATCH] | website=Mashable India | date=2026-03-16 | url=https://in.mashable.com/science/107169/massive-tornado-in-odisha-blows-off-70-houses-two-dead-several-injured-in-natures-fury-watch | access-date=2026-03-17}}</ref> tornado, which was associated with a nor'wester, struck the [[Mayurbhanj district]] of Odisha. The tornado killed 2 and injured 29 people.<ref>{{cite web | last=Pradhan | first=Hemanta | title=Watch: Nor'wester, tornado hit Odisha's Mayurbhanj; several homes damaged, 2 dead, 29 injured | website=The Times of India | date=2026-03-16 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/mayurbhanj-norwester-2-dead-29-injured-in-tornado-and-hailstorm/articleshow/129594994.cms | access-date=2026-03-17}}</ref>
* April 11, 2026 - A rare tornado touched down in rural land during scattered afternoon thundershowers near Devipur in [[Akhnoor]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. No damage or casualties were reported.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 11, 2026 |title=Rare tornado touches down near Devipur in Akhnoor, Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://watchers.news/2026/04/11/rare-tornado-touches-down-near-devipur-in-akhnoor-jammu-and-kashmir/ |access-date=April 11, 2026 |publisher=The Watchers}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite web |last1=Dewan |first1=Ashraf |last2=Finch |first2=Jonathon |date=July 8, 2024 |title=Bengal Tornadoes |url=https://bangladeshtornadoes.org/bengaltornadoes.html |website=Bangladesh and East India Tornadoes Background Information}}

{{Global tornadoes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian tornadoes}}
[[Category:Tornadoes in Asia]]
[[Category:Lists of disasters in India|Tornadoes]]
[[Category:India environment-related lists|Tornadoes]]

Nalin Surie

2026-04-11T10:12:03Z

BGRDoreen32: starting a bio added tags

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = [[File:Nalin Surie, Indian High Commissioner (4662715377) (cropped).jpg|Nalin Surie, Indian High Commissioner (4662715377) (cropped)|200px]]
| office = [[High Commission of India to the United Kingdom]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2011
| predecessor = [[Shiv Shankar Mukherjee]]
| successor = [[Jaimini Bhagwati]]
| office1 =
| prime_minister1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| prime_minister2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Civil servant]] [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| children =
| party =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| sibling =
| website =
}}
'''Nalin Surie''' was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Civil servant]] and was the [[Indian people|Indian]] [[ambassador]] to [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nalin-Surie-takes-over-as-Indian-High-Commissioner-in-UK/articleshow/5046743.cms | title=Nalin Surie takes over as Indian High Commissioner in UK | work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com | accessdate=8 June 2016}}</ref>

==Positions held==
*Ambassador to [[China]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nalin-Surie-to-be-ambassador-to-China/articleshow/12653.cms | title=Nalin Surie to be ambassador to China | work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com | accessdate=8 June 2016}}</ref>
*Head of [[Indian Council of World Affairs]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-07-27/news/64919156_1_icwa-world-affairs-diplomat | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927022146/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-07-27/news/64919156_1_icwa-world-affairs-diplomat | url-status=dead | archive-date=September 27, 2015 | title=Distinguished diplomat Nalin Surie appointed as head of MEA-run think tank ICWA | work=economictimes.indiatimes.com | accessdate=8 June 2016}}</ref>
*MEA secretary (west).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-nalin-surie-is-new-mea-secretary-west-1059860 | title=NALIN SURIE IS NEW MEA SECRETARY (WEST) | work=dnaindia.com | accessdate=8 June 2016}}</ref>

==[[Indian Foreign Service]]==
He is a 1973 batch officer of the [[Indian Foreign Service]].

==High Commission of India to the United Kingdom==
'''{{Main|High Commission of India to the United Kingdom}}'''

==External links==
* [http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/7899/Shri+Nalin+Surie+has+been+appointed+as+the+next+Ambassador+of+India+to+the+Peoples+Republic+of+China Ambassador of India to the People’s Republic of China]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surie, Nalin}}
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to China]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

List of Hindu temples in Goa

2026-04-07T20:42:29Z

BGRDoreen32: starting the place added tags

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

{{no footnotes|date=April 2016}}
[[Shiva|This]] is a list of Hindu temples in the Indian state of [[Goa]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sr.no.
! Name
! Location
! North/ South Goa
! Deity
! Image
|-
|1|| [[Madhav Govind Rameshwar Temple]] || Agapur, [[Ponda taluka]] || North Goa || Madhav & Rameshwar ||
|-
|2
| [[Mahadev Temple, Tambdi Surla|Mahadev Temple]] || Tambdi Surla || South Goa || [[Shiva]] || [[File:Tambdi Surla Mahadev temple.JPG|180px]]
|-
|3
| [[Mahalasa Narayani Temple, Mardol|Mahalasa Narayani Temple]] || [[Mardol, Goa|Mardol]] || North Goa || [[Vishnu]]|| [[File:Mahalasatemple.jpg|180px]]

| || || || || ||
|-
|4
|Mahalasa Narayani Temple
|[[Verna,_Goa|Verna]], Salcete
|South Goa
|Vishnu
|[[File:Mahalasa Temple, Verne at Goa.jpg|140px|center]]
|-
|5
| [[Mahamaya Kalika Devasthan Kasarpal|Mahamaya Kalika Devasthan]] || [[Kasarpal]] || North Goa || [[Kali]]||
|-
|6
| [[Mallikarjuna Temple, Goa|Mallikarjuna Temple]] || Chaudi, [[Canacona taluka]] || South Goa || [[Shiva|Mallikarjuna (Shiva)]] ||[[File:Mallikarjuna_temple_canacona.jpg|180px]]
|-
|7
| [[Mandodari Temple, Betki|Mandodari Temple]]|| Betki, [[Khandola]] || North Goa || Mandodari (Village deity)|| [[File:Mandodari temple.JPG|180px]]
|-
|8
| [[Mangueshi Temple]] || [[Mangeshi village]] || North Goa || Shiva || [[File:Shri-Mangesh-Temple,Goa.JPG|180px]]
|-
|9
| [[Nagueshi|Nagueshi Temple]] || [[Nagueshi]]|| North Goa || Shiva || [[File:Shri_Nageshi_Temple,_Ponda,_Goa.jpg|180px]]
|-
|10
| [[Ramnathi|Ramnathi Temple]] ||[[Ramnathi]] || North Goa || Shiva|| [[File:Ramnathi.jpg|180px]]
|-
|12||[[Saptakoteshwar Temple]] || [[Narve]] || North Goa || Shiva || [[File:Saptakoteshwar_Temple.JPG|180px]]
|-
|13
| [[Shanta Durga Temple]] || [[Kavale|Kavlem]] || North Goa || [[Shantadurga]] || [[File:Shantadurga temple.jpg|180px]]
|-
|14
| [[Shantadurga Kalangutkarin Temple]] || Nanora || North Goa || [[Shantadurga]] || [[File:Shantadurga_kalangutkarin_Temple_outer_Photo.JPG|180px]]
|-
|15 ||Shantadurga Kumbharjuvekarin Temple || [[Marcel, Goa| Marcel]] || North Goa || [[Shantadurga]] ||
|-
|16
| [[Sharvani Devasthan]] || [[Bicholim taluk]]|| North Goa || Sharvani || [[File:Sharvani_temple_entrance.jpg|140px|center]]
|-
|17
| [[Shree Betal temple|Betal Temple]] || [[Amona, Goa|Amona]] || North Goa || [[Betal]] || [[File:Purvas Vetal.JPG|140px|center]]
|-
|18
| [[Shri Damodar Temple|Damodar Temple]] ||[[Zambaulim]]|| South Goa || [[Shiva]]|| [[File:Lord Shree Damodar Zambaulim Goa.jpg|140px|center]]
|-
|19
| [[Vijayadurga|Vijayadurga Temple]] || Kerim, [[Ponda taluka]] || North Goa || [[Durga]] || [[File:Vijayadurga Temple 04.JPG|180px]]
|-
|20
| [[Vimleshwar Temple]] || [[Rivona]] || South Goa || Shiva ||
|-
|21
|Devaki Krishna Devasthan|| [[Marcel, Goa|Marcel]] (or Mashel)|| North Goa || [[Devaki]], [[Krishna]] || [[File:Shri Devkikrishna Temple.jpg|180px]]
|-
|22
|Lairai Temple ||[[Shirgao, Goa|Shirgao]]|| North Goa || Devi ||
|-
|23
|Damodar Sansthaan || [[Fatorda|Fatorda, Margao]] || South Goa || [[Shiva]] ||
|-
|24|| Devi Bhagvati Mandir || [[Pernem taluka|Pedne, Pernem]] || North Goa || [[Bhagavati|Bhagvati]] || [[File:Devi Bhagvati Mandir in Pedne ( Pernem ) town - panoramio.jpg|180px]]
|-
|25|| Parashuram Temple || Poinguinim, Canacona || South Goa || [[Parashuram]] ||
|-
|26
|Shree Nagesh Mahamaya Mandir
|Verna Salcete
|South Goa
|Nagesh Mahamaya
|
|-
|27|| Shri Ram Temple || Bhatulem, Panaji|| North Goa || [[Shri Ram]] ||
|-
|28
|Goveshwar Mahashiv Mandir
|Baingini, Old Goa
|North Goa
|Shiva
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Agrashala]]
* [[Goan temple]]

==References==
*"Hindu Temples and deities" by [[Rui Gomes Pereira]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Temples in Goa}}

[[Category:Konkani]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Goa| ]]
[[Category:Goa-related lists|Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Lists of Hindu temples in India|Goa]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Goa]]

Mithuna Raashi

2026-03-26T07:43:19Z

BGRDoreen32: starting initial data first draft

{{Short description|2019 Indian Kannada language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| cinematography = Mahadev Sogal
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Vridhi Creations
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|01|28|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|02|27|df=yes}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| related =
| network = [[Colors Kannada]]
| image_alt =
| num_seasons =
| list_episodes =
| location =
| voices =
| editor = Raju Aryan Ramesh K.
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = Parmeshwar Gundkal
| developer = Nishchai Kadoor
| writer =
| director = Vinod Dhondale
| creative_director = Rakesh Narayanpura, Chandan.S.V
| presenter =
| image = Mithuna Raashi title-card.png
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Swaminathan Ananthraman
*Vaishnavi
*Harini
*Sampada Hulivana
}}
| narrator =
| open_theme = Mithuna Raashi
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| num_episodes = 908
| executive_producer =
| producer = Vardhan Hari
| released =
}}

'''''Mithuna Raashi''''' is an Indian [[Kannada language]] television drama that premiered on [[Colors Kannada]] from 28 January 2019 to 27 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Watch new serial Mithuna Rashi from Monday - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/watch-new-serial-mithuna-rashi-from-monday/articleshow/67699638.cms|access-date=2020-06-27|website=The Times of India|date=27 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Daily soaps Nammane Yuvarani and Mithuna Rashi to unite for special episodes - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soaps-nammane-yuvarani-and-mithuna-rashi-to-unite-for-special-episodes/articleshow/73245468.cms|access-date=2020-06-27|website=The Times of India|date=14 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-19|title=Olle Hudga Pratham to Niveditha Gowda: Kannada celebs who shot to fame with reality TV|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/olle-hudga-pratham-to-niveditha-gowda-kannada-celebs-who-shot-to-fame-with-reality-tv/photostory/74576848.cms|access-date=2020-06-27|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Mithuna Rashi 'Serial Sante' to premiere this weekend - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/mithuna-rashi-serial-sante-to-premiere-this-weekend/articleshow/69057499.cms|access-date=2020-06-27|website=The Times of India|date=26 April 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=For a favourable Raashi|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/140219/for-a-favourable-raashi.html|access-date=2020-06-27|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=14 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='ಮಿಥುನರಾಶಿ'ಯಲ್ಲಿ ಆಟೋ ಓಡ್ಸೋ ರಾಶಿ ಅದೃಷ್ಟ ಹಿಂಗಿದೆ ನೋಡಿ!|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/tv-talk/colors-kannada-mithuna-raashi-fame-vaishnavi-cine-journey-q3barj|access-date=2020-06-27|website=Asianet News|language=kn}}</ref>

Raashi, an independent girl, drives an auto-rickshaw to provide for her family. But, her life takes an unexpected turn when she reluctantly marries Mithun, the arrogant owner of a cab company.

== Plot ==
Upon learning from Samarth that he is staying alone from a young age, Mithun enquires the matter. He is surprised to learn that he has a family. Girija was happy as she learns that Samarth is her long lost son, Babu. Girija becomes emotional after Babu's arrival for a short stay and spends some quality time with him. Mithun, who searches for her, enquires Raashi and upon hearing Girija's voice, he goes towards her room. Upon witnessing Girija and Samarth having an emotional conversation, Mithun grows suspicious and confronts them about the reason for their concern. To prevent Mithun from learning about Samarth's identity, Girija diverts him with a story. Anuradha is left shocked when Suraksha reveals her true intention behind marrying Samarth.

As she learns about Suraksha's plans for Girija, Suraksha threatens that Raashi's marriage will be in jeopardy as she knew Samarth's true identity. When Mithun reveals that he hates Samarth, Girija faints. Kavitha pushes Girija off the stairs. While the doctor suggests physiotherapy for Girija's recovery, Kavitha suggests Samarth and proposes that he and Suraksha stay at their place till Girija recovers. Mithun completes the first part of the ritual by carrying Raashi in his arms while climbing the stairs. To prove that Raashi is a good wife and an ideal daughter-in-law, the priest asks her to identify the empty and the water-filled pots without touching the containers. Mithun asks Raashi to spill the secret that she's been wanting to tell him. Raashi reveals that Samarth actually is his brother Babu. Mithun decides to confront Girija and Samarth about the truth. Mithun accuses Samarth of playing with his feelings. Kavitha tells Suraksha that she plans to get Raashi kidnapped. The goons kidnap Rashi and leave the place. Bhavana and Samarth inform Mithun that Selva has kidnapped Raashi. Soon, Selva calls Mithun and threatens to punish Raashi if he defies his orders.

While Selva's goons are sleeping, Raashi gets her phone and sends Mithun her location. Mithun follows it and saves Raashi. Upon learning that Suraksha is the new MD of the company, Mithun grows furious and leaves the place and vents to Raashi. He gets upset with Samarth for letting Suraksha tag along with them and tells him not to disobey his orders again. To recover the company's losses, Suraksha reduces the salary of their cab drivers, who soon protest. Raashi arrives at his office and requests the cab drivers to stop protesting. Mithun dismisses suraksha from the post of M.D. However, Samarth argues with Mithun that when Suraksha was appointed as M.D, Samarth was given veto power. Prabhakar confronts Girija and blames her for bringing difference between Samarth and Mithun by relinquishing the Veto Power to Samarth.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Swaminathan Anantharaman<ref>{{Cite news|title='Even while I was pursuing engineering, my heart was in acting' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/even-while-i-was-pursuing-engineering-my-heart-was-in-acting/articleshow/67405699.cms|access-date=2020-06-27|website=The Times of India|date=7 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> as Mithun: A money minded CEO; Raashi's husband; Girija's eldest son
* Vaishnavi<ref>{{Cite web|title=In the driver's seat|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/040419/in-the-drivers-seat.html|access-date=2020-06-27|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=4 April 2019 }}</ref> as Raashi: Mithun's wife; a middle-class girl and auto (appi) driver

=== Recurring ===
* Yadu Shreshtha as Samarth aka Babu: Mithun's younger brother; Girija's younger son; Suraksha's husband.
* Pooja Durganna as Suraksha: Raashi's elder sister; Samarth's wife; a money minded girl
* Ramya Balakrishna as Kavitha: Prabhakar's second wife; Bhavana's stepmother
* Harini as Girija: Mithun and Samarth's mother
* Radha Jayram as Anuradha: Raashi and Suraksha's mother
* Deepa as Bhavana: Mithun and Samarth's paternal cousin; Prabhakar's only daughter; Kavitha's stepdaughter
* Unknown as Prabhakar: Mithun and Samarth's paternal uncle; Kavitha's husband; Bhavana's father

== Crossover ==
The serial had a crossover with ''[[Nammane Yuvarani]]'' for Maha Sangama episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-15|title=Mithun Rashi stars to come together on the sets of Nammane Yuvarani|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/daily-soap-nammane-yuvarani-and-mithuna-rashi-to-unite-for-special-episodes-sc89-nu-1062718-1.html|access-date=2021-07-06|website=News Track}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Language
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Title
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Original release
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Notes
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Mithuna Raashi'' ಮಿಥುನ ರಾಶಿ
| 28 January 2019
| [[Colors Kannada]]
| 27 February 2022
| Original
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Jeev Majha Guntala]]'' जीव माझा गुंतला
| 21 June 2021
| [[Colors Marathi]]
| 16 September 2023
| rowspan="2" |Remake
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Tumpa Autowali]]'' টুম্পা অটোওয়ালি
| 16 May 2022
| [[Colors Bangla]]
| 31 March 2024
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:Colors Kannada original programming]]

Singapore

2026-03-24T02:57:08Z

BGRDoreen32: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Island country in Southeast Asia}}
{{About|the country|the geographical main island|Singapore (island)|other uses|Singapore (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Singapore
| common_name = Singapore
| native_name = {{native name|ms|Republik Singapura}}<hr/>{{lang|zh|新加坡共和国}} ([[Singaporean Mandarin|Chinese]]) {{tlit|zh|Xīnjiāpō Gònghéguó}} ([[pinyin]])<hr/>{{native name|ta|சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு}} {{tlit|ta|Ciṅkappūr Kuṭiyaracu}}
| image_flag = Flag of Singapore.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Singapore.svg
| national_motto = {{native name|ms|Majulah Singapura}} "Onward Singapore"
| national_anthem = {{native name|ms|[[Majulah Singapura]]}} "Onward Singapore" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Majulah Singapura.ogg]]}}</div>
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Singapore on the globe (Southeast Asia centered) zoom.svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Singapore ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show ASEAN|default=1}}
| map_width = 250px
| map_caption = {{map caption |location_color= green |region= [[Southeast Asia]] |region_color= none}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|1|17|N|103|50|E|type:city(5,700,000)_region:SG|display=inline,title}}
| capital = Singapore ([[city-state]]){{efn|Singapore has no official distinct capital city as it is a [[city-state]]. Prior to its independence as a [[sovereign state]] in 1965, the [[City of Singapore (historical entity)|City of Singapore]] served as the capital. Today, the [[Central Area, Singapore|Central Area]] occupies this role in practice, functioning as a ''de facto'' capital without any formal designation.<ref name="City-state">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Singapore |quote=The city, once a [[City of Singapore (historical entity)|distinct entity]], so came to dominate the island that the Republic of Singapore essentially became a city-state. |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Singapore-capital |access-date=29 August 2019 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828055010/https://www.britannica.com/place/Singapore-capital |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| largest_settlement = [[Tampines]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/population/geographic-distribution/visualising-data/geographical-distribution-dashboard|title=Geographical Distribution Dashboard|publisher=Singstat |accessdate=25 November 2024|archive-date=24 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224122208/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/population/geographic-distribution/visualising-data/geographical-distribution-dashboard|url-status=live}}</ref>
| largest_settlement_type = [[Planning Areas of Singapore|planning area]] {{nobold|by population}}
| languages_type = Official languages
| languages = {{hlist|[[Singapore English|English]]|[[Malay Language|Malay]]|[[Singaporean Mandarin|Mandarin]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]}}
| languages2_type = [[National language]]
| languages2 = [[Malay language|Malay]]
| ethnic_groups = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |{{Tree list}}
* 74.3% [[Chinese Singaporeans|Chinese]]
* 13.5% [[Malay Singaporeans|Malay]]
* 9.0% [[Indian Singaporeans|Indian]]
* 3.2% [[Demographics of Singapore#Ethnic groups|Other]]
{{Tree list/end}}
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = {{efn|In Singapore, proportions of ethnic groups publicly released are based only on the resident population, which comprises Singaporean citizens (SC) and permanent residents (PR).<ref name="census2020">{{cite web |title=Population Trends 2023 |url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/population/population2023.ashx |website=Singapore Department of Statistics |access-date=11 December 2025 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706140335/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/population/population2023.ashx|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2023
| religion_year = 2020
| religion_ref = {{efn|In Singapore, proportions of religious denominations publicly released are based only on the resident population, which comprises Singaporean citizens (SC) and permanent residents (PR).<ref name="census2020" />}}
| religion = {{ublist
|31.1% [[Buddhism in Singapore|Buddhism]]
|20.0% [[Irreligion in Singapore|No religion]]
|18.9% [[Christianity in Singapore|Christianity]]
|15.6% [[Islam in Singapore|Islam]]
| 8.8% [[Taoism in Singapore|Taoism]]
| 5.0% [[Hinduism in Singapore|Hinduism]]
| 0.3% [[Sikhism in Singapore|Sikhism]]
| 0.3% [[Religion in Singapore|Other]]}}
| demonym = [[Singaporeans|Singaporean]]
| government_type = [[Unitary parliamentary republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Singapore|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Tharman Shanmugaratnam]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Lawrence Wong]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of Singapore|Parliament]]
| sovereignty_type = Independence
| sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Malaysia]]
| established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[Self-governance of Singapore|Self-governance]]}}
| established_date1 = 3 June 1959
| established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Malaysia Agreement]]}}
| established_date2 = 16 September 1963
| established_event3 = [[Proclamation of Singapore]]
| established_date3 = 9 August 1965
| area_km2 = 744.3
| area_footnote = <ref name="total area of Singapore">{{cite web |title=Environment – Latest Data |publisher=Singapore Department of Statistics |url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/society/environment/latest-data |access-date=15 March 2026 |archive-date=11 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260211210300/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/society/environment/latest-data |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_rank = 176th
| percent_water = 1.43%
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 6,110,200{{efn|Singaporean citizen (SC) population is 3,660,700 (59.9%), Permanent resident (PR) population is 543,800 (8.9%), Non-citizen/resident population is 1,906,000 (31.2%).<ref name="Population in Brief 2025">{{cite web |title=Population in Brief 2025 |publisher=Singapore Department of Statistics |url=https://www.population.gov.sg/files/media-centre/publications/Population_in_Brief_2025.pdf|access-date=29 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250929084313/https://www.population.gov.sg/files/media-centre/publications/Population_in_Brief_2025.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2025}}</ref>}}
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_estimate_rank = 111th
| population_density_km2 = 8,290
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
| population_density_rank = 3rd
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $952.600 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.SG">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April/weo-report?c=576,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Singapore) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=April 2025|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank = 34th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $156,755<ref name=IMFWEO.SG />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 1st
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $564.700 billion<ref name=IMFWEO.SG />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank = 27th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $93,956<ref name=IMFWEO.SG />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 4th
| Gini = 43.3 
| Gini_year = 2023
| Gini_change = steady 
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Key Household Income Trends, 2023 |url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/households/pp-s30.ashx#:~:text=7%20The%20Gini%20coefficient5%20based,fell%20from%200.433%20to%200.371 |website=singstat.gov.sg |publisher=Singapore Department of Statistics |access-date=14 August 2024 |archive-date=13 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713170530/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/households/pp-s30.ashx#:~:text=7%20The%20Gini%20coefficient5%20based,fell%20from%200.433%20to%200.371 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| HDI = 0.946 
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = steady 
| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 13th
| currency = [[Singapore dollar]] (S$)
| currency_code = SGD
| time_zone = [[Singapore Standard Time|SGT]]
| utc_offset = +8
| date_format = dd-mm-yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]]){{efn|See [[Date and time notation in Asia]].}}
| calling_code = [[+65]]
| drives_on = Left
| iso3166code = SG
| cctld = [[.sg]]
}}


'''Singapore''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Singapore.ogg|ˈ|s|ɪ|ŋ|(|g|)|ə|p|ɔːr}} {{respell|SING|(g)ə|por}}}} officially the '''Republic of Singapore''', is an [[island country]] and [[city-state]] in [[Southeast Asia]]. Its territory comprises a [[Singapore (island)|main island]], [[List of islands of Singapore|over 60 satellite islands and islets]], and [[Pedra Branca, Singapore|one outlying islet]]. The country is about one [[degree of latitude]] ({{Convert|137|km|disp=or}}) north of the [[equator]], off the southern tip of the [[Malay Peninsula]], bordering the [[Strait of Malacca]] to the west, the [[Singapore Strait]] to the south along with the [[Riau Islands]] in [[Indonesia]], the [[South China Sea]] to the east and the [[Straits of Johor]] along with the [[Johor|State of Johor]] in [[Malaysia]] to the north.

In [[Early history of Singapore|its early history]], Singapore was a maritime [[Emporium (antiquity)|emporium]] known as ''[[Temasek]]''; subsequently, it was a major constituent of several successive [[thalassocratic]] empires. Its contemporary era began in 1819, when [[Stamford Raffles]] established Singapore as an [[entrepôt|entrepôt trading post]] of the [[British Empire]]. In 1867, Singapore came under direct British control as part of the [[Straits Settlements]]. During [[World War II]], Singapore was [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|occupied by Japan]] in 1942 and returned to Britain as a [[Colony of Singapore|Crown colony]] following [[Surrender of Japan|Japan's surrender]] in 1945. Singapore gained [[Self-governance of Singapore|self-governance]] in 1959 and in [[Malaysia Agreement|1963]] became part of the new federation of [[Malaysia]], alongside [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]], [[Crown Colony of North Borneo|North Borneo]] and [[Crown Colony of Sarawak|Sarawak]]. [[State of Singapore (Malaysia)|Ideological differences]] led to Singapore's expulsion from the federation two years later; it became an independent [[Sovereign state|sovereign country]] in 1965. After early years of [[History of the Republic of Singapore#1965 to Late 1970s|turbulence]] and despite lacking natural resources and a [[hinterland]], the nation rapidly developed to become one of the [[Four Asian Tigers]].

As a highly [[developed country]], Singapore has the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|highest PPP-adjusted GDP per capita]] in the world and is the only country in Asia with a AAA [[Credit rating#Sovereign credit ratings|sovereign credit rating]] from [[Big Three (credit rating agencies)|all major rating agencies]]. Identified as a [[tax haven]], it is a major [[Airline hub|aviation]], [[Financial centre|financial]] and [[Port|maritime shipping]] hub and has consistently been ranked as one of the [[List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees|most expensive cities]] for [[expatriate]]s and [[foreign worker]]s. Singapore ranks highly in key social indicators: [[Education in Singapore|education]], [[Healthcare in Singapore|healthcare]], [[public housing in Singapore|housing]], [[Global Peace Index|peacefulness]], [[Henley Passport Index|passport strength]], [[Crime in Singapore|personal safety]] and [[infrastructure]], with a high [[List of countries by home ownership rate|home-ownership rate]]. [[Singaporeans]] enjoy one of the [[List of countries by life expectancy|longest life expectancies]], [[List of countries by Internet connection speeds|fastest Internet connection speeds]], [[List of countries by infant and under-five mortality rates|lowest infant mortality rates]] and [[Corruption Perceptions Index|lowest levels of corruption]] in the world. Singapore is [[Administrative divisions of Singapore|organised]] into five [[Regions of Singapore|regions]], 55 [[Planning areas of Singapore|planning areas]] and hundreds of [[Subzones of Singapore|subzones]]. It has the [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|third highest population density of any country]], although there are numerous green and recreational spaces as a result of [[urban planning]]. With a multicultural population and in recognition of the cultural identities of the country's major ethnic groups, Singapore has four [[Languages of Singapore|official languages]]: [[Singaporean English|English]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Singaporean Mandarin|Mandarin]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. English is the [[lingua franca|common language]], with exclusive use in numerous [[public service]]s. [[multiculturalism|Multi-racialism]] is enshrined in the constitution and continues to shape [[Race in Singapore|national policies]].

Singapore is a [[parliamentary republic]] and its legal system is based on [[common law]]. While it is [[Constitution of Singapore|constitutionally]] a [[List of political parties in Singapore|multi-party democracy]] where [[Elections in Singapore|free elections]] are regularly held, it functions as a ''[[de facto]]'' [[dominant-party system|one-party state]], with the [[People's Action Party]] (PAP) maintaining continuous political dominance since [[1959 Singaporean general election|1959]]. The PAP's longstanding control has resulted in limited [[Pluralism (political theory)|political pluralism]] and a highly centralised governance structure over national institutions. One of the five founding members of [[ASEAN]], Singapore is also the headquarters of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] Secretariat, the [[Pacific Economic Cooperation Council]] Secretariat and is the host city of many [[MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions) tourism|international conferences and events]]. Singapore is also a member of the [[United Nations]], the [[World Trade Organization]], the [[East Asia Summit]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].

== Name and etymology ==
{{Main|Names of Singapore}}

The [[English language|English]] name of "Singapore" is an [[anglicisation]] of the native [[Malay language|Malay]] name for the country, {{lang|ms|Singapura}} ({{IPA|ms|siŋapura|audio|LL-Q9237 (msa)-Noaius Paticus-Singapura.wav}}), which was in turn derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word for 'lion city' ({{langx|sa|सिंहपुर}}; [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|romanised:]] {{lang|sa-Latn|Siṃhapura}}; [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]: {{lang|sa-Brah|𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀳𑀧𑀼𑀭}}; literally "lion city"; {{wikt-lang|sa|सिंह|siṃha|script=Latn}} means 'lion', {{wikt-lang|sa|पुर|pura|script-Latn}} means 'city' or 'fortress').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/46/S0424600.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010411060419/http://www.bartleby.com/61/46/S0424600.html|url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2001 |title=Singapore |publisher=Bartleby |access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> ''Pulau Ujong'' was one of the earliest names for the island of Singapore, which corresponds to a Chinese account from the third century referred to a place as ''[[Pulau Ujong|Pú Luó Zhōng]]'' ({{zh|c=[[wikt:蒲|蒲]] [[wikt:羅|羅]] [[wikt:中|中]]}}), a transcription of the [[Malay language|Malay]] name for 'island at the end of [[Malay Peninsula|a peninsula]]'.<ref name="utexas">{{cite web |title=Singapore: History, Singapore 1994 |url=http://inic.utexas.edu/asnic/countries/singapore/Singapore-History.html |publisher=Asian Studies @ University of Texas at Austin |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323095958/http://inic.utexas.edu/asnic/countries/Singapore/Singapore-History.html |archive-date=23 March 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Early references to the name ''[[Temasek]]'' (or ''Tumasik'') are found in the [[Nagarakretagama]], a [[Java (island)|Javanese]] [[eulogy]] written in 1365, and a [[Vietnam]]ese source from the same time period. The name possibly means ''Sea Town'', being derived from the [[Malay language|Malay]] {{lang|ms|tasek}}, meaning 'sea' or 'lake'.<ref name="toponym">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DTOJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA381 |title=Singapore Street Names: A Study of Toponymics |author1=Victor R Savage |author2=Brenda Yeoh |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |date=15 June 2013 |isbn=9789814484749 |page=381 |access-date=28 July 2017 |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412012131/https://books.google.com/books?id=DTOJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA381 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Chinese people|Chinese]] traveller [[Wang Dayuan]] visited a place around 1330 named ''Danmaxi'' ({{zh|c=淡馬錫|p= Dànmǎxí|w=Tan Ma Hsi}}) or ''Tam ma siak'', depending on pronunciation; this may be a transcription of ''[[Temasek]]'', alternatively, it may be a combination of the [[Malay language|Malay]] {{lang|ms|Tanah}} meaning 'land' and [[Chinese language|Chinese]] {{lang|zh-Latn|xi}} meaning '[[tin]]', which was traded on the island.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA173 |title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800 |author1-link=John N. Miksic |author=John N. Miksic |publisher=NUS Press |date=15 November 2013 |isbn=978-9971695743 |pages=171–182 |access-date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305143007/https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA173#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="toponym" />

Variations of the name {{lang|sa-Latn|Siṃhapura}} were used for a number of cities throughout the region prior to the establishment of the [[Kingdom of Singapura]]. In [[Buddhism and Hinduism|Hindu–Buddhist culture]], lions were associated with power and protection, which may explain the attraction of such a name.{{sfn|Miksic|2013|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA151 151–152]}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://mothership.sg/2016/12/5-other-places-in-asia-which-are-also-called-singapura/ |title=5 other places in Asia which are also called Singapura |author=Joshua Lee |work=Mothership |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406022412/https://mothership.sg/2016/12/5-other-places-in-asia-which-are-also-called-singapura/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The name ''Singapura'' supplanted ''[[Temasek]]'' sometime before the 15th century, after the establishment of the [[Kingdom of Singapura]] on the island by a fleeing Sumatran ''[[Raja]]'' (prince) from [[Palembang]]. However, the precise time and reason for the name change is unknown. The semi-historical [[Malay Annals]] state that [[Temasek]] was christened ''Singapura'' by [[Sang Nila Utama]], a 13th-century Sumatran ''[[Raja]]'' from [[Palembang]]. [[Malay Annals|The Annals]] state that [[Sang Nila Utama]] encountered a strange beast on the island that he took to be a lion. Seeing this as an omen, he established the town of ''Singapura'' where he encountered the beast.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sejarah-melayu-cheah-boon-kheng/page/n1/mode/2up?q= |title=Sejarah Melayu The Malay Annals MS RAFFLES No. 18 Edisi Rumi Baru/New Romanised Edition |date=1998 |publisher=Academic Art & Printing Services Sdn. Bhd. |isbn=967-9948-13-7 |editor-last1=Kheng |editor-first1=Cheah Boon |editor-last2=Ismail |editor-first2=Abdul Rahman Haji}}</ref>{{Rp|37, 88–92}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brown |first=C.C. |date=October 1952 |title=The Malay Annals translated from Raffles MS 18 |url=https://archive.org/details/malay-annals-C.-C.-Brown/page/n1/mode/2up?q= |journal=Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=25 |issue=2&3 |pages=1–276}}</ref>{{Rp|30–31}} The second hypothesis, drawn from [[Tomé Pires#The Suma Oriental|Portuguese sources]], postulates that this mythical story is based on the real life [[Parameswara (king)|Parameswara]] of [[Palembang]]. [[Parameswara (king)|Parameswara]] declared independence from [[Majapahit]] and mounted a Lion Throne. After then being driven into exile by the [[Javanese people|Javanese]], he usurped control over ''[[Temasek]]''. He may have rechristened the area as ''Singapura'', recalling the throne he had been driven from.<ref name="turnbull">{{cite book |last=Turnbull |first=C.M. |author-link=C. M. Turnbull |title=A History of Modern Singapore, 1819–2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9yvBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |publisher=NUS Press |year=2009 |pages=21–22 |isbn=978-9971-69-430-2 |access-date=13 January 2017 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305143058/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9yvBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>

Under [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|Japanese occupation]], Singapore was renamed {{Nihongo|''Syonan-to''|[[wikt:昭|昭]] [[wikt:南|南]]|Shōnan|lead=yes}}, meaning 'light of the south'.<ref>{{cite book |last=Abshire |first=Jean |title=The History of Singapore |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AHF59oExO80C&pg=PA104 |isbn=978-0-313-37743-3 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211000704/https://books.google.com/books?id=AHF59oExO80C&pg=PA104 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Blackburn |first1=Kevin |first2=Karl |last2=Hack |title=Did Singapore Have to Fall?: Churchill and the Impregnable Fortress |year=2004 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-203-40440-9 |page=132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUC2qveu-b8C&pg=PA132 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211000739/https://books.google.com/books?id=TUC2qveu-b8C&pg=PA132 |url-status=live}}</ref> Singapore is sometimes referred to by the nickname the "Garden City", in reference to its parks and tree-lined streets.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Goetz |first1=Philip W. |title=Singapore  |quote="Singapore, known variously as the 'Lion City,' or 'Garden City,' the latter for its many parks and tree-lined streets |encyclopedia=The New Encyclopædia Britannica |location=Chicago |edition=15th |date=1991 |page=832 |isbn=978-0-85229-529-8 |bibcode=1991neb..book.....G}}</ref> Another informal name, the "[[Little red dot|Little Red Dot]]", was adopted after an article in the ''[[The Wall Street Journal Asia|Asian Wall Street Journal]]'' of 4 August 1998 said that [[Indonesia]]n President [[B. J. Habibie]] referred to Singapore as a red dot on a map.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Glennie |first1=Charlotte |last2=Ang |first2=Mavis |last3=Rhys |first3=Gillian |last4=Aul |first4=Vidhu |last5=Walton |first5=Nicholas |title=50 reasons Singapore is the best city in the world |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/singapore-50-reasons |quote="The Lion City. The Garden City. The Asian Tiger. The 'Fine' City. All venerable nicknames, and the longtime favourite is the 'Little Red Dot'" |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=6 August 2015 |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807045157/http://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/singapore-50-reasons |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A little red dot in a sea of green |url=https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21657610-sense-vulnerability-has-made-singapore-what-it-today-can-it-now-relax-bit |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=16 July 2015 |quote="..with a characteristic mixture of pride and paranoia, Singapore adopted 'little red dot' as a motto" |location=London |access-date=16 October 2017 |archive-date=16 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016175357/https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21657610-sense-vulnerability-has-made-singapore-what-it-today-can-it-now-relax-bit |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Editorial: The mighty red dot |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2017/09/08/editorial-the-mighty-red-dot.html |work=[[The Jakarta Post]] |date=8 September 2017 |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128071756/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2017/09/08/editorial-the-mighty-red-dot.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Habibie truly admired the 'Little Red Dot' |newspaper=[[Today (Singapore newspaper)|Today]] |date=20 September 2006}}.</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Singapore}}

=== Ancient Singapore ===
{{Further|Early history of Singapore}}
In 1299, according to the ''[[Malay Annals]]'', the [[Kingdom of Singapura]] was founded on the island by [[Sang Nila Utama]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J9JAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA43 |title=Malay Annals |page=43 |author=|translator-last=Leyden|translator-first=John |date=1821}}</ref> Although the historicity of the accounts as given in the ''Malay Annals'' is the subject of academic debates,{{sfn|Miksic|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA154 154]}} it is nevertheless known from various documents that Singapore in the 14th century, then known as ''[[Temasek]]'', was a trading port under the influence of both the [[Majapahit]] Empire and the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Siamese]] kingdoms,{{sfn|Miksic|2013|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA184 183–185]}} and was a part of the [[Indosphere]].<ref name=Dixon>{{cite book |last1=Dixon |first1=Robert M.W. |last2=Alexandra |first2=Y. |year=2004 |title=Adjective Classes: A Cross-linguistic Typology |url=https://archive.org/details/adjectiveclasses00dixo_002|url-access=limited |page=[https://archive.org/details/adjectiveclasses00dixo_002/page/n96 74] |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-920346-6}}</ref><ref name=Matisoff1990>{{Citation |last=Matisoff |first=James|author-link=James Matisoff |title=On Megalocomparison |journal=Language |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=106–120 |year=1990 |doi=10.2307/415281 |jstor=415281}}</ref><ref name=Enfield>{{Citation |last=Enfield |first=N.J. |title=Areal Linguistics and Mainland Southeast Asia |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=34 |pages=181–206 |year=2005 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120406 |url=http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:57458/component/escidoc:57459/Enfield_2005_areal.pdf |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0013-167B-C|hdl-access=free|access-date=5 August 2018|archive-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816071246/http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:57458/component/escidoc:57459/Enfield_2005_areal.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="academia edu">{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/2635407 |title=As in Heaven, So on Earth: The Politics of Visnu Siva and Harihara Images in Preangkorian Khmer Civilisation |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=21–39 |publisher=Academia|access-date=23 December 2015 |last1=Lavy |first1=Paul A. |year=2003 |doi=10.1017/S002246340300002X |s2cid=154819912|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812222402/https://www.academia.edu/2635407|url-status=live |issn=0022-4634}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/stark/pdfs/AP1999%20article.pdf |title=Results of the 1995–1996 Archaeological Field Investigations at Angkor Borei, Cambodia |publisher=University of Hawai'i-Manoa|access-date=5 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172419/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/AP1999%20article.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> These Indianised kingdoms were characterised by surprising resilience, political integrity and administrative stability.<ref>Pierre-Yves Manguin, "From Funan to Sriwijaya: Cultural continuities and discontinuities in the Early Historical maritime states of Southeast Asia", in ''25 tahun kerjasama Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi dan Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient,'' Jakarta, Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi / EFEO, 2002, p. 59–82.</ref> Historical sources also indicate that around the end of the 14th century, its ruler [[Parameswara (king)|Parameswara]] was attacked by either the [[Majapahit]] or the Siamese, forcing him to move to [[Malacca]] where he founded the [[Sultanate of Malacca]].{{sfn|Miksic|2013|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA162 155–163]}} Archaeological evidence suggests that the main settlement on [[Fort Canning Hill]] was abandoned around this time, although a small trading settlement continued in Singapore for some time afterwards.<ref name="turnbull" /> In 1613, [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] raiders burned down the settlement, and the island faded into obscurity for the next two centuries.<ref name="Borschbergp157-158">{{cite book |last=Borschberg |first=P. |title=The Singapore and Melaka Straits. Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th century |publisher=NUS Press |year=2010 |location=Singapore |pages=157–158 |isbn=978-9971-69-464-7}}</ref> By then, Singapore was nominally part of the [[Johor Sultanate]].<ref name="country studies">{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/singapore/3.htm |title=Country Studies: Singapore: History |publisher=U.S. Library of Congress|access-date=1 May 2007|archive-date=23 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923070753/http://countrystudies.us/singapore/3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The wider maritime region and much trade was under Dutch control for the following period after the 1641 [[Dutch Malacca|Dutch conquest of Malacca]].<ref name=uslcFοunding>{{cite book|editor-last=Leitch Lepoer|editor-first=Barbara |title=Singapore: A Country Study |url=http://countrystudies.us/singapore/|access-date=18 February 2010 |series=Country Studies |year=1989 |publisher=GPO for tus/singapore/4.htm|archive-date=15 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015211019/http://countrystudies.us/singapore/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== British colonisation ===
{{Main|Founding of modern Singapore|Singapore in the Straits Settlements}}

[[File:Letter from William Farquhar to Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam, the Sultan of Brunei, dated 28 November 1819.jpg|thumb|Letter from [[William Farquhar]] to Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam, the 21st [[List of sultans of Brunei|Sultan of Brunei]], dated 28 November 1819. In the first line, Farquhar mentions that Sultan Hussein Shah and Temenggong Abdul Rahman allowed the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] to establish a [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] in Singapore on 6 February 1819.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nicholl |first1=Robert |title=From Buckfast to Borneo: Essays Presented to Father Robert Nicholl on the 85th Anniversary of His Birth, 27 March 1995 |last2=King |first2=Victor T. |last3=Horton |first3=A. V. H. |publisher=University of Hull |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-85958-836-2 |location=Hull, England |pages=219 |chapter=Malay sources for the history of the Sultanate of Brunei in the early nineteenth century: some letters from the reign of Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam (Annabel Teh Gallop) |oclc=35366675 |access-date=24 April 2022 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/11507827 |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211000715/https://www.academia.edu/11507827 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=add_ms_12398_f019r |title=Farquhar Letterbook (Add MS 12398) |year=1842 |pages=39–40 |language=ms |chapter=Ini kupia surat kepada Raja Barunai |trans-chapter=This is a copy of the letter to the Raja of Brunei |access-date=24 April 2022 |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424173837/http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=add_ms_12398_f019r |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
The British governor [[Stamford Raffles]] arrived in Singapore on 28 January 1819 and soon recognised the island as a natural choice for the new port.<ref name="YongRao1995">{{cite book |author1=Mun Cheong Yong |author2=V. V. Bhanoji Rao |title=Singapore-India Relations: A Primer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdZo5Ui8oS4C&pg=PA3 |year=1995 |publisher=NUS Press |isbn=978-9971-69-195-0 |page=3|access-date=14 September 2019|archive-date=11 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211000734/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdZo5Ui8oS4C&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The island was then nominally ruled by [[Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah of Johor|Tengku Abdul Rahman]], the [[Sultan of Johor]], who was controlled by the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] and the [[Bugis]].<ref name="Trocki2009">{{cite book |last=Trocki |first=Carl A. |title=Singapore: Wealth, Power and the Culture of Control |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vA-CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73 |year=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-50243-1 |page=73|access-date=14 September 2019|archive-date=11 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211000706/https://books.google.com/books?id=vA-CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the [[Sultanate]] was weakened by factional division: [[Temenggong Abdul Rahman|Abdul Rahman]], the [[Temenggong of Johor]] to Tengku Abdul Rahman, as well as his officials, were loyal to the Sultan's elder brother [[Hussein Shah of Johor|Tengku Long]], who was living in [[exile]] in [[Penyengat Island]], [[Riau Islands]]. With the Temenggong's help, Raffles managed to smuggle Tengku Long back into Singapore. Raffles offered to recognise Tengku Long as the rightful Sultan of Johor, under the title of [[Hussein Shah of Johor|Sultan Hussein]], as well as provide him with a yearly payment of $5000 and another $3000 to the Temenggong; in return, Sultan Hussein would grant the British the right to establish a trading post on Singapore.<ref name="uslcFounding">{{cite web |title=Singapore – Founding and Early Years |url=http://countrystudies.us/singapore/4.htm |publisher=[[U.S. Library of Congress]]|access-date=18 July 2006|archive-date=17 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117143728/http://countrystudies.us/singapore/4.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[1819 Singapore Treaty|Treaty of Singapore]] was signed on 6 February 1819.<ref>{{cite web |title=1819 – The February Documents |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)|Ministry of Defence]] |date=7 February 1997|access-date=18 July 2006 |last=Ng |first=Jenny |url=http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/about_us/history/overview/the_early_years/v01n02b_history.html|archive-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717065310/https://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/about_us/history/overview/the_early_years/v01n02b_history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Milestones in Singapore's Legal History |publisher=[[Supreme Court, Singapore]]|access-date=18 July 2006 |url=http://app.supremecourt.gov.sg/default.aspx?pgID=39|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183512/http://app.supremecourt.gov.sg/default.aspx?pgID=39|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref>

In 1824, a further treaty with the Sultan led to the entire island becoming a part of the [[British Empire]].<ref name="Founding of Modern Singapore">{{cite web |title=Founding of Modern Singapore |url=http://app.www.sg/who/32/Founding-of-Modern-Singapore.aspx |publisher=[[Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts]]|access-date=13 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508135636/http://app.www.sg/who/32/Founding-of-Modern-Singapore.aspx|archive-date=8 May 2009}}</ref> In 1826, Singapore became part of the [[Straits Settlements]], then under the jurisdiction of [[British India]]. Singapore became the regional capital in 1836.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archiveeditions.co.uk/titledetails.asp?tid=17 |title=East & South-East Asia Titles: Straits Settlements Annual Reports (Singapore, Penang, Malacca, Labuan) 1855–1941 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|access-date=31 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609014003/http://www.archiveeditions.co.uk/titledetails.asp?tid=17|archive-date=9 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prior to Raffles' arrival, there were only about a thousand people living on the island, mostly indigenous [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] along with a handful of [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]].<ref name="The Malays">{{cite web |title=The Malays |url=http://yesterday.sg/discover-more/communities-festivals/communities/the-malays/ |publisher=National Heritage Board 2011|access-date=28 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223000344/http://yesterday.sg/discover-more/communities-festivals/communities/the-malays/|archive-date=23 February 2011}}</ref> By 1860 the population had swelled to over 80,000, more than half being [[Chinese Singaporeans|Chinese]].<ref name="Founding of Modern Singapore" /> Many of these early immigrants came to work on the pepper and [[Uncaria gambir|gambier]] plantations.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023134368#page/n227/mode/2up|editor1-last=Wright|editor1-first=Arnold|editor2-last=Cartwright|editor2-first=H.A. |last=Sanderson |first=Reginald |date=1907 |title=Twentieth century impressions of British Malaya: its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources |pages=220–221}}</ref> In 1867, the Straits Settlements were separated from [[British India]], coming under the direct control of [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=372a4e72-9f1b-4eb4-9ec6-58cad02000f0 |title=Singapore attains crown colony status – Singapore History |website=nlb.gov.sg|access-date=December 22, 2025|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414171544/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/372a4e72-9f1b-4eb4-9ec6-58cad02000f0|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, in the 1890s, when the rubber industry became established in [[State of Singapore (Malaysia)|Malaya]] and Singapore,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=a8ceea4c-1c8b-4c9a-885c-b85038b39e4c|title=First Rubber Trees are Planted in Singapore – 1877 |website=History SG |publisher=National Library Board Singapore|access-date=December 28, 2025|archive-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614122517/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/a8ceea4c-1c8b-4c9a-885c-b85038b39e4c|url-status=live}}</ref> the island became a global centre for rubber sorting and export.<ref name="Founding of Modern Singapore" />
[[File:Singapore 1865 SLNSW FL15083916.jpg|thumb|A lithograph by [[Vincent Brooks, Day & Son|Vincent Brooks]] of [[City of Singapore (historical entity)|Singapore City]] in 1865 from the former Mount Wallich]]

Singapore was not greatly affected by the [[First World War]] (1914–1918), as the conflict did not spread to [[Southeast Asia]]. The only significant event during the war was the [[1915 Singapore Mutiny]] by [[Muslim]] [[sepoys]] from British India, who were garrisoned in Singapore.<ref name=Brill1>{{cite book |title=The Indian Army in the Two World Wars |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cON5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |date=14 October 2011 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-21145-2 |pages=17–18|access-date=14 September 2019|archive-date=11 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211000843/https://books.google.com/books?id=cON5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> After hearing rumours that they were to be sent to fight the [[Ottoman Empire]], a Muslim state, the soldiers rebelled, killing their officers and several British civilians before the mutiny was suppressed by non-Muslim troops arriving from [[Johore]] and [[Burma]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=82db2bb0-b99c-4a9f-9beb-b25626cb3f87 |title=1915 Singapore Mutiny |website=National Library Board |publisher=National Library Board Singapore|access-date=December 28, 2025|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225200105/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_570_2005-01-24.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:HMS-Repulse-Battlecruiser-IWM-collections.jpg|thumb|[[Battlecruiser]] [[HMS Repulse (1916)|HMS Repulse]], one of the few capital ships sent by Churchill to Singapore to defend it]]
After [[World War I]], the British built the large [[Singapore Naval Base]] as part of the defensive [[Singapore strategy]].<ref name="Stille2016">{{cite book |last=Stille |first=Mark |title=Malaya and Singapore 1941–42: The fall of Britain's empire in the East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHe9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |year=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4728-1124-0 |pages=5–6|access-date=14 September 2019|archive-date=11 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211000710/https://books.google.com/books?id=gHe9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Originally announced in 1921, the construction of the base proceeded at a slow pace until the [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria]] in 1931. Costing $60 million and not fully completed in 1938, it was nonetheless the largest [[dry dock]] in the world, the third-largest [[floating dock (jetty)|floating dock]], and had enough fuel tanks to support the entire British navy for six months.<ref name="Stille2016" /><ref name="Tan2008">{{cite book |last=Tan |first=Kevin |title=Marshall of Singapore: A Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BH88kpvyrdYC&pg=PA90 |year=2008 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-230-878-8 |pages=90–}}</ref><ref name="Hobbs2017">{{cite book |last=Hobbs |first=David |title=The British Pacific Fleet: The Royal Navy's Most Powerful Strike Force |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVEgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |year=2017 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-1-61251-917-3 |page=5 |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211001300/https://books.google.com/books?id=FVEgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> The base was defended by heavy {{convert|15|in|mm|adj=on}} naval guns stationed at [[Fort Siloso]], [[Fort Canning]] and Labrador, as well as a [[Royal Air Force]] airfield at [[Tengah Air Base]]. [[Winston Churchill]] touted it as the "[[Gibraltar]] of the East", and military discussions often referred to the base as simply "[[East of Suez]]". However, the [[British Home Fleet]] was stationed in Europe, and the British could not afford to build a second fleet to protect their interests in Asia. The plan was for the Home Fleet to sail quickly to Singapore in the event of an emergency. As a consequence, after [[World War II]] broke out in 1939, the fleet was fully occupied with defending Britain, leaving Singapore vulnerable to [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|Japanese invasion]].<ref name="LambTarling2001">{{cite book |last1=Lamb |first1=Margaret |last2=Tarling |first2=Nicholas |title=From Versailles to Pearl Harbor: The Origins of the Second World War in Europe and Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4izcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818180438/https://books.google.com/books?id=4izcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 August 2020 |date=2001 |publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education |isbn=978-1-4039-3772-8 |page=39}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BH88kpvyrdYC&pg=PA90 |title=Marshall of Singapore: A Biography |last=Tan |first=Kevin |isbn=978-981-230-878-8 |year=2008 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies}}</ref>

=== Japanese occupation ===
{{Main|Japanese occupation of Singapore}}

[[File:Evacuation of British POWs, Kallang Airport, Singapore - 19450908.jpg|thumb|right|British prisoners of war evacuating in 1945 following the [[Japanese surrender]] at [[Kallang Airport]]. The airport's control tower, located near the city, has been conserved.]]
During the [[Pacific War]], the Japanese [[Malayan campaign|invasion of Malaya]] culminated in the [[Battle of Singapore]]. When the British force of 60,000 troops surrendered on 15 February 1942, British prime minister Winston Churchill called the defeat "the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/15/newsid_3529000/3529447.stm |title=On This Day – 15 February 1942: Singapore forced to surrender |access-date=1 May 2007 |publisher=BBC News |date=15 February 1942 |archive-date=19 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519174009/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/15/newsid_3529000/3529447.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> British and Empire losses during the fighting for Singapore were heavy, with a total of nearly 85,000 personnel captured.{{sfn|Wigmore|1957|p=382}} About 5,000 were killed or wounded,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historynet.com/battle-of-singapore |title=Battle of Singapore |publisher=World History Group |access-date=8 May 2015 |archive-date=12 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512181020/http://www.historynet.com/battle-of-singapore |url-status=live}}</ref> of which [[Australians]] made up the majority.{{sfn|Legg|1965|p=248}}<ref>{{cite news |title=1,000 Aussie victims of WWII join suit against Japan |first=Teresa |last=Ooi |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |location=Singapore |date=17 January 1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=South West Pacific War: Australia's Fine Record |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19460912-1.2.47?ST=1&AT=search&k=battle%20of%20singapore,%20world%20war%20ii,%20australians&QT=battle,of,singapore,world,war,ii,australians&oref=article |newspaper=The Straits Times |location=Singapore |date=12 September 1946 |access-date=22 October 2019 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220093327/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19460912-1.2.47?ST=1&AT=search&k=battle%20of%20singapore,%20world%20war%20ii,%20australians&QT=battle,of,singapore,world,war,ii,australians&oref=article |url-status=live}}</ref> Japanese casualties during the fighting in Singapore amounted to 1,714 killed and 3,378 wounded.{{sfn|Wigmore|1957|p=382}}{{efn|The breakdown of British Empire losses included 38,496 United Kingdom, 18,490 Australian, 67,340 Indian and 14,382 local volunteer troops. Total Australian casualties included 1,789 killed and 1,306 wounded.{{sfn|Wigmore|1957|p=382}}}} The occupation was to become a major turning point in the histories of several nations, including those of [[Japan]], [[United Kingdom|Britain]], and Singapore. Japanese newspapers triumphantly declared the victory as deciding the general situation of the war.{{sfn|Toland|1970|p=277}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Japanese Occupation newspaper in library portal |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/japanese-occupation-newspaper-in-library-portal |newspaper=The Straits Times |location=Singapore |first=Melody |last=Zaccheus |date=21 January 2017 |access-date=22 October 2019 |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819024819/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/japanese-occupation-newspaper-in-library-portal |url-status=live}}</ref> Between 5,000 and 25,000 ethnic Chinese people were killed in the subsequent [[Sook Ching massacre]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+sg0027) |title=Singapore, Shonan: Light of the South |last=Leitch Lepoer |first=Barbara |year=1989 |website=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] |publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office|Government Printing Office]] |access-date=29 January 2011 |location=Washington, DC |archive-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629230435/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+sg0027) |url-status=live}}</ref> British forces had [[Operation Mailfist|planned to liberate Singapore]] in 1945/1946; however, the war ended before these operations could be carried out.{{sfn|Bose|2010|pp=18–20}}<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |title=The real Japanese surrender |url=http://staff.science.nus.edu.sg/~sivasothi/blog/pdf/jap_surrender-st04sep2005.pdf |archive-url= https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080119210334/http://staff.science.nus.edu.sg/~sivasothi/blog/pdf/jap_surrender-st04sep2005.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-date=19 January 2008 |newspaper=The Sunday Times |location=Singapore |date=4 September 2005 |access-date=22 October 2019}}</ref>

=== Post-war period ===
{{Main|Colony of Singapore}}

[[File:Map of Singapore City in 1951.png|thumb|right|Map of the [[City of Singapore (historical entity)|City of Singapore]] in 1951]]
After the [[Surrender of Japan|Japanese surrender]] to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] on 15 August 1945, Singapore fell into a brief state of violence and disorder; looting and [[revenge killing]]s particularly against [[Wartime collaboration|collaborators]] were widespread.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Keo |first1=Bernard Z |title=Malaya Transformed: Upheaval in Post-War Malaya, 1945–1946 |journal=Imagining Malaya |date=6 February 2025 |pages=54–76 |doi=10.1093/9780198917113.003.0003 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/59235/chapter/499141301 |access-date=14 January 2026|url-access=subscription }}</ref> British, Australian, and Indian troops led by Lord [[Louis Mountbatten]] [[Operation Tiderace|returned to Singapore]] to receive the formal surrender of Japanese forces in the region from General [[Seishirō Itagaki]] on behalf of General [[Hisaichi Terauchi]] on 12 September 1945.{{sfn|Bose|2010|pp=18–20}}<ref name="auto1" /> Meanwhile, [[Tomoyuki Yamashita]] was tried by a US military commission for war crimes, but not for crimes committed by his troops in Malaya or Singapore. He was convicted and hanged in the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Philippines]] on 23 February 1946.{{sfn|Smith|2006|p=556–557}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Yamashita Hanged |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/maltribune19460223-1.2.12 |work=Malaya Tribune |location=Singapore |date=23 February 1946 |access-date=22 October 2019 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022150250/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/maltribune19460223-1.2.12 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Much of the infrastructure in Singapore had been destroyed during the war, including those needed to supply utilities. A shortage of food led to malnutrition, disease, and rampant crime and violence. A series of strikes in 1947 caused massive stoppages in public transport and other services. However, by late 1947 the economy began to recover, facilitated by a growing international demand for tin and rubber.<ref name="uslcAftermathOfWar">{{cite web |title=Singapore – Aftermath of War |url=http://countrystudies.us/singapore/9.htm |publisher=U.S. Library of Congress |access-date=16 May 2020 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514010408/http://countrystudies.us/singapore/9.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The failure of Britain to successfully defend its colony against the Japanese changed its image in the eyes of Singaporeans. The [[British Military Administration (Malaya)|British Military Administration]] ended on 1 April 1946, and Singapore became a separate [[crown colony]] on its own right, as the [[Straits Settlements]] was formally dissolved that year.<ref name="uslcAftermathOfWar" /> In July 1947, an [[Cabinet of Singapore#History|Executive]] and [[Legislative Council of Singapore|Legislative Council]] (LegCo) were reconstituted and the election of six members of the LegCo was scheduled for [[1948 Singaporean general election|1948]]. Only one political party, the [[Progressive Party (Singapore)|Progressive Party]], contested in the highly restricted general election, which continued in [[1951 Singaporean general election|1951]].<ref name="micaSelfGovernment">{{cite web |title=Towards Self-government |url=http://www.sg/explore/history_towards.htm |publisher=Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts, Singapore |access-date=18 June 2006 |archive-date=13 July 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060713023113/http://www.sg/explore/history_towards.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

During the 1950s, [[Malayan Communist Party|Chinese communists]], with strong ties to the trade unions and Chinese schools, waged a [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war]] against the government, leading to the [[Malayan Emergency]]. The [[1954 National Service riots]], 1955 [[Hock Lee bus riots]], and 1956 [[Chinese middle schools riots]] in Singapore were all linked to these events.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://library.thinkquest.org/12405/19.htm |title=Communism |website=Thinkquest|access-date=29 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000409182924/http://library.thinkquest.org/12405/19.htm|archive-date=9 April 2000}}</ref> [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]], pro-independence leader of the [[Labour Front]], won Singapore's [[1955 Singaporean general election|general election in 1955]] which had an expanded but not universal [[suffrage]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Low |first=James |date=2004 |title=Kept in Position: The Labour Front-Alliance Government of Chief Minister David Marshall in Singapore, April 1955 – June 1956 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072556 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=41–64 |doi=10.1017/S0022463404000037 |jstor=20072556 |s2cid=154326049 |issn=0022-4634|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419081147/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072556|url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> During his [[Chief ministership of David Marshall|chief ministership]], he led a delegation to London for complete self-rule, but Britain had rejected his demand. He subsequently resigned and was replaced by [[Lim Yew Hock]] in 1956, and after further negotiations, Britain agreed to grant Singapore full internal [[Self-governance of Singapore|self-government]] for all matters except defence and foreign affairs on 3 June 1959.<ref name=countrystudies10>{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/singapore/10.htm |title=Country studies: Singapore: Road to Independence |publisher=U.S. Library of Congress|access-date=16 May 2020|archive-date=4 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704220519/http://countrystudies.us/singapore/10.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Days before, in the [[1959 Singaporean general election|general election of 30 May]] which had [[universal suffrage]], the PAP won a landslide victory under [[Lee Kuan Yew]].<ref name="yewnyt">{{cite news |title=Headliners; Retiring, Semi |date=2 December 1990 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE4DD123DF931A35751C1A966958260|access-date=27 December 2008|archive-date=18 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318035148/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE4DD123DF931A35751C1A966958260|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Governor of Singapore|Governor]] [[William Goode (colonial administrator)|William Goode]] served as the first head of state, also known as the [[Yang di-Pertuan Negara]].<ref name="Law">{{cite web |url=http://www.singaporelaw.sg/content/LegalSyst1.html |title=The Singapore Legal System |publisher=Singapore Academy of Law|access-date=26 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603225639/http://www.singaporelaw.sg/content/LegalSyst1.html|archive-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>

=== Within Malaysia ===
{{Main|State of Singapore (Malaysia)}}

[[File:SingaporeRiver-bumboats-196009.jpg|thumb|Singapore thrived as an entrepôt. In the 1960s, [[bumboat]]s were used to transport cargoes and supplies between nearshore ships and Singapore River.]]
[[File:Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore Making a Toast at a State Dinner Held in His Honor, 1975.jpg|thumb|upright=0.68|[[Lee Kuan Yew]], the first prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990]]
PAP leaders believed that Singapore's future lay with Malaya, due to strong ties between the two. It was thought that reuniting with Malaya would benefit the economy by creating a common market, alleviating ongoing unemployment woes in Singapore. However, a sizeable left-wing faction of the PAP was strongly opposed to the merger, fearing a loss of influence, and hence formed the [[Barisan Sosialis]], after being kicked out from the PAP.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lee |first=T. H |year=1996 |title=The Open United Front: The Communist Struggle in Singapore, 1954–1966 |publisher=Singapore: South Seas Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bloodworth |first=D |year=1986 |title=The Tiger and the Trojan Horse |url=https://archive.org/details/tigertrojanhorse00bloo|url-access=registration |publisher=Singapore: Times Books International}}</ref> The ruling party of Malaya, [[United Malays National Organisation]] (UMNO), was staunchly anti-communist, and it was suspected UMNO would support the non-communist factions of PAP. UMNO, initially sceptical of the idea of a merger due to distrust of the PAP government and concern that the large ethnic Chinese population in Singapore would alter the racial balance in Malaya on which their political power base depended, became supportive of the idea of the merger due to joint fear of a communist takeover.<ref name="Wipe out extremists">{{cite news |title=MCA: Wipe out extremists |date=18 February 1959 |newspaper=Singapore Standard}}</ref>

On 27 May 1961, Malaya's prime minister, [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]], made a surprise proposal for a new Federation called [[Malaysia]], which would unite the current and former [[British possessions]] in the region: the [[Federation of Malaya]], Singapore, [[Brunei]], [[North Borneo (British Crown colony)|North Borneo]], and [[Sarawak (British Crown colony)|Sarawak]].<ref name="Wipe out extremists" /><ref name="Big Unity Plan">{{cite news |title=Big 'Unity' Plan – Tengku on closer ties with S'pore, Borneo and Brunei |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/multimedia/graphics/assets/images/ST175/NewspaperSG/1961-05-28/full.jpg |work=The Straits Times |publisher=[[Singapore Press Holdings]] |date=28 May 1961 |page=1 |access-date=9 March 2022 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309061422/https://www.straitstimes.com/multimedia/graphics/assets/images/ST175/NewspaperSG/1961-05-28/full.jpg |url-status=live}}</ref> UMNO leaders believed that the additional Malay population in the Bornean territories would balance Singapore's Chinese population.<ref name=countrystudies10 /> The British government, for its part, believed that the merger would prevent Singapore from becoming a haven for communism.<ref>{{cite news |title=Appeal To Singapore |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19620328-1.2.70.1?ST=1&AT=advanced |newspaper=The Straits Times |location=Singapore |page=10 |date=28 March 1962|access-date=19 August 2017|archive-date=19 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319214737/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19620328-1.2.70.1?ST=1&AT=advanced|url-status=live}}</ref> To obtain a mandate for a merger, the PAP held a [[1962 Merger Referendum of Singapore|referendum on the merger]]. This referendum included a choice of different terms for a merger with Malaysia and had no option for avoiding merger altogether.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yes – What a win for Premier Lee |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/multimedia/graphics/assets/images/ST175/NewspaperSG/1962-09-02/full.jpg |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |date=2 September 1962 |page=1 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309061847/https://www.straitstimes.com/multimedia/graphics/assets/images/ST175/NewspaperSG/1962-09-02/full.jpg |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Merger "Yes" |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/multimedia/graphics/assets/images/ST175/NewspaperSG/1962-09-03/full.jpg |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=The Straits Times |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |date=3 September 1962 |page=1 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309061616/https://www.straitstimes.com/multimedia/graphics/assets/images/ST175/NewspaperSG/1962-09-03/full.jpg |url-status=live}}</ref> On 16 September 1963, Singapore joined with Malaya, the North Borneo, and Sarawak to form the new Federation of Malaysia under the terms of the [[Malaysia Agreement]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abisheganaden |first1=Felix |title=Hail Malaysia! |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/multimedia/graphics/assets/images/ST175/NewspaperSG/1963-09-16/full.jpg |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |publisher=[[Singapore Press Holdings]] |date=16 September 1963 |page=1 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309062748/https://www.straitstimes.com/multimedia/graphics/assets/images/ST175/NewspaperSG/1963-09-16/full.jpg |url-status=live}}</ref> Under this Agreement, Singapore had a relatively high level of autonomy compared to the other states of Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/1dab53ea-788c-461c-acfb-ca625b974c9c |title=Singapore becomes part of Malaysia |publisher=HistorySG|access-date=6 February 2017|archive-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207040425/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/1dab53ea-788c-461c-acfb-ca625b974c9c|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Indonesia]] opposed the formation of Malaysia due to its own claims over Borneo and launched [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation|''Konfrontasi'']] in response to the formation of Malaysia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=James |first1=Harold |last2=Sheil-Small |first2=Denis |year=1971 |title=The Undeclared War: The Story of the Indonesian Confrontation 1962–1966 |publisher=Rowman and Littlefield |location=Totowa |isbn=978-0-87471-074-8}}{{cite book |last=Mackie |first=J.A.C. |year=1974 |title=Konfrontasi: The Indonesia-Malaysia Dispute 1963–1966 |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-638247-0}}</ref> On 10 March 1965, [[MacDonald House bombing|a bomb planted by Indonesian saboteurs]] on a mezzanine floor of [[MacDonald House]] exploded, killing three people and injuring 33 others. It was the deadliest of at least 42 bomb incidents which occurred during the ''Konfrontasi''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Record of the Wreckers |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19650516-1.2.85 |newspaper=The Straits Times |location=Singapore |date=16 May 1965|access-date=19 August 2017|archive-date=19 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819065549/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19650516-1.2.85|url-status=live}}</ref> Two members of the [[Indonesian Marine Corps]], [[Osman bin Haji Mohamed Ali]] and [[Harun bin Said]], were eventually convicted and executed for the crime.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mac Donald House blast: Two for trial |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19650406-1.2.99 |newspaper=The Straits Times |location=Singapore |date=6 April 1965|access-date=19 August 2017|archive-date=19 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819064442/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19650406-1.2.99|url-status=live}}</ref> The explosion caused US$250,000 ({{Inflation|US|250000|1965|fmt=eq|cursign=[[United States dollar|US$]]}}) in damages to MacDonald House.<ref>{{cite web |author=Tan Lay Yuan |title=MacDonald House bomb explosion |url=http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_62_2004-12-17.html |website=Singapore Infopedia |publisher=National Library Board|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215082844/http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_62_2004-12-17.html|archive-date=15 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mac Donald House suffered $250,000 bomb damage |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19651009-1.2.46 |newspaper=The Straits Times |location=Singapore |date=9 October 1965|access-date=19 August 2017|archive-date=19 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819065124/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19651009-1.2.46|url-status=live}}</ref>

