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List of Indian Bengali films of 2005

2026-05-08T11:06:30Z

Ayman: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 2000s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Satish Krishna Sail

2026-05-07T13:39:13Z

Ayman: Added new article and citations

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name =
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| order = 
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 13 May 2023
| term_end = 26 October 2024<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/state/special-court-of-peoples-representatives-sentenced-mla-satish-sail-to-7-years-in-illegal-ore-smuggling-case-ddr-1903342.html|title=special court of peoples representatives sentenced MLA Satish Sail to 7 years in illegal ore smuggling case}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}
| predecessor = [[Roopali Naik]]
| successor =
| term_start2 = 17 May 2013
| term_end2 = 15 May 2018
| predecessor2 = [[Anand Asnotikar]]
| successor2 = [[Roopali Naik]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| relations = [[Sadhvi Sail]] (Daughter)
}}
'''Satish Krishna Sail''' (born 1966) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a Member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from [[Karwar Assembly constituency]] in [[Uttara Kannada district]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satish Krishna Sail in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/satish-krishna-sail-karwar-candidate-s10a077c002/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Karwar Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate Satish Krishna Sail Wins From Karwar |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/karwar-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601796 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

He is the father of [[Sadhvi Sail]], an Indian beauty pageant titleholder.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news9live.com/state/karnataka/sadhvi-sail-daughter-of-karwar-congress-mla-wins-crowned-femina-miss-india-2026-2960287 | title=Sadhvi Sail, daughter of Karwar Congress MLA wins, crowned Femina Miss India 2026 | publisher=News9Live | work=Nakshab Khan | date=20 April 2026 | accessdate=20 April 2026}}</ref>

Satish Sail was convicted in illegal export of seized iron ore from Belekeri port in 2024.<ref name="Special court convicts seven, including MLA Satish Sail, in illegal export of seized iron ore from Belekeri port">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Special court convicts seven, including MLA Satish Sail, in illegal export of seized iron ore from Belekeri port |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/special-court-convicts-seven-including-mla-satish-sail-in-illegal-export-of-seized-iron-ore-from-belekeri-port/article68792961.ece |access-date=25 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=24 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425093636/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/special-court-convicts-seven-including-mla-satish-sail-in-illegal-export-of-seized-iron-ore-from-belekeri-port/article68792961.ece |archive-date=25 April 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Satish Sail moves Karnataka High Court challenging his conviction in illegal export of seized iron ore from Belekeri port">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Satish Sail moves Karnataka High Court challenging his conviction in illegal export of seized iron ore from Belekeri port |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/satish-sail-moves-karnataka-high-court-challenging-his-conviction-in-illegal-export-of-seized-iron-ore-from-belekeri-port/article68841259.ece |access-date=25 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=7 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425092813/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/satish-sail-moves-karnataka-high-court-challenging-his-conviction-in-illegal-export-of-seized-iron-ore-from-belekeri-port/article68841259.ece |archive-date=25 April 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka High Court suspends conviction of Satish Sail, Karwar MLA, in illegal export of iron ore case">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Karnataka High Court suspends conviction of Satish Sail, Karwar MLA, in illegal export of iron ore case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-high-court-suspends-conviction-of-satish-sail-karwar-mla-in-illegal-export-of-iron-ore-case/article69013301.ece |access-date=25 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=21 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425092812/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-high-court-suspends-conviction-of-satish-sail-karwar-mla-in-illegal-export-of-iron-ore-case/article69013301.ece |archive-date=25 April 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> In September 2025, he was arrested by the [[Enforcement Directorate|ED]] in the Belekeri iron ore case.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-10 |title=ED arrests Congress MLA Satish Krishna Sail in Belekeri iron ore case |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2025/Sep/10/ed-arrests-congress-mla-satish-krishna-sail-in-belekeri-iron-ore-case |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-10 |title=ED arrests Karnataka Congress MLA Satish Krishna Sail in money laundering case: All details here {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ed-arrests-karnataka-congress-mla-satish-krishna-sail-in-money-laundering-case-heres-all-details-11757486358757.html |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

He was appointed chairman for Karnataka Marketing Consultant and Agencies Corporation on 26 January 2024.<ref name="Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA">{{cite news |date=27 January 2024 |title=Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120155042/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sail is from [[Karwar]], Uttara Kannada district. His father's name is Krishna Shambha Sail. He completed his B.Sc. in 1992 at Government Arts and Science College, Karwar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satish Krishna Sail(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- KARWAR(UTTARA KANNADA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7444 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sail won from Karwar Assembly constituency representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election. He polled 77,445 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Roopali Naik of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a narrow margin of 2,138 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-election-results-2023-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Karnataka election results 2023: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/karnataka-election-results-full-list-of-winners-8606612/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013214458/https://indianexpress.com/elections/karnataka-election-results-full-list-of-winners-8606612/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He lost the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] finishing third behind winner Roopali Naik of BJP and Anand Vasant Asnotikar of JD (S). He became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] as an independent candidate.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-05-10 |title=Karwar: Satish Sail newly elected independent MLA from Karwar said that he was still in Congress party and he had not received any expulsion order from the party high command. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/karwar-satish-sail-newly-elected-independent-mla-from-karwar-said-that-he-was-still-in-congress-party-and-he-had-not-received-any-expulsion-order-from-the-party-high-command-/articleshow/19988668.cms |access-date=2024-08-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Now, fresh mine trouble' for Karwar Congress netas {{!}} Now, fresh mine trouble' for Karwar Congress netas">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Now, fresh mine trouble' for Karwar Congress netas {{!}} Now, fresh mine trouble' for Karwar Congress netas |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/160418/now-fresh-mine-trouble-for-karwar-congress-netas.html |access-date=25 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425093439/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/160418/now-fresh-mine-trouble-for-karwar-congress-netas.html |archive-date=25 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satish Krishna, Sail}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Karwar]]

Jorasanko Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T12:25:51Z

Ayman: new

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jorasanko
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Jorasanko.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Jorasanko Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Vijay Ojha]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]
| constituency_no = 165
| established = 1951
| electors = 197,906
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Jorasanko Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Jorasanko Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
* Ward Nos. [[Ward No. 22, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|22]], [[Ward No. 23, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|23]], [[Ward No. 25, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|25]], [[Ward No. 27, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|27]], [[Ward No. 37, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|37]], [[Ward No. 38, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|38]], [[Ward No. 39, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|39]], [[Ward No. 40, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|40]], [[Ward No. 41, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|41]], [[Ward No. 42, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|42]] and [[Ward No. 43, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|43]] of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 22 February 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher=Election Commission }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Borough
! Ward No.
! [[2021 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election|Councillor]]
! colspan="2" |2021 Winner
|-
|rowspan=4|IV
|[[Ward No. 22, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|22]]
|Meena Devi Purohit
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Ward No. 23, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|23]]
|Vijay Ojha
|-
|[[Ward No. 25, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|25]]
|Rajesh Kumar Sinha
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=9}}
|-
|[[Ward No. 27, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|27]]
|Meenakshi Gupta
|-
|V
|[[Ward No. 37, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|37]]
|Soma Chaudhuri
|-
|rowspan=2|IV
|[[Ward No. 38, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|38]]
|Sadhana Bose
|-
|[[Ward No. 39, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|39]]
|Mohammad Jasimuddin
|-
|rowspan=4|V
|[[Ward No. 40, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|40]]
|Suparna Dutta
|-
|[[Ward No. 41, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|41]]
|Reita Chowdhury
|-
|[[Ward No. 42, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|42]]
|Mahesh Kumar Sharma
|-
|[[Ward No. 43, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|43]]
|Ayesha Kaniz
|}

Jorasanko Assembly constituency is part of No. 24 [[Kolkata Uttar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation/><ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 2010-11-01 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Amarendra Nath Basu
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Anandi Lal Poddar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Badri Prasad Poddar
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|R. K. Poddar
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan="3"|Deokinandan Poddar
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Vishnu Kant Shastri
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|rowspan="4"|Deokinandan Poddar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|Satya Narain Bajaj
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Dinesh Bajaj
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="2"|Smita Bakshi
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Vivek Gupta (politician)|Vivek Gupta]]
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| Vijay Ojha
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Jorasanko}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Vijay Ojha]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=52,868|percentage=49.48 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vijay Upadhyay|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=47,071|percentage=44.05|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bharat Ram Tiwari|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=4,108|percentage=3.84|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Deepak Singh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,111|percentage=1.04|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=672|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,797|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin|
title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Jorasanko]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Vivek Gupta (politician)|Vivek Gupta]]|votes=52,123|percentage=52.67|change=+9.88}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Meena Devi Purohit|votes=39,380|percentage=39.80|change=+3.03}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Janab Ajmal Khan|votes=4,769|percentage=4.82|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,028|percentage=1.04|change=-1.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Nirmal Kanti Samaddar<ref name=timesofindia>{{cite web|title=Life’s all about running alone: BSP candidate|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/lifes-all-about-running-alone-bsp-candidate/articleshow/69016100.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=24 April 2019}}</ref>|votes=412|percentage=0.42|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=12,743|percentage=12.99|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=99,125|percentage=50.08|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Jorasanko]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Smita Bakshi]]|votes=44,766|percentage=42.79|change=-8.32}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Rahul Sinha]]|votes=38,476|percentage=36.77|change=+21.64}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=Avinash Kumar Agarwal|votes=15,639|percentage=14.95|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=2,374|percentage=2.27|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Uttam Mali|votes=816|percentage=0.78|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6,290|percentage=6.02|change=-21.76}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,04,630|percentage=53.72|change=-2.03}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = -8.32
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Jorasanko]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Smita Bakshi]]
|votes = 57,981
|percentage = 51.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Janki Singh
|votes = 26,461
|percentage = 23.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mina Devi Purohit
|votes = 17,161
|percentage = 15.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Md Sohrab
|votes = 8,526
|percentage = 7.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 31,520
|percentage = 27.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,13,419
|percentage = 55.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box win|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata constituencies}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Kolkata district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Bharatiya Janata Party – Assam