Even after the merger, the [[People's Action Party–United Malays National Organisation relations|Singaporean government and the Malaysian central government disagreed]] on many political and economic issues.<ref name="Road to Independence">{{cite news |year=1998 |title=Road to Independence |url=http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/merger/merger.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013002423/http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/merger/merger.html |archive-date=13 October 2013 |publisher=[[AsiaOne]]}}</ref> Despite an agreement to establish a common market, Singapore continued to face restrictions when trading with the rest of Malaysia. In retaliation, Singapore did not extend to [[Sabah]] and [[Sarawak]] the full extent of the loans agreed to for economic development of the two eastern states. Talks soon broke down, and abusive speeches and writing became rife on both sides. This led to communal strife in Singapore, culminating in the [[1964 race riots in Singapore|1964 race riots]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A moment of anguish: Singapore in Malaysia and the politics of disengagement |last=Lau |first=A |publisher=Times Academic Press |year=2000 |location=Singapore}}</ref> On 7 August 1965, after series of secret negotiations between the Malaysian and Singaporean leaders, a [[Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965|separation agreement]] was signed, paving way for a sudden but planned independence for Singapore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 1998 |title=which split the nation |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19980919-1.2.63.4 |access-date=5 December 2025 |work=The Straits Times |pages=51}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fong |first=Leslie |date=9 August 1990 |others=Illustrations by Jose Tence Ruiz |title=The Week Before Separation |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19900809-1.2.109.3 |access-date=5 December 2025 |work=The Straits Times |pages=5-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tin Seng |first=Lim |date=August 2019 |title=Singapore’s separation from Malaysia |url=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=9641f35d-3ae5-41d8-9fa6-7ca8b845ea53 |access-date=5 December 2025 |website=National Library Board Singapore}}</ref> On 9 August 1965, [[Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 2nd Malaysian Parliament|the Malaysian Parliament]] voted 126 to 0 to pass [[Constitution and Malaysia (Singapore Amendment) Act 1965|a constitutional amendment bill]], thereby separating Singapore from Malaysia, which left Singapore as a newly independent country.<ref name=countrystudies10 /><ref name="LOC2">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+sg0033) |title=Singapore as Part of Malaysia |last=Leitch Lepoer |first=Barbara |year=1989 |website=Library of Congress Country Studies |publisher=Government Printing Office|access-date=29 January 2011 |location=Washington, DC|archive-date=29 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629223526/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+sg0033)|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article7878 |title=A Summary of Malaysia-Singapore History |website=europe-solidaire|access-date=29 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529081759/http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article7878|archive-date=29 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/dc1efe7a-8159-40b2-9244-cdb078755013#27 |title=Singapore separates from Malaysia and becomes independent – Singapore History |quote=Negotiations were, however, done in complete secrecy... (Tunku moved) a bill to amend the constitution that would provide for Singapore's departure from the Federation. Razak was also waiting for the fully signed separation agreement from Singapore to allay possible suggestions that Singapore was expelled from Malaysia. |publisher=National Library Board|access-date=12 May 2017|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111210312/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/dc1efe7a-8159-40b2-9244-cdb078755013#27|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thehistoryofsingapore.com/2015/07/31/episode-0-trailer/ |title=Episode 0: Trailer|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920150336/https://thehistoryofsingapore.com/2015/07/31/episode-0-trailer/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lim2015">{{Cite news |last1=Lim |first1=Edmund |date=22 December 2015 |title=Secret documents reveal extent of negotiations for Separation |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/secret-documents-reveal-extent-of-negotiations-for-separation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920150329/https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/secret-documents-reveal-extent-of-negotiations-for-separation |archive-date=20 September 2021 |access-date=15 August 2022 |newspaper=The Straits Times}}</ref>

=== Republic of Singapore ===
{{See also|Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965}}
[[File:153 Singapore, Jan 1978 (52023517826).jpg|thumb|right|Facing the [[Central Area, Singapore|Central Area]] of Singapore in 1978]]
[[File:Marina Bay Sands 20250903 (1).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Marina Bay Sands]], one of Singapore's two [[casino hotel|integrated resorts]]]]

After its expulsion from Malaysia, Singapore became independent as the "Republic of Singapore" on 9 August 1965,<ref>{{cite news |title=Road to Independence |url=http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/merger/merger.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013002423/http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/merger/merger.html |archive-date=13 October 2013 |publisher=Headlines, Lifelines, by [[AsiaOne]] |year=1998}}</ref><ref name="ST 10 Aug Front page">{{cite news |last1=Abisheganaden |first1=Felix |title=Singapore is out |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/multimedia/graphics/assets/images/ST175/NewspaperSG/1965-08-10/full.jpg |access-date=21 February 2022 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |publisher=[[Singapore Press Holdings]] |date=10 August 1965 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221051204/https://www.straitstimes.com/multimedia/graphics/assets/images/ST175/NewspaperSG/1965-08-10/full.jpg |url-status=live}}</ref> with [[Lee Kuan Yew]] and [[Yusof bin Ishak]] as the first prime minister and president respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=3520aab7-25a2-452d-bdd3-2e75b1989866 |title= Past and present leaders of Singapore |author= Vernon Cornelius |publisher= National Library Board |access-date=January 27, 2026 |url-status=live
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260127080909/https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=3520aab7-25a2-452d-bdd3-2e75b1989866 |archive-date= January 27, 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Yusof to be the first President |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19651215-1.2.60 |website=The Straits Times |location=Singapore |date=1 February 1960 |access-date=28 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |via=National Libraries Board |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200807064731/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19651215-1.2.60 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1967, the country co-founded the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN).<ref>{{cite wikisource|Bangkok Declaration}}</ref> Race riots [[1969 race riots of Singapore|erupted again]] in 1969 as a spillover from the [[13 May incident]] in Malaysia. On this occasion, the unrest was more firmly contained.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sandhu |first1=Kernial Singh |last2=Wheatley |first2=Paul |title=Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-3035-42-3 |page=107 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldKwPQ2PyBAC&pg=PA107 |year=1989}}</ref> Lee's emphasis on rapid economic growth, racial integration, promotion of business entrepreneurship and curbs on democratic freedoms by governing with extensive legal powers shaped Singapore's policies for the next half century.<ref>Terry McCarthy, "Lee Kuan Yew." ''Time ''154: 7–8 (1999). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104451/http://madeinthoughts.com/pdf/LeeKuanYew.pdf online]</ref><ref name="lky-7prin" /> Economic growth continued throughout the 1980s, with the unemployment rate falling to 3% and real GDP growth averaging at about 8% up until 1999. During the 1980s, Singapore began to shift towards high-tech industries, such as the [[wafer fabrication]] sector, in order to remain competitive as neighbouring countries began manufacturing with cheaper labour. [[Singapore Airlines]] was formed in 1972 and [[Changi Airport]] was opened in 1981, replacing the international airport at [[Paya Lebar Air Base|Paya Lebar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Changi Airport |publisher=Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore |url=http://www.changiairport.com.sg/changi/en/about_us/history_changi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060629014047/http://www.changiairport.com.sg/changi/en/about_us/history_changi.html |archive-date=29 June 2006}}</ref> Lee's government capitalised on Singapore's favourable geographical position to develop the [[Port of Singapore]] into one of the world's busiest ports, while the service and tourism industries also expanded significantly during this period.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lunch Dialogue on 'Singapore as a Transport Hub' |url=https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/news-events/events/details/lunch-dialogue-on-singapore-as-a-transport-hub |website=Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy|access-date=17 November 2018|archive-date=17 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117104954/https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/news-events/events/details/lunch-dialogue-on-singapore-as-a-transport-hub|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lam |first1=Yin Yin |title=Three factors that have made Singapore a global logistics hub |url=http://blogs.worldbank.org/transport/three-factors-have-made-singapore-global-logistics-hub |website=The World Bank Blogs |date=26 January 2017|access-date=17 November 2018|archive-date=17 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117105041/http://blogs.worldbank.org/transport/three-factors-have-made-singapore-global-logistics-hub|url-status=live}}</ref>

The PAP has remained in power since 1959. Often described as a ''de facto'' one-party state because of its uncommon longevity for a nominal [[liberal democracy]], some activists and opposition politicians view the PAP government's tight regulation of political and media activities, along with its stringent laws, as an infringement on political rights.<ref>{{cite news |title=Singapore elections |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=5 May 2006 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4976536.stm|access-date=28 July 2017|archive-date=15 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115181132/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4976536.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, the PAP introduced several significant political changes, including the creation of the [[Non-constituency Members of Parliament]] (NCMPs) scheme from the [[1984 Singaporean general election|1984 election]], which allowed a limited number of the best performing losing opposition candidates to be appointed as MPs. [[Group representation constituencies]] (GRCs) were subsequently introduced in the [[1988 Singaporean general election|1988 election]] as multi-member electoral divisions intended to guarantee minority representation in parliament, although the opposition has accused the scheme of enabling [[gerrymandering]].<ref>{{Singapore legislation|title=Parliamentary Elections Act|cap=218|titlelink=Parliamentary Elections Act (Singapore)}}</ref> In addition, [[Nominated Members of Parliament]] (NMPs) were introduced in 1990 to allow non-elected and non-partisan representatives from diverse professional fields to serve in parliament.<ref name="HoKhaiLeong">Ho Khai Leong (2003). ''Shared Responsibilities, Unshared Power: The Politics of Policy-Making in Singapore''. Eastern Univ Pr. {{ISBN|978-981-210-218-8}}</ref> The [[Constitution of Singapore|constitution]] was amended in 1991 to provide for an [[President of Singapore|elected president]] with veto powers over the use of [[Reserves of the Government of Singapore|past reserves]] and key public service appointments. The first such election was held in [[1993 Singaporean presidential election|1993]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Presidential Elections |publisher=Elections Department Singapore |date=18 April 2006 |url=http://www.elections.gov.sg/presidential_elections.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827213801/http://www.elections.gov.sg/presidential_elections.htm|archive-date=27 August 2008}}</ref>

In 1990, [[Goh Chok Tong]] succeeded Lee and became Singapore's second prime minister, leading the PAP into the [[1991 Singaporean general election|1991 election]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Singapore |date=2006 |location=Singapore |publisher=Tailsman Publishing |isbn=978-981-05-5667-9 |page=82 |url=http://eservice.nlb.gov.sg/item_holding_s.aspx?bid=12751459|access-date=19 August 2017|archive-date=7 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707102725/http://eservice.nlb.gov.sg/item_holding_s.aspx?bid=12751459|url-status=live}}</ref> During Goh's tenure, the country went through the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]] and the [[2002–2004 SARS outbreak]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Yeoh |first=En-Lai |date=9 April 2003 |title=Singapore Woman Linked to 100 SARS Cases |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref name="Goh">{{cite web |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_860_2004-12-27.html |title=Goh Chok Tong |publisher=National Library Board|access-date=6 February 2017|archive-date=29 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729194333/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_860_2004-12-27.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004, [[Lee Hsien Loong]], the eldest son of [[Lee Kuan Yew]], became the country's third prime minister.<ref name="Goh" /> Lee Hsien Loong's tenure included the [[2008 financial crisis]], the resolution of a [[Malaysia–Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990|dispute over land ownership]] at [[Tanjong Pagar railway station]] between Singapore and Malaysia, the introduction of the two [[integrated resort]]s (IRs) located at the [[Marina Bay Sands]] and [[Resorts World Sentosa]] as well as the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Country profile: Singapore |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15961759|access-date=22 April 2010 |date=15 July 2009|archive-date=29 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229042533/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1143240.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The PAP experienced its [[2011 Singaporean general election|worst electoral performance]] in 2011, securing only 60% of the vote. While this would be considered a [[landslide victory]] in many countries since it preserved the party's [[supermajority]], it was regarded locally as a poor outcome, reflecting public debate over issues such as the high rates of [[Immigration to Singapore|immigration]] and the rising [[cost of living]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/ge2015-a-look-back-at-the-last-5-general-elections-from-1991-to-2011 |title=GE2015: A look back at the last 5 general elections from 1991 to 2011 |last=Hui Min |first=Chew |date=28 August 2015 |work=The Straits Times|access-date=7 October 2018|archive-date=7 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007073757/https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/ge2015-a-look-back-at-the-last-5-general-elections-from-1991-to-2011|url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 March 2015, Lee Kuan Yew [[Death and state funeral of Lee Kuan Yew|died]], and a one-week period of public mourning was observed nationwide.<ref name="lky-7prin">{{cite news |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/remembering-lee-kuan-yew-our-chief-diplomat-to-the-world |title=Lee Kuan Yew: Our chief diplomat to the world |date=25 March 2015 |work=The Straits Times |location=Singapore|access-date=8 November 2015|archive-date=26 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026020834/http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/remembering-lee-kuan-yew-our-chief-diplomat-to-the-world|url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, the PAP regained its dominance in Parliament through the [[2015 Singaporean general election|September general election]], receiving 69.9% of the popular vote,<ref name=BTresults>{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=U-Wen |title=PAP racks up landslide win, takes 83 out of 89 seats |url=http://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/singapore-general-election/pap-racks-up-landslide-win-takes-83-out-of-89-seats |work=Business Times (Singapore) |access-date=13 September 2015 |archive-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150913023301/http://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/singapore-general-election/pap-racks-up-landslide-win-takes-83-out-of-89-seats}}</ref> although this remained lower than the [[2001 Singaporean general election|2001]] tally of 75.3%<ref name=STresults>{{cite news |last=Heng |first=Janice |title=For PAP, the numbers hark back to 2001 polls showing |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/politics/for-pap-the-numbers-hark-back-to-2001-polls-showing |newspaper=The Straits Times |date=12 September 2015 |location=Singapore|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912094804/http://www.straitstimes.com/politics/for-pap-the-numbers-hark-back-to-2001-polls-showing|url-status=live|archive-date=12 September 2015}}</ref> and the [[1968 Singaporean general election|1968]] tally of 86.7%.<ref name="ELE">{{cite web |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_549_2004-12-28.html |title=History of general elections in Singapore |publisher=National Library Board|access-date=4 February 2020|archive-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204130922/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_549_2004-12-28.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[2020 Singaporean general election|2020 election]] held in July saw the PAP drop to 61% of the vote, while the [[Workers' Party (Singapore)|Workers' Party]] (WP) took 10 of the 93 seats, including its leader [[Pritam Singh]] becoming the first ''de jure'' [[Leader of the Opposition (Singapore)|leader of the opposition]] since independence.<ref name="Economist2020election">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2020/07/18/why-so-many-singaporeans-voted-for-the-opposition |title=Why so many Singaporeans voted for the opposition |newspaper=The Economist |date=18 July 2020 |access-date=20 July 2020 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720041203/https://www.economist.com/asia/2020/07/18/why-so-many-singaporeans-voted-for-the-opposition |url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 May 2024, [[Lawrence Wong]] became Singapore's fourth prime minister and the first born after independence.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/singapore-swear-lawrence-wong-prime-212009750.html |title=Singapore to swear in Lawrence Wong as new prime minister |website=Yahoo! News Singapore |date=14 May 2024 |agency=Agence France-Presse |access-date=15 May 2024 |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515110042/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/singapore-swear-lawrence-wong-prime-212009750.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wong's first electoral test came at the [[2025 Singaporean general election|2025 election]], which saw the PAP winning 65.5% of the vote and 87 out of 97 seats in Parliament; the WP retained their 10 seats.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sen |first1=Ng Jun |title=GE2025: Stunning victory for PAP, winning 87 of 97 seats with higher national vote share in PM Wong's first electoral test |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/ge2025-pap-secures-victory-seats-opposition-challenge-5107201 |website=CNA |access-date=7 May 2025 |date=4 May 2025}}</ref> Singapore was one of eight cities worldwide that was classified as an "Alpha+" city by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]] (GaWC) in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Cities 2024 |url=https://gawc.lboro.ac.uk/gawc-worlds/the-world-according-to-gawc/world-cities-2024/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=GaWC |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703071437/https://gawc.lboro.ac.uk/gawc-worlds/the-world-according-to-gawc/world-cities-2024/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Singapore}}

{{See also|Land reclamation in Singapore}}
[[File:CIA World Factbook map of Singapore (English).png|thumb|alt=Map showing Singapore island and the territories belonging to Singapore and its neighbours|An outline of Singapore and the surrounding islands and waterways by the ''[[CIA World Factbook]]'', {{circa|2005}}]]

Singapore consists of [[List of islands of Singapore|over 60 islands]], including the [[Singapore (island)|main island]], also known as Pulau Ujong.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Victor R. |last1=Savage |first2=Brenda S.A. |last2=Yeoh |title=Toponymics: A Study of Singapore's Street Names |year=2004 |publisher=Eastern Universities Press |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-210-364-2}}</ref> There are two man-made connections to [[Johor]], Malaysia: the [[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] in the north and the [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link|Tuas Second Link]] in the west. [[Jurong Island]], [[Pulau Tekong]], [[Pulau Ubin]] and [[Sentosa Island]] are the largest of Singapore's smaller islands.{{efn|Some of Singapore's islands use the English term "island" (e.g. Jurong Island or Sentosa Island), while others retain the Malay term "pulau" in their common names (e.g. Pulau Ubin or Pulau Tekong), largely for historical or cultural reasons. In Singapore English, "island" and "pulau" are often used interchangeably, with "pulau" functioning as a synonym for the English word in this specific context.}} The highest natural point is [[Bukit Timah Hill]] at {{convert|163.63|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhb.gov.sg/NHBPortal/faces/oracle/webcenter/portalapp/pagehierarchy/Page856.jspx?detContId=NHBSVRAPP61620001517|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409193851/http://www.nhb.gov.sg/NHBPortal/faces/oracle/webcenter/portalapp/pagehierarchy/Page856.jspx?detContId=NHBSVRAPP61620001517|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 April 2015 |publisher=National Heritage Board|access-date=11 January 2015 |title=Bukit Timah Hill}}</ref> Under British rule, [[Christmas Island]], the [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]], and [[Crown Colony of Labuan|Labuan]] were administered from Singapore. Labuan was under this arrangement from 1907 until it was eventually merged into the [[Crown Colony of North Borneo]] in 1948. Shortly before Singapore achieved full internal self-governance in 1959, both Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands were transferred to [[Australia]] in 1958.<ref>Commonwealth and Colonial Law by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. Pgs. 133–134</ref><ref>Department of External Affairs in Australia. (16 May 1957): Report from the Australian High Commission in Singapore to the Department of External Affairs in Australia. Singapore: National Archives of Singapore. (Microfilm: NAB 447)</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580516.2.20.2.aspx |title=All set for transfer |date=16 May 1958 |newspaper=The Straits Times |page=2 |location=Singapore |access-date=17 February 2019 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906024518/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580516.2.20.2.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> Today, [[Pedra Branca, Singapore|Pedra Branca]] at the South China Sea is the nation's easternmost point.<ref name="PBA">{{cite web |url=https://www.mfa.gov.sg/SINGAPORES-FOREIGN-POLICY/Key-Issues/Pedra-Branca |title=Pedra Branca |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date= 4 February 2020 |archive-date= 20 December 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191220024132/https://www.mfa.gov.sg/SINGAPORES-FOREIGN-POLICY/Key-Issues/Pedra-Branca |url-status= live}}</ref>

[[Land reclamation in Singapore|Land reclamation]] projects have increased Singapore's land area from roughly {{convert|580|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the 1960s to {{convert|770|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} by the 2030s, an increase of over 30% or {{convert|190|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="sand1">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21645221-asias-mania-reclaiming-land-sea-spawns-mounting-problems-such-quantities-sand |title=Such quantities of sand |date=28 February 2015 |newspaper=The Economist |location=London |access-date=11 September 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913151040/https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21645221-asias-mania-reclaiming-land-sea-spawns-mounting-problems-such-quantities-sand |url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="lrinc">{{cite news |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/new-ideas-to-feed-a-growing-island/ |title=New ideas to feed a growing island |work=The Straits Times |location=Singapore |date=4 February 2018 |access-date= 29 May 2019 |archive-date= 29 May 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190529155354/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/new-ideas-to-feed-a-growing-island |url-status= live}}</ref> Some projects involve merging smaller islands to form larger and more functional landmasses, as was the case with Jurong Island.<ref name="earthshots.usgs.gov">{{cite web |url=https://earthshots.usgs.gov/earthshots/node/11#ad-image-20 |title=Earthshots: Satellite Images of Environmental Change: Singapore |publisher=Earthshots |access-date= 14 April 2015 |archive-date= 21 May 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150521074529/http://earthshots.usgs.gov/earthshots/node/11#ad-image-20 |url-status= live}}</ref> The type of sand used in reclamation works is found in rivers and beaches rather than deserts and remains in great demand worldwide. As such, neighbouring [[Southeast Asia]]n countries have either restricted or barred sand exports to Singapore since the 2010s.<ref name="sand1"/> As a result, Singapore has increasingly used [[polder]]s for reclamation works, a method most notably used at Tekong Island in which an area is enclosed and then pumped dry.<ref name="lrinc"/><ref>{{cite web |author1=Ang Qing |title=Plot twice the size of Toa Payoh reclaimed off Pulau Tekong in S’pore’s first polder project |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/completion-of-main-works-for-pulau-tekong-polder-marks-first-time-spore-reclaims-land-below-sea |website=thestraitstimes |publisher=The Straits Times |access-date=12 February 2026 |language=en |date=8 September 2025}}</ref> The country is projected to reclaim roughly another {{convert|100|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}} by 2040, which includes major projects such as [[Tuas]] Port, the Long Island project located south of [[East Coast Park]] for commercial and residential developments, and an aviation park at [[Changi Bay]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Koh Wan Ting |title=Tuas Port opens officially, will be 'critical engine' driving Singapore's economy: PM Lee |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/tuas-port-opens-critical-engine-lee-hsien-loong-ceremony-2914426 |website=channelnewsasia.com |publisher=CNA |access-date=12 February 2026 |language=en |date=1 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Ng Keng Gene |author2=Shabana Begum |title=Long Island to be reclaimed off East Coast could add 800ha of land, create Singapore’s 18th reservoir |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/long-island-to-be-reclaimed-off-east-coast-could-add-800ha-of-land-and-singapore-s-18th-reservoir |website=thestraitstimes.com |publisher=The Straits Times |access-date=12 February 2026 |language=en |date=28 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Ng Keng Gene |title=JTC to reclaim 172ha of land in Tuas for industrial use, improved connections to Tuas Port |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/jtc-to-reclaim-172ha-of-land-in-tuas-for-industrial-use-improved-connections-to-tuas-port |website=thestraitstimes |publisher=The Straits Times |access-date=12 February 2026 |language=en |date=25 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Ang Qing |title=193ha of land off Changi to be reclaimed for aviation park; area reduced to save seagrass meadow |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/193ha-of-land-off-changi-to-be-reclaimed-for-aviation-park-area-reduced-to-save-seagrass-meadow |website=thestraitstimes |publisher=The Straits Times |access-date=12 February 2026 |language=en |date=3 July 2025}}</ref>

=== Nature ===
{{Main|Wildlife of Singapore}}

[[File:Walk through Singapore Botanic Gardens-03 (15960226189).jpg|thumb|right|Singapore Botanic Gardens is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] – one of three gardens in the world, and the only tropical garden, to be recognised as such.]]

Singapore's urbanisation means that it has lost 95% of its historical forests,<ref name="nature-extinctions">{{cite journal |last1=Brook |first1=Barry W. |last2=Sodhi |first2=Navjot S. |last3=Ng |first3=Peter K.L. |date=24 July 2003 |title=Catastrophic extinctions follow deforestation in Singapore |journal=Nature |volume=424 |pages=420–426 |issn=0028-0836 |doi=10.1038/nature01795 |pmid=12879068 |issue=6947 |bibcode=2003Natur.424..420B |s2cid=4404246 |url=http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/100218 }}</ref> and now over half of the naturally occurring [[Fauna of Singapore|fauna]] and [[Flora of Singapore|flora]] in Singapore is present in nature reserves, such as the [[Bukit Timah Nature Reserve]] and the [[Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve]], which comprise only 0.25% of Singapore's land area.<ref name="nature-extinctions" /> In 1967, to combat this decline in natural space, the government introduced the vision of making Singapore a "garden city",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/a7fac49f-9c96-4030-8709-ce160c58d15c |title="Garden City" vision is introduced |publisher=History SG|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-date=30 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030155659/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/a7fac49f-9c96-4030-8709-ce160c58d15c|url-status=live}}</ref> aiming to improve quality of life.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/docs/AnnexB.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324093917/https://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/docs/AnnexB.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 March 2014 |title=Singapore, A City in a Garden |publisher=National Parks Board}}</ref> Since then, nearly 10% of Singapore's land has been set aside for parks and [[nature reserve]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://app.mnd.gov.sg/Newsroom/NewsPage.aspx?ID=5064&category=Speech&year=2014&RA1=&RA2=&RA3=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710090137/http://app.mnd.gov.sg/Newsroom/NewsPage.aspx?ID=5064&category=Speech&year=2014&RA1=&RA2=&RA3=|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2014 |title=Speech by MOS Desmond Lee at the Asia for Animals Conference Gala Dinner |publisher=National Development Ministry|access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref> The government has created [[Singapore Green Plan 2012|plans to preserve the country's remaining wildlife]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbrcnparks.org/initiatives_nation.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005194408/http://www.nbrcnparks.org/initiatives_nation.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 October 2007 |title=National Initiatives |publisher=National Biodiversity Reference Center|access-date=26 September 2009}}</ref> Singapore's well known gardens include the [[Singapore Botanic Gardens]], a tropical garden and Singapore's first [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-botanic-gardens-declared-unesco-world-heritage-site-8224416 |title=Singapore Botanic Gardens declared UNESCO World Heritage Site |date=4 July 2015 |publisher=Channel NewsAsia|access-date=15 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115213851/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-botanic-gardens-declared-unesco-world-heritage-site-8224416|archive-date=15 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
{{See also|Climate change in Singapore}}[[File:Flower Dome and Cloud Forest Singapore (36712606096).jpg|thumb|left|[[Gardens by the Bay]]]]

Singapore has a [[tropical rainforest climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Af'') with no distinctive seasons, uniform temperature and pressure, high humidity, and abundant rainfall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate of Singapore |url=http://www.weather.gov.sg/climate-climate-of-singapore/ |website=weather.gov.sg|access-date=28 May 2020|archive-date=29 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529212925/http://www.weather.gov.sg/climate-climate-of-singapore|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=McKnight |first1=Tom L. (Tom Lee) |url=https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn |title=Physical geography : a landscape appreciation |last2=Hess |first2=Darrel |date=2000 |publisher=Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall |others=Internet Archive |access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref> Temperatures usually range from {{convert|23|to|32|°C|°F}}. While temperature does not vary greatly throughout the year, there is a wetter [[monsoon]] season from November to February.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nea.gov.sg/weather-climate/climate/weather-statistics |title=Singapore National Environment Agency Weather Statistics|access-date=24 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031025300/http://www.nea.gov.sg/weather-climate/climate/weather-statistics|archive-date=31 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

From July to October, there is often [[Southeast Asian haze|haze]] caused by [[bush fire]]s in neighbouring Indonesia, usually from the island of [[Sumatra]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=12078 |title=Singapore enveloped by Sumatran smog |last=Bond |first=Sam |work=Edie newsroom |date=2 October 2006|access-date=2 June 2011|archive-date=27 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927134938/http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=12078|url-status=live}}</ref> Singapore follows the GMT+8 time zone, one hour ahead of the typical zone for its geographical location.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html |title=Why is Singapore in the 'Wrong' Time Zone? |author=Mok Ly Yng |publisher=National University of Singapore |date=22 September 2010|access-date=5 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100728230528/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html|archive-date=28 July 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> This causes the sun to rise and set particularly late during February, where the sun rises at 7:15 am and sets around 7:20 pm. During July, the sun sets at around 7:15 pm. The earliest the sun rises and sets is in late October and early November when the sun rises at 6:46 am and sets at 6:50 pm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Astronomical and Tidal Information {{!}} Monthly Data|url=http://www.weather.gov.sg/weather-astronomical-and-tidal-information-monthly-data|website=weather.gov.sg|access-date=31 May 2020|archive-date=18 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518173327/http://www.weather.gov.sg/weather-astronomical-and-tidal-information-monthly-data|url-status=live}}</ref>

Singapore recognises that climate change and [[sea level rise|rising sea levels]] in the decades ahead will have major implications for its low-lying coastline. It estimates that the nation will need to spend $100 billion over the course of the next century to address the issue. In its 2020 budget, the government set aside an initial $5 billion towards a Coastline and Flood Protection Fund.<ref>{{cite news |title=Singapore Budget 2020: New coastal and flood protection fund to protect Singapore against rising sea levels |date=18 February 2020 |work=The Straits Times |location=Singapore |first=Audrey |last=Tan |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-budget-2020-new-coastal-and-flood-protection-fund-to-protect-singapore-against |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220154552/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-budget-2020-new-coastal-and-flood-protection-fund-to-protect-singapore-against |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Overland, Indra et al. (2017) ''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312 Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065717/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312_Impact_of_Climate_Change_on_ASEAN_International_Affairs_Risk_and_Opportunity_Multiplier |date=28 July 2020 }}'', Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Myanmar Institute of International and Strategic Studies (MISIS).</ref> Singapore is the first country in Southeast Asia to levy a [[carbon tax]] on its largest carbon-emitting corporations producing more than 25,000 tons of carbon dioxide per year, at $5 per ton.<ref>{{cite news |title=Singapore Budget 2018: Carbon tax of $5 per tonne of greenhouse gas emissions to be levied |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-budget-2018-carbon-tax-of-5-per-tonne-of-greenhouse-gas-emissions-to-be-levied |work=The Straits Times |date=19 February 2018 |location=Singapore |access-date=24 March 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219105759/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-budget-2018-carbon-tax-of-5-per-tonne-of-greenhouse-gas-emissions-to-be-levied |url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2026, Singapore introduced a new bill legally requiring landowners along Singapore's coastline to implement or upgrade coastal defences in order to protect against rising sea levels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Bill to require landowners on Singapore's coast to put up, upgrade defences against rising sea levels |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/rising-sea-levels-coastal-protection-bill-parliament-5900336 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=CNA |language=en}}</ref>

To reduce the country's dependence on fossil fuels, it has ramped up deployment of solar panels on rooftops and vertical surfaces of buildings, and other initiatives like building one of the world's largest floating solar farms at [[Tengeh reservoir|Tengeh Reservoir]] in [[Tuas]].<ref>{{cite news |title=One of world's largest floating solar farms coming up in Tuas |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/one-of-worlds-largest-floating-solar-farms-coming-up-in-tuas |work=The Straits Times |location=Singapore |date=19 August 2020 |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125122236/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/one-of-worlds-largest-floating-solar-farms-coming-up-in-tuas |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Government of Singapore|Politics of Singapore|Administrative divisions of Singapore}}

[[File:Istana (Singapore).jpg|thumb|right|[[The Istana]] is the official residence and office of the president, as well as the working office of the prime minister.]]
[[File:Singapore Parliament House and Supreme Court 20220222 182616.jpg|thumb|The [[Supreme Court of Singapore|Supreme Court]] (left) and [[Parliament House, Singapore|Parliament House]] (right) where the [[Parliament of Singapore|Singapore Parliament]] sits]]
[[File:Speakers' Corner, Singapore 20220218 081547.jpg|thumb|The [[Speakers' Corner, Singapore|Speakers' Corner]] at [[Hong Lim Park]] provides a public demonstration area, which are often restricted in other parts of the country.]]
Singapore is a [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] republic based on the [[Westminster system]]. The [[Constitution of Singapore]] is the supreme law of the country, establishing the structure and responsibility of governance. The [[President of Singapore|President]] is the [[head of state]].<ref name="pmo2">{{cite web |date=8 July 2023 |title=PMO | the Government |url=https://www.pmo.gov.sg/The-Government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804090931/https://www.pmo.gov.sg/The-Government |archive-date=4 August 2023 |access-date=27 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=studentpub |title=A Guide to the Singapore Constitution |date=2016 |publisher=[[Singapore Management University]] |editor-last=Morgan |editor-first=Grace |pages=33–36 |access-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220093159/https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=studentpub |archive-date=20 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The governance of Singapore is [[Separation of powers in Singapore|separated]] into three branches:
* [[Executive (government)|Executive]]: The executive consists of the Cabinet, led by the [[Prime Minister of Singapore|prime minister]], and the [[Attorney-General of Singapore|Attorney-General's chambers]], led by the [[Attorney-General of Singapore|attorney-general]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Legal System |url=https://www.mlaw.gov.sg/about-us/our-legal-system/#:~:text=The%20Executive%20includes%20the%20Cabinet,and%20is%20accountable%20to%20Parliament |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902052126/https://www.mlaw.gov.sg/about-us/our-legal-system/#:~:text=The%20Executive%20includes%20the%20Cabinet,and%20is%20accountable%20to%20Parliament |archive-date=2 September 2023 |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> The Cabinet is collectively responsible for all government policies and the day-to-day administration of the affairs of state. It is typically composed of members of the Singapore Parliament. The prime minister is appointed by the president, and the ministers in the Cabinet and the attorney-general are appointed by the president, acting on the [[advice and consent]] of the prime minister. The prime minister is the effective head of the executive branch of government.<ref name="pmo1">{{cite web |date=23 December 2022 |title=PMO | the Cabinet |url=https://www.pmo.gov.sg/The-Cabinet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425224718/http://www.cabinet.gov.sg/smgoh.htm |archive-date=25 April 2006 |access-date=27 August 2023}}</ref><ref name=pmo2 />
* [[Legislature]]: The Singapore Parliament is [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] and, together with the president, comprises the legislature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home | Parliament of Singapore |url=https://www.parliament.gov.sg/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027075322/https://www.parliament.gov.sg/ |archive-date=27 October 2019 |access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref> Members of parliament (MP) consist of elected, non-constituency, and nominated members. The majority of MPs are elected into parliament at a general election. The Singapore Parliament is collectively responsible for enacting the laws governing the state.<ref name=pmo2 /> The president holds limited [[Powers of the President of Singapore|discretionary powers]] of oversight over the government. The president's veto powers are further subject to parliamentary overruling.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2010 |title=The President |url=http://www.istana.gov.sg/content/istana/thepresident.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611130556/http://www.istana.gov.sg/content/istana/thepresident.html |archive-date=11 June 2011 |access-date=26 June 2011 |publisher=Singapore Government}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=studentpub |title=A Guide to the Singapore Constitution |date=2016 |publisher=[[Singapore Management University]] |editor-last=Morgan |editor-first=Grace |page=27 |access-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220093159/https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=studentpub |archive-date=20 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Judiciary]]: The judiciary's function is to independently administer justice and is headed by the chief justice of the Republic of Singapore. The judges and judicial commissioners are appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister.<ref>{{cite web |title=Role and structure of the Supreme Court – structure |url=https://www.judiciary.gov.sg/who-we-are/role-structure-supreme-court/structure#:~:text=The%20Supreme%20Court%20Bench%20consists,advice%20of%20the%20Prime%20Minister |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402100003/https://www.judiciary.gov.sg/who-we-are/role-structure-supreme-court/structure#:~:text=The%20Supreme%20Court%20Bench%20consists,advice%20of%20the%20Prime%20Minister |archive-date=2 April 2023 |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of Singapore|Supreme Court]] and [[State Courts of Singapore|State Courts]] adjudicates in civil disputes between persons, convicts or acquits accused persons in criminal prosecutions, and [[judicial review|interprets laws]] to decide on its constitutionality. Any law or provision of a law found to be unconstitutional can be struck down by the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=studentpub |title=A Guide to the Singapore Constitution |date=2016 |publisher=[[Singapore Management University]] |editor-last=Morgan |editor-first=Grace |pages=63–67 |access-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220093159/https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=studentpub |archive-date=20 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The president is directly elected by popular vote for a renewable six-year term. Requirements for this position, which were enacted by the PAP government, are extremely stringent, such that only a handful of people qualify for the candidacy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tan |first=Kevin Y.L. |title=The Limits of Authoritarian Governance in Singapore's Developmental State |date=2019 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-981-13-1555-8 |editor-last1=Rahim |editor-first1=Lily Zubaidah |page=264 |chapter=Legislating Dominance: Parliament and the Making of Singapore's Governance Model |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1556-5 |editor-last2=Barr |editor-first2=Michael D. |s2cid=239112493}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=What are the Qualifications Required to Run for President in Singapore? |url=https://singaporelegaladvice.com/law-articles/singapore-president-qualifications/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211001212/https://singaporelegaladvice.com/law-articles/singapore-president-qualifications |archive-date=11 February 2024 |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=SingaporeLegalAdvice.com}}</ref> These qualifications include that a candidate needs to be a person at least 45 years of age who is no longer a member of a political party, to either have held [[Public administration|public office]] for at least 3 years in a number of specific public service leadership roles, or to have 3 years experience as chief executive of a fully profitable [[private sector]] company with at least S$500 million in [[Equity (finance)|shareholders' equity]], be a resident in Singapore for at least 10 years, not have a criminal record, and more.<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of Singapore – article 19 |url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CONS1963#pr19- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528030634/https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CONS1963#pr19- |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=16 June 2021 |website=sso.agc.gov.sg}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Elected Presidency: Higher eligibility criteria accepted, but Govt says no to longer qualifying terms |url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/elected-presidency-govt-agrees-raise-eligibility-criteria-private-sector-candidates |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426173916/https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/elected-presidency-govt-agrees-raise-eligibility-criteria-private-sector-candidates |archive-date=26 April 2022 |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=TODAY}}</ref> Candidates must also "satisfy" the [[Presidential Elections Committee]] (PEC) that he or she is a person of integrity, good character and reputation.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2024 |title=Presidential Candidates: Qualifying Criteria |url=https://www.eld.gov.sg/candidate_presidential_qualify.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726012640/https://www.eld.gov.sg/candidate_presidential_qualify.html |archive-date=26 July 2024 |access-date=20 November 2024 |publisher=Elections Department Singapore |location=Singapore}}</ref>

From 2017, the Constitution requires that presidential elections be "[[Presidential elections in Singapore#Reserved elections|reserved]]" for a racial community if no one from that ethnic group has been elected to the presidency in the five most recent terms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of Singapore – article 19B |url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CONS1963#pr19B- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528030634/https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CONS1963#pr19B- |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=16 June 2021 |website=sso.agc.gov.sg}}</ref> Only members of that community may qualify as candidates in a reserved presidential election.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 September 2017 |title=Halimah Yacob named Singapore's first female president |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/halimah-yacob-named-singapore-malay-president-170913073940319.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502112130/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/halimah-yacob-named-singapore-malay-president-170913073940319.html |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=13 September 2017 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> In the [[2017 Singaporean presidential election|2017 presidential election]], this combination of stringent requirements and a reserved election that required the candidate to be of the 13% [[Malay Singaporeans|Malay ethnic group]] led to the PEC approving a single candidate for the presidency;<ref>{{cite news |date=16 September 2017 |title=Only one Singaporean is fit to be president |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2017/09/16/only-one-singaporean-is-fit-to-be-president |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506175456/https://www.economist.com/asia/2017/09/16/only-one-singaporean-is-fit-to-be-president |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=16 June 2021 |newspaper=The Economist |location=London}}</ref> [[Halimah Yacob]], considered part of the Malay community, won in an uncontested election. She also became Singapore's first female president.{{Multiple image
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| image1 = Tharman Shanmugaratnam Official photo 2023.tif
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| caption1 = [[Tharman Shanmugaratnam]] [[President of Singapore|President]] 
| caption2 = [[Lawrence Wong]] [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]] 
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Members of Parliament (MPs) are elected at least every five years (or sooner with a [[snap election]]). The 15th and [[15th Parliament of Singapore|current Parliament]] has 108 members; 97 were directly elected from the [[Constituencies of Singapore|33 constituencies]], nine are nonpartisan [[Nominated Member of Parliament|nominated members]] appointed by the president, and two are [[Non-constituency Member of Parliament|non-constituency members]] from opposition parties who were not elected in the last general election but appointed to the legislature to increase opposition party representation. In [[Group representation constituency|group representation constituencies]] (GRCs), political parties assemble teams of candidates to contest elections. At least one MP in a GRC must be of an ethnic minority background. All elections are held using [[first-past-the-post voting]].<ref name="parliament.gov.sg">{{cite web |title=Members of Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.gov.sg/about-us/structure/members-of-parliament |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216180443/https://www.parliament.gov.sg/about-us/structure/members-of-parliament |archive-date=16 December 2019 |access-date=9 October 2019 |publisher=Parliament of Singapore}}</ref> MPs host weekly [[Surgery (politics)|political surgeries]], called "[[Meet-the-People Sessions]]", where they help constituents resolve personal issues which can be related to housing, financial assistance, and immigration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yong |first=Ng Tze |date=20 October 2008 |title=MP, I want help with... |url=http://www.asiaone.com/Business/News/My+Money/Story/A1Story20081019-94743.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527135154/http://www.asiaone.com/Business/News/My+Money/Story/A1Story20081019-94743.html |archive-date=27 May 2011 |access-date=20 October 2008 |website=asiaone}}</ref>

The PAP occupies a dominant position in Singaporean politics, having won large parliamentary majorities in every election since [[Self-governance of Singapore|self-governance]] was granted in 1959. The PAP, self-described as pragmatic, have a syncretic ideology combining [[Economic liberalism|free-market principles]], [[Civic nationalism|civil nationalism]], and [[Welfare state|welfarism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tan |first=Kenneth Paul |date=2007 |title=Singapore's National Day Rally speech: A site of ideological negotiation |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00472330701408635 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=292–308 |doi=10.1080/00472330701408635 |issn=0047-2336 |s2cid=145405958 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022143043/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00472330701408635 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |access-date=16 May 2023 |via=tandfonline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kuah-Pearce |first=Khun Eng |title=Rebuilding the Ancestral Village: Singaporeans in China |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-988-8053-66-7 |pages=37}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kerr |first=Roger |date=9 December 1999 |title=Optimism For the New Millennium |url=http://www.nzbr.org.nz/documents/speeches/speeches-99/optimism_for_the_new-millennium.doc.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060307184005/http://www.nzbr.org.nz/documents/speeches/speeches-99/optimism_for_the_new-millennium.doc.htm |archive-date=7 March 2006 |access-date=7 March 2006 |website=nzbr}}</ref> Despite promulgating restrictions on civil liberties, Singapore under the PAP has seen consistent economic growth and political stability.<ref name="freedomhouse">{{cite web |title=Freedom in the World 2010 – Singapore |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2010&country=7915 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107002407/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2010&country=7915 |archive-date=7 January 2012 |access-date=12 June 2011 |publisher=Freedom House}}</ref> The most represented and popular opposition party is the centre-left [[Workers' Party (Singapore)|Workers' Party]] (WP), which holds 12 seats in Parliament.<ref name="Economist2020election" />

The long-standing hegemony of the PAP has led to Singapore being described by academics as an [[illiberal democracy]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tan |first1=Netina |last2=Preece |first2=Cassandra |date=2024 |title=Democratic backsliding in illiberal Singapore |journal=Asian Journal of Comparative Politics |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=25–49 |doi=10.1177/20578911221141090 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mutalib |first=Hussin |date=April 1, 2000 |title=Illiberal democracy and the future of opposition in Singapore |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590050004373 |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=313–342 |doi=10.1080/01436590050004373 |issn=0143-6597|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Verweij |first1=Marco |last2=Pelizzo |first2=Riccardo |date=2009 |title=Singapore: Does authoritarianism pay? |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/262740/file/supp01.pdf |journal=Journal of Democracy |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=18–32 |issn=1045-5736}}</ref><ref name="Huat">{{Citation |last=Huat |first=Chua Beng |title=Liberal Order's Illiberal Prodigy: Singapore as a Non-Liberal Electoral Democratic State |date=2022 |work=Beyond Liberal Order |pages=67–92 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/41877/chapter/354699359 |access-date=2025-11-04 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197647950.003.0003 |isbn=978-0-19-764795-0|url-access=subscription }}</ref> or a [[Dominant-party system|soft-authoritarian]] state in which the PAP faces little to no feasible political competition to its rule of the country.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roy |first=Denny |date=1994 |title=Singapore, China, and the "Soft Authoritarian" Challenge |journal=Asian Survey |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=231–242 |doi=10.2307/2644982 |issn=0004-4687 |jstor=2644982}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last=Means |first=Gordon Paul |year=1996 |title=Soft Authoritarianism in Malaysia and Singapore |journal=Journal of Democracy |publisher=Project MUSE |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=103–117 |doi=10.1353/jod.1996.0065 |issn=1086-3214}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=von Mirbach |first=Johan |date=3 May 2015 |title=The invisible scars made by strikes of the cane |url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-invisible-scars-left-by-strikes-of-the-cane/a-18298970 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420140132/https://www.dw.com/en/the-invisible-scars-left-by-strikes-of-the-cane/a-18298970 |archive-date=20 April 2024 |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=dw.com |publisher=Deutsche Welle |location=Bonn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasagar |first=Jeevan |date=21 March 2022 |title=The Subtle Authoritarianism of Southeast Asia's Wealthiest City-State |url=https://lithub.com/the-subtle-authoritarianism-of-southeast-asias-wealthiest-city-state/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419204944/https://lithub.com/the-subtle-authoritarianism-of-southeast-asias-wealthiest-city-state/ |archive-date=19 April 2024 |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=Literary Hub}}</ref> The multi-party democratic process of Singapore has been described as "minimal" in comparison to the state's focus on economic development and social order.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Mohamed Nasir |first1=Kamaludeen |last2=Turner |first2=Bryan S. |date=2013 |title=Governing as gardening: reflections on soft authoritarianism in Singapore |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2012.707005 |journal=Citizenship Studies |volume=17 |issue=3–4 |pages=339–352 |doi=10.1080/13621025.2012.707005 |issn=1362-1025|url-access=subscription }}</ref> According to Gordon P. Means, professor emeritus of political science at [[McMaster University]], Singapore reinvented the "benevolent" yet "highly authoritarian" colonial system of governance inherited from Britain rather than forging a full democracy. A conservative ideology of "[[Asian values]]" evolved to replace British rule, based on "communal loyalty, distrust of government, and avoidance of individual or collective responsibility for wider public interests", with less regard for [[human rights]] in the nascent Western sense.<ref>{{Citation |last=Kent |first=Ann |title=Chinese Values and Human Rights |date=2008 |work=Human Rights in Asia: A Reassessment of the Asian Values Debate |pages=83–97 |editor-last=Avonius |editor-first=Leena |url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230615496_5 |access-date=18 June 2021 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |doi=10.1057/9780230615496_5 |isbn=978-0-230-61549-6 |editor2-last=Kingsbury |editor2-first=Damien |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The fact that "neither the public nor elites had experience with democracy" helped create Singapore's political culture, as dominated by status-focused hierarchies committed to economic development.<ref name=":4" /> The legacy of Asian values and the limited political culture within Singapore has led to the country being described as "classic illustration of soft authoritarianism",<ref name=":5" /> and "profoundly illiberal".<ref name=Huat />

The judicial system is based on [[English law|English common law]], continuing the legal tradition established during [[British Empire|British rule]] and with substantial local differences. [[Criminal law of Singapore|Criminal law]] is based on the [[Indian Penal Code]] originally intended for [[British India]], and was at the time as a crown colony also adopted by the British colonial authorities in Singapore and remains the basis of the criminal code in the country with a few exceptions, amendments and repeals since it came into force.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Peers |first=Douglas M. |date=2013 |title=Codification, Macaulay and the Indian Penal Code: The Legacies and Modern Challenges of Criminal Law Reform |journal=Victorian Studies |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=749–751 |doi=10.2979/victorianstudies.55.4.749 |s2cid=144820395 |editor-last1=Chan |editor-first1=Wing-Cheong |editor-last2=Wright |editor-first2=Barry |editor-last3=Yeo |editor-first3=Stanley}}</ref> [[Jury trial|Trial by jury]] was abolished in 1970.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 September 2007 |title=The Singapore Legal System |url=http://www.singaporelaw.sg/content/LegalSyst.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123145140/http://www.singaporelaw.sg/content/LegalSyst.html |archive-date=23 January 2011 |access-date=10 June 2011 |publisher=Singapore Academy of Law}}</ref> Singapore is known for its strict laws and conservative stances on crime; both [[Judicial corporal punishment|corporal punishment]] (by [[Caning in Singapore|caning]])<ref>{{cite web |date=September 2012 |title=Judicial caning in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei |url=https://www.corpun.com/singfeat.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115052445/http://www.corpun.com/singfeat.htm |archive-date=15 January 2015 |access-date=12 December 2015 |publisher=World Corporal Punishment Research}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kuntz |first=Tom |date=26 June 1994 |title=Ideas & Trends; Beyond Singapore: Corporal Punishment, A to Z |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/26/weekinreview/ideas-trends-beyond-singapore-corporal-punishment-a-to-z.html?scp=29&sq=%3Fpagewanted%3D1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701092056/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/26/weekinreview/ideas-trends-beyond-singapore-corporal-punishment-a-to-z.html?scp=29&sq=%3Fpagewanted%3D1 |archive-date=1 July 2017 |access-date=18 February 2017 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> and [[Capital punishment in Singapore|capital punishment]] (by [[hanging]]) are retained and commonly used as legal penalties.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 March 2010 |title=Singapore country specific information |url=http://www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1017.html#crime |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041230204937/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1017.html |archive-date=30 December 2004 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>

The right to freedom of speech and association is guaranteed by [[Article 14 of the Constitution of Singapore|Article 14(1) of the Constitution of Singapore]], although there are provisions in the subsequent subsection that regulate them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of Singapore |url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CONS1963 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528030634/https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CONS1963 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=Singapore Statutes Online}}</ref> The government has restricted [[freedom of speech]] and [[freedom of the press]] as well as some [[civil rights|civil]] and political rights.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 March 2017 |title=The government of Singapore says it welcomes criticism, but its critics still suffer |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21718571-three-protesters-get-stiff-penalties-disturbing-public-order-government-singapore-says-it |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013172620/https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21718571-three-protesters-get-stiff-penalties-disturbing-public-order-government-singapore-says-it |archive-date=13 October 2017 |access-date=16 April 2019 |newspaper=The Economist |location=London}}</ref> In 2023, Singapore was ranked 129th out of 180 nations by [[Reporters Without Borders]] on the global [[Press Freedom Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2023 |title=Singapore boasts of being a model of economic development but it is an example of what not to be in regard to freedom of the press, which is almost non-existent. |url=https://rsf.org/en/singapore |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111004954/https://rsf.org/en/singapore |archive-date=11 November 2019 |access-date=4 October 2023 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> [[Freedom House]] ranks Singapore as "partly free" in its ''[[Freedom in the World]]'' report,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/singapore/freedom-world/2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228171300/https://freedomhouse.org/country/singapore/freedom-world/2021 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=17 April 2022 |website=Freedom House}}</ref><ref name="freedomhouse" /> and the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] ranks Singapore as a "flawed democracy", the second freest rank of four, in its "[[Democracy Index]]".<ref>{{cite web |year=2013 |title=Singapore |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/singapore |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503011701/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/singapore |archive-date=3 May 2014 |access-date=28 May 2014 |publisher=Freedom House}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2019 |title=Democracy Index 2018: Me Too? |url=https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=democracy2018 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202212334/https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=Democracy2018 |archive-date=2 February 2019 |access-date=13 January 2019 |publisher=The Economist Intelligence Unit |location=London}}</ref> All public gatherings of five or more people require police permits, and protests may legally be held only at the [[Speakers' Corner, Singapore|Speakers' Corner]].<ref>{{cite news |date=17 January 2009 |title=Singapore to toughen protest laws ahead of APEC meet |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-37501620090117 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127041924/https://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-37501620090117 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=31 July 2012 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

In the [[Corruption Perceptions Index]], which ranks countries by "perceived levels of public sector corruption", Singapore has consistently ranked as one of the least corrupt countries in the world, in spite of being illiberal.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 January 2019 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2018 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427092026/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2018 |archive-date=27 April 2019 |access-date=27 April 2019 |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> Singapore's unique combination of a strong, soft-authoritarian government with an emphasis on [[meritocracy]] is known as the "Singapore model", and is regarded as a key factor behind Singapore's political stability, economic growth, and harmonious social order.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ortmann |first1=Stephan |last2=Thompson |first2=Mark R |date=January 2016 |title=China and the 'Singapore Model' |url=http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/sites/default/files/Thompson-27-1.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1353/jod.2016.0004 |s2cid=155860923 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104151140/http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/sites/default/files/Thompson-27-1.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Huff |first=W G |year=1995 |title=What is the Singapore model of economic development? |url=http://cje.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/6/735.full.pdf+html |url-status=dead |journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics |volume=19 |pages=735–759 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214102853/http://cje.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/6/735.full.pdf+html |archive-date=14 February 2011 |access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="thirdworldtofirst">{{Cite book |author=Lee Kuan Yew |title=From third world to first: The Singapore story, 1965–2000 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish International Asia |year=2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 January 2022 |title=2021 Corruption Perceptions Index – Explore the results |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619115004/https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2021 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |access-date=17 February 2022 |website=Transparency.org}}</ref> In 2021, the [[World Justice Project]]'s Rule of Law Index ranked Singapore as 17th overall among the world's 193 countries for adherence to the [[rule of law]]. Singapore ranked high on the factors of order and security (#3), absence of corruption (#3), regulatory enforcement (#4), civil justice (#8), and criminal justice (#7), and ranked significantly lower on factors of [[open government]] (#34), constraints on government powers (#32), and [[fundamental rights]] (#38).<ref>{{cite web |date=2021 |title=Rule of Law Index |url=https://www.worldjusticeproject.org/rule-of-law-index/pdfs/2021-Singapore.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808020739/https://www.worldjusticeproject.org/rule-of-law-index/pdfs/2021-Singapore.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |publisher=World Justice Project}}</ref>

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Singapore}}

[[File:2017 G20 Hamburg summit leaders group photo.jpg|upright=1.25|thumb|Prime Minister [[Lee Hsien Loong]] at the 2017 [[G20 meeting]] in Germany. Since 2010, Singapore has often been invited to participate in G20 processes.]]
Singapore's stated foreign policy priority is maintaining security in [[Southeast Asia]] and surrounding territories. An underlying principle is political and economic stability in the region.<ref name="DFAT">{{cite web |title=Singapore country brief |url=http://dfat.gov.au/geo/singapore/pages/singapore-country-brief.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308165300/https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/singapore/Pages/singapore-country-brief.aspx |archive-date=8 March 2020 |access-date=15 November 2016 |publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> It has diplomatic relations with more than 180 sovereign states.<ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore Missions Overseas |url=http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/missions/singapore_mission/mission_locator.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315105110/https://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/missions/singapore_mission/mission_locator.html |archive-date=15 March 2018 |access-date=27 January 2014 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref>

As one of the five founding members of [[ASEAN]],<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |title=Overview |url=http://www.asean.org/64.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109233326/http://www.asean.org/64.htm |archive-date=9 January 2008 |access-date=18 February 2011 |publisher=ASEAN}}</ref> Singapore is a strong supporter of the [[ASEAN Free Trade Area]] (AFTA) and the ASEAN Investment Area (AIA); it is also the host of the APEC Secretariat.<ref>{{cite web |title=APEC is established |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/4ba73ec1-69e6-4951-b9ea-339878da2f6c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704130149/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/4ba73ec1-69e6-4951-b9ea-339878da2f6c |archive-date=4 July 2018 |access-date=4 July 2018 |publisher=[[National Library Board]]}}</ref> Singapore is also a founding member of [[The Forum of Small States (FOSS)]], a voluntary and informal grouping at the UN.<ref name="singaporebook">{{Cite book |title=50 Years of Singapore and the United Nations |publisher=World Scientific |year=2015 |isbn=978-981-4713-03-0}}access-date=7 March 2024</ref>

Singapore maintains membership in other regional organisations, such as [[Asia–Europe Meeting]], the [[Forum for East Asia-Latin American Cooperation]], the [[Indian Ocean Rim Association]], and the [[East Asia Summit]].<ref name="DFAT" /> It is also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement,<ref>{{cite web |date=23 January 2002 |title=NAM Member States |url=http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209233514/http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm |archive-date=9 December 2010 |access-date=18 February 2011 |publisher=The Non-Aligned Movement}}</ref> the [[United Nations]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Member States |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/142227/members/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225120634/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/member-countries |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=18 February 2011 |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Histories and Milestones |url=https://www.mfa.gov.sg/About-MFA/Histories-and-Milestones |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813043915/https://www.mfa.gov.sg/About-MFA/Histories-and-Milestones |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=5 October 2019 |website=MFA}}</ref> While Singapore is not a formal member of the [[G20]], it has been invited to participate in G20 processes in most years since 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=G20 |url=https://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/international_organisation_initiatives/g20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917121540/https://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/international_organisation_initiatives/g20.html |archive-date=17 September 2018 |access-date=26 March 2017 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> Singapore is also the location of the [[Pacific Economic Cooperation Council]] (PECC) Secretariat.<ref>{{cite web |title=PECC – PECC :: The Pacific Economic Cooperation Council – International Secretariat |url=https://www.pecc.org/about/pecc-international-secretariat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217104736/https://www.pecc.org/about/pecc-international-secretariat |archive-date=17 February 2022 |access-date=19 September 2018 |website=pecc.org}}</ref>

In general, bilateral relations with other ASEAN members are strong; however, disagreements have arisen,<ref name="govt.nz">{{cite web |date=4 December 2008 |title=Australia – New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA) |url=http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/singapore-foreign-relations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802111923/http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/singapore-foreign-relations |archive-date=2 August 2009 |access-date=18 February 2011 |publisher=New Zealand Government}}</ref> and relations with neighbouring [[Malaysia–Singapore relations|Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]] have sometimes been strained.<ref name="Rocky">{{cite news |last=Gifford |first=Rob |date=18 September 1998 |title=Malaysia and Singapore: A rocky relationship |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/174284.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512052729/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/174284.stm |archive-date=12 May 2011 |access-date=10 April 2011 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Malaysia and Singapore have clashed over the delivery of [[fresh water]] to Singapore,<ref name="Disputes">{{cite web |title=World Factbook – Field Listing: International disputes |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514215411/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html |archive-date=14 May 2011 |access-date=18 February 2011 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> and access by the [[Singapore Armed Forces]] to Malaysian airspace.<ref name="Rocky" /> Border issues exist with Malaysia and Indonesia, and both have banned the sale of marine sand to Singapore over disputes about Singapore's land reclamation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lloyd Parry |first=Richard |date=17 March 2007 |title=Singapore accused of land grab as islands disappear by boatload |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1527751.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510021433/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1527751.ece |archive-date=10 May 2011 |access-date=10 April 2011 |work=The Times |location=London}}</ref> Some previous disputes, such as the [[Pedra Branca dispute]], have been resolved by the [[International Court of Justice]].<ref>{{cite news |date=23 May 2008 |title=Court awards islet to Singapore |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7416473.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526023618/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7416473.stm |archive-date=26 May 2008 |access-date=6 September 2017 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Piracy in the [[Strait of Malacca]] has been a cause of concern for all three countries.<ref name="Disputes" /> Close economic ties exist with [[Brunei]], and the two share a pegged currency value, through a [[Currency Interchangeability Agreement]] between the two countries which makes both [[Brunei dollar]] and [[Singapore dollar]] banknotes and coins legal tender in either country.<ref>{{cite web |author=Reading Room |title=Currency Interchangeability Agreement – Brunei Notes and Coins |url=http://www.mas.gov.sg/currency/currency-interchangeability-agreement-with-brunei.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628004840/http://www.mas.gov.sg/Currency/Currency-Interchangeability-Agreement-with-Brunei.aspx |archive-date=28 June 2017 |access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 January 2009 |title=Brunei Foreign and Trade Relations: ASEAN |url=http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/brunei-foreign-and-trade |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908043151/http://asean.fta.govt.nz/brunei-foreign-and-trade/ |archive-date=8 September 2009 |access-date=18 February 2011 |publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref>

The first [[China–Singapore relations|diplomatic contact with China]] was made in the 1970s, with full diplomatic relations established in the 1990s. China has been Singapore's largest trading partner since 2013, after surpassing Malaysia.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 February 2018 |title=Singapore Business Federation aims for over 100 local firms to take part in first China International Import Expo |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/sbf-to-lead-singapore-companies-taking-part-in-first-china-international-import |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224024854/http://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/sbf-to-lead-singapore-companies-taking-part-in-first-china-international-import |archive-date=24 February 2018 |access-date=24 February 2018 |work=The Straits Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Singapore, China leaders laud deep, growing ties |url=http://www.todayonline.com/chinaindia/china/singapore-china-leaders-laud-deep-growing-ties |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225064808/http://www.todayonline.com/chinaindia/china/singapore-china-leaders-laud-deep-growing-ties |archive-date=25 February 2018 |access-date=24 February 2018 |work=Today |location=Singapore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 May 2017 |title=Singapore and China's common interest 'greater than any occasional difference of views': DPM Teo |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-and-china-s-common-interest-greater-than-any-8878812 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225144654/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-and-china-s-common-interest-greater-than-any-8878812 |archive-date=25 February 2018 |access-date=24 February 2018 |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |location=Singapore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 May 2017 |title=Singapore a 'strong supporter' of China's peaceful development |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/spore-a-strong-supporter-of-chinas-peaceful-development |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224192152/http://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/spore-a-strong-supporter-of-chinas-peaceful-development |archive-date=24 February 2018 |access-date=24 February 2018 |work=The Straits Times |location=Singapore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Zhang Xuegang |date=20 November 2007 |title=Opening 'window of opportunity' for China-Singapore cooperation |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90780/91342/6306042.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806190236/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90780/91342/6306042.html |archive-date=6 August 2013 |access-date=31 July 2012 |newspaper=People's Daily |location=Beijing}}</ref> Singapore and the United States share a long-standing close relationship, in particular in defence, the economy, health, and education. Singapore has also increased co-operation with ASEAN members and China to strengthen regional security and fight terrorism, and participated in ASEAN's first joint maritime exercise with China in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 February 2018 |title=Asean to step up terror fight, hold naval drill with China |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/asean-to-step-up-terror-fight-hold-naval-drill-with-china |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224173554/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/asean-to-step-up-terror-fight-hold-naval-drill-with-china |archive-date=24 February 2018 |access-date=24 February 2018 |work=The Straits Times}}</ref> It has also given support to the US-led coalition to fight terrorism, with bilateral co-operation in counter-terrorism and counter-proliferation initiatives, and joint military exercises.<ref name="govt.nz" />

As Singapore has diplomatic relations with both the United States and [[North Korea]], and was one of the few countries that have relationships with both countries,<ref>{{cite news |last=Lee |first=Yen Nee |date=8 June 2018 |title=White House explains why it chose Singapore to host summit with North Korea |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/08/why-trump-and-kim-picked-singapore-for-meeting.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612095227/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/08/why-trump-and-kim-picked-singapore-for-meeting.html |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=12 June 2018 |publisher=CNBC}}</ref> in June 2018, it hosted [[2018 North Korea–United States summit|a historic summit]] between US President [[Donald Trump]] and [[Chairman of the State Affairs Commission|North Korean leader]] [[Kim Jong-un]], the first-ever meeting between the sitting leaders of the two nations.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 June 2018 |title=President Trump meets Kim Jong Un: Live updates |url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-kim-jong-un-meeting-summit/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612032648/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-kim-jong-un-meeting-summit/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=12 June 2018 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 June 2018 |title=Trump and Kim make history with a handshake |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44435035 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612000737/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44435035 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=12 June 2018 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> It also hosted the [[2015 Ma–Xi meeting]], the first meeting between the political leaders of the two sides of the [[Taiwan Strait]] since the end of the [[Chinese Civil War]] in 1950.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yin |first1=Chun-chieh |last2=Lee |first2=Mei-yu |date=4 November 2015 |title=Ma, Xi to split dinner bill in Singapore |url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/acs/201511040053.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107003747/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/acs/201511040053.aspx |archive-date=7 November 2015 |access-date=7 November 2015 |agency=Central News Agency}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Shu-hua |last2=Chang |first2=S.C |title=President Ma to meet China's Xi in Singapore Saturday (update) |url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/afav/201511040001.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107010003/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/afav/201511040001.aspx |archive-date=7 November 2015 |access-date=4 November 2015 |agency=Central News Agency}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Perlez |first1=Jane |last2=Ramzy |first2=Austin |date=4 November 2015 |title=China, Taiwan and a Meeting After 66 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/04/world/asia/leaders-of-china-and-taiwan-to-meet-for-first-time-since-1949.html?_r=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107043747/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/04/world/asia/leaders-of-china-and-taiwan-to-meet-for-first-time-since-1949.html?_r=0 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=1 November 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|Singapore Armed Forces}}

[[File:Flag lowering by Singapore troops, Kiwi Base, Bamyan Province, Afghanistan - 20101027.jpg|thumb|In 2007, military personnel from the Singapore Armed Forces were deployed in Afghanistan as part of a multinational coalition.]]
The Singaporean military, arguably the most technologically advanced in Southeast Asia,<ref name="janes-20100118">{{cite news |last=Moss |first=Trefor |date=18 January 2010 |title=Buying an advantage |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw100118_2_n.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123194946/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw100118_2_n.shtml |archive-date=23 January 2010 |work=Jane's Defence Review |location=London}}</ref> consists of the [[Singapore Army|Army]], the [[Republic of Singapore Navy|Navy]], the [[Republic of Singapore Air Force|Air Force]] and the [[Digital and Intelligence Service]]. It is seen as the guarantor of the country's independence,<ref>{{cite news |date=1 July 2007 |title=SAF remains final guarantor of Singapore's independence |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/285586/1/.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516092109/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/285586/1/.html |archive-date=16 May 2011 |access-date=19 February 2011 |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |location=Singapore}}</ref> translating into Singapore culture, involving all citizens in the country's defence.<ref name="MindefApr2005">{{cite press release |title=Lunch Talk on "Defending Singapore: Strategies for a Small State" by Minister for Defence Teo Chee Hean |date=21 April 2005 |publisher=Ministry of Defence |url=http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/news_and_events/nr/2005/apr/21apr05_nr2.html |access-date=19 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024173928/http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/news_and_events/nr/2005/apr/21apr05_nr2.html |archive-date=24 October 2007}}</ref> The government spent 2.7% of the country's GDP on the military in 2024, the highest in the region.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2024 |title=International Comparisons of Defence Expenditure and Military Personnel |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/04597222.2024.2298600 |url-status=live |journal=The Military Balance |volume=124 |issue=1 |pages=542–547 |doi=10.1080/04597222.2024.2298600 |issn=0459-7222 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315180704/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/04597222.2024.2298600 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref>

After its independence, Singapore had only two [[infantry]] regiments commanded by British officers. Considered too small to provide effective security for the new country, the development of its military forces became a priority.<ref name="cs.uwec">{{cite web |last=Barzilai |first=Amnon |date=July 2004 |title=A Deep, Dark, Secret Love Affair |url=http://cs.uwec.edu/~tan/saf_israel.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503151338/http://cs.uwec.edu/~tan/saf_israel.htm |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=19 February 2011 |publisher=[[Haaretz]] |via=University of Wisconsin}}</ref> In addition, in October 1971, Britain pulled its military out of Singapore, leaving behind only a small British, Australian and New Zealand force as a token military presence.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Omar |first1=Marsita |author2=Chan Fook Weng |date=31 December 2007 |title=British withdrawal from Singapore |url=http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1001_2009-02-10.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621034333/http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1001_2009-02-10.html |archive-date=21 June 2012 |access-date=24 August 2012 |publisher=National Library Board}}</ref> A great deal of initial support came from [[Israel]],<ref name="cs.uwec" /> a country unrecognised by Singapore's neighbouring [[Islamic|Muslim-majority]] nations of Malaysia and Indonesia.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 August 2006 |title=Israel alarm at UN force members |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5262490.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710063850/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5262490.stm |archive-date=10 July 2017 |access-date=12 October 2011 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Matt |title=Diplomatic and Foreign Relations of Israel |url=http://geography.about.com/od/politicalgeography/a/israeldiplomacy.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115055734/http://geography.about.com/od/politicalgeography/a/israeldiplomacy.htm |archive-date=15 January 2012 |access-date=12 October 2011 |publisher=About.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 July 2011 |title=Malaysian FA apologises to Benayoun over racist abuse |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/14324943 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922150051/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/14324943.stm |archive-date=22 September 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> The [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) commanders were tasked by the Singapore Government to create the [[Singapore Armed Forces]] (SAF) from scratch, and Israeli instructors were brought in to train Singaporean soldiers. Military courses were conducted according to the IDF's format, and Singapore adopted a system of conscription and reserve service based on the [[Conscription in Israel|Israeli model]].<ref name="cs.uwec" /> Singapore still maintains strong security ties with Israel and is one of the biggest buyers of Israeli arms and weapons systems,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Jewish Virtual History Tour: Singapore |encyclopedia=Jewish Virtual Library |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/singapore.html |access-date=13 October 2011 |date=n.d. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021022601/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/singapore.html |archive-date=21 October 2011}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2026|certain=yes}} with one recent example being the [[MATADOR]] anti-tank weapon.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Israeli Arsenal Deployed Against Gaza During Operation Cast Lead |url=http://www.palestine-studies.org/files/pdf/jps/10341.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928203037/http://www.palestine-studies.org/files/pdf/jps/10341.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=10 July 2012 |publisher=[[Institute of Palestine Studies]] |page=186}}</ref>

The SAF is being developed to respond to a wide range of issues in both conventional and unconventional warfare. The [[Defence Science and Technology Agency]] (DSTA) is responsible for procuring resources for the military.<ref name="Mindef18Feb2008">{{cite press release |title=Speech by Minister for Manpower and Second Minister for Defence Dr Ng Eng Hen |date=18 February 2008 |publisher=Ministry of Defence |url=http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/resources/speeches/2008/18feb08_speech2.html |access-date=19 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706061748/https://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/resources/speeches/2008/18feb08_speech2.html |archive-date=6 July 2017}}</ref> The geographic restrictions of Singapore mean that the SAF must plan to fully repulse an attack, as they cannot fall back and re-group. The small size of the population has also affected the way the SAF has been designed, with a small active force and a large number of reserves.<ref name="MindefApr2005" />

[[File:Black Knight Singapore 1 (12537881585).jpg|thumb|left|[[Republic of Singapore Air Force]] [[RSAF Black Knights|Black Knights]] perform at the Singapore Air Show.]]
Singapore has [[Conscription in Singapore|conscription]] for all able-bodied males at age 18, except those with a criminal record or who can prove that their loss would bring hardship to their families. Males who have yet to complete pre-university education, are awarded the [[Public Service Commission (Singapore)|Public Service Commission]] (PSC) scholarship, or are pursuing a local medical degree can opt to defer their draft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PSC – FAQs |url=http://www.ifaq.gov.sg/psc/apps/fcd_faqmain.aspx?qst=hRhkP9BzcBImsx2TBbssMsxu7lqt6UJK70a1wAEVmyfJ/9fD+N3Xh91Jn0PApSDm/aN8CquE8nH1geMJKOWjpzbUjH0AmXCKue8129xmykRnvPWRXqhAiqq/p2+DIk7rwqacOZ24JcT155e21ebq4c96ux0/vPsuSqtx7Jz7a2+iWlOIPE0B7hwtjPk5NBv45Vo1MFXlZX+doyOmGlWEaFaxh9f9AbES12gldHviYxg=#FAQ_34230 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811133352/http://www.ifaq.gov.sg/psc/apps/fcd_faqmain.aspx?qst=hRhkP9BzcBImsx2TBbssMsxu7lqt6UJK70a1wAEVmyfJ/9fD+N3Xh91Jn0PApSDm/aN8CquE8nH1geMJKOWjpzbUjH0AmXCKue8129xmykRnvPWRXqhAiqq/p2+DIk7rwqacOZ24JcT155e21ebq4c96ux0/vPsuSqtx7Jz7a2+iWlOIPE0B7hwtjPk5NBv45Vo1MFXlZX+doyOmGlWEaFaxh9f9AbES12gldHviYxg=#FAQ_34230 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |access-date=11 August 2018 |website=ifaq.gov.sg}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |date=20 October 2011 |title=Deferment of National Service for Medical Studies |url=https://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/email/link/?id=008_20111020_S0007_T0005&fullContentFlag=false |conference=Singapore Parliament |pages=341–345 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812050022/https://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/email/link/?id=008_20111020_S0007_T0005&fullContentFlag=false |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=6 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Though not required to perform military service, the number of women in the SAF has been increasing: since 1989 they have been allowed to fill military vocations formerly reserved for men. Before induction into a specific branch of the armed forces, recruits undergo at least nine weeks of basic military training.<ref name="country-data">{{cite web |date=December 1989 |title=Singapore – Recruitment and Training of Personnel |url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-11917.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930170849/http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-11917.html |archive-date=30 September 2007 |access-date=19 February 2011 |publisher=Country-data.com}}</ref>

Because of the scarcity of open land on the main island, training involving activities such as live firing and [[amphibious warfare]] are often carried out on smaller islands, typically barred to civilian access. However, large-scale drills, considered too dangerous to be performed in the country, have been performed in other countries such as Brunei, Indonesia, Thailand and the United States. In general, military exercises are held with foreign forces once or twice per week.<ref name="MindefApr2005" /> Due to airspace and land constraints, the [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]] (RSAF) maintains a number of overseas bases in [[Australia]], the United States, and [[France]]. The RSAF's 130 Squadron is based in [[RAAF Base Pearce]], [[Western Australia]],<ref>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=RAAF Base Pearce |url=http://www.airforce.gov.au/bases/pearce.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623043012/http://www.airforce.gov.au/bases/Pearce.aspx |archive-date=23 June 2012 |access-date=12 October 2011 |publisher=[[Royal Australian Air Force]]}}</ref> and its [[126 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force|126 Squadron]] is based in the [[Oakey Army Aviation Centre]], [[Queensland]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=Opening Ceremony of the RSAF Helicopter Detachment in Oakey, Australia |date=20 August 1999 |publisher=Ministry of Defence |url=http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/news_and_events/nr/1999/aug/20aug99_nr.html |access-date=5 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060313052830/http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/news_and_events/nr/1999/aug/20aug99_nr.html |archive-date=13 March 2006}}</ref> The RSAF has one squadron—the 150 Squadron—based in [[Cazaux Air Base]] in southern France.<ref>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=Beyond Limits – Jet Training in France |url=http://www.mindef.gov.sg/cyberpioneer/backissuessep1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625180014/http://www.mindef.gov.sg/cyberpioneer/backissuessep1.htm |archive-date=25 June 2007 |access-date=12 October 2011 |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> The RSAF's overseas detachments in the United States are: [[Luke Air Force Base]] in [[Arizona]], [[Marana, Arizona|Marana]] in Arizona, [[Mountain Home Air Force Base]] in [[Idaho]], and [[Andersen Air Force Base]] in [[Guam]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Staff Sgt. Jasmine Reif |date=20 November 2009 |title=Singapore celebrates Peace Carvin V partnership with U.S. Air Force |url=https://www.acc.af.mil/News/Article/201303/singapore-celebrates-peace-carvin-v-partnership-with-us-air-force/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815034252/https://www.acc.af.mil/News/Article/201303/singapore-celebrates-peace-carvin-v-partnership-with-us-air-force/ |archive-date=August 15, 2025 |access-date=August 15, 2025 |website=acc.af.mil |publisher=U.S. Air Combat Command}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Chua Chin Hon |date=13 July 2010 |title=PM gets feel of RSAF's new jet at US base |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes20100713-1.2.9.3 |access-date=5 July 2013 |work=The Straits Times |location=Singapore}}</ref>{{verification needed|reason=National Library visit required to view. Alternative link may be possible.|date=February 2026}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yong |first=Charissa |date=7 December 2019 |title=Singapore and United States sign pact to set up RSAF fighter training detachment in Guam |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-and-united-states-sign-pact-to-set-up-rsaf-fighter-training-detachment-in-guam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214045849/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-and-united-states-sign-pact-to-set-up-rsaf-fighter-training-detachment-in-guam |archive-date=14 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=The Straits Times |location=Singapore}}</ref>

The SAF has sent forces to assist in operations outside the country, in areas such as [[Iraq]],<ref>{{cite news |date=7 October 2003 |title=Singapore to send 192 military personnel to Iraq |url=http://www.singapore-window.org/sw03/031027af.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906155446/http://www.singapore-window.org/sw03/031027af.htm |archive-date=6 September 2008 |access-date=19 February 2011 |work=Singapore Window |agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref> and [[Afghanistan]],<ref>{{cite news |date=9 October 2017 |title=75 SAF soldiers honoured for contributions in fight against ISIS |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/75-saf-soldiers-honoured-for-contributions-in-fight-against-isis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706132449/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/75-saf-soldiers-honoured-for-contributions-in-fight-against-isis |archive-date=6 July 2018 |access-date=17 August 2018 |work=The Straits Times |location=Singapore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 May 2007 |title=SAF to provide medical aid, set up dental clinic in Afghanistan |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/276527/1/.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208212623/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/276527/1/.html |archive-date=8 December 2008 |access-date=19 February 2011 |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |location=Singapore}}</ref> in both military and civilian roles. In the region, they have helped to stabilise [[East Timor]]<ref>{{cite press release |title=Official Visit by Minister for Foreign Affairs Dr Vivian Balakrishnan to the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, 23 to 27 July |date=24 July 2023 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore |location=Singapore |url=https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2023/07/FM-Visit-Timor-Leste#:~:text=Singapore%20was%20amongst%20the%20first,the%20East%20Timor%20Police%20Service. |access-date=20 November 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203040654/https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2023/07/FM-Visit-Timor-Leste#:~:text=Singapore%20was%20amongst%20the%20first,the%20East%20Timor%20Police%20Service. |archive-date=3 December 2023 |author=}}</ref> and have provided aid to [[Aceh]] in Indonesia following the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]].<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/files/misc/FMA/SIPRI08FMA.pdf |title=The Effectiveness of Foreign Military Assets in Natural Disaster Response |last1=Wiharta |first1=Sharon |last2=Ahmad |first2=Hassan |last3=Halne |first3=Jean-Yves |last4=Löfgren |first4=Josefina |last5=Randall |first5=Tim |year=2008 |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |pages=87–99 |isbn=978-91-85114-57-3 |access-date=20 November 2024 |chapter=Case study: Indian Ocean tsunami, Aceh province, Indonesia, 2004}}</ref> Since 2009, the [[Republic of Singapore Navy]] (RSN) has deployed ships to the [[Gulf of Aden]] to aid in countering [[piracy]] efforts as part of [[Combined Task Force 151|Task Force 151]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chow |first1=Jermyn |date=17 March 2014 |title=Singapore sends 151 servicemen to join anti-piracy patrols in Gulf of Aden |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-sends-151-servicemen-to-join-anti-piracy-patrols-in-gulf-of-aden |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710191320/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-sends-151-servicemen-to-join-anti-piracy-patrols-in-gulf-of-aden |archive-date=10 July 2018 |access-date=5 December 2020 |work=The Straits Times |location=Singapore}}</ref> The SAF also helped in relief efforts during [[Hurricane Katrina]],<ref>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=Katrina Relief Operations |url=http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/mindef_websites/topics/katrina.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025202249/http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/mindef_websites/topics/katrina.html |archive-date=25 October 2005 |access-date=12 October 2011 |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> and [[Typhoon Haiyan]].<ref>{{cite news |date=14 November 2013 |title=RSAF C-130 arrives in Cebu to assist relief efforts |url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/rsaf-c-130-arrives-cebu-assist-relief-efforts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414153225/https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/rsaf-c-130-arrives-cebu-assist-relief-efforts |archive-date=14 April 2021 |access-date=5 December 2020 |work=Today |location=Singapore}}</ref> Singapore is part of the [[Five Power Defence Arrangements]] (FPDA), a military alliance with Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.<ref name="MindefApr2005" /> According to the 2024 [[Global Peace Index]], Singapore is the 5th most peaceful country in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=11 August 2024}}</ref>

=== Human rights ===
{{Main|Human rights in Singapore}}

{{See also|Abortion in Singapore|Capital punishment in Singapore|LGBT rights in Singapore}}
[[Capital punishment]] is a legal and enforced penalty in Singapore. The country is [[Capital punishment by country|one of four]] in the [[Developed country|developed world]] to retain the death penalty, along with the United States, [[Japan]] and [[Taiwan]]. Particularly, its [[capital punishment for drug trafficking|use against drug trafficking]] has been a source of contention with [[Non-governmental organization|non-governmental organisations]] such as [[Amnesty International]] and [[Human Rights Watch]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2024 |title=Singapore: Imminent unlawful execution for drug trafficking must be halted |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/11/singapore-imminent-unlawful-execution-for-drug-trafficking-must-be-halted/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Newton |first=Robbie |date=9 October 2024 |title=Singapore Moves Further Out of Step on Death Penalty |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/10/09/singapore-moves-further-out-step-death-penalty |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009233958/https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/10/09/singapore-moves-further-out-step-death-penalty |archive-date=9 October 2024 |access-date=20 November 2024 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> The government has responded that it has "no doubts" that it is the right policy and that there is "clear evidence" of [[Deterrence (penology)|serious deterrence]], and that the law should be looked at upon in the wider context of "saving lives", particularly citizens.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 June 2022 |title=No doubts that death penalty is the right policy for drug trafficking: Shanmugam |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/no-doubts-death-penalty-right-policy-drug-trafficking-shanmugam-2776746 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630043613/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/no-doubts-death-penalty-right-policy-drug-trafficking-shanmugam-2776746 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=CNA}}</ref> In 2004, [[Amnesty International]] claimed that some legal provisions of the Singapore system for the death penalty conflict with "the right to be [[Presumption of innocence|presumed innocent]] until proven guilty".<ref name="amnesty">{{cite web |year=2003 |title=Singapore: The death penalty – A hidden toll of executions |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA36/001/2004&lang=e |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113025257/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA36/001/2004%26lang%3De |archive-date=13 January 2012 |access-date=1 May 2011 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> The government has disputed Amnesty's claims, stating that their "position on abolition of the death penalty is by no means uncontested internationally" and that the report contains "grave errors of facts and misrepresentations".<ref name="response">{{cite press release |title=The Singapore Government's Response To Amnesty International's Report 'Singapore – The Death Penalty: A Hidden Toll Of Executions' |date=30 January 2004 |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (Singapore)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |url=http://www.mha.gov.sg/basic_content.aspx?pageid=74 |access-date=22 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114130039/http://www.mha.gov.sg/basic_content.aspx?pageid=74 |archive-date=14 November 2007}}</ref>

From 1938 to 2023, sexual relations between men were technically illegal under [[Section 377A of the Penal Code (Singapore)|Section 377A of the Penal Code]], first introduced during British colonial rule.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wong |first=Jonathan |date=2 October 2018 |title=Government has not curbed public prosecutor's discretion for Section 377A: A-G Lucien Wong |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/government-has-not-curbed-public-prosecutors-discretion-for-section-377a-ag |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004145050/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/government-has-not-curbed-public-prosecutors-discretion-for-section-377a-ag |archive-date=4 October 2018 |access-date=12 July 2021 |work=The Straits Times |location=Singapore}}</ref> During the last few decades, this law was mostly unenforced and pressure to repeal it increased as homosexuality became more accepted by Singaporean society.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lum |first=Selina |date=28 February 2022 |title=Court of Appeal rules Section 377A stays but cannot be used to prosecute men for having gay sex |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/court-of-appeal-rules-section-377a-stays-but-cannot-be-used-to-prosecute-men-for-having-gay-sex |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630120101/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/court-of-appeal-rules-section-377a-stays-but-cannot-be-used-to-prosecute-men-for-having-gay-sex |archive-date=30 June 2022 |access-date=30 June 2022 |work=The Straits Times |location=Singapore}}</ref> Meanwhile, sexual relations between women had always been legal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wong |first=Jonathan |date=2 October 2018 |title=Government has not curbed public prosecutor's discretion for Section 377A: A-G Lucien Wong |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/government-has-not-curbed-public-prosecutors-discretion-for-section-377a-ag |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004145050/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/government-has-not-curbed-public-prosecutors-discretion-for-section-377a-ag |archive-date=4 October 2018 |access-date=16 April 2019 |work=The Straits Times}}</ref> In 2022, Prime Minister [[Lee Hsien Loong]] announced that Singapore would repeal 377A, effectively decriminalising homosexual behaviour. Nevertheless, he added that the repeal will not affect the recognition of "traditional familial and societal norms," including how marriage is defined, leaving the legal status of [[same-sex marriage]] unchanged for the time, although the possibility of [[civil unions]] was not officially ruled out.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 August 2022 |title=Singapore to decriminalize gay sex, but will limit change |url=https://apnews.com/article/gay-rights-constitutions-marriage-singapore-lee-hsien-loong-6ab5c85aa54c509a2115c05dc6682628 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821160041/https://apnews.com/article/gay-rights-constitutions-marriage-singapore-lee-hsien-loong-6ab5c85aa54c509a2115c05dc6682628 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |access-date=21 August 2022 |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> Lee described this as a compromise between the [[conservative]] (and often religious) and [[progressivism|progressive]] elements of Singaporean society to prevent further political fracturing.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 August 2022 |title=377A: Singapore to end ban on gay sex |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-62545577 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821130914/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-62545577 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |access-date=21 August 2022 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> The law was officially repealed on 3 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Han |first=Goh Yan |date=3 January 2023 |title=S377A officially repealed after President Halimah gives assent to Bill |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/s377a-officially-repealed-as-president-assents-to-changes-to-legislation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725103316/http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/s377a-officially-repealed-as-president-assents-to-changes-to-legislation |archive-date=25 July 2023 |access-date=27 January 2024 |work=The Straits Times |issn=0585-3923}}</ref>

[[Pink Dot SG]], an event held in support of the [[LGBT]] community, has drawn thousands of people annually since 2009 with increasing attendance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2020 |title=Views of Homosexuality Around the World |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2021 |website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project}}</ref> According to a survey conducted by the [[Institute of Policy Studies (Singapore)|Institute of Policy Studies]] in 2019, Singaporean society has become more [[liberalism|liberal]] on LGBT rights. In the survey, more than 20% of people said that sexual relations between adults of the same sex were not wrong at all or not wrong most of the time, up from 10% in 2013. The survey found that 27% felt the same way about same-sex marriage (an increase from 15% in 2013) and 30% did so about same-sex couples adopting a child (an increase from 24% in 2013).<ref>{{cite news |date=3 May 2019 |title=Greater public acceptance of gay sex and marriage: Survey |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/greater-public-acceptance-of-gay-sex-and-marriage-survey |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605181541/https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/greater-public-acceptance-of-gay-sex-and-marriage-survey |archive-date=5 June 2019 |access-date=12 July 2021 |work=The Straits Times |location=Singapore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Yuen-C |first=Tham |date=2 May 2019 |title=Singapore society still largely conservative but becoming more liberal on gay rights: IPS survey |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/singapore-society-still-largely-conservative-but-becoming-more-liberal-on-gay-rights-ips |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605181337/https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/singapore-society-still-largely-conservative-but-becoming-more-liberal-on-gay-rights-ips |archive-date=5 June 2019 |access-date=12 July 2021 |work=The Straits Times |location=Singapore}}</ref>

[[Procuring (prostitution)|Pimps]] often [[Sex trafficking in Singapore|traffic]] women from neighbouring countries such as [[China]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Vietnam]] at their [[brothels]] as well as rented [[apartment]]s and [[hostels]] for higher profit margins when they get a cut from customers.<ref>{{cite news |date=2017 |title=How a 14-year-old girl was trafficked to Singapore and locked up |url=https://www.asiaone.com/singapore/how-14-year-old-girl-was-trafficked-singapore-and-locked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412141723/https://www.asiaone.com/singapore/how-14-year-old-girl-was-trafficked-singapore-and-locked |archive-date=12 April 2020 |access-date=12 April 2020 |website=Asia One}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=15 February 2020 |title='She had lost all reason to live': Undoing the horrors of being trafficked to Singapore and seeking justice |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/trafficking-singapore-labour-crime-boat-quay-justice-victims-12423400 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412163911/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/trafficking-singapore-labour-crime-boat-quay-justice-victims-12423400 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |access-date=12 April 2020 |website=cna}}</ref> In response, amendments were made to the [[Women's Charter]] by the government in 2019 to legislate more serious punishments for traffickers, including imprisonment of up to seven years and a fine of S$100,000.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 2019 |title=Sex trafficking in Singapore: How changes to the law may protect women duped into prostitution |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/prostitution-sex-work-human-trafficking-singapore-womens-charter-12061526 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412142127/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/prostitution-sex-work-human-trafficking-singapore-womens-charter-12061526 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |access-date=12 April 2020 |website=CNA}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Singapore}}

[[File:Marina Bay, Financial District and Singapore River (35622190292).jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Skyline of Singapore's [[Downtown Core]]]]
Singapore has a highly developed [[market economy]], based historically on extended [[entrepôt]] trade. Along with [[Hong Kong]], [[South Korea]], and [[Taiwan]], Singapore is one of the [[Four Asian Tigers]], and has surpassed its peers in terms of [[Gross domestic product|Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP) per capita. Between 1965 and 1995, growth rates averaged around 6 per cent per annum, transforming the living standards of the population.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baten |first=Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=292 |isbn=978-1-107-50718-0}}</ref>

The Singaporean economy is regarded as free,<ref>{{cite news |last=Li |first=Dickson |url=http://www.asiaone.com/Business/News/My+Money/Story/A1Story20100201-195831.html |title=Singapore is most open economy: Report |work=Asiaone |location=Singapore |date=1 February 2010|access-date=10 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207003624/http://www.asiaone.com/Business/News/My%2BMoney/Story/A1Story20100201-195831.html|archive-date=7 February 2010}}</ref> innovative,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://eurocham.org.sg/index.php?option=com_eurochammobile&view=news&id=289&template=ccmobile |title=Singapore ranked 7th in the world for innovation |newspaper=The Straits Times |location=Singapore |date=5 March 2010|access-date=23 August 2010|archive-date=17 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117011704/http://eurocham.org.sg/index.php?option=com_eurochammobile&view=news&id=289&template=ccmobile|url-status=live}}</ref>
dynamic<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/singapore-jumps-to-top-of-global-dynamism-index |title=Singapore jumps to top of Global Dynamism Index |date=29 October 2015 |work=The Straits Times |location=Singapore|access-date=25 November 2015|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807080740/http://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/singapore-jumps-to-top-of-global-dynamism-index|url-status=live}}</ref> and business-friendly.<ref>{{cite news |title=Singapore top paradise for business: World Bank |url=http://business.asiaone.com/Business/News/SME%2BCentral/Story/A1Story20070926-27084.html |agency=Agence France-Presse |location=Singapore |work=AsiaOne |date=26 September 2007|access-date=22 April 2010 |quote=For the second year running, Singapore tops the aggregate rankings on the ease of doing business in 2006 to 2007.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707002844/http://business.asiaone.com/Business/News/SME%2BCentral/Story/A1Story20070926-27084.html|archive-date=7 July 2009}}</ref> For several years, Singapore has been one of the few<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2014/oct/15/the-aaa-rated-club-which-countries-still-make-the-grade|author-first1=Angela|author-last1=Monaghan|title=The AAA-rated club: which countries still make the grade? |date=15 October 2014 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144835/https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2014/oct/15/the-aaa-rated-club-which-countries-still-make-the-grade|url-status=live}}</ref> countries with a [[Bond credit rating|AAA credit rating]] from the [[Big Three (credit rating agencies)|big three]], and the only Asian country to achieve this rating.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ogg |first=Jon C. |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna44020687 |title=Remaining countries with AAA credit ratings|access-date=12 October 2011 |date=8 August 2011 |publisher=[[NBC News]]|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210172859/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/44020687|url-status=live}}</ref> Singapore attracts a large amount of foreign investment as a result of its location, skilled workforce, low tax rates, advanced infrastructure and zero-tolerance against corruption.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cpib.gov.sg/sites/default/files/publication-documents/CPIB%20Corruption%20Statistics_0.pdf |title=CPIB Corruption Statistics 2015 |date=2 April 2015 |publisher=World Bank|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322233426/https://www.cpib.gov.sg/sites/default/files/publication-documents/CPIB%20Corruption%20Statistics_0.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2016}}</ref> It was the world's 4th most competitive economy in 2023, according to the [[International Institute for Management Development]]'s World Competitiveness Ranking of 64 countries,<ref>{{cite news |title=Singapore drops one place to No. 4 in global competitiveness ranking |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-drops-to-4th-in-global-competitiveness-ranking#:~:text=SINGAPORE%20%E2%80%93%20Singapore%20has%20been%20ranked,Competitiveness%20Ranking%20released%20on%20Tuesday. |work=Straits Times |date=22 June 2023|access-date=30 June 2023|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630122457/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-drops-to-4th-in-global-competitiveness-ranking#:~:text=SINGAPORE%20%E2%80%93%20Singapore%20has%20been%20ranked,Competitiveness%20Ranking%20released%20on%20Tuesday.|url-status=live}}</ref> with the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|highest GDP (PPP) per capita]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Competitiveness Booklet |url=https://km.fti.or.th/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Booklet-World-Competitiveness-2024-by-IMD.pdf |website=imd.cld.bz |publisher=[[International Institute for Management Development]] |access-date=1 July 2023 |date=2023 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630183836/https://imd.cld.bz/IMD-World-Competitiveness-Booklet-2023/106/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=60&pr1.y=11&c=137,516,453,576,178&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |publisher=IMF|access-date=7 October 2019|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209082914/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=60&pr1.y=11&c=137,516,453,576,178&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&grp=0&a=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2018&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=55&pr1.y=9&c=512,946,914,137,612,546,614,962,311,674,213,676,911,548,193,556,122,678,912,181,313,867,419,682,513,684,316,273,913,868,124,921,339,948,638,943,514,686,218,688,963,518,616,728,223,836,516,558,918,138,748,196,618,278,624,692,522,694,622,142,156,449,626,564,628,565,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,359,960,453,423,968,935,922,128,714,611,862,321,135,243,716,248,456,469,722,253,942,642,718,643,724,939,576,644,936,819,961,172,813,132,726,646,199,648,733,915,184,134,524,652,361,174,362,328,364,258,732,656,366,654,734,336,144,263,146,268,463,532,528,944,923,176,738,534,578,536,537,429,742,433,866,178,369,436,744,136,186,343,925,158,869,439,746,916,926,664,466,826,112,542,111,967,298,443,927,917,846,544,299,941,582,446,474,666,754,668,698,672&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |publisher=IMF|access-date=7 October 2019|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209082917/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2018&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=55&pr1.y=9&c=512,946,914,137,612,546,614,962,311,674,213,676,911,548,193,556,122,678,912,181,313,867,419,682,513,684,316,273,913,868,124,921,339,948,638,943,514,686,218,688,963,518,616,728,223,836,516,558,918,138,748,196,618,278,624,692,522,694,622,142,156,449,626,564,628,565,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,359,960,453,423,968,935,922,128,714,611,862,321,135,243,716,248,456,469,722,253,942,642,718,643,724,939,576,644,936,819,961,172,813,132,726,646,199,648,733,915,184,134,524,652,361,174,362,328,364,258,732,656,366,654,734,336,144,263,146,268,463,532,528,944,923,176,738,534,578,536,537,429,742,433,866,178,369,436,744,136,186,343,925,158,869,439,746,916,926,664,466,826,112,542,111,967,298,443,927,917,846,544,299,941,582,446,474,666,754,668,698,672&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a=|url-status=live}}</ref> Roughly 44 per cent of the Singaporean workforce is made up of non-Singaporeans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.salary.sg/2010/44-percent-of-workforce-are-non-citizens/ |title=44 Percent of Workforce Are Non-Citizens" (our estimate)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221140252/http://www.salary.sg/2010/44-percent-of-workforce-are-non-citizens/|archive-date=21 February 2016 |work=Your Salary in Singapore |date=15 March 2010}}</ref> Despite market freedom, Singapore's government operations have a significant stake in the economy, contributing 22% of the GDP.<ref>{{cite news |author=Seung-yoon Lee |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/09/ha-joon-chang-economics_n_5120030.html |title=Ha-Joon Chang: Economics Is A Political Argument |work=HuffPost |date=9 April 2014|access-date=18 July 2014|archive-date=25 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725200025/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/09/ha-joon-chang-economics_n_5120030.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The city is a popular location for conferences and events.<ref>{{cite news |title=Singapore remains top Asian city for meetings |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-remains-top-asian-city-for-meetings |work=The Straits Times |date=9 September 2015 |location=Singapore|access-date=9 August 2018|archive-date=9 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809215414/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-remains-top-asian-city-for-meetings|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Singapore Airlines, Airbus A380-800 9V-SKI '50th anniversary of Singapore' NRT (20786371995).jpg|thumb|left|alt=Singapore Airlines celebrated the nation's Golden Jubilee with a flag livery on its Airbus A380|[[Singapore Airlines]], the country's [[flag carrier]], celebrated the nation's 2015 [[Golden Jubilee]] with a flag [[livery]] on its [[Airbus A380]].]]

The currency of Singapore is the [[Singapore dollar]] (SGD or S$), issued by the [[Monetary Authority of Singapore]] (MAS).<ref>{{cite book |author=Low Siang Kok |title=The Future of Money |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |location=Paris|chapter-url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2002/05/the-future-of-money_g1ghg271/9789264195929-en.pdf|access-date=November 23, 2025 |isbn=978-92-64-19672-8 |page=147 |chapter=Chapter 6: Singapore Electronic Legal Tender (SELT) – A Proposed Concept |year=2002 |archive-date=16 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216000244/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/40/31/35391062.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> It has been interchangeable with the [[Brunei dollar]] at [[par value]] since 1967.<ref name="Currency History">{{cite press release |url=http://www.mas.gov.sg/currency/currency_info/Heritage_Collection.html |title=The Currency History of Singapore|access-date=22 April 2010 |date=9 April 2007 |publisher=Monetary Authority of Singapore|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202075742/http://www.mas.gov.sg/currency/currency_info/Heritage_Collection.html|archive-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> MAS manages its [[monetary policy]] by allowing the Singapore dollar [[exchange rate]] to rise or fall within an undisclosed trading band. This is different from most [[central banks]], which use [[interest rates]] to manage policy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-13/this-central-bank-doesn-t-set-interest-rates |title=This Central Bank Doesn't Set Interest Rates |date=13 April 2015 |work=Bloomberg|access-date=11 March 2017|archive-date=19 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919003651/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-13/this-central-bank-doesn-t-set-interest-rates|url-status=live}}</ref> Singapore has the world's eleventh [[List of countries by foreign exchange reserves|largest foreign reserves]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mas.gov.sg/statistics/reserve-statistics/official-foreign-reserves |title=Official Foreign Reserves |website=mas.gov.sg|access-date=28 August 2019|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119033149/https://www.mas.gov.sg/statistics/reserve-statistics/official-foreign-reserves|url-status=live}}</ref> and one of the highest [[List of creditor nations by net international investment position per capita|net international investment position per capita]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/SDDS/data.html#ext |title=Statistics Singapore -IMF SDDS – Economic and Financial |publisher=Singstat.gov.sg|access-date=14 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009010622/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/SDDS/data.html|archive-date=9 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xe.com/ucc/convert/?Amount=1&From=USD&To=SGD |title=Based on USD/SGD rate of 1.221 |publisher=Xe.com|access-date=14 October 2013|archive-date=18 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218200515/http://www.xe.com/ucc/convert/?Amount=1&From=USD&To=SGD|url-status=live}}</ref>

Singapore has been identified as a [[tax haven]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.todayonline.com/business/singapore-fifth-worst-tax-haven-world-oxfam |title=Singapore fifth worst tax haven in the world: Oxfam |last=Lee |first=Yen Nee|access-date=28 August 2019|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828035003/https://www.todayonline.com/business/singapore-fifth-worst-tax-haven-world-oxfam|url-status=live}}</ref> for the wealthy due to its low tax rates on personal income and tax exemptions on foreign-based income and capital gains. Individuals such as Australian millionaire retailer [[Brett Blundy]] and multi-billionaire Facebook co-founder [[Eduardo Saverin]] are two examples of wealthy individuals who have settled in Singapore.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tax havens: Brett Blundy latest to join the Singapore set |url=http://www.brw.com.au/p/brw-lounge/tax_havens_brett_blundy_latest_to_6FkTiljzKasO6SyVSMRWpM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414232445/http://www.brw.com.au/p/brw-lounge/tax_havens_brett_blundy_latest_to_6FkTiljzKasO6SyVSMRWpM|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 April 2013 |website=Business Review Weekly|access-date=18 April 2013 |author=Andrew Heathcote |date=15 April 2013}}</ref> In 2009, Singapore was removed from the [[OECD|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) "liste grise" of tax havens,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nooten |first1=Carrie |title=Pourquoi Cahuzac a-t-il placé son argent à Singapour? |url=http://www.slate.fr/story/70305/singapour-paradis-fiscal |website=Slate|access-date=13 November 2016 |language=fr |date=4 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114005811/http://www.slate.fr/story/70305/singapour-paradis-fiscal|archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> and ranked fourth on the [[Tax Justice Network]]'s 2015 [[Financial Secrecy Index]] of the world's off-shore financial service providers, banking one-eighth of the world's offshore capital, while "providing numerous tax avoidance and evasion opportunities".<ref name="FSI">{{cite web |title=Financial Secrecy Index – 2015 Results: Narrative Report on Singapore |publisher=Tax Justice Network |url=http://www.financialsecrecyindex.com/PDF/Singapore.pdf |year=2015|access-date=23 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001155132/http://www.financialsecrecyindex.com/PDF/Singapore.pdf|archive-date=1 October 2016}}</ref> In August 2016, ''[[The Straits Times]]'' reported that Indonesia had decided to create tax havens on two islands near Singapore to bring Indonesian capital back into the tax base.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jakarta plans tax haven on two islands near Singapore |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/jakarta-plans-tax-haven-on-two-islands-near-singapore |website=The Straits Times|access-date=13 November 2016 |date=14 August 2016|archive-date=14 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114005729/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/jakarta-plans-tax-haven-on-two-islands-near-singapore|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2016, the Monetary Authority of Singapore admonished and fined [[UBS]] and [[DBS Bank|DBS]] and withdrew the banking licence from {{ill|Falcon Private Bank|de|Falcon Private Bank}} for their alleged role in the Malaysian Sovereign Fund scandal.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Anshuman Daga |author2=Joshua Franklin |title=Singapore shuts Falcon bank unit, fines DBS and UBS over 1MDB |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-scandal-falcon-idUSKCN12B03Y|access-date=13 November 2016 |date=11 October 2016 |newspaper=Reuters|archive-date=14 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114004410/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-scandal-falcon-idUSKCN12B03Y|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UBS et Falcon sanctionnés à Singapour dans le scandale 1MBD |url=http://www.bilan.ch/argent-finances/ubs-falcon-sanctionnes-a-singapour-scandale-1mbd |website=Bilan.ch|access-date=13 November 2016 |language=fr |date=11 October 2016|archive-date=2 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502222612/http://www.bilan.ch/argent-finances/ubs-falcon-sanctionnes-a-singapour-scandale-1mbd|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2016, Singapore was rated the world's most expensive city for the third consecutive year by the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ungku |first1=Fathin |last2=Teo |first2=Hillary |title=Water price hike sparks rare public protest in Singapore |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-singapore-protest-idUKKBN16I0GP?il=0|access-date=11 March 2017 |work=Reuters |date=11 March 2017|archive-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312063839/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-singapore-protest-idUKKBN16I0GP?il=0|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Lee Yen Nee |title=Singapore ranked world's most expensive city for 3rd year running |url=http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/singapore-worlds-most-expensive-city-third-year-row-says-eiu-report|access-date=11 March 2017 |work=Today |location=Singapore |date=10 March 2016|archive-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424151527/http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/singapore-worlds-most-expensive-city-third-year-row-says-eiu-report?|url-status=live}}</ref> and this remained true in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2018/03/daily-chart-9 |title=Asian and European cities compete for the title of most expensive city |date=15 March 2018 |newspaper=The Economist|access-date=21 April 2018 |location=London|archive-date=1 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501185800/https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2018/03/daily-chart-9|url-status=live}}</ref> The government provides numerous assistance programmes to the homeless and needy through the [[Ministry of Social and Family Development]], so acute poverty is rare. Some of the programmes include providing financial assistance to needy households, providing free medical care at government hospitals, and paying for children's tuition.<ref>{{cite web |title=Assistance |date=26 October 2014 |url=http://app.msf.gov.sg/Assistance |publisher=Ministry of Social and Family Development|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026061435/http://app.msf.gov.sg/Assistance|archive-date=26 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The stingy nanny |date=16 October 2009 |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2010/02/13/the-stingy-nanny |newspaper=The Economist |location=London|access-date=14 February 2012|archive-date=2 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202084444/http://www.economist.com/node/15524092|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Welfare in Singapore: Singapore government response |date=17 February 2010 |url=https://www.economist.com/unknown/2010/02/17/singapore-government-response |newspaper=The Economist |location=London|access-date=14 February 2012|archive-date=29 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629042252/http://www.economist.com/node/15541423|url-status=live}}</ref> Other benefits include compensation for gym fees to encourage citizens to exercise,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.todayonline.com/print/475546 |title=ActiveSG$100 for Singaporeans to play sport |newspaper=Today |location=Singapore |date=26 April 2014|access-date=13 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623023323/http://www.todayonline.com/print/475546|archive-date=23 June 2016}}</ref> up to S$166,000 as a [[baby bonus]] for each citizen,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.babybonus.msf.gov.sg/parent |title=Baby Bonus |publisher=Ministry of Social & Family Development|access-date=13 July 2016|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016034146/http://www.babybonus.msf.gov.sg/parent/|url-status=live}}</ref> heavily subsidised healthcare, financial aid for the disabled, the provision of reduced-cost laptops for poor students,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ida.gov.sg/Learning/Community-Development/NEU-PC-Plus-Programme/Schemes/NEU-PC-Plus-Programme-PC-Bundle-scheme |title=NEU PC Plus Programme |publisher=Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore|access-date=13 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119040025/https://www.ida.gov.sg/Learning/Community-Development/NEU-PC-Plus-Programme/Schemes/NEU-PC-Plus-Programme-PC-Bundle-scheme|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> rebates for costs such as public transport<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mot.gov.sg/News-Centre/News/2015/250,000-Public-Transport-Vouchers-to-Help-Needy-Families-Cope-with-Fare-Adjustment |title=250,000 Public Transport Vouchers to Help Needy Families Cope with Fare Adjustment |publisher=Ministry of Transport |date=21 January 2015|access-date=13 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529210225/http://www.mot.gov.sg/News-Centre/News/2015/250,000-Public-Transport-Vouchers-to-Help-Needy-Families-Cope-with-Fare-Adjustment/|archive-date=29 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and utility bills, and more.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://app.msf.gov.sg/Press-Room/Numbers-and-profile-of-homeless-persons |title=Numbers and profile of homeless persons |publisher=Ministry of Social and Family Development |date=13 August 2012|access-date=13 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513223221/http://app.msf.gov.sg/Press-Room/Numbers-and-profile-of-homeless-persons|archive-date=13 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/budget_2014/families1.aspx |title=Singapore Budget 2014 – Measures For Households |publisher=Government of Singapore|access-date=13 July 2016|archive-date=25 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625104848/http://www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/budget_2014/families1.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2025 report, Singapore was ranked 13th in the world in the [[Human Development Index]] (HDI) with a value of 0.946, making it one of four regions in Asia to be ranked within the top 20, with the other three being Hong Kong, United Arab Emirates, and South Korea.<ref name="HDI" />

=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Singapore}}

==== Land ====
[[File:KSF C151B close view 0225.jpg|thumb|A [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang C151B|C151B]] MRT train approaching [[Eunos station]]]]
[[File:Singapore Buses (SBST) - 0625.jpg|thumb| [[Public buses of Singapore|Public buses]] in Singapore]]

Singapore's public transport network is shaped up with trains (consisting of the [[Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)|MRT]] and [[Light Rail Transit (Singapore)|LRT]] systems), [[Bus transport in Singapore|buses]] and [[Taxis of Singapore|taxis]]. There are currently six MRT lines ([[North–South Line (Singapore)|North–South Line]], [[East–West Line (Singapore)|East–West Line]], [[North East Line]], [[Circle Line (Singapore)|Circle Line]], [[Downtown Line]] and [[Thomson–East Coast Line]]), three LRT lines serving the neighbourhoods of [[Bukit Panjang]] and [[Choa Chu Kang]] ([[Bukit Panjang LRT line]]), [[Sengkang]] ([[Sengkang LRT line]]) and [[Punggol]] ([[Punggol LRT line]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/getting_around/public_transport/rail_network.html |title=Rail Network |publisher=Land Transport Authority|access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref> covering around 241 km (150 mi) in total, and more than 300 bus routes in operation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/who_we_are/our_work/public_transport_system/bus.html |title=Bus |publisher=Land Transport Authority|access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref> [[Taxi]]s are a popular form of transport as the fares are relatively affordable when compared to many other developed countries, whilst cars in Singapore are the most expensive to own worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltaweb/en/public-transport/taxis/getting-a-taxi.html |title=Getting A Taxi |publisher=Land Transport Authority|access-date=13 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527192902/http://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltaweb/en/public-transport/taxis/getting-a-taxi.html|archive-date=27 May 2016}}</ref>

Singapore has a [[road transport in Singapore|road system]] covering {{convert|3356|km|mi|0}}, which includes {{convert|161|km|mi|0}} [[expressways of Singapore|of expressways]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lta.gov.sg/corp_info/doc/Average_Daily_Public_Transport_Ridership.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401014335/http://www.lta.gov.sg/corp_info/doc/Average_Daily_Public_Transport_Ridership.pdf|archive-date=1 April 2010|url-status=dead |title=Public transport ridership |publisher=Land Transport Authority|access-date=2 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lta.gov.sg/public_transport/pt_rail_tracing.htm |title=Tracing our steps |publisher=Land Transport Authority|access-date=2 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605104816/http://www.lta.gov.sg/public_transport/pt_rail_tracing.htm|archive-date=5 June 2011}}</ref> The [[Singapore Area Licensing Scheme]], implemented in 1975, became the world's first [[congestion pricing]] scheme, and included other complementary measures such as stringent car ownership quotas and improvements in mass transit.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Small |first1=Kenneth A. |last2=Verhoef |first2=Erik T. |year=2007 |title=The Economics of Urban Transportation |url=https://archive.org/details/economicsurbantr00smal|url-access=limited |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-28515-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/economicsurbantr00smal/page/n164 148]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cervero |first=Robert|author-link=Robert Cervero |year=1998 |title=The Transit Metropolis |page=169 |publisher=Island Press |location=Washington DC |id=Chapter 6/The Master Planned Transit Metropolis: Singapore |isbn=978-1-55963-591-2}}</ref> Upgraded in 1998 and renamed [[Electronic Road Pricing]] (ERP), the system introduced [[electronic toll collection]], electronic detection, and video surveillance technology.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lta.gov.sg/motoring_matters/index_motoring_erp.htm |title=Electronic Road Pricing |publisher=Land Transport Authority|access-date=16 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410143342/http://www.lta.gov.sg/motoring_matters/index_motoring_erp.htm |archive-date=10 April 2008}}</ref> A satellite-based system was due to replace the physical gantries by 2020, but has been delayed until 2026 due to global shortages in the supply of semiconductors.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/satellite-based-erp-to-be-ready-by-2020-with-s-556m-contract-awa-8182754 |title=Satellite-based ERP to be ready by 2020, with S$556m contract awarded |date=25 February 2016 |work=Channel NewsAsia|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161420/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/satellite-based-erp-to-be-ready-by-2020-with-s-556m-contract-awa-8182754|url-status=dead}}</ref> As Singapore is a small island with a high population density, the number of private cars on the road is restricted with a pre-set car population quota, to curb pollution and congestion. Car buyers must pay for Additional Registration Fees (ARF) duties of either 100%, 140%, 180% or 220% of the vehicle's Open Market Value (OMV), and bid for a Singaporean [[Certificate of Entitlement]] (COE) (that varies twice a month in supply based on the number of car registrations and de-registrations), which allows the car to be driven on the road for maximum period of 10 years. Car prices are generally significantly higher in Singapore than in other English-speaking countries.<ref name="BloombergBMW">{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-16/bmw-3-series-costs-260-000-as-singapore-tax-keeps-cars-for-rich.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220044725/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-16/bmw-3-series-costs-260-000-as-singapore-tax-keeps-cars-for-rich.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 February 2011 |title=BMW Costing $260,000 Means Cars Only for Rich in Singapore as Taxes Climb |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |location=New York|access-date=2 July 2011 |first=Kristine |last=Aquino |date=17 February 2011}}</ref> As with most Commonwealth countries, vehicles on the road and people walking on the streets keep to the left ([[Left- and right-hand traffic|left-hand traffic]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expatsingapore.com/content/view/1147 |title=Once you're here: Basic Road Rules and Regulations |publisher=Expat Singapore |date=16 August 2009|access-date=27 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215023246/http://www.expatsingapore.com/content/view/1147|archive-date=15 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2025, Singapore started actively engaging in autonomous vehicle testing. In November 2025, The [[Land Transport Authority]] (LTA) approved [[WeRide]] and [[Grab Holdings|Grab]] to test 11 autonomous vehicles on two [[Punggol]] shuttle routes after initial tests in October, and aim for public passengers by early 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-13 |title=Self-driving shuttle tests to intensify in Punggol in preparation for passenger service in 2026 |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/self-driving-shuttle-tests-to-intensify-in-punggol-in-preparation-for-passenger-service-in-2026 |access-date=2025-12-11 |work=The Straits Times |language=en |issn=0585-3923}}</ref>

The [[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] (connecting Singapore with [[Johor Bahru]], Malaysia) is the [[Border checkpoint#Land|busiest international land border crossing]] in the world, whereby approximately 350,000 travellers cross the border checkpoints of both [[Woodlands Checkpoint]] and [[Sultan Iskandar Building]] daily (with an annual total of 128 million travellers).<ref>{{cite news |last=Lim |first=Yan Liang |date=13 October 2013 |title=A look at Woodlands Checkpoint: Singapore's first and last line of defence |newspaper=The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/a-look-at-woodlands-checkpoint-singapores-first-and-last-line-of-defence |access-date=27 April 2022}}</ref> The [[Land Transport Authority]] (LTA) is responsible for all land transport-related infrastructure and operations in Singapore.

==== Air ====
[[File:JewelSingaporeVortex1.jpg|thumb|The Rain Vortex at [[Jewel Changi Airport]]]]
Singapore is a major international [[transport hub]] in [[Asia]], serving some of the busiest sea and air trade routes. [[Changi Airport]] is an aviation centre for [[Southeast Asia]] and a stopover on [[Qantas]]' [[Kangaroo Route]] between [[Sydney Airport|Sydney]] and [[Heathrow Airport|London]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/qantas-celebrates-60-years-of-the-kangaroo-route-761078.html |title=Qantas celebrates 60 years of the 'Kangaroo Route' |first=Kathy |last=Marks |newspaper=The Independent |location=London |date=30 November 2007}}</ref> There are two civilian airports in Singapore, [[Singapore Changi Airport|Changi Airport]] and [[Seletar Airport]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/04/06/firefly-to-resume-flights-to-seletar-airport-after-malaysia-singapore-resolve-airspace-issue |title=Malaysia and Singapore resolve airspace issue, Firefly to resume flights to Seletar airport |date=6 April 2019 |website=The Star Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/malaysian-firefly-resume-singapore-flights-twice-daily-seletar-11439066 |title=Malaysian carrier Firefly to resume Singapore flights with twice-daily trips |website=CNA|access-date=28 August 2019|archive-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617181651/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/malaysian-firefly-resume-singapore-flights-twice-daily-seletar-11439066|url-status=dead}}</ref> Changi Airport hosts a network of over 100 airlines connecting Singapore to some 300 cities in about 70 countries and territories worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.changiairport.com/our-business/about-changi-airport |title=About Changi Airport |publisher=Changiairport.com|access-date=13 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121013212/http://www.changiairport.com/our-business/about-changi-airport|archive-date=21 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has been rated one of the best international airports by international travel magazines, including being rated as the world's best airport for the first time in 2006 by [[Skytrax]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2006 Airport of the Year result|access-date=1 June 2006 |url=http://www.worldairportawards.com/Awards-2006/AirportYear-2006.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231160516/http://www.worldairportawards.com/Awards-2006/AirportYear-2006.htm |publisher=World Airport Awards|archive-date=31 December 2006}}</ref> It also had three of the ten [[list of busiest passenger flight routes|busiest international air routes in the world]] in 2023: the busiest between [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur]]–Singapore, the seventh busiest between [[Soekarno–Hatta International Airport|Jakarta]]–Singapore, and the ninth busiest between [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok]]–Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.oag.com/busiest-routes-world-2023 |title=The Busiest Flight Routes of 2023 |author= |year=2024 |website=OAG.com |publisher=OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref>

[[Singapore Airlines]], the [[flag carrier]] of Singapore,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.brandrepublic.com/news/201303/BRAND-HEALTH-CHECK-Singapore-airlines---Turbulence-ahead-Singapore-flag-carrier/ |title=Turbulence ahead for Singapore flag carrier |first=Jimmy |last=Yap |date=30 January 2004 |work=Brand Republic |publisher=Haymarket Business Media |location=London}}</ref> has been regarded as a 5-star airline by Skytrax<ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore Airlines |url=https://skytraxratings.com/airlines/singapore-airlines-rating#:~:text=Singapore%20Airlines%20is%20Certified%20as%20a%205%2DStar%20Airline%20for,cabin%20staff%20and%20ground%20staff.s |publisher=Skytrax|access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref> and been in the world top 10 list of airlines for multiple consecutive years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Skytrax World Airline Awards |url=http://www.worldairlineawards.com/ |publisher=Skytrax|access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref> It held the title of the World's Best Airline by Skytrax in 2023. It won this title 12 times. Its hub, [[Changi Airport]] had also been rated as the world's best airport from 2013 to 2020 before being superseded by [[Hamad International Airport]] in [[Doha]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-advice/airports/singapore-is-no-longer-the-worlds-best-airport/news-story/539ff30162fc7d6d74fd6ad559457bdb |title=Singapore is no longer the world's best airport |date=10 August 2021 |access-date=13 January 2024 |website=[[news.com.au]] |last=McMah |first=Lauren |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810225156/https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-advice/airports/singapore-is-no-longer-the-worlds-best-airport/news-story/539ff30162fc7d6d74fd6ad559457bdb |archive-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> It reclaimed this title in 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=The World's Top 10 Airports of 2023 |url=https://www.worldairportawards.com/the-worlds-top-10-airports-of-2023/ |website=SKYTRAX}}</ref> before being superseded once more in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World's Best Airports|url=https://www.worldairportawards.com/airport-of-the-year-winners/|website=SKYTRAX}}</ref>

==== Sea ====
[[File:Singapore Port viewed from The Pinnacle@Duxton 08.jpg|thumb|Port of Singapore viewed from The Pinnacle (2015)]]
The [[Port of Singapore]], managed by port operators [[PSA International]] and [[Jurong Port]], was the world's second-busiest port in 2019 in terms of shipping tonnage handled, at 2.85 billion [[gross ton]]s (GT), and in terms of [[container (cargo)|containerised]] traffic, at 37.2 million [[twenty-foot equivalent unit]]s (TEUs).<ref name="MPA">{{cite web |url=https://www.mpa.gov.sg/web/portal/home/media-centre/news-releases/detail/38b82bb6-2f92-418c-a98d-c4c9e56f9232 |title=Singapore's 2019 Maritime Performance|access-date=4 February 2020|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103154554/https://www.mpa.gov.sg/web/portal/home/media-centre/news-releases/detail/38b82bb6-2f92-418c-a98d-c4c9e56f9232|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is also the world's second-busiest, behind Shanghai, in terms of cargo tonnage with 626 million tons handled. In addition, the port is the world's busiest for [[transshipment]] traffic and the world's biggest ship refuelling centre.<ref name="BTP">{{cite news |url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/singapore-port-container-throughput-hits-record-high-in-2019-mpa |title=Singapore port container throughput hits record high in 2019: MPA |first=Sharanya |last=Pillai |date=13 January 2020 |website=The Business Times}}</ref>

=== Industry sectors ===
Singapore is the world's third-largest [[foreign exchange market|foreign exchange]] centre, sixth-largest [[financial centre]],<ref name="GFCI">{{cite web |date=September 2020 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 28 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_28_Full_Report_2020.09.25_v1.1.pdf|access-date=26 September 2020 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> second-largest casino gambling market,<ref name="edmontonjournal.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-08-10/singapore-miracle-dimming-as-income-gap-widens-squeeze-by-rich.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816092048/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-08-10/singapore-miracle-dimming-as-income-gap-widens-squeeze-by-rich.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 August 2011 |date=10 August 2011 |work=Bloomberg |location=New York |last=Adam |first=Shamim |title=Singapore Miracle Dimming as Income Gap Widens Squeeze by Rich}}</ref> third-largest oil-refining and trading centre, largest oil-rig producer and hub for ship repair services,<ref>[http://www.edb.gov.sg/edb/sg/en_uk/index/industry_sectors/energy/facts_and_figures.html Facts and Figures – Singapore Economic Development Board]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720070516/http://www.edb.gov.sg/edb/sg/en_uk/index/industry_sectors/energy/facts_and_figures.html|date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8b9d7d1e-c837-11da-a377-0000779e2340 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8b9d7d1e-c837-11da-a377-0000779e2340.html |archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription |work=Financial Times |location=London |date=10 April 2006 |last=Burton |first=John |title=Singapore economy grows 9.1% in first quarter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edb.gov.sg/edb/sg/en_uk/index/industry_sectors/marine___offshore/facts_and_figures.html |title=Facts and Figures |publisher=Singapore Economic Development Board |date=30 January 2012|access-date=21 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418084237/http://www.edb.gov.sg/edb/sg/en_uk/index/industry_sectors/marine___offshore/facts_and_figures.html|archive-date=18 April 2012}}</ref> and largest logistics hub.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Straits Times |date=7 November 2007 |location=Singapore |author=Yang Huiwen |title=Singapore ranked No. 1 logistics hub by World Bank |page=69}}</ref> The economy is diversified, with its top contributors being financial services, manufacturing, and oil-refining. Its main exports are refined petroleum, integrated circuits, and computers,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/economy/ess/essa11.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624200246/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/economy/ess/essa11.pdf|archive-date=24 June 2008 |title=Gross Domestic Product by Industry|access-date=22 April 2010 |year=2007 |publisher=Singapore Statistics}}</ref> which constituted 27% of the country's GDP in 2010. Other significant sectors include electronics, chemicals, mechanical engineering, and biomedical sciences. Singapore was ranked 5th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/singapore |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> In 2019, there were more than 60 semiconductor companies in Singapore, which together constituted 11% of the global market share. The semiconductor industry alone contributes around 7% of Singapore's GDP.<ref>{{cite news |title=Heng upbeat about semiconductor industry's prospects |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/business/companies-markets/heng-upbeat-about-semiconductor-industrys-prospects |work=Straits Times |date=18 September 2019}}</ref>

Singapore's largest companies are in the [[Telecommunications in Singapore|telecommunications]], [[Economy of Singapore#Banking|banking]], [[Transport in Singapore|transportation]], and manufacturing sectors, many of which started as state-run [[statutory corporation]]s and have since been publicly listed on the [[Singapore Exchange]]. Such companies include [[Singapore Telecommunications]] (Singtel), [[Singapore Technologies Engineering]], [[Keppel Corporation]], [[Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation]] (OCBC), [[Development Bank of Singapore]] (DBS), and [[United Overseas Bank]] (UOB). In 2011, after the [[2008 financial crisis]], OCBC, DBS and UOB were ranked by ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]'' as the world's first, fifth, and sixth strongest banks in the world, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-05-09/ocbc-world-s-strongest-bank-in-singapore-with-canadians-dominating-ranking|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016034143/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-05-09/ocbc-world-s-strongest-bank-in-singapore-with-canadians-dominating-ranking|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 October 2015 |title=Singapore's OCBC Strongest Bank as Canadians Dominate |date=10 May 2011 |work=Bloomberg Business |location=New York}}</ref> It is home to the headquarters of three [[Fortune Global 500|''Fortune'' Global 500]] companies, the highest in the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/global500/2020/|access-date=23 October 2020 |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]}}</ref>

The nation's best known global companies include [[Singapore Airlines]], [[Changi Airport]], and the [[Port of Singapore]], all of which are among the most-awarded in their respective fields. Singapore Airlines was ranked as Asia's most-admired company, and the world's 19th most-admired company in 2015 by ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]''{{'}}s annual "50 most admired companies in the world" industry surveys. Other awards it has received include the US-based ''[[Travel + Leisure]]''{{'}}s Best International Airline award, which it has won for 20 consecutive years.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://business.asiaone.com/news/sia-tops-asian-list-among-50-most-admired-global-firms |title=SIA tops Asian list among 50 most admired global firms |date=26 February 2015 |work=The Straits Times |location=Singapore|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150922111020/http://business.asiaone.com/news/sia-tops-asian-list-among-50-most-admired-global-firms|archive-date=22 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://fortune.com/2015/07/07/worlds-best-airlines/ |title=The world's best airlines |date=7 July 2015 |work=Fortune |location=New York}}</ref> Changi Airport connects over 100 airlines to more than 300 cities. The strategic international air hub has more than 480 World's Best Airport awards {{As of|2015|lc=y}}, and is known as the most-awarded airport in the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businesstimes.com.sg/opinion/lee-kuan-yew-dies/lee-kuan-yew-truly-the-father-of-changi-airport |title=Lee Kuan Yew, truly the father of Changi airport |date=12 September 2015 |work=The Business Times |location=Singapore}}</ref> Over ten [[free-trade agreement]]s have been signed with other countries and regions.<ref name="govt.nz" /> Singapore is the second-largest foreign investor in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/1104667/1/.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420151228/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/1104667/1/.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 April 2012 |title=S'pore is India's second-largest foreign investor |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |location=Singapore |date=14 January 2011 |author=Ramesh, S.}}</ref> It is the 14th largest exporter and the 15th largest importer in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://exportbritain.org.uk/market-snapshots/singapore.html |title=Singapore |website=Export Britain|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820040124/http://exportbritain.org.uk/market-snapshots/singapore.html|archive-date=20 August 2017|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Perspectives on the Security of Singapore: The First 50 Years |isbn=978-981-4689-33-5 |page=128 |last1=Desker |first1=Barry |last2=Ang |first2=Cheng Guan |date=22 July 2015 |publisher=World Scientific}}</ref>

==== Tourism ====
{{Main|Tourism in Singapore}}

[[File:Singapore Merlion.jpg|thumb|The [[Merlion]], the official mascot of Singapore]]

Tourism is a major industry and contributor to the [[Economy of Singapore|Singaporean economy]], attracting 13.6 million international tourists in 2023, more than double Singapore's total population.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/02/01/singapore-tourist-arrivals-double-in-2023-thanks-to-china-indonesia-malaysia.html |title=Singapore tourist arrivals double in 2023 amid global travel recovery |author=Lim Hui Jie |date=1 February 2024 |website=CNBC.com |access-date=23 October 2024}}</ref> Tourism contributed directly to about 3% of Singapore's GDP, on average, in the 10 years before 2023, excluding the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stb.gov.sg/content/stb/en/about-stb/overview.html |title=Overview |year=2024 |website=Singapore Tourism Board |access-date=23 October 2024}}</ref> Altogether, the sector generated approximately 8.6% of Singapore's employment in 2016.<ref name=WTTCreport2017>{{cite web |title=World Travel and Tourism Council 2017 Singapore report |url=https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/benchmark-reports/country-reports-2017/singapore.pdf |publisher=[[World Travel and Tourism Council]]|access-date= 23 October 2019|archive-date= 23 October 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191023135628/https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/benchmark-reports/country-reports-2017/singapore.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref>

Well-known landmarks include the [[Merlion]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Merlion {{!}} Infopedia|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_938_2004-12-27.html|website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> the [[Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay|Esplanade]],<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Singapore's most iconic landmarks |url=https://www.visitsingapore.com/editorials/singapore-most-iconic-landmarks/ |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=visitsingapore.com}}</ref> [[Marina Bay Sands]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marina Bay Sands |url=https://www.visitsingapore.com/see-do-singapore/recreation-leisure/resorts/marina-bay-sands/ |website=visitsingapore.com|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> [[Gardens by the Bay]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Gardens by the Bay |url=https://www.visitsingapore.com/see-do-singapore/architecture/modern/gardens-by-the-bay/ |website=visitsingapore.com|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> [[Jewel Changi Airport]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Jewel Changi Airport |url=https://www.visitsingapore.com/travel-guide-tips/travelling-to-singapore/changi-airport-singapore/jewel-changi-airport/ |website=visitsingapore.com|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> [[CHIJMES]],<ref name=":2" /> [[National Gallery Singapore]],<ref name=":2" /> the [[Singapore Flyer]],<ref name=":2" /> the [[Orchard Road]] shopping belt,<ref name="Orchard" /> the resort island of [[Sentosa]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.sentosa.gov.sg/who-we-are/overview/ |website=sentosa.gov.sg|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref> and the [[Singapore Botanic Gardens]], Singapore's first [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-botanic-gardens-clinches-prestigious-unesco-world-heritage-site-status |newspaper=The Straits Times |location=Singapore |title=Singapore Botanic Gardens clinches prestigious Unesco World Heritage site status |date=4 July 2015 |access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref> all located in southern and eastern Singapore.
[[File:010253 00001 Singapore, Victoria Theatre.jpg|thumb|left|[[Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall|The Victoria Theatre]]]]
The [[Singapore Tourism Board]] (STB) is the [[statutory boards of the Singapore Government|statutory board]] under the [[Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)|Ministry of Trade and Industry]] which is tasked with the promotion of the country's tourism industry. In August 2017 the STB and the Economic Development Board (EDB) unveiled a unified brand, Singapore – [[Passion Made Possible]], to market Singapore internationally for tourism and business purposes.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.stb.gov.sg/news-and-publications/lists/newsroom/dispform.aspx?ID=713 |title=Singapore Tourism Board and Singapore Economic Development Board launch Passion Made Possible Brand for Singapore |date=24 August 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181214201902/https://www.stb.gov.sg/news-and-publications/lists/newsroom/dispform.aspx?ID=713 |archive-date=14 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Orchard Road]] district, which contains multi-storey shopping centres and hotels, can be considered the centre of shopping and tourism in Singapore.<ref name="Orchard">{{cite web |url=https://www.visitsingapore.com/see-do-singapore/places-to-see/orchard/ |title=Orchard Road: A shopping paradise |publisher=Singapore Tourism Board|access-date=27 August 2019}}</ref> Other popular tourist attractions include the [[Singapore Zoo]], [[River Wonders]], [[Bird Paradise]] and [[Night Safari, Singapore|Night Safari]] (located in Northern Singapore). The Singapore Zoo has embraced the open zoo concept whereby animals are kept in enclosures, separated from visitors by hidden dry or wet moats, instead of caging the animals, and the River Wonders has 300 species of animals, including numerous endangered species.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_403_2005-01-19.html |title=Singapore Zoo |publisher=National Library Board|access-date=27 August 2019 |date=22 July 2014}}</ref> Singapore promotes itself as a [[medical tourism]] hub, with about 200,000 foreigners seeking medical care there each year. Singapore medical services aim to serve at least one million foreign patients annually and generate US$3 billion in revenue.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dogra |first=Sapna|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051026013526/http://www.expresshealthcaremgmt.com/20050731/medicaltourism01.shtml|archive-date=26 October 2005 |url=http://www.expresshealthcaremgmt.com/20050731/medicaltourism01.shtml |date=16 July 2005 |location=Mumbai |title=Medical tourism boom takes Singapore by storm |url-status=usurped |newspaper=Express Healthcare Management}}</ref>

In 2025, Singapore saw a record number of nearly 245 million people crossing its borders. In the same year, Singapore turned away more than 45,000 foreigners – 38% higher than 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=45,700 foreigners denied entry into Singapore as border traffic hits record 245m in 2025 |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/watch/45700-foreigners-denied-entry-singapore-border-traffic-hits-record-245m-in-2025-5947431 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=CNA |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Singapore|Singaporeans}}

{{See also|Race in Singapore}}
[[File:KITLV - 103763 - Chinese and Malaysian women at Singapore - circa 1890.tif|upright|thumb|Chinese ([[East Asian people|East Asian]]), Malay ([[Indigenous peoples of Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian]]), and Indian ([[South Asian ethnic groups|South Asian]]) women in Singapore, {{Circa|1890}}. To promote racial harmony among the three races, a unique [[Racial Harmony Day]] is celebrated on 21 July every year.]]
As of mid-2025, Singapore's total population stood at 6,110,200, of whom 3,660,200 (59.9%) were [[Singaporean nationality law|citizens]] and the remaining 2,450,000 (40.1%) were either [[Permanent residency in Singapore|permanent residents]] (543,800, 8.9%) or [[international student]]s, [[foreign worker]]s, or [[dependant]]s (1,906,700, 31.2%).<ref name="Population in Brief 2025"/>

The 2020 census reported that about 74.3% of residents were of Chinese descent, 13.5% of Malay descent, 9.0% of Indian descent, and 3.2% of other descent (such as [[Eurasians in Singapore|Eurasian]]); this proportion was virtually identical to the 2010 census, with slight increases among Chinese and Malay (0.2% and 0.1% respectively) and minor decreases in Indian and others (0.2% and 0.1%).<ref>[https://www.parliament.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/cop2020sr1.pdf Singapore Department of Statistics | Census of Population 2020 Statistical Release 1 – Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion], '''p. 20'''.</ref><ref name=2010census>{{cite report |url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/c2010acr.pdf |title=Census of Population 2010 Advance Census Release |pages=13–16 |isbn=978-981-08-6819-2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327064912/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/c2010acr.pdf|archive-date=27 March 2012|url-status=dead |publisher=Singapore Department of Statistics |year=2010|access-date=2 July 2011}}</ref> Prior to 2010, each person could register as a member of only one race, by default that of his or her father; therefore, mixed-race persons were solely grouped under their father's race in government censuses. From 2010 onward, people may register using a multi-racial classification, in which they may choose one primary race and one secondary race, but no more than two.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1030142/1/.html |title=Singaporeans of mixed race allowed to 'double barrel' race in IC |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |location=Singapore |author=Hoe Yeen Nie |date=12 January 2010 |access-date=18 February 2011 |archive-date=6 February 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100206100917/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1030142/1/.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Like other developed countries in Asia, Singapore experienced a rapid decline in its [[total fertility rate]] (TFR) beginning in the 1980s.<ref name="imf.org">{{Cite web |title=Lessons from Singapore on Raising Fertility Rates – IMF F&D |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2020/03/lessons-from-singapore-on-raising-fertility-rates-tan |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=IMF}}</ref> Since 2010, its TFR has largely plateaued at 1.1 children per woman, which is among the lowest in the world and well below the 2.1 needed to replace the population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=World Bank Open Data |quote=Fertility rate, total (births per woman) – Singapore; ( 1 ) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: 2022 Revision. ( 2 ) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, ( 3 ) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, ( 4 ) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report ( various years ), ( 5 ) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database, and ( 6 ) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme.}}</ref> Consequently, the median age of Singaporean residents is among the highest in the world, at 42.8 in 2022 compared to 39.6 ten years earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore: citizen population median age 1970–2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1304574/singapore-citizen-population-median-age/ |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=Statista}}</ref> Starting in 2001, the government [[Population planning in Singapore|introduced a series of programmes]] to increase fertility, including paid maternity leave, childcare subsidies, tax relief and rebates, one-time cash gifts, and grants for companies that implement flexible work arrangements;<ref name="imf.org"/> nevertheless, live births have continued to decline, hitting a record low in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacob |first=Charmaine |date=18 September 2023 |title=Singapore's birth rate is at a record low — but 'throwing money' at the problem won't solve it |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/09/18/singapores-birth-rate-is-falling-and-throwing-money-at-the-problem-wont-solve-it-.html |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=CNBC}}</ref> Singapore's immigration policy is designed to alleviate the decline and maintain its working-age population.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/257208/1/.html |title=Singapore's birth trend outlook remains dismal |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |location=Singapore |date=7 February 2007 |first=Julia |last=Ng|access-date=22 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105180711/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/257208/1/.html|archive-date=5 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Callaghan |first1=John |title=Tiny Singapore risks economic gloom without big baby boom |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-singapore-babies/tiny-singapore-risks-economic-gloom-without-big-baby-boom-idUKLNE87U00H20120831 |access-date=17 May 2021 |work=Reuters |date=31 August 2012}}</ref><ref>Jessica Pan and Walter Theseira, [https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/080a4bc64cc8a9eb8a2a0e98d97a260a-0050062023/original/WDR-Immigration-in-Singapore-FORMATTED.pdf Immigration in Singapore] – Background paper to the World Development Report 2023: Migrants, Refugees, and Societies (April 2023)</ref>