2026-05-06T02:02:24Z

Ayman: starting new article w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{short description|Assam affiliate of the Bharatiya Janata Party}} {{Infobox Indian political party
| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| native_name =
| logo = [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|150px]]
| abbreviation = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| president = [[Dilip Saikia]]
| vice president - Pulok Gohain, Parimal Suklabaidya, Tapan Kumar Gogoi, Rekarani Das Boro, Aparajita Bhuyan
| general_secretary = Pallab Lochan Das, Diplu Ranjan Sarma, Rituparna Barua, Anup Barman,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bjp.org/state-general-secretary-org-assam | title=Bharatiya Janata Party }}</ref>
| headquarters = 'Atal Bihari Vajpayee Bhawan' Near Hengrabari L.P. School Hengrabari, Guwahati - 781 036 Assam, India
<ref>https://assam.bjp.org/</ref>
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|9|14|hex=#FF9900}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|4|7|hex=#FF9900}}
| state_seats_name = [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|82|126|hex=#FF9933}}
| state2_seats_name =
| state2_seats =
| website = {{URL|https://assam.bjp.org/}}
| symbol = [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]] [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|130px]]
| leader = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] {{small|(Chief Minister of Assam)}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|p=y|1980|4|6|br=y}}
| flag = BJP Flag.svg
| eci =
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance]] [[North East Democratic Alliance]]
| ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap|
|[[Hindutva]]<ref name="Angana.p">* {{Cite book|last1=Chatterji|first1=Angana P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcObDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP%27s+Hindutva+ideology|title=Majoritarian State: How Hindu Nationalism Is Changing India|last2=Hansen|first2=Thomas Blom|last3=Jaffrelot|first3=Christophe|date=2019|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-007817-1|pages=100–130|author-link=Angana P. Chatterji|author-link2=Thomas Blom Hansen|author-link3=Christophe Jaffrelot|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061226/https://books.google.com/books?id=zcObDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP%27s+Hindutva+ideology|archive-date=14 April 2023|url-status=live}}
* [[Christophe Jaffrelot|Jaffrelot, Christophe]], and Cynthia Schoch. "Conclusion to Part I." In Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy, 148–54. [[Princeton University Press]], 2021. {{doi|10.2307/j.ctv1dc9jzx.12}}.
* {{cite book|title=Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India|last1=Chhibber|first1=Pradeep. K.|last2=Verma|first2=Rahul |isbn=978-0-19-062390-6|lccn=2018001733|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=2 May 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061225/https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Assamese people|Assamese nationalism]]<ref>* Henrik Berglund. "Religion and Nationalism: Politics of BJP." [[Economic and Political Weekly]] 39, no. 10 (2004): 1064–70. {{JSTOR|4414737}}.
* Chhibber, Pradeep K. "State Policy, Party Politics, and the Rise of the BJP." In Democracy without Associations: Transformation of the Party System and Social Cleavages in India, 159–76. [[University of Michigan Press]], 1999. {{JSTOR|10.3998/mpub.23136.12}}.</ref>
|[[National conservatism]]<ref name="mathewjoh">* {{Cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Matthew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smxQDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP+a+conservatism|title=Conservatism and Ideology|last2=Garnett|first2=Mark |last3=Walker|first3=David M|date=2017|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-52900-2|pages=45–50|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061245/https://books.google.com/books?id=smxQDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP+a+conservatism|archive-date=14 April 2023|url-status=live}}
* Björn Goldstein (2015) The unconscious Indianization of 'Western' conservatism – is Indian conservatism a universal model?, Global Discourse, 5:1, 44–65, {{doi|10.1080/23269995.2014.946315}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Mazumdar|first1=Surajit|date=2017|title=Neo-Liberalism and the Rise of Right-Wing Conservatism in India|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/93182|journal=Desenvolvimento Em Debate|volume=5|issue=1|pages=115–131|doi=10.51861/ded.dmds.1.011|access-date=24 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061248/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/93182/|url-status=live| issn = 2176-9257|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book|title=Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India|last1=Chhibber|first1=Pradeep. K.|last2=Verma|first2=Rahul|isbn=978-0-19-062390-6|lccn=2018001733|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|pages=50–150|year=2018|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=2 May 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061225/https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Economic liberalism]]<ref name="Surajit 2017">* {{Cite journal|last=Mazumdar|first=Surajit|date=2017|title=Neo-Liberalism and the Rise of Right-Wing Conservatism in India|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/93182 |url-status=live|journal=Desenvolvimento Em Debate|volume=5|issue=1 |pages=115–131|doi=10.51861/ded.dmds.1.011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061248/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/93182/|archive-date=14 April 2023|access-date=24 April 2022|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Gopalakrishnan|first1=Shankar|title=Defining, Constructing and Policing a 'New India': Relationship between Neoliberalism and Hindutva|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|date=7 July 2006|volume=41|issue=26|pages=2803–2813|jstor=4418408|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4418408|access-date=26 September 2020|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017234207/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4418408|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=Kalpana|last2=Ung Loh|first2=Jennifer|last3=Purewal|first3=Navtej|title=Gender, Violence and the Neoliberal State in India|journal=Feminist Review|date=July 2018|volume=119|issue=1|pages=1–6|doi=10.1057/s41305-018-0109-8|s2cid=149814002|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/25540/1/wilson-ung-loh-purewal-introduction-gender-violence-and-the-neoliberal-state-in-India.doc.pdf|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210111943/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/25540/1/wilson-ung-loh-purewal-introduction-gender-violence-and-the-neoliberal-state-in-India.doc.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Mathur|first1=Navdeep|title=The low politics of higher education: saffron branded neoliberalism and the assault on Indian universities|journal=Critical Policy Studies|date=2018|volume=12 |issue=1|pages=121–125|doi=10.1080/19460171.2017.1403343|s2cid=148842457}}</ref>
|[[Right-wing populism]]<ref>* {{cite journal|volume=26|issue=3|journal=Democratization|first1=Duncan|last1=McDonnell|year=2019|first2=Luis|last2=Cabrera|title=The right-wing populism of India's Bharatiya Janata Party (and why comparativists should care)|pages=484–501|doi=10.1080/13510347.2018.1551885|s2cid=149464986}}
* {{Cite book|last=Özçelik|first=Ezgi|title=Right-wing Populist Governments Rhetorical Framing of Economic Inequality : the Cases of BJP in India and AKP in Turkey|publisher=Koç University|year=2019}}</ref>
|[[Anti-immigration]]<ref name="Angana.p">* {{Cite book|last1=Chatterji|first1=Angana P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcObDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP%27s+Hindutva+ideology|title=Majoritarian State: How Hindu Nationalism Is Changing India|last2=Hansen|first2=Thomas Blom|last3=Jaffrelot|first3=Christophe|date=2019|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-007817-1|pages=100–130|author-link=Angana P. Chatterji|author-link2=Thomas Blom Hansen|author-link3=Christophe Jaffrelot|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061226/https://books.google.com/books?id=zcObDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP%27s+Hindutva+ideology|archive-date=14 April 2023|url-status=live}}
* [[Christophe Jaffrelot|Jaffrelot, Christophe]], and Cynthia Schoch. "Conclusion to Part I." In Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy, 148–54. [[Princeton University Press]], 2021. {{doi|10.2307/j.ctv1dc9jzx.12}}.
* {{cite book|title=Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India|last1=Chhibber|first1=Pradeep. K.|last2=Verma|first2=Rahul |isbn=978-0-19-062390-6|lccn=2018001733|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=2 May 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061225/https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
| position = [[Far-right politics|Far-right]]<ref>* {{cite journal|volume=26|issue=3|journal=Democratization|first1=Duncan|last1=McDonnell|year=2019|first2=Luis|last2=Cabrera|title=The right-wing populism of India's Bharatiya Janata Party (and why comparativists should care)|pages=484–501|doi=10.1080/13510347.2018.1551885|s2cid=149464986}}
* {{Cite book|last=Özçelik|first=Ezgi|title=Right-wing Populist Governments Rhetorical Framing of Economic Inequality : the Cases of BJP in India and AKP in Turkey|publisher=Koç University|year=2019}}</ref>
|slogan = ''Eight States. One Force.''<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/neda-going-from-strength-to-strength/cid/1703747 | title=Neda: Going from strength to strength }}</ref>
| youth = [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]]
| women = [[BJP Mahila Morcha]]
| publication = '''[[Kamal Sandesh]]'''
| founder= {{ubl
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref name=":3001">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
}} {{cslist
| title = Other founders<ref name="founders" />
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Bihar Times}}</ref>
| [[K. R. Malkani]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=29 April 2021 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Sikandar Bakht]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |script-title=hi:कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website= |language=hi}}</ref>
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref>
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]
}}
| predecessor =
* [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (1951–1977)
* [[Janata Party]] (1977–1980)
| split = [[Janata Party]]
| labour = [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Need to Know BJP-led BMS is biggest labour union in India |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ohkSVkDnWYnxvZyuzggTsL/Need-to-Know--BJPled-BMS-is-biggest-labour-union-in-India.html |access-date=17 March 2020 |work=live mint |date=15 January 2008 |author=Pragya Singh }}</ref>
| peasants = [[Bharatiya Kisan Sangh]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Sejuta Das|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQiKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172|pages=172–173|title= Class, Politics, and Agricultural Policies in Post-liberalisation India|isbn=978-1-108-41628-3|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2019e}}</ref>
| international =
| name =
}}

The '''Bharatiya Janata Party – Assam''' ('''BJP - Assam''')
is the state unit of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] of the Assam. Its head office is situated at the 'Atal Bihari Vajpayee Bhawan' Near Hengrabari L.P. School Hengrabari, [[Guwahati]]-781 036, [[Assam]], India. The current president of BJP Assam is [[Dilip Saikia]].

In 2016, BJP formed government at [[Assam|Assam state]] for the first time under the leadership of [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]. It is still a ruling party and had two Chief Ministers till date: Sarbananda Sonowal from 2016 to 2021 and [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] from 2021–present.