91% of resident households (i.e. households headed by a Singapore citizen or permanent resident) own the homes they live in, and the average household size is 3.43 persons (which include dependants who are neither citizens nor permanent residents).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/households/households/latest-data|title=Statistics Singapore – Latest Data – Households & Housing|access-date=27 February 2015|archive-date=22 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122211547/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/households/households/latest-data|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=singstat2014h&h>{{cite web |url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/latest-data#20 |title=Statistics Singapore – Latest Data – Households & Housing |year=2014 |publisher=Statistics Singapore|access-date=20 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129094649/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/latest-data#20|archive-date=29 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, due to scarcity of land, 78.7% of resident households live in [[Public housing in Singapore|subsidised, high-rise, public housing apartments]] developed by the [[Housing and Development Board]] (HDB). Also, 75.9% of resident households live in properties that are equal to, or larger than, a four-room (i.e. three bedrooms plus one living room) HDB flat or in private housing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore Resident Households by dwellings |url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/modules/infographics/-/media/Files/visualising_data/infographics/Population/singapore-population13022019|access-date=15 February 2015|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215160407/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/modules/infographics/-/media/Files/visualising_data/infographics/Population/singapore-population13022019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="hdb">{{cite web |url=http://www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10320p.nsf/w/HDBWinsUNAward?OpenDocument|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211145036/http://www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10320p.nsf/w/HDBWinsUNAward?OpenDocument|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 December 2011 |title=HDB InfoWEB: HDB Wins the 2010 UN-HABITAT Scroll of Honour Award |publisher=Hdb.gov.sg|access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> Live-in foreign [[domestic worker]]s are quite common in Singapore, with about 224,500 foreign domestic workers there, as of December 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/more-than-1-3-million/1297688.html |title=More than 1.3 million foreigners working in Singapore: Tan Chuan-Jin |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |location=Singapore |date=5 August 2014|access-date=26 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914232514/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/more-than-1-3-million/1297688.html|archive-date=14 September 2014}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{Main|Languages of Singapore}}

Singapore has four official languages: [[Singaporean English|English]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Singaporean Mandarin|Mandarin]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref name="statutes.agc.gov.sg">{{Singapore legislation|title=Republic of Singapore Independence Act|ed=1985}}, s7.</ref>
{{bar box
|title=Language used most frequently at home<ref name="census2020" />
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Language
|right1=Per cent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|English|blue|48.3}}
{{bar percent|Mandarin|yellow|29.9}}
{{bar percent|Malay|red|9.2}}
{{bar percent|Other Sinitic languages|purple|8.7}}
{{bar percent|Tamil|green|2.5}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|1.4}}
}}

English is the [[lingua franca]]<ref name="Gupta 244–263">{{cite journal |url=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/english/staff/afg/pragp3.doc |title=Epistemic modalities and the discourse particles of Singapore |first=A.F. |last=Gupta |editor=Fischer, K. |format=DOC |journal=Approaches to Discourse Particles |publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |pages=244–263|access-date=2 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205010214/http://www.leeds.ac.uk/english/staff/afg/pragp3.doc|archive-date=5 February 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Dixon, L. Quentin 2005 p. 625-635" /><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite press release |url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2000/sp31032000a.htm |date=31 March 2000 |title=Global Literacy: The advantage of speaking good English |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=27 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306034004/http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2000/sp31032000a.htm|archive-date=6 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=TanShermanp340-341>Tan, Sherman, p. 340–341. "The four recognised official languages are English, Mandarin, Tamil, and Malay, but in practice, English is Singapore's default lingua franca."</ref> and the main language used in business, government, law and education.<ref name="Britishcouncil">{{cite web |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/eumd-partnership-webzine-october-2010-country-focus.htm#singapore|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402172957/http://www.britishcouncil.org/eumd-partnership-webzine-october-2010-country-focus.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2011 |title=Education UK Partnership – Country focus |date=October 2010 |publisher=[[British Council]]|access-date=27 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2010/04/19/speech-by-mr-s-iswaran-at-the-apec-relc-int-seminar-opening-ceremony.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519070557/http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2010/04/19/speech-by-mr-s-iswaran-at-the-apec-relc-int-seminar-opening-ceremony.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 May 2011 |title=Speech by Mr S. Iswaran, Senior Minister of State, Ministry of Trade and Industry and Ministry of Education |date=19 April 2010 |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref> The [[Constitution of Singapore]] and all government legislation is written in English, and [[Language interpretation|interpreters]] are required if a language other than English is used in the [[Judicial system of Singapore|Singaporean courts]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What do I do if I can't speak English? |url=http://app.subcourts.gov.sg/criminal/page.aspx?pageid=64541#faq13-9|access-date=11 October 2011 |publisher=Singapore Subordinate Courts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709074333/http://app.subcourts.gov.sg/criminal/page.aspx?pageid=64541|archive-date=9 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Singapore legislation|title=Constitution}}</ref> [[Statutory corporation]]s conduct their businesses in English, while any official documents written in a non-English official language such as Malay, Mandarin, or Tamil are typically translated into English to be accepted for use.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.careers.gov.sg/the-singapore-public-service/public-agencies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106063743/http://www.careers.gov.sg/the-singapore-public-service/public-agencies|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 January 2015 |title=Public Agencies |date=6 January 2015|access-date=21 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="Dixon, L. Quentin 2005 p. 625-635">Dixon, L. Quentin. (2005). The Bilingual Education Policy in Singapore: Implications for Second Language Acquisition. In James Cohen, J., McAlister, K. T., Rolstad, K., and MacSwan, J (Eds.), ''ISB4: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism''. p. 625–635, Cascadilla Press, Somerville, MA.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2000/sp31032000a.htm |title=31 March 2000 |publisher=Moe.gov.sg|access-date=27 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306034004/http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2000/sp31032000a.htm|archive-date=6 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Malay language|Malay]] was designated as a national language by the Singaporean government after independence from Britain in the 1960s to avoid friction with Singapore's Malay-speaking neighbours of Malaysia and Indonesia.<ref name="thirdworldtofirst" /> It has a symbolic, rather than functional purpose.<ref name="statutes.agc.gov.sg" /><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQgjrpgdU6gC&pg=PA42 |title=Language and society in Singapore |publisher=Singapore University Press |first1=Evangelos A. |last1=Afendras |first2=Eddie C.Y. |last2=Kuo |year=1980 |isbn=978-9971-69-016-8 |access-date=27 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C&pg=PA2018 |title=Sociolinguistics: An international handbook of the science of language and society |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin |first1=Ulrich |last1=Ammon |first2=Norbert |last2=Dittmar |first3=Klaus J. |last3=Mattheier |volume=3 |year=2006 |isbn=978-3-11-018418-1 |access-date=27 February 2011}}</ref> It is used in the national anthem ''[[Majulah Singapura]]'',<ref>{{Singapore legislation |title=Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act |cap=296 |ed=1985}}</ref> in citations of [[Singaporean orders and decorations]] and in military commands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/papers/people/c2000adr-literacy.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091113162718/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/papers/people/c2000adr-literacy.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2009 |url-status=dead |title=Literacy and Language |publisher=Singapore Statistics |access-date=27 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="singstat1" /> Singaporean Malay is officially written in the Latin-based [[Rumi script]], though some Singaporean Malays also learn the Arabic-based [[Jawi alphabet|Jawi script]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cook |first1=Vivian |last2=Bassetti |first2=Benedetta |title=Second Language Writing Systems |date=2005 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-85359-793-0 |page=359 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yDLVaYJkyHUC}}</ref> Jawi is considered an ethnic script for use on Singaporean identity cards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ica.gov.sg/page.aspx?pageid=140 |title=Update Change of Name in IC |publisher=Immigration and Checkpoints Authority |access-date=29 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170202101218/https://www.ica.gov.sg/page.aspx?pageid=140 |archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref>

Singaporeans are mostly [[bilingual]], typically with English as their common language and their [[mother-tongue]] as a second language taught in schools, in order to preserve each individual's ethnic identity and values. According to the 2020 census, English was the language most spoken at home, used by 48.3% of the population; Mandarin was next, spoken at home by 29.9%.<ref name="singstat1">{{cite web |url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/GHS/ghs2015/findings.pdf |title=General Household Survey 2015 |year=2015|access-date=15 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215063843/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/GHS/ghs2015/findings.pdf|archive-date=15 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite news |last=Oi |first=Mariko |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11468401 |title=Singapore's booming appetite to study Mandarin |publisher=BBC News |date=5 October 2010|access-date=27 February 2011}}</ref> Nearly half a million speak other ancestral Southern [[varieties of Chinese]], mainly [[Hokkien]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], and [[Cantonese]], as their home language, although the use of these is declining in favour of Mandarin or just English.<ref name="singstat.gov.sg">{{cite web |year=2005 |title=General Household Survey 2005, Statistical Release 1: Socio-Demographic and Economic Characteristics |url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/population/education-language-spoken-and-literacy/visualising-data|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326052305/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/ghsr1/chap2.pdf|archive-date=26 March 2012|access-date=11 November 2010 |website= |publisher=Singapore Statistics}}</ref> [[Singapore Chinese characters]] are [[simplified Chinese characters|simplified characters]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fagao Zhou |title=Papers in Chinese Linguistics and Epigraphy |date=1986 |publisher=Chinese University Press |isbn=978-962-201-317-9 |page=56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NEzEo5Y8B3oC|access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>

[[Singapore English|Singaporean English]] is largely based on [[British English]], owing to the country's status as a former [[Colony of Singapore|crown colony]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.nlb.gov.sg/ask/children/481 |title=What are some commonly misspelled English words?<nowiki>|</nowiki>ASK!ASK!|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303222846/https://blogs.nlb.gov.sg/ask/children/481|archive-date=3 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.nlb.gov.sg/ask/children/481 |title=What are some commonly misspelled English words? |publisher=National Library Board |location=Singapore |date=18 April 2008|access-date=18 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303222846/https://blogs.nlb.gov.sg/ask/children/481|archive-date=3 March 2012}}</ref> However, forms of English spoken in Singapore range from [[Singapore Standard English|Standard Singapore English]] to a colloquial form known as [[Singlish]], which is discouraged by the government as it claims it to be a substandard [[English-based creole language|English creole]] that handicaps Singaporeans, presenting an obstacle to learning standard English and rendering the speaker incomprehensible to everyone except to another Singlish speaker.<ref>{{cite news |author=Tan Hwee Hwee |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501020729-322685,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429011917/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501020729-322685,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 April 2007 |title=A war of words is brewing over Singlish |newspaper=Time |location=New York |date=22 July 2002|access-date=18 February 2011}}</ref> Standard Singapore English is fully understandable to all [[Standard English]] speakers, while most English-speaking people do not understand Singlish. Nevertheless, Singaporeans have a strong sense of identity and connection to Singlish, whereby the existence of Singlish is recognised as a distinctive cultural marker for many Singaporeans.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |last=Harbeck |first=James |date=19 September 2016 |title=The language the government tried to suppress |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20160919-the-language-the-government-tried-to-suppress |access-date=1 May 2022 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> As such, in recent times, the government has tolerated the [[diglossia]] of both Singlish and Standard English (only for those who are fluent in both), whilst continuously reinforcing the importance of Standard English amongst those who speak only Singlish (which is not [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] with the Standard English of other [[English-speaking country|English-speaking countries]]).<ref name=":3" />

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Singapore}}

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Singapore (2020 census)<ref>{{cite web|title=Singapore Census 2020, Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion, p.215-216|publisher=[[Singapore Department of Statistics]]|url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2020/sr1/cop2020sr1.pdf}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Buddhism in Singapore|Buddhism]]
|value1 = 31.1
|color1 = Gold
|label2 = [[Irreligion in Singapore|No religion]]
|value2 = 20.0
|color2 = Beige
|label3 = [[Christianity in Singapore|Christianity]]
|value3 = 18.9
|color3 = DarkOrchid
|label4 = [[Islam in Singapore|Islam]]
|value4 = 15.6
|color4 = Green
|label5 = [[Taoism in Singapore|Taoism]]
|value5 = 8.8
|color5 = FireBrick
|label6 = [[Hinduism in Singapore|Hinduism]]
|value6 = 5.0
|color6 = Orange
|label7 = [[Sikhism in Singapore|Sikhism]]
|value7 = 0.3
|color7 = OrangeRed
|label8 = Other religions
|value8 = 0.3
|color8 = LightGrey
}}

[[Buddhism in Singapore|Buddhism]] is the most widely practised religion, with 31% of residents declaring themselves adherents in the 2020 census. [[Christianity in Singapore|Christianity]] was the second largest religion at 18.9%, followed by [[Islam in Singapore|Islam]] (15.6%), [[Taoism in Singapore|Taoism]] and [[Chinese folk religion|folk beliefs]] (8.8%), [[Hinduism in Singapore|Hinduism]] (5.0%) and [[Sikhism in Singapore|Sikhism]] (0.3%). One-fifth of the population had no religious affiliation. The proportion of Christians, Muslims, and the nonreligious slightly increased between 2010 and 2020, while the proportion of Buddhists and Taoists slightly decreased; Hinduism and other faiths remained largely stable in their share of the population.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-16 |title=More S'poreans have no religious affiliation: Population census |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/more-sporeans-have-no-religious-affiliation-population-census#:~:text=Among%20Singapore%20residents%20aged%2015%20years%20and,share%20of%20Buddhists%20and%20Taoists%20decreased%20slightly. |access-date=2025-07-08 |work=The Straits Times |issn=0585-3923}}</ref><ref name=2010censuspercentage>{{cite press release |url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/news/news/press12012011.pdf |title=Census of population 2010: Statistical Release 1 on Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion |publisher=Singapore Department of Statistics |date=12 January 2011 |access-date=16 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110124160522/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/news/news/press12012011.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=More Singapore residents identifying as having no religion: census |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/more-singapore-residents-no-religion-census-064808058.html |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Yahoo News}}</ref>

Singapore hosts monasteries and [[Dharma]] centres from all three major traditions of Buddhism: [[Theravada]], [[Mahayana]], and [[Vajrayana]]. Most Buddhists in Singapore are Chinese and adhere to the Mahayana tradition,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GBdX2ELnkXQC&pg=PR8 |title=State, society, and religious engineering: toward a reformist Buddhism in Singapore |author=Khun Eng Kuah |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |location=Singapore |access-date=1 November 2010 |isbn=978-981-230-865-8 |year=2009}}</ref> owing to decades of missionary activity from China. However, [[Buddhism in Thailand|Thailand's Theravada Buddhism]] has seen growing popularity among the populace (not only the Chinese) during the past decade. [[Soka Gakkai International]], a Japanese Buddhist organisation, is practised by many people in Singapore, and mostly by those of Chinese descent. [[Tibetan Buddhism]] has also made slow inroads into the country in recent years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Modernity in south-east Asia |publisher=Informaworld |date=2 December 1995}}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Singapore}}

{{See also|List of primary schools in Singapore|List of secondary schools in Singapore|List of universities in Singapore}}
[[File:View of SIT Punggol Along New Punggol Road 12112024.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Singapore Institute of Technology]] (SIT) is one of the seven [[List of universities in Singapore|autonomous universities]] in the city-state.]]
Education for primary, secondary, and tertiary levels is mostly supported by the state. All institutions, public and private, must be registered with the [[Ministry of Education (Singapore)|Ministry of Education]] (MOE).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/private-education/ |title=Private Education in Singapore |publisher=Ministry of Education |year=2011|access-date=2 July 2011}}</ref> English is the language of instruction in all public schools,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/admissions/international-students/general-info/ |title=International Student Admissions: General Information on Studying in Singapore |publisher=Ministry of Education|access-date=27 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304134017/http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/admissions/international-students/general-info/|archive-date=4 March 2011}}</ref> and all subjects are taught and examined in English except for the "[[mother tongue]]" language paper.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/scholarships/asean/faq/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406231811/http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/scholarships/asean/faq/|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 April 2008 |title=ASEAN Scholarships: Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=Ministry of Education|access-date=27 February 2011}}</ref> While the term "mother tongue" in general refers to the first language internationally, in Singapore's education system, it is used to refer to the second language, as English is the first language.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2003/sp20030215a.htm |title=Speech by Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Senior Minister of State for Trade & Industry and Education at the Seminar on 'The Significance of Speaking Skills For Language Development', organised by the Tamil Language and Culture Division of Nie on 15 February 2003 |publisher=Ministry of Education |date=2 January 2008|access-date=27 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515193809/http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2003/sp20030215a.htm|archive-date=15 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1065927/1/.html |title=Mandarin is important but remains a second language in S'pore MM Lee |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |location=Singapore |date=26 June 2010|access-date=27 February 2011|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630180427/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1065927/1/.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Students who have been abroad for a while, or who struggle with their "Mother Tongue" language, are allowed to take a simpler syllabus or drop the subject.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/admissions/returning-singaporeans/mother-tongue-policy/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408195106/http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/admissions/returning-singaporeans/mother-tongue-policy/|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 April 2008 |title=Returning Singaporeans – Mother-Tongue Language Policy |publisher=Ministry of Education|access-date=27 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/2004/pr20040109.htm |title=Refinements to Mother Tongue Language Policy |publisher=Ministry of Education|access-date=27 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224021851/http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/2004/pr20040109.htm|archive-date=24 February 2011}}</ref>

Education takes place in three stages: primary, secondary, and pre-university education, with the primary education being compulsory. Students begin with six years of primary school, which is made up of a four-year foundation course and a two-year orientation stage. The curriculum is focused on the development of English, the mother tongue, [[mathematics]], and [[natural science|science]].<ref name="Primary">{{cite web |url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/primary/ |title=Primary Education |publisher=Ministry of Education |year=2011|access-date=2 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/primary/curriculum/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407095703/http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/primary/curriculum/|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 April 2008 |title=Primary School Curriculum |publisher=Ministry of Education |year=2011|access-date=2 July 2011}}</ref> Secondary school lasts from four to five years, and is divided between Express, Normal (Academic), and Normal (Technical) streams in each school, depending on a student's ability level.<ref name="Secondary">{{cite web |url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/secondary/ |title=Secondary Education |publisher=Ministry of Education |year=2011|access-date=2 July 2011}}</ref> The basic coursework breakdown is the same as in the primary level, although classes are much more specialised.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/secondary/express/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407202048/http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/secondary/express/|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 April 2008 |title=Special/Express Courses Curriculum |publisher=Ministry of Education |year=2011|access-date=2 July 2011}}</ref> Pre-university education takes place at either [[Junior college (Singapore)|Junior Colleges]] (JCs) or the [[Millennia Institute]] (MI), over a period of two and three years respectively.<ref name="Pre-university">{{cite web |url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/pre-u/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405194544/http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/pre-u/|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 April 2008 |title=Pre-University Education |publisher=Ministry of Education |year=2011|access-date=2 July 2011}}</ref> As alternatives to pre-university education, however, courses are offered in other post-secondary education institutions, including at [[Institute of technology#Singapore|polytechnics]] and [[Institute of Technical Education]] (ITE) colleges. Singapore has six public universities,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/education/how-singapores-six-public-universities-differ |title=How Singapore's six public universities differ |date=3 March 2015 |newspaper=The Straits Times |location=Singapore|access-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> of which the [[National University of Singapore]] (NUS) and [[Nanyang Technological University]] (NTU) are among the top 20 universities in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2015 |title=QS World University Rankings 2015/16 |publisher=QS|access-date=15 November 2016 |date=11 September 2015}}</ref>

National examinations are standardised across all schools, with a test taken after each stage. After the first six years of education, students take the [[Primary School Leaving Examination]] (PSLE),<ref name="Primary" /> which determines their placement at secondary school. At the end of the secondary stage, [[Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level|GCE O-Level]] or [[Singapore-Cambridge GCE Normal Level|GCE N-Level]] exams are taken;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.moe.gov.sg/education/secondary |title=Secondary |publisher=Ministry of Education|access-date=2 December 2016}}</ref> at the end of the following pre-university stage, the [[Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level|GCE A-Level]] exams are taken.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.moe.gov.sg/images/default-source/default-album/sg-education-landscape-print9e3a5a33f22f6eceb9b0ff0000fcc945.jpg |title=Singapore's Education System: An Overview |publisher=Ministry of Education|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Some schools have a degree of freedom in their curriculum and are known as autonomous schools, for [[Secondary education in Singapore|secondary education]] level and above.<ref name="Secondary" /> Singapore is also an education hub, with more than 80,000 international students in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eahep.org/asiahigher-education/asian-policy-drivers/127-developing-asian-education-hubs.html |title=Developing Asian education hubs |year=2011 |publisher=EU-Asia Higher Education Platform|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023215241/http://www.eahep.org/asiahigher-education/asian-policy-drivers/127-developing-asian-education-hubs.html|archive-date=23 October 2011|access-date=12 October 2011}}</ref> 5,000 Malaysian students cross the [[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] daily to attend schools in Singapore.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/new-straits-times/mi_8016/is_20060507/ride/ai_n44321524/ |title=The long, long ride |date=7 May 2006 |work=New Straits Times|access-date=12 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615140344/http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/new-straits-times/mi_8016/is_20060507/ride/ai_n44321524/|archive-date=15 June 2013 |location=Kuala Lumpur}} [http://jaring.general.narkive.com/l1ulIlar/the-long-long-ride Alt URL]</ref> In 2009, 20% of all students in Singaporean universities were international students—the maximum cap allowed, a majority from [[ASEAN]], China and India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/parliamentary-replies/2009/03/foreign-students-in-singapore.php |title=Foreign Students in Singapore |year=2011 |publisher=Ministry of Education|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409150704/http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/parliamentary-replies/2009/03/foreign-students-in-singapore.php|archive-date=9 April 2009|access-date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

Singapore students have excelled in many of the world education benchmarks in maths, science and reading. In 2015, both its primary and secondary students rank first in [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]'s global school performance rankings across 76 countries—described as the most comprehensive map of education standards.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/05/13/singapore-tops-oecds-global-school-ranking-us-placed-28th.html |title=Singapore tops OECD's global school ranking, US placed 28th |date=13 May 2015 |publisher=CNBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/education/singapore-tops-biggest-global-education-rankings-published-by-oecd |title=Singapore tops biggest global education rankings published by OECD |date=13 May 2015 |newspaper=The Straits Times |location=Singapore}}</ref> In 2016, Singapore students topped both the [[Programme for International Student Assessment]] (PISA)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-38212070 |title=Pisa tests: Singapore top in global education rankings |date=7 December 2016 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/06/world/pisa-global-education-rankings/ |title=PISA: Singapore teens top global education ranking |date=6 December 2016 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2e4c61f2-4ec8-11e6-8172-e39ecd3b86fc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/2e4c61f2-4ec8-11e6-8172-e39ecd3b86fc |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Why Singapore's kids are so good at maths |date=22 July 2016 |work=Financial Times |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/spore-teens-top-second-global-test-maths-science-reading |title=S'pore students top in science, maths and reading in Pisa test |newspaper=Today |location=Singapore |date=6 December 2016}}</ref> and the [[Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study]] (TIMSS).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/education/singapore-students-top-in-maths-science-and-reading-in-international |title=Singapore students top in maths, science and reading in Pisa international benchmarking test |date=6 December 2016 |work=The Straits Times |location=Singapore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-teenagers-lose-ground-in-international-math-exam-raising-competitiveness-concerns-1481018401 |title=U.S. Teenagers Lose Ground in International Math Exam, Raising Competitiveness Concerns |date=6 December 2016 |work=The Wall Street Journal |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/dec/06/english-schools-core-subject-test-results-international-oecd-pisa |title=UK Schools climb international league table |date=6 December 2016 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> In the 2016 EF English Proficiency Index taken in 72 countries, Singapore placed 6th and has been the only Asian country in the top 10.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://asiatimes.com/article/singaporeans-among-top-english-speakers-hong-kong-slides/ |title=Singaporeans among top English speakers; Hong Kong slides |last=Nylander |first=Johan |date=14 November 2016 |newspaper=Asia Times Online |location=Hong Kong|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/dutch-pass-danes-become-worlds-080000181.html |title=Dutch Pass Danes to Become World's Best English Speakers |date=15 November 2016 |work=Yahoo News|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808041145/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/dutch-pass-danes-become-worlds-080000181.html|archive-date=8 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nordic.businessinsider.com/the-nordics-have-the-highest-english-proficiency-in-the-world---and-its-boosting-their-tech-and-innovation-2016-11 |title=The Nordics have the highest English proficiency in the world – and it's boosting their tech and innovation |date=16 November 2016 |work=Business Insider|access-date=6 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713204753/http://nordic.businessinsider.com/the-nordics-have-the-highest-english-proficiency-in-the-world---and-its-boosting-their-tech-and-innovation-2016-11|archive-date=13 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/how-well-is-english-spoken-worldwide/3597100.html |title=How Well is English Spoken Worldwide? |date=15 November 2016 |work=Voice of America News}}</ref>

=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in Singapore}}

{{See also|Healthcare in Singapore}}

[[File:NUH Medical Centre (2025) - img 02.jpg|thumb|right|[[National University Hospital]] is the second largest hospital in the city, serving one million patients yearly.]]

Singapore has a generally efficient healthcare system, having achieved high quality of care while also keeping expenditures low.<ref name="Wyatt">{{cite web |year=2010 |url=http://www.watsonwyatt.com/europe/pubs/healthcare/render2.asp?ID=13850 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114033718/http://www.watsonwyatt.com/europe/pubs/healthcare/render2.asp?ID=13850 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 November 2012 |title=The Singapore health system – achieving positive health outcomes with low expenditure |last=Tucci |first=John |publisher=[[Towers Watson]] |access-date=16 March 2011}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization|World Health Organisation]] ranks Singapore's healthcare system as 6th overall in the world in its [[World Health Report]].<ref name="WHO">{{cite press release |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/07-02-2000-world-health-organization-assesses-the-world's-health-systems |title=World Health Organization Assesses the World's Health Systems |date=7 February 2000 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=13 March 2023}}</ref> Singapore has had the [[List of countries by infant mortality rate|lowest infant mortality rates in the world]] for the past two decades.<ref name="singstat2014births&deaths">{{cite web |url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/latest-data#16 |title=Latest Data – Births & Deaths |publisher=Department of Statistics |year=2014 |access-date=26 April 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151129094649/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/latest-data#16 |archive-date=29 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2019, Singaporeans had the longest life expectancy of any country at 84.8 years. Women can expect to live an average of 87.6 years with 75.8 years in good health. The averages are lower for men.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/singapore-tops-in-life-expectancy-at-848-years |title=Singaporeans have world's longest life expectancy at 84.8 years |date=20 June 2019 |work=The Straits Times}}</ref> Singapore is ranked 1st on the [[Global Food Security Index]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-world-s-best-countries-for-food-security.html |title=The World's Best Countries For Food Security |website=worldatlas.com |date=18 April 2019|url-status=live
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20251027081852/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-world-s-best-countries-for-food-security.html |archive-date=October 27, 2025 }}</ref>

As of December 2011 and January 2013, 8,800 foreigners and 5,400 Singaporeans were respectively diagnosed with HIV,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/data-of-14200-people-with-hiv-leaked-online-by-american-fraudstermoh |title=Data of 14,200 people with HIV leaked online by American fraudster: MOH |work=Business Times |location=Singapore |date=28 January 2019}}</ref> but there are fewer than 10 annual deaths from HIV per 100,000 people. Adult obesity is below 10%.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/gho/countries/sgp.pdf |title=Singapore: Health Profile |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |date=13 August 2010|access-date=16 March 2011}}</ref> There is a high level of [[immunisation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/singapore.html |publisher=Unicef |title=At a glance: Singapore |access-date=27 August 2019 |archive-date=27 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827112425/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/singapore.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2013, the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] ranked Singapore as having the best quality of life in Asia and sixth overall in the world.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/21566430-where-be-born-2013-lottery-life "The lottery of life"]. ''The Economist''. London. 21 November 2012.</ref>

The government's healthcare system is based upon the "3M" framework. This has three components: Medifund, which provides a safety net for those not able to otherwise afford healthcare; [[Medisave]], a compulsory national [[medical savings account]] system covering about 85% of the population; and Medishield, a government-funded health insurance programme. Public hospitals in Singapore have considerable autonomy in their management decisions, and notionally compete for patients, but remain in government ownership.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ramesh |first1=M. |title=Autonomy and Control in Public Hospital Reforms in Singapore |journal=The American Review of Public Administration |date=2008 |volume=38 |issue=1 |page=18 |doi=10.1177/0275074007301041 |s2cid=154781227 |url=http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/20627 }}</ref> A subsidy scheme exists for those on low income.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/whr00_en.pdf |title=The World Health Report |publisher=World Health Organization |page=66 |year=2000|access-date=16 March 2011}}</ref> In 2008, 32% of healthcare was funded by the government. Healthcare accounts for approximately 3.5% of Singapore's GDP.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apps.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726062457/http://apps.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 July 2009 |title=Core Health Indicators Singapore |publisher=World Health Organization |date=May 2008|access-date=16 March 2011}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Singapore}}

[[File:Sri Mariamman Temple Singapore 3 amk.jpg|upright|thumb|Ornate details on top of Sri Mariamman Temple in [[Chinatown, Singapore|Chinatown]] district, Singapore's oldest Hindu temple since 1827]]

Despite its small size, Singapore has a diversity of languages, religions, and cultures.<ref name="singapore21">{{cite web |url=http://www.singapore21.org.sg/speeches_050599.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010210223621/http://www.singapore21.org.sg/speeches_050599.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2001 |title=Speech by Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong on Singapore 21 Debate in Parliament |publisher=singapore21 |date=5 May 1999|access-date=27 October 2011}}</ref> Former prime ministers Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong stated that Singapore does not fit the traditional description of a nation, calling it a society-in-transition, pointing out the fact that Singaporeans do not all speak the same language, share the same religion, or have the same customs.<ref name="singapore21" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/443304/1/.html |title=MM Lee says Singapore needs to do more to achieve nationhood |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |location=Singapore |date=5 May 2009|access-date=27 October 2011|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630175421/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/443304/1/.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Singaporeans who speak English as their native language would likely lean toward [[Western culture]] (along with either [[Christian culture]] or [[secularism]]),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=B. H. Goh |first1=Robbie |title=Christian identities in Singapore: religion, race and culture between state controls and transnational flows |journal=Journal of Cultural Geography |year=2009 |volume=26 |pages=1–23 |publisher=routledge |doi=10.1080/08873630802617135 |s2cid=144728013|doi-access=free}}</ref> while those who speak Chinese as their native language mostly lean toward [[Chinese culture]], which has linkages with [[Chinese folk religion]], [[Buddhism in Singapore|Buddhism]], [[Taoism in Singapore|Taoism]] and [[Confucianism]]. Malay-speaking Singaporeans mostly lean toward [[Malays (ethnic group)#Culture|Malay culture]], which itself is closely linked to [[Islamic culture]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Siddique |first1=Sharon |title=Some Aspects of Malay-Muslim Ethnicity in Peninsular Malaysia |journal=Contemporary Southeast Asia |year=1981 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=76–87 |jstor=25797648 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Prystay |first1=Chris |title=Bit of Malay Culture Is Now Vanishing Under Muslim Rules |url=https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/bit-malay-culture-now-vanishing-under-muslim-rules |website=Yale GlobalOnline |publisher=Yale University |access-date=17 November 2018 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807072403/https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/bit-malay-culture-now-vanishing-under-muslim-rules |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tamil-speaking Singaporeans mostly lean toward [[Tamil culture]], which itself is mostly linked to [[Hinduism|Hindu culture]]. Racial and religious harmony is regarded as a crucial part of Singapore's success, and played a part in building a Singaporean identity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.singaporeunited.sg/cep/index.php/web/Our-News/PM-Lee-on-racial-and-religious-issues-National-Day-Rally-2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220195750/http://www.singaporeunited.sg/cep/index.php/web/Our-News/PM-Lee-on-racial-and-religious-issues-National-Day-Rally-2009|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 February 2010 |title=PM Lee on racial and religious issues (National Day Rally 2009) |publisher=Singapore United |date=16 August 2009|access-date=27 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Prystay |first1=Chris |title=Bit of Malay Culture Is Now Vanishing Under Muslim Rules |url=https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/bit-malay-culture-now-vanishing-under-muslim-rules |website=YaleGlobal Online |publisher=Yale Universal |access-date=17 November 2018 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807072403/https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/bit-malay-culture-now-vanishing-under-muslim-rules |url-status=dead }}</ref>

When Singapore became independent from the United Kingdom in 1963, most Singaporean citizens were transient [[Migrant worker|migrant labourers]] who had no intention of staying permanently.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Singapore : the making of a nation-state 1300–1975. Secondary Two, [Textbook] |author=<nowiki>Singapore, Curriculum Planning & Development Division</nowiki> |isbn=978-981-4448-45-1 |location=Singapore |oclc=903000193 |year=2015}}</ref> There was also a sizeable minority of middle-class, locally born people—known as [[Peranakan]]s or Baba-Nyonya-descendants of 15th- and 16th-century Chinese immigrants. With the exception of the Peranakans who pledged their loyalties to Singapore, most of the labourers' loyalties lay with their respective homelands of [[British Malaya|Malaya]], China and India. After independence, the government began a deliberate process of crafting a uniquely Singaporean identity and culture.<ref name=":0" /> Singapore has a reputation as a [[nanny state]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/3861209.stm |title=Singapore slings a little caution to the wind |publisher=BBC News |date=16 August 2004|access-date=27 February 2011 |first=Andrew |last=Harding}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/23/business/worldbusiness/23casino.html?pagewanted=all |title=The Nanny State Places a Bet |work=The New York Times |date=16 August 2004|access-date=27 February 2011 |first=Wayne |last=Arnold}}</ref> The government also places a heavy emphasis on [[meritocracy]], where one is judged based on one's ability.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.pmo.gov.sg/content/pmosite/mediacentre/inthenews/ministermentor/2009/April/old_and_new_citizensgetequalchancesaysmmlee.html |title=Old and new citizens get equal chance, says MM Lee |publisher=Prime Minister's Office |date=5 May 2010|access-date=27 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812071843/http://www.pmo.gov.sg/content/pmosite/mediacentre/inthenews/ministermentor/2009/April/old_and_new_citizensgetequalchancesaysmmlee.html|archive-date=12 August 2011}}</ref>

The national flower of Singapore is the [[Hybrid plant|hybrid]] [[orchid]], [[Papilionanthe Miss Joaquim|''Vanda'' Miss Joaquim]], named in memory of [[Agnes Joaquim]], who crossbred the flower in her garden at [[Tanjong Pagar]] in 1893.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Flower |url=https://www.nhb.gov.sg/what-we-do/our-work/community-engagement/education/resources/national-symbols/national-flower |website=nhb.gov.sg |publisher=National Heritage Board}}</ref> Singapore is known as the ''Lion City'' and many national symbols such as the [[coat of arms of Singapore|coat of arms]] and the [[lion head symbol of Singapore|lion head symbol]] make use of a lion. Major religious festivals are [[Public holidays in Singapore|public holidays]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ministry of Manpower issues response on debate over Thaipusam public holiday |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/ministry-of-manpower-issues-response-on-debate-over-thaipusam-public-holiday|access-date=4 July 2018 |newspaper=The Straits Times |location=Singapore |date=13 February 2015}}</ref> UNESCO recognises Singapore as a "[[Design Cities (UNESCO)|Design City]]."

=== Arts ===
{{Further|Dance in Singapore|Singaporean literature|Music of Singapore}}
[[File:National Gallery 2 (31322988764).jpg|thumb|left|alt=The National Gallery Singapore oversees the world's largest public collection of Southeast Asian and Singapore art|The [[National Gallery Singapore]] oversees the world's largest public collection of Singaporean and Southeast Asian art.]]

During the 1990s the [[National Arts Council (Singapore)|National Arts Council]] was created to spearhead the development of performing arts, along with visual and literary art forms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mica.gov.sg/renaissance/FinalRen.pdf |title=Culture and the Arts in Renaissance Singapore |publisher=[[Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts]]|access-date=1 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524013952/http://www.mica.gov.sg/renaissance/FinalRen.pdf|archive-date=24 May 2006}}</ref> The [[National Gallery Singapore]] is the nation's flagship museum with some 8,000 works from Singaporean and other Southeast Asian artists. The [[Singapore Art Museum]] focuses on contemporary art from a Southeast Asian perspective.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About {{!}} Singapore Art Museum |url=https://www.singaporeartmuseum.sg/en/about |access-date=25 May 2024 |website=singaporeartmuseum.sg}}</ref> The [[Red Dot Design Award|Red Dot]] Design Museum celebrates exceptional art and design of objects for everyday life, hosting more than 1,000 items from 50 countries. The lotus-shaped [[ArtScience Museum]] hosts touring exhibitions that combine art with the sciences. Other major museums include the [[Asian Civilisations Museum]], the [[Peranakan Museum]], and [[The Arts House]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=NN |first1=Soorya Kiran |title=Painting our own canvas |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/painting-our-own-canvas|access-date=17 August 2018 |work=The Straits Times |date=29 November 2015}}</ref> [[Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay|The Esplanade]] is Singapore's largest performing arts centre. In 2016 alone, it was the site of 5,900 free art and culture events.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1827_2011-08-05.html |title=Esplanade-Theatres on the bay |date=7 July 2016 |author=Faizah bte Zakaria|access-date=16 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="CNA1">{{cite news |last1=Wintle |first1=Angela |title=Singlish, cultural diversity and hawker food essential in forging a national identity, say celebs |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singlish-cultural-diversity-and-hawker-food-essential-in-forging-8226060 |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |date=5 February 2016|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221192042/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singlish-cultural-diversity-and-hawker-food-essential-in-forging-8226060|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Literature of Singapore, or "SingLit", consists of a collection of literary works by Singaporeans written chiefly in the country's four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil. Singapore is increasingly regarded as having four sub-literatures instead of one. Many significant works have been translated and showcased in publications such as the literary journal ''Singa'', published in the 1980s and 1990s with editors including [[Edwin Thumboo]] and [[Koh Buck Song]], as well as in multilingual anthologies such as ''Rhythms: A Singaporean Millennial Anthology Of Poetry'' (2000), in which the poems were all translated three times each. A number of Singaporean writers such as [[Tan Swie Hian]] and [[Kuo Pao Kun]] have contributed work in more than one language.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/arts/poet-feature-singapores-unique-language-in-literature |title=Singapore Writers Festival: Feature Singapore's unique language in literature, says poet |newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=27 August 2019 |date=5 November 2018 |last1=Toh |first1=Wen Li}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/kbolton/pdf/(2014)%20Bolton%20and%20Ng.pdf |title=The dynamics of multilingualism in contemporary Singapore |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|access-date=27 August 2019|archive-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328194001/http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/kbolton/pdf/(2014)%20Bolton%20and%20Ng.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Singapore has a diverse music culture that ranges from pop and rock, to folk and classical. Western classical music plays a significant role in the cultural life in Singapore, with the [[Singapore Symphony Orchestra]] (SSO) instituted in 1979. Other notable western orchestras in Singapore include [[Singapore National Youth Orchestra]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/snyo/ |title=Singapore National Youth Orchestra |website=Ministry of Education|access-date=5 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009101537/http://www.moe.gov.sg/snyo/|archive-date=9 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and the community-based [[Braddell Heights Symphony Orchestra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timeoutsingapore.com/music/feature/adrian-tan-new-music-director-braddell-heights-symphony-orchestra |title=Music director Adrian Tan ushers in new era for Braddell Heights Symphony Orchestra |last=Ang |first=Steven |website=Time Out Singapore|access-date=5 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006150746/http://www.timeoutsingapore.com/music/feature/adrian-tan-new-music-director-braddell-heights-symphony-orchestra|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Many orchestras and ensembles are also found in secondary schools and junior colleges. Various communities have their own distinct ethnic musical traditions: Chinese, Malays, Indians, and Eurasians. With their traditional forms of music and various modern musical styles, the fusion of different forms account for the musical diversity in the country.<ref name="garland">{{cite book |title=The Garland Handbook of Southeast Asian Music |editor1=Terry Miller |editor2=Sean Williams |chapter=Singapore |author=Lee Tong Soon |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-96075-5 |year=2008}}</ref> The nation's lively urban musical scene has made it a centre for international performances and festivals in the region. Some of Singapore's best known pop singers include [[Stefanie Sun]], [[JJ Lin]], [[Liang Wern Fook]], [[Taufik Batisah]] and [[Dick Lee]], who is famous for composing [[National Day (Singapore)|National Day]] theme songs, including ''Home''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=An A-Z of the nation's iconic talents |date=17 February 2019 |work=The Sunday Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=NN |first1=Soorya Kiran |title=Here's why Stefanie Sun's a Singapore icon |url=http://www.asiaone.com/entertainment/heres-why-stefanie-suns-singapore-icon|access-date=17 August 2018 |work=AsiaOne |date=20 August 2017}}</ref>

=== Media ===
{{Main|Media of Singapore}}

{{See also|Telecommunications in Singapore}}
[[File:Singapore Former-Hill-Street-Police-Station-02.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Ministry of Communications and Information]] oversees the development of [[infocomm]], media and [[the arts]].]]
Companies linked to the government control much of the domestic media in Singapore.<ref name="freedomhouse_a">{{cite web |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&country=7915&year=2010 |title=Country Report 2010 Edition |publisher=Freedom House |year=2010|access-date=7 May 2011|archive-date=15 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215114121/http://freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2010&country=7915|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[MediaCorp]] operates most [[Television in Singapore|free-to-air television channels]] and [[List of radio stations in Singapore|free-to-air radio stations]] in Singapore. There are a total of six free-to-air TV channels offered by MediaCorp.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TV Guide |url=https://www.mewatch.sg/channel-guide|access-date=4 February 2022 |website=meWATCH}}</ref> [[StarHub TV]] and [[Singtel TV]] also offer [[IPTV]] with channels from all around the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mda.gov.sg/POLICIES/POLICIESANDCONTENTGUIDELINES/TV/Pages/CableTV.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714155808/http://www.mda.gov.sg/Policies/PoliciesandContentGuidelines/TV/Pages/CableTV.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 July 2010 |title=Cable Television |year=2011 |publisher=XIN MSN|access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mda.gov.sg/POLICIES/POLICIESANDCONTENTGUIDELINES/TV/Pages/IPTV.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714144133/http://www.mda.gov.sg/Policies/PoliciesandContentGuidelines/TV/Pages/IPTV.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 July 2010 |title=Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) |year=2011 |publisher=XIN MSN|access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref> [[SPH Media Trust]], a body with close links to the government, controls most of the newspaper industry in Singapore.<ref name="BBC Media">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15961759 |title=Singapore country profile |publisher=BBC News |date=16 November 2010|access-date=27 February 2011}}</ref>

Singapore's media industry has sometimes been criticised for being overly regulated and lacking in freedom by human rights groups such as [[Freedom House]].<ref name="freedomhouse_a" /> Self-censorship among journalists is said to be common.<ref name="BBC Media" /> In 2023, Singapore was ranked 129 on the Press Freedom Index published by [[Reporters Without Borders]], up from 139 the previous year.<ref>{{cite web |title=2023 World Press Freedom Index for Singapore |url=https://rsf.org/en/country/singapore |website=RSF |date=16 June 2023 |access-date=4 October 2023}}</ref> The [[Media Development Authority]] regulates Singaporean media, claiming to balance the demand for choice and protection against offensive and harmful material.<ref name="Mica">{{cite web |url=http://www.mica.gov.sg/mica_business/b_media.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910233826/http://www.mica.gov.sg/mica_business/b_media.html|archive-date=10 September 2006 |title=Media: Overview |date=16 March 2005 |publisher=Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts|access-date=27 February 2011}}</ref> Private ownership of TV satellite dishes is banned.<ref name="BBC Media" />

[[Internet in Singapore]] is provided by state-owned [[Singtel]], partially state-owned [[StarHub|Starhub]] and [[M1 Limited]] as well as some other business [[internet service provider]]s (ISPs) that offer residential service plans of speeds up to 2 [[Gbit/s]] as of spring 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=ViewQwest 2Gbps FAQ |url=http://www.viewqwest.com/vqlp/2gbps-faq/|access-date=2 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021051852/http://www.viewqwest.com/vqlp/2gbps-faq/|archive-date=21 October 2015}}</ref> [[Equinix]] (332 participants) and the [[Singapore Internet Exchange]] (70 participants) are [[Internet exchange point]]s where [[Internet service provider]]s and [[Content delivery network]]s exchange Internet traffic between their networks ([[Autonomous system (Internet)|autonomous systems]]) in various locations in Singapore.<ref>{{cite web |title=Equinix further expands SG2 IBX data center in Singapore |url=https://www.networksasia.net/article/equinix-further-expands-sg2-ibx-data-center-singapore.1499915580 |website=Networks Asia|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704123248/https://www.networksasia.net/article/equinix-further-expands-sg2-ibx-data-center-singapore.1499915580|archive-date=4 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore Internet Exchange |url=https://www.imda.gov.sg/industry-development/infrastructure/next-gen-national-infocomm-infrastructure/singapore-internet-exchange |publisher=[[Info-communications Media Development Authority]]|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227035254/https://www.imda.gov.sg/industry-development/infrastructure/next-gen-national-infocomm-infrastructure/singapore-internet-exchange|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the mid-1980s to 1990s, Singaporeans could also use the locally based videotext service [[Singapore Teleview]] to communicate with one another.<ref name="sandfort" /> The phrase ''Intelligent Island'' arose in the 1990s in reference to the island nation's early adaptive relationship with the internet.<ref name="sandfort">{{cite magazine |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/1993/04/sandfort/ |title=The Intelligent Island |first=Sandy |last=Sandfort |date=April 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/1993/04/gibson-2/ |title=Disneyland with the Death Penalty |first=William |last=Gibson |date=April 1993}}</ref>

In 2016, there were an estimated 4.7 million internet users in Singapore, representing 82.5% of the population.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internet Users by Country (July 2016 estimate) |url=http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users-by-country/ |website=Internet Live States|access-date=23 November 2016 |date=July 2016 |quote=Elaboration of data by International Telecommunication Union (ITU), United Nations Population Division, Internet & Mobile Association of India (IAMAI), World Bank.}}</ref> The Singapore government does not engage in widespread censoring of the internet,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://opennet.net/research/profiles/singapore |title=Singapore |publisher=OpenNet Initiative|access-date=7 May 2011}}</ref> but it maintains a list of one hundred websites—mostly pornographic—that it blocks from home internet access as a "symbolic statement of the Singaporean community's stand on harmful and undesirable content on the Internet".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_622871.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119042223/http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_622871.html|archive-date=19 January 2011 |title=Impossible for S'pore to block all undesirable sites |last=Wong |first=Tessa |work=The Straits Times |location=Singapore |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings |date=11 January 2011|access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.asiaone.com/Digital/News/Story/A1Story20080523-66562.html |title=MDA bans two video-sharing porn sites |date=23 May 2008 |author=Chua Hian Hou |work=The Straits Times |location=Singapore |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080524215638/http://www.asiaone.com/Digital/News/Story/A1Story20080523-66562.html |archive-date=24 May 2008}}</ref> Singapore has the world's highest [[smartphone]] penetration rates, in surveys by [[Deloitte]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/smartphone-penetration-singapore-highest-globally-survey |title=Smartphone penetration in Singapore the highest globally: Survey |date=11 February 2015 |work=Today |location=Singapore}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www2.deloitte.com/au/en/pages/media-releases/articles/our-mobile-world-always-on-FOMO-or-necessity-251114.html |title=Deloitte Mobile Consumer 2014 |date=25 November 2014 |publisher=Deloitte Australia |access-date=13 January 2016 |archive-date=5 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805143008/https://www2.deloitte.com/au/en/pages/media-releases/articles/our-mobile-world-always-on-FOMO-or-necessity-251114.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the Google Consumer Barometer—at 89% and 85% of the population respectively in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://digital.asiaone.com/digital/news/6-top-things-singaporeans-do-when-using-their-smartphones |title=6 top things that Singaporeans do when using their smartphones |date=6 November 2014 |work=Asiaone |access-date=13 January 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160126050015/http://digital.asiaone.com/digital/news/6-top-things-singaporeans-do-when-using-their-smartphones |archive-date=26 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The overall mobile phone penetration rate is at 148 mobile phone subscribers per 100 people.<ref name="singstat2014mobile">{{cite web |url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/latest-data#19 |title=Statistics Singapore – Latest Data – Social Indicators |publisher=Singapore Department of Statistics |year=2014 |access-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151129094649/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/latest-data#19 |archive-date=29 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Singaporean cuisine}}

[[File:Satay stalls along Boon Tat Street next to Telok Ayer Market, Singapore - 20120629-02.jpg|right|thumb|alt=Satay stalls along Boon Tat Street next to Telok Ayer Market, better known as Lau Pa Sat|[[Lau Pa Sat]] hawker centre in the financial district. [[Satay]] cart-stalls roll in after dusk, on a side street.]]
Singapore's diversity of cuisine is touted as a reason to visit the country, due to its combination of convenience, variety, quality, and price.<ref name="Foodways">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5Mw_WTLhiYC&dq=singapore*+cuisine&pg=PA161 |title=Changing Chinese foodways in Asia |last1=Wu |first1=David Y.H. |author2=Chee Beng Tan |pages=161 ff |publisher=Chinese University Press |location=Hong Kong |isbn=978-962-201-914-0 |year=2001|access-date=27 February 2011}}</ref> Local food items generally relate to a particular ethnicity – Chinese, Malay and Indian; but the diversity of cuisine has increased further by the hybridisation of different styles (e.g., the [[Peranakan cuisine]], a mix of Chinese and Malay cuisine). In hawker centres, cultural diffusion is exemplified by traditionally Malay hawker stalls also selling Tamil food. [[Hainanese chicken rice]], based on the Hainanese dish [[Wenchang chicken]], is considered Singapore's national dish.<ref name="farleyBBC6nov2015">{{cite web |last=Farley |first=David |title=The Dish Worth the 15-Hour Flight |date=25 February 2022 |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20151105-the-singapore-dish-worth-a-15-hour-flight |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="lingCNN14apr2010">{{cite web |last=Ling |first=Catherine |title=40 Singapore foods we can't live without |url=http://travel.cnn.com/singapore/none/40-singapore-foods-we-cant-live-without-810208/ |publisher=CNN|access-date=13 January 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119235745/http://travel.cnn.com/singapore/none/40-singapore-foods-we-cant-live-without-810208/|archive-date=19 November 2012}}</ref>

The city-state has a burgeoning food scene ranging from hawker centres (open-air), food courts (air-conditioned), coffee shops (open-air with up to a dozen hawker stalls), cafes, fast food, simple kitchens, casual, celebrity and high-end restaurants.<ref name=streetfood /> [[Cloud kitchen]]s and food delivery are also on the rise, with 70% of residents ordering from delivery apps at least once a month.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Woo |first1=Jacqueline |title=Food fight! The battle for the food delivery market |url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/brunch/food-fight-the-battle-for-the-food-delivery-market |work=The Business Times |date=8 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=70% of Singapore consumers order from food delivery apps at least once a month – and most are spending more money in recent years |url=https://www.businessinsider.sg/70-of-singapore-consumers-order-from-food-delivery-apps-at-least-once-a-month-and-most-are-spending-more-money-in-recent-years/ |work=Business Insider Singapore |date=21 March 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923055606/https://www.businessinsider.sg/70-of-singapore-consumers-order-from-food-delivery-apps-at-least-once-a-month-and-most-are-spending-more-money-in-recent-years/|archive-date=23 September 2019}}</ref> Many international [[celebrity chef]] restaurants are located within the [[integrated resort]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=The top celebrity chef restaurants to visit in Singapore |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/food/celebrity-chefs-opening-restaurants-in-singapore-three-more-to-look-out-for |newspaper=The Straits Times |location=Singapore |date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Religious dietary strictures exist (Muslims do not eat pork and Hindus do not eat beef), and there is also a significant group of vegetarians. The [[Singapore Food Festival]] which celebrates Singapore's cuisine is held annually in July.<ref name="SFF">{{cite web |url=https://www.visitsingapore.com/festivals-events-singapore/annual-highlights/singapore-food-festival/ |title=Singapore Food Festival |publisher=Singapore Tourism Board|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref>

Prior to the 1980s, [[street food]] was sold mainly by immigrants from China, India, and Malaysia to other immigrants seeking a familiar taste. In Singapore, street food has long been associated with [[hawker centre]]s with communal seating areas. Typically, these centres have a few dozen to hundreds of food stalls, with each specialising in one or more related dishes.<ref name=fodor>{{cite news |last=Fieldmar |first=James |title=Singapore's Street Food 101 |url=http://www.fodors.com/news/street-food-in-singapore-6276.html|access-date=21 October 2013 |newspaper=Fodor's |date=19 December 2012|archive-date=22 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022001718/http://www.fodors.com/news/street-food-in-singapore-6276.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=streetfood>{{cite news |last=Michaels |first=Rowena |title=Singapore's best street food ... just don't order frog porridge |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatlife/10204790/Singapores-best-street-food-...-just-dont-order-frog-porridge.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatlife/10204790/Singapores-best-street-food-...-just-dont-order-frog-porridge.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2013 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=20 July 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> While street food can be found in many countries, the variety and reach of centralised hawker centres that serve heritage street food in Singapore is unique.<ref name="Hawker2007">{{cite book |last1=Kong |first1=Lily |title=Singapore Hawker Centres : People, Places, Food |date=2007 |publisher=SNP |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-248-149-8}}</ref> In 2018, there were 114 hawker centres spread across the city centre and heartland housing estates. They are maintained by the [[National Environment Agency]], which also grades each food stall for hygiene. The largest hawker centre is located on the second floor of Chinatown Complex, and contains over 200 stalls.<ref name="Hawker2007" /> The complex is also home to the cheapest Michelin-starred meal in the world – a plate of [[soy sauce|soya-sauce]] chicken rice or noodles for S$2 (US$1.50). Two street food stalls in the city are the first in the world to be awarded a Michelin star, obtaining a single star each.<ref>{{cite news |last=Han |first=Kirsten |title=Michelin star for Singapore noodle stall where lunch is half the price of a Big Mac |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/aug/04/michelin-star-for-singapore-noodle-stall-where-lunch-is-half-the-price-of-a-big-mac |work=The Guardian |date=4 August 2016 |location=London}}</ref>

=== Sport and recreation ===
{{Main|Sport in Singapore}}

[[File:Joseph Schooling Kazan 2015.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Joseph Schooling]] is a gold medalist and Olympic record holder at the [[Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly|Rio 2016 Games – 100 m butterfly]].<ref name="Schooling-Rio" />]]
In 1948, [[Lloyd Valberg]] participated in the [[1948 Summer Olympics]] in London, which made him the first Singaporean to participate in the [[Olympic Games]]. The development of private sports and recreation clubs began in the 19th century colonial Singapore, with clubs founded during this time including the Cricket Club, the [[Singapore Recreation Club]], the Singapore Swimming Club, and the Hollandse Club.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sportsingapore.gov.sg/sports-education/history-of-singapore-sports |title=History of Singapore Sports |website=Sport Singapore|access-date=6 July 2018|archive-date=6 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706161703/https://www.sportsingapore.gov.sg/sports-education/history-of-singapore-sports|url-status=dead}}</ref> Weightlifter [[Tan Howe Liang]] was Singapore's first Olympic medalist, winning a silver at the [[1960 Summer Olympics|1960 Rome Games]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_635_2005-01-10.html |title=Tan Howe Liang |publisher=[[National Library Board]]|access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref> Singapore hosted the inaugural [[2010 Summer Youth Olympics]], in which 3,600 athletes from 204 nations competed in 26 sports.<ref name="Singapore to host first edition of the Youth Olympic Games in 2010">{{cite press release |url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/media_centre/press_release_uk.asp?release=2492 |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311003132/http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/media_centre/press_release_uk.asp?release=2492|archive-date=11 March 2009 |date=21 February 2008 |title=Singapore to host first edition of the Youth Olympic Games in 2010|access-date=16 March 2011}}</ref>

Indoor and water sports are some of the most popular sports in Singapore. At the [[2016 Rio Olympics]], [[Joseph Schooling]] won Singapore's first Olympic gold medal, claiming the [[Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly|100-metre butterfly]] in a new Olympic record time of 50.39 seconds.<ref name="Schooling-Rio">{{cite news |title=Michael Phelps taught a lesson for once – by Joseph Schooling {{!}} Andy Bull|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/13/michael-phelps-taught-a-lesson-for-once-by-singapores-joseph-schooling|access-date=17 August 2018|work=The Guardian|date=13 August 2016|ref=London}}</ref> Singapore sailors have had success on the international stage, with their [[Optimist (dinghy)|Optimist]] team being considered among the best in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asiaone.com/singapore/sailing-spore-retain-world-team-title |title=Sailing: S'pore retain world team title|work=AsiaOne |access-date=28 August 2019 |date=24 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://tnp.straitstimes.com/sports/team-singapore/singapore-sailing-needs-trailblazer |title=Singapore sailing needs a trailblazer |work=The New Paper |access-date=28 August 2019 |date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=21 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121014800/https://tnp.straitstimes.com/sports/team-singapore/singapore-sailing-needs-trailblazer |url-status=dead }}</ref> Despite its size, the country has dominated swim meets in the [[Southeast Asia Games]]. Its men's water polo team won the SEA Games gold medal for the 27th time in 2017, continuing Singapore sport's longest winning streak.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chia |first=Nicole |title=SEA Games: Singapore capture men's 27th water polo gold to keep country's longest sports winning streak alive |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/sea-games-singapore-win-mens-27th-water-polo-gold-to-keep-countrys-longest-sporting-streak|access-date=17 August 2018 |work=The Straits Times |date=20 August 2017}}</ref> At the [[2024 Paris Olympics]], [[Max Maeder]] won Singapore's first Olympic medal in [[Sailing (sport)|sailing]], achieving bronze at the [[Sailing at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's Formula Kite|Men's Formula Kite]] on [[National Day (Singapore)|National Day]]. At 17, he was also Singapore's youngest Olympic medalist.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mohan |first1=Matthew |title=Kitefoiler Max Maeder clinches Olympic bronze, makes history as Singapore's youngest Games medallist |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/max-maeder-olympic-medal-bronze-kitefoiling-paris-games-4537696 |website=CNA |access-date=14 August 2024 |date=9 August 2024}}</ref>

Singapore's women's table tennis team were silver medalists at the [[2008 Beijing Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news |author=ir |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/368387/1/.html |title=Olympics: First medal in 48 years for Singapore |publisher=[[Channel NewsAsia]]|access-date=15 August 2008|archive-date=22 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122051939/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/368387/1/.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/table-tennis-end-of-era-for-singapore-women-paddlers |title=Table tennis: End of era for Singapore women paddlers |newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=28 August 2019 |date=5 March 2016 |last1=Chua |first1=Siang Yee}}</ref> They became world champions in 2010 when they beat China at the [[World Team Table Tennis Championships]] in Russia, breaking China's 19-year winning streak.<ref>{{citation |title=World champs!: S'pore beat favourites China in World Team Table Tennis C'ships |url=http://www.todayonline.com/Hotnews/EDC100531-0000074/World-champs!|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601183945/http://www.todayonline.com/Hotnews/EDC100531-0000074/World-champs!|archive-date=1 June 2010 |newspaper=Today |date=31 May 2010 |page=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2021, Singapore's [[Loh Kean Yew]] achieved a "World Champion" status when he won a badminton gold at the [[2021 BWF World Championships]] [[2021 BWF World Championships – Men's singles|men's singles]], which is one of the most prestigious badminton tournaments alongside the [[Badminton at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics badminton tournaments]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Singapore's Loh Kean Yew is badminton world champion |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/badminton-singapores-loh-kean-yew-is-world-champion |newspaper=The Straits Times |access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref>

Singapore's [[association football|football]] league, the [[Singapore Premier League]], was launched in 1996 as the S.League and comprises eight clubs, including one foreign team.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sleague.com/competitions/s-league/overview |title=S.League.com – Overview |publisher=S.League |year=2016|access-date=5 January 2016|archive-date=22 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822234311/http://www.sleague.com/competitions/s-league/overview|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>[http://www.straitstimes.com/sport/football/football-goodbye-s-league-welcome-singapore-premier-league Football: Goodbye S-League, welcome Singapore Premier League] ''The Straits Times'', 21 March 2018</ref> The [[Singapore Slingers]] is one of the inaugural teams in the [[ASEAN Basketball League]], which was founded in October 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/news/lateNews/arti.asp?newsid=29263|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816082403/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/news/lateNews/arti.asp?newsid=29263|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 August 2009 |title=ASEAN Basketball League takes off |date=20 January 2009 |work=FIBA Asia}}</ref> [[Kranji Racecourse]] is run by the [[Singapore Turf Club]] and hosts several meetings per week, including international races—notably the [[Singapore Airlines International Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=1d288200-6af8-4539-858a-3de9408f835c |title=Singapore Turf Club |publisher=[[National Library Board]]|access-date=15 July 2025}}</ref>

Singapore began hosting a round of the [[Formula One World Championship]], the [[Singapore Grand Prix]] at the [[Marina Bay Street Circuit]] in 2008. It was the inaugural F1 night race,<ref name="News – Singapore confirms 2008 night race">{{cite press release |title=Singapore confirms 2008 night race |publisher=[[Formula One]] |url=http://www.formula1.com/news/6063.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613015932/http://www.formula1.com/news/6063.html |date=11 May 2007|archive-date=13 June 2007|access-date=18 May 2007}}</ref> and the first F1 street race in Asia.<ref name="1stStreet">{{cite press release |title=SingTel to sponsor first Singapore Grand Prix |publisher=[[Formula One]] |url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2007/11/7101.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118105330/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2007/11/7101.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 November 2007|access-date=10 December 2007 |date=16 November 2007}}</ref> It is considered a signature event on the F1 calendar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Oi |first1=Mariko |title=The Big Read: To keep roaring for S'pore, F1 needs to raise its game |url=https://www.todayonline.com/sports/big-read-keep-roaring-spore-f1-needs-raise-its-game |work=TODAYonline |date=23 April 2013 |location=Singapore}}</ref> [[ONE Championship]] was founded in Singapore, a major [[Mixed Martial Arts]] (MMA) promotion in Asia.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2013-03-11-sns-rt-mixed-martial-artsonefc-pixl3n0c308o-20130310-story.html |title=Mixed martial arts-ONE FC returning to Manila in May |website=chicagotribune.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Singapore|Cities|Islands|Asia}}
* [[Foreign relations of Singapore]]
* [[Outline of Singapore]]
{{Clear right}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

'''Attribution'''
{{Refbegin}}
* ''This article incorporates public domain text from the websites of the [http://www.singstat.gov.sg/ Singapore Department of Statistics], the [[United States Department of State]], the [[Library of Congress|United States Library of Congress]] and ''[[The World Factbook]]''.''
{{Refend}}

== Works cited ==
* {{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Romen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q2JAAAAQBAJ |title=The End of the War: Singapore's Liberation and the Aftermath of the Second World War |date=2010 |publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]] |isbn=978-981-261-066-9 |location=Singapore}}
* {{Cite book |last=Legg |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Legg |title=The Gordon Bennett Story: From Gallipoli to Singapore |publisher=[[Angus & Robertson]] |year=1965 |location=Sydney, New South Wales |oclc=3193299}}
* {{Cite book |last=Miksic |first=John N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8NJ3BgAAQBAJ |title=Singapore & the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800 |date=2013 |publisher=[[NUS Press]] |isbn=978-9971-69-558-3 |location=Singapore}}
* {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Colin |url=https://archive.org/details/singaporeburning0000coli |title=Singapore Burning: Heroism and Surrender in World War II |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-14-101036-6 |series=Penguin military history |location=London |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Toland |first=John |author-link=John Toland (historian) |url=https://archive.org/details/risingsundecli00tola |title=The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945 |publisher=[[Random House]] |year=1970 |location=New York, NY |lccn=77-117669 |ol=25646706M}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wigmore |first=Lionel |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070203 |title=The Japanese Thrust |publisher=[[Australian War Memorial]] |year=1957 |location=Canberra}}

== Further reading ==
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes|by=yes}}
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Abshire |first=Jean E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SITDEAAAQBAJ |title=The History of Singapore |year=2011 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-313-37742-6 |series=The Greenwood histories of the modern nations |location=Santa Barbara, Calif |oclc=669750075}}
* {{Cite book |last=Barr |first=Michael D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SxKEDwAAQBAJ |title=Singapore: A Modern History |year=2019 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |isbn=978-1-350-13387-7 |location=London; New York |oclc=on1097575328}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Chia |editor-first=Wai Mun |editor-last2=Sng |editor-first2=Hui Ying |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXxpDQAAQBAJ |title=Singapore and Asia in a Globalized World: Contemporary Economic Issues and Policies |year=2009 |location=Singapore; Hackensack, N.J |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=978-981-281-557-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Corfield |first=Justin J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vhBMmG9yXgYC |title=Historical Dictionary of Singapore |date=2011 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-7184-7 |edition=New |series=Historical dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East |location=Lanham (Md.)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ghesquiere |first=Henri |title=Singapore's Success: Engineering Economic Growth |date=2007 |publisher=[[Thomson Corporation]] |isbn=978-981-4195-28-7 |location=Singapore}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sWxtDQAAQBAJ |title=50 Years Of Urban Planning In Singapore |date=2015 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=978-981-4656-45-0 |editor-last=Heng |editor-first=Chye Kiang |location=Singapore}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-7AOHscNewC |title=The Politics of Nation Building and Citizenship in Singapore |last2=Lian |first2=Kwen Fee |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-415-12025-8 |edition=Repr |series=Politics in Asia series |location=London |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Huff |first=W. G. |url=https://archive.org/details/economicgrowthof0000huff |title=The Economic Growth of Singapore: Trade and Development in the Twentieth Century |date=1994 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-37037-0 |location=Cambridge |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=King |first=Rodney |title=The Singapore Miracle, Myth and Reality |publisher=Insight Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-9775567-0-0 |edition=2. |location=Inglewood, Wa |ref=none}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Koh |editor-given=Tommy |editor-link=Tommy Koh |display-editors=et al |year=2006 |title=[[Singapore: The Encyclopedia]] |others=[[National Heritage Board (Singapore)|National Heritage Board]] |place=Singapore |publisher=[[Editions Didier Millet]] |isbn=981-4155-63-2}} | [https://archive.org/details/singaporeencyclo0000unse/page/n6/mode/1up via Archive.org]
* {{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Kuan Yew |url=https://archive.org/details/lee-kuan-yew-from-third-world-to-first |title=From Third World to First: The Singapore Story, 1965–2000 |year=2000 |location=New York |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=978-0-06-019776-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Leifer |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiC6pkgWToIC |title=Singapore's Foreign Policy: Coping with Vulnerability |date=2000 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-23353-8 |series=Politics in Asia |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Mauzy |first1=Diane K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zrYd4-ExqAC |title=Singapore Politics Under the People's Action Party |last2=Milne |first2=R. S. |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-415-24653-8 |series=Politics in Asia |location=New York |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Perry |first=John Curtis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnuuDQAAQBAJ |title=Singapore: Unlikely Power |date=2017 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-046950-4 |location=New York, NY}}
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bilveer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFBBEAAAQBAJ |title=Understanding Singapore Politics |year=2022 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=978-981-12-4340-0 |edition=2nd |location=Singapore}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tan |first=Kenneth Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNnbx98ixNkC |title=Renaissance Singapore? Economy, Culture, and Politics |publisher=[[NUS Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-9971-69-377-0 |editor-last=Tan |editor-first=Kenneth Paul |location=Singapore |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Worthington |first=Ross |title=Governance in Singapore |publisher=[[RoutledgeCurzon]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7007-1474-2 |location=London |ref=none}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Singapore|voy=Singapore|d=Q334}}
* {{Wikiatlas|Singapore}}
* {{Official website|https://www.gov.sg/}} Singapore Government Portal
* {{OSM relation|536780}}
* [https://www.singstat.gov.sg/ Singapore Department of Statistics]
* {{cite web |title=Key Facts & Figures |website=Ministry of Transport, Singapore |url=https://www.mot.gov.sg/|access-date=11 January 2003}}
* [https://www.mfa.gov.sg/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs], Government of Singapore
* [https://www.wikimapia.org/#y=1345015&x=103819427&z=11&l=0&m=a WikiSatellite view of Singapore at WikiMapia]
* [https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/about-us "About Us"] from Singapore's National Library Board; numerous well-researched and well-documented essays on key events and important figures, as well as topics regarding culture, architecture, nature, etc.
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15961759 Singapore profile] from the [[BBC News]]

{{Singapore topics}}
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Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 2025

2026-03-23T06:30:26Z

BGRDoreen32: starting basic entry basic info

{{Short description|Legislation in India}}

{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 2025
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to provide for the responsibilities, liabilities, rights and immunities attached to carriers with respect to the carriage of goods by sea and for matters connected therewith or related thereto.
| citation = [https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2024/Carriage_Of_Goods_By_Sea_Act_2025.pdf Act No. 19 of 2025]
| territorial_extent = [[India]]
| bill_history_url = https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-carriage-of-goods-by-sea-bill-2024
| bill = Carriage of Goods by Sea Bill, 2024
| bill_citation = [https://sansad.in/getFile/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/PassedLoksabha/carraige44202552150PM.pdf?source=legislation Bill No. 112C of 2024]
| introduced_by = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]], Minister of Ports, Shipping and Waterways
| date_introduced = 9 August 2024
| enacted_by = Lok Sabha
| date_passed = 28 March 2025
| enacted_by2 = Rajya Sabha
| date_passed2 = 6 August 2025
| assented_by = President
| date_assented = 8 August 2025
| date_commenced = 10 September 2025
| passed = 28 March 2025
| passed2 = 6 August 2025
| repeals = Indian Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1925
| status = in force
}}

The '''Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 2025''' is an Act of the [[Parliament of India]] that replaces the ''Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1925''. It modernises the legal framework governing bills of lading, the rights and responsibilities of carriers, shippers, and consignees, and incorporates provisions from international conventions on maritime cargo transport.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-11 |title=Parliament passes Carriage of Goods by Sea Bill, 2025 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2155280 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-11 |title=Carriage of Goods by Sea Bill, 2025 gets Parliament's nod |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/carriage-of-goods-by-sea-bill-2025-gets-parliaments-nod/articleshow/123235771.cms |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

== Background and timeline ==

=== Background ===
The ''Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1925'' was based on the Hague Rules and had not kept pace with developments in global shipping. The 2025 Act updates Indian law to reflect the [[Hague–Visby Rules]] and certain provisions from the [[Hamburg Rules]], ensuring consistency with international maritime transport standards and addressing multimodal transport realities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carriage of Goods by Sea Bill, 2025 — PRS Legislative Research |url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-carriage-of-goods-by-sea-bill-2025 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=PRS Legislative Research}}</ref>

=== Timeline ===
* 28 March 2025: The ''Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 2025'' was passed by Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-06 |title=Lok Sabha passes Carriage of Goods by Sea Bill |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lok-sabha-passes-carriage-of-goods-by-sea-bill/articleshow/123149432.cms |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
* 6 August 2025: The ''Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 2025'' was passed by Rajya Sabha.<ref name="auto"/>

== Provisions ==

=== Scope and Application ===
The Act applies to contracts for the carriage of goods by sea under bills of lading or similar documents of title, covering both import and export shipments from Indian ports.

=== Carrier Responsibilities ===
Carriers must exercise due diligence to make the ship seaworthy, properly manned, equipped, and supplied; and to carefully handle, load, stow, carry, keep, care for, and discharge the goods carried.

=== Shipper Responsibilities ===
Shippers must ensure the accuracy of cargo descriptions, markings, and quantities, and indemnify carriers for losses arising from misdeclaration.

=== Liability and Limitation ===
The Act updates liability limits in line with the Hague–Visby Rules, prescribes timelines for notice of loss or damage, and defines exceptions to liability.

=== Jurisdiction and Dispute Resolution ===
The Act provides that disputes may be resolved through Indian courts or arbitration as per contractual agreements, with jurisdiction clauses subject to Indian law.

=== Electronic Documentation ===
Recognises electronic bills of lading and related digital transport documents, facilitating paperless trade.

== See also ==
* [[Merchant Shipping Act, 2025]]
* [[Indian Ports Act, 2025]]
* [[Hague–Visby Rules]]

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2025]]
[[Category:Shipping in India]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/21917/1/A2025-19.pdf Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 2025]

Rolugunta Suri

2026-03-22T06:22:53Z

BGRDoreen32: Created New Pg

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language action drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rolugunta Suri
| image = Rolugunta Suri.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Anil Kumar Palla
| writer = Anil Kumar Palla
| screenplay = Anil Kumar Palla Aavula Venkatesh (additional)
| story = Anil Kumar Palla
| producer = Sowmya Chandini Palla
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Nagarjuna Palla
* Aadhya Reddy
* Brahmbananda Reddy
* Satyanarayana
}}
| cinematography = Anil Kumar Palla
| editing = Aavula Venkatesh
| music = Subash Anand
| studio = Tapasvi Art Creations.
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|11|14|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Rolugunta Suri''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu-language]] action drama film written, directed, and filmed by Anil Kumar Palla. The film is produced by Sowmya Chandini Palla under the banner Tapasvi Art Creations. It stars Nagarjuna Palla, Aadhya Reddy, Brahmbananda Reddy, and Satyanarayana in major roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title='రోలుగుంట సూరి' సినిమా రివ్యూ {{!}} Rolugunta Soori Movie Review {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/rolugunta-soori-movie-review-2621288 |access-date=2025-11-30 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Nagarjuna Palla as Suri
* Aadhya Reddy as Kamala
* Brahmbananda Reddy
* Satyanarayana

== Production ==
The screenplay and story were written by Anil Kumar Palla, with Aavula Venkatesh contributing additional screenplay and handling the film’s editing. Dialogues are written by Mohammed Sai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=10TV |last2=Kumar |first2=V. Santhosh |date=2025-11-16 |title=‘రోలుగుంట సూరి’ మూవీ రివ్యూ.. ఎమోషనల్ కంటెంట్ తో సాగే విలేజ్ డ్రామా.. ఎలా ఉందంటే? |url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movie-reviews/rolugunta-suri-movie-review-sn-1014460.html |access-date=2025-11-30 |website=10TV Telugu |language=te}}</ref> The music is composed by Subash Anand, while the background score (RR) is by Sandip Chakravarthy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=అందమైన ట్రయాంగిల్ లవ్ స్టోరీ ‘మరువ తరమా’! ప్రేక్షకుల హృదయాల్లో నిలిచిపోయేలా ఉందంటూ డైరెక్టర్ అజయ్ భూపతి ప్రశంస.. |url=https://telugu.timesnownews.com/entertainment/relatable-story-that-will-stay-back-in-audience-hearts-maruva-tarama-movie-trailer-gets-praise-article-153112495 |access-date=2025-11-30 |website=Times Now Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[News18]]'' critic wrote that " This film with a strong message will give a good experience in the theater."and rated 2.75/5.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rangaiahgari |first1=Bhanuprasad |title=Rolugunta Suri Movie Review: రోలుగుంట సూరీ మూవీ రివ్యూ.. ఈ రియలిస్టిక్ విలేజ్ డ్రామా ఆడియెన్స్‌ను మెప్పించిందా? |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/rolugunta-suri-movie-review-bh-2957541.html |access-date=22 March 2026 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18 Telegu]] |date=14 November 2025}}</ref>

''[[Thehansindia.com]]'' critic stated that " pactful moments. While not flawless, it stands out as a rare and meaningful addition to Telugu cinema." and rated three out of five stars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-11-14 |title=Rolugunta Suri: A raw village drama that hits hard |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/rolugunta-suri-a-raw-village-drama-that-hits-hard-1023363 |access-date=2025-11-30 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt38875979}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

Gajapati invasion of Bidar

2026-03-12T07:17:31Z

BGRDoreen32: starting basic details from scratch

{{Short description|15th century military conflict in India}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Gajapati invasion of Bidar
| place = [[Bidar]], [[Karnataka]]
| partof = Bahmani-Gajapati conflicts
| image = Gateway to Bidar fort.jpg
| caption = The Bidar Fort
| date = September 1461
| coordinates = {{coord|17.912|N|77.520|E|region:IN-KA|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Karnataka#India
| result = Bahmani victory
| combatant1 = [[Bahmani Sultanate]]
| combatant2 = [[Gajapati Empire]] [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya chiefs]]
| commander1 = [[Mahmud Gawan]] Muhibullah
| commander2 = [[Kapilendra Deva]]
| strength1 = 160 horsemen<ref name=":0"></ref> '''Unengaged:''' 40,000 cavalry<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526), ed. by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |date=1970 |publisher=People's Publishing House |pages=950–951 |language=en}}</ref>
| strength2 = 10,000 footmen 400 horsemen<ref name=":0"></ref>
| territory = [[Status quo ante bellum]]
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 2,000–3,000 soldiers killed<ref name=":0"></ref>
}}
The '''Gajapati invasion of Bidar''' in 1461 was a significant military expedition by [[Kapilendra Deva]] of the [[Gajapati Empire]] against the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]. This event unfolded in the aftermath of [[Humayun Shah|Humayun Shah Bahmani]]'s demise and the subsequent ascent of [[Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III|Nizam Shah Bahmani]] to the throne. The primary objective of the campaign was to seize [[Bidar]], the present-day region of [[Karnataka]]. Backed by [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] chiefs, the Gajapati forces engaged in a decisive conflict with the Bahmani forces led by Muhibullah. The outcome saw the defeat of the Gajapatis, compelling the submission of Kapilendra.

== Background ==
[[Kapilendra Deva]] established the Gajapati Empire in Odisha in the year 1434.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Panda |first=Shishir Kumar |date=2008 |title=Gajapati Kingship and the Cult of Jagannatha: A Study on the Chhamu Chitaus (royal Letters) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147183 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=69 |pages=225–229 |jstor=44147183 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> He waged wars against the neighboring [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani]] and [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] Kingdoms. Kapilendra invaded the territories of the Bahmani Dynasty during the reign of [[Humayun Shah|Sultan Humayun Shah]], who died in 1461. [[Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III|Nizam Shah Bahmani]], the eight-year-old son of Humayun Shah, succeeded him to the throne.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahtab |first=Harekrushna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSj8395b_WMC |title=The History of Orissa |date=1959 |publisher=Prajatantra Prachar Samity |pages=313–316 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandhu |first=Gurcharn Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi3cAAAAMAAJ |title=A Military History of Medieval India |date=2003 |publisher=Vision Books |isbn=978-81-7094-525-3 |pages=366 |language=en}}</ref>

Kapilendra perceived this as an opportunity to invade the Bahmani Dynasty, thinking it would be easier to capture its capital due to their minor ruler. Khwaja-i-Jahan, was the [[regent]] ruler and [[Mahmud Gawan]] was the [[Vizier]] of the Bahmanis at the time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ |title=History of Medieval India: 800-1700 |date=2007 |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |isbn=978-81-250-3226-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526), ed. by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |date=1970 |publisher=People's Publishing House |pages=950–951 |language=en}}</ref>

== The campaign ==
In 1461, Kapilendra led a march towards [[Bidar]] with the backing of [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] chiefs and the Zamindars of [[Telangana]] to invade the Bahmani Dynasty. He pillaged the regions and progressed toward the Bahmani capital.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Haque |first=Mohammed Anwarul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co8eAAAAMAAJ |title=Muslim Administration in Orissa, 1568-1751 A.D. |date=1980 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |pages=34 |language=en}}</ref> The Gajapati forces, comprising 10,000 men and 400 horses, faced opposition from the Bahmani chiefs who sent a contingent of 160 horsemen led by Mahmud and Muhibullah, the son of [[Bahmani Tombs#Description#Chaukhandi|Khalilullah]], a recognized [[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]]. Mahmud and Muhibullah marched against the Gajapatis, leading to a military conflict. The Bahmanis charged their force against the Gajapati vanguard, and the outcome favored them, as the Gajapati forces under Kapilendra retreated from the battlefield.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Prabhat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_YdAAAAMAAJ |title=The History of the Gajapati Kings of Orissa and Their Successors |date=1981 |publisher=Kitab Mahal |pages=135 |language=en}}</ref> Believing that the entire Bahmani army was mobilizing, the Gajapatis left their heavy baggage on the field and sought refuge in a fort.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xhFAAAAIAAJ |title=The Sūryavaṁśi Gajapatis of Orissa |date=1957 |publisher=Andhra University |pages=56-58 |language=en}}</ref> [[Firishta]] documents the message from the Bahmani chief to Kapilendra as follows:
{{Quote|"This king of ours, with his youthful good fortune, has been wishing to march with an army to the lands of [[Odisha|Odissa]], Oriya and [[Jajpur|Jajnagar]] in order to conquer them. It is good that you have simplified our work by coming here yourself. Now understand definitely that unless you promise to pay a tribute and unless you return all the money you have seized from the land of the Musalmans, not one of your men will be able to go back alive."<ref name=":0" />|Firishta}}
The Gajapatis lost two to three thousand men.<ref name=":2" /> Kapilendra, in a gesture of submission, paid tribute to the Bahmanis by surrendering twenty-five elephants and a substantial amount of gold and silver to secure his life.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sahu |first=N. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BxpDAAAAYAAJ |title=A History of Orissa |date=1980 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |pages=244 |language=en}}</ref>

Kapilendra's sudden withdrawal stemmed from [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur Sultan]] [[Husain Shah of Jaunpur|Hussain Sharqi]]'s invasion of Orissa. After capturing Tirhut, he sent detachments to conquer Orissa. This compelled Kapilendra to retract from Bahmani territories, compelling him to seek peace. Despite facing Hussain Sharqi, Kapilendra surrendered once more, presenting 30 elephants and 100 horses.<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
* [[Bahmani invasion of Orissa]]
* [[Battle of Katasin]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Gajapati Empire]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Bahmani Sultanate]]

Johnny Johnny Yes Papa (film)

2026-03-04T04:39:06Z

BGRDoreen32: added references

{{short description|2018 film directed by Preetham Gubbi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Johnny Johnny Yes Papa
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Preetham Gubbi]]
| producer = [[Duniya Vijay]]
| writer = Preetham Gubbi
| story = Preetham Gubbi
| based_on =
| starring = Duniya Vijay [[Rachita Ram]]
| music = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| cinematography = Karunakar. A
| editing = Ganesh Mallaiah
| studio = Duniya Talkies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2018|03|30|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Johnny Johnny Yes Papa''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action film]] directed and written by [[Preetham Gubbi]].<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/apr/24/preetham-targets-gen-x-in-johnny-johnny-yes-papa-1597298.html Preetham targets gen x in johnny johnny yes papa] The New Indian Express (25 April 2017)</ref> The film is made under the Duniya Talkies banner owned by actor [[Duniya Vijay]] who also plays the lead role. The film is a sequel to their previous venture ''[[Johny Mera Naam Preethi Mera Kaam]]'' (2011).<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ready-for-johnny-johnny-yes-papa/articleshow/58176178.cms Ready for Johnny Johnny Yes Papa?] The Times of India (14 April 2017)</ref> The rest of the principal cast include [[Rachita Ram]], [[Rangayana Raghu]] and [[Sadhu Kokila]].<ref>[http://kannadamatinee.in/duniya_vijay_rachitharam_johnykannadamovie/ Rachitha Ram new padmavathi in Johny Johny Yes papa starring duniya vijay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716140522/http://kannadamatinee.in/duniya_vijay_rachitharam_johnykannadamovie/ |date=16 July 2018 }} Kannada Matinee (October 2017)</ref> The film's soundtrack is composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]].

The first look teaser of the film was released on 19 January 2018 on YouTube.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmFwlElEe8c Johnny Johnny Yes Papa | Kannada First Look Teaser | Duniya Vijay, Rachitha Ram | Duniya Talkies] Youtube.com (19 January 2018)</ref>

The name of the film originates from the nursery rhyme [[Johny Johny Yes Papa]].

==Cast==
* [[Duniya Vijay]] as Johnny
* [[Rachita Ram]] as Priya
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Pappa
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Priya's father
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Dr. Halappa
* Master Hemanth as Beeja aka B Jayaram
* Raghu Pandeshwar as Inspector Rakshit Shetty
* [[Nagabhushana]] as Rahul
* Zachary Coffin as Peter
* [[Mayuri Kyatari|Mayuri]] as Angel, Extend Cameo appearance
* [[Preetham Gubbi]] as Preetam, the groom
* Gaddappa as House Owner
* Girija Lokesh as Dr.Ramachandra's mother
* Agnisakshi Priyanka as Drama Artist

==Reception==
A review in the ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' criticised the film's screenwriting and Tabala Nani's dialogue, praising Vijay's "brilliant dialogue delivery" as the film's only consolation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vivek |first=MV |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/667519/johnny-johnny-yes-papa-no.html |title=Johnny Johnny Yes Papa? No. |date=30 March 2018 |work=Deccan Herald |accessdate=23 September 2018}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Johnny Johnny Yes Papa
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2018
| recorded = 2018
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| language = Kannada
| label = Duniya Talkies
| producer = B. Ajaneesh Loknath
| prev_title = [[Rajaratha]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[Vaasu Naan Pakka Commercial]]
| next_year = 2018
}}

The film's soundtracks are composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]. The music rights were acquired by Jio Music.

{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Hosa Padmavathi
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Indu Nagaraj]]
| length1 = 03:43
| title2 = Johny Johny Yes Papa
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]
| length2 = 03:32
| title3 = Johny Manasanna
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length3 = 03:51
| title4 = Neene Nanagella
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[Armaan Malik]], Bobby C. R.
| length4 = 04:01
| all_writing = Dhananjay Ranjan}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|7621972}}
* [https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/johnny-johnny-yes-papa/cast-crew.html Johnny Johnny Yes Papa (2018)]

{{Preetham Gubbi}}

[[Category:2018 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films directed by Preetham Gubbi]]
[[Category:2018 masala films]]
[[Category:Films scored by B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]

{{2010s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Baazi (1995 film)

2026-03-03T23:27:21Z

BGRDoreen32: minor expand structure for clarity and updated info as per guidelines

{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baazi
| image = Baazi95.jpg
| caption = Movie Poster
| director = [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]
| producer = Salim Akhtar
| writer = Ashutosh Gowariker [[Neeraj Vora]] Naushil Mehta [[Santosh Saroj]] (dialogues)
| starring = [[Aamir Khan]] [[Mamta Kulkarni]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Anu Malik]] '''Background Score:''' [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]
| cinematography = [[Teja (film director)|Teja]]
| editing = Javed Sayyed
| studio = Aftab Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1995|4|14}}
| runtime = 180 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|32.50 million}}<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3005|title=Baazi - Movie - Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|88 million}}<ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
}}
'''''Baazi''''' ([[Literal translation|lit.]] ''Gamble'') is a 1995 Indian [[action film|action]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[Ashutosh Gowarikar]] and starring [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Mamta Kulkarni]].

==Plot==
The story opens with a group of people travelling in a bus. The bus is stopped on its way and a bunch of hooligans board the bus and create a nuisance when a man tricks them into getting off the bus. Later, the bus stops for a tea break and the hooligans arrive at the same time, when suddenly a passing convoy is attacked and the assassins try to kill the man inside one of the cars. The man, using his swiftness, foils the attack and manages to nab and arrest one of the attackers while killing a few others. Two of the gang members manage to escape the hotel.

This man is [[Inspector]] Amar Damjee Rathod ([[Aamir Khan]]) and the person in the car turns out to be [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]] Vishwasrao Chowdhury ([[Raza Murad]]), who was impressed with Amar and delegates to him the task of locating the people behind a multi-[[crore]] [[Indian rupee|rupee]] international scandal to Amar. Amar promises to fulfill the job to the best of his ability.

It is shown that Chaubey (Paresh Rawal) was the one who committed the fraud and is trying to ensure that he is not caught, and hence he had asked the assassins to attack the CM. Amar tries to break the back of crime and this starts irritating Chaubey, who senses how close Amar is getting. Chaubey then frames Amar for the murder of the daughter of the [[Commissioner of the Greater Mumbai Police|Police Commissioner]] Mazumdar ([[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]]).

Amar, after a long fight with the head assassin Raghu, escapes prison along with several others. He then plots a scheme to go undercover as a woman to find the man behind all of this. He finds Chaubey and recognizes him as the man who killed both his parents. Eventually, Chaubey's assassins take everyone hostage in a 12-story tower in attempt to attack the CM once again, but Amar slowly but surely gets rid them all. As Chaubey tries to escape the scene via a helicopter on the terrace, Amar prevents him and eventually knocks him into a satellite dish, electrocuting Chaubey to death. Amar is congratulated by the CM and the Police Commissioner.

==Cast==
*[[Aamir Khan]] as Inspector Amar Damjee Rathore / Miss Julie Braganza
*[[Mamta Kulkarni]] as Sanjana Roy, journalist and Amar's love interest.
*[[Paresh Rawal]] as Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra Deputy CM Chaturvedi alias Chaubey
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Shiva
*[[Mukesh Rishi]] as Raghu
*[[Avtar Gill]] as Sub Inspector Deshpande
*[[Mushtaq Khan]] as Sub Inspector Jamdare
*[[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Commissioner of the Greater Mumbai Police Commissioner Mazumdar
*[[Haidar Ali (actor)|Haidar Ali]] as Inspector Damjee Kunwar Singh Rathore, Amar's father.
*Aparajita as Shanti Rathore, Amar's mother
*[[Raza Murad]] as Chief Minister of Maharashtra Chief Minister Vishwasrao Chowdhury
*[[Satish Shah]] as Editor Roy
*Jaya Mathur as Anjali
*[[Asrani]] as Hiranandani
*[[Daya Shankar Pandey]] as Small Thief
*Dinesh Anand as Deputy Chief Minister Chaturvedi's Nephew.
*[[Kunika]] as Shiva's girlfriend

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by [[Anu Malik]]. The lyrics were written by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]] and Anwar Sagar.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Dheere Dheere Aap Mere"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| 2
| "Jaane Mujhe Kya Hua"
| Udit Narayan, Sadhana Sargam
|-
| 3
| "Na Jaane Kya Ho Gaya"
| Udit Narayan, Sadhana Sargam
|-
| 4
| "Dole Dole Dil Dole"
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| 5
| "Dhadkata Hai Mera Dil"
| Udit Narayan, Kavita Krishnamurthy
|-
| 6
| "Maine Kaha Mohataram"
| Udit Narayan, Sadhana Sargam
|}

==Reception==
===Box office===
The film grossed {{INR}}88.05 million at box office.<ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>

===Reviews===
It received mixed reviews from critics, with an ''[[India Today]]'' reviewer at its release calling it "an ambitious collage of foreign films - ''[[Die Hard]]'', ''[[Point Break]]'', ''[[Rambo (franchise)|Rambo]]'' - that just doesn't work."<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19950515-baazi-starring-aamir-khan-mamta-kulkarni-paresh-rawal-808265-1995-06-15 "Baazi, starring Aamir Khan, Mamta Kulkarni, Paresh Rawal"] (15 May 1995), ''IndiaToday''. Retrieved 22 April 2019.</ref> Film director [[Satyajit Bhatkal]], after calling it a "''Die Hard'' remake", stated that "the ''[[Masala film|masala]]'' created massive indigestion both critically and commercially."<ref>Satyajit Bhatkal, ''The Spirit of Lagaan'', Popular Prakashan (2002), p. 15</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0121989|Baazi}}

{{Ashutosh Gowariker}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1995 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s police procedural films]]
[[Category:1995 action films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:Die Hard]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about hostage takings]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films about murderers]]
[[Category:Films about prison escapes]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ashutosh Gowariker]]
[[Category:Films scored by Aadesh Shrivastava]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Films set in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Police detective films]]
[[Category:Siege films]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of English films]]

Tholi Choopulone

2026-03-03T18:14:28Z

BGRDoreen32: Creating Stub

{{short description|2003 film directed by Kasi Viswanath}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tholi Choopulone
| image = Toli Choopulone.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Y. Kasi Viswanath|Kasi Viswanath]]
| producer = [[Ramoji Rao]]
| writer = [[Paruchuri Brothers]] (dialogues)
| story = Kasi Viswanath
| starring = [[Kalyan Ram]] Akanksha [[Suman (actor)|Suman]]
| music = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
| cinematography = [[Sekhar V. Joseph]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = Usha Kiran Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2003|10|9|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Tholi Choopulone''''' ({{translation|From the first sight}}) is a [[Telugu films of 2003|2003]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romance film]] directed by [[Y. Kasi Viswanath|Kasi Viswanath]] and produced by [[Ramoji Rao]]. The film stars newcomers [[Kalyan Ram]] and Akanksha in the lead roles, while [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] plays a pivotal role. The film's music was composed by [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]. This film marked the entry of Kalyan Ram into Telugu cinema as a lead actor and was Ramoji Rao's 75th film as a producer.<ref name="Audio">{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-tolichoopulone.html|title=Audio release - Toli Choopulone|date=18 September 2003|work=idlebrain.com|accessdate=2 July 2019|archive-date=1 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601204909/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-tolichoopulone.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Kalyan Ram]] as Raju
* Akanksha as Bhanu
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Srikar Prasad, Bhanu's father
* [[Sharada (actress)|Sarada]]
* [[Sudeepa Pinky|Sudeepa]]
* [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]]
* [[Charan Raj]]
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as White and White Simhachalam, Raju's friend<ref name="Audio" />
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]]
* [[MS Narayana]]
* [[Brahmanandam]]
* [[L. B. Sriram|LB Sreeram]]
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
* [[Ironleg Sastri|Ironleg Sastry]]
* Bhagawan
* [[Ananda Vardhan|Aanand Vardhan]]
* [[Ahuti Prasad]]
* [[Raghu Babu]]
* [[Ravi Babu]]
* [[Telangana Shakuntala]] as a railway ticket collector<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/nothing-new-to-offer/article28452766.ece|title=Nothing new to offer|work=The Hindu|date=13 October 2003|access-date=20 December 2021|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220234514/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/nothing-new-to-offer/article28452766.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Vajja Venkata Giridhar
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film's title was named after a song from ''Justice Chaudhary'' featuring N. T. Ramarao.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news240.html|date=13 September 2003|title=Kalyan Ram's 'Tolichoopulone'|website=Idlebrain|access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref>
==Soundtrack==
The music for the film was composed by [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]. The audio was launched at Usha Mayuri theatre. For the audio release function, producer [[D. Ramanaidu]] was the chief guest. Actor [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] and director [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] were also present.<ref name="Audio" />

{{Infobox album
| name = Toli Choopulone
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 18 September 2003
| recorded = 2003
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer = Chakri
| prev_title = [[Satyam (2003 film)|Satyam]]
| prev_year = 2003
| next_title = [[Andhrawala]]
| next_year = 2003
}}

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Suklam Bharadaram
| lyrics1 = Bandaru Danayya
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Pagadala Pedavipai
| lyrics2 = Chinni Charan
| extra2 = [[Rajesh Krishnan|Rajesh]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Hello Ammai
| lyrics3 = Bhuvana Chandra
| extra3 = Udit Narayan, Shreya Ghoshal
| length3 =
| title4 = Sakhia Sakhia
| lyrics4 = Kandikonda
| extra4 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Kannulu Mooste
| lyrics5 = Surya Kumari
| extra5 = Chakri, Kousalya
| length5 =
| title6 = Echecha
| lyrics6 = Bhaskarabhatla
| extra6 = Shankar Mahadevan
| length6 =

}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined, "The director has nothing new to offer as the film unfolds on predictable lines".<ref name="The Hindu"/> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "''Toli Choopulone'' is a letdown. This banal love story has not been worked out properly. Added to that the lead pair Kalyan Ram and Akansha are total disasters, as they cannot emote".<ref>{{Cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050121203252/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=13282532&ctid=5&cid=2430 | url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=13282532&ctid=5&cid=2430 | archive-date=2005-01-21 | title=Review - Toli Choopulone| website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> However, Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' gave the film a rating of three out of five stars and praised Kalyan Ram's performance and the comedy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tolichoopulone.html|title=Movie review — Toli Choopulone|publisher=[[idlebrain.com]]|accessdate=2 July 2019|archive-date=3 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703012312/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tolichoopulone.html|url-status=live|last=Jeevi}}</ref> ''Telugu Cinema'' wrote "[...] Tholichoopulone is weak in all the technical aspects and the hero, heroines' performance is just average. First half of the movie is OK with comedy and characters establishment. But the second half of the film is not that interesting. Sunil's comedy is the only entertainment of the movie".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/movies/review_tchoolpulonee_october9.shtml|title=Tholi Choopulone: Movie Review|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=27 September 2025|date=9 October 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040819184151/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/movies/review_tchoolpulonee_october9.shtml|archive-date=19 August 2004}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0386077}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chakri]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Bengal Tiger (2015 film)

2026-03-03T17:41:44Z

BGRDoreen32: further enhanced content for consistency additionally and improved wording for consistency

{{short description|Film by Sampath Nandi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bengal Tiger
| image = Bengal Tiger Telugu film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sampath Nandi]]
| producer = [[K. K. Radhamohan]], Rudrapati Ramana Rao.
| writer = Sampath Nandi
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Ravi Teja]]
*[[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
*[[Raashii Khanna]]
*[[Boman Irani]]
}}
| music = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| cinematography = [[Soundararajan (cinematographer)|Soundararajan]]
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = [[Sri Satya Sai Arts]]
| released = {{Film date|2015|12|10|df=y}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Bengal Tiger''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]] written and directed by [[Sampath Nandi]]. It was produced by [[K. K. Radhamohan]]{{'s}} [[Sri Satya Sai Arts]] and features [[Ravi Teja]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], and [[Raashii Khanna]]. [[Boman Irani]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Nagineedu]], [[Rao Ramesh]], and [[Sayaji Shinde]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by Nandi's protégé, [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]. [[Soundararajan (cinematographer)|Soundararajan]] handled the cinematography and Gautham Raju was the editor.

The film follows Akash Narayan's revenge plot against Chief Minister Ashok Gajapati, who killed his father, involving other key characters like Samba, Nagappa, Shraddha and Meera. It was theatrically released worldwide on 10 December 2015 and received mixed reviews.

== Plot ==
Akash Narayan is an unemployed simpleton living in Atreyapuram, who spends his time hanging out with friends. He is rejected by a girl who aspires to marry someone famous. This hurts Akash, and in an attempt to become famous, hits Agriculture Minister Samba with a stone. Initially angry, Samba is impressed with Akash's wit and employs him to escort home minister Nagappa's daughter Shraddha safely from the airport as her life is in danger. Upon Shraddha's suggestion, Nagappa appoints Akash as his [[Officer on Special Duty|OSD]]. Shraddha gets engaged to Karan, the son of politician Subba Rayudu. She, however, falls in love with Akash after a series of incidents.

Shraddha rejects Karan and convinces Nagappa for the same. She adds that she would prefer to a like Akash to already financially settled person, as she finds the potential of making it big in Akash. On Shraddha's birthday, Nagappa hosts a big party and announces Akash as Shraddha's potential lover in the presence of many politicians, including the Chief Minister Ashok Gajapathi. Akash, however, rejects Nagappa's presence and says that he loves Meera, Gajapathi's daughter, much to everyone's shock.

When Shraddha confronts Akash, he says that their relationship is that of an employer and an employee and lies that he loved Meera, who rejected his love. Meera meets him shortly and proposes to him after being impressed with his eccentricity and spontaneity. When Gajapathi and Shraddha object, Meera defends her decision by saying that his logical thinking made her prefer Akash to others. Gajapathi then discovers that Akash is his rival Jayanarayan's son and predicts that he is seeking revenge. Akash and Gajapathi have a formal meet where they have a deal; if Gajapathi fails to kill Akash within 24 hours using any means, he has to give his consent for Akash's marriage with Meera.

Akash manages to survive in that 24 hours and meets Gajapathi again after the completion of the duration. When Gajapathi offers 5 billion to forego Meera, Akash accepts it happily and shifts the entire money to his house in Atreyapuram. When Meera and Shraddha probe into this, they find out that Jayanarayan was befriended by Gajapathi, a struggling politician then, and poisoned the priceless medicines supplied by Jayanarayan with the help of a company. The blame falls on Jayanarayan, who was killed by Gajapathi for political gain. Akash learned this when he met the paternal uncle of the girl who rejected him initially and decides to seek revenge.

Akash plans to use the money he received for development programmes in Atreyapuram on his father's death anniversary. Gajapathi is dethroned from the ministry, and his political career comes to an end after Akash provides the proofs for Gajapathi's illegal activities to the political party's executive committee, which he acquired from Gajapathi's secretary after bribing him. Gajapathi tries to kill Akash in Atreyapuram, after killing the uncle of the girl who rejected Akash, only to be attacked fatally by the local people, who are aware of his betrayal towards Jayanarayan.

The film ends with Akash's marriage with Meera and the pandit, "Celebrity" Shastri, saying that the bride will have only two children but the groom would have four, which confuses everyone. Meera shows Shraddha, who is also dressed as the bride. Shastri asks if they will share everything if they are both friends, to which Shraddha replies that he played with them before marriage, and now it is their turn to play with him.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ravi Teja]] as Akash Narayan
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Meera
* [[Raashii Khanna]] as Shraddha
* [[Boman Irani]] as Chief Minister Ashok Gajapathi
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as party president
* [[Nagineedu]] as Jaya Narayan
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Home Minister Nagappa
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Raghu Akash's friend
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Agriculture Minister Samba
* [[Brahmanandam]] as "Amalapuram" Paul / Amala Paul
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Arjun "Celebrity Shastri"
* [[Prudhvi Raj]] as "Future Star" Siddappa
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as RMP doctor
* [[Prabha (actress)|Prabha]] as Akash's mother
* [[Sameer (Telugu actor)|Sameer]] as Akash's elder brother
* Surekha Vani as Akash's elder sister-in-law
* Shyamala as Akash's younger sister-in-law
* [[Pragathi]] as Gajapathi's wife
* [[Pavitra Lokesh]] as Nagappa's wife
* [[Mamilla Shailaja Priya|Priya]] as Siddappa's wife
* Master Nikhil as Siddappa's son
* [[Rama Prabha]] as Akash's grandmother
* [[Brahmaji]] as Samba's assistant
* [[Prabhakar (Telugu actor)|Prabhakar]] as Banda
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Rajesh
* [[Fish Venkat]]
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]]
* [[Priyadarshini Ram]]
* [[Jasper (actor)|Jasper]]
* [[Subbaraya Sharma]] as priest
* Lab Sarath as DGP
* [[Shakalaka Shankar]] as Shankar
* Prabhu as Subramanyam
* Sravan as Gani Reddy
* Uma as prostitute
;Cameo appearance
* [[Harshvardhan Rane]] as Karan
* [[Aksha Pardasany]] as the girl who rejects Akash
* [[Hamsa Nandini]] in the song "Bengal Tiger"
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
[[Sampath Nandi]] was supposed to direct [[Pawan Kalyan]] in the sequel of ''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]'' (2012). The film was delayed for years, and later, Sampath chose to direct [[Ravi Teja]] after walking out of that project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2014 |title=Sampath Nandi keeps mum about Gabbar Singh 2 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sampath-Nandi-keeps-mum-about-Gabbar-Singh-2/articleshow/45013556.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303083920/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sampath-Nandi-keeps-mum-about-Gabbar-Singh-2/articleshow/45013556.cms |archive-date=3 March 2015 |access-date=3 March 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Ravi Teja confirmed the news and said that he would start working on this film after completing ''[[Kick 2]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=1 November 2014 |title=Sampath Nandi to direct Ravi Teja |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sampath-Nandi-to-direct-Ravi-Teja/articleshow/45005929.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303083919/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sampath-Nandi-to-direct-Ravi-Teja/articleshow/45005929.cms |archive-date=3 March 2015 |access-date=3 March 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Previously, Nandi wrote the script keeping Ravi Teja in mind as the lead but had wanted to prove his abilities before working together.<ref name="Ban Mir">{{Cite web |last=Kamal |first=S. S. |date=3 March 2015 |title=Will the Bengal Tiger roar? |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Will-the-Bengal-Tiger-roar/articleshow/46446042.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303165452/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/south-masala/Will-the-Bengal-Tiger-roar/articleshow/46446042.cms |archive-date=3 March 2015 |access-date=3 March 2015 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> He chose to narrate the story of a man from Athreyapuram in Godavari district who comes on a mission to Hyderabad and his conflict with an intelligent chief minister. In an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'', Nandi specified it as a screenplay based film with a notable flashback episode.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdary |first=Y. Sunita |date=17 November 2015 |title=Director Sampath Nandi's comfort in the commercial space |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/director-sampath-nandis-comfort-in-the-commercial-space/article7887960.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117135706/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/director-sampath-nandis-comfort-in-the-commercial-space/article7887960.ece |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=17 November 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

For this film, he adapted two fight sequences from the script written for the sequel of ''Gabbar Singh''.<ref name="Sakshi">{{Cite web |last=Jayadeva |first=Rentala |date=19 June 2015 |title=నాకూ, పవన్ కల్యాణ్‌కూ మధ్య దూరం ఒక్క ఫోన్‌కాలే! |trans-title=The distance between me and Pawan Kalyan is just a phone call! |url=http://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/pawan-kalyanku-distance-between-the-phone-call-249991 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621141038/http://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/pawan-kalyanku-distance-between-the-phone-call-249991 |archive-date=21 June 2015 |access-date=21 June 2015 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=Telugu}}</ref> The film was titled as ''Bengal Tiger'' and [[K. K. Radhamohan]] announced that he would bankroll the film under his banner [[Sri Satya Sai Arts]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2014 |title=Ravi Teja's Bengal Tiger to kick off in February |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ravi-Tejas-Bengal-Tiger-to-kick-off-in-February/articleshow/45158150.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303084300/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ravi-Tejas-Bengal-Tiger-to-kick-off-in-February/articleshow/45158150.cms |archive-date=3 March 2015 |access-date=3 March 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> At the same time, Sampath Nandi confirmed that the script work is in its final stages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2014 |title=Confirmed : Ravi Teja-Sampath Nandi's 'Bengal Tiger' from Feb |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Confirmed-:-Ravi-Teja-sampath-Nandis-bengal-Tiger-From-Feb-telugu-news-118719 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303084052/http://www.indiaglitz.com/Confirmed-:-Ravi-Teja-sampath-Nandis-bengal-Tiger-From-Feb-telugu-news-118719 |archive-date=3 March 2015 |access-date=3 March 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Nandi's protégé [[Bheems Ceciroleo]] was selected as the music director after Ravi Teja's approval.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2015 |title=Into the big league |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-12-04/Into-the-big-league-190773 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207045658/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-12-04/Into-the-big-league-190773 |archive-date=7 December 2015 |access-date=5 December 2015 |website=The Hans India}}</ref> [[Soundararajan (cinematographer)|Soundararajan]] was selected as the cinematographer who stated that the film is a mass action film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2014 |title=Mass Maharaja - Tamannaah project to start rolling soon... |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/mass-maharaja-tamannaah-project-to-start-rolling-from-feb-2015.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303084049/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/mass-maharaja-tamannaah-project-to-start-rolling-from-feb-2015.html |archive-date=3 March 2015 |access-date=3 March 2015 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The film was officially launched on 30 January 2015 at [[Ramanaidu Studios]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2015 |title=Ravi Teja's Bengal Tiger launched |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ravi-Tejas-Bengal-Tiger-launched/articleshow/46066064.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303084315/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ravi-Tejas-Bengal-Tiger-launched/articleshow/46066064.cms |archive-date=3 March 2015 |access-date=3 March 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
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| image2 = Rashi Khanna at the screening of Madras Cafe.jpg
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Ravi Teja played the role of Akash Narayan, an aimless youth with a master's degree in computers, whose reckless life changes after facing an insult.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goud |first=Nagaraj |date=9 December 2015 |title=Back with a vengeance |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-12-09/Back-with-a-vengeance-191934 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075257/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-12-09/Back-with-a-vengeance-191934 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=9 December 2015 |website=The Hans India}}</ref> [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], the female lead of Nandi's ''[[Racha (film)|Racha]]'' (2012), was signed as one of the two female leads<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=5 November 2014 |title=Tamannaah is excited to work with Ravi Teja for the first time |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaah-is-excited-to-work-with-Ravi-Teja-for-the-first-time/articleshow/45049640.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303084829/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaah-is-excited-to-work-with-Ravi-Teja-for-the-first-time/articleshow/45049640.cms |archive-date=3 March 2015 |access-date=3 March 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> as Ravi Teja was keen on working with her.<ref name="Ban Mir" /> Impressed with her performance in ''[[Jil (film)|Jil]]'', Nandi approached [[Raashii Khanna]] to play the role of the other female lead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2015 |title=Tamannaah treated me like a sister: Raashi Khanna |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaah-treated-me-like-a-sister-Raashi-Khanna/articleshow/50055720.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210053000/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaah-treated-me-like-a-sister-Raashi-Khanna/articleshow/50055720.cms |archive-date=10 December 2015 |access-date=5 December 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Khanna stated that she and Tamannaah have roles of equal importance in the film.<ref name="Khanna TOI">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=25 December 2014 |title=I'm playing lead opposite Ravi Teja: Raashi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Im-playing-lead-opposite-Ravi-Teja-Raashi/articleshow/45631746.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303084841/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Im-playing-lead-opposite-Ravi-Teja-Raashi/articleshow/45631746.cms |archive-date=3 March 2015 |access-date=3 March 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Regarding her role, Khanna said that she would play an "intelligent girl" and shed weight for the same. She added that her subplot in the film, which explores the relationship she shares with her father (played by Rao Ramesh), has its "own importance in the overall scheme of things".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sashidhar |date=6 December 2015 |title=Shourya and I never dated: Raashi |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-12-06/Shourya-and-I-never-dated-Raashi-191269 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206151838/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-12-06/Shourya-and-I-never-dated-Raashi-191269 |archive-date=6 December 2015 |access-date=6 December 2015 |website=The Hans India}}</ref> [[Boman Irani]] was cast for a crucial supporting role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2014 |title=Boman Irani teams up with Ravi Teja |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Boman-Irani-teams-up-with-Ravi-Teja/articleshow/45701933.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303085013/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Boman-Irani-teams-up-with-Ravi-Teja/articleshow/45701933.cms |archive-date=3 March 2015 |access-date=3 March 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

[[Posani Krishna Murali]] and [[Sayaji Shinde]] were cast for key supporting roles.<ref name="Mar 3">{{Cite web |last=Anjuri |first=Pravallika |date=2 March 2015 |title=Mass Maharaja Ravi Teja Increases His Speed |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2015/mass-maha-raja-ravi-teja-increases-his-speed-175430.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303085004/http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2015/mass-maha-raja-ravi-teja-increases-his-speed-175430.html |archive-date=3 March 2015 |access-date=3 March 2015 |publisher=[[Oneindia.in|Oneindia Entertainment]]}}</ref> [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] was signed in on for a key supporting role as well.<ref name="Ban Mir" /> [[Brahmanandam]] was chosen to play an important role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2015 |title=Tamannaah's next is on its way... |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/shooting-updates-about-the-telugu-film-bengal-tiger-starring-ravi-teja-tamannaah-and-rashi-khanna-in-the-lead-roles.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417140017/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/shooting-updates-about-the-telugu-film-bengal-tiger-starring-ravi-teja-tamannaah-and-rashi-khanna-in-the-lead-roles.html |archive-date=17 April 2015 |access-date=17 April 2015 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> [[Ramaprabha]], [[Tanikella Bharani]], [[Nagineedu]], and Prabhu joined the film's cast in its first schedule.<ref name="18 sep">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2015 |title=Ravi Teja's 'Bengal Tiger' for Vinayaka Chavithi |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Ravi-Tejas-bengal-Tiger-For-Vinayaka-Chavithi-telugu-news-127845 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315053205/http://www.indiaglitz.com/Ravi-Tejas-bengal-Tiger-For-Vinayaka-Chavithi-telugu-news-127845 |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=15 March 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> [[Harshvardhan Rane]] made a [[cameo appearance]] in the film as Khanna's lover and stated that there is a love triangle between him, Ravi Teja and Khanna.<ref name="Rane IANS">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2015 |title=Harshvardhan Rane's special appearance in 'Bengal Tiger' |url=http://ianslive.in/index.php?param=news/Harshvardhan_Ranes_special_appearance_in_Bengal_Tiger-472981/ENTERTAINMENT/15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414122800/http://ianslive.in/index.php?param=news%2FHarshvardhan_Ranes_special_appearance_in_Bengal_Tiger-472981%2FENTERTAINMENT%2F15 |archive-date=14 April 2015 |access-date=14 April 2015 |publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> [[Aksha Pardasany]] too made a cameo appearance in the film and all her scenes in the film were with Ravi Teja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2015 |title=Aksha Pardasany excited to act with Ravi Teja |url=http://ianslive.in/index.php?param=news/Aksha_Pardasany_excited_to_act_with_Ravi_Teja-476759/ENTERTAINMENT/15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518012816/http://ianslive.in/index.php?param=news%2FAksha_Pardasany_excited_to_act_with_Ravi_Teja-476759%2FENTERTAINMENT%2F15 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=18 May 2015 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref>

[[Brahmaji]]{{'s}} inclusion in the film's cast was confirmed in late June 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=24 June 2015 |title=Brahmaji gets one more good role |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150624/entertainment-tollywood/article/brahmaji-gets-one-more-good-role |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624010336/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150624/entertainment-tollywood/article/brahmaji-gets-one-more-good-role |archive-date=24 June 2015 |access-date=24 June 2015 |url-status=live |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Prabhakar and [[Prudhviraj (Telugu actor)|Prudhviraj]] confirmed their inclusion in the film's cast in early August 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2015 |title=My life has changed now: Prabhakar |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150801/entertainment-tollywood/article/my-life-has-changed-now-prabhakar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803143711/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150801/entertainment-tollywood/article/my-life-has-changed-now-prabhakar |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=3 August 2015 |url-status=live |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=5 August 2015 |title=It's not been an easy journey: Prudhviraj |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150805/entertainment-tollywood/article/it%E2%80%99s-not-been-easy-journey-prudhviraj |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806075226/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150805/entertainment-tollywood/article/it%E2%80%99s-not-been-easy-journey-prudhviraj |archive-date=6 August 2015 |access-date=6 August 2015 |url-status=live |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> [[Hamsa Nandini]] was signed in mid August 2015 to make a [[item number|special appearance]] in a song.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2015 |title=Hamsa Nandini's item number in Bengal Tiger |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-08-14/Hamsa-Nandini%E2%80%99s-item-number-in-Bengal-Tiger-169876 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814021812/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-08-14/Hamsa-Nandini%E2%80%99s-item-number-in-Bengal-Tiger-169876 |archive-date=14 August 2015 |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> Nandini said in an interview that she would sport three looks in the song which she called a "high-fashion with a desi twist" and added that the song is a mix of massy dance beats and EDM grooves.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=17 August 2015 |title=Ravi Teja is in a league of his own as a dancer |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31809&articlexml=Ravi-Teja-is-in-a-league-of-his-17082015101024 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817002145/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31809&articlexml=Ravi-Teja-is-in-a-league-of-his-17082015101024 |archive-date=17 August 2015 |access-date=17 August 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The [[principal photography]] began on 4 March 2015 at [[Ramoji Film City]] where scenes focusing Irani, Khanna, Shinde and others were shot until 14 March 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2015 |title='Bengal Tiger' regular shooting started |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/bengal-Tiger-Regular-Shooting-Started-telugu-news-127013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304120844/http://www.indiaglitz.com/bengal-Tiger-Regular-Shooting-Started-telugu-news-127013 |archive-date=4 March 2015 |access-date=4 March 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> On its completion, the next schedule began from 10 April 2015 and Ravi Teja joined the film's sets along with Tamannaah and other supporting cast. The schedule was announced to be shot in Ramoji Film City, [[Chilkur, Suryapet district|Chilkur]] and other areas around [[Hyderabad]] until 6 May 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2015 |title=Ravi Teja, Tamannaah Romance for Bengal Tiger in Hyderabad |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-04-11/Ravi-Teja-Tamannaah-Romance-for-Bengal-Tiger-in-Hyderabad-143455 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412115246/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-04-11/Ravi-Teja-Tamannaah-Romance-for-Bengal-Tiger-in-Hyderabad-143455 |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=12 April 2015 |website=The Hans India}}</ref> Harshvardhan Rane joined the film's sets on 13 April 2015.<ref name="Rane IANS" /> Filming continued in [[Shamshabad]] from 22 April 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2015 |title=Ravi Teja's next heads to Shamshabad |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ravi-tejas-next-heads-to-shamshabad.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423072814/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ravi-tejas-next-heads-to-shamshabad.html |archive-date=23 April 2015 |access-date=22 April 2015 |publisher=123telugu.com}}</ref> after which scenes on Ravi Teja, Tamannaah and Khanna were shot in a railway station backdrop at Ramoji Film City.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2015 |title=Ravi Teja's next heads to RFC |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ravi-tejas-next-heads-to-rfc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425045705/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ravi-tejas-next-heads-to-rfc.html |archive-date=25 April 2015 |access-date=25 April 2015 |publisher=123telugu.com}}</ref> The third schedule began on 13 May 2015 at Ramoji Film City where Brahmanandam and Ravi Teja joined the film's sets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2015 |title=Ravi Teja commences his 'Bengal Tiger' shoot |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ravi-teja-commences-his-bengal-tiger-shoot-news-telugu-pfnqJCjdiiacb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514095739/http://www.sify.com/movies/ravi-teja-commences-his-bengal-tiger-shoot-news-telugu-pfnqJCjdiiacb.html |archive-date=14 May 2015 |access-date=14 May 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Along with few scenes featuring both of them, a couple of songs were planned to be shot in the schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2015 |title=Ravi Teja resumes shoot for Bengal Tiger |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/ravi-teja-resumes-shoot-for-bengal-tiger-telugu-news-132727.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514095930/http://www.indiaglitz.com/ravi-teja-resumes-shoot-for-bengal-tiger-telugu-news-132727.html |archive-date=14 May 2015 |access-date=14 May 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

Filming of a song featuring Ravi Teja, Tamannaah, and Khanna commenced on 23 May 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2015 |title=Sampath Nandi guarantees it |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sampath-nandi-says-that-bengal-tiger-will-be-a-good-entertainer-telugu-news-133507.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524205325/http://www.indiaglitz.com/sampath-nandi-says-that-bengal-tiger-will-be-a-good-entertainer-telugu-news-133507.html |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=24 May 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> On its completion, 40% of the principal photography was wrapped up. The next schedule was planned from 6 June 2015 in Hyderabad to film action sequences before shifting to [[Pollachi]] for more filming.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2015 |title=Hyderabad first, Pollachi next for Tamannaah? |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/tamannaah-to-shoot-for-bengal-tiger-in-hyderabad-and-pollachi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530073201/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/tamannaah-to-shoot-for-bengal-tiger-in-hyderabad-and-pollachi.html |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=30 May 2015 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> From 19 June 2015, few action sequences choreographed by Ram-Lakshman were shot on Ravi Teja and others at Ramoji Film City using [[Phantom Cam]]. Irani joined the film's sets on the next day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2015 |title=Phantom camera being used for 'Bengal Tiger' |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/bengal-tiger-shooting-at-rfc-telugu-news-135695.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619155011/http://www.indiaglitz.com/bengal-tiger-shooting-at-rfc-telugu-news-135695.html |archive-date=19 June 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> By then, 60% of the film's shoot was completed.<ref name="Sakshi" /> Within a month, 80% of the film's shoot was wrapped up and few action sequences were being shot in and around Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2015 |title=Interval bang to be the highlight for 'Bengal Tiger' |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/interval-bang-to-be-the-highlight-for-bengal-tiger-telugu-news-137705.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716112200/http://www.indiaglitz.com/interval-bang-to-be-the-highlight-for-bengal-tiger-telugu-news-137705.html |archive-date=16 July 2015 |access-date=16 July 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The hero introduction song choreographed by [[Harsha (director)|Harsha]] was shot on Ravi Teja, Hamsa Nandini and 120 dancers at Hyderabad in mid August 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2015 |title=Ravi Teja grooving with Hamsa Nandini |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/ravi-teja-introduction-song-in-bengal-tiger-being-shot-telugu-news-139812.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813084253/http://www.indiaglitz.com/ravi-teja-introduction-song-in-bengal-tiger-being-shot-telugu-news-139812.html |archive-date=13 August 2015 |access-date=13 August 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The final schedule commenced at [[Europe]] from 8 September 2015 where the film's unit planned to complete the shoot of a few songs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2015 |title=Ravi Teja at his eccentric best in Bengal Tiger's first look |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ravi-Teja-at-his-eccentric-best-in-Bengal-Tigers-first-look/articleshow/48836441.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906071111/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ravi-Teja-at-his-eccentric-best-in-Bengal-Tigers-first-look/articleshow/48836441.cms |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=6 September 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Two songs{{mdash}}one on Ravi Teja and Tamannaah and another on Ravi Teja and Khanna{{mdash}}were shot in the schedule. Upon their completion, the principal photography was almost wrapped up and post-production works were progressing in tandem.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2015 |title=Bengal Tiger in post-production |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-09-26/Bengal-Tiger-in-post-production-177720 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926021923/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-09-26/Bengal-Tiger-in-post-production-177720 |archive-date=26 September 2015 |access-date=26 September 2015 |website=The Hans India}}</ref> Few scenes were filmed in [[Rajahmundry]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Initially planned to be completed in 110 working days, the filming of ''Bengal Tiger'' was wrapped up in around 100 days and the runtime stood at around 145 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2015 |title=Interview with Sampath Nandi about Bengal Tiger |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/sampathnandi-bengaltiger.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208101441/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/sampathnandi-bengaltiger.html |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=8 December 2015 |publisher=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bengal Tiger
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to Bengal Tiger
| artist = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|18}}
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=20|s=38}}
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = Junglee Music
| producer = Bheems Cecireleo
| prev_title = [[Ala Ela]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Angel (2017 film)|Angel]]
| next_year = 2017
}}
The official soundtrack of ''Bengal Tiger'' consisting of five songs was composed by [[Bheems Ceciroleo]], the lyrics of which were written by [[Ramajogayya Sastry]], [[Sri Mani]], Bhaskarabhatla, and [[Suddala Ashok Teja]] along with Nandi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2015 |title=Bengal Tiger (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/bengal-tiger-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1049759230 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528115142/https://music.apple.com/in/album/bengal-tiger-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1049759230 |archive-date=28 May 2024 |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=Apple Music - Web Player}}</ref> P. Nutana, one of the finalists of the 2011 season of [[Padutha Theeyaga]], was selected to provide vocals for the song "Aasia" whose lyrics were penned by Nandi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2015 |title=A top singer at 18! |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-11-13/A-top-singer-at-18-186330 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117062452/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-11-13/A-top-singer-at-18-186330 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=17 November 2015 |website=The Hans India}}</ref> Junglee Music acquired the soundtrack's marketing rights.<ref name="audio poster">{{Cite web |date=4 October 2015 |title='Bengal Tiger' audio poster |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/bengal-tiger-audio-poster-telugu-news-143786.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004093552/http://www.indiaglitz.com/bengal-tiger-audio-poster-telugu-news-143786.html |archive-date=4 October 2015 |access-date=4 October 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The soundtrack was released on 18 October 2015 at [[Shilpakala Vedika]], Hyderabad with the film's cast and crew in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anjuri |first=Pravallika |date=19 October 2015 |title=FUN MOMENTS! Ravi Teja's Bengal Tiger Audio Launch Highlights |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2015/bengal-tiger-audio-launch-highlights-tamannaah-ravi-teja-rashi-khanna-sampath-nandi-202251.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019082141/http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2015/bengal-tiger-audio-launch-highlights-tamannaah-ravi-teja-rashi-khanna-sampath-nandi-202251.html |archive-date=19 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment}}</ref> The soundtrack cover features a still of Ravi Teja from the song ''Bengal Tiger''.

The soundtrack opened to positive reception. ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the soundtrack 3.5 out of 5 stars and called it a "winner considering it keeps in line with Ravi Teja's vibrant on screen persona".<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2015 |title=Music Review: Bengal Tiger |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Music-Review-Bengal-Tiger/articleshow/49596499.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031083711/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Music-Review-Bengal-Tiger/articleshow/49596499.cms |archive-date=31 October 2015 |access-date=31 October 2015 |website=The Times of India}} {{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Behindwoods rated the soundtrack 2.5 out of 5 stars and called it a "powerful masala album which stays true to the Ravi Teja's formulaic entertainers!". The reviewer chose ''Chupulatho'' and ''Banchan'' as the picks of the soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2015 |title=Bengal Tiger (aka) Bengal Tiger songs review |url=http://behindwoods.com/telugu-movies/bengal-tiger/bengal-tiger-songs-review.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020102228/http://behindwoods.com/telugu-movies/bengal-tiger/bengal-tiger-songs-review.html |archive-date=20 October 2015 |access-date=20 October 2015 |website=Behindwoods}} {{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Track list<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2015 |title=Bengal Tiger (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/bengal-tiger-original-motion/1049759230 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020101704/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bengal-tiger-original-motion/id1049759230 |archive-date=20 October 2015 |access-date=20 October 2015 |url-status=live |publisher=[[iTunes Store]]}}</ref>
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 20:38
| title1 = Bengal Tiger
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], Bhargavi Pillai (Rap)
| length1 = 4:00
| title2 = Aasia Khandamlo
| lyrics2 = [[Sampath Nandi]]
| extra2 = [[Nakash Aziz]], P. Nutana, Bhargavi Pillai (Rap)
| length2 = 4:20
| title3 = Choopulatho Deepala
| lyrics3 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra3 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length3 = 3:55
| title4 = Banchan
| lyrics4 = Bhaskarabhatla, Dev Pawar (Rap)
| extra4 = [[Adnan Sami]], Bheems Ceciroleo (Rap)
| length4 = 3:55
| title5 = Raaye Raaye Chinni
| lyrics5 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
| extra5 = [[Mamta Sharma]], Uma Neha, Simha
| length5 = 4:27
}}

== Release ==
Initially planned for a global release on 18 September 2015 (coinciding with [[Ganesh Chaturthi]]),<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2015 |title=Ravi Teja's 'Bengal Tiger' to release on Sept. 18 |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-03-15/Ravi-Teja%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98Bengal-Tiger%E2%80%99-to-release-on-Sept-18-137593 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315094116/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-03-15/Ravi-Teja%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98Bengal-Tiger%E2%80%99-to-release-on-Sept-18-137593 |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=15 March 2015 |website=The Hans India}}</ref> the film's release date was announced as 5 November 2015 by Ravi Teja, making it one of the [[Diwali]] releases of the year,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anjali |first=G. |date=28 September 2015 |title=This Diwali, It's Raviteja Vs Varun Tej |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-09-28/This-Diwali-It%E2%80%99s-Raviteja-Vs-Varun-Tej-178150 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929121009/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-09-28/This-Diwali-It%E2%80%99s-Raviteja-Vs-Varun-Tej-178150 |archive-date=29 September 2015 |access-date=29 September 2015 |website=The Hans India}}</ref> after plans to release during the [[Navratri]] festive season were called off to avoid clash with ''[[Bruce Lee - The Fighter]]'' and ''[[Akhil (film)|Akhil]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2015 |title=Mass Maharaja set for Diwali Explosion |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Mass-Maharaja-set-for-Diwali-Explosion/2015/09/30/article3054017.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930123312/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Mass-Maharaja-set-for-Diwali-Explosion/2015/09/30/article3054017.ece |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=30 September 2015 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film's release was postponed twice{{mdash}}once on mutual consent with the makers of ''Akhil'' from 5 to 27 November 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyothsna |date=31 October 2015 |title=Tamannaah to arrive a little late |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/telugu-film-bengal-tiger-starring-ravi-teja-and-tamannaah-is-getting-postponed.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031120022/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/telugu-film-bengal-tiger-starring-ravi-teja-and-tamannaah-is-getting-postponed.html |archive-date=31 October 2015 |access-date=31 October 2015 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2015 |title=Bengal Tiger is ready for release |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151031/entertainment-kollywood/article/bengal-tiger-ready-release |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101030600/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/151031/entertainment-kollywood/article/bengal-tiger-ready-release |archive-date=1 November 2015 |access-date=1 November 2015 |url-status=live |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> and again to 10 December 2015 to avoid clash with ''[[Size Zero (film)|Size Zero]]'' and ''[[Shankaraabharanam (2015 film)|Shankaraabharanam]]'' after holding discussions with [[Prasad V. Potluri]] and [[Kona Venkat]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Suresh |date=17 November 2015 |title=Big producers agree for staggered releases |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/big-producers-agree-for-staggered-releases/article7885514.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117061716/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/big-producers-agree-for-staggered-releases/article7885514.ece |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=17 November 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Yellapantula | first=Suhas | title=Postponing Films and Launching Special Teasers, Tollywood is One Big, Happy Family | website=The New Indian Express | date=21 November 2015 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2015/Nov/21/postponing-films-and-launching-special-teasers-tollywood-is-one-bighappy-family-845892.html | access-date=28 May 2024}}</ref>

Global Cinemas acquired the film's theatrical distribution rights for the Nizam region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2015 |title='Bengal Tiger' Nizam rights bagged by Global Cinemas |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/bengal-tiger-nizam-rights-bagged-by-global-cinemas-telugu-news-140064.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817141324/http://www.indiaglitz.com/bengal-tiger-nizam-rights-bagged-by-global-cinemas-telugu-news-140064.html |archive-date=17 August 2015 |access-date=17 August 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> [[Tata DoCoMo]] entered into a co-branding partnership with this film in late October 2015 and announced itself as the "exclusive telecom partner" of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2015 |title=Tata Docomo partners with 'Bengal Tiger' |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-10-24/Tata-Docomo-partners-with-%E2%80%98Bengal-Tiger%E2%80%99-182128 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024113512/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-10-24/Tata-Docomo-partners-with-%E2%80%98Bengal-Tiger%E2%80%99-182128 |archive-date=24 October 2015 |access-date=24 October 2015 |website=The Hans India}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The Hindi dubbing rights were sold for ₹2.60 crore to a Mumbai-based distributor which is the highest ever amount for a Ravi Teja's film. A limited release was planned in Maharashtra and the distributors made an agreement with a leading Hindi film channel to screen it on the national network after 60 days of the release of the original Telugu version.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamal |first=S. S. |date=3 June 2015 |title=Bengal Tiger loses fizz; Hindi dubbing rights sold |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Bengal-Tiger-loses-fizz-Hindi-dubbing-rights-sold/articleshow/47532946.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604052240/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/south-masala/Bengal-Tiger-loses-fizz-Hindi-dubbing-rights-sold/articleshow/47532946.cms |archive-date=4 June 2015 |access-date=4 June 2015 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> The global satellite rights of the film were sold for ₹7.80 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2015 |title='Bengal Tiger' Satellite Rights Sold Out |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/bengal-tiger-satellite-rights-sold-out-telugu-news-146527.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116103419/http://www.indiaglitz.com/bengal-tiger-satellite-rights-sold-out-telugu-news-146527.html |archive-date=16 November 2015 |access-date=16 November 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
''Bengal Tiger'' received mixed reviews from the critics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=H. Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=11 December 2015 |title=Bengal Tiger movie review roundup: Sampath Nandi's film gets mixed verdict, average ratings from critics |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bengal-tiger-movie-review-roundup-sampath-nandis-film-gets-mixed-verdict-average-ratings-critics-658948 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211095429/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bengal-tiger-movie-review-roundup-sampath-nandis-film-gets-mixed-verdict-average-ratings-critics-658948 |archive-date=11 December 2015 |access-date=11 December 2015 |website=International Business Times India}}</ref>

Y. Sunita Chowdary of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that Nandi "shines as a dialogue writer" and called the film "almost an epic" compared to ''Kick 2''. Chowdary added, "Those seeking variety can stay away but those who go expecting their share of fun will not be disappointed".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdary |first=Y. Sunita |date=11 December 2015 |title=Bengal Tiger: Fair share of fun |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bengal-tiger-fair-share-of-fun/article7976420.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211100411/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bengal-tiger-fair-share-of-fun/article7976420.ece |archive-date=11 December 2015 |access-date=11 December 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and called ''Bengal Tiger'' a "regular mass entertainer with severe stress on comedy and glamour", adding, "Compared to recent Ravi Teja's movie, ''Bengal Tiger'' is more entertaining. The first half of the movie, Ravi Teja's antics, and Prudhvi are its strength" and pointed out that the second half "should have been better".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2015 |title=Review : Bengal Tiger |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bengal-tiger-review-telugu-pmljXKdgiefaf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211072139/http://www.sify.com/movies/bengal-tiger-review-telugu-pmljXKdgiefaf.html |archive-date=11 December 2015 |access-date=11 December 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}} {{rating|3|5}}</ref> ''[[The Hans India]]'' too gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and stated that Nandi "has come out with a full treat to mass audience", adding that the twist in the interval scene "takes the film to a new level".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2015 |title=Bengal Tiger full Review & Rating: Mass Maharaja Ravi Teja is back! |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-12-10/Bengal-Tiger-full-Review--Rating-Mass-Maharaja-Ravi-Teja-is-back-192268 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211073358/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-12-10/Bengal-Tiger-full-Review--Rating-Mass-Maharaja-Ravi-Teja-is-back-192268 |archive-date=11 December 2015 |access-date=11 December 2015 |website=The Hans India}} {{rating|3|5}}</ref> Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' too gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and called the film a "regular paisa vasool film with the right dose of masala and glamour", adding that it is "far more entertaining" compared to ''Kick 2'' and a "good comeback" for Ravi Teja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=12 December 2015 |title=Movie Review 'Bengal Tiger': Fights, laughs & a love triangle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151212/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-bengal-tiger-fights-laughs-love-triangle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212160912/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/151212/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-bengal-tiger-fights-laughs-love-triangle |archive-date=12 December 2015 |access-date=12 December 2015 |url-status=live |website=Deccan Chronicle}} {{rating|3|5}}</ref> Pravallika Anjuri of ''[[Oneindia]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars as well and stated, "Though ''Bengal Tiger'' is a formulaic film, it is surely a complete 'Paisa Vasool' for masses, which makes it a perfect Mass Maharaj Ravi Teja's trademark film", adding that the cinematography and production values make ''Bengal Tiger'' a "technically good film too".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anjuri |first=Pravallika |date=10 December 2015 |title=Bengal Tiger Movie Review And Rating: Paisa Vasool Entertainer |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2015/bengal-tiger-movie-review-critics-review-story-rating-pk-raviteja-207933.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211092420/http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2015/bengal-tiger-movie-review-critics-review-story-rating-pk-raviteja-207933.html |archive-date=11 December 2015 |access-date=11 December 2015 |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment}} {{rating|3|5}}</ref> ''IndiaGlitz'' also gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and called ''Bengal Tiger'' a "Ravi Teja-style power-packed performance, complete with comedy doses from Prithvi Raj and Posani, not to speak of punch lines of a different shade".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2015 |title=Bengal Tiger Movie Review - Tiger bounces back |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/bengal-tiger-telugu-movie-review-20213.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211094227/http://www.indiaglitz.com/bengal-tiger-telugu-movie-review-20213.html |archive-date=11 December 2015 |access-date=11 December 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}} {{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Pranita Jonnalagedda of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated, "Sampath Nandi fails on many counts — he failed to shape the characters on screen, underused performers with amazing potential — Ravi Teja especially; and there is absolutely nothing to take home".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jonnalagedda |first=Pranita |date=10 December 2015 |title=Bengal Tiger Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Bengal-Tiger/movie-review/50125480.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151215121938/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Bengal-Tiger/movie-review/50125480.cms |archive-date=15 December 2015 |access-date=11 December 2015 |website=The Times of India}} {{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> S. S. Kamal of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' too gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated, "Ravi Teja's charisma eventually prevents the film from being a complete disaster, making the first half in particular quite entertaining. If only Sampath Nandi had maintained the momentum right till the end, the result could have been so much better".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamal |first=S. S. |date=11 December 2015 |title=Movie Review : Bengal Tiger |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-Review-Bengal-Tiger/articleshow/50142094.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211164738/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-Review-Bengal-Tiger/articleshow/50142094.cms |archive-date=11 December 2015 |access-date=11 December 2015 |website=Bangalore Mirror}} {{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' gave 2.25 out of 5 stars and called the film a "worn-out no-brainer", adding that it is another "erratically fun outing" from Ravi Teja for whom there is "hardly a replacement" for "such weird, carefree yet lovable action hero roles".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2015 |title=Bengal Tiger (aka) Bengal Tiger Review |url=http://behindwoods.com/telugu-movies/bengal-tiger/bengal-tiger-review.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211095107/http://behindwoods.com/telugu-movies/bengal-tiger/bengal-tiger-review.html |archive-date=11 December 2015 |access-date=11 December 2015 |website=Behindwoods}} {{rating|2|5|score=2.25/5 stars}}</ref> Karthik Keramalu of ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' gave the film 2 out of 5 stars and stated, "I found a giggling amount of comedy in ‘''Bengal Tiger''. Focus on the funny bits. It won't matter if you doze off for the rest of the film though", adding that the film is a "mixture of good comedy and dull narration".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keramalu |first=Karthik |date=11 December 2015 |title='Bengal Tiger' Review: It is a mixture of good comedy and dull narration |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/bengal-tiger-review-it-is-a-mixture-of-good-comedy-and-dull-narration-1175606.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211072801/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/bengal-tiger-review-it-is-a-mixture-of-good-comedy-and-dull-narration-1175606.html |archive-date=11 December 2015 |access-date=11 December 2015 |publisher=CNN-IBN}} {{rating|2|5}}</ref> Suhas Yellapantula of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and stated, "The film irritates you with its banality and angers you with its loudness. It seems as if every dialogue in the film is amplified ten-fold. The humour is colourless and makes you cringe".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yellapantula |first=Suhas |date=12 December 2015 |title='Bengal Tiger' Loud, Banal and Boring |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Bengal-Tiger-Loud-Banal-and-Boring/2015/12/12/article3172747.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213170349/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Bengal-Tiger-Loud-Banal-and-Boring/2015/12/12/article3172747.ece |archive-date=13 December 2015 |access-date=13 December 2015 |website=The New Indian Express}} {{rating|1.5|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|5266218}}
{{Sampath Nandi}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2015 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 masala films]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:2015 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sampath Nandi]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bheems Ceciroleo]]
[[Category:Films set in Konaseema]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajahmundry]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pollachi]]
[[Category:Telugu-language action comedy films]]

Maya Kannadi (2020 film)

2026-03-03T12:14:26Z

BGRDoreen32: starting a post first draft.