==Electoral performance==
===Lok Sabha election===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|{{Composition bar|2|14|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Increase}}2
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|{{Composition bar|1|14|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}1
|{{partial|Government, later Opposition}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|{{Composition bar|1|14|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|{{yes|[[Second Vajpayee ministry|Government]]}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|{{Composition bar|2|14|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}1
|{{yes|[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Government]]}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|{{Composition bar|2|14|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|{{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|{{Composition bar|5|14|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}3
|{{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|{{Composition bar|7|14|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}2
|{{yes|[[First Modi ministry|Government]]}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|{{Composition bar|9|14|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}2
|{{yes|[[Second Modi ministry|Government]]}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|{{Composition bar|9|14|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|{{yes|[[Third Modi ministry|Government]]}}
|}

===Legislative Assembly election===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Year
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|+/-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Voteshare (%)
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/- (%)
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|-
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|{{Composition bar|10|126|hex=#FF9933}}
|{{Steady}}
|6.55%
|{{Steady}}
|{{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|{{Composition bar|4|126|hex=#FF9933}}
|{{decrease}}6
|10.41%
|{{increase}}3.86%
|{{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|{{Composition bar|8|126|hex=#FF9933}}
|{{increase}}4
|9.35%
|{{decrease}}1.06%
|{{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|{{Composition bar|10|126|hex=#FF9933}}
|{{increase}}2
|11.98%
|{{increase}}2.63%
|{{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|{{Composition bar|5|126|hex=#FF9933}}
|{{decrease}}5
|11.47%
|{{decrease}}0.51%
|{{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|{{Composition bar|60|126|hex=#FF9933}}
|{{increase}}55
|29.5%
|{{increase}}18.03%
|{{yes|[[Sonowal ministry|Government]]}}
|-
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|{{Composition bar|60|126|hex=#FF9933}}
|{{steady}}
|33.21%
|{{increase}}3.70%
|{{yes|[[Sarma ministry|Government]]}}
|-
|[[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|
|
|
|
|}

== Leadership ==

=== Chief ministers ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" | Term of office<ref name=":0">[http://assamassembly.nic.in/cm-list.html Chief Ministers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116091830/http://assamassembly.nic.in/cm-list.html |date=16 January 2014 }} from the [http://assamassembly.nic.in/ Assam Assembly] website</ref>
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[File:Chief Minister of Assam Sarbananda Sonowal.jpg|98x98px]]
| [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| [[Majuli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Majuli]]
| 24 May 2016
| 10 May 2021
| {{Age in years and days|2016|5|24|2021|5|10}}
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|14th]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[File:Himanta Biswa Sarma with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|105x105px]]
| [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| [[Jalukbari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jalukbari]]
| 10 May 2021
| ''Incumbent''
| {{Age in years and days|2021|5|10}}
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|15th]]
|}

=== Presidents ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" | Term of office<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1
|
|Umanath Sarma
|1980
|1983
|3 years
|-
|2
|
|Lakheswar Gohain
|1983
|1985
|2 years
|-
|3
|
|Chakreswar Saikia
|1985
|1987
|2 years
|-
|4
|
|Jogeswar Mahanta
|1987
|1989
|2 years
|-
|5
|
|Prabin Baruah
|1989
|1995
|6 years
|-
|6
|
|[[Indramoni Bora]]
|1995
|1997
|2 years
|-
|7
|
|[[Narayan Chandra Borkataky]]
|
|
|
|-
|8
|[[File:Rajen Gohain assuming office as Minister of State, Railways (cropped).jpg|99x99px]]
|[[Rajen Gohain]]
|
|
|
|-
|(6)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=28 December 2019 |title=Former Assam BJP President Indramoni Bora Passes Away |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/former-assam-bjp-president-indramoni-bora-passes-away |access-date= |website=The Sentinel |language=}}</ref>
|
|[[Indramoni Bora]]
|19-Oct-2003
|2006
|3 years
|-
|9
|[[File:Ramen Deka with President Murmu (cropped).jpg|99x99px]]
|[[Ramen Deka]]
|2006
|2010
|4 years
|-
|10
|[[File:The Vice President, Shri M. Hamid Ansari lighting the lamp at the inaugural function of the 19th National Convention on Knowledge, Library and Information Networking - NACLIN 2016, at Tezpur University, in Assam (cropped).jpg|85x85px]]
|[[Ranjit Dutta]]
|2010
|2012
|2 years
|-
|11<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2012 |title=Sarbananda state BJP president |url=https://assamtimes.org/node/7576 |website=Assamtimes}}</ref>
|[[File:Chief Minister of Assam Sarbananda Sonowal.jpg|98x98px]]
|[[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
|9-Nov-2012
|16-Aug-2014
|{{Age in years and days|9 November 2012|16 August 2014}}
|-
|12<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2014 |title=Siddhartha Bhattacharya to head state BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Siddhartha-Bhattacharya-to-head-state-BJP/articleshow/40319090.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|[[File:Siddhartha Bhattacharya.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Siddhartha Bhattacharya]]
|16-Aug-2014
|21-Nov-2015
|{{Age in years and days|16 August 2014|21 November 2015}}
|-
|13<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2015 |title=Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal Appointed Assam BJP Chief |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/union-minister-sarbananda-sonowal-appointed-assam-bjp-chief-1245900 |website=NDTV}}</ref>
|[[File:Chief Minister of Assam Sarbananda Sonowal.jpg|98x98px]]
|[[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
|21-Nov-2015
|16-Dec-2016
|{{Age in years and days|21 November 2015|16 December 2016}}
|-
|14<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 December 2016 |title=BJP appoints scribe-turned-speaker Ranjit Kumar Das its Assam unit chief |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/Dec/16/bjp-appoints-scribe-turned-speaker-ranjit-kumar-das-its-assam-unit-chief-1549835.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:Ranjeet Kumar Dass official portrait.jpg|96x96px]]
|[[Ranjeet Kumar Dass]]
|16-Dec-2016
|26-Jun-2021
|{{Age in years and days|16 December 2016|26 June 2021}}
|-
|15<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=26 June 2021 |title=BJP appoints MLA Bhabesh Kalita in-charge of Assam, Sharda Devi president of Manipur unit |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-nadda-appoints-bhabesh-kalita-assam-sharda-devi-manipur-president-1819735-2021-06-26 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:Bhabesh Kalita portrait.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Bhabesh Kalita]]
|26-Jun-2021
|16-Jan-2025
|{{Age in years and days|26 June 2021|16 January 2025}}
|-
|16<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=16 January 2025 |title=Lok Sabha MP Dilip Saikia set to become new Assam BJP chief |url=https://theprint.in/india/lok-sabha-mp-dilip-saikia-set-to-become-new-assam-bjp-chief/2448884/ |access-date= |website=ThePrint |language=}}</ref>
|
|[[Dilip Saikia]]
|16-Jan-2025
|''present''
|{{Age in years and days|16 January 2025}}
|}
==See also==
*[[Asom Gana Parishad]]
*[[United People's Party Liberal]]
*[[Bodoland People's Front]]
*[[National Democratic Alliance]]
*[[North East Democratic Alliance]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance]]
*[[People's Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)|People's Democratic Alliance, Nagaland]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Gujarat]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[State units of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite web |title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18 January 2013 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=9 May 2013 |location=India |year=2013 |ref={{harvid |Election Commission |2013}} }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatiya Janata Party - Assam}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party by state or union territory|Assam]]
[[Category:Political parties in Assam]]

Anklav Assembly constituency

2026-05-03T04:48:22Z

Ayman:

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Anklav
| mla = [[Amit Chavda]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Anand district|Anand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anand Lok Sabha constituency|Anand]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:225231}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 110
}}

'''Anklav''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

It is part of [[Anand district|Anand]] district.

== List of segments ==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>
{|class ="wikitable"
|-
! SI No.
! Name
|-
|1.
|Anklav Taluka
|-
|colspan=6|Anand Taluka (Part) Villages
|-
|2.
|Khanpur
|-
|3.
|Sarsa
|-
|4.
|Bedva
|-
|5.
|Gopalpura
|-
|6.
|Mogar
|-
|7.
|Kherda
|-
|8.
|Vaherakhadi
|-
|9.
|Ramnagar
|-
|10.
|Vadod
|-
|11.
|Napad Vanto
|-
|12.
|Napad Talpad
|-
|13.
|Adas
|-
|14.
|Anklavdi
|-
|15.
|Rajupura
|-
|16.
|Vasad
|-
|17.
|Sundan
|-
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{|class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Amit Chavda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=election2017/>
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Anklav Assembly constituency }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Amit Chavda|party=Indian National Congress|votes=81,512|percentage=48.71|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gulabsinh Ratansinh Padhiyar|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=78,783|percentage=47.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gajendrasinh Harisinh Raj|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=1,603|percentage=0.96|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,729|percentage=1.64|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:221099}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2017]]:Anklav<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Amit Chavda]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 90,603
|percentage = 58.30
|change = +0.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Hansakuvarba Raj
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 56,974
|percentage = 36.66
|change = +0.30
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 33,629
|percentage = 21.64
|change = +0.13
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,55,399
|percentage = 76.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Amit Chavda]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 81,575
|percentage = 57.87
|change =

}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jasvantsinh Solanki
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 51,256
|percentage = 36.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 30,319
|percentage = 21.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 140,957
|percentage = 78.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Anand district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Anand district}}
{{coord|22.38|73|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Anand district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Kuchor Athuni

2026-05-02T00:53:21Z

Ayman: new

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kuchor Athuni
| settlement_type = Village
| map_caption = Kuchor Athuni (India)
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|27.8514|N|73.6751|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jasrasar]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 43.61
| population_total = 3736
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 334802
| registration_plate = RJ-50, RJ-07
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=18 November 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''Kuchor Athuni''' is a small village in [[Jasrasar]] Tehsil of [[Bikaner District]], [[Rajasthan]], India.

People residing in this village rely on agriculture, consisting of irrigated and non-irrigated farming.

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 Census conducted by the [[Government of India]], the population of this village was 3,736, out of which 1,937 were males and 1,799 were females.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population of Kuchor Athuni village as per 2011-Census, conducted by Government of India. |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69587-kuchor-athooni-rajasthan.html |access-date= 18 November 2024}}</ref>
The literacy rate was 63.33%.

Inhabitants of this village follows [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by religious community - Bikaner District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS}}</ref>

{{Bar box|float=right|title=Religion in Kuchor Athuni village (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd117|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|100}}
|caption=Distribution of religions in Kuchor Athuni Village}}

[[Bagri language|Bagri]] is the most spoken language here.
[[Hindi Language|Hindi]], and [[English Language|English]] are officially used languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages in Kuchor Athuni village|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|thumb=left|value1=97|value2=2|value3=1|color1=yellow|color2=red|color3=black|caption=Languages of Kuchor Athuni village(2011)|label1=[[Bagri language|Bagri]]|label2=[[Hindi]]|label3=[[English Language|English]]}}

The village's Pin Code (Postal Index Number Code) is 334202.{{citation needed|date= November 2024}}

==Transportation==
Road transport facilities in this village are good, although there are no railway transportation facilities.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

==See also==
*[[Jasrasar]]
*[[Kuchor Aguni]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Barelvi movement

2026-04-30T02:34:19Z

Ayman: starting basic post basic info!

{{Short description|South Asian Islamic revivalist movement}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Barelvi}}
{{Islam}}
{{Sunni Islam|Movements}}
The '''Barelvi movement''', also known as '''Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah''' (People of the Prophet's Way and the Community) is a [[Sunni]] revivalist movement that generally adheres to the [[Hanafi school|Hanafi]] and [[Shafi'i school|Shafi'i]] schools of jurisprudence, the [[Maturidism|Maturidi]] and [[Ash'arism|Ash'ari]] [[Aqidah|creeds]], a variety of [[Sufi orders]], including the [[Qadiri]], [[Chisti|Chishti]], [[Naqshbandi]] and [[Suhrawardiyya|Suhrawardi]] orders, as well as many other orders of Sufism, and has hundreds of millions of followers across the world. They consider themselves to be the continuation of [[Sunni Islamic]] orthodoxy before the rise of [[Salafism]] and the [[Deobandi]] movement.

The Barelvi movement is spread across the globe with millions of followers, thousands of mosques, institutions, and organizations in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Sri Lanka]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[South Africa]] and other parts of Africa, Europe, the Caribbean, and the [[United States]].

As of 2000, the movement had around 200 million followers globally but mainly located in Pakistan and India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bowker |first=John |title=The concise Oxford dictionary of world religions |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University press |isbn=978-0-19-280094-7 |edition=Abridged and updated ed. [of the "Oxford dictionary of world religions"] |series=Oxford paperback reference |location=Oxford |quote=Indian and Pakistani school of Muslim thought with over 200 million followers.}}</ref>

The movement claims to revive the Sunnah as embodied in the Qur'an, literature of traditions (hadith) and the way of the scholars, as the people had lapsed from the Prophetic traditions. Consequently, scholars took the duty of reminding Muslims go back to the 'ideal' way of Islam. The movement drew inspiration from the Sunni [[doctrine]]s of [[Shah Abdur Rahim]] (1644-1719) founder of [[Madrasah-i Rahimiyah]] and one of the compilers of [[Fatawa-e-Alamgiri]]. Shah Abdur Rahim is the father of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]]. The movement also drew inspiration from [[Shah Abdul Aziz Muhaddith Dehlavi]] (1746 –1824) and [[Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi]] (1796–1861) founder of the Khairabad School.
Fazle Haq Khairabadi Islamic scholar and leader of [[1857 rebellion]] issued ''fatwas'' against Wahhabi [[Shah Ismail Dehlvi|Ismail Dehlvi]] for his doctrine of God's alleged ability to lie ({{Transliteration|ur|imkan-i kizb}}) from Delhi in 1825. Ismail is considered as an intellectual ancestor of Deobandis.

The movement emphasizes personal devotion and adherence to [[Sīrah]] of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], [[sharia]] and {{Transliteration|ar|[[fiqh]]}}, following the four [[Madhhab|Islamic schools of thought]], the usage of {{Transliteration|ar|[[Ilm al-Kalam]]}} and Sufi practices such as veneration of and seeking help from [[saints in Islam|saints]] among other things associated with Sufism. The movement defines itself as an authentic representative of Sunni Islam, {{Transliteration|ur|Ahl-i-Sunnat wa-al-Jamāʿat}} (The people who adhere to the Prophetic Tradition and preserve the unity of the community).

[[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]] (1856–1921), who was a Sunni Sufi scholar and reformer in north India, wrote extensively, including the {{Transliteration|ur|[[Fatawa-i Razawiyya]]}}, in defense of the [[Muhammad in Islam|status of Muhammad in Islam]] and popular Sufi practices, and became the leader of the Barelvi movement.

==Terminology==
The Barelvi movement is also known as the {{Transliteration|ar|Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah}}.<ref name="Routledge">{{Cite book |last1=Hassankhan |first1=Maurits S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRR6DQAAQBAJ&q=Barelvi+ahle+sunnat+wal+jamaat&pg=PT125 |title=Indentured Muslims in the Diaspora: Identity and Belonging of Minority Groups in Plural Societies |last2=Vahed |first2=Goolam |last3=Roopnarine |first3=Lomarsh |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-351-98686-1 |language=en |access-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807184907/https://books.google.com/books?id=pRR6DQAAQBAJ&q=Barelvi+ahle+sunnat+wal+jamaat&pg=PT125 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy29DwAAQBAJ&q=Barelvi+Ahlesunnat |title=Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi: In the Path of the Prophet |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-78074-189-5 |language=en |access-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807184910/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy29DwAAQBAJ&q=Barelvi+Ahlesunnat |archive-date=7 August 2021 |url-status=live |orig-date=First published 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Moj |first=Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLbMBgAAQBAJ&q=Ahle+sunnat+wal+jamaat+Ahmed+Raza+Khan&pg=PA8 |title=The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-78308-446-3 |language=en |access-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807184912/https://books.google.com/books?id=qLbMBgAAQBAJ&q=Ahle+sunnat+wal+jamaat+Ahmed+Raza+Khan&pg=PA8 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sumbal |first=Saadia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zF40EAAAQBAJ&q=barelvi+ahle+sunnat+wal+jamaat&pg=PT29 |title=Islam and Religious Change in Pakistan: Sufis and Ulema in 20th Century South Asia |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-000-41504-9 |language=en |access-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807184907/https://books.google.com/books?id=zF40EAAAQBAJ&q=barelvi+ahle+sunnat+wal+jamaat&pg=PT29 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[Oxford Reference]], {{Transliteration|ar|Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah}} or Barelvi is movement developed on the basis of writings of Mawlana Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi.<ref name="Esposito2003">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-76?rskey=uPHzDO&result=1 |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The Database of Religious History refers the movement as the Ahl-e-Sunnat wa Jamaat (often, Ahl-e-Sunnat) which has a very strong presence in South Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://religiondatabase.org/browse/690/#/|title=The Database of Religious History|website=religiondatabase.org|access-date=4 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184825/https://religiondatabase.org/browse/690/#/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Professor [[Usha Sanyal]], an expert on 'Ahl-i Sunnat Movement', referred the movement as Ahl-i Sunnat. She wrote that the movement refer to themselves as 'Sunnis' in their literature and prefer to be known by the title of ''Ahle Sunnat wa Jama'at'' a reference to the perception of them,<ref name="Esposito2003" /><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2018 |title=Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi |encyclopedia=Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism |publisher=Springer |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |editor1-last=Kassam |editor1-first=Zayn R. |series=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions |pages=22–24 |doi=10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_1951 |isbn=978-94-024-1267-3 |editor2-last=Greenberg |editor2-first=Yudit Kornberg |editor3-last=Bagli |editor3-first=Jehan}}</ref><ref name="The Barelvī School of Thought">{{cite web |title=The Barelvī School of Thought |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0288.xml}}</ref> as forming an international majority amongst Sunnis, although Barelvi is the term used by section of media to refer to this specific movement arising from Sunni Islam.<ref name="hewer">{{cite book|author1=C. T. R. Hewer|author2=Allan Anderson|title=Understanding Islam: The First Ten Steps|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu9eo1MFiYgC&pg=PA204|year=2006|publisher=Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd|isbn=978-0-334-04032-3|page=204|access-date=21 September 2016|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401062258/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu9eo1MFiYgC&pg=PA204|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Muslim World 113">''Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World'', pg. 113. [[Marshall Cavendish]], 2011. {{ISBN|978-0-7614-7929-1}}</ref><ref name="Globalisation 53">''Globalisation, Religion & Development'', pg. 53. Eds. Farhang Morady and İsmail Şiriner. London: International Journal of Politics and Economics, 2011.</ref><ref name="sirr">Elizabeth Sirriyeh, ''Sufis and Anti-Sufis: The Defense, Rethinking and Rejection of Sufism in the Modern World'', pg. 49. London: [[Routledge]], 1999. {{ISBN|0-7007-1058-2}}.</ref><ref name="Tremors 191">Rowena Robinson, ''Tremors of Violence: Muslim Survivors of Ethnic Strife in Western India'', pg. 191. [[Thousand Oaks, California|Thousand Oaks]]: [[SAGE Publications]], 2005. {{ISBN|0-7619-3408-1}}</ref><ref name="journals.cambridge.org">Usha Sanyal. [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=69415&jid=ASS&volumeId=32&issueId=03&aid=69414 Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the Twentieth Century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317013822/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |date=17 March 2020 }}. Modern Asian Studies (1998), Cambridge University Press.</ref>

Main leaders of Ahle Sunnat movement Imam [[Ahmad Raza Khan]] and other scholars never used the term 'Barelvi' to identify themselves or their movement;<ref name="sas" /> they saw themselves as [[Sunni]] Muslims defending traditional Sunni beliefs from deviations.<ref name="sas">{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8BmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|title=Sufis and Anti-Sufis: The Defence, Rethinking and Rejection of Sufism in the Modern World|page=49|author=Elizabeth Sirriyeh|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|isbn=978-1-136-81276-7|year=2013|orig-date=First published 1999|access-date=6 September 2020|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181453/https://books.google.com/books?id=U8BmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2010 |title=Sufi Orders |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2010/09/15/muslim-networks-and-movements-in-western-europe-sufi-orders/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524080541/https://www.pewforum.org/2010/09/15/muslim-networks-and-movements-in-western-europe-sufi-orders/ |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=28 May 2021 |work=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Only later was the term 'Barelvi' used by the section of media and by opposition groups <ref name="journals.cambridge.org" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sunnirazvi.net/topics/sunnis.htm |title=Ahle Sunnat wa Jamaat |website=Khanqah Qadiriya Razviya |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901131528/http://sunnirazvi.net/topics/sunnis.htm |archive-date=1 September 2017}}</ref> on the basis of the hometown Bareilly, of its main leader Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Qadri (1856–1921).<ref name="Muslim World 113" /><ref name="Globalisation 53" /><ref name="sirr" /><ref name="Tremors 191" /><ref name="journals.cambridge.org" /> The Barelvis are also called Sunni Sufis.<ref name="sas" />

==History==
Islamic scholar and teacher of Ahmed Raza Khan Qadri, Maulana [[Naqi Ali Khan]] (1830-1880) had refuted the ideas of [[Syed Ahmad Barelvi|Sayyid Ahmad Barelwi]] (d. 1831), who was a founder of [[Wahabism|Wahhabism]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Wahhabi-Movement-in-India/Ahmad/p/book/9780367514839|title=The Wahhabi Movement in India|website=Routledge & CRC Press|access-date=30 April 2021|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430195437/https://www.routledge.com/The-Wahhabi-Movement-in-India/Ahmad/p/book/9780367514839|url-status=live}}</ref>
Naqi Ali Khan declared Sayyid Ahmad Rae Barelwi, a '[[Wahabi|Wahhabi]]' due to his support for [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]]'s ideology.
Similarly, founder of Khairabad school, Allama [[Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi]] in 1825 in his book 'Tahqîqul-Fatâwâ' and
Allama Fazle-Rasûl Badayûnî in his book 'Saiful-Jabbâr' issued Fatwas against the founders of [[Ahl-i Hadith]] and [[Deobandi]] movements <ref name="rag">{{citation |url=https://www.academia.edu/282790 |title=Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi(d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism |first1=Brannon D. |last1=Ingram |journal=The Muslim World |year=2009 |volume=99 |issue=3 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=484 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x |access-date=30 April 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028131851/https://www.academia.edu/282790 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nafseislam.net/en/Literature/English/Books/TheVoiceOfTruth/TheVoiceOfTruth.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185033/https://www.nafseislam.net/en/Literature/English/Books/TheVoiceOfTruth/TheVoiceOfTruth.pdf }}</ref> Fazle Haq Khairabadi Islamic scholar and leader of [[1857 rebellion]] issued ''fatwas'' against Wahhabi [[Shah Ismail Dehlvi|Ismail Dehlvi]] for his doctrine of God's alleged ability to lie (Imkan-i-Kizb) from Delhi in 1825.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khair Abadi |first=Fazl e Haq |title=''Taḥqīqulfatvá fī ibt̤āl al-t̤ug̲h̲vá'' |publisher=[['Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi|Shah Abd al-Haqq Muhaddith e -Dehlawi]] Academy |year=1825}}</ref> Ismail is considered as an intellectual ancestor of Deobandis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jamal |first=Malik |title=Madrasas in South Asia: teaching terror? |date=2008 |publisher=Routhledge |isbn=978-0-415-44247-3 |oclc=759884386}}</ref><ref>Introduction of Ahle Sunnat wal Jama'at (Sawad E Azam Ahl E Sunnat Wal Jama'at Aqaed W Mamulat) by [[Yaseen Akhtar Misbahi]], published by Darul Qalam, Delhi 2014</ref> This refutation of traditional scholars against newly emerging Wahabi sect influenced Sunni scholars such as Ahmed Raza Khan Qadri and paved the way for more organised movement which later came to be known as Ahle-Sunnat movement in South Asia. The movement formed as a defense of the traditional mystic practices of South Asia, which it sought to prove and support.{{sfn|Riaz|2008|p=91}}