{{short description|2020 thriller film by Vinod Poojary}}
{{No plot|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maya Kannadi
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Vinod Poojary
| producer = Siforia Pictures King Of Hearts
| screenplay = Vinod Poojary Mandy Manju
| starring = [[Prabhu Mundkur]] KS Sridhar Kaajal Kunder
| music = Abhishek SN
| cinematography = Mani Kookal Nair
| editing = Sujith Nayak
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2020|02|28}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Maya Kannadi''''' ({{Translation|Mirror of Illusion}}) is a 2020 Indian [[Kannada language]] [[thriller film]] directed by Vinod Poojary, produced by Siforia Pictures and King of Hearts Entertainments, and starring [[Prabhu Mundkur]], KS Sridhar, Kaajal Kunder, Anvita Sagar, and Anoop Sagar.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 July 2019|title=Prabhu Mundkur takes on Blue Whale Challenge in 'Maya Kannadi'|url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/features/prabhu-mundkur-all-set-to-take-on-blue-whale-challenge-in-new-flick|access-date=30 May 2021|website=newskarnataka.com|language=en}}</ref> The film is based on the viral "[[Blue Whale Challenge]]".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Admin|title=ಡೆಡ್ಲಿ ಬ್ಲೂವೇಲ್ ಕೇಸ್ ಈ ಚಿತ್ರಕ್ಕೆ ಸ್ಪೂರ್ತಿ - ಶೂಟಿಂಗ್ ಮುಗಿಸಿದ ಮಾಯ ಕನ್ನಡಿ|url=https://www.neranews.com/2019/04/maya-kannadi-kannada-movie-prabhu.html|access-date=2020-07-11|website=Nera News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Maya Kannadi takes on the Blue Whale challenge|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/apr/24/maya-kannadi--takes-up-blue-whale-challenge-11213.html|access-date=2020-07-11|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The film was released on 28 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ಮಾಯಾ ಕನ್ನಡಿ ಚಿತ್ರದ ಟ್ರೈಲರ್|url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/videos/entertainment/2020/feb/23/maya-kannadi-kannada-trailer-3539.html|access-date=2020-07-11|website=Kannadaprabha|language=kn}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Prabhu Mundkur]] as Sandy
* Anoop Sagar as Golden Guru
* KS Sridhar as Prakash - Trustee
* Kaajal Kunder as Priya
* Anvita Sagar as Madhu
* Karthik Rao as Murthy
* Ashwin Rao Pallakki
* Shrishreya Rao
* Ramesh Rai Kukkuvalli

== Production ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2020}}
The film is produced by Siforia Pictures and King of Hearts Entertainments. Principle shooting began on 1 June 2018 and completed on 1 July 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lookhar|first=Mayur|date=2020-02-26|title=Campus thriller Maya Kannadi to hit the screens on 28 February|url=https://beyondbollywood.co.in/2020/02/26/campus-thriller-maya-kannadi-to-hit-the-screens-on-28-february/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711092255/https://beyondbollywood.co.in/2020/02/26/campus-thriller-maya-kannadi-to-hit-the-screens-on-28-february/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 July 2020|access-date=2020-10-22|website=Beyond Bollywood|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Music ==
Songs for the film were composed by Abhishek SN and lyrics by Abhishek SN, Rajneesh Amin and Keerthan. The soundtrack rights were acquired by [[Anand Audio]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Teaser of Biddaagide from the film Maya Kannadi out now - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/teaser-of-biddaagide-from-the-film-maya-kannadi-out-now/articleshow/74205752.cms|access-date=2020-07-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Maaya Kannadi Song by Chethan Naik on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/maaya-kannadi|access-date=2020-07-11}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Sr. No
!Song name
!Music director
!Singers
!Lyrics
|-
|01
|Kelu Jaaneye Kelu
|Abhishek S. N
|Chethan Naik, Shwetha Chandrashekar
|Abhishek S N
|-
|02
|Biddaagide
|Abhishek S. N
|Eesha Suchi
|Rajneesh Amin
|-
|03
|Maya Kannadi
|Abhishek S. N
|Chethan Naik
|Keerthan Bhandary
|-
|04
|Choo Bide
|Abhishek S. N
|Abhishek S N, Chethan Naik, Swaroop Ramesh
|Abhishek S N
|-
|05
|Gottillade Mana
|Abhishek S. N
|Shwetha Chandrashekhar
|Abhishek S N
|}

== Release ==
The film was released on 28 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Campus thriller Maya Kannadi to hit the screens on 28 February.|url=https://beyondbollywood.co.in/2020/02/26/campus-thriller-maya-kannadi-to-hit-the-screens-on-28-february/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711092255/https://beyondbollywood.co.in/2020/02/26/campus-thriller-maya-kannadi-to-hit-the-screens-on-28-february/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 July 2020|access-date=2020-02-26|website=Beyond Bollywood|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mangaluru: Kannada movie ' Maaya Kannadi' to release on Feb 28|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=678082|access-date=2020-07-11|website=daijiworld.com}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Maya Kannadi Movie Review: A film that released a year too late|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/maya-kannadi/movie-review/74337444.cms|access-date=2020-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Admin|title=ಮನ ಮಿಡಿಯುವ ಚಿತ್ರ ಮಾಯಾ ಕನ್ನಡಿ - ಚಿತ್ರ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆ|url=https://www.kannada.neranews.com/2020/02/maya-kannadi-movie-review-kannada.html|access-date=2020-07-11|website=Nera News Kannada ನೇರ ನ್ಯೂಸ್ ಕನ್ನಡ, ಕನ್ನಡ ಸುದ್ದಿ, ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ, kannada news, ಕನ್ನಡ ನ್ಯೂಸ್|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712011130/https://www.kannada.neranews.com/2020/02/maya-kannadi-movie-review-kannada.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|11924406}}

[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2020 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery films]]

Juni (film)

2026-03-03T12:12:02Z

BGRDoreen32: New New Details!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Juni
| image = Juni (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Vaibhav Mahadev
| writer = Vaibhav Mahadev
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Mohan Kumar S.
| starring = [[Pruthvi Ambaar]] Rishika Naik
| narrator =
| cinematography = Jithin Das
| editing = Shashank Narayan
| music = [[Nakul Abhyankar]]
| studio = Trishul Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|2|9}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Juni''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by debutant Vaibhav Mahadev, starring [[Pruthvi Ambaar]] and Rishika Naik in the titular role. The film is produced by Mohan Kumar S under Trishul creations. The cinematography of the film is handled by Jithin Das and music was composed by [[Nakul Abhyankar]].

The film was released on 9 February 2024 to positive to mixed reviews and underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Juni director Vaibhav Mahadev - Word of mouth publicity is not enough for an independent film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/juni-director-vaibhav-mahadev-word-of-mouth-publicity-is-not-enough-for-an-independent-film/08a12e33ba829 |access-date=18 April 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Based on Vaibhav Mahadev's friend in real life, ''Juni'' is about a girl with split personality.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2024/jan/31/with-juni-i-want-to-offer-a-fresh-perspective-on-split-personality-51635.html |title=With Juni, I want to offer a fresh perspective on split personality |date=31 January 2024 |work=Cinema Express |first=A. |last=Shradhaa |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220065201/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2024/jan/31/with-juni-i-want-to-offer-a-fresh-perspective-on-split-personality-51635.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Partha is a young chef in Bangalore who falls for Juni, a regular customer at his café. His feelings seem to be reciprocated, until unexpected people come in between. Can Partha overcome them, and himself, in his quest for love?

== Cast ==
*[[Pruthvi Ambaar]] as Partha
*Rishika Naik as Juni/Mansi/Jacky
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Partha's father
*[[Vinaya Prasad]] as Partha's mother
*[[Sudha Rani]] as Juni's mother

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Nakul Abhyankar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Romanchana (From "Juni") Song: Romanchana (From "Juni") MP3 Kannada Song by Nakul Abhyankar Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/romanchana-from-juni |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=20 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220065218/https://gaana.com/album/romanchana-from-juni |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Marulaade (From "Juni") Song: Marulaade (From "Juni") MP3 Kannada Song by Nakul Abhyankar Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/marulaade-from-juni |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=20 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220065035/https://gaana.com/album/marulaade-from-juni |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Romanchana
| length1 = 3:23
| lyrics1 = Pramod Marvante
| extra1 = Keerthan Holla, Ramya Bhat Abhyankar
| title2 = Marulaade
| length2 = 3:37
| lyrics2 = Pavan Bhat
| extra2 = Aishwarya Rangarajan, [[Nakul Abhyankar]], Ramya Bhat Abhyankar, Lavita Lobo
| total_length = 7:00
}}

== Release and Reception ==
The film was theatrically released on 9 February 2024 while the film made its digital debut on 2 April 2024 on [[Amazon Prime Video]]. The film reportedly had over 1 crore of streaming minutes within 3 days of its digital release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pruthvi Ambaar and Rishika Naik’s Juni notches up streaming milestone |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/pruthvi-ambaar-and-rishika-naiks-juni-notches-up-streaming-milestone/5165789ebb77 |access-date=18 April 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

Vivek M.V. from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "''Juni'' joins recent Kannada films such as ''Tatsama Tadbhava'' and ''Case of Kondana'' for not fully realising its potential. These films have great moments, but they struggle to come together as a whole".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/juni-movie-review-a-decent-film-on-dissociative-personality-disorder-that-needed-better-execution/article67825203.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208140839/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/juni-movie-review-a-decent-film-on-dissociative-personality-disorder-that-needed-better-execution/article67825203.ece |title=‘Juni’ movie review: A decent film on dissociative personality disorder that needed better execution |archive-date=8 February 2024 |website=The Hindu |url-access=subscription |first=Vivek M. |last=V. |date=8 February 2024 |access-date=20 February 2024}}</ref> Harish Basavarajaiah from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film {{Fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 stars and wrote that "Overall, ''Juni'' is a slow-burning love story enriched by strong performances and genuine moments of emotional resonance, inviting audiences to reflect on the enduring power of love in the face of adversity".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/juni/movie-review/107533552.cms |title=Juni Movie Review : Juni: A slow, heartwarming tale of love |work=The Times of India |date=8 February 2024 |first=Harish |last=Basavarajaiah |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220065251/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etmoviereviewajax.cms?msid=107166941&type=moviereview&detailid=105950354 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pranati A S of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote that "''Juni'' is a medically well researched film. However, while bringing in a narrative as sensitive as this, one needs to be aware of what the audience can draw from it"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/juni-movie-review-rom-com-about-dissociative-identity-disorder-let-down-by-melodramatic-narrative-2887665 |title='Juni' movie review: Rom-com about dissociative identity disorder let down by melodramatic narrative |date=9 February 2024 |first=Pranati A. |last=S |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214100238/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/juni-movie-review-rom-com-about-dissociative-identity-disorder-let-down-by-melodramatic-narrative-2887665 |url-status=live}}</ref> A Sharadhaa from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "''Juni'' emerges as a decadent love story, blending moments of perfection and imperfection, ultimately serving as a poignant reminder of the enduring power of love amidst life’s challenges".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/feb/10/juni-movie-review-baking-love-and-acceptance-in-the-bittersweet-confections-of-junis-split-persona-51921.html |title=Juni Movie Review: Baking love and acceptance in the bittersweet confections of Juni’s split personalities |first=A. |last=Sharadhaa |website=Cinema Express |date=10 February 2024 |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214100216/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/feb/10/juni-movie-review-baking-love-and-acceptance-in-the-bittersweet-confections-of-junis-split-persona-51921.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|30873611}}
[[Category:2024 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 directorial debut films]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian politics/Electoral constituencies update

2026-02-21T17:15:23Z

BGRDoreen32: Creating A Info

{{WikiProject status}}

== Active members ==
To join this WikiProject, edit this section and insert the Wikitext <code><nowiki>#{{User|}}</nowiki></code> in the order of joining.

#{{User|456legend}}
#[[User:TrademarkedTarantula|TarantulaTM]] ([[User talk:TrademarkedTarantula|speak with me]]) ([[Special:Contributions/TrademarkedTarantula|my legacy]])
#{{User|MPGuy2824}}
#[[User:RevenueDPT|RevenueDPT]][[User talk:RevenueDPT|✉]]
#[[User:KishorEdits|KishorEdits]] ([[User talk:KishorEdits|talk]])
#[[User:Davidindia|Davidindia]] ([[User talk:Davidindia|talk]])

== Discussion ==
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Andhra Pradesh/Electoral constituencies update]]

== Andhra Pradesh - Status tables ==
=== 1 ===
{{Collapse top|Sprint 1{{dash}}{{Done}}}}
'''Ce status + sorting legend'''
*Empty - '''Ce not done'''
*{{Done|Ce done}}
*{{Warnsign|Ce done but split pending}}
*{{Not done|Ce not done and split pending}}
*{{Idea|Ce done but name conflict}}
*{{Working|Ce not done and name conflict}}
*{{On hold|Major improvement needed}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapse" style="text-align:Center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Cleanup
|-
| 1
|[[Ichchapuram (Assembly constituency)|Ichchapuram]]
|{{Working}}
|-
| 2
|[[Palasa (Assembly constituency)|Palasa]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 3
|[[Tekkali (Assembly constituency)|Tekkali]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 4
|[[Pathapatnam (Assembly constituency)|Pathapatnam]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 5
|[[Srikakulam (Assembly constituency)|Srikakulam]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 6
|[[Amadalavalasa (Assembly constituency)|Amadalavalasa]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 7
|[[Etcherla (Assembly constituency)|Etcherla]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 8
|[[Narasannapeta (Assembly constituency)|Narasannapeta]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 9
|[[Rajam (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Rajam]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 10
|[[Palakonda (ST) (Assembly constituency)|Palakonda]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 11
|[[Kurupam (ST) (Assembly constituency)|Kurupam]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 12
|[[Parvathipuram (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Parvathipuram]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 13
|[[Salur (ST) (Assembly constituency)|Salur]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 14
|[[Bobbili (Assembly constituency)|Bobbili]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 15
|[[Cheepurupalli (Assembly constituency)|Cheepurupalli]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 16
|[[Gajapathinagaram (Assembly constituency)|Gajapathinagaram]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 17
|[[Nellimarla (Assembly constituency)|Nellimarla]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 18
|[[Vizianagaram (Assembly constituency)|Vizianagaram]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 19
|[[Srungavarapukota (Assembly constituency)|Srungavarapukota]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 20
|[[Bhimili (Assembly constituency)|Bhimili]]
|{{Warnsign}}
|-
| 21
|[[Visakhapatnam East (Assembly constituency)|Visakhapatnam East]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 22
|[[Visakhapatnam South (Assembly constituency)|Visakhapatnam South]]
|{{Warnsign}}
|-
|23
|[[Visakhapatnam North (Assembly constituency)|Visakhapatnam North]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 24
|[[Visakhapatnam West (Assembly constituency)|Visakhapatnam West]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 25
|[[Gajuwaka (Assembly constituency)|Gajuwaka]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 26
|[[Chodavaram (Assembly constituency)|Chodavaram]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 27
|[[Madugula (Assembly constituency)|Madugula]]
|{{Working}}
|-
| 28
|[[Araku Valley (ST) (Assembly constituency)|Araku Valley]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 29
|[[Paderu (ST) (Assembly constituency)|Paderu]]
|{{Not Done}}
|-
| 30
|[[Anakapalle (Assembly constituency)|Anakapalle]]
|{{Working}}
|-
| 31
|[[Pendurthi (Assembly constituency)|Pendurthi]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 32
|[[Elamanchili (Assembly constituency)|Elamanchili]]
|{{Working}}
|-
| 33
|[[Payakaraopet (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Payakaraopet]]
|{{Working}}
|-
| 34
|[[Narsipatnam (Assembly constituency)|Narsipatnam]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 35
|[[Tuni (Assembly constituency)|Tuni]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 36
|[[Prathipadu, Kakinada Assembly constituency|Prathipadu]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 37
|[[Pithapuram (Assembly constituency)|Pithapuram]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 38
|[[Kakinada Rural (Assembly constituency)|Kakinada Rural]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 39
|[[Peddapuram (Assembly constituency)|Peddapuram]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 40
|[[Anaparthy (Assembly constituency)|Anaparthy]]
|{{Working}}
|-
| 41
|[[Kakinada City (Assembly constituency)|Kakinada City]]
|{{Warnsign}}
|-
| 42
|[[Ramachandrapuram (Assembly constituency)|Ramachandrapuram]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 43
|[[Mummidivaram (Assembly constituency)|Mummidivaram]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 44
| [[Amalapuram (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Amalapuram]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 45
|[[Razole (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Razole]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 46
|[[Gannavaram (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Gannavaram]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 47
|[[Kothapeta (Assembly constituency)|Kothapeta]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 48
|[[Mandapeta (Assembly constituency)|Mandapeta]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 49
|[[Rajanagaram (Assembly constituency)|Rajanagaram]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 50
|[[Rajahmundry City (Assembly constituency)|Rajahmundry City]]
|{{Warnsign}}
|-
| 51
|[[Rajahmundry Rural (Assembly constituency)|Rajahmundry Rural]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 52
|[[Jaggampeta (Assembly constituency)|Jaggampeta]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 53
|[[Rampachodavaram (ST) (Assembly constituency)|Rampachodavaram]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 54
|[[Kovvur (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Kovvur]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 55
|[[Nidadavole (Assembly constituency)|Nidadavole]]
|{{Working}}
|-
| 56
|[[Achanta (Assembly constituency)|Achanta]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 57
|[[Palakollu (Assembly constituency)|Palakollu]]
|{{Working}}
|-
| 58
|[[Narasapuram (Assembly constituency)|Narasapuram]]
|{{Working}}
|-
| 59
|[[Bhimavaram (Assembly constituency)|Bhimavaram]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 60
|[[Undi (Assembly constituency)|Undi]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 61
|[[Tanuku (Assembly constituency)|Tanuku]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 62
|[[Tadepalligudem (Assembly constituency)|Tadepalligudem]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 63
|[[Unguturu (Assembly constituency)|Unguturu]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 64
|[[Denduluru (Assembly constituency)|Denduluru]]
|{{Working}}
|-
| 65
|[[Eluru (Assembly constituency)|Eluru]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 66
|[[Gopalapuram (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Gopalapuram]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 67
|[[Polavaram (ST) (Assembly constituency)|Polavaram]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 68
|[[Chintalapudi (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Chintalapudi]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 69
|[[Tiruvuru (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Tiruvuru]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 70
|[[Nuzvid (Assembly constituency)|Nuzvid]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 71
|[[Gannavaram, Krishna Assembly constituency|Gannavaram]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 72
|[[Gudivada (Assembly constituency)|Gudivada]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 73
|[[Kaikalur (Assembly constituency)|Kaikalur]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 74
|[[Pedana (Assembly constituency)|Pedana]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 75
|[[Machilipatnam (Assembly constituency)|Machilipatnam]]
|{{Warnsign}}
|-
| 76
|[[Avanigadda (Assembly constituency)|Avanigadda]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 77
|[[Pamarru (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Pamarru]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 78
|[[Penamaluru (Assembly constituency)|Penamaluru]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 79
|[[Vijayawada West (Assembly constituency)|Vijayawada West]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 80
|[[Vijayawada Central (Assembly constituency)|Vijayawada Central]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 81
|[[Vijayawada East (Assembly constituency)|Vijayawada East]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 82
|[[Mylavaram (Assembly constituency)|Mylavaram]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 83
|[[Nandigama (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Nandigama]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 84
|[[Jaggayyapeta (Assembly constituency)|Jaggayyapeta]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 85
|[[Pedakurapadu (Assembly constituency)|Pedakurapadu]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 86
| [[Tadikonda (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Tadikonda]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 87
|[[Mangalagiri (Assembly constituency)|Mangalagiri]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 88
|[[Ponnur (Assembly constituency)|Ponnuru]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 89
|[[Vemuru (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Vemuru]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 90
|[[Repalle (Assembly constituency)|Repalle]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 91
|[[Tenali (Assembly constituency)|Tenali]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 92
|[[Bapatla (Assembly constituency)|Bapatla]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 93
| [[Prathipadu (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Prathipadu]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 94
|[[Guntur West (Assembly constituency)|Guntur West]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 95
|[[Guntur East (Assembly constituency)|Guntur East]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 96
|[[Chilakaluripet (Assembly constituency)|Chilakaluripet]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 97
|[[Narasaraopet (Assembly constituency)|Narasaraopet]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 98
|[[Sattenapalle (Assembly constituency)|Sattenapalle]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 99
|[[Vinukonda (Assembly constituency)|Vinukonda]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 100
|[[Gurazala (Assembly constituency)|Gurajala]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 101
|[[Macherla (Assembly constituency)|Macherla]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 102
|[[Yerragondapalem (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Yerragondapalem]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 103
|[[Darsi (Assembly constituency)|Darsi]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 104
|[[Parchur (Assembly constituency)|Parchur]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 105
|[[Addanki (Assembly constituency)|Addanki]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 106
|[[Chirala (Assembly constituency)|Chirala]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 107
|[[Santhanuthalapadu (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Santhanuthalapadu]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 108
|[[Ongole (Assembly constituency)|Ongole]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 109
|[[Kandukur (Assembly constituency)|Kandukur]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 110
|[[Kondapi (Assembly constituency)|Kondapi]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 111
|[[Markapuram (Assembly constituency)|Markapuram]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 112
|[[Giddalur (Assembly constituency)|Giddalur]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 113
|[[Kanigiri (Assembly constituency)|Kanigiri]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 114
|[[Kavali (Assembly constituency)|Kavali]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 115
|[[Atmakur (Assembly constituency)|Atmakur]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 116
|[[Kovur (Assembly constituency)|Kovur]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 117
|[[Nellore City (Assembly constituency)|Nellore City]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 118
|[[Nellore Rural (Assembly constituency)|Nellore Rural]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 119
|[[Sarvepalli (Assembly constituency)|Sarvepalli]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 120
|[[Gudur (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Gudur]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 121
|[[Sullurpeta (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Sullurpeta]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 122
|[[Venkatagiri (Assembly constituency)|Venkatagiri]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 123
|[[Udayagiri (Assembly constituency)|Udayagiri]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 124
|[[Badvel (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Badvel]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 125
|[[Rajampet (Assembly constituency)|Rajampet]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 126
|[[Kadapa (Assembly constituency)|Kadapa]]
| {{working}}
|-
| 127
|[[Kodur (Assembly constituency)|Kodur]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 128
|[[Rayachoti (Assembly constituency)|Rayachoti]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 129
|[[Pulivendla (Assembly constituency)|Pulivendla]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 130
|[[Kamalapuram (Assembly constituency)|Kamalapuram]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 131
|[[Jammalamadugu (Assembly constituency)|Jammalamadugu]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 132
|[[Proddatur (Assembly constituency)|Proddatur]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 133
|[[Mydukur (Assembly constituency)|Mydukur]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 134
|[[Allagadda (Assembly constituency)|Allagadda]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 135
|[[Srisailam (Assembly constituency)|Srisailam]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 136
|[[Nandikotkur (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Nandikotkur]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 137
|[[Kurnool (Assembly constituency)|Kurnool]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 138
|[[Panyam (Assembly constituency)|Panyam]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 139
|[[Nandyal (Assembly constituency)|Nandyal]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 140
|[[Banaganapalle (Assembly constituency)|Banaganapalle]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 141
|[[Dhone (Assembly constituency)|Dhone]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 142
|[[Pattikonda (Assembly constituency)|Pattikonda]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 143
|[[Kodumur (Assembly constituency)|Kodumur]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 144
|[[Yemmiganur (Assembly constituency)|Yemmiganur]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 145
|[[Mantralayam (Assembly constituency)|Mantralayam]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 146
|[[Adoni (Assembly constituency)|Adoni]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 147
|[[Alur (Assembly constituency)|Alur]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 148
|[[Rayadurg (Assembly constituency)|Rayadurg]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 149
|[[Uravakonda (Assembly constituency)|Uravakonda]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 150
|[[Guntakal (Assembly constituency)|Guntakal]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 151
|[[Tadpatri (Assembly constituency)|Tadipatri]]
|{{Working}}
|-
| 152
|[[Singanamala (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Singanamala]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 153
|[[Anantapur Urban (Assembly constituency)|Anantapur Urban]]
|{{Warnsign}}
|-
| 154
|[[Kalyandurg (Assembly constituency)|Kalyandurg]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 155
|[[Raptadu (Assembly constituency)|Raptadu]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 156
|[[Madakasira (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Madakasira]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 157
|[[Hindupur (Assembly constituency)|Hindupur]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 158
|[[Penukonda (Assembly constituency)|Penukonda]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 159
|[[Puttaparthi (Assembly constituency)|Puttaparthi]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 160
|[[Dharmavaram (Assembly constituency)|Dharmavaram]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 161
|[[Kadiri (Assembly constituency)|Kadiri]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 162
|[[Thamballapalle (Assembly constituency)|Thamballapalle]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 163
|[[Pileru (Assembly constituency)|Pileru]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 164
|[[Madanapalle (Assembly constituency)|Madanapalle]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 165
|[[Punganur (Assembly constituency)|Punganur]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 166
|[[Chandragiri (Assembly constituency)|Chandragiri]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 167
|[[Tirupati (Assembly constituency)|Tirupati]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 168
|[[Srikalahasti (Assembly constituency)|Srikalahasti]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 169
|[[Satyavedu (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Sathyavedu]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 170
|[[Nagari (Assembly constituency)|Nagari]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 171
|[[Gangadhara Nellore (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Gangadhara Nellore]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 172
|[[Chittoor (Assembly constituency)|Chittoor]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 173
| [[Puthalapattu (SC)|Puthalapattu]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 174
|[[Palamaner (Assembly constituency)|Palamaner]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 175
|[[Kuppam (Assembly constituency)|Kuppam]]
|{{Done}}
|}
{{Collapse bottom}}

=== 2 ===
{{Collapse top|Sprint 2{{dash}}{{Done}}}}
'''Ce status + sorting legend'''
*Empty - '''Ce not done'''
*{{Done|Ce done}}
*{{Warnsign|Ce done but split pending}}
*{{Not done|Ce not done and split pending}}
*{{Idea|Ce done but name conflict}}
*{{Working|Ce not done and name conflict}}
*{{On hold|Major improvement needed}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapse" style="text-align:Center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Cleanup
|-
| 1
|[[Ichchapuram (Assembly constituency)|Ichchapuram]]
|{{Done}}
|-
|8
|[[Narasannapeta (Assembly constituency)|Narasannapeta]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 9
|[[Rajam (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Rajam]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 14
|[[Bobbili (Assembly constituency)|Bobbili]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 17
|[[Nellimarla (Assembly constituency)|Nellimarla]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 20
|[[Bhimili (Assembly constituency)|Bhimili]]
|{{Warnsign}}
|-
| 22
|[[Visakhapatnam South (Assembly constituency)|Visakhapatnam South]]
|{{Warnsign}}
|-
| 26
|[[Chodavaram (Assembly constituency)|Chodavaram]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 27
|[[Madugula (Assembly constituency)|Madugula]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 29
|[[Paderu (ST) (Assembly constituency)|Paderu]]
|{{Not Done}}
|-
| 30
|[[Anakapalle (Assembly constituency)|Anakapalle]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 31
|[[Pendurthi (Assembly constituency)|Pendurthi]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 32
|[[Elamanchili (Assembly constituency)|Elamanchili]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 33
|[[Payakaraopet (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Payakaraopet]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 34
|[[Narsipatnam (Assembly constituency)|Narsipatnam]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 39
|[[Peddapuram (Assembly constituency)|Peddapuram]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 40
|[[Anaparthy (Assembly constituency)|Anaparthy]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 41
|[[Kakinada City (Assembly constituency)|Kakinada City]]
|{{Warnsign}}
|-
| 42
|[[Ramachandrapuram (Assembly constituency)|Ramachandrapuram]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 43
|[[Mummidivaram (Assembly constituency)|Mummidivaram]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 44
| [[Amalapuram (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Amalapuram]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 45
|[[Razole (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Razole]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 47
|[[Kothapeta (Assembly constituency)|Kothapeta]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 50
|[[Rajahmundry City (Assembly constituency)|Rajahmundry City]]
|{{Warnsign}}
|-
| 55
|[[Nidadavole (Assembly constituency)|Nidadavole]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 57
|[[Palakollu (Assembly constituency)|Palakollu]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 58
|[[Narasapuram (Assembly constituency)|Narasapuram]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 64
|[[Denduluru (Assembly constituency)|Denduluru]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 75
|[[Machilipatnam (Assembly constituency)|Machilipatnam]]
|{{Warnsign}}
|-
| 84
|[[Jaggayyapeta (Assembly constituency)|Jaggayyapeta]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 85
|[[Pedakurapadu (Assembly constituency)|Pedakurapadu]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 86
| [[Tadikonda (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Tadikonda]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 87
|[[Mangalagiri (Assembly constituency)|Mangalagiri]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 90
|[[Repalle (Assembly constituency)|Repalle]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 91
|[[Tenali (Assembly constituency)|Tenali]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 93
| [[Prathipadu (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Prathipadu]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 94
|[[Guntur West (Assembly constituency)|Guntur West]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 95
|[[Guntur East (Assembly constituency)|Guntur East]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 97
|[[Narasaraopet (Assembly constituency)|Narasaraopet]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 98
|[[Sattenapalle (Assembly constituency)|Sattenapalle]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 99
|[[Vinukonda (Assembly constituency)|Vinukonda]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 100
|[[Gurazala (Assembly constituency)|Gurajala]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 101
|[[Macherla (Assembly constituency)|Macherla]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 102
|[[Yerragondapalem (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Yerragondapalem]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 103
|[[Darsi (Assembly constituency)|Darsi]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 104
|[[Parchur (Assembly constituency)|Parchur]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 106
|[[Chirala (Assembly constituency)|Chirala]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 108
|[[Ongole (Assembly constituency)|Ongole]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 109
|[[Kandukur (Assembly constituency)|Kandukur]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 110
|[[Kondapi (Assembly constituency)|Kondapi]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 111
|[[Markapuram (Assembly constituency)|Markapuram]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 112
|[[Giddalur (Assembly constituency)|Giddalur]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 113
|[[Kanigiri (Assembly constituency)|Kanigiri]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 114
|[[Kavali (Assembly constituency)|Kavali]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 115
|[[Atmakur (Assembly constituency)|Atmakur]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 116
|[[Kovur (Assembly constituency)|Kovur]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 117
|[[Nellore City (Assembly constituency)|Nellore City]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
| 119
|[[Sarvepalli (Assembly constituency)|Sarvepalli]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 123
|[[Udayagiri (Assembly constituency)|Udayagiri]]
|{{On hold}}
|-
| 126
|[[Kadapa (Assembly constituency)|Kadapa]]
| {{Working}}
|-
| 135
|[[Srisailam (Assembly constituency)|Srisailam]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 145
|[[Mantralayam (Assembly constituency)|Mantralayam]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 151
|[[Tadpatri (Assembly constituency)|Tadipatri]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 153
|[[Anantapur Urban (Assembly constituency)|Anantapur Urban]]
|{{Warnsign}}
|-
| 158
|[[Penukonda (Assembly constituency)|Penukonda]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 159
|[[Puttaparthi (Assembly constituency)|Puttaparthi]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 170
|[[Nagari (Assembly constituency)|Nagari]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
|-
| 173
| [[Puthalapattu (SC)|Puthalapattu]]
|{{Not done}}
|-
|}
{{Collapse bottom}}

=== 3 ===
{{Collapse top|Sprint 3{{dash}}{{Done}}}}
'''Ce status + sorting legend'''
*Empty - '''Ce not done'''
*{{Done|Ce done}}
*{{Warnsign|Ce done but split pending}}
*{{Not done|Ce not done and split pending}}
*{{Idea|Ce done but name conflict}}
*{{Working|Ce not done and name conflict}}
*{{On hold|Major improvement needed}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapse" style="text-align:Center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Cleanup
|-
|8
|[[Narasannapeta (Assembly constituency)|Narasannapeta]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 9
|[[Rajam (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Rajam]]
|{{Warnsign}}
|-
| 14
|[[Bobbili (Assembly constituency)|Bobbili]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 26
|[[Chodavaram (Assembly constituency)|Chodavaram]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 29
|[[Paderu (ST) (Assembly constituency)|Paderu]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 31
|[[Pendurthi (Assembly constituency)|Pendurthi]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 34
|[[Narsipatnam (Assembly constituency)|Narsipatnam]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 39
|[[Peddapuram (Assembly constituency)|Peddapuram]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 42
|[[Ramachandrapuram (Assembly constituency)|Ramachandrapuram]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 43
|[[Mummidivaram (Assembly constituency)|Mummidivaram]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 44
| [[Amalapuram (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Amalapuram]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 84
|[[Jaggayyapeta (Assembly constituency)|Jaggayyapeta]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 85
|[[Pedakurapadu (Assembly constituency)|Pedakurapadu]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 86
| [[Tadikonda (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Tadikonda]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 87
|[[Mangalagiri (Assembly constituency)|Mangalagiri]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 90
|[[Repalle (Assembly constituency)|Repalle]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 91
|[[Tenali (Assembly constituency)|Tenali]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 93
| [[Prathipadu (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Prathipadu]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 94
|[[Guntur West (Assembly constituency)|Guntur West]]
|{{Warn sign}}
|-
| 95
|[[Guntur East (Assembly constituency)|Guntur East]]
|{{Warn sign}}
|-
| 97
|[[Narasaraopet (Assembly constituency)|Narasaraopet]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 98
|[[Sattenapalle (Assembly constituency)|Sattenapalle]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 99
|[[Vinukonda (Assembly constituency)|Vinukonda]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 100
|[[Gurazala (Assembly constituency)|Gurajala]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 101
|[[Macherla (Assembly constituency)|Macherla]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 102
|[[Yerragondapalem (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Yerragondapalem]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 103
|[[Darsi (Assembly constituency)|Darsi]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 104
|[[Parchur (Assembly constituency)|Parchur]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 106
|[[Chirala (Assembly constituency)|Chirala]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 108
|[[Ongole (Assembly constituency)|Ongole]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 109
|[[Kandukur (Assembly constituency)|Kandukur]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 110
|[[Kondapi (Assembly constituency)|Kondapi]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 111
|[[Markapuram (Assembly constituency)|Markapuram]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 112
|[[Giddalur (Assembly constituency)|Giddalur]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 113
|[[Kanigiri (Assembly constituency)|Kanigiri]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 114
|[[Kavali (Assembly constituency)|Kavali]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 115
|[[Atmakur (Assembly constituency)|Atmakur]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 116
|[[Kovur (Assembly constituency)|Kovur]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 117
|[[Nellore City (Assembly constituency)|Nellore City]]
|{{Warn sign}}
|-
| 119
|[[Sarvepalli (Assembly constituency)|Sarvepalli]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 123
|[[Udayagiri (Assembly constituency)|Udayagiri]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 126
|[[Kadapa (Assembly constituency)|Kadapa]]
| {{Warn sign}}
|-
| 170
|[[Nagari (Assembly constituency)|Nagari]]
|{{Done}}
|-
| 173
| [[Puthalapattu (SC)|Puthalapattu]]
|{{Done}}
|-
|}
{{Collapse bottom}}

=== 2.0 ===
{{Collapse top|Sprint 2.0{{dash}}{{Working}}}}
'''Ce status + sorting legend'''
*Empty - '''Ce not done'''
*{{Done|Ce done}}
*{{Warnsign|Ce done but split pending}}
*{{Not done|Ce not done and split pending}}
*{{Idea|Ce done but name conflict}}
*{{Working|Ce not done and name conflict}}
*{{On hold|Major improvement needed}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:Center;"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Cleanup
|-
!1
|[[Araku Lok Sabha constituency|Araku]]
|
|-
!2
|[[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Srikakulam]]
|
|-
!3
|[[Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency|Vizianagaram]]
|
|-
!4
|[[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Visakhapatnam]]
|
|-
!5
|[[Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Anakapalli]]
|
|-
!6
|[[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency|Kakinada]]
|
|-
!7
|[[Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Amalapuram]]
|
|-
!8
|[[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency|Rajahmundry]]
|
|-
!9
|[[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Narasapuram]]
|
|-
!10
|[[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]
|
|-
!11
|[[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Machilipatnam]]
|
|-
!12
|[[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]
|
|-
!13
|[[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]
|
|-
!14
|[[Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency|Narasaraopet]]
|
|-
!15
|[[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]
|
|-
!16
|[[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]
|
|-
!17
|[[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]
|
|-
!18
|[[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]
|
|-
!19
|[[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency|Anantapur]]
|
|-
!20
|[[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency|Hindupur]]
|
|-
!21
|[[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency|Kadapa]]
|
|-
!22
|[[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore]]
|
|-
!23
|[[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency|Tirupati]]
|
|-
!24
|[[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]]
|
|-
!25
|[[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency|Chittoor]]
|
|-
|}
{{Collapse bottom}}

=== Other ===
{{Collapse top|Special drive{{dash}}{{done}}}}
'''Discussion status + sorting legend'''
*{{Done|Discussion and split done}}
*{{Working|Discussion done but split not done }}
*{{Not done|Discussion and split not done}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:Center;"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Cleanup
|-
|9
|[[Rajam Assembly constituency|Rajam]]
|{{Done}}
|-
|20
|[[Bheemili Assembly constituency|Bheemili]]
|{{Done}}
|-
|22
|[[Visakhapatnam South Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam South]]
|{{Done}}
|-
|41
|[[Kakinada City Assembly constituency|Kakinada City]]
|{{Done}}
|-
|50
|[[Rajahmundry City Assembly constituency|Rajahmundry City]]
|{{Done}}
|-
|75
|[[Machilipatnam Assembly constituency|Machilipatnam]]
|{{Done}}
|-
|94
|[[Guntur West Assembly constituency|Guntur West]]
|{{Done}}
|-
|95
|[[Guntur East Assembly constituency|Guntur East]]
|{{Done}}
|-
|117
|[[Nellore City Assembly constituency|Nellore City]]
|{{Done}}
|-
|153
|[[Anantapur Urban Assembly constituency|Anantapur Urban]]
|{{Done}}
|-
|126
|[[Kadapa Assembly constituency|Kadapa]]
|{{Done}}
|-
|}
{{Collapse bottom}}

== Telangana - Status tables ==
=== Maps ===
* WikiPedia - 1 to 119 {{done}}
* WikiData - 1 to 119 {{done}}
* WikiMedia - 1 to 119 {{done}}

== Structure ==
Refer: [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian politics/Constituencies: Article structure]]

== Template ==
''Example Article:''

''Title:'' '''[[XYZ Assembly constituency]]'''

''Intro:'' '''XYZ Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[ABC district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects represtatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of the [[UVW Lok Sabha constituency]].

''Intro continuation:'' [[ABCDEF]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[TUV Party]]. As of 25 March 2019, there are a total of 000,000 electors in the constituency. The constituency was established in 0000, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (0000)''.

== To do ==
===Andhra Pradesh===
*<s>Place the short description with: '''Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India'''.</s>
*<s>Change the word '''General''' and '''No''' to the word '''None''' in the infobox reservation parameter.</s>
*<s>Insert the link [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] to '''2019''' in the infobox year parameter.</s>
*<s>Place a map of the constituency in the infobox.</s>
**<s>WikiPedia</s>
**<s>WikiMedia</s>
**<s>WikiData</s>
*<s>Replace [[Template:As of|As of]] template with [[Template:Update after|Update after]] template for electors data in the intro. [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Andhra Pradesh/Assembly constituencies update - 2023#Please try to use the "update after" template instead of "As of"|Refer here]]</s>
*<s>Add coordinates in the references section. [https://petscan.wmflabs.org/?after=&edits%5Bbots%5D=both&interface_language=en&ores_prob_from=%C2%AEexp_filter&edits%5Banons%5D=both&cb_labels_any_l=1&categories=Assembly%20constituencies%20of%20Andhra_Pradesh&cb_labels_yes_l=1&project=wikipedia&templates_no=coord&edits%5Bflagged%5D=both&search_max_results=500&cb_labels_no_l=1&since_rev0=&language=en&negcats=Lists%20of%20constituencies%20of%20legislative%20assemblies%20of%20Indian%20states&ns%5B0%5D=1&sortby=title&depth=1&langs_labels_no=&doit= See here].</s>
*<s>Add constituency numbers in the infobox. [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of current constituencies|Refer here for the list]].</s>

===Telangana===
Note: '''Please refer to any of the Andhra Pradesh Assembly constituencies and do the needful accordingly. The purpose of taking Andhra Pradesh Assembly constituencies as base is for consistency across the articles.'''
*Place the short description with: '''Constituency of the Telangana Legislative Assembly, India'''.
*Fill in the missing parameters on the infoboxes.

Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey (soundtrack)

2026-02-16T12:28:45Z

BGRDoreen32: starting first stub first draft.

{{Short description|2025 soundtrack album by Indraadip Dasgupta}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]], [[Kabir Suman]], [[Girish Ghosh]], Tamalika Golder and Souptik Mazumdar
| cover = Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey (soundtrack).jpg
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2025|12|23|df=y}}
| recorded = 2024{{ndash}}2025
| venue =
| studio = {{ubl|Audio Lake, ([[Kolkata]])|Gan Bajna Music Garage, Kolkata}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]], [[Music of West Bengal|Bengali folk]], [[Kirtan]]
| length = {{Duration|m=58|s=12}}
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| label = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Music]]
| producer = Indraadip Dasgupta, Kabir Suman, Girish Ghosh, Tamalika Golder and Souptik Mazumdar
}}
'''''Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] to the 2025 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Musical film|musical drama film]] [[Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey|of the same name]], directed by [[Srijit Mukherji]]. Composed primarily by [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] with contributions from [[Kabir Suman]], [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]], Tamalika Golder and Souptik Mazumder. The film is produced by [[Shrikant Mohta]], Mahendra Soni and Rana Sarkar under the banners of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] and Dag Creative Media respectively.

The soundtrack is notable for its exploration of three distinct musical eras: the 15th-century devotional period of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], the 19th-century Bengali theatre era of [[Binodini Dasi]], and a contemporary 21st-century setting. The album features eighteen tracks, and was released on 21 December 2025 by [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Music]] to extremely positive critical reception and hysterical response from fans.

== Development and production ==
The musical production of ''Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey'' began in late-2024, following extensive research by [[Srijit Mukherji]] and [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] into the evolution of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite music]]. Dasgupta aimed to avoid a purely "palimpsetic" sound for the historical segments, opting instead for period-accurate instrumentation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=আনন্দবাজার ডট কম সংবাদদাতা |title='ছায়ানট' গুঁড়িয়ে গেলেও গান থেকে যাবে! 'গৌরাঙ্গ'কে সাক্ষী রেখে প্রতিবাদী বার্তা জয়তীর |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/pictorial-story-of-lawho-gouranger-naam-re-music-album-release-dgtl/cid/1656183 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251224053024/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/pictorial-story-of-lawho-gouranger-naam-re-music-album-release-dgtl/cid/1656183 |archive-date=2025-12-24 |access-date=2026-01-11 |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Research and authenticity ===
For the 15th-century segments, the production team consulted with [[Kirtan]]iyas from [[Nabadwip]] and [[Mayapur]] to ensure the rhythm patterns of the [[Mridanga]] and [[Kartal]] were historically consistent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shreya Ghoshal sings a melodious and melancholy love song for Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/shreya-ghoshal-sings-a-melodious-and-melancholy-love-song-for-lawho-gouranger-naam-rey/2002692 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A song from the upcoming film Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey celebrates the spiritual passion of Sri Chaitanya |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/a-song-from-the-upcoming-film-lawho-gouranger-naam-rey-celebrates-the-spiritual-passion-of-sri-chaitanya/2002352 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref> The 19th-century sequences, which focus on the life of [[Binodini Dasi]], required the recreation of the "Theatre Song" genre. These tracks were inspired by the original compositions of [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]], utilizing a harmonium-led, melodramatic vocal style characteristic of the era.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-12 |title=Lukochuri Khela from Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey unveils a play of hidden emotions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/lukochuri-khela-from-lawho-gouranger-naam-rey-unveils-a-play-of-hidden-emotions/articleshow/125930293.cms |access-date=2026-01-11 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The lyrics have been penned by [[Kabir Suman]], [[Adi Sankaracharya]], Girish Ghosh, Tamalika Golder, Souptik Mazumdar and [[Narottama Dasa Thakura]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosal |first=Sharmistha |date=2026-01-05 |title=Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey: Unravelling Chaitanya through Srijit Mukherji's prism |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2026/Jan/05/lawho-gouranger-naam-rey-unravelling-chaitanya-through-srjit-mukherjis-prism |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=[[Indulge Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Collaborations ===
The album marked a major collaboration between Dasgupta and [[Kabir Suman]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Piya |date=2025-12-11 |title=A Kabir Suman song from Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey is a spiritual exploration of life and death |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/a-kabir-suman-song-from-lawho-gouranger-naam-rey-is-a-spiritual-exploration-of-life-and-death/2002666 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref> Suman, who collaborated for the third time with Mukherji after ''[[Jaatishwar]]'' (2014) and ''[[Padatik (2024 film)|Padatik]]'' (2024), composed specifically for the character of the aging director in the film's modern-day timeline.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |date=16 March 2019 |title=Srijit and Kabir Suman to team up again! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/srijit-and-kabir-suman-to-team-up-again/articleshow/68440280.cms |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=Times of India}}</ref>

== Musical structure ==
The album is divided into three categories:

* The Chaitanya Era: Dominated by [[Nagar kirtan|Nagar Kirtan]] and Padavali Kirtan. It uses traditional instruments like the [[Bansuri]], [[Khol]], and [[Taal (instrument)|Manjira]].
* The Theatre Era: Focuses on the "Babu Culture" of [[Kolkata]]. The music is heavily influenced by [[Semi-classical music|semi-classical]] Indian music and the early stages of the Bengali stage musical, especially the [[Girish Mancha]] theatrical songs.
* The Modern Era: Features a more experimental sound, blending [[acoustic guitar]]s with traditional [[baul]]-influenced structures to represent a contemporary filmmaker's journey of discovering Chaitanya.

== Release ==
The first single "Dyakho Dyakho Kanaiye " was released on 24 November 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |date=25 November 2025 |title=A song from the upcoming film Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey celebrates the spiritual passion of Sri Chaitanya |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/a-song-from-the-upcoming-film-lawho-gouranger-naam-rey-celebrates-the-spiritual-passion-of-sri-chaitanya/2002352 |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=t2Online}}</ref> The second single "Jagannath Swami Nayana Pathagami" was released on 1 December 2025.<ref>{{cite news |date=2025-11-20 |title=Srijit Mukherji's upcoming film Lawho Gouranger Naam Re's new song released |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/srijit-mukherjis-upcoming-film-lawho-gouranger-naam-res-new-song-released-179571 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=[[Aajkaal]]}}</ref> The third single "Shey Chole Geleo" was released on 6 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-06 |title=Shee Chole Geleo: A song of departures, memories and the sea |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/shee-chole-geleo-a-song-of-departures-memories-and-the-sea/articleshow/125802356.cms |access-date=2025-12-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The fourth single "Lukochuri Khela" was released on 12 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-12 |title=Lukochuri Khela from Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey unveils a play of hidden emotions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/lukochuri-khela-from-lawho-gouranger-naam-rey-unveils-a-play-of-hidden-emotions/articleshow/125930293.cms |access-date=2025-12-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The fifth single "Hari Haraye Namah Krishna" was released on 15 December 2025. The sixth single "Khawne Gorachand Khawne Kaala" was released on 21 December 2025. The entire music album was launched on 23 December 2025, two days before the film's release.

== Critical reception ==
The soundtrack received widespread acclaim from music critics in Bengal. ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' praised the album as "an archival masterpiece," specifically noting the seamless transition between the ancient and the modern. ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' highlighted Jayati Chakraborty's performance, stating that her voice "carried the weight of two centuries of theatrical history."

The track "Khawne Gorachand, Khawne Kaalaa" trended on Indian streaming platforms for several weeks, becoming one of the most successful Bengali film songs of 2025.

== Track listing ==
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer
| total_length = 58:12
| title1 = Dyakho Dyakho Kanaiye
| length1 = 2:32
| lyrics1 = [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]]
| music1 = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
| extra1 = [[Jayati Chakraborty]]
| title2 = Jagannath Swami Nayana Pathagami (Female)
| length2 = 3:36
| lyrics2 = [[Adi Sankaracharya]]
| music2 = Indraadip Dasgupta
| extra2 = Jayati Chakraborty
| title3 = Jagannath Swami Nayana Pathagami (Male)
| length3 = 3:36
| lyrics3 = Adi Sankaracharya
| music3 = Indraadip Dasgupta
| extra3 = Padma Palash
| title4 = Shey Chole Geleo (Male)
| length4 = 4:23
| lyrics4 = [[Kabir Suman]]
| music4 = Kabir Suman, [[Prabuddha Banerjee]]
| extra4 = Kabir Suman
| title5 = Lukochuri Khela
| length5 = 3:58
| lyrics5 = Tamalika Golder
| music5 = Tamalika Golder
| extra5 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title6 = Hari Haraye Namah Krishna
| length6 = 3:50
| lyrics6 = [[Narottama Dasa Thakura]]
| music6 = Indraadip Dasgupta
| extra6 = Padma Palash
| title7 = Khawne Gorachand Khawne Kaala (Film)
| length7 = 4:12
| lyrics7 = Ritam Sen
| music7 = Traditional, Indraadip Dasgupta
| extra7 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| title8 = Bawshontokaal
| length8 = 3:13
| lyrics8 = Souptik Mazumdar
| music8 = Souptik Mazumdar
| extra8 = Antara Nandy, Sutirtha Chakraborty
| title9 = Nayaner Jawle
| length9 = 5:16
| lyrics9 = Shibashis Bandyopadhyay
| music9 = Indraadip Dasgupta
| extra9 = Jayati Chakraborty
| title10 = Madhava Bahuta Minati
| length10 = 4:18
| lyrics10 = [[Vidyapati]]
| music10 = Indraadip Dasgupta
| extra10 = Jayati Chakraborty
| title11 = Hari Mon Mojaaye
| length11 = 2:53
| lyrics11 = Girish Chandra Ghosh
| music11 = Jatileswar Mukherjee, Indraadip Dasgupta
| extra11 = Jayati Chakraborty
| title12 = Re Nirdoye Tumi Ki
| length12 = 2:02
| lyrics12 = Girish Chandra Ghosh
| music12 = Indraadip Dasgupta
| extra12 = Jayati Chakraborty
| title13 = Hey Jogotpati
| length13 = 2:08
| lyrics13 = Girish Chandra Ghosh
| music13 = Indraadip Dasgupta
| extra13 = Jayati Chakraborty
| title14 = Esho Nidra
| length14 = 1:04
| lyrics14 = Girish Chandra Ghosh
| music14 = Indraadip Dasgupta
| extra14 = Jayati Chakraborty
| title15 = Priye Wrini Aami
| length15 = 1:28
| lyrics15 = Girish Chandra Ghosh
| music15 = Indraadip Dasgupta
| extra15 = Jayati Chakraborty
| title16 = Nidre Kyano Esho He
| length16 = 1:15
| lyrics16 = Girish Chandra Ghosh
| music16 = Indraadip Dasgupta
| extra16 = Jayati Chakraborty
| title17 = Khawne Gorachand Khawne Kaala
| length17 = 4:12
| lyrics17 = Ritam Sen
| music17 = Indraadip Dasgupta
| extra17 = Padma Palash
| title18 = Shey Chole Geleo (Female)
| length18 = 4:16
| lyrics18 = [[Kabir Suman]]
| music18 = Kabir Suman, [[Prabuddha Banerjee]]
| extra18 = Basabdutta Chowdhury
}}
A version from a Sanskrit shloka from the [[Bhagavata Purana]] has been sung by Padma Palash, that has been used in the end credits. However, this track was not included in the music album of the film.

== See also ==

* [[Music of West Bengal]]
* [[Baul]]
* [[Chaitanya Charitamrita]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2025 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:2020s film soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Bengali film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Indraadip Dasgupta soundtracks]]
[[Category:Epic film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Musical film soundtracks]]

Rajan Madhav

2026-02-10T02:48:22Z

BGRDoreen32: Created A Pg

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Rajan Madhav
|image =Rajan_Madhav.jpg
|caption =
|birth_name = Rajan Babu Raveendran
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1975|5|31}}
|birth_place = Chennai, India
|death_date = 
|death_place =
|occupation = Director, Screen writer
|known_for =
|spouse = Sandhya
}}

'''Rajan Babu''' (born [[Chennai]], [[India]], 31 May 1975) is an Indian [[film director]], [[screenwriter]], working predominantly in [[Tamil cinema]] based in Chennai. Having born into a family that appreciates all forms of cinema, he has imbibed the quality to breathe in the nuances of the cinema. This can be clearly seen in his debut film ''[[Muran (film)|Muran]]''. His dad [[Raveendran]] strongly inspired him to take up cinema as his career. While his brothers took it to music, Rajan Madhav made it to direction.

==Early life==
He was born as one of the twin to [[music director]] [[Raveendran]] and Sobhana in Chennai. His brothers are [[Sajan Madhav]] and [[Naveen Madhav]].

==Career==
While his family was so much into music with Sajan Madhav being a [[music director]] and Naveen Madhav being a [[playback singer]] already, Rajan Madhav was a B.Com graduate and was looking forward to getting into direction. However, he was conscious enough not to use his dad's influence anywhere at work and so joined as an assistant director to [[Shaji Kailas]]. After working as an AD for about six films, he was all set to commit as a director himself which was when his dad [[Raveendran]] died. He then joined director [[Mysskin]] as Co-director in his movie [[Anjathey]] and then went on to become a director with his debut movie [[Muran (film)|Muran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/muran-is-a-road-thriller-rajan-madhav-news-tamil-ljml5labaff.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916005639/http://www.sify.com/movies/muran-is-a-road-thriller-rajan-madhav-news-tamil-ljml5labaff.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 September 2011|title=Muran is a Road Thriller: Rajan Madhav|website=[[Sify]]|date=13 September 2011|accessdate=16 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Double-delight-for-Rajan-Madhav/articleshow/9922033.cms?referral=PM|title=Double delight for Rajan Madhav | newspaper=Times of India|date=14 January 2017|access-date=5 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Prasanna-teams-up-with-Rajan-Madhav-again/articleshow/14994294.cms?referral=PM|title=Prasanna teams up with Rajan Madhav again!|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> He then started filming his second film, titled as ''Ula''. After four years of delay, in October 2018, the film's title was changed from ''Ula'' to ''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi 2]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-12-03/muran-prasanna-20-08-12.html|title=And the name is Ula|newspaper=Behindwoods|date=20 August 2012|accessdate=16 June 2013}}</ref> His third outing as director would be ''Kattam''. Newcomer Nandhan and [[Sshivada]] are playing as lead pair in the movie.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/300617/muran-directors-next-is-kattam.html|title=Muran director's next is Kattam|date=2017-06-30|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2017-06-30|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajans-next-is-a-crime-thriller/articleshow/59386575.cms|title=Rajan's next is a crime thriller|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>

==Personal life==
After his first film, he fell in love with Sandhya who was working as an assistant director as well in Bollywood and married her on 23 May 2012 in Chennai.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Credit !! Notes
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Muran (film)|Muran]]'' || Writer, director || Nominated Best Debut Director [[SIIMA]] awards, screened in CIFF
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi 2]]'' || Writer, director ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Kattam]]'' || Writer, director ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhav, Rajan}}
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Raveendran]]

DP Mukerji

2026-02-06T06:23:57Z

BGRDoreen32: starting some article w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian sociologist}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
|name= Dhurjati Prasad Mukerji
|image=
| image_size =
|caption=
|birth_name =
|birth_date= {{ Birth date|1894|10|05|df=yes}}
|birth_place= [[Chatra, Serampore|Chatra]], [[Sreerampur]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
|citizenship= Indian
|death_date= {{ Death date |1961|12|05|1894|10|05|df=yes}}
|death_place= [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|known_for = Sociologist
|occupation= Indian professor
|spouse= Chhaya Mukerji
|children= Pt.[[Kumar Prasad Mukerji]]
|parents= Bhupatinath Mukerji (Father) Elokeshi Devi (Mother)
|awards=
}}

'''Dhurjati Prasad Mukerji''' (5 October 1894 – 5 December 1961), known as '''DP Mukerji''', was an Indian professor and sociologist. He was known for works and lectures focused on sociology and Marxism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=CHAKRABARTI|first=ANJAN|date=1 March 2014|title=The Sociological Imagination of Dhurjati Prasad Mukerji: Beyond Hermeneutics and Positivism|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=49|issue=9|pages=63–74|jstor=24479178}}</ref>

==Early life==

DP Mukerji was born to Bhupatinath Mukherjee and Elokeshi Devi at his maternal uncle's house at Chatra near [[Sreerampur]] in the district of Hoogli in [[Bengal Presidency]] during British rule in India. Their ancestral house was at village Narayanpur near [[Bhatpara]] in the North Twenty four Parganas District of West Bengal.His father, Bhupatinath Mukhopadhyay, was a lawyer of Barasat and therefore his schooling till 1909 was at Barasat Govt. High School from where he passed Entrance examination.<ref name = "Samsad">''Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' Vol.I in Bengali edited by Subodhchandra Sengupta & Anjali Bose, published by Sahitya Samsad, Kolkata, India, August 2016 edition Page 320
{{ISBN|978-81-7955-135-6}}</ref>

== Education and career ==
In 1912 Mukerji passed Intermediate from [[Ripon College, Calcutta|Ripon College]] now [[Surendranath College]] at Calcutta and obtained a Master's in history in 1918 and Master's in Economics in 1920 from the [[University of Calcutta]].He married Chhaya Devi, a daughter of Prabodhchandra Bandyopadhyay, a resident of Allahabad.<ref name="Samsad"/> He started his teaching career at Bangabasi College, Calcutta but soon he got an offer from the newly founded [[University of Lucknow]] where he joined as a lecturer in Economics and Sociology in 1922. He served the [[University of Lucknow]] for over three decades (1922–1954), [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Dr Zakir Husain]], Vice Chancellor [[Aligarh Muslim University]] invited him to join Department of Economics Aligarh Muslim University as Professor in 1954.

Mukerji was arguably one of the leading intellectuals of his times who impacted life and thoughts of his many students such as [[Puran Chand Joshi|P. C. Joshi]], [[Triloki Nath Madan|T. N. Madan]], [[Ashok Mitra]], [[A. K. Saran]], and V. B. Singh. He was invited to write the very first editorial in the very first number of ''Economic Weekly'' ([[Economic and Political Weekly]]) in 1949, titled "Light without Heat."<ref>Pulin B Nayak, ''Economic and Political Weekly'', Vol. 55, Issue No. 32-33, 8 August 2020</ref>

He worked for the UP government under [[Govind Ballabh Pant]] (1937–40) as Director of Information and created Bureau of Economics and Statistics. He served as a member of the UP Government Labour Enquiry Committee (1944). He went to the USSR in 1952 and to the Netherlands in 1953 as a visiting professor at the Institute of Social Sciences.

Mukerji made a pioneering contribution in the field of sociology and economics.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=20 November 2020|title=First DP Mukerji Memorial Lecture in, Madan, T.N. (1977) "Dialectic of Tradition and Modernity in the Sociology of D. P. Mukerji", Sociological Bulletin, Vol. 26, No. 2, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi.|url=http://ijsw.tiss.edu/collect/sbj/import/vol.26/no.2/155-178.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128153642/http://ijsw.tiss.edu/collect/sbj/import/vol.26/no.2/155-178.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-28 |website=}}</ref> He had a deep interest in literature, music, and art as well. He was a novelist, essayist, and critic in his mother tongue, Bengali.

Along with [[Radhakamal Mukerjee|R.K. Mukerjee]], Mukerji established the All India Sociological Conference (AISC) and organized its first gathering in 1955.

== Death ==
In 1956 DP underwent major surgery for throat cancer in Switzerland. He survived cancer, but his voice was badly impacted. He continued serving Aligarh Muslim University until 1959 after which he retired to live in [[Dehradun]]. DP died in [[Kolkata]] on 5 December 1961.

== Publications ==

A collection of his essays, ''Redefining Humanism''<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|date=November 2012|title=Redefining Humanism |publisher=Tulika Books|isbn=978-93-82381-07-5}}</ref> was published by Srobona Munshi which was well received in academic circle and help establish Prof. Mukerji's image as one of the top intellectuals of modern India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Datta V. N. "An intellectual par excellence" Review of Redefining Humanism: Srobona Munshi (Edited) Selected Essays of D. P. Mukerji|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100207/spectrum/book1.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629115036/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100207/spectrum/book1.htm |archive-date=2018-06-29 |website=}}</ref>

'''Writings''' <ref>{{Cite journal |author=Madan, T. N. |title=D. P. Mukerji 1894-1961: A Centenary Tribute |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=133–142 |date=September 1994 |doi=10.1177/0038022919940201 |jstor=23620884|s2cid=164849974 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author=Chakrabarti, Dalia. |title=D.P. Mukerji and the Middle Class in India |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=235–255 |date=May–August 2010 |doi=10.1177/0038022920100205 |jstor=23620866|s2cid=148021695 }}</ref>''':'''

Mukerji wrote nineteen books: ten in Bengali and nine in English. His early publications include:

* Basic Concepts in Sociology (1932)
* ''Sur o Sungati'' (1935). Co-written with [[Rabindranath Tagore]].
* Personality and the Social Sciences (1924)
* Indian Music: An Introduction (1945)
* Modern Indian Culture: A Sociological Study (1942, revised enlarged edition in 1948)
* Problems of Indian Youth (1942)
* Views and Counterviews (1946).
* On Indian History (1944)
* Diversities
* Realist
* Anthashila (1935)
* Abarta (1937)
* Mohana (1934)
* Amra O Tahara (1931)
* Mone Elo
* Jhilimili
* Chinatasi (1934)
* Katha O Sur (1938)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukerji, DP}}
[[Category:Indian economists]]
[[Category:Indian sociologists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars from West Bengal]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Surendranath College alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian social scientists]]
[[Category:Indian lecturers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Lucknow]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]

Shraddha Shashidhar

2026-01-31T00:22:14Z

BGRDoreen32: Creating A Stub

{{short description|Indian beauty pageant winner (born 1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name = Shraddha Shashidhar
| image = Miss Diva 2017, Shraddha Shashidhar at Yamaha music video launch.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|9|3}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| education = [[Bachelor's degree]] in [[Mass media]]
| height =
| hair_color = [[Black]]
| eye_color = [[Black]]
| alma_mater = [[Sophia College for Women]], [[Mumbai]] Army Public School, Deolali, [[Nashik]] St. Xavier's school, [[Bathinda]]
| title = '''[[Miss Diva Universe|Miss Diva Universe 2017]]'''
| competitions =
* '''[[Miss Diva - 2017]]''' ''(Winner - Miss Diva Universe 2017)''
* '''[[Miss Universe 2017]]''' ''(Unplaced)''
| homepage =
}}

'''Shraddha Shashidhar''' (born 3 September 1996) is an Indian beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned [[Miss Diva Universe|Miss Diva Universe 2017]] and represented India at [[Miss Universe 2017]].

==Early life==
Shraddha was born in [[Chennai]], India. She did her schooling from Army Public School, [[Deolali]], [[Nashik]] and enrolled in [[Sophia College for Women]], [[Mumbai]] and has a degree in [[Mass media]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://dhinkachikatadka.com/shraddha-shashidhar-represent-india-miss-universe/|title= Shraddha Shashidhar to represent India at Miss Universe|website=dhinkachikatadka.com}}</ref>

==Pageantry==
===Miss Diva - 2017===
Shraddha was crowned [[Miss Diva Universe|Yamaha Fascino Miss Diva Universe 2017]] by the outgoing titleholder [[Miss Diva Universe|Yamaha Fascino Miss Diva Universe 2016]], [[Roshmitha Harimurthy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/travel/629101/iris-mittenaere-basks-in-magical-beauty-of-india/story/|title=IN PHOTOS: Iris Mittenaere basks in ‘magical’ beauty of India|website=GMA News Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/miss-diva-miss-universe-india-2017-shraddha-shashidhar-will-represent-india-at-miss-universe-us-4887276/|title=Chennai-based Miss Diva 2017 Shraddha Shashidhar to represent India at Miss Universe pageant|date=12 October 2017}}</ref>

===Miss Universe 2017===
She represented India at [[Miss Universe 2017]] which was held at [[The AXIS]], [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]], United States on 26 November 2017, but was unplaced.<ref name="IE, Nov. 2017">{{cite news |title=Miss Universe 2017: India’s Shraddha Shashidhar went unplaced |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/miss-universe-2017-indias-shraddha-shashidhar-failed-to-make-it-to-top-16-4956402/ |accessdate=8 December 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=27 November 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20171128213024/http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/miss-universe-2017-indias-shraddha-shashidhar-failed-to-make-it-to-top-16-4956402/ |archivedate=28 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Roshmitha Harimurthy]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Miss Diva Universe]]
|years=[[Miss Diva - 2017|2017]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Nehal Chudasama]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Indian Beauty Pageant Representatives}}
{{Miss Universe 2017 delegates}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shashidhar, Shraddha}}
[[Category:Beauty pageant contestants from Chennai]]
[[Category:Femina Miss India]]
[[Category:Miss Universe 2017 contestants]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Female models from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Sophia College for Women alumni]]

Karmahari, Ghazipur

2026-01-28T13:26:01Z

BGRDoreen32:

{{cleanup|date=March 2021|reason=infobox and refs need cleanup}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karmahari
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = [[Hindi]]
| other_name = Qasimpur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.350|83.642|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = *1606 (by Shahab chaudhary)
* 1780 (by some other families)
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Sarpanch|X Gram Pradhan]]
Shahab Chaudhary
| unit_pref = Founder
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 70
| population_total = 5544
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 232326
| registration_plate = UP 61
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 05497
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| founder = Zamindar Shahab Chaudhary
| area_total_acre =
| area_total_ha = 472.34
| area_land_ha =
| area_water_ha =
| leader_name =
| leader_name1 =
| total_type =
| length_km =
| width_km =
| pushpin_relief = Yes
}}
'''Karmahari''' (also known as Qasimpur) is a village in Zamania Tehsil's [[Ghazipur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. Zamindar Shahab Chaudhary established it in 1606. In 1763, most of Badhu Chaudhary family relocated to Chaudhary and almost emptied the village. The family of Shahab Chaudhary had 1542 Hectares of ancestral land, which they gave to other people and established Baraura, Karmahari, and Nonar village when they relocated to Daltonsganj. Later, some of his friends and family also relocated to Daltonsganj. The village is a part of [[Dewaitha]] [[gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]].<ref>{{Cite web|title="Bhulekh"|url=http://upbhulekh.gov.in/public/public_ror/Public_ROR.jsp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="2011 census of India"|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|title= Population Growth of Karmahari
|align=none
|1861|533
|1871|597
|1881|657
|1891|736
|1901|809
|1911|890
|1921|970
|1931|1020
|1941|1009
|1951|1110
|1961|2665
|1971|2980
|1981|3576
|1991|3933
|2001|4230
|2011|4535
|footnote= Source:[[Census of India]]<ref name="Census data">{{cite web|url=http://mospi.gov.in/comenv2000tab7.2.11.htm |title=Census of India |publisher=mospi.gov.in |access-date=23 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813081037/http://mospi.gov.in/comenv2000tab7.2.11.htm |archive-date=13 August 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2011 census of India.|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/}}</ref><ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|title=Historical Census of India|access-date=5 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217053707/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|archive-date=17 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ghazipur district]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1606]]

{{Ghazipur-geo-stub}}

Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce

2026-01-24T04:44:46Z

BGRDoreen32: minor rework references per sources and updated info as per guidelines

{{Short description|College of commerce in Pune, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Coord|18.521222|N|73.835287|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce
| former_name = The College of Commerce
| image = Logo of Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce.jpg
| image_size = 180px
| caption = Logo of BMCC
| established = {{Start date and age|1943|06|24|df=yes}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[research university]]
| parent = [[Deccan Education Society]]
| affiliation = {{Bulleted_list|[[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]|[[Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University]]|[[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]]}}
| chairperson =
| principal = Dr. Deepak Powdel
| head_label = Vice Principals
| head =
| students =
| address =
| city = [[Pune]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| sports =
| mascot =
| website = {{url|http://www.bmcc.ac.in}}
| faculty =
| staff =
}}

'''Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce''' is a college in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India. The college was established in 1943 by the [[Deccan Education Society]]. It is affiliated to [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]].