The Ahl-i Sunnat or Sunni Barelwi movement began in the 1880s under the leadership of [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi|Ahmad Raza Khan]] (1856-1921),<ref name="Esposito2003" /> who spent his lifetime writing fatwas (judicial opinion) and later established Islamic schools in 1904 with the [[Manzar-e-Islam]] in the [[Bareilly]] and other madrasas in [[Pilibhit]] and [[Lahore]] cities.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JjElDwAAQBAJ&q=naqi%2520ali%2520khan&pg=PA45|isbn=978-1-351-98687-8|title=Indentured Muslims in the Diaspora: Identity and Belonging of Minority Groups in Plural Societies|date=10 November 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|access-date=30 April 2021|archive-date=15 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715085000/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indentured_Muslims_in_the_Diaspora/JjElDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=naqi%2520ali%2520khan&pg=PA45&printsec=frontcover|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |author-link=Usha Sanyal |editor-first=Jamal |editor-last=Malik |title=Madrasas in South Asia: Teaching terror? |year=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=23–44 |chapter=Ahl-i Sunnat Madrasas: the Madrasa Manzar-i Islam, Bareilly, and Jamia Ashrafiyya, Mubarakpur |isbn=978-0-415-44247-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lo_Whlz-sYC&pg=PA23 |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118183026/https://books.google.com/books?id=0lo_Whlz-sYC&pg=PA23 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=riaz>{{harvnb|Riaz|2008|p=123}}: "...were advanced by Imam Ahmad Reza Khan of Bareilly in 1906 as the original form of Islam and as the alternative to the austere path of the Deobandis."</ref><ref>Barbara Daly Metcalf, ''Islamic revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900'', pg. 312. [[Oxford]]: [[Oxford University Press]], 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-19-566049-4}}</ref><ref>Roshen Dalal, ''The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths'', pg. 51. Revised edition. [[City of Westminster]]: [[Penguin Books]], 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-14-341517-6}}</ref><ref>[[Barbara D. Metcalf]], ''Islam in South Asia in Practice'', pg. 342. [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]]: [[Princeton University Press]], 2009.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Roy|Sfeir|2007|p=92}} "...as distinct from the reformist construction of Deoband."</ref><ref>Gregory C. Doxlowski. ''Devotional Islam and Politics in British India: Ahmad Raza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870–1920''. [[Journal of the American Oriental Society]], Oct–Dec 1999.</ref> The Barelvi movement formed as a defense of the traditional mystic practices of South Asia, which it sought to prove and support.{{sfn|Riaz|2008|p=91}}

The movement views themselves as ''Sunni or Ahle Sunnat wal Jamaat''<ref name="Esposito2003" /> and according to it main leaders of the movement including Imam Ahmad Riza Khan, did not invent new sect but defended traditional Sunni Islam. According to Ahle Sunnat scholars, Deobandis have created a new sect.<ref>A subcontinent's Sunni schism: The Deobandi-Barelvi dynamic and the creation of modern south Asia<div>A subcontinent's Sunni schism: The Deobandi-Barelvi dynamic and the creation of modern south Asia</div><div>[https://www.proquest.com/indexinglinkhandler/sng/au/Jackson,+W.+Kesler/$N;jsessionid=E71CDD20459B791FCAF3F33C6038AD71.i-02e507afe65265d8c Jackson, W. Kesler] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715085013/https://www.proquest.com/indexinglinkhandler/sng/au/Jackson,+W.+Kesler/$N;jsessionid=E71CDD20459B791FCAF3F33C6038AD71.i-02e507afe65265d8c |date=15 July 2022 }}.Syracuse University. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2013. 3597234.</div></ref>
The Sunni madrasas of this movement have rarely, if ever, been involved in extremist politics and militancy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/31051/1/Nelson%20Religion%20Politics%20and%20the%20Modern%20University%20in%20Pakistan%20and%20Bangladesh.pdf |title=Islamic Education In Bangladesh And Pakistan: Trends In Tertiary Institutions |last1=Ahmad |first1=Mumtaz |last2=Nelson |first2=Matthew J. |date=April 2009 |website=The National Bureau of Asian Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130022040/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/31051/1/Nelson%20Religion%20Politics%20and%20the%20Modern%20University%20in%20Pakistan%20and%20Bangladesh.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2021}}</ref>

===Propagation against the Shuddhi (Arya Samaj conversion) Movement===
Hindu [[Arya Samaj]], through its founder Swami [[Dayanand Saraswati]]<ref name=daya>[https://books.google.com/books?id=soAqgQA7t0sC&dq=Shuddhi&pg=PA116 Dayanand and the Shuddhi Movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525102325/https://books.google.com/books?id=soAqgQA7t0sC&pg=PA116&dq=Shuddhi&lr= |date=25 May 2021 }} ''Indian Political Tradition'', by D.K Mohanty. Published by Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. {{ISBN|81-261-2033-9}}. ''Page 116''.</ref> initiated converting Muslims back in to Hinduism specially in [[North India]], and Punjab in early 1900s.
They became active in Bharatpur State and they also preached to the neo-Muslim Malkanas, in Etawah, Kanpur, Shahajahnpur, Hardoi, Meerut and Mainpuri in the western United Provinces, exhorting them to return to what they believed was their 'ancestral religion'. As a result, the movement became controversial and it also antagonized the Muslims populace <ref name=un>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yRrbSzEvNCMC&dq=Shuddhi&pg=PA157 untouchable assertion] ''The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth-century India'', by Nandini Gooptu. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-521-44366-0}}. ''Page 157''.</ref>
To counter this movement Indian Muslims started Islamic Dawa work among the Muslim population and challenged the Arya Samaj leaders for debates. Mufti Naeemuddin Moradabadi, [[Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri]] and Hamid Raza Khan along with a team of Ahle Sunnat scholars through [[Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa]] worked in north Indian towns and villages against the [[Shuddhi movement]].<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{cite book|title=Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age|author=Ridgeon, L.|date=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4725-3223-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WipfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187|page=187|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-date=13 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613142409/https://books.google.com/books?id=WipfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Communal and pan-Islamic trends in colonial India|author1=Hasan, M.|author2=Jamia Millia Islamia (India). Dept. of History|date=1985|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-0-8364-1620-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRBuAAAAMAAJ|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-date=21 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821073752/https://books.google.com/books?id=xRBuAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref>''The Fundamentalism Project'', by Martin E. Marty, R. Scott Appleby, American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Published by University of Chicago Press, 1991.{{ISBN|0-226-50878-1}}. ''Page 564''.</ref>
The Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa prevented around four hundred thousand conversions to Hinduism in eastern U.P and Rajasthan during its activities under anti-[[Shuddhi (Hinduism)|Shuddhi]] movement.<ref>Jackson, William Kesler, "A Subcontinent's Sunni Schism: The Deobandi-Barelvi Rivalry and the Creation of Modern South Asia" (2013). History - Dissertations.page 188 & 189. https://surface.syr.edu/hst_etd/102 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506224031/https://surface.syr.edu/hst_etd/102/ |date=6 May 2021 }}</ref>
In 1917, Islamic scholar Mufti [[Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi]] organized the historical Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa conference at [[Jamia Naeemia Moradabad]] U.P, with a mission to curb, and if possible reverse, the tide of re-conversions threatening the Muslim community in the wake of the Shuddhi movement.<ref>Jackson, William Kesler (2013), page 188 & 189</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://muftiakhtarrazakhan.com/tareekh-jrm/|title=tareekh jamat raza e mustafa|access-date=1 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214628/https://muftiakhtarrazakhan.com/tareekh-jrm/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Shaheed Ganj Mosque Movement===
[[File:Photograph of the western aspect of Masjid Shahidganj (Shaheed Ganj Mosque, originally named the Abdullah Khan Mosque), ca.1930's.jpg|thumb|left|Masjid Shahidganj (Shaheed Ganj Mosque, originally named the Abdullah Khan Mosque), ca.1930's]]
Shaheed Ganj Mosque was commissioned in 1722 during the reign of Mughal Emperor [[Alamgir II]] and built by Abdullah Khan. The construction was completed in 1753. It was located in [[Naulakha Bazaar]] area of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hs-1AAAAIAAJ&q=lahore+shaheed+ganj+mosque|title=Journal of Sikh Studies|date=1975|publisher=Department of Guru Nanak Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University.|language=en|access-date=5 June 2021|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711104816/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hs-1AAAAIAAJ&q=lahore+shaheed+ganj+mosque|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1762, the [[Bhangi Misl|Bhangi misl Sikh]] army conquered Lahore and occupied the mosque. The [[Muslim]]s were not allowed to enter and pray, although Sikhs were given the right to pray. The [[Sikh]]s built a [[gurdwara]] in the courtyard while the Mosque building was used as a residence for the Sikh priest.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Hilal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VR3ICQAAQBAJ&q=lahore+shaheed+ganj+mosque&pg=PT72|title=Muslim Political Discourse in Postcolonial India: Monuments, Memory, Contestation|date=3 June 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-55954-2|language=en|access-date=5 June 2021|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711104816/https://books.google.com/books?id=VR3ICQAAQBAJ&q=lahore+shaheed+ganj+mosque&pg=PT72|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 17 April 1850, a case was in Punjab High Court. Several suits were filed between 1853 and 1883 to recover the Shaheed Ganj Mosque, but courts maintained the status quo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/studies/PDF-FILES/Artical-5-Vol-12-1-2011.pdf|title=Shahidganj Mosque Issue and the Muslims Response: 1935-1936|access-date=25 May 2021|archive-date=26 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126050128/http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/studies/PDF-FILES/Artical-5-Vol-12-1-2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 1935, the Sikhs announced that they would demolish the Shaheed Ganj Mosque. Several thousand Muslims assembled in front of the mosque to protect it. But, on the night of 7 July 1935 the Sikhs demolished the mosque, leading to riots and disorder in Lahore.
Ahle Sunnat scholar and Sufi Peer [[Jamaat Ali Shah]] of Sialkot, Pakistan, led the Shaheed Ganj Mosque movement.<ref>The Religious And Reformative Services Of Renowned Sufis Of Silsila-E-Naqshbandia Mujadidia (1841-2000) Hussain, Mehrban (2008) PhD thesis, University of Karachi, Karachi</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=33xmAAAAMAAJ&q=peer+syed+Jamaat+ali+shah|title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Pakistan|work=google.co.in|year=2001|access-date=25 May 2021|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711104812/https://books.google.com/books?id=33xmAAAAMAAJ&q=peer+syed+Jamaat+ali+shah|url-status=live}}</ref>
Muslims held a public meeting on 19–20 July 1935 at the [[Badshahi mosque]], and marched directly on the Shaheedganj mosque. Police opened fire on the crowd to kill more than a dozen.<ref name='SOP'>{{Cite web|url=https://storyofpakistan.com/shaheed-gunj-mosque-incident/|title=Shaheed Gunj Mosque Incident {{pipe}} The Shahidganj mosque, located in Landa bazaar outside Delhi gate at Lahore.|date=1 January 2007|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525110515/http://storyofpakistan.com/shaheed-gunj-mosque-incident/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6JrL2GdwkVsC|title=Islam, Politics, and Social Movements |author=Edmund Burke |author2=Ervand Abrahamian |author3=Ira Marvin Lapidus |publisher=University of California Press|year=1988|isbn=978-0-520-06868-1|page=156|access-date=25 May 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525105755/https://books.google.com/books?id=6JrL2GdwkVsC|url-status=live}}</ref>