Dr. Deepak Powdel is the current principal of the college. <ref>{{cite web |title=Principal's Profile |url=https://bmcc.ac.in/principals-profile |website=bmcc |access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref>

==History==
'''Deccan Education Society, Pune''' was established in 1884 and registered on 13th August 1885 and by four patriotic visionaries- [[Vishnushastri Krushnashastri Chiplunkar|Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar]] and [[Mahadev Ballal Namjoshi|Mahadeo Ballal Namjoshi]]- who were already recognized as the pioneers of new education in India with the Launch of New English School in Pune in the year 1880.

D. G. Karve, an economist and sometime Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, was the first principal of the college. Karve stated that the mission of the college was to "make a citizen of India as fully endowed materially, intellectually and morally as the citizens of the most advanced country of the world."

It started as the College of Commerce in the Amphi theatre of the Fergusson College on 20 June 1943. [[Sir Ardeshir Dalal]] formally inaugurated the college on 24 June 1943. [[Chandrashekhar Agashe]], managing agent of [[Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate]] donated Rs 2 lakhs to the college, which was renamed as the Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce. The naming ceremony was performed by Sir [[Chintamanrao Deshmukh]], Governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]], on 11 November 1944.

Until 1949, BMCC was affiliated with [[Bombay University]], which had a larger province under its jurisdiction. After 1949, it became affiliated with [[University of Pune]].

BMCC celebrated its fiftieth anniversary in 1993–94 by opening an academic project, the [[Chandrashekhar Agashe|Chandrashekhar Govind Agashe]] Business Motivation, Training and Research Centre (CGA BMTRC). The CGA BMTRC Building, the Nav Maharashtra Hall and the Computer Laboratory were inaugurated on 2 August 1998.

In 2005, the college celebrated its Diamond Jubilee with [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]] as the chief guest. The 'Principal D. G. Karve Chair in Commerce & Economics', an academic research position, was launched to mark the occasion.

==Student Activities==

Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce (BMCC) maintains a broad and structured ecosystem of student activities encompassing academic forums, cultural initiatives, service organisations, professional skill groups, and wellness programmes. These activities operate under the supervision of faculty coordinators and are conducted through annual events, intercollegiate festivals, and officially recognised student clubs and committees.

===Major Student-Organised Events===
====Troika====
Troika is the flagship intercollegiate festival of BMCC and is one of the largest student-led commerce college festivals in Pune. Organised entirely by students, the festival includes competitions and activities across cultural, literary, management, sports, fine arts, and performing arts domains. Troika attracts participation from a large number of colleges and several thousand students annually, and is recognised for its scale, decentralised student management structure, and emphasis on leadership and organisational training.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.troikabmcc.com/|title=BMCC Troika|language=en|access-date=2026-01-23}}</ref>
====AstitvA====
AstitvA is the college’s intercollegiate heritage and culture festival, organised by the Heritage Collective. The festival focuses on Indian cultural traditions and artistic expression, and includes events related to classical and folk arts, literature, visual arts, and cultural knowledge. It serves as a platform for cultural engagement and intercollegiate participation, with students from multiple institutions taking part.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/events/pune/heres-a-look-into-a-city-culture-fest/videoshow/65590276.cms|title=Here’s a look into a city culture fest|language=en|access-date=2026-01-23}}</ref>
====Anubhuti====
Anubhuti is the annual intra-college social gathering of BMCC, organised under the Student Council. The event provides students with opportunities to participate in cultural performances, competitions, and informal activities. It is intended to foster community engagement within the college and involves participation from students across all academic years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bmcc.ac.in/images/Gallery/Anubhutifinalreport3.pdf|title=Anubhuti Report 2024|date=2024|language=en|access-date=2026-01-23}}</ref>
====Late Shri Vijay A. Chavan National Moot Court Competition====
The Late Shri Vijay A. Chavan National Moot Court Competition is a national-level academic competition organised by the Moot Court Society of BMCC. The competition is open to undergraduate students from law colleges and commerce colleges across India and is conducted in separate categories. It includes written submissions and oral advocacy rounds evaluated by legal professionals, and is notable for introducing structured legal reasoning and advocacy training within a commerce college setting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lawctopus.com/10th-late-shri-vijay-a-chavan-national-moot-court-competition-and-memorial-lecture/|title=10th Late Shri Vijay A. Chavan National Moot Court Competition|date=2025-12-03|language=en|access-date=2026-01-23}}</ref>

===Student Clubs, Cells, and Forums===
BMCC has a wide range of officially recognised student clubs and institutional forums that support academic enrichment, skill development, social service, cultural expression, and personal well-being.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bmcc.ac.in/programs/2/4|title=BBA-IB Program Details|language=en|access-date=2026-01-23}}</ref>
====Academic, Professional, and Skill-Based Forums====
* Finance Club – Focuses on finance, economics, investment analysis, and financial literacy through discussions, workshops, and practical activities.

* Entrepreneurship Development Cell – Promotes entrepreneurial thinking and innovation through startup-oriented programs, competitions, and mentorship initiatives.

* Economics and Banking Forum – Encourages discussion and understanding of economics, banking systems, public finance, and policy-related issues.

* Moot Court Society – Develops skills in legal reasoning, advocacy, public speaking, and structured argumentation.

* Event Management – Provides practical exposure to planning, logistics, coordination, and execution of large-scale college events and festivals. (Events conducted under event management change every semester. Troika is conducted under event management.)

====Cultural and Creative Bodies====
* Cultural Committee – Organises and coordinates participation in performing arts, literary activities, and intercollegiate cultural competitions.

* Heritage Collective – Focuses on Indian culture, heritage, and historical awareness, and organises heritage-based academic and cultural events.

====Service, Outreach, and Leadership Organisations====
* National Service Scheme (NSS) – Engages students in community service, social awareness, and civic responsibility initiatives.

* Red Cross – Operates under the Indian Red Cross Society and conducts health awareness programs, first aid training, and blood donation drives.

* Community Engagement – Facilitates student involvement in outreach activities and socially oriented initiatives.

* Students’ Development Board – Works towards leadership development, skill enhancement, and student welfare programs.

* Girls’ Empowerment Cell – Focuses on gender sensitisation, leadership development, and issues related to women’s empowerment.

====Defence, Sports, and Physical Development====
* NCC Boys and NCC Girls – Provide military training, discipline, and leadership development under the National Cadet Corps. (Operated under 2 Maharashtra Battalion NCC and 2 Maharashtra Battalion Girls NCC)

* Sports Committee – Coordinates training and participation in intercollegiate and university-level sports competitions.

====Environment, Wellness, and Personal Development====
* Nature Club – Promotes environmental awareness, sustainability, and ecological conservation through activities and campaigns.

* Yoga and Meditation – Focuses on physical fitness, mental well-being, and mindfulness practices.

Participation in these clubs and forums is open to students across disciplines and academic years, and many students are involved simultaneously in multiple activities. Collectively, these student-led initiatives contribute significantly to leadership development, experiential learning, and the overall campus culture at BMCC.

==Notable alumni==
*[[Alok Rajwade]] – Actor<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/i-relate-more-to-contemporary-pune/story-yHis5ZfuN6NRepN29xvRAI.html|title='I relate more to contemporary Pune'|date=2017-10-05|language=en|access-date=2019-03-18}}</ref>
*[[Amey Wagh]] – Actor<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/kutumbkatta-news/actor-amey-wagh-remember-his-golden-days-of-college-life-1819451/|title=कॉलेज आठवणींचा कोलाज : सुवर्णकाळ|date=2019-01-09|website=Loksatta|language=mr-IN|access-date=2019-03-18}}</ref>
*[[Ashutosh Agashe]] – MD, [[Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate]]
*[[Cyrus Poonawalla]]- Chairman, Poonawalla Group
*[[Dnyaneshwar Agashe]] – Cricketer
*[[Girish Bapat]] – Politician
*[[Madan Deodhar]] – Actor<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punemirror.in/printarticle.aspx?page=comments&action=translate&sectid=2&contentid=2011110920111109083506856292a76d&subsite=|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140228104450/http://www.punemirror.in/printarticle.aspx?page=comments&action=translate&sectid=2&contentid=2011110920111109083506856292a76d&subsite=|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-02-28|title=Gajab hui gawa! Marathi director’s Bhojpuri flick at IFFI|first=Neha|last=Kaura|date=9 November 2011|website=archive.is|access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref>
*[[Mohan Joshi]] – Actor
*[[Nipun Dharmadhikari]] – Actor, Writer and Director<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-talent-scores-big-at-65th-national-awards/story-P3LhzVG1pQQFvLk35GUsjK.html|title=Pune talent scores big at 65th National Awards|date=2018-04-14|language=en|access-date=2019-03-18}}</ref>
*[[Prasad Oak]] – Actor, director, writer, singer, anchor, poet and film producer
*[[Ram Naik]] – Politician
*[[Sayali Gokhale]] – Badminton Player
*[[Sharad Pawar]] – Politician
*[[Sulajja Firodia Motwani]] – Vice Chairperson, Kinetic Engineering Limited
*[[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Siddharth Menon]] – Actor<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/alumni-connect-i-have-always-wanted-to-be-a-professional-actor/story-Ep0BS4aiTeEp0KyRfnz6FP.html|title=Alumni Connect: 'I have always wanted to be a professional actor,' says actor Siddharth Menon|date=2018-06-08|language=en|access-date=2019-03-18}}</ref>
*[[Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni]] – Writer, Director
*[[Nipun Dharmadhikari]] – Director
*[[Sachin Kundalkar]] – Director
*[[Namita Thapar]] - Entrepreneur
*[[Rachana Ranade]] - Financial Expert

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bmcc.ac.in/ Official website]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce}}
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Pune]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Commerce colleges in India]]
[[Category:Deccan Education Society]]
[[Category:1943 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1943]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
[[Category:Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce]]

Sardar Patel Mahavidyalaya, Chandrapur

2026-01-23T06:58:56Z

BGRDoreen32: Creating Post

{{tone|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Sardar Patel Mahavidyalaya, Chandrapur
| image =
| motto =
| motto_lang = [[Sanskrit]]
| established = 1970
| founder = [[Shantaram Potdukhe]]
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| affiliation = [[Gondwana University]]
| chairman =
| president = Sudhatai Potdukhe
| vice-president = Purushottam Dhankar
| principal = Dr. R. P. Ingole
| undergrad = Yes
| postgrad = Yes
| address = Ganj Ward
| city = [[Chandrapur]], [[Maharashtra]]
| postalcode = 442402
| country = [[India]]
| campus = 2 Acres
| nickname = SPM
| website = [http://www.spm.ac.in/ www.spm.ac.in]
| logo =
}}

'''Sardar Patel Mahavidyalaya, Chandrapur''' (SPM), is located in [[Chandrapur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sardar Patel College Chandrapur - Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/1v1tlk11&hl=en-IN&q=Sardar+Patel+College+Chandrapur|access-date=2020-08-16|website=www.google.com}}</ref> The college was established in 1970 by late [[Shantaram Potdukhe|Shri Shantaram Potdukhe]]. It is managed by the Sarvodaya Shikshan Sanstha, Chandrapur.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mazhar Ali|date=Sep 25, 2018|title=Ex-Union minister of state Shantaram Potdukhe no more {{!}} Nagpur News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/ex-union-minister-of-state-shantaram-potdukhe-no-more/articleshow/65941020.cms|access-date=2020-08-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> It is affiliated to [[Gondwana University]] [[Gadchiroli]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Sardar Patel Mahavidyalaya, Chandrapur|url=http://www.spm.ac.in/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-16|website=www.spm.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Sardar Patel Mahavidyalaya, Chandrapur|url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/sardar-patel-mahavidyalaya-chandrapur|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-16|website=www.careers360.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=विद्यापीठांचे विविध पुरस्कार जाहीर|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/nagpur-vidarbha-news/-/articleshow/15330443.cms|access-date=2020-08-16|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सरदार पटेल कॉलेजमध्ये पोटदुखे यांच्या अस्थिकलशाचे दर्शन|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/nagpur-vidarbha-news/nagpur/visions-of-potducks-asthma-at-sardar-patel-college/articleshow/66076067.cms|access-date=2020-08-16|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr}}</ref>

== Faculties and Departments ==

=== Faculties ===

* Arts
* Commerce
* Science
* Computer Science

== See also ==
* [[List of universities in India|List of Universities in India]]
* [[Gondwana University]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.spm.ac.in/ Official website]
{{Commons category}}

[[Category:Colleges in India]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1970]]
[[Category:Memorials to Vallabhbhai Patel]]

List of Grade III heritage structures in Pune

2026-01-23T01:44:50Z

BGRDoreen32: starting first pg more to come.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}

There are 90 heritage structures designated as Grade III in the [[List of Pune Municipal Corporation heritage structures|Pune Municipal Corporation heritage lis]]<nowiki/>t.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pune Municipal Corporation Heritage List |url=https://www.pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/miscellaneous/HeritageList%20Final.pdf |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=pmc.gov.in}}</ref>

== List of Grade III heritage structures ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:180px;| Name
! class="unsortable"| Image
! style="width:250px;| Location
!style="width:400px;"class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
| All India Radio
| [[File:Building and tower of All India Radio, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Pune University Road, Shivajinagar-16 {{Coord|18.53092|73.84930}}
|
|-
| Anand Ashram
| [[File:Anandashram Sanstha, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Ganpatrao Nalawade chowk, near NMV, Budhwar Peth-2 {{Coord|18.52066|73.83159}}
|
|-
| Ardeshir Baug complex and Campu
| [[File:Building No. 3 and 4 of Ardeshir Bagh, Pune 01.jpg|100px]]
| Nana Peth {{Coord|18.51572|73.85387}}
|
|-
| Balaji Mandir, Bhawani Peth
| [[File:Balaji Temple, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Bhavani Peth {{Coord|18.50958|73.87128}}
|
|-
| Bank of Maharashtra
| [[File:Bank of Maharashtra , Bajirao Road.jpg|100px]]
| Bajirao Road, Opp. Vishrambaug Wada-02. {{Coord|18.51380|73.85402}}
|
|-
| Bhangya Maruti Mandir
| [[File:Bhangya Maruti Temple, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 617, Budhwar Peth-02 {{Coord|18.51716|73.85617}}
|
|-
| Bharatishwar Mahadeo Mandir
| [[File:Bharatishwar Temple, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Bhausaheb Pandurang Chavan chowk-02 {{Coord|18.51846|73.86172}}
|
|-
| Bhikardas Maruti Temple
| [[File:Bhikardas Maruti.jpg|100px]]
| Madiwale colony, 1911, Sadashiv Peth-30 {{Coord|18.50776|73.85280}}
|
|-
| Biniwale Wada
| [[File:Biniwale Wada.jpg|100px]]
| 595, Budhwar Peth-02 {{Coord|18.51831|73.85526}}
|
|-
| Cecilia Building
| [[File:Cecilia Building, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 941, Nana Peth-2 {{Coord|18.51470|73.87244}}
|
|-
| Chaphekar Smarak
| [[File:Chapekar Smarak, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Ganeshkhind Road-7 {{Coord|18.53562|73.83800}}
|
|-
| Chhatrapati Shivaji Audyogik Prashikshan Sanstha
| [[File:Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji Private Industrial Training Institute, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Shivaji Road {{Coord|18.50966|73.85805}}
|
|-
| Christ Prem Seva Sangh
| [[File:Christa Prema Seva ashram, Pune 37 (Friar's Balsam).jpg|100px]]
| Shivajinagar, near Agricultural College-5 {{Coord|18.53382|73.84886}}
|
|-
| Church of Holy Angels
| [[File:Building of Church of Holy Angels, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 84, Rasta Peth-11 {{Coord|18.51764|73.86799}}
|
|-
| Dagdi Nagoba Temple
| [[File:Dagadi Nagoba Temple, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Bhausaheb Pandurang Chavan Chowk-2 {{Coord|18.51830|73.86176}}
|
|-
| Dagdusheth Dutta Mandir
| [[File:Dagdushet Datta Mandir.jpg|100px]]
| 1098, Budhwar Peth-2 {{Coord|18.51466|73.85661}}
|
|-
| Dashnam Gosavi Sanstha Math and Temple
| [[File:Temples in Dashnam Goswami Sanstha, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 432, Somwar Peth-1 {{Coord|18.52294|73.86833}}
|
|-
| Daulat House
| [[File:Daulat House, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Nana Peth {{Coord|18.51361|73.87237}}
|
|-
| Deccan Gymkhana Police station
| [[File:Entry gate of Deccan Gymkhana Police Station, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Prabhat Road, Deccan Gymkhana-4 {{Coord|18.51422|73.84050}}
|
|-
| Deccan Gymkhana Post office
| [[File:Deccan Gymkhana Post Office.jpg|100px]]
| Deccan Gymkhana Road-4 {{Coord|18.51509|73.84206}}
|
|-
| Deojibaba Math and Samadhi
| [[File:Deojibaba Math and Samadhi, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 494, Ganesh Peth-2 {{Coord|18.51901|73.86161}}
|
|-
| Diwan House
| [[File:Gate of Diwan House, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 45, Koregaon Park-1 {{Coord|18.53346|73.88967}}
|
|-
| European Tombs
| [[File:European Tombs, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Photozinco Press Road-1 {{Coord|18.52212|18.52212}}
|
|-
| Florence Bungalow
| [[File:Florence Building, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 950, Nana Peth-2 {{Coord|18.51435|73.87197}}
|
|-
| Ganpati – Phadke wada
| [[File:Phadke Wada Ganpati Temple, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Tapkir Galli, Budhwar Peth-2 {{Coord|18.51786|73.85876}}
|
|-
| Golden Rock House
| [[File:Golden Rock House, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Opp Deccan Gymkhana, Tatyasaheb talim path-4 {{Coord|18.51587|73.84155}}
|
|-
| Gosavipura Chhatri - Ramji Gosavi Mandir
| [[File:Gosavipura Chatri and Ramji Gosavi Mandir, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Near 15 August Chowk, Somwar Peth-11 {{Coord|18.52259|73.86816}}
|
|-
| Government Polytechnic Old Building
| [[File:Old building of Govt. Polytechnic, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Ganeshkhind, University Road-16 {{Coord|18.53883|73.83195}}
|
|-
| Hotel Blue Nile
| [[File:Hotel Blue Nile - Portrait.jpg|100px]]
| P. Jog marg-1 {{Coord|18.52734|73.87748}}
|
|-
| Hotel Homeland
| [[File:Front view of Hotel Homeland.jpg|100px]]
| 18, Wilson Garden, Near Pune railway station-1 {{Coord|18.52734|73.87390}}
|
|-
| Hotel Milan
| [[File:Exterior of Hotel Milan Lodge, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 19, Wilson Garden, Near Pune railway station-1 {{Coord|18.52735|73.87368}}
|
|-
| Hotel Ritz
| [[File:Hotel Ritz, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Sadhu Vaswani Marg-1 {{Coord|18.52354|73.87660}}
|
|-
| Hotel National
| [[File:Buildings of Pune - yogesa 01.JPG|100px]]
| 14, Wilson Road, Near Pune railway statio {{Coord|18.52775|73.87445}}
|
|-
| Jageshwar Temple
|
| Near Railway station - 411001
|
|-
| Jhanshichi Rani Kanyashala
| [[File:Jhanshichi Rani Kanyashala, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Sadashiv Peth, Shanipar-30 {{Coord|18.51291|73.85291}}
|
|-
| Johari Mahadeo
| [[File:Johari Mahadev mandir, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Sadashiv Peth-30 {{Coord|18.51295|73.84947}}
|
|-
| Joshi Shriram Mandir
| [[File:Joshi Ram Mandir, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 750, Kasba Peth-11 {{Coord|18.51933|73.85324}}
|
|-
| Kadbe Ali talim
| [[File:Kadbe Ali ,Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 483, Shaniwar peth-30 {{Coord|18.51871|73.85423}}
|
|-
| Kaka Kuwa mansion
| [[File:Top of Kaka Kuwa mansion, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Budhwar Peth, Laxmi Road {{Coord|18.51419|73.85431}}
|
|-
| Kali Jogeshwari Mandir
| [[File:Kali Jogeshwari,Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 275, Budhwar peth-2 {{Coord|18.51514|73.85694}}
|
|-
| Kanheyalal Saraf building
| [[File:Kanhaiyalal Saraf Building, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 870,871,872 Ravivar Peth {{Coord|18.51590|73.85931}}
|
|-
| Laxminaryan temple
| [[File:Laxminarayan Mandir, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Raviwar peth, Opp Someshwar Temple-2 {{Coord|18.51375|73.86035}}
|
|-
| L.I.C Building
| [[File:Exterior of Western India House, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Branch No. 988, laxmi road {{Coord|18.51338|73.84449}}
|
|-
| Limbaraj Maharaj temple
| [[File:Limbraj Maharaj Vitthal Mandir, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Budhwar peth-2 {{Coord|18.51437|73.85389}}
|
|-
| Maharashtra Mandal Talim
| [[File:Front view of Maharashtriya Mandal old building, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| On main Tilak Rd, Limayawadi, Sadashiv Peth {{Coord|18.50953|73.84785}}
|
|-
| [[Bhave High School|M.E.S Boys Highschool]]
| [[File:Building of MES Boys High School, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 1214-1215, Limayewadi, Sadashiv Peth-30 {{Coord|18.51103|73.84760}}
|
|-
| Modern High school
| [[File:Modern High School, Shivajinagar, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Jangli Maharaj Road, Shivajinagar-5 {{Coord|18.52475|73.84885}}
|
|-
| Murlidhar Mandir
| [[File:Murlidhar Mandir, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 219, Narayan Peth {{Coord|18.51458|73.84567}}
|
|-
| Murlidhar Mandir (Maheshwari Murlidhar Mandir)
| [[File:Exterior of Maheshwari Murlidhar Mandir, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Guruwar Peth, Near Panch Haud Mission- 42 {{Coord|18.50666|73.86079}}
|
|-
| N.M. Wadia Hospital Old Building
| [[File:N. M. Wadia Hospital heritage building, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Survey no.283, Subhashnagar, Behind BSNL office, Shukrawar Peth-30 {{Coord|18.50687|73.85492}}
|
|-
| Nana Haud
| [[File:Nana Haud, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 592, Budhwar peth, Opp. Nana Wada-2 {{Coord|18.51832|73.85641}}
|
|-
| Nanasaheb Peshwe Samadhi
| [[File:Nanasaheb Peshwe Samadhi in Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Below S.M. Joshi Bridge-4 {{Coord|18.51203|73.84249}}
|
|-
| Navloba Complex
| [[File:Navlobanath and Narmadeshwar Mandir, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Swargate, Saras Baug Corner {{Coord|18.50110|73.85429}}
|
|-
| Nivdungya Vithoba
| [[File:Nivdyunga Vithoba,Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 571/572, Nana Peth {{Coord|18.51587|73.86607}}
|
|-
| Panchaleshwar Mandir
| [[File:Panchaleshwar Temple, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Lakdi Pul {{Coord|18.51399|73.84223}}
|
|-
| Pandav caves/ Mandir
| [[File:Vriddheshwar Pachi Pandav Temple, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Wadarwadi-16 {{Coord|18.52542|73.83437}}
|
|-
| Patrya Maruti Temple
| [[File:Patrya Maruti.jpg|100px]]
| Narayan Peth-30 {{Coord|18.51536|73.85004}}
|
|-
| Perugate Police Chowkey
| [[File:Perugate Police Chowkey.jpg|100px]]
| 1227, Sadashiv Peth-30 {{Coord|18.51142|73.84877}}
|
|-
| Phani Ali Talim
| [[File:Phani Ali Talim, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 61, Kasba Peth-11 {{Coord|18.51987|73.85745}}
|
|-
| Pune District Central Co-op Bank Ltd
| [[File:Pune District Central Co-operative bank.jpg|100px]]
| Near City Post Office, Budhwar Peth-2 {{Coord|18.51569|73.85744}}
|
|-
| Pune Vidyarthi Griha and Ram Mandir
| [[File:Ram Temple inside PVG, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 1786, Sadashiv Peth - 411030 {{Coord|18.50920|73.85109}}
|
|-
| Ram Bhuvan
| [[File:Ram Bhuvan, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Tilak Road, Sadashiv Peth-30 {{Coord|18.50903|73.84830}}
|
|-
| Temple in Narsimha Bhavan
| [[File:Narsingh Bhavan Temple, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 73, Kasba Peth-11 {{Coord|18.51990|73.85768}}
|
|-
| Ruiia Bungalow
| [[File:Ruia bungalow, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Mangaldas road-1 {{Coord|18.53304|73.88252}}
|
|-
| Sadashiv Peth Haud Nagoba Gumthi Vishweshwar Temple
| [[File:Vishweshwar Temple, Sadashiv Peth, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Sadashiv Peth-30 {{Coord|18.51339|73.85026}}
|
|-
| Samadhi and temples at Omkareshwar Ghat
| [[File:Annasaheb Patwardhan Samadhi Mandir, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Shaniwar Peth-30 {{Coord|18.52053|73.85032}}
|
|-
| Sapindya Mahadeo Mandir
| [[File:Sapindya Mahadev Mandir in Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Kasba peth, Shaniwar Wada Chowk-11 {{Coord|18.52266|73.85676}}
|
|-
| Saraswat Colony Ganpati mandir/ Mahadeo Mandir
|
| Saraswat Colony, somwar peth-11
|
|-
| Sardar Mudliar House
| [[File:Side view of Sardar Mudliar House, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 334, RastaPeth {{Coord|18.51947|73.86496}}
|
|-
| Shiv Mandir in S V Union
| [[File:Shiva Temple in SV Union School, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 322, Somwar Peth-11 {{Coord|18.52114|73.86738}}
|
|-
| [[Shivaji Nagar railway station]] Old Building
| [[File:Shivaji Nagar entrance.jpg|100px]]
| Shivajinagar-5 {{Coord|18.53173|73.85114}}
|
|-
| ShriRam Mandir, Near Panchmukhi Maruti
| [[File:Ramchandraji Temple, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Shukrawar Peth, Near Panchmukhi Maruti-2 {{Coord|18.50945|73.85939}}
|
|-
| Siddheshwar Mandir
| [[File:Siddheshwar Mandir, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Mangalwar Peth, Near Kamla Nehru Hospital {{Coord|18.52266|73.86259}}
|
|-
| Siddhivinayak Ganapati Mandir
| [[File:Siddhivinayak Mandir, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 398, Ganesh Peth, Dulya Maruti Chowk {{Coord|18.51607|73.86304}}
|
|-
| Sonya Maruti Temple
| [[File:Sonya Maruti Temple, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Sonya Maruti chowk {{Coord|18.51602|73.85936}}
|
|-
| South Court no 12
| [[File:Hotel South Court in KP, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 45, Koregaon Park-1 {{Coord|18.53345|73.88819}}
|
|-
| St. Emmanuel’s Church
| [[File:Emmanuel Church Assembly of God of Pune (4).jpg|100px]]
| 12, Napeir Road, Nr M G Bus Stand, Nana Peth {{Coord|18.50317|73.88320}}
|
|-
| St. Felix High School Old Building
| [[File:Gate of St. Felix High School.jpg|100px]]
| 4, Boat club- Bund Garden Road {{Coord|18.54061|73.88169}}
|
|-
| State C.I.D Branch Office
| [[File:Pune Railway Police Superintendent Office.jpg|100px]]
| Shivajinagar-5 {{Coord|18.52908|73.85893}}
|
|-
| Steps of Old Konkan Darwaza of Pandharicha Kot
| [[File:Up view of old Konkan Darwaza steps of Pandharicha Kot, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Kasba peth {{Coord|18.52088|73.85566}}
|
|-
| Tata Bungalow
| [[File:Dutch Palace, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Opp Residency Club, Bombay pune road-1 {{Coord|18.52914|73.87803}}
|
|-
| Temple of Maruti and Chinchechi Talim
| [[File:Chinchechi Talim and Maruti Temple, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 237, Shukrawar Peth-2 {{Coord|18.50852|73.85551}}
|
|-
| Temple in Sugandhi Chowk, Kasba/ Maruti Mandir Sugandhi Chowk
| [[File:Maruti Mandir, Phadke Haud Chowk.jpg|100px]]
| Sugandhi Chowk, Kasba Peth-11 {{Coord|18.51881|73.85963}}
|
|-
| [[Tilak Maharashtra University|Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth]] Old Building
| [[File:Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth Old Building, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Gultekadi, Market Yard-37 {{Coord|18.49311|73.86496}}
|
|-
| Trimbakeshwar Mandir
| [[File:Trimbakeshwar Mandir, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Wyavahar Ali, Kasba Peth-11 {{Coord|18.52100|73.86011}}
|
|-
| Twashta Kasar Kali Temple
| [[File:Twashta Kasar Kali Temple, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 1385, Kasba Peth-11 {{Coord|18.52149|73.85810}}
|
|-
| Villa Maria
| [[File:Villa Maria, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 939, Nana Peth {{Coord|18.51467|73.87186}}
| Built in 1931, this villa showcases a hybrid architectural style with Corinthian or Tuscan pilasters, quoins, sloping tiled roofs and window surrounds.{{sfn|Diddee|Gupta|2000|p=168}}
|-
| Vimlabai Garware High school Old Building
| [[File:Vimlabai Garware School old building, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| karve rd {{Coord|18.51355|73.84070}}
|
|-
| Vinchurkar Wada
| [[File:House number of Vinchurkar Wada, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| S no. 727 A., R B Kumthekar road - 411030 {{Coord|18.51324|73.84922}}
|
|-
| War Memorial (Hutatma Smarak)
| [[File:Pillar of WWI memorial, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| War Memorial (Hutatma Smarak) {{Coord|18.52407|73.87024}}
|
|}

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Diddee |first1=Jaymala |title=Pune Queen of the Deccan |last2=Gupta |first2=Samita |publisher=Elephant Design |year=2000}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==

* {{Commons category-inline|PMC Heritage Grade III}}

[[Category:Pune-related lists|Heritage structures]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Pune|Heritage structures]]

Aditya Samant

2026-01-20T18:39:00Z

BGRDoreen32: added new info from scratch

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 2006)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Aditya|Sachin Samant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox chess player
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2006|9|9}}<ref name="aicf_national-sub-junior-boys-girls-2019">{{cite web|url=https://aicf.in/national-sub-junior-boys-girls-2019-list-of-players/|title=National Sub Junior Boys & Girls 2019 – List of players}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Pune]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2023)<ref name="FIDEGM">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main230519.pdf|title=FIDE Title Application (GM)}}</ref>
| peakrating = 2535 (January 2026)
| FideID = 35080580
}}

'''Aditya Sachin Samant''' (born 2006) is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster.

==Career==
Aditya began playing chess at the age of 6.<ref name="base">{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Aditya-S-Samant-becomes-Indias-83rd-and-Maharashtras-12th-Grandmaster|title=Aditya S Samant becomes India's 83rd and Maharashtra's 12th Grandmaster|date=19 August 2023|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref> He trained under Chandrashekhar Gokhale, Jayant Gokhale, [[Abhijit Kunte]], and [[Alexander Goloshchapov]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/samant-15-becomes-im-with-home-norm/articleshow/92047279.cms|title=Pune: Aditya Samant, 15, becomes International Master with home norm|date=7 June 2022|first=Amit|last=Karmarkar |website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

Aditya earned his first GM norm at the Abu Dhabi Masters in August 2022 and his second GM norm at the El Llobregat Open in December 2023. He also crossed the 2500 rating mark in May 2023.<ref name="base"/>

In July 2023, Aditya became a grandmaster after earning his final norm at the Master Tournament of the Biel International Chess Festival by drawing against [[Bu Xiangzhi]] in the 8th round of the 9-round tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/aditya-samant-becomes-indias-83rd-grandmaster-at-biel-master-tournament-8861741/|title=Aditya Samant becomes India's 83rd Grandmaster at Biel Master Tournament|date=27 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/aditya-samant-becomes-indias-83rd-chess-grandmaster/articleshow/102147179.cms|title=Aditya Samant becomes India's 83rd chess Grandmaster|date=26 July 2023|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=5 August 2025}}</ref> He only needed to play the final game against [[Aryan Chopra]] to secure the title, regardless of the game's result.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/aditya-samant-becomes-india-s-83rd-chess-grandmaster-news-305922|title=Aditya Samant becomes India's 83rd chess Grandmaster|date=26 July 2023}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Aditya is studying computer science at the [[University of Texas at Dallas]].<ref name="utdallas_chess-team">{{cite web|url=https://chess.utdallas.edu/team-club/chess-team/#:~:text=The%20UT%20Dallas%20Chess%20Team|title=Chess Team}}</ref> He previously studied science at the CBSE, Suryadatta National School, Pune and in Abhinava Vidyalaya English Medium Primary School.<ref name="base"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samant, Aditya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2006 births]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Pune]]
[[Category:University of Texas at Dallas alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Indian 1000-rupee note

2026-01-07T03:17:38Z

BGRDoreen32:

{{Short description|Obsolete denomination of the Indian Currency}}

{{about|the banknote|the film| 1000 Rupee Note}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox banknote
| country = India
| denomination = One thousand rupees
| value = {{Indian Rupee}}1000
| unit =
| width_mm = 177
| height_mm = 73
| security_features = Security thread, latent image, micro-lettering, intaglio print, fluorescent ink, optically variable ink, watermark, and see through registration device.
| paper_type = special variety of cotton, linen, abaca and fibre
| years_of_printing = November 2000 – November 2016
| obverse = India 1000 INR, MG series, 2006, obverse.jpg
| obverse_design = [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]]
| obverse_designer =
| obverse_design_date = 2000
| reverse = India 1000 INR, MG series, 2006, reverse.jpg
| reverse_design = [[Economy of India]]
| reverse_designer =
| reverse_design_date = 2000
}}

The '''Indian 1000-rupee banknote''' ({{Indian Rupee}}1000) is an obsolete denomination of the [[Indian rupee]]. It was first introduced by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] in 1938 under British rule and subsequently demonetized in 1946. Post-independence, the denomination was reintroduced in 1954. In January 1978, all high-denomination banknotes of {{Indian Rupee}}1000, {{Indian Rupee}}5000, and {{Indian Rupee}}10000 were demonetized in order to curb unaccounted cash money.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=39#9 |title=Demonetization of higher denomination banknotes |work=Your Guide to Money Matters |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=11 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112123135/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=39 |archive-date=12 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/p-rep.html |title=India Paper Money A Retrospect |work=Republic India Issues |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=11 January 2012 |archive-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118054306/http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/p-rep.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In order to contain the volume of banknotes in circulation due to inflation, the {{INR}}1000 banknote was again reintroduced in November 2000, under the government of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], as a part of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] of banknotes; these were [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetized]] on 8 November 2016 by the Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]], with the claimed reasons of preventing the issue of counterfeit currency and to fight [[corruption in India|corruption]] and [[black money in India]].

==Mahatma Gandhi Series==

===Design===

The {{INR}}1000 banknote of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] is 177 × 73 mm pink-red coloured, with the obverse side featuring a portrait of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] with the signature of the governor of [[Reserve Bank of India]]. It had a [[Braille]] feature to assist the visually challenged in identifying the currency. The reverse side featured the motif of an oil rig, a satellite and a steel foundry, all together featuring the [[Economy of India]].

As of 2011, the new [[Indian rupee sign|{{INR}} sign]] had been incorporated into banknotes of {{INR}}1000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Issue of ₹1000 Banknotes with incorporation of Rupee symbol|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_ViewCurrencyPressRelease.aspx?Id=25448|publisher=RBI|access-date=18 November 2011|archive-date=29 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729042118/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_ViewCurrencyPressRelease.aspx?Id=25448|url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 2014, RBI announced that it would be withdrawing from circulation all banknotes printed prior to 2005 by 31 March 2014. The deadline was later extended to 1 January 2015, and then again to 30 June 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=107510 | title=Withdrawal of Currencies Issued Prior to 2005 | publisher=Press Information Bureau | date=25 July 2014 | access-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> Denomination of {{INR}}1,000 notes cost was {{INR}}3.54.

===Security features===

The security features of the {{INR}}1000 banknote included:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=39#32 |title=Are there any special features in the banknotes of Mahatma Gandhi series- 1996? |work=Your Guide to Money Matters |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=11 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112123135/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=39 |archive-date=12 January 2012 }}</ref>

*A windowed [[security thread]] that read 'भारत' (''Bharat in the [[Devanagari]] script'') and 'RBI' alternately.
*[[Latent image]] of the value of the banknote on the vertical band next to the right hand side of Mahatma Gandhi’s portrait.
*[[Watermark]] of [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]] that is a mirror-image of the main portrait.
*The number panel of the banknote was printed in embedded [[fluorescent]] fibres and optically variable ink.
*Since 2005, additional security features (including machine-readable security thread, electrotype watermark, and year of print) appear on the bank note.

=== Discontinuation ===
{{Main article|2016 Indian banknote demonetisation}}

On 8 November 2016, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] announced that "Starting from midnight 8th November 2016 all {{Indian Rupee}}1000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] will not be accepted as a form of legal tender", although new {{Indian Rupee}}500 and {{Indian Rupee}}2000 banknotes of the new [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] were unveiled.<ref>{{Citation|last=Spotlight|title=[English]PM Modi's Surgical Strike on Corruption {{!}} 500,1000 Rupee Notes Not Legal Tender Anymore|date=2016-11-08|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUpPE8UDEzo|access-date=2016-11-08}}</ref>

==Languages==

Like the other [[Indian rupee]] banknotes, the {{INR}}1000 banknote had its value written in 17 languages. On the obverse, the denomination was written in [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi language|Hindi]]. On the reverse is a language panel which displayed the denomination of the note in 15 of the 22 [[List of official languages of India|official languages of India]], displayed in alphabetical order. Languages included on the panel were [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+
! colspan="2" |Denominations in [[Languages with official status in India|central level official languages]] (At below either ends)
|-
!Language
! {{INR}}1000
|-
|[[English language|English]] || One thousand rupees
|-
|[[Hindi]] || {{lang|hi|एक हज़ार रुपये}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Denominations in 15 [[Languages with official status in India#Schedule|state level/other official languages]] (As seen on the language panel)
|-
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || {{lang|as|এহেজাৰ টকা}}
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || {{lang|bn|এক হাজার টাকা}}
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] || {{lang|gu|એક હજાર રૂપિયા}}
|-
| [[Kannada]] || {{lang|kn|ಒಂದು ಸಾವಿರ ರುಪಾಯಿಗಳು}}
|-
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] || {{lang|ks|ساس رۄپیہِ}}
|-
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]] || {{lang|kok|एक हजार रुपया}}
|-
| [[Malayalam]] || {{lang|ml|ആയിരം രൂപ}}
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || {{lang|mr|एक हजार रुपये}}
|-
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]] || {{lang|ne|एक हजार रुपियाँ}}
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]] || {{lang|or|ଏକ ହଜାର ଟଙ୍କା}}
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || {{lang|pa|ਇਕ ਹਜ਼ਾਰ ਰੁਪਏ}}
|-
| [[Sanskrit]] || {{lang|sa|सहस्रं रूप्यकाणि}}
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || {{lang|ta|ஆயிரம் ரூபாய்}}
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || {{lang|te|వెయ్యి రూపాయలు}}
|-
| [[Urdu language|Urdu]] || {{lang|ur|ایک ہزار روپیے}}
|}

==Mahatma Gandhi New Series==
On 10 November 2016, the then [[Secretary to Government of India|Economic Affairs Secretary]] [[Shaktikanta Das]] announced a new {{INR}}1000 banknote would be released in the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] in the coming months.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/rbi-to-issue-1000-100-50-with-new-features-design-in-coming-months/article9328285.ece|title=RBI to issue ₹1,000, ₹100, ₹50 with new features, design in coming months|publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref> But on 22 February 2017, Das walked back on his earlier announcement to deny it, saying there was no plan to reintroduce the banknote.<ref>{{cite news |title=No new Rs 1,000 notes are being printed: Shaktikanta Das |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/no-new-rs-1-000-notes-are-being-printed-shaktikanta-das-117022200232_1.html |work=Business Standard |agency=ANI |date=22 February 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Portal|India|Money|Numismatics}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian currency}}

[[Category:Banknotes of India]]
[[Category:Rupee]]
[[Category:One-thousand-base-unit banknotes]]
[[Category:Currencies introduced in 2000]]

Loretta D'Souza

2026-01-05T14:36:22Z

BGRDoreen32: starting a info more to come.

{{notability|1=Sport|date=November 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}

{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Loretta D'Souza
| image = Loretta D'Souza (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = D'Souza in 2025
| full_name = Loretta D'Souza e Shreedharan
| birth_name = Loretta D'Souza
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date | 62 | 2017 | 1 | 17 }}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-17 |title=Reality TV star, hockey player, fitness trainer in AAP Goa list |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/reality-tv-star-hockey-player-fitness-trainer-in-aap-goa-list-elections-4477608/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=The Indian Express |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Moira, Goa|Moira]], [[Goa]], [[India]]<ref name="SudharopWomen">{{Cite book |last=Madgavkar |first=Anil V. |url=https://www.goa1556.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/women-book.doc |title=Goa Women |publisher=Goa Suharop |location=USA |chapter=International Goan Sportswomen}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{convert|155|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref name="TOI_Cruz">{{Cite news |last=D'Cruz |first=Errol |title=Guts and Godlie: Total Recall |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Goa}}</ref>
| weight =
| spouse =
| position = [[Goalkeeper (field hockey)|Goalkeeper]]
| currentclub =
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| youthyears2 =
| youthclubs2 =
| years1 =
| clubs1 =
| years2 =
| clubs2 =
| nationalyears1 = c. 1978–1983
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 =
| nationalteam2 =
| nationalcaps2 =
| nationalgoals2 =
| manageryears1 =
| managerclubs1 =
| manageryears2 =
| managerclubs2 =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry| [[India]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[1982 Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1982 Asian Games|1982 New Delhi]]|Women's tournament}}
{{MedalCompetition|Pre-Olympics}}
{{MedalGold|1980 Moscow|Team}}
| updated =
}}

'''Loretta D'Souza e Shreedharan'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-25 |title=Walking for votes in Vasco |work=Herald Goa |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/walking-for-votes-in-vasco/329071/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> ([[née]] '''D'Souza''') is an Indian former [[field hockey]] [[Goalkeeper (field hockey)|goalkeeper]] from [[Moira, Goa|Moira]], [[Goa]].<ref name="TOI_LastEight">{{Cite web |title=A last eight wonder and the Taj Mahal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/a-last-eight-wonder-and-the-taj-mahal/articleshow/65660451.cms |website=The Times of India |date=3 September 2018 |access-date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="SudharopWomen"/> Described as the first woman from Goa to win international laurels, she was a key player for both the Goa state team and the Indian national team.<ref name="SudharopWomen"/> She represented India as part of its "golden generation" during the late 1970s and early 1980s.<ref name="TOI_LastEight"/>

D'Souza was part of the team that won a gold medal at the 1980 Moscow Pre-Olympics and the inaugural gold medal at the [[1982 Asian Games]] in New Delhi.<ref name="TOI_LastEight"/><ref name="SudharopWomen"/> She also participated in two [[Women's Hockey World Cup|World Cups]]: the [[1978 Women's Hockey World Cup]] in Madrid and the [[1983 Women's Hockey World Cup]] in Kuala Lumpur.<ref name="TOI_LastEight"/>

==Early life==
Born in [[Moira, Goa]], D'Souza spent the first ten years of her life in [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]], where her parents were based, before returning to Goa. Her introduction to hockey occurred after she joined [[St. Xavier's College, Mapusa]]. She was mentored by the late Ana Figueira, who managed a team called the 'Aquarians'. Her first coach, the late Varkey Tharakhand, helped hone her skills by having her practice with male players to acclimatize her to harder hits.<ref name="TOI_Cruz"/>

==Domestic career==
D'Souza played as a goalkeeper for the Goa state team at several Women's Hockey Nationals.<ref name="SudharopWomen"/> She first caught the attention of selectors at the 1972 National Championship in [[Gwalior]]. One of her notable domestic performances occurred in New Delhi in 1974 against [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]; following her "heroics" in goal during the match, she was lifted by her teammates in celebration, and the team was treated to a celebratory lunch by Sacru Menezes, owner of the City Kitchen restaurant.<ref name="TOI_Cruz"/>

She was instrumental in Goa winning the National title, with her performances in goal being highly praised.<ref name="SudharopWomen"/> For her achievements, she received the [[Jivbadada Kerkar]] State Award for the 1974–75 season.<ref name="TOI_Cruz"/>

==International career==
D'Souza represented India in several major international tournaments throughout her career.<ref name="TOI_LastEight"/> She was the first Goan based in her homeland to be selected for the India squad. However, her international career was often marked by selection challenges; standing at {{convert|155|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}, she was sometimes benched in favor of taller goalkeepers such as Nina Asaikar.<ref name="TOI_Cruz"/>

Her international appearances included:
* The 1975 Begum Rasool tournament in [[Chennai]] (squad selection).<ref name="TOI_Cruz"/>
* The 1978 Women's Hockey World Cup in Madrid.<ref name="TOI_LastEight"/>
* The 1980 Moscow Pre-Olympics, where the team won a gold medal.<ref name="SudharopWomen"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fernandes |first=Peter |date=2023-02-18 |title=Nostalgic 'Lusis' popularise national game in Goa |url=https://epaper.navhindtimes.in/NewsDetail.aspx?storyid=25536&date=2023-02-18&pageid=1 |work=The Navhind Times}}</ref> D'Souza faced administrative hurdles prior to this tournament, including misplaced visa papers which required a last-minute visit to the [[Embassy of Russia, New Delhi|Soviet Embassy]].<ref name="TOI_Cruz"/>
* The 1980 Asian championships in Kyoto.<ref name="TOI_LastEight"/>
* The 1981 World Hockey tournament in Buenos Aires.<ref name="TOI_LastEight"/>
* The [[1982 Asian Games]] in New Delhi, where the team won the inaugural gold medal.<ref name="TOI_LastEight"/>
* The [[1983 Women's Hockey World Cup]] in Kuala Lumpur, where the team finished 11th.<ref name="TOI_LastEight"/>

D'Souza played during an era where equipment was rudimentary. She kept goal without a helmet, smock, or kickers, and utilized bamboo-based pads. She also recalled issues with ill-fitting apparel, noting that she often had to wear kits designed for men or pads that were too large for her frame.<ref name="TOI_Cruz"/>

Following the team's gold medal victory at the 1982 Asian Games, D'Souza recalled the team being taken on a celebratory trip to see the [[Taj Mahal]].<ref name="TOI_LastEight"/>

==Government career==
After her sporting career, D'Souza joined the [[Indian Revenue Service|IRS]] and served as a Customs officer. She then retired from the post of Superintendent of Customs at [[Mormugao]].<ref name="GoanAAP">{{Cite web |title=AAP Vasco candidate's name goes missing from contestants' list |url=https://www.thegoan.net/aap-vasco-candidate%E2%80%99s-name-goes-missing-from-contestants%E2%80%99-list/29175.html |website=The Goan |date=25 January 2017 |access-date=11 November 2025}}</ref>

==Political career==
Following her retirement from the civil service, D'Souza entered politics. She joined the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] and was a candidate for the [[Vasco Da Gama Assembly constituency]] in the [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="GoanAAP"/>

==Personal life==
D'Souza is a mother of two sons.<ref name="TOI_Cruz"/>

==See also==
* [[India women's national field hockey team]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category inline}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:D'Souza, Loretta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Goa]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian Revenue Service officers]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]

Dhanesh Adlakha

2026-01-05T13:23:01Z

BGRDoreen32: starting first article initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Badkhal Assembly constituency|Badkhal]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Seema Trikha]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Dhanesh Adlakha''' is an Indian politician from [[Haryana]]. He became a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] in the [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024 election]], representing the [[Badkhal Assembly constituency|Badkhal constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Badkhal, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Dhanesh Adlakha defeats INC's Vijay Pratap Singh with 6181 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/badkhal-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612863-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Badkhal Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/badkhal-election-result-2024-live-update-9077374.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Haryana Election Results 2024: BJP's Dhanesh Adlakha Wins In Badkhal">{{cite news |last1=TimelineDaily |title=Haryana Election Results 2024: BJP's Dhanesh Adlakha Wins In Badkhal |url=https://timelinedaily.com/elections/haryana-election-results-2024-bjps-dhanesh-adlakha-leads-in-badkhal |access-date=10 November 2024 |date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110164659/https://timelinedaily.com/elections/haryana-election-results-2024-bjps-dhanesh-adlakha-leads-in-badkhal |archive-date=10 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|title=A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs|date=2 December 2024|accessdate=4 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704171938/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|archivedate=4 July 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adlakha, Dhanesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Haryana-BJP-politician-stub}}

Mahisha kingdom

2025-12-29T14:48:07Z

BGRDoreen32: starting first pg v1.

{{Short description|Ancient Hindu kingdom of India}}
[[File:Mahishaka kingdom.jpg|thumb|Mahishaka kingdom (black outline) shown in the south along with other kingdoms mentioned in Indian epic literature]]
[[File:The Demon at the Chamundi Hill.jpg|thumbnail|Mahisha at Chamundi Hills]]
'''Mahisha''' or '''Mahishaka''' was a [[Kingdoms of Ancient India|kingdom in ancient India]]. The capital, [[Mysore|Mahishuru]], is currently known as [[Mysore]], a city in [[Karnataka]].<ref name="HD">{{cite news |last1=Umashankar |first1=H. D. |title=Mahisha Dusshera – Rediscovering of the forgotten history |url=https://gaurilankeshnews.com/mahisha-dusshera-rediscovering-of-the-forgotten-history/ |agency=Gauri Lankesh news |publisher=Gauri Lankesh news |date=October 8, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mysuru name|url=http://www.mysore.org.uk/mysore-history.html|website=mysore.org.uk|access-date=27 January 2016}}</ref> This kingdom is mentioned in [[Mahabharata]], though [[Puranas]] (especially Markandeya Purana) gives more information. The name ''Mahisha'' ({{langx|sa|महिष}}) means ''great'', ''powerful''.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose''</ref>

==History==
[[Mahishasura|King Mahisha]] built a vast kingdom with [[Mysore|Mahishuru]] as its center, which was the Mahisha kingdom. The name of 'Mysore', came from its ruler [[Mahishasura|Mahisha]].<ref name="HD"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Mysuru name|url=http://www.mysore.org.uk/mysore-history.html|website=mysore.org.uk|access-date=27 January 2016}}</ref>

===In the Mahabharata===
Bhisma Parva, Mahabharata, Book VI, Chapter 10 describes geography and provinces of [[History of India|ancient India]]. Mahisha is mentioned in Mahabharata- "There are other kingdoms in the south. They are the Dravidas, the Keralas, the Prachyas, the Mushikas, and the Vanavashikas; the '''Mahishakas''', the Vikalpas, the Mushakas.....".<ref> मल्लाः सुदेष्णाः पराहूतास तदा माहिष कार्षिकाः, वाहीका वाटधानाश च आभीराः कालतॊयकाः (VI.10.45)</ref><ref>द्रविडाः केरलाः प्राच्या मूषिका वनवासिनः, उन्नत्यका '''माहिषका''' विकल्पा मूषकास तदा (VI.10.57)</ref>

Karna Parva, Mahabharata Book VIII, Chapter 30 mentions the people who are not righious- "The Karasakaras, the '''Mahishakas''', the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalingas]], the Kikatas, the Atavis, the Karkotakas, the Virakas, and other peoples of no religion, one should always avoid."<ref>कारः करान महिषकान कलिङ्गान कीकटाटवीन, कर्कॊटकान वीरकांश च दुर्धर्मांश च विवर्जयेत (VIII.30.45)</ref>

====Yudhishthira's Rajasuya sacrifice====
[[Yudhishthira]], the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru king]], performed a [[Rajasuya]] sacrifice in order to again imperial sovereignty. All his brothers went on extensive military campaigns to extract tribute from all the kingdoms and subjugate those who refused to do so.

'A battle took place between [[Arjuna]] and the Dravidas and [[Andhra in Indian epic literature|Andhras]] and the fierce '''Mahishakas''' and the hillmen of Kolwa. Subjugating those tribes without having to accomplish any fierce feats, Arjuna proceeded to the country of the Surashtras, his footsteps guided by the horse.' (14,83)<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98843|title = Journal of Indian History|date = 1949-01-01|publisher = University of Kerala.|language = en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmIMAAAAIAAJ|title=A Prose English Translation of the Mahabharata: (tr. Literally from the Original Sanskrit Text)|last=Datta|first=Manmathanatha|date=1897-01-01|publisher=H.C. Dass|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]
*[[Mushika Kingdom]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{Cite book|url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98843|title = Journal of Indian History|date = 1949-01-01|publisher = University of Kerala.|language = en}}
*Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa, translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmIMAAAAIAAJ|title=A Prose English Translation of the Mahabharata: (tr. Literally from the Original Sanskrit Text)|last=Datta|first=Manmathanatha|date=1897-01-01|publisher=H.C. Dass|language=en}}
*{{cite news |last1=Umashankar |first1=H. D. |title=Mahisha Dusshera – Rediscovering of the forgotten history |url=https://gaurilankeshnews.com/mahisha-dusshera-rediscovering-of-the-forgotten-history/ |agency=Gauri Lankesh news |publisher=Gauri Lankesh news |date=October 8, 2019}}
*{{cite web|title=Mysuru name|url=http://www.mysore.org.uk/mysore-history.html|website=mysore.org.uk|access-date=27 January 2016}}

==External links==
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Daityas]]

Vaidyaratnam P. S. Varier

2025-12-22T20:23:00Z

BGRDoreen32: Creating Stub

{{short description|Indian Ayurveda practitioner}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Vaidyaratnam
| name = P. S. Varier
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1869|04|10}}
| birth_place = [[Kottakkal]], [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present day [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1944|01|30|1869|04|10|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Ayurveda]] practitioner|Entrepreneur}}
| years_active =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = '''Vaidyaratnam'''
}}

Vaidyaratnam '''P. Sankunni Varier''' (10 April 1869 – 30 January 1944) was an [[Ayurveda]] practitioner from what is now [[Kerala]], [[India]]. He is well-regarded as the founder of [[Arya Vaidya Sala|Kottakkal Arya Vaidya Sala]], a major Ayurvedic treatment centre in Kerala.

==Life and career==
Panniyampally Sankunni Varier was born in 1869 in [[Kottakkal]] in erstwhile [[Malabar district]] in [[Madras Presidency]]. His parents were Marayamangalam Rama Varier and Panniyampally Kunjukutti Varasyar. He was the eldest son of his parents.

Young Sankunni started his lessons in [[Ayurveda]] under the classical ''[[Gurukula]]'' system from Kuttanchery Vasudevan Moos, a [[Brahmin]] who belonged to one of the eight families of Ayurvedic practitioner in Kerala, ''the ashtavaidyans'', in the year 1886 as a seventeen-year-old.<ref name="exoticindiaart">{{cite web|url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDC162/ |title=A Life of Healing (A Biography of Vaidyaratnam P.S. Varier) |access-date=2015-03-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129234527/http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDC162/ |archive-date=29 January 2011 }}</ref> He also acquired proficiency in the practice of [[Allopathy]].<ref name="aryavaidyasala">{{cite web|url=http://www.aryavaidyasala.com/(S(uiytac45y0tizh45dbjufynb))/about_avs.aspx#rec|title=: ARYA VAIDYA SALA - Kottakkal :|author=mail at aryavaidyasala dot com|publisher=aryavaidyasala.com|access-date=2015-03-22|archive-date=24 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324015649/http://aryavaidyasala.com/(S(ixhcnwrxysjapimo32dgnx3w))/about_avs.aspx#rec|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1902, Varier founded
[[Arya Vaidya Sala]] for the manufacture and sale of ayurvedic medicines which later became synonymous with ayurvedic treatment in [[India]]. The Pathshala established in 1917 has now become an Ayurveda College affiliated to [[Kerala University of Health Sciences]] (KUHS).

The Group now comprises:<ref name="kottakkalayurvediccentre">{{cite web|url=http://www.kottakkalayurvediccentre.com/Kottakkal.html|title=KOTTAKKAL AYURVEDIC CENTRE: Kottakkal Ayurvedic Center bahrain, Oman, Muscat | ayurveda bahrain, Oman, Muscat| ayurvedic bahrain, Oman, Muscat | ayurvedic treatment bahrain, Oman, Muscat | panchakarma Bahrain, Oman, Muscat | Uzhichil Bahrain, Oman, Muscat|publisher=kottakkalayurvediccentre.com|access-date=2015-03-22}}</ref>
* 5 hospitals with 20 branches
* 1200 authorized medicine dealerships
* 3 Medicine factories
* Ayurveda Medical College
* 200 acres of Herbal Garden
* Research & Development Centre
* Publication Department

Varier is credited with pioneering the practice of manufacturing ayurvedic medicines.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=The Kathakali Complex: Performance & Structure|author=Zarrilly, P.|date=1984|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170171874|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjwYysH2ZQIC|pages=3–276|access-date=2015-03-22}}</ref> He also wrote textbooks for students of Ayurveda. One of them, ''Ashtangasariram'', won a certificate in 1932 from the National Organisation of Physicians. He was an art connoisseur and founded a drama troupe which was developed to be the famous [[Kathakali]] troupe, ''P.S.V. Natyasangham''.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

He died in 1944 at the age of 75.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} He was succeeded by his nephew P. Madhava Varier, who continued until his death in an aeroplane crash in 1953. Later Arya Vaidya Sala came under his youngest nephew Dr. [[P. K. Warrier]], who continued for 68 years until his death in 2021, aged 100. Now, it is managed by Dr. P. Madhavankurry Varrier, his grand-nephew.

==Major awards and Recognitions==
[[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158266 - Arya Vaidya Sala Kottakkal.jpeg|thumb|Stamp of India - 2002 - Arya Vaidya Sala Kottakkal and its founder P. S. Varier.]]
In 1933, in recognition of his services to humanity, P. S. Varier was conferred the title of 'Vaidyaratna' by [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor-General of British India]].<ref name="aryavaidyasala"/> The [[Government of India]] has issued a postage stamp in his honour bearing his image.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129234527/http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDC162/ |date=29 January 2011 |title=A Life of Healing (A Biography of Vaidyaratnam P.S. Varier) }}
* [http://www.aryavaidyasala.com/ Arya Vaidya Sala Web Site]
* [http://brandkerala.biz/detail/index.php?catid=12 Write up on Kottakkal Arya Vaidya Sala] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205005443/http://brandkerala.biz/detail/index.php?catid=12 |date=5 February 2015 }}
* [http://www.kottakkalayurvedacollege.ac.in/ Ayurveda Medical College Web Site]
* Documentary on Arya Vaidya Sala in Malayalam - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IuPbz-etmMI

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varier, Vaidyaratnam P. S.}}
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:Ayurvedacharyas from Kerala]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from British India]]

Raban Expedition

2025-12-20T13:26:06Z

BGRDoreen32: Created A Article

{{Short description|Punitive Expedition against Rothangpuia (1861)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Raban Expedition
| width =
| partof =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| date = January 1861 - March 1861
| place = [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]
| coordinates = 
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = British Victory Subjugation of [[Rothangpuia]]
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{flag icon|British Raj}}[[British Raj]] {{flag icon|United Kingdom}}[[United Kingdom]]
| combatant2 = [[Mizo Chieftainship|Lushai chiefdoms]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = {{flag icon|British Raj}} Captain Raban
| commander2 = [[Rothangpuia]]
| commander3 =
| units1 = 24 Police Battalions
| units2 = Tribal Militias
| units3 =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| strength3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}
The '''Raban Expedition''' was a British [[punitive expedition]] against Chief [[Rothangpuia]]. In 1860, several kuki raids had prompted the British to retaliate. As a result of the expedition, Rothangpuia later allied with the British.

==Background==
In 1860, the series of raids by the kukis led to the creation of the term known as the Great Kuki raid of 1860. In January 1860, reports had been raised which described the bodies of 400-500 kukis were mobilising at the mouth of the river Fenny. The war party burnt down the villages and killed a few people in the area. The next raid was in Tripura at Chagulneyah by the chief [[Rothangpuia]]. The villages were again burnt down and 15 villages were plundered with 185 British subjects killed and another 100 captured.{{sfn|Roychowdhury|1976}}

After the looting of gold, silver and iron, troops and police were sent by the district magistrate but failed to pursue the kukis who had withdrawn back to the jungles. In the Rajmala of Kailas, Chandra Sinha and Guna Gazi armed the settlement in anticipation of a kuki raid which stopped the raiders and caused a retreat to the jungle. {{sfn|Roychowdhury|1976}}

Raban assembled two battalions of the frontier military police as part of the expedition. [[Kalindi (rani)]] supplied coolies to carry supplies for the expedition while the Poang tribes refused to do so which led to disappointment from the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal.{{}}

==Raban Expeditiion==
In July 1860, the newly appointed Superintendent of the Hill Tracts, Captain Magrath, was instructed to organize a punitive expedition of the offending tribes of the raids.
Captain Raban was sent in January 1861 to punish Rothangpuia for his raids on British territory. His force assembled the military police of the frontier and led a march against Rothangpuia's village.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1869|p=344}}{{sfn|Lewin|1869|p=23}} On Raban's arrival to Rothangpuia's settlement, the Kukis burnt down their village. The British forces under Raban set fire to all the maunds of paddy.{{sfn|Roychowdhury|1976}}{{sfn|Lalruatkima|2016}} Alexander Mackenzie stated that this expedition "A good deal of damage was done to them in various ways, but beyond proving to the savages that their fastness were not inaccessible, it could not be said that much else was effected."{{sfn|Mackenzie|1869|p=55}} The lieutenant Governor in a report stated on the expedition that the cowardice of friendly Kuki allies made it impossible for Captain Raban to continue his march further and deeper into the hill tracts. Raban furthermore accredited the conduct of Jemadar Moosuddy Khan describing it as praiseworthy. Captain Raban's report also mentioned how any extension of the expedition would be inadvisable and impractical in the current season at the time. Captain Raban preferred to strengthen the frontier with outposts and strengthen defenses against raids. The inspector-general of police battalion recommended Captain Raban to remain at Chittagong. Per Raban's suggestions the government undertook a policy of proactively arming the frontier settlements with rifles and guns to protect them from raids.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

During Raban's expedition, another raid occurred in the territory of [[Hill Tipperah]] in Oodoypore. The small sentry force fled, and the Kukis burnt and destroyed three populous villages and retired east. Upon retiring east, the Kukis further raided several villages under [[Kalindi (rani)]], including the police post at Kurkurea, which resisted the raid.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=345}}
Captain Raban later stated to have received little to no assistance from the Tripura king during the expedition.{{sfn|Roychowdhury|1976}}

In September 1861, Rothangpuia who had more than once made overtures of friendship offered submission and cooperation with the British. This was explained as the dread of a possible advance of a larger force in the cold season. Rothangpuia offered his aid to the British in reaching any tribes beyond him.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=345}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
==Sources==
===Articles===
*{{cite journal |last1=Lalruatkima |date=February 2016 |title=Frontiers of Imagination: Reading over Thomas Lewin's Shoulders |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0257643015615998 |journal=Studies in History (Sahibahad) |volume=32 |issue=1 |publisher=Sage Journals |doi=10.1177/0257643015615998 |access-date=23 January 2025|url-access=subscription }}

*{{cite journal |last1=Roychowdhury |first1=Nalini Ranjan |date=April 1976 |title=Kuki Disturbances in Tipure, 1860-1861 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3516179 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=4 |issue=9 |publisher=JSTOR |pages=60-65 |doi=10.2307/3516179 |access-date=23 January 2025|url-access=subscription }}

*{{cite journal |last1=Vanlalhruaia |first1=H. |last2=Ramdinsangi |date=December 2018 |title=Generating Knowledge on Lushai Hills: The Works of T.H Lewin |url=http://mzuhssjournal.in/images/resources/v4n2/vanlalhruaia.pdf |journal=Mizoram University Journal of HUmanities & Social Sceinces |volume=4 |issue=2 |publisher=Mizoram University |access-date=23 January 2025|issn=2395-7352}}
===Books===
*{{cite book |last=Hutchinson |first=R. H. Sneyd |date=1906 |title=An Account of the Chittagong Hill Tracts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZtEAQAAMAAJ |location=Calcutta |publisher=Bengal Secreteriat Book Depot}}

*{{cite book |last=Lewin |first=T.H.|author-link=Thomas Herbert Lewin |date=1869 |title=The Hill Tracts of Chittagong and the dwellers within |url=https://dn790005.ca.archive.org/0/items/cu31924023625936/cu31924023625936.pdf |location=Calcutta |publisher=Bengal Printing Company Limited|access-date=4 July 2025}}

*{{cite book |last=Mackenzie |first=Alexander |date=1884 |title=History Of The Relations Of The Government With The Hill Tribes Of The North-east Frontier Of Bengal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501684/mode/1up?q=Lalchokla |location=Calcutta |publisher=Home Department Press }}

*{{cite book |last1=Mackenzie |first1=Alexander |title=Memorandum on the north-east frontier of Bengal |date=1869 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.04381|publisher=Bengal Secretariat press |location=Calcutta}}

{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:Military history of British India]]
[[Category:Punitive expeditions of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1861 in India]]
[[Category:1860s in British India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1861]]

Dehradun–Anand Vihar Terminal Vande Bharat Express

2025-12-13T08:20:39Z

BGRDoreen32: creating initial data w/ sources

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 28457D
| name = Dehradun Terminal – Anand Vihar Terminal ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo_width =
| image = Vande Bharat Express at Anand Vihar Terminal.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption = Dehradun-Anand Vihar Vande Bharat Express at [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station|Anand Vihar Terminal]]
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[New Delhi]]
| first = {{start date|2023|05|25|df=yes}} (Inaugural run) {{start date and age|29 May 2023|df=yes}} (Commercial run)
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways (NR)]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Dehradun railway station|Dehradun Terminal]] '''(DDN)'''
| stops = 6
| end = [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station|Anand Vihar Terminal]] '''(ANVT)'''
| distance = {{convert|302|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 04hrs 45mins
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Wednesdays}}
| trainnumber = 22458 / 22457
| line_used = *[[Laksar–Dehradun line|Dehradun–Laksar line]]
*[[Moradabad–Ambala line|Moradabad–Ambala line (till Saharanpur Jn.)]]
*[[Delhi–Meerut–Saharanpur line|Saharanpur–Meerut–Delhi line]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-06-15|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|reason= The anchor (Mini Vande Bharat Express) [[Special:Diff/1183623994|has been deleted]].}}
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|64|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.) {{cvt|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Max)
| trainlength = {{convert|192|m|ft}} (08 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance =
| map = {{Dehradun-Anand Vihar Terminal VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}
The 22458/22457 '''Dehradun Terminal–Anand Vihar Terminal ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 17th [[Vande Bharat Express]] train, connecting the states of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]].<ref name="financial-express">{{cite news |last1=Mondal |first1=Anish |title=PM Modi to flag off Uttarakhand's 1st Vande Bharat Express on May 25 – Check routes, stoppage, and distance |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-pm-modi-to-flag-off-uttarakhands-first-vande-bharat-express-on-may-25-between-dehradun-and-delhi-check-routes-stoppage-distance-and-other-details-3099306/ |access-date=24 May 2023 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)]] |date=24 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Pankul |title=Vande Bharat Express to run 6 days a week between Doon & Del's Anand Vihar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/vande-bharat-express-to-run-6-days-a-week-between-doon-dels-anand-vihar/articleshow/100462062.cms |access-date=24 May 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 May 2023 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524061353/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/vande-bharat-express-to-run-6-days-a-week-between-doon-dels-anand-vihar/articleshow/100462062.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi flags off Delhi-Dehradun Vande Bharat Express |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-flags-off-delhi-dehradun-vande-bharat-express/article66891877.ece |access-date=25 May 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=PTI |date=25 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi-Dehradun Vande Bharat Express Flagged Off: Date, Train Timings, Fare Details |url=https://zeenews.india.com/railways/uttarakhand-gets-its-first-delhi-dehradun-vande-bharat-express-train-check-timings-tickets-stst-2613119.html |access-date=25 May 2023 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], by starting the journey from Uttarakhand's [[Dehradun railway station|Dehradun Terminal]] and terminating at New Delhi's [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station|Anand Vihar Terminal]]. It will later return to Dehradun on the same evening.<ref name="financial-express" />

== Rakes ==
It is the fifteenth [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation (Vande Bharat 2.0)|2nd Generation]] and the third '''[[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-06-15|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|reason= The anchor (Mini Vande Bharat Express) [[Special:Diff/1183623994|has been deleted]].}}''' which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=28 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128060002/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Service ==

The 22457/22458 Anand Vihar Terminal - Dehradun Vande Bharat Express operates six days a week except Thursdays, covering a distance of {{cvt|302|km}} in a travel time of 4 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|64|km/h}}. The service has 6 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed is {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Executive class coach of Vande Bharat Express.jpg
File:Vande Bharat Express coaches.jpg| Coaches of Dehradun–Anand Vihar Terminal Vande Bharat Express
File:Vande Bharat Express train.jpg|Dehradun–Anand Vihar Terminal Vande Bharat Express at Anand Vihar Terminal.
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Dehradun railway station]]
* [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India| ]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Dehradun]]
[[Category:Transport in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttarakhand]]

Deepak Pental

2025-11-28T16:00:21Z

BGRDoreen32: revised

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Deepak Pental
|image =
|imagesize = 250px
|order = [[Vice Chancellor]] [[University of Delhi]]
|chancellor = [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]]
|term_start = 1 September 2005
|term_end = 31 August 2010
|predecessor = Prof. [[Deepak Nayyar]]
|successor = Prof. [[Dinesh Singh (academic)]]
|office2 = Director, South Campus [[University of Delhi]]
|primeminister2 =
|term_start2 = 2000
|term_end2 = 2005
|predecessor2 = Prof. Abhai Mansingh
|successor2 = Prof. Dinesh Singh
|birth_date = 1951
|birth_place =
|residence = Flat No.7, University of Delhi, South campus, Benito Juarez Road [[New Delhi]]-110021
|profession = [[Research]], [[Academician]]
|spouse =
|children =
|alma_mater = [[Punjab University, Chandigarh]], [[Rutgers University]], United States
|religion =
}}

'''Deepak Pental''' (born 1951) is a Professor of Genetics and the Ex [[Vice Chancellor]] at the [[University of Delhi]]. He is a noted researcher whose current research interests lie in development of transgenics and marker-assisted breeding of crops. He took charge of the post of Vice-chancellor of the University succeeding Professor [[Deepak Nayyar]] on 1 September 2005. As the VC, Pental has outlined his agenda to update the library system, work on teachers’ recruitment, increase student accommodation facilities and bring researchers working abroad to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi University gets a new Vice-Chancellor |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/02/stories/2005090211940100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051205192604/http://hindu.com/2005/09/02/stories/2005090211940100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 December 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 September 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=146723 |title=Deepak Pental takes over as DU V-C |access-date=20 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051204050835/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=146723 |archive-date=4 December 2005 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> A new frog species, Minervarya Pentali, discovered in [[Western Ghats]] by a team of Delhi University researchers; was named after Pental.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-02|title=New frog species discovered in Western Ghats, named after former DU vice-chancellor|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/du-researchers-discover-new-frog-species-name-it-after-renowned-plant-geneticist-7434402/|access-date=2021-08-04|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Education and employment ==

Pental completed his B.Sc.(Hons) and M.Sc.(Hons. School) from the Department of [[Botany]], [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]] in 1971 and 1973 respectively. And subsequently he did his [[Ph.D.]] from [[Rutgers University]], United States in 1978.
Pental was a Postdoctoral and University Research Fellow at the [[University of Nottingham]] from 1978-84. He returned to India to join [[The Energy and Resources Institute|Tata Energy Research Institute]] (TERI) in 1985 and in 1993 he joined the University of Delhi, South Campus as Professor of [[Genetics]]. Pental had been Director of the University of Delhi, South Campus from 2000-2005. From 2005-2010 he was the Vice-Chancellor of the University.