Peer Jamaat Ali Shah presided over the first session of the Conference to organize protests against the demolition. He was appointed the Chief of the protests. "Shaheedganj Day" was observed on 20 September 1935 under his leadership. His appointment as leader of this movement garnered support from other Sunni scholars. Fazal Shah of Jalalpur and Ghulam Mohiuddin of Golra Sharif, Zainulabedin Shah of the Gilani family from Multan and [[Hizbul Ahnaf|Anjuman Hizb-ul-Ahnaf]] from Lahore offered support to Shah's leadership. This consensus created a religious and political base which reduced urban-rural differences. The struggle continued for several years.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Studies |date=January 2011 |volume=12 |title=Article 5 |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/studies/PDF-FILES/Artical-5-Vol-12-1-2011.pdf |publisher=[[University of the Punjab]] |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126050128/http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/studies/PDF-FILES/Artical-5-Vol-12-1-2011.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="tazkira">{{cite book |title=Tazkira-e-Shah Jamaat RA |publisher=Jamatia Haideria |location=Lahore |url=https://archive.org/details/TazkaraShahEJamathazratPirJamatAliShahNaqshbandir.aurduislamic}}</ref>

===All India Sunni Conference===
Ahle Sunnat established in 1925 a body of Islamic scholars and Sufis named All India Sunni Conference, in the wake of Congress led secular [[Indian nationalism]], changing geo-political situation of India. Islamic scholars and popular leaders [[Peer Jamaat Ali Shah|Jamaat Ali Shah]], [[Maulana Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi|Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi]], [[Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri]], [[Amjad Ali Aazmi]], [[Maulana Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni|Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni]], [[Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi]] and Pir [[Syed Faiz-ul Hassan Shah]] were the main leaders.<ref name="Muslim Organisations">{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RS73Xn1Gjv8C&q=All+India+Sunni+Conference&pg=PA152 |title=Muslim Organisations in the Twentieth Century: Selected Entries from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam |publisher=EWI Press |date=1 October 2012 |isbn=978-1-908433-09-1 |editor1-first=Gholamali Haddad |editor1-last=Adel |editor3-last=Taromi-Rad |editor3-first=Hassan |editor2-first=Mohammad Jafar |editor2-last=Elmi |pages=152– |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525111612/https://books.google.com/books?id=RS73Xn1Gjv8C&q=All+India+Sunni+Conference&pg=PA152 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Wilson Pakistan">{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfI-hEI8a9wC&q=All+India+Sunni+Conference%7Ctitle%3DPakistan%7Cwork%3Dgoogle.co.in&pg=PA87 |title=Pakistan: The Struggle within |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Wilson |date=1 December 2009 |isbn=978-81-317-2504-7 |publisher=Pearson Longman |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525111613/https://books.google.com/books?id=XfI-hEI8a9wC&q=All+India+Sunni+Conference%7Ctitle%3DPakistan%7Cwork%3Dgoogle.co.in&pg=PA87 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1925, its first Conference was attended by three hundred Ulema and Mashaikh. AISC focus was on Unity, brotherhood, preaching and protection of Islamic faith with a stress on need for acquiring modern education for Muslims.<ref name="David 1988">{{citation|first1=David |last1=Gilmartin |title=Empire and Islam. Punjab and the Making of Pakistan |publisher=University of California Press Berkley |year=1988 |page=216}}</ref><ref name="Muslim Organisations"/>
The Second Conference was held in [[Badaun]] U.P in October 1935 under the Presidency of Jamaat Ali Shah. It discussed [[Shaheed Ganj Mosque]] Movement. and openly opposed [[Ibn Saud]]'s policies in Arabia, the Conference demanded to respect the Holy and sacred places of the Muslims.<ref name="David 1988"/><ref name="Muslim Organisations"/> The third Conference held on 27–30 April 1946 at [[Benaras]] discussed the disturbed condition of the country and possible solution for the Muslims in the wake of demand for [[Pakistan]].<ref name="David 1988"/><ref name="Muslim Organisations"/><ref name="Buehler1998">{{cite book |first1=Arthur F. |last1=Buehler |first2=Annemarie |last2=Schimmel |title=Sufi Heirs of the Prophet: The Indian Naqshbandiyya and the Rise of the Mediating Sufi Shaykh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDsFTw76GZMC&pg=PA213 |date=January 1998 |publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-57003-201-1 |pages=213– |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111050923/https://books.google.com/books?id=MDsFTw76GZMC&pg=PA213 |url-status=live }}</ref>

*All India Muslim League
Several Sufi Barelvi scholars supported the [[All-India Muslim League]] and Pakistan's demand claiming that Congress aimed at establishing Hindu state and arguing, that Muslims need to have their own country.<ref name="Sikand2005">{{cite book|author=Yoginder Sikand|title=Bastions of the Believers: Madrasas and Islamic Education in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dK6_IMuqWpoC&pg=PA228|year=2005|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-400020-3|pages=228–|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507121755/https://books.google.com/books?id=dK6_IMuqWpoC&pg=PA228|url-status=live}}</ref> Few Barelvi scholars [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]] and the League's demand to be seen as the only representative of Indian Muslims.<ref name="Kukreja">{{cite book |last1=Kukreja |first1=Veena |last2=Singh |first2=M. P. |title=Pakistan: Democracy, Development, and Security Issues |date=2005 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |isbn=978-93-5280-332-3 |quote=The latter two organizations were offshoots of the pre-independence Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Hind and were {{sic|comprised|hide=y}} mainly of Deobandi Muslims (Deoband was the site for the Indian Academy of Theology and Islamic Jurisprudence). The Deobandis had supported the Congress Party prior to partition in the effort to terminate British rule in India. Deobandis also were prominent in the Khilafat movement of the 1920s, a movement Jinnah had publicly opposed. The Muslim League, therefore, had difficulty in recruiting ulema in the cause of Pakistan, and Jinnah and other League politicians were largely inclined to leave the religious teachers to their tasks in administering to the spiritual life of Indian Muslims. If the League touched any of the ''ulema'' it was the Barelvis, but they too never supported the Muslim League, let alone the latter's call to represent all Indian Muslims.}}</ref>

'''Main roles played by Ahle Sunnat movement scholars and leaders''':
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f8f8f8; padding:0; font-size:90%;"
|-
!Name
!Years
!Role
|-
|Mujadid [[Imam Ahmed Raza Khan]] Barelvi Muhaddis || (1856–1921)|| Main leader of Ahle Sunnat Movement, Hanafi Jurist, Mujadid, Sufi, Reformer and Author of several hundred books and treaties on various branches of Islamic sciences.
|-
|[[Peer Jamaat Ali Shah]] || (1834–1951) || Sufi Shaikh and leader of All India Sunni Conference, [[Pakistan movement]] and [[Shaheed Ganj Mosque]] movement.
|-
|Mufti [[Hamid Raza Khan]] || (1875–1943) || Sufi scholar and President of the [[Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa]]
|-
|Maulana [[Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi]] Sadrul Afazil || (1887–1948)|| Founder of [[All India Sunni Conference]]) [[Jamia Naeemia Moradabad]]
|-
|[[Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri]] Mufti Azam-e- Hind || (1892–1981)|| Grand Mufti of India and did the Dawah work against [[Shuddhi (Hinduism)|Shuddhi]] Movement.
|-
|[[Maulana Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni]]|| (1898–1970) || Main leader of [[Pakistan movement]] and All India Sunni Conference.
|-
|Peer Syed [[Faiz-ul Hassan Shah]] of [[Allo Mahar]] Shareef|| (1911–1984)||Islamic religious scholar, orator, poet, writer and Chairman of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan]] and [[Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatme Nabuwwat]].
|-
|[[Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi]]|| (1909–1970)||Theologian, Jurist and Chairman of [[Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatme Nabuwwat]].
|-
|Justice [[Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari]]|| (1918–1998)||Justice, Supreme Court of Pakistan, Author, of [[Tafsir Zia ul Quran]] (1995) (in five volumes) [[Zia un Nabi]] (1995) (a detailed biography of Muhammad in seven volumes)
|-class="unsortable"
!style="text-align:left;" colspan="3"|
|}