== Research work ==

Pental’s research interests lie in breeding of [[Mustard plant|mustard]] and [[cotton]]. He has published more than sixty research papers in the national and international peer reviewed journals and his work has led to major breakthroughs in [[hybrid seed]] production technologies. Pental is a keen student of social science policy particularly related to the field of agriculture. Years back Pental got Punjab University medal for diploma in Gandhian Philosophy which shows his interest in [[social sciences]] and Gandhian thought.

Some of his works are described below:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.du.ac.in/vcpage.html |title=Delhi University |accessdate=2009-05-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509184117/http://www.du.ac.in/vcpage.html |archivedate=2009-05-09 }}</ref>
# "Development of Transgenics in Four Major Crops – Cotton, Rice, Mungbean and Tomato for Resistance to Biotic Stresses" funded by Department of Biotechnology (DBT).
# "Functional Genomics in Plants: Development and Use of the Technologies for Gene Discovery and Expression Modulation" funded by The New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative (NMITLI).
# Edited a special issue of Current Science (Vol. 84, 2003) on Transgenic Crops. He also contributed three articles in the same volume.
# Contributed an article "Transgenic Crops for Indian Agriculture: An Assessment of Their Relevance and Effective Use" in ‘Policy and Institutional Issues and Challenges in Indian Agriculture’ ed: Dr. Ramesh Chand, [[Oxfam]], In Press.

== Awards and recognition ==

# Awarded a Punjab University gold medal for first position in Diploma in Gandhian Philosophy.
# Awarded a Biotechnology Career Fellowship in 1986 by the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] to work at the [[Max-Planck Institute]] in [[Cologne]].
# In 2004 he was awarded [[Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship]] which he could not avail due to his administrative responsibilities.
# Elected member of the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and the [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=P04-1367 |title=INSA |accessdate=2016-05-13 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813004927/http://www.insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=P04-1367 |archivedate=2016-08-13 }}</ref>
# Member Governing body of [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]].
# Member editorial board of Journal of Biosciences and Current Science.
# Member of various Project Advisory Committees in DST and DBT from 1986 onwards.
# Member of RAC of CIMAP and IHBT
# In 2007 he was awarded [[Officier Des Palmes Academiques]] for contributions to Research and Education by the Government of [[Republic of France]].
# Lifetime Achievement Award by Mahindra Samriddhi Foundation in 2018

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090509184117/http://www.du.ac.in/vcpage.html Vice Chancellor page] [[Delhi University]]
* http://ictpi08.in/uploads/downloads/DeepakPental.pdf{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pental, Deepak}}
[[Category:Rutgers University alumni]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of Delhi]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Sudhir Patwardhan

2025-11-27T05:50:36Z

BGRDoreen32: Creating A Article

{{Short description|Indian painter}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sudhir Patwardhan
| image = Sudhir Patwardhan.JPG
| caption = Artist Sudhir Patwardhan at Kochi-Muziris Biennial 2014
| birthname =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Maharashtra, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = Armed Forces Medical College
| occupation = Artist
| alias =
| status =
| title =
| family =
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| networth =
| credits =
| agent =
| URL =
}}
'''Sudhir Patwardhan''' is an Indian contemporary painter and a practising [[radiologist]].

==Early life==

Patwardhan was born in Pune, Maharashtra in 1949.
In 1972 he graduated in medicine from the Armed Forces Medical College, Pune. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.guildindia.com/RouteMaps-SudhirPatwardhan.htm|title=The Guild: Sudhir Patwardhan|work=guildindia.com}}</ref> He moved to Mumbai in 1973 and worked as a radiologist from 1975 to 2000.

==Career==

After 2005 he became a full-time artist. The city-scape features prominently in his canvases, and reflect the agonies of the urban middle class and poor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://artasiapacific.com/Magazine/54/WhereIWorkSudhirPatwardhan|title=ArtAsiaPacific: Where I Work Sudhir Patwardhan|work=artasiapacific.com}}</ref> Patwardhan's works are in the permanent collection of [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], New Delhi and Mumbai; Roopankar Museum, Bhopal; [[Kiran Nadar Museum of Art]], New Delhi, [[Jehangir Nicholson Art Foundation]], Mumbai; the [[Peabody Essex Museum]], [[Salem, Massachusetts]] and other prominent private and public collections.

==Select Exhibitions (National and International)==

* 'Aspects of Modem Indian Art' [[Oxford]], U.K. 1982
*[[Contemporary Indian Art (Exhibition)|Contemporary Indian Art]], festival of India, London, 1982
* Seven Indian Artists, Hamburg, West Germany, 1982
* Contemporary Indian Art, Festival of India, New York, 1985
* Festival of India, [[Center George Pompidou]], Paris 1986
* 'Coupe de Coeur' Geneva, 1987
* 'Gadyaparva Exhibition' Gallery Chemould, Mumbai (1990), 'Parallel Perceptions', Sakshi Gallery, Mumbai (1993)
* 'Contemporary Indian Painting from the Herwitz Family Collection Part I, auction by [[Sotheby's]], New York, USA (1995, 96)
* 'Contemporary Indian Painters 96' Jehangir Art Gallery, Mumbai 1996)
* 'Charcoal & Conte' Birla Century Art Gallery, Mumbai (1997), Icons of the Millennium (Lakeeren Art Gallery), Mumbai
* 'Extreme Gourmet' Indigo, Lakeeren, Mumbai and Century City, [[Tate Modern]], London, UK (2001)
* 'Walking Through Soul City', [[National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai]] (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayaz |first=Shaikh |date=2019-12-05 |title=Mumbai: Sudhir Patwardhan's NGMA exhibit celebrates his love for the city |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/mumbai-sudhir-patwardhans-ngma-retrospective-celebrates-45-years-love-affair-city-dreams/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.sudhirpatwardhan.com/main.htm|title=Sudhir Patwardhan – Paintings and Drawings – Main Page|work=sudhirpatwardhan.com}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.guildindia.com/RouteMaps-SudhirPatwardhan.htm|title=Sudhir Patwardhan|work=guildindia.com}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patwardhan, Sudhir}}
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Pune]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Painters from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian radiologists]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

Sitalpur, Jalandhar

2025-10-09T13:28:29Z

BGRDoreen32: Creating New Details

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sitalpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.4727358|N|75.6133326|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = Jalandhar - I
| subdivision_type4 = Region
| subdivision_name4 =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_blank2_title = Total Households
| population_blank2 = 141
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 643 315/328 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_density_km2 =
| population_note =
| population_blank1_title = Scheduled Castes
| population_blank1 = 291 141/150 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 144303
| area_total_ha = 150.4
| area_code_type = Telephone
| area_code =
| registration_plate = PB-08
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-PB]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Post office]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Kala Bakra]] S.O
| website = {{URL|Jalandhar.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sitalpur''' is a village in [[Jalandhar]] - I in [[Jalandhar district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[States and territories of India|State]], [[India]]. It is located {{convert|17|km}} from district headquarter. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by [[Sarpanch]] an elected representative of the village.

== Demography ==
{{as of|2011}}, the village had a total number of 141 houses and a population of 643 of which 315 are males while 328 are females.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_Village_Release_0300.xlsx|title=DCHB Village Release|work=[[Census of India, 2011]]}}</ref>

According to the report published by [[Census of India|Census India]] in 2011, out of the total population of the village 291 people are from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Caste]] and the village does not have any [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Tribe]] population so far.<ref name="census" />

==See also==
*[[List of villages in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.punjabtourism.gov.in/ Tourism of Punjab]
* [http://punjabcensus.gov.in/ Census of Punjab]

{{Jalandhar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Jalandhar district]]

{{Jalandhar-geo-stub}}

Hypselobarbus periyarensis

2025-10-02T22:07:29Z

BGRDoreen32: New A Page!

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Ali, A. |author2=Raghavan, R. |date=2011 |title=''Hypselobarbus periyarensis'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T172351A6874205 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T172351A6874205.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Hypselobarbus periyarensis
| authority = ([[B. Sundara Raj|B. S. Raj]], 1941)
| synonyms =
''Barbus micropogon periyarensis'' B. S. Raj, 1941 
''Gonoproktopterus periyarensis'' (B. S. Raj, 1941) 
''Puntius micropogon periyarensis'' (B. S. Raj, 1941)
}}

'''''Hypselobarbus periyarensis''''' is a [[species]] of [[cyprinid]] fish [[endemism|endemic]] to [[Periyar Lake]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. This species can reach {{convert|50|cm|in|abbr=on}} [[fish measurement|in total length]].<ref>{{FishBase |genus= Hypselobarbus|species= periyarensis| month = December | year = 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3595136}}

[[Category:Hypselobarbus|periyarensis]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1941]]

{{Cyprininae-stub}}

1547 in India

2025-09-15T10:49:19Z

BGRDoreen32: improved article as per guidelines

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{year in India|1547}}

Events from the year '''1547 in India'''.

==Events==
* [[Piploda State|Piploda]] princely state is established<ref name="piploda">{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/theprincelystates/p/piploda|access-date=11 July 2013|title=PIPLODA Princely States}}</ref>

==Births==
* 24 September – [[Faizi]], ''Malik-ush-Shu'ara'' (poet laureate) of [[Akbar]]'s Court.<ref name=ain1>[[Heinrich Blochmann|Blochmann, H.]] (tr.) (1927, reprint 1993). ''The Ain-I Akbari by Abu'l-Fazl Allami'', Vol. I, Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, pp.548-50</ref> (died [[1595 in India|1595]])

==Deaths==
* [[Raghunatha Siromani]], philosopher and logician (born [[1477 in India#Births|1477]]) (died [[1547 in india|1547]])
* [[Meerabai]], Hindu mystic poet and devotee of Krishna (born [[year unknown in Kurki]]) (died [[year unknown in Kurki|1547 in Dwarka]])

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1547}}

[[Category:1547 in India| ]]
[[Category:1547 by country]]
[[Category:Years of the 16th century in India]]
[[Category:1547 in Asia]]
[[Category:1540s in India]]

{{India-year-stub}}

2001 Calcutta Women's Football League

2025-09-14T12:15:31Z

BGRDoreen32: added the stub added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League]]
| season = 2001
| dates = 12 February 2001–16 March 2001
| winners = [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]] (1st title)
| premiers =
| promoted =
| matches = 36
| total goals = 129
| best player =
| league topscorer =
| best goalkeeper =
| biggest home win =
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring =
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest losses =
| prevseason = 2000
| nextseason = 2002
| updated =
}}
'''2001 [[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League]]''' was the 9th season of the Calcutta Women's Football League.

The season consisted of twelve teams divided into two groups. The top four teams of each group would qualify for the knockouts where they would face each other in the quarterfinals. This was the first season that Kolkata giants [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan]] formed<ref>{{cite web|date=11 December 2000|url=http://indianfootball.de/news/m200012.html|title=News for the month of December, 2000|work=indianfootball.de|accessdate=31 March 2023|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809011610/http://indianfootball.de/news/m200012.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=7 May 2000|url=http://indianfootball.de/news/m200005.html|title=News for the month of May, 2000|work=indianfootball.de|accessdate=31 March 2023|archive-date=8 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808222024/http://indianfootball.de/news/m200005.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/pJLU1xwkC1UNvmpmC44gRN/A-different-ball-game.html|title=A different ball game|date=20 January 2012|work=livemint.com|accessdate=31 March 2023}}</ref> and fielded their women's teams with East Bengal clinching the final 1–0 against Mohun Bagan to lift their first-ever title.<ref name=ifd>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/cwl.html|title=List of Champions of the Calcutta Women's Football League|work=IndianFootball.de|accessdate=30 December 2019|archive-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202055102/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/cwl.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=rsssf>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-womchamp.html|title=India - List of Women Champions|work=rsssf|accessdate=30 December 2019|archive-date=5 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205054139/http://rsssf.com/tablesi/india-womchamp.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Shanta Dhara scored the winning goal in the final.<ref name=shanta1>{{cite web|first=Sujata|last=Sarkar|date=3 August 2017|url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/women-s-day-former-india-woman-footballer-shanta-dhara-sells-fish-for-living-012760.html|title=Women’s Day: Former India woman footballer Shanta Dhara sells fish for a living|work=My Khel|accessdate=11 March 2023}}</ref><ref name=shanta2>{{cite web|date=13 July 2017|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-woman-footballer-forced-to-work-in-fish-market-gets-govt-job/articleshow/59576801.cms|title=Indian woman footballer forced to work in fish market gets Govt. job|work=The Times of India|accessdate=11 March 2023}}</ref>

== Teams ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+CWFL Participants
!Group A !! Group B
|-
| Bidyut Sporting || Bally Gramanchal
|-
| [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]] || Itika Memorial
|-
| Income Tax || Jubak Sangha
|-
| Kasba Samannay || [[Mohun Bagan]]
|-
| Nabajanma Sangha || NPC Academy
|-
| Young Footballers || Rampur Milan Sangha
|-
|}

==Group stage==

===Group A===

{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|show_matches=
|update=11 March 2023
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20191221141802/http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200002.html indianfootball.de]


|team1=MBA
|team2=JUS
|team3=BGM
|team4=ITM
|team5=NPC
|team6=RMS


|result1=Q
|result2=Q
|result3=Q
|result4=Q



|win_MBA = 5 |draw_MBA = 0 |loss_MBA = 0 |gf_MBA = 21 |ga_MBA = 0 
|win_JUS = 3 |draw_JUS = 1 |loss_JUS = 1 |gf_JUS = 9 |ga_JUS = 2 
|win_BGM = 2 |draw_BGM = 0 |loss_BGM = 2 |gf_BGM = 7 |ga_BGM = 7 
|win_ITM = 1 |draw_ITM = 2 |loss_ITM = 1 |gf_ITM = 3 |ga_ITM = 6 
|win_NPC = 1 |draw_NPC = 1 |loss_NPC = 3 |gf_NPC = 4 |ga_NPC = 10 
|win_RMS = 0 |draw_RMS = 0 |loss_RMS = 5 |gf_RMS = 0 |ga_RMS = 19 


|name_MBA = [[Mohun Bagan]]
|name_JUS = Jubak Sangha
|name_BGM = Bally Gramanchal
|name_ITM = Itika Memorial
|name_NPC = NPC Academy
|name_RMS = Rampur Milan Sangha


|show_limit=6


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]

}}

====Matches ====
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|12|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= [[Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 6–0
|report=
|team2= Rampur Milan Sangha
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= SAI Complex
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|14|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= Jubak Sangha
|score= 2–0
|report=
|team2= NPC Academy
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|15|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= [[Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 5–0
|report=
|team2= Itika Memorial
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|16|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= Jubak Sangha
|score= 5–0
|report=
|team2= Rampur Milan Sangha
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|16|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= Bally Gramanchal
|score= 4–0
|report=
|team2= NPC Academy
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|20|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= Itika Memorial
|score= 1–1
|report=
|team2= NPC Academy
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|20|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= Bally Gramanchal
|score= 3–0
|report=
|team2= Rampur Milan Sangha
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|21|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= [[Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 2–0
|report=
|team2= Jubak Sangha
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|22|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= Jubak Sangha
|score= 2–0
|report=
|team2= Bally Gramanchal
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|22|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= Itika Memorial
|score= 2–0
|report=
|team2= Rampur Milan Sangha
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|23|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= [[Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 3–0
|report=
|team2= NPC Academy
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|26|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= NPC Academy
|score= 3–0
|report=
|team2= Rampur Milan Sangha
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|26|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= Itika Memorial
|score= 0–0
|report=
|team2= Jubak Sangha
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|27|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= [[Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 5–0
|report=
|team2= Bally Gramanchal
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}

===Group B===

{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B
|show_matches=
|update=11 March 2023
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20191221141802/http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200002.html indianfootball.de]


|team1=INC
|team2=EAB
|team3=NJS
|team4=YFL
|team5=BDS
|team6=KSM


|result1=Q
|result2=Q
|result3=Q
|result4=Q



|win_INC = 4 |draw_INC = 1 |loss_INC = 0 |gf_INC = 30 |ga_INC = 0 
|win_EAB = 4 |draw_EAB = 1 |loss_EAB = 0 |gf_EAB = 17 |ga_EAB = 0 
|win_NJS = 3 |draw_NJS = 0 |loss_NJS = 2 |gf_NJS = 10 |ga_NJS = 7 
|win_YFL = 2 |draw_YFL = 0 |loss_YFL = 3 |gf_YFL = 4 |ga_YFL = 12 
|win_BDS = 1 |draw_BDS = 0 |loss_BDS = 4 |gf_BDS = 5 |ga_BDS = 20 
|win_KSM = 0 |draw_KSM = 0 |loss_KSM = 5 |gf_KSM = 0 |ga_KSM = 27 


|name_INC = Income Tax
|name_EAB = [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|name_NJS = Nabajanma Sangha
|name_YFL = Young Footballers
|name_BDS = Bidyut Sporting
|name_KSM = Kasba Samannay


|show_limit=6


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]

}}

====Matches ====
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|13|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|score= 7–0
|report=
|team2= Bidyut Sporting
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|13|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= Nabajanma Sangha
|score= 6–0
|report=
|team2= Kasba Samannay
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|14|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= Income Tax
|score= 9–0
|report=
|team2= Young Footballers
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|15|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= Bidyut Sporting
|score= 5–0
|report=
|team2= Kasba Samannay
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|19|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–0
|report=
|team2= Young Footballers
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|19|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= Income Tax
|score= 5–0
|report=
|team2= Nabajanma Sangha
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|21|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= Income Tax
|score= 7–0
|report=
|team2= Kasba Samannay
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|21|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= Young Footballers
|score= 1–0
|report=
|team2= Bidyut Sporting
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|22|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–0
|report= https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/eb-women-win/cid/1229715
|team2= Nabajanma Sangha
|goals1=* Shanta Dhara {{goal|}}
* Najda Tabasum {{goal|}}
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|23|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= Income Tax
|score= 9–0
|report=
|team2= Bidyut Sporting
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|24|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|score= 6–0
|report=
|team2= Kasba Samannay
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|24|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= Nabajanma Sangha
|score= 1–0
|report=
|team2= Young Footballers
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|27|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= Young Footballers
|score= 3–0
|report=
|team2= Kasba Samannay
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|02|28|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= Nabajanma Sangha
|score= 3–0
|report=
|team2= Bidyut Sporting
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2001|03|01|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|score= 0–0
|report=
|team2= Income Tax
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}

==Knockout stage==
===Qualified teams===
The top four placed teams from each of the two groups qualified for the knockout stage.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Group A !! Group B
|-
| [[Mohun Bagan]] || Income Tax
|-
| Jubak Sangha || [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|-
| Bally Gramanchal || Nabajanma Sangha
|-
| Itika Memorial || Young Footballers
|}

===Bracket===
<onlyinclude>{{Round8
|3rdplace=no
|widescore=yes
|RD1 = [[2001 Calcutta Women's Football League#Quarter-finals|Quarter-finals]]
|RD2 = [[2001 Calcutta Women's Football League#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
|RD3 = [[2001 Calcutta Women's Football League#Final|Final]]


|6 March 2001|'''[[Mohun Bagan]]'''|'''2'''|Young Footballers|0
|6 March 2001|'''Nabajanma Sangha'''|'''2'''|Jubak Sangha|0
|6 March 2001|'''Income Tax'''|'''3'''|Itika Memorial|0
|6 March 2001|[[East Bengal Club (women)|'''East Bengal''']]|'''4'''|Bally Gramanchal|0

|8 March 2001|'''[[Mohun Bagan]]'''|'''6'''|Nabajanma Sangha|0
|9 March 2001|Income Tax|0|[[East Bengal Club (women)|'''East Bengal''']]|'''1'''

|16 March 2001|[[Mohun Bagan]]|0|[[East Bengal Club (women)|'''East Bengal''']]|'''1'''
}}</onlyinclude>

===Quarter-finals===
<section begin=QF />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+
!Team 1
!Score
!Team 2
|-
|'''[[Mohun Bagan]]'''
|align="center"|'''2'''–0
|Young Footballers
|-
|'''Nabajanma Sangha'''
|align="center"|'''2'''–0
|Jubak Sangha
|-
|'''Income Tax'''
|align="center"|'''3'''–0
|Itika Memorial
|-
|[[East Bengal Club (women)|'''East Bengal''']]
|align="center"|'''4'''–0
|Bally Gramanchal
|-
|}<section end=QF />
====Matches ====
{{Football box collapsible
|round=QF–1
|date={{Start date|2001|3|1|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= [[Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 2–0
|report= [https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/east-bengal-bagan-women-in-semi-finals/cid/1229948 Report]
|team2= Young Footballers
|goals1=* Anjana Kumari {{goal|?}}
* Rinku Ghosh {{goal|?}}
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}

{{Football box collapsible
|round=QF–2
|date={{Start date|2001|3|1|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= Nabajanma Sangha
|score= 2–0
|report= [https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/east-bengal-bagan-women-in-semi-finals/cid/1229948 Report]
|team2= Jubak Sangha
|goals1=* Madhumita Das {{goal|?}}
* Swapna Ghosh {{goal|?}}
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}

{{Football box collapsible
|round=QF–3
|date={{Start date|2001|3|1|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= Income Tax
|score= 3–0
|report= [https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/east-bengal-bagan-women-in-semi-finals/cid/1229948 Report]
|team2= Itika Memorial
|goals1=* Pushpa Das {{goal|?}}
* Priyanka Kumari {{goal|?}}
* Sayanti Nandy {{goal|?}}
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}

{{Football box collapsible
|round=QF–4
|date={{Start date|2001|3|1|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= [[East Bengal Club (women)|'''East Bengal''']]
|score= 4–0
|report= [https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/east-bengal-bagan-women-in-semi-finals/cid/1229948 Report]
|team2= Bally Gramanchal
|goals1=* Sujata Kar {{goal|?||?||?}}
* Swapna Kumari {{goal|?}}
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}

===Semi-finals===
<section begin=SF />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+
!Team 1
!Score
!Team 2
|-
|'''[[Mohun Bagan]]'''
|align="center"|'''6'''–0
|Nabajanma Sangha
|-
|Income Tax
|align="center"|0–'''1'''
|[[East Bengal Club (women)|'''East Bengal''']]
|-
|}<section end=SF />

====Matches ====
{{Football box collapsible
|round=SF–1
|date={{Start date|2001|3|8|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= [[Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 6–0
|report=
|team2= Nabajanma Sangha
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}

{{Football box collapsible
|round=SF–2
|date={{Start date|2001|3|9|df=y}}
|time=
|team1= Income Tax
|score= 0–1
|report=
|team2= [[East Bengal Club (women)|'''East Bengal''']]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}

===Final===
====Summary====
The 2001 Calcutta Women's Football League final was held at the [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]] on 16 March 2001 between Kolkata giants [[Mohun Bagan]] and [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]], in the very first season of their formation. This match would thus remain recorded as the first-ever women's [[Kolkata Derby]] between the two teams. East Bengal women's team clinched the match 1–0 courtesy of a solitary goal from forward Shanta Dhara in the twenty-third minute of the game as East Bengal held onto the lead and lifted their first-ever Calcutta Women's Football League title.<ref name=shanta1/><ref name=shanta2/><ref name=ifd/><ref name=rsssf/><ref>{{cite web|date=12 February 2001|url=http://indianfootball.de/news/m200102.html|title=News for the month of February, 2001|work=indianfootball.de|accessdate=31 March 2023|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809011541/http://indianfootball.de/news/m200102.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ifd2>{{cite web|date=16 March 2001|url=http://indianfootball.de/news/m200103.html|title=News for the month of March, 2001|work=indianfootball.de|accessdate=11 March 2023|archive-date=25 February 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020225054258/http://indianfootball.de/news/m200103.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/after-several-years-east-bengal-forms-womens-team-mohun-bagan-not-enthusiastic-enough|title=After several years, East Bengal forms women's team; Mohun Bagan 'not enthusiastic' enough|date=25 October 2019|website=thebridge.in|publisher=The Bridge|accessdate=31 March 2023}}</ref>

====Match====
<section begin=Final />{{football box
| date = {{start date|2001|03|16|df=y}}
| time =
| team1= [[Mohun Bagan]]
| score= 0–1
| report=[https://web.archive.org/web/20020225054258/http://indianfootball.de/news/m200103.html Report]
| team2= [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
| goals1=
| goals2= Shanta Dhara {{goal|23}}
| stadium= [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]]
| location= [[Kolkata]]
| attendance=
| referee=
}}<section end=Final />
<section begin=Line-ups />
{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_b = _redhorizontal
| pattern_la = _greenborder
| pattern_ra = _greenborder
| pattern_sh = _green_stripes_adidas
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = ffffff
| body = ffffff
| rightarm = ffffff
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = FFFFFF
| title = {{nowrap|Mohun Bagan}}
}}
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home
|pattern_la =
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so = _2 gold stripes
|leftarm = FFDF00
|body = FFDF00
|rightarm = FF0000
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = {{nowrap|East Bengal}}
}}
|}
{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size:90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|GK || ||Ranjita Khan
|-
|RB || ||Maria D'Rebello
|-
|CB || ||Madhu Kumari
|-
|CB || ||Dulali Ghosh
|-
|LB || ||Jayanti Barua
|-
|CM || ||Naushaba Alam || || {{suboff|}}
|-
|CM || ||Mausam Kumari || || {{suboff|}}
|-
|RW || ||Swati Kumari
|-
|LW || ||Kalpana Sahoo
|-
|CF || ||Anjana Kumari || || {{suboff|}}
|-
|LF || ||Rinku Ghosh
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''
|-
|CM || ||Sanju Kumari || {{subon|}}
|-
|CM || ||Seema Dey || {{subon|}}
|-
|FW || ||Papia Ghosh || {{subon|}}
|-
|}
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size:90%; margin:auto" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|GK || ||Namita Bag
|-
|RB || ||Prathama Priyadarshini
|-
|CB || ||Nesha Kumari
|-
|CB || ||Momo Gogoi
|-
|LB || ||Nazda Tabassum
|-
|CM || ||Rajani Alankar
|-
|CM || ||Sharmila Sapui
|-
|RW || ||Swapna Kumari
|-
|LW || ||Sashi Kumari
|-
|FW || ||[[Sujata Kar]]
|-
|FW || ||Shanta Dhara {{goal}}
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''
|-
|{{sort dash}}
|}
|}<section end=Line-ups />
{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"
|'''Player of the Match:''' Shanta Dhara (East Bengal)

|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*30 minutes of [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] if necessary.
*[[Golden goal]] ends game.
*[[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|Penalty shoot-out]] if scores still level.
*Maximum of three substitutions allowed.
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Calcutta Women's Football League}}
{{2001–02 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2001 Calcutta Women's Football League season}}
[[Category:Calcutta Women's Football League]]
[[Category:2001–02 domestic women's association football leagues]]

Riverbank Studios

2025-08-26T09:58:42Z

BGRDoreen32:

{{Infobox company
| name = Riverbank Studios
| logo = Riverbank_Studios_Logo.png
| logo_alt = Riverbank Studio's Logo
| logo_caption =
| industry = Television
| founded = 1973
| founder = [[Mike Pandey]]
| hq_location = New Delhi, India
| key_people = [[Mike Pandey]], Gautam Pandey, Doel Trivedi
| website = http://www.riverbankstudios.com/
}}

'''Riverbank Studios''' is an independent [[film production]] company based in India and founded by the filmmaker and conservationist, [[Mike Pandey]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1924149_1924152_1924199,00.html|title=Heroes of the Environment|last=Singh|first=Madhur|date=September 22, 2009|work=TIME Magazine}}</ref>

== History ==
Founded in 1973 by [[Mike Pandey]] in New Delhi, Riverbank Studios was among the first film studios in North India. The studio has produced numerous feature films, advertisements, and television series, both filming on location and handling post-production. Over the years, the studio has focused on creating wildlife films that promote conservation and raising awareness.

The studio produces television series, wildlife films and has recently ventured to online content, producing their first [[360-degree video|360-degree]] film on a Nature Reserve in India. In 2017, they produced two films which were broadcast on [[Animal Planet (India)|Animal Planet India]] - Looking for Sultan and Gyamo - Queen of the Mountains.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/gyamo---queen-of-the-mountains/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550420331/channelid-10000000024790000/starttime-201801291000|title=Gyamo - Queen of The Mountains|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/tigers:-looking-for-sultan/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550412290/channelid-10000000024790000/starttime-201801281000|title=Tigers: Looking For Sultan|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Both films received strong positive review and were aired on both [[Animal Planet]] and [[Discovery Networks Asia Pacific|Discovery India]].

== Television ==
* Ghar Ka Chirag
* Khullam Khulla - Kids TV
* Ghoomo TVC

== Award winning films ==
'''The Last Migration''' <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/environment/story/19941215-mike-pandey-wins-green-oscar-for-his-film-the-last-migration-on-wild-elephants-810021-1994-12-15|title=Mike Pandey wins Green Oscar for The Last Migration|work=India Today}}</ref>
* [[Wildscreen|Wildscreen Festival]], Bristol, UK – 1994
* Spirit Of Wilderness, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA – 1994
* Care For Nature Award, International World Wildlife Fund, Bangalore, India.
* Special Jury Award, International Video Festival (IVFest), Trivandrum – 1995
* We The People, South Africa.
'''[[Shores of Silence]]'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/07/15/stories/14152188.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2000-07-15|title=Shores of Silence}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* [[Wildscreen]] Festival, Bristol
* The Citta Di Toronto at the Cinemambiente Award - 2001
* The 6th Sichuan TV Festival, China - 2001
* The Honour of Knowledge Award at Bratislava, Slovakia - 2001
* The Golden Jury Award, Worldfest, Houston- 2002
* The Rolls-Royce, Commonwealth Broadcasting Award, UK- 2002
* Ecofilm, Award in the Category of Documentary, Oct 2002
* Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic Award, Nov 2002
* [[Wildlife Trust of India|Wildlife trust of India]], Endangered Species Award, 2002
* [http://cmsvatavaran.org/ Vatavaran] 2003 Prithvi Ratan Award for Outstanding Achievement in Global Conservation, November 2003
* [[National Film Awards|National Award]] for Best Adventure & Exploration Film, 2005
'''Vanishing Giants'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.wildscreen.org/panda-awards-database/2004/the-vanishing-giants/|title=The Vanishing Giants|work=Wildscreen}}</ref>
* [[Wildscreen|Wildscreen Festival]], Bristol
'''Timeless Traveller'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/%E2%80%A6And-the-fossil-lives-on/article16837884.ece|title=And the fossil lives on|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
* [http://cmsvatavaran.org/ Vatavaran] Festival
* [http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k8/may/may25.php International Wildlife Film Festival in Albert]
'''Earth Matters'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k8/may/may25.php|title=DD'S EARTH MATTERS WINS CONSERVATION AWARD IN FRANCE|website=Indian Television}}</ref>
* Golden Giraffe for conservation" International Wildlife Film Festival in Albert

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!Client / Broadcast Channel
!Year of Production
!Notes
|-
|North East Explorer
|[[Doordarshan|Arunprabha - Doordarshan]]
|In Pre Production
|
|-
|<nowiki>Jabarkhet | The forest that came back</nowiki>
|Self Produced/ Jabarkhet Nature Reserve
|In Production
|Copyright Riverbank Studios
|-
|Ecology that Sustains the Tiger
|[[Films Division of India]]
|In Production
|
|-
|Seva Mandir
|NGO - [[Seva Mandir]]
|In Production
|
|-
|[http://www.riverbankstudios.com/fwp_portfolio/looking-for-sultan/ Looking for Sultan]
|Self Produced/ [[Animal Planet (India)|Animal Planet India]]
|2017
|Copyright Riverbank Studios
|-
|[http://www.riverbankstudios.com/fwp_portfolio/gyamo/ Gyamo - Queen of the Mountains]
|Self Produced/ [[Animal Planet (India)|Animal Planet India]]
|2017
|Copyright Riverbank Studios
|-
|Soil Health Card
|[[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] and [[Prasar Bharati]]
|2017
|
|-
|Flood Insurance
|[[International Water Management Institute]]
|2017
|
|-
|Learn to Help
|[http://schoolcinema.net/index.php EduMedia School Cinema]
|2016
|
|-
|High Altitude Lakes
|Forest Dept. [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|2015
|
|-
|Forests - Securing the Future
|Forest-PLUS, [[Tetra Tech]], [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]] & [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|MoEFCC]]
|2015
|
|-
|The Western Tragopan - The King of Birds
|Forest Dept. [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|2015
|
|-
|Gaddis
|Forest Dept. [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|2015
|
|-
|Teen Safety
|[http://schoolcinema.net/index.php EduMedia School Cinema]
|2015
|
|-
|Maruti Suzuki Recruitment
|[[Maruti Suzuki]]
|2015
|
|-
|[http://www.justclimateaction.org/ Just Climate Action]
|[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Ministry of Environment and Climate Change]]
|2015
|
|-
|Touching the lives of Millions
|[[NTPC Limited|NTPC]]
|2015
|
|-
|Pong Dam - Avian Paradise
|Forest Dept. [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|2014
|
|-
|Arts & Crafts of Rajasthan
|Department of Tourism [[Rajasthan]]
|2013
|
|-
|Lesser Known Destinations of Rajasthan
|Department of Tourism [[Rajasthan]]
|2013
|
|-
|Ghoomo - TVC
|Department of Tourism [[Rajasthan]]
|2012
|
|-
|Broken Wings
|Self Produced
|2012
|Copyright Riverbank Studios
|-
|Global Tiger Initiative
|[[World Bank]]
|2012
|
|-
|Rescued by You
|[http://schoolcinema.net/index.php EduMedia School Cinema]
|2012
|
|-
|The Water Energy Nexus
|[[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]]
|2011
|
|-
|Mangroves - Guardians of the Coast
|[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]]
|2011
|
|-
|Disaster Management
|[[International Federation of Red Cross]]
|2009
|
|-
|Ghar ka Chirag TV Series
|[[Doordarshan]] National
|2006 - 2009
|India Broadcast Right Riverbank Studios
|-
|Kurumbas - Children of the Blue Mountains
|Self Produced
|2005
|Copyright Riverbank Studios
|-
|Vanishing Giants
|Self Produced
|2004
|Copyright Riverbank Studios
|-
|[[Shores of Silence]]
|Self Produced
|2004
|Copyright Riverbank Studios
|-
|Timeless Traveller
|Self Produced
|2003
|Copyright Riverbank Studios
|-
|Earth Matters TV Series
|[[Doordarshan]] National
|1999 - 2014
|
|-
|The Last Migration
|Self Produced
|1994
|Copyright Riverbank Studios
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [http://www.riverbankstudios.com/ Riverbank Studios Website]

[[Category:Film production companies of India]]

Daman Ganga River

2025-08-03T13:42:19Z

BGRDoreen32: expanded information as per guidelines and corrected details after review

{{Short description|River in western India}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Daman Ganga
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology = 
| image = Daman Ganga River at Rameshwar mahadev temple Lavachha.jpg
| image_size = 250
| image_caption = Daman Ganga River At Rameshwar Mahadev Temple Lavachha, Gujarat, India
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption = Gujarat India
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 = 
| length_km = 131.30
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location =
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max = 
| source1 = Ambegaon in Dindori taluka of Nashik district
| source1_location = Maharashtra, [[India]]
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|20|19|N|72|50|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|950|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = Daman Estuary
| mouth_location = Arabian Sea, [[India]]
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}}
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
The '''Daman Ganga''', also called the Dawan River, is a river in western [[India]]. The river's headwaters are on the western slope of the [[Western Ghats]] range, and it flows west into the [[Arabian Sea]]. The river flows through [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]] states, as well as the [[Union territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref name="Data" /><ref name="Guj" /> The industrial towns of [[Vapi]], [[Dadra]] and [[Silvassa]] lie on the north bank of the river,<ref name=Guj/> and the town of [[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]] occupies both banks of the river's mouth.{{Sfn|Singh|1994|p=1}}

The major development project on the river is the Daman Ganga Multipurpose project completed which benefits the state of Gujarat and the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.<ref name=Data/><ref name=Agency/> In 2015, a major river interlinking project involving inter-basin transfer of surplus water from the Daman Ganga called the "Daman Ganga-Pinjal River Linking Project" has been approved for implementation.<ref name=Approval/><ref name=Info/>

The two historical forts on either side of the river at Daman, are the Moti Daman ('Moti' means "big") on the southern bank and the Nani Daman ('Nani' means "small"), on the northern bank.{{Sfn|Hoiberg|2000|p=399}}

==Geography==
[[File:Daman3.jpg|right|thumb|Nani Daman fort on the Daman Ganga at Daman]]
The Daman Ganga, also known as Dawan River, rises in the [[Sahyadri]] hills close to Ambegaon village in Dindori taluka of Nasik district of Maharashtra State. It rises at an elevation of 950 m.<ref name=Data>{{Cite web|url=http://nwda.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/0383498313.PDF|title= Interstate Aspects: Rivers Basin and Damanganga-Pinjal Link|access-date=2 September 2015|publisher=Government of India}}</ref> The Daman Ganga's main tributaries, the Daman and the Vag, run a course of {{Convert|79|km}} and {{Convert|61|km}} respectively before joining at Matunji to become the Daman Ganga River. A major part of the river lies in Maharashtra.{{Sfn|Agarwal|Singh|2007|p=748}} Its total length from source to the [[Arabian Sea]] is {{Convert|131.30| km}}. Some major tributaries which rise in and flow through the mountainous region of the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat and the Union Territory of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] are the Dawan, the Shrimant, the Val, the Rayate, the Lendi, the Wagh, the Sakartond, the Roshni, the Dudhni, and the Piperiya.<ref name=Guj/> As the river joins the sea at Daman, it is named Daman Ganga. Found at the mouth is heavy sedimentation and hence the depth of water is shallow.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Estuaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgE_ghb2G5YC&pg=PA378|year=2003|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7764-369-5|pages=378–}}</ref> Daman is located on both banks of the river ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] name: Rio Sandalcalo).{{Sfn|Singh|1994|p=1}} At the mouth of the river the [[Bar (river morphology)|bar]] is a level bed made of hard sand, except for the North of the North point where the river enters the sea.<ref>{{cite book|title=Prostar Sailing Directions 2005 India & Bay of Bengal Enroute|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWv9ZhMhgusC&pg=PA33|date=1 January 2005|publisher=ProStar Publications|isbn=978-1-57785-662-7|pages=33–}}</ref>

The river basin (part of the basin of west-flowing rivers from Tapi to Tadri), which lies entirely on the [[Western Ghats]], has a total catchment area of {{Convert|2318|km2}}. The catchment area's distribution is as follows: In the Nashik district of Maharashtra {{Convert|1408|km2}} (60.74%); in the Valsad district in Gujarat {{Convert|495|km2}} (21.36%); and in the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu it is {{Convert|415|km2||abbr=}} (17.90%).<ref name=Guj>{{Cite web|url=http://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=1756&lang=english|title=Damanganga Basin|access-date=2 September 2015|publisher=Government of Gujarat}}</ref> The mean annual runoff from the catchment is 3,771 million [[cubic metre]]s.<ref name=Kalpa/> The upstream area of the river is hilly and covered with {{Convert|96222|ha}} of forest. Rainfall occurs during the monsoon months from June to September with an annual average rainfall incidence of approximately {{Convert|2200| mm}} (the maximum recorded is reported to be {{Convert|3780|mm}}.{{Sfn|Agarwal|Singh|2007|p=748}}}. The soil conditions in the basin are categorized as "reddish brown soil, coarse shallow soil, deep black soil and Coastal alluvial soil". Silvassa, Vapi and Daman are the major towns on the banks of the river.<ref name=Guj/>

The places of tourist interest on the Daman Ganga River in Dadra and Nagar Haveli are Van Ganga and Vandhara Garden.{{Sfn|Bansal|2005|p=84}} There are also two historical forts on either side of the river at Daman, which face each other, known as Moti Daman on the southern bank, the larger of the two and the Nani Daman, smaller in size, on the northern bank.{{Sfn|Hoiberg|2000|p=399}}

== Development ==

===Damanganga Reservoir Project===
There is an existing major irrigation project on the river called the Damanganga Reservoir Project, which is located near Madhuban village in Dharampur taluka of Valsad district of Gujarat.<ref name=Agency>{{Cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Damanganga_JI01040|title=Damanganga JI01040|access-date=2 September 2015|publisher=National Water Development Agency (NWDA), Government of India}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It is an inter-state multipurpose project of the Govt. of Gujarat and Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (DNHDD). The storage of this project is shared by the riparian state of Gujarat and Union Territory of DNHDD as the beneficiary region. The total volume of water to be shared is 516.63 [[million cubic metre]]s (MCM), 420.50 MCM for irrigation and the balance 96.13 MCM for other uses, which is allotted to the riparian state and Union Territories; Gujarat has a share of 399.19 MCM, Dadra and Nagar Haveli's share is 83.33 MCM and Daman's is 34.20 MCM.<ref name=Data/> The project was built from 1972 to 1998. It is a composite dam of masonry and earth-fill dams. The masonry dam of 58.6 m height has a spillway in the gorge section of the river of 350 m length; the spillway, with an ogee shape and a roller bucket for energy dissipation, is designed to rout{{what?|date=May 2024}} a Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) discharge of 25,850 m3/s controlled by 10 radial gates each of size {{Convert|15.55|x|14.02|m}}. It has earthen dams on both its flanks which measure {{Convert|2.87|km}}.<ref name="Agency"/><ref name=Kalpa>{{Cite web|url=http://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=1673&lang=english|title=Damanganga Water Resources Project|publisher=Narmada, Water Resources, Water Supply and Kalpsar Department}}</ref> The composite dam is founded in an area with geological formations of [[Amygdule|amygdaloidal]] [[basalt]], [[porphyritic]] basalt, [[dolerite]], and [[agglomerate]].<ref name=Kalpa/>

At the Full Reservoir level the reservoir water spread is {{Convert|5144|ha}} which includes 987 ha of wasteland and {{Convert|2955|ha}} of agricultural land. Submergence also involved 12 villages completely and 24 villages partially.<ref name=Kalpa/> The Gross Command Area (GCA) is {{Convert|77935|ha}} and the Cultural Command Area (CCA) of the irrigation is {{Convert|5118|ha}} on the left and right bank canal network benefiting the states of Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman. The total length of the canals is {{Convert|98.4|km}} with a design discharge of {{Convert|34.76|m3}} per second in the right bank canal and {{Convert|11.46|m3}} per second on the left bank canal. The irrigation covers 112 villages in Valsad district, 26 villages in Daman, and 24 villages in Dadra Nagar Haveli. The Project provides  a lot of water for industrial and domestic water needs and also has a small power plant of 2 MW capacity. The cost of the project was shared between the participating states as per the Inter-State Agreement of 1992.<ref name="Agency"/><ref name=Kalpa/>

The river supplies drinking water to [[Vapi]] town, industries around the town and 11 villages in Daman from the head works located at the pickup weir on the Daman Ganga River.<ref name="waterhit">{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-03/surat/32522485_1_water-supply-drinking-water-filter-system |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103105109/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-03/surat/32522485_1_water-supply-drinking-water-filter-system |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-03 |title=Water supply hit in Vapi |date=2012-07-03 |access-date=2012-07-16 |location=Vapi |work=[[The Times of India]] |first=Hardik |last=Shah}}</ref>

===Daman Ganga-Pinjal River Linking Project===
The Government of India's [[National Water Development Authority]] (NWDA) has proposed the Daman Ganga-Pinjal River Linking Project linking the Daman Ganga River to the Pinjal reservoir on the [[Pinjal River]] to the south, in the Vaitarna basin allowing surplus water from the Daman Ganga to be diverted south to [[Mumbai]] via the Pinjal reservoir.<ref name=Hydrology>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/india_information/interlinking.htm|title=Interlinking of Rivers:Himalayan Rivers Development Component|work=Damanganga – Pinjal Link Canal|access-date=2 September 2015|publisher=national Institute of Hydrology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723002918/http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/india_information/interlinking.htm|archive-date=23 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The feasibility report was prepared by NWDA in 2004, and in 2010 a tripartite agreement was signed between the Central government and the two state governments of Gujarat and Maharashtra. In January 2015, the project was approved for implementation.<ref name=Approval>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/water-supply-boost-maharashtra-gujarat-rivers-to-be-linked/article1-1304419.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703132938/http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/water-supply-boost-maharashtra-gujarat-rivers-to-be-linked/article1-1304419.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 3, 2015|title=Water supply boost: Maharashtra, Gujarat rivers to be linked|date= 8 January 2015|publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Under this project the two reservoirs to be created by building dams are the Bhugad dam on Damanganga River in Gujarat and the Khargihill dam on the Vagh River near Behapada village in Thane in Maharashtra. The reservoirs will be linked by a pressure tunnel {{Convert|16.85|km}} long and {{Convert|5|m}} wide. The Bhugad-Khargihill and Khargihill-Pinjal tunnel which is totally in Maharashtra state is a {{Convert|25.70|km}} long and {{Convert|5.25|m}} diameter tunnel and will transfer the surplus waters to the extent of 909 MCM annually to Mumbai City to supplement the present domestic and industrial water supply system,<ref name=Transfer>{{Cite web|url= http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/india_information/interlinking.htm|title= Interlinking of Rivers:Himalayan Rivers Development Component Damanganga – Pinjal Link Canal|publisher= National Institute of Hydrology|access-date= 2015-09-02|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150723002918/http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/india_information/interlinking.htm|archive-date= 2015-07-23|url-status= dead}}</ref> from the Pinjal reservoir to Greater Mumbai; this part of the project is to be implemented as per plans evolved by the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) and Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA). The dam on the Daman Ganga at Bhugad will be a composite dam of {{Convert|63.63|m}} in height and {{Convert|826.6|m}} long, to create a gross storage of 426.39 MCM and a live storage of 400.00 MCM. The composite dam on the Vagh River at Khargihill is proposed to a maximum height of {{Convert|75.62|m}} and {{Convert|572.80|m}} in length with gross storage capacity of 460.79 MCM and live storage of 420.50 MCM. The Pinjal dam on the Pinjal River will be {{Convert|681|m}} long and will have gross storage of 413.57 MCM and live storage of 401.55 MCM. The annual water diversion to greater Mumbai will be {{Convert|43.84|m3}} per second. The implementation of the entire project is planned to be completed over a nine-year period.<ref name=Info>{{Cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/?title=Damanganga-Pinjal_Link|title=Damanganga-Pinjal Link|publisher=Water Resources Information System of India|access-date=2015-09-03|archive-date=2018-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022044925/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/?title=Damanganga-Pinjal_Link|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==River pollution==
The Damanganga River downstream of Vapi down to its mouth is polluted from the effluents emerging from the industrial and domestic wastes of Vapi town, Silvassa, Daman and Kachigaon. According to the Central Pollution Control Board's report the BOD value recorded at its monitoring station downstream of Kachogaon was a high of 30 mg/L.<ref name="Polluted River stretches in India">{{Cite web|url=http://cpcb.nic.in/upload/NewItems/NewItem_172_FinalPollutedStretches.pdf|title=Polluted River stretches in India|access-date=2 September 2015|publisher=Central Pollution Control Board}}</ref> According to a study report of the Machhimar Adhikar Rahstriya Abhiyan due to the industrial effluents from Vapi town the dissolved oxygen level is very low and Mercury content in the groundwater in the town is about ninety-six times higher than the standards prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Untreated effluents are directly discharged into the Damanganga and Kolak Rivers. This has resulted in pollution of the seawater to a limit of five nautical miles (9 km), seriously affecting fish life. The Common Effluent Treatment was also reported to be dysfunctional with about 1000 small-scale and artisanal fishermen in four to five villages getting affected on account of the Sarigam Industrial Association's effluent disposal pipeline.<ref name="Polluted River stretches in India"/>

==Gallery==
[[File:Daman Ganga River at Rameshwar mahadev temple Lavachha.jpg|thumb|Daman Ganga River at Rameshwar Mahadev Temple Lavachha|alt=|center|224x224px]]

==See also==
{{portal|Environment|Ecology}}
*[[List of rivers of India]]
*[[List of major rivers of India|Rivers of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last1= Agarwal |first1=Pushpendra K. |last2= Singh |first2=Vijay P. |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&pg=PA748|date=16 May 2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-5180-7}}
*{{cite book|last= Bansal |first=Sunita Pant |title=Encyclopaedia of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQB3Fkc3Tl4C&pg=PA84|date=1 June 2005|publisher=Smriti Books|isbn=978-81-87967-71-2}}
*{{cite book|last= Hoiberg |first=Dale |title=Students' Britannica India: Select essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xzljvnQ1vAC&pg=PA399|year=2000|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-0-85229-762-9}}
*{{cite book|last= Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |title=Daman and Diu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRhkT8SjhD8C&pg=PA1|year=1994|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-761-6}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Maharashtra}}

{{Hydrography of Maharashtra}}
{{Hydrography of Gujarat}}

[[Category:Rivers of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
[[Category:Rivers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rivers of Gujarat]]

Jama Masjid, Bidar

2025-08-02T19:08:59Z

BGRDoreen32: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of mosques in India#Karnataka]]

Mandala: The UFO Incident

2025-07-30T07:30:47Z

BGRDoreen32: starting a info nd citations.

{{short description|2019 film directed by Ajay Sarpeshkar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mandala: The UFO Incident
| image = Mandala - The UFO Incident.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ajay Sarpeshkar
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
* Prakash Belawadi
* Ajay Sarpeshkar
}}
| story = Ajay Sarpeshkar
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Anant Nag]]
* [[Prakash Belawadi]]
* [[Kiran Srinivas]]
* [[Sharmiela Mandre]]
* [[Samyukta Hornad]]
* [[Sudha Belawadi]]
}}
| music = '''Score:''' Jesse Clinton '''Song''' [[Raghu Dixit]]
| cinematography = Manohar Joshi
| editing = Ramisetty Pavan
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2023|03|10|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/ajay-sarpeshkars-next-mandala-the-ufo-incident-release-date-out|title=Ajay Sarpeshkar’s Next Mandala: The UFO Incident Release Date Out|first=Team|last=FC|date=2 February 2023|website=www.filmcompanion.in}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
| studio = Ajay Sarpeshkar Films
}}
'''''Mandala: The UFO Incident''''' (previously titled as '''''Mysore Masala: The UFO Incident''''') is a 2023 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[science fiction]] [[action film]] directed by Ajay Sarpeshkar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/lEOHUJjE5EORuOUqnVIlUK/Mysore-Masala-of-aliens-and-abductions.html|title='Mysore Masala': of aliens and abductions|last=Bagchi|first=Shrabonti|date=2018-12-21|website=www.livemint.com|language=en|access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mysore Masala: The UFO Incident - Cosmos |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/mysore-masala-touches-upon-magic-of-the-cosmos-759954.html |website=Deccan Herald |date=8 September 2019 |publisher=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sunday-herald/exploring-inner-space-713685.html|title=Exploring inner space|date=2019-01-20|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref> The film stars [[Anant Nag]], [[Prakash Belawadi]], [[Kiran Srinivas]], [[Sharmiela Mandre]], and [[Samyukta Hornad]] with [[Mandeep Roy]], [[Sudha Belawadi]], Neenasam Ashwath and Kiran Naik in supporting roles. The film explores science fiction as a tangent to the [[Roswell incident]], and in an Indian context touching upon heritage and its conservation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-move/inspired-heritage-ajay-comes-689158.html|title=Inspired by heritage, Ajay comes up with sci-fi saga|date=2018-08-24|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref>

Being the final posthumous film of Mandeep Roy, the film was dedicated in his honour.

==Plot==
Maya Melukote is an aerospace engineer who works for the Bharat Space Research Agency (BSRA) under Dr. Sathya Prakash. She secretly works on a mission without the knowledge of her coworkers tracing the existence of alien life. After Prakash finds out, he fires her from her job.<ref name="T"/> She still continues her research and is soon abducted right in front of her boyfriend Arjun Aralikatte (who is from [[Johnson Space Center|Houston]]) by a UFO when she nears [[Chamundi Hills]], a place where aliens were reportedly clash landed prior to India's independence.

Arjun calls Prakash, who repeatedly denies Arjun's claim that she was abducted by a UFO. The case of Maya's disappearance is later handled over to the police led by DCP Radhika with Arjun as the main suspect.

Arjun, now embroiled in a police case, which further gets complicated since he is an American national decides to tell the media about the interesting story regarding Maya's disappearance. Reporter Tanvi Singh tells him about journalist Ram Murthy aka 'Nutcase' Murthy' and Arjun seeks refuge in Murthy's house.<ref name="T"/> Murthy was known for reopening old cases and was well aware of the [[Roswell incident]] and other similar disappearance cases similar to Maya's.

Radhika offers Arjun a trip back to America, but he denies the offer since he wants to find Maya and is confident that he saw her disappear via a UFO.

While at first it was thought that Maya was abducted by a UFO, it is later indirectly revealed that she is safe and likely that Dr. Sathya Prakash abducted her along with his team as he didn't want her to have access to top-secret information.

Arjun is later abducted by a UFO, which is also likely to be by Prakash. At the end of the film, his real name is revealed to be Nikhil "Nik" Prasad and that he went to India from America as part of a covert operation. The full name of ''Mandala: The UFO Incident'' (relating to Maya's disappearance) is revealed to be Bherunda Mandala.<ref name="S"/>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Anant Nag]] as Ram Murthy
* [[Prakash Belawadi]] as Dr. Sathya Prakash
* [[Kiran Srinivas]] as Arjun Aralikatte
* [[Sharmiela Mandre]] as Maya Melukote
* [[Samyukta Hornad]] as DCP Radhika
* [[Mandeep Roy]] as Head Constable Raju{{efn|His full name was revealed to be Rajanna.}}
* [[Sudha Belawadi]] as Yashodha, Murthy's wife
* Dimpy Fadhya as Tanvi Singh
* Naresh Narasimhan as Commissioner Narasimha Rao{{efn|Although the character was unnamed in the end credits, the name was revealed in the film.}}
* Neenasam Ashwath as Inspector Ashok Galagali{{efn|Despite his character's first name being revealed, he is listed in the credits by its last name.}}
* Spoorthi Gumaste as Reporter Anjali
* Kiran Naik as Constable Hanumanthu{{efn|Nicknamed "Kum-Ka" (based on [[Kumbhakarna]]) by Raju due to his frequent naps.}}
* Samanvita Shetty as Namitha
* Gundanna as 'Rocket' Thatha
}}

== Production ==
The film, initially titled ''Mysore Masala'', was later renamed to ''Mandala''. Anant Nag, the veteran actor of India known for his contributions to the [[Kannada film industry]], was signed on to play a crucial role of an eccentric journalist. Prakash Belawadi plays the role of Dr. Satyaprakash, the head of a space research agency. Sharmiela Mandre, Samyukta Hornad and Kiran Srinivas play roles that are urban and savvy. Production management was handled by Cinematrix, a Bangalore based company headed by Pradeep Belawadi.

=== Post-production ===
Post-production efforts were spread across multiple cities. Mumbai for sound design by Nithin Lukose, Los Angeles for music by Jesse Clinton, Singapore for visual effects by Oliver Elvis, supported by CG artefact design by Manojna Bellur and editing by 24Post studio.

The film had a presence at the [[Comic Con India|ComicCon]] 2018 event at Bengaluru. At the event, the team mentioned having designed and built their own VFX elements such as a spaceship, rocket launch metrics, alien scripts, etc. for the film.<ref name="T">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/mysore-masala-preview-at-comic-con-bengaluru/articleshow/66677592.cms|title=Mysore Masala preview at Comic Con Bengaluru|newspaper=The Times of India|date=18 November 2018|first=Sandra Marina|last=Fernandes|language=en|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref>

The title of the film was changed to ''Mandala''. This change was announced on all of the film's social media channels on Jan 9th 2022. The Director/Producer mentioned that the change reflected what the film had become.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Register|url-access=subscription|url=https://m.vijaykarnatakaepaper.com/imageview_129673_32835797_4_2_11-01-2022_0_i_1_sf.html|access-date=2023-09-28 |website=m.vijaykarnatakaepaper.com}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack consists of a song composed by [[Raghu Dixit]] and a score by Jesse Clinton.
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/neenillade-from-mandala-the-ufo-incident/PahDVk0jY5k_ |title=Neenillade (From "Mandala - The UFO Incident") |date=6 March 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Neenillade
| extra1 = Raghu Dixit
| lyrics1 = [[Vasuki Vaibhav]]
| length1 = 5:44
| total_length = 5:44
}}

== Reception ==
Harish Basavarajah of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and concluded, "Although the climax of the movie is a bit confusing, it is a thriller and is worth watching".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mandala/movie-review/98547987.cms|title=Mandala Movie Review : A sci-fi thriller that keeps you hooked|work= The Times of India}}</ref> Prathibha Joy of ''[[OTTplay]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 and wrote, "Give ''Mandala…'' a watch this week, just don’t go in expecting Hollywood level production quality and visuals. Ajay has tried his best and his best is not bad".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/mandala-the-ufo-incident-review-ajay-sarpeshkar-boldly-goes-where-no-one-else-has-with-this-sci-fi-tale/3c45e0d476551|title=Mandala The UFO Incident review: Ajay Sarpeshkar boldly goes where no one has|website=OTTPlay}}</ref> Shashiprasad S M of ''The South First'' gave the film the same rating and wrote, "''Mandala: The UFO Incident'' is tailor-made for those who love sci-fi movies and that they love anything to do with extra-terrestrials — UFOs and aliens".<ref name="S">{{Cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/mandala-the-ufo-incident-movie-review/|title=Mandala: The UFO Incident is a one-of-a-kind sci-fi thriller in Kannada written and picturised brilliantly|first=Shashiprasad S.|last=M|date=10 March 2023|website=The South First}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{noteslist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|9604202}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:UFO-related films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]

Yahan Sabhi Gyani Hain

2025-07-17T11:46:00Z

BGRDoreen32: Creating New Article

{{short description|Indian comedy drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yahan Sabhi Gyani Hain
| image = Yahan Sabhi Gyani Hain.jpeg
| caption =
| director = Anant Narain Tripathi
| writer = Anant Narain Tripathi
| producer = Siddhartha Sharma
| starring = Atul Srivastava [[Neeraj Sood]] [[Apoorva Arora]]
| cinematography = Shirish Desai
| editing = Rajesh Pandey
| music = Sadhu Tiwari
| studio =
| distributor = [[Shemaroo Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|2020|02|07|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Yahan Sabhi Gyani Hain''''' is a 2020 Indian Hindi-language [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama film]] directed by Anant Narain Tripathi<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-10 |title=Debutant director hopes to strike it big with small film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/debutant-director-hopes-to-strike-it-big-with-small-film/story-VSiPW01jFSfo4stKqPkkgL.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125152504/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/debutant-director-hopes-to-strike-it-big-with-small-film/story-VSiPW01jFSfo4stKqPkkgL.html |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> and produced by Siddhartha Sharma under Ulterior Vision Productions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-24 |title=Yahan Sabhi Gyani Hain: Atul Srivatsav & Neeraj Sood Starrer Gets A New Release Date |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/yahan-sabhi-gyani-hain-atul-srivatsav-neeraj-sood-starrer-gets-a-new-release-date/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref> The film stars [[Atul Srivastava]], [[Neeraj Sood]], and [[Apoorva Arora]].<ref name=":0" /> It was released on 7 February 2020, to mixed reviews and follows a superstitious family searching for hidden treasure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=ShemarooMe Bollywood Premiere to showcase ‘Yahan Sabhi Gyani Hain’ - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/announcements-news/shemaroome-bollywood-premiere-to-showcase-yahan-sabhi-gyani-hain-105294.html |access-date=2025-02-11 |website= |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot summary ==
Pappu Tiwari (Atul Srivastava) sustains his family by selling off ancestral properties. Upon learning of a hidden treasure on his last remaining piece of land, he becomes determined to find it. Concurrently, his daughter Goldie (Apoorva Arora), a local news anchor, faces an arranged marriage to a politician's son, orchestrated by her parents in the belief that it will improve their fortunes. As the treasure hunt intensifies, Goldie challenges her parents' superstitions and decisions.

== Cast and characters ==

* Atul Srivastava as Pappu Tiwari
* Neeraj Sood as Laddu
* [[Apoorva Arora]] as Goldie Tiwari
* Meena Nathani as Manju
* [[Vineet Kumar]] as Kinni bhaiya MLA
* Aakash Pandey as Pandit
* Gulista Alija as Savita
* Rozy Dubey as Susma
* Manju Gupta as Dadi
* Aarav Mishra as Kunal
* Shashi Rajan as Rakess
* Ankita Rajpoot as Bhabhi
* Shashi Ranjan as Rakesh

== Reception ==
The film received mixed reviews. Pallabi Dey Purkayastha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 1.5 out of 5 stars, noting that "Yahan Sabhi Gyani Hai could have been a socially relevant satire as it had a good star cast to lean on, but the unplanned scripting has brought about its own downfall."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yahan Sabhi Gyani Hain Movie Review : A feeble attempt at social commentary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/yahan-sabhi-gyani-hain/movie-review/73987213.cms |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Pooja Tiwari of ''Glamsham'' criticized the film for its disjointed narrative and lack of humor, stating "It could have been a solid social comment but here Anant Tripathi oversees the potential."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-11 |title=Yahan Sabhi Gyani Hain {{!}} Movie Review {{!}} disjointed, juvenile & unfunny - Glamsham |url=https://glamsham.com/bollywood/movie-review/movie-review-yahan-sabhi-gyani-hain/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=glamsham.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

''[[Komal Nahta|Film Information]]'' mentioned "Anant Narain Tripathi’s direction is terribly weak. Sadhu Tiwari’s music is ordinary. Rohit Sharma’s lyrics are commonplace. Background music (by Sadhu Tiwari and Nishant Salil) is dull. Shirish Desai’s camerawork is ordinary. Bhaskar Gupta’s sets are commonplace. Editing (Rajesh Pandey) leaves a lot to be desired."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-07 |title=YAHAN SABHI GYANI HAIN review |url=https://filminformation.com/reviews/yahan-sabhi-gyani-hain-7-february-2020/ | publisher=Film Information | access-date=2025-02-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=5873892}}
* ''[https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Yahan-Sabhi-Gyani-Hain/0K27P5MKWCPTOHJYU37I46R2EI Yahan Sabhi Gyani Hain]'' on [[Amazon Prime]]

[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

National Highway 117 (India)

2025-05-14T23:14:24Z

BGRDoreen32: starting basic info w/ sources

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 117
| length_km = 15
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
| id= Q28164199|title=National Highway 117|text= Map of National Highway '''117''' in red }}
| map_custom = yes
| direction_a = South
| direction_b = North
| terminus_a = Tunulgia, North Salmara
| terminus_b = Rakhaldubi near Bongaigaon, Bijni
| destinations =
| junction =
| states = [[Assam]]
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 17
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 17 
| next_route = 27 
}}

'''National Highway 117 (NH 117)''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in India.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf |title = NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI |access-date = 2009-02-28 |publisher = [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090225142615/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf |archive-date = 25 February 2009 |url-status = dead }}</ref> This route was earlier part of old national highway 31. It is a [[Spur route|secondary]] route of [[National Highway 17 (India)|National Highway 17]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification – Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref> NH-117 runs through the state of [[Assam]] in India.

==Route==
NH117 connects [[North Salmara]] and [[Bijni]] in the state of Assam in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref>

== Junctions ==
{{Exit list|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|17|country=IND}} Terminal near Tulungia, North Salmara
: {{jct|NH|27|country=IND}} Terminal near Rakhaldubi near [[Bongaigaon City|Bongaigaon]].

== See also ==
* [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]] (formerly numbered 117 and part of which due for return to state)
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]
* [[National Highways Development Project]]

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
*[http://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/3219792 NH 117 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH17 sr}}

[[Category:National highways in Assam]]
[[Category:National highways of India]]

{{India-NH-stub}}