==Beliefs==
{{Maturidism}}
[[File:Al nabi mosque116.jpg|thumb|Muhammad's personality is central theme of Ahle Sunnat movement]]
Like other Sunni Muslims, they base their beliefs on the [[Quran]] and [[Sunnah]] and believe in [[monotheism]] and the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophethood of Muhammad]]. Although Barelvis may follow any one of the [[Ashari]] and [[Maturidi]] schools of [[Islamic theology]] and one of the [[Hanafi]], [[Maliki]], [[Shafi'i]] and [[Hanbali]] [[madhhab]]s of [[fiqh]] in addition to optionally choosing from one of the Sunni [[Sufi]] orders or [[tariqa]]s, most Barelvis in South Asia follow the Maturidi school of Islamic theology, the Hanafi madhhab of fiqh and the [[Qadiriyya|Qadiri]] or [[Chishti Order|Chishti]] Sufi orders. Barelvis in Southern parts of India such as [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] follow Shafi'i [[maddhab]] of fiqh and Ashari school of [[Islamic Theology]]. Barelvis have mostly the same beliefs and structure of Sunni Sufis around the world as they celebrate [[Mawlid]], belief in [[Taqleed]], belief in [[List of Sufi saints|Sufi saints]] and follow [[Sufi orders]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocurrents.info/cultural-geography/deobandi-islam-vs-barelvi-islam-in-south-asia|title=Deobandi Islam vs. Barelvi Islam in South Asia|date=8 October 2010 |access-date=30 January 2019|archive-date=14 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114020450/http://www.geocurrents.info/cultural-geography/deobandi-islam-vs-barelvi-islam-in-south-asia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.themuslim500.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/TheMuslim500-2018-low.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707202125/https://www.themuslim500.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/TheMuslim500-2018-low.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2018 |title=Persons of the Year, the Muslim 500, the World's 500 Most Influential Muslims, 2018|isbn=978-9957-635-14-5 |year=2017 |publisher= The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre |place=Amman, Jordan |editor1-first=Abdallah |editor1-last=Schleifer |editor2-first=Farah |editor2-last=El-Sharif |editor3-first=Tarek |editor3-last=Elgawhary |editor4-first=Aftab |editor4-last=Ahmed}}</ref><ref name="Esposito2003" /><ref name="netton" />

==Positions==

The movement is defined by a set of theological positions that revolve around the persona of Muhammad and his special, if not exceptional, relationship and status with [[God in Islam|God]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0288.xml | title=The Barelvī School of Thought }}</ref>
Several beliefs and practices differentiate the movement from others (particularly [[Deobandis]] and [[Wahhabis]] including beliefs in the intercession of Muhammad, the knowledge of Muhammad, the "Nur Muhammadiyya" (Light of Muhammad), and whether Muhammad witnesses the actions of people.<ref name="l1"/><ref name="noor"/><ref name="fbm"/><ref name="allama123"/>

===Intercession of Muhammad===
All jurists comprising [[Shafi'i]], [[Maliki]], [[Hanafi]] and [[Hanbali]] unanimously agree the on the permissibly of ''[[tawassul]]'' whether during the lifetime of Muhammad or after it.<ref name="Zurqani">{{cite book|last=al-Zurqani|first=Muhammad|title=Sharh al-Mawahib al-ladunniyah|publisher=Dar al-Ma'rifa|place=Beirut|pages=304–305}}</ref><ref name="Juzayy">{{cite book|last=Ibn Juzayy|first=Muhammad|title=Al-Qawanin al-Fiqhiyyah|year=1926|publisher=Matbaat al-Nahda|page=148}}</ref>

''[[Tawassul]]'' is a fundamental belief of all traditional Sunni movements. The belief is that Muhammad helps in this life and in the afterlife.<ref name="allama123">{{citation|title=وسیلہ نسبت تعظیم|author=علامہ مشتاق احمد نظامی علیہ الرحمہ|publisher=Noor Masjid Ka Ghazi Bazaar - Karachi}}</ref> According to this doctrine, God helps the living through Muhammad. Sunni Muslims of the Barelvi movement believe that any ability that Muhammad has to help others is from God. The help received from Muhammad is therefore considered God's help.<ref name="allama123"/>
Proponents of this belief look to the Quran {{Cite quran|4|64|b=n|s=ns}} for proof that God prefers to help through Muhammad.
One of the titles of the Prophet is "shaafi," or "one who performs intercession." Other spiritual leaders who will act as intermediaries will be prophets, martyrs, [[Hafiz (Quran)|''huffaz'']] of the Quran, angels, or other pious people whom God deems fit. Jesus's intercession for believers on the [[Last Judgment|Day of Judgment]] is mentioned in the Quran (5:16-18), as well.<ref name="Intercession in Islam">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/675736/intercession-in-islam|title=Intercession in Islam|date=24 November 2011|access-date=26 May 2021|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526083220/https://www.dawn.com/news/675736/intercession-in-islam|url-status=live}}</ref>
They also believe that, on the Day of Judgement, Muhammad will intercede on behalf of his followers, and God will forgive them their sins and allow them to enter ''[[Jannah]]'' ("paradise").<ref name="allama123"/>
The belief that Muhammad provides support to believers is a common theme within classical Sunni literature.
The Quran says,
''O you who believe! Fear Allah and seek a wasila to him (5:35).'' Further, the Quran says,
''We sent not the Messenger, but to be obeyed, in accordance with the will of Allah. If they had only, when they were unjust to themselves, come to the Messenger and asked Allah's forgiveness, and the Messenger had (also) asked forgiveness for them, they would have found Allah indeed Oft-returning, Most Merciful. (Al-Qur'an, Surah an-Nisa, 4:64)''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ahlus-sunna.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=116|title=Tawassul(Waseela)|access-date=26 May 2021|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526083220/https://www.ahlus-sunna.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=116|url-status=live}}</ref>

The belief that Muhammad intercedes is found in various Hadith, as well.
''A Bedouin of the desert visited the Prophet's tomb and greeted the Prophet, addressing him directly as if he were alive. "Peace upon you, Messenger of God!" Then he said, "I heard the word of God 'If, when they had wronged themselves . . .,' I came to you seeking pardon for my mistakes, longing for your intercession with our Lord!" The Bedouin then recited a poem in praise of the Prophet and departed. The person who witnessed the story says that he fell asleep, and in a dream he saw the Prophet saying to him, "O 'Utbi, rejoin our brother the Bedouin and announce [to] him the good news that God has pardoned him!"''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AtvBAAAQBAJ|title=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God [2 volumes]|last1=Ph.D|first1=Coeli Fitzpatrick|last2=Walker|first2=Adam Hani|date=25 April 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-178-9|pages=300–301|access-date=5 November 2018|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122125834/https://books.google.com/books?id=2AtvBAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim|last=Ibn Kathir|publisher=Dar al-Ma'rifa|year=1983|isbn=|location=Beirut|pages=1:521}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=al-Majmu: sharh al-Muhadhdhab|last=al-Nawawi|first=Yahya ibn Sharaf|publisher=al-Maktaba al-Salafiyya|year=|isbn=|location=Medina|pages=8:256}}</ref>

Syrian Islamic scholars Salih al-Nu'man, Abu Sulayman Suhayl al-Zabibi, and Mustafa ibn Ahmad al-Hasan al-Shatti al-Hanbali al-Athari al-Dimashqi have similarly released ''[[fatwa]]s'' in support of the belief.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnah.org/ibadaat/tawassul_2.htm#Shaykh|title=Salih al-Na'man's fatwa on Tawassul|access-date=26 May 2021|archive-date=24 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224170634/http://www.sunnah.org/ibadaat/tawassul_2.htm#Shaykh|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Al-Suyuti]], in his book ''History of the Caliphs'', also reports [[Umar|Caliph Umar's]] prayer for rain after the death of Muhammad, and specifies that on that occasion, Umar was wearing his mantle (''al-burda''){{em dash}}a detail confirming his ''tawassul'' through Muhammad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2019/04/08/local/182553/asjad-raza-appointed-leader-barelwi-muslims|title=Asjad Raza appointed leader of Barelwi Muslims|website=Daily News|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-date=9 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509082508/http://www.dailynews.lk/2019/04/08/local/182553/asjad-raza-appointed-leader-barelwi-muslims|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] narrates a similar situation as: {{Blockquote|text=Whenever there was drought, '[[Omar|Umar bin Al-Khattab]] used to ask Allah for rain through [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Al-'Abbas ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib]], saying, "O Allah! We used to request our Prophet to ask You for rain, and You would give us. Now we request the uncle of our Prophet to ask You for rain, so give us rain." And they would be given rain."|sign=|source=[https://muflihun.com/bukhari/57/59 Sahih al-Bukhari Book 57 Hadith 59]}}

A Hadith states that on that day people will be running to and fro looking for an intercessor, until they come to Muhammad, who will answer, "I am for intercession". The Lord will then ask him to "...intercede, for your intercession will be heard" (Bukhari).
<ref name="Intercession in Islam"/>

Sunni Muslims of this movement also commonly say ''Ya Rasul Allah'' ('O Messenger of Allah'), addressing Muhammad in the present tense with the belief that he is able to listen. They believe that Muhammad is a Rahmah (mercy) to all creation as mentioned in the Quran {{Cite quran|21|107|b=n|s=ns}}.<ref name="allama123"/> Muhammad therefore is a means by which God expresses [[Names of God in Islam#Lists of names|his attribute, Ar-Rahman]], to creation.<ref name="allama123"/>

===Light of Muhammad (Nur Muhammadiyya)===
[[File:Al-Masjid AL-Nabawi Door.jpg|thumb|"Prophet Muhammad" written on the door of the Prophets Mosque]]
A central doctrine of this movement is that Muhammad is both human and (Noor) light.<ref name="noor">{{cite web |author=Ahmed Raza |url=http://www.faizaneraza.org/book-detail/172 |title=Noor o Bashar ::Islamic Books, Books Library |publisher=Faizaneraza.org |access-date=24 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222055545/http://www.faizaneraza.org/book-detail/172 |archive-date=22 February 2012 }}</ref> Muhammad's physical birth was preceded by his existence as a light which predates creation. The primordial reality of Muhammad existed before creation, and God created for the sake of Muhammad.<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0QkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT218|title=Muslims in Western Europe|author=Jorgen S. Nielsen|page=218|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-1-4744-0935-3|year=2015|access-date=6 September 2020|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711104815/https://books.google.com/books?id=w0QkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT218|url-status=live}}</ref> Adherents of this doctrine believe that the word ''Nur'' (light) in the Quran{{Cite quran|5|15|b=n|s=ns}} refers to Muhammad.

[[Sahl al-Tustari]], the ninth-century Sunni Quran commentator, describes the creation of Muhammad's primordial light in his [[tafsir]].<ref name="companion">{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLm_R5yjcMMC&pg=PA127|title=The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad|page=127|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-88607-9|year=2010|access-date=6 September 2020|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711104819/https://books.google.com/books?id=aLm_R5yjcMMC&pg=PA127|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mansur Al-Hallaj]] (al-Tustari's student) affirms this doctrine in his book, ''Ta Sin Al-Siraj'':<ref name="tustari123">{{citation|title=Tafsīr al-Tustarī|publisher=Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought|year=2011|page=213}}</ref><ref name="companion"/>
{{Blockquote|That is, in the beginning when God, Glorified and Exalted is He, created him as a light within a column of light (''nūran fī ʿamūd al-nūr''), a million years before creation, with the essential characteristics of faith (''ṭabāʾiʿ al-īmān''), in a witnessing of the unseen within the unseen (''mushāhadat al-ghayb bi'l-ghayb''). He stood before Him in servanthood (''ʿubūdiyya''), by the lote tree of the Ultimate Boundary [53:14], this being a tree at which the knowledge of every person reaches its limit.}}
{{Blockquote|When there shrouded the lote tree that which shrouded [it]. This means: "that which shrouded" the lote tree (''ay mā yaghshā al-shajara'') was from the light of Muḥammad as he worshipped. It could be likened to golden moths, which God sets in motion towards Him from the wonders of His secrets. All this is in order to increase him [Muḥammad] in firmness (''thabāt'') for the influx [of graces] (mawārid) which he received [from above].}}

According to ''Stūdīyā Islāmīkā'', all Sufi orders are united in the belief in the light of Muhammad.<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kL7XAAAAMAAJ|title=Stūdīyā Islāmīkā Volume 8 Issues 1-3|publisher=State Institute for Islamic Studies of Syarif Hidayatullah|page=42|year=2001|access-date=6 September 2020|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711104815/https://books.google.com/books?id=kL7XAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Muhammad as witness ===
Another central doctrine of this movement is that Muhammad is a viewer and witness (حاضر و ناظر, Ḥāḍir-o nāẓir) actions of people.<ref name="fbm">{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA377 |title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan |page=377 |publisher=Springer |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-349-94966-3 |access-date=6 September 2020 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711104813/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA377 |url-status=live }}</ref> The doctrine appears in works predating the movement, such as Sayyid Uthman Bukhari's (d. ca. 1687) ''Jawahir al-Quliya'' (''Jewels of the Friends of God''), describing how Sufis may experience the presence of Muhammad.<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t1ORAgAAQBAJ|title=Striving for Divine Union: Spiritual Exercises for Suhraward Sufis|author=Qamar-ul Huda|pages=103–107|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|isbn=978-1-135-78843-8|date=8 August 2005|access-date=6 September 2020|archive-date=21 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221061336/https://books.google.com/books?id=t1ORAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Proponents of this doctrine assert that the term ''Shahid'' (witness) in the Quran ({{Cite quran|33|45|b=n|s=ns}}, {{Cite quran|4|41|b=n|s=ns}}) refers to this ability of Muhammad, and cite [[hadith]]s to support it.<ref>{{citation|title=مسئله حاضر و ناظر|author=Mufti Muhammad Ameen|publisher=Maktaba Suhj Nur}}</ref>

This concept was interpreted by [[Shah Abdul Aziz]] in Tafsir Azizi in these words: "The Prophet is observing everybody, knows their good and bad deeds, and knows the strength of faith (Imaan) of every individual Muslim and what has hindered his spiritual progress."<ref name="Author">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kanzulislam.com/various-fatwa/mufti-abubaker-siddiq/english-fatwa/the-prophet-is-hazir-o-nazir/|title=The Prophet is Hazir o Nazir|first=Sana|last=Khan|date=29 June 2013|website=Kanzul Islam|access-date=26 May 2021|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301152920/http://www.kanzulislam.com/various-fatwa/mufti-abubaker-siddiq/english-fatwa/the-prophet-is-hazir-o-nazir/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hafiz [[Ibn Kathir]] says: "You are witness of the oneness of Allah Almighty and that there is no God except Allah. You will bear evidence about the actions and deed of whole mankind on the day of judgment.
(Tafseer Ibne Katheer, Vol. 3, Page 497).<ref name="Author"/>

===Muhammad's Knowledge of the Unseen (Ilm-e-Ghaib)===
A fundamental Sunni Barelvi belief is that Muhammad has knowledge of the unseen, which is granted him by Allah (''ata'e'') and is not equal to God's knowledge.<ref name="l1">{{citation|title=فیض نبوت یعنی علم غیب رسولﷺ|author=Allama Abul Faiz Muhammad Shareef Qadri Razavi|publisher=Akbar Booksellers Lahore}}</ref> This relates to the concept of ''Ummi'' as mentioned in the Quran ({{Cite quran|7|157|b=n|s=ns}}). This movement does not interpret this word as "unlettered" or "illiterate", but "untaught". Muhammad learns not from humankind, but from Allah; his knowledge is universal, encompassing the seen and unseen realms. This belief predates this movement, and is found in Sunni books such as [[Rumi]]'s ''[[Fihi Ma Fihi]]'':<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZojDQAAQBAJ|title=And Muhammad Is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-4696-1960-6|year=2014|translator=A. J. Arberry|pages=72, 257|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-date=14 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014035500/https://books.google.com/books?id=gZojDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|Mohammed is not called "unlettered" [Ummi] because he was incapable of writing or reading. He is called "unlettered" [Ummi] because with him writing and wisdom were innate, not taught. He who inscribes characters on the face of the moon, is such a man not able to write? And what is there in all the world that he does not know, seeing that all people learn from him? What can the partial intellect know that the Universal Intellect [Muhammad] does not possess?}}

Allah has sent down to you the Book and Wisdom and has taught to you what you did not know, and great is the grace of Allah upon you" [Sura an-Nisa, verse 113].

Imam Jalal udin [[Al-Suyuti]] writes: (Taught to you what you did not know) means that Allah Most High has told the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) of Ahkam and Unseen.<ref name="ahlus-sunna.com">Knowledge of Unseen (In the light of Quran and Sunnah)https://www.ahlus-sunna.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=119 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526090059/https://www.ahlus-sunna.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=119 |date=26 May 2021 }}</ref>

Qur'an states: This is of the tidings of the Unseen which We inspire in thee (Muhammad). Thou thyself knewest it not, nor did thy folk (know it) before this. Then have patience. Lo! the sequel is for those who ward off (evil).[Surah Hud (11), verse 49]
<ref name="ahlus-sunna.com"/>

Qur'an states: Nor will He disclose to you the secrets of the Unseen. "But He chooses of His Apostles [for the purpose].[Sura Aali-Imran, verse 179]<ref>'''Knowledge of Unseen (In the light of Quran and Sunnah)'''https://www.ahlus-sunna.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=119 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526090059/https://www.ahlus-sunna.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=119 |date=26 May 2021 }}</ref>

===Practices===
[[File:International Mawlid Conference at Minar-e-Pakistan Lahore by Minhaj-ul-Quran1.jpg|thumb|International Mawlid Conference at Minar-e-Pakistan Lahore]]

*Public celebration of [[Mawlid|Muhammad's birthday]], a practice of Sunni majority world wide<ref>[[#Sirriyeh99|Sirriyeh 1999]]: 49</ref><ref>[[#Sirriyeh04|Sirriyeh 2004]]: 111</ref>
*[[Tawassul]]-(Veneration of pious). This consists of the intervention of an ascending, linked and unbroken chain of holy persons claimed to reach ultimately to Muhammad who Barelvis believe intercede on their behalf with God.<ref name="netton">{{cite encyclopedia |last=McLoughlin |first=Seán |editor-last=Netton |editor-first=Ian |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |title=Tawassul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bYtmAgAAQBA |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7007-1588-6 |page=88}}</ref><ref name="Parsons2006">{{cite book|author=Martin Parsons|title=Unveiling God: Contextualizing Christology for Islamic Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPTovQ7s2_EC&pg=PA147|access-date=20 April 2011|date=1 January 2006|publisher=William Carey Library|isbn=978-0-87808-454-8|page=149|archive-date=31 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231194945/http://books.google.com/books?id=HPTovQ7s2_EC&pg=PA147|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sayed |first=Muhammad Khalid |editor1-last=Abdulkader |editor1-first=Tayob |editor2-last=Niehaus |editor2-first=Inga |editor3-last=Weisse |editor3-first=Wolfram |year=2011 |chapter=South African Madrasahs Move into the 21st Century |title=Muslim Schools and Education |publisher=Waxxman Verlag |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWqjAoRGxUcC |page=76 |isbn=978-3-8309-7554-0}}</ref>
The Qur'an states: {{Blockquote|text=If, when they had wronged themselves, they had come to you, and asked forgiveness from God, and the Messenger had asked forgiveness for them, they would have found God Relenting, Merciful.|sign=Al-Qur'an, Surah an-Nisa, 4:64|source=}}This verse raised the question as to whether or not Muhammad's mediation was still possible after his death. A number of Islamic scholars including [[Al-Nawawi]], [[Ibn Kathir]] and [[Ibn al-Athir]] in his exegesis said: "A Bedouin of the desert visited the Prophet's tomb and greeted the Prophet, addressing him directly as if he were alive. "Peace upon you, Messenger of God!" Then he said, "I heard the word of God 'If, when they had wronged themselves . . .,' I came to you seeking pardon for my mistakes, longing for your intercession with our Lord!" The Bedouin then recited a poem in praise of Muhammad and departed. The person who witnessed the story says that he fell asleep, and in a dream he saw Muhammad saying to him, "O 'Utbi, rejoin our brother the Bedouin and announce [to] him the good news that God has pardoned him!"<ref name="Culture">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AtvBAAAQBAJ|title=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God [2 volumes]|last1=Ph.D|first1=Coeli Fitzpatrick|last2=Walker|first2=Adam Hani|date=2014-04-25|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-178-9|pages=300–301|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim|last=Ibn Kathir|publisher=Dar al-Ma'rifa|year=1983|location=Beirut|pages=1:521}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=al-Majmu: sharh al-Muhadhdhab|last=al-Nawawi|first=Yahya ibn Sharaf|publisher=al-Maktaba al-Salafiyya|location=Medina|pages=8:256}}</ref>

All jurists comprising [[Ja'fari school|Ja'fari]], [[Shafi'i]], [[Maliki]], [[Hanafi]] and [[Hanbali]] are unanimous on the permissibility of tawassul whether during the lifetime of Muhammad or after his death.<ref name="Zurqani"/><ref name="Juzayy"/>
Syrian Islamic scholars Salih al-Nu`man, Abu Sulayman Suhayl al-Zabibi, and Mustafa ibn Ahmad al-Hasan al-Shatti al-Hanbali al-Athari al-Dimashqi have similarly released [[Fatwa]]s in support of the practice.<ref>[http://www.sunnah.org/ibadaat/tawassul_2.htm#Shaykh Salih al-Na`man's fatwa on Tawassul]</ref>

Caliph Umar's prayer for rain after the death of Muhammad and specifies that on that occasion 'Umar was wearing his mantle (al-burda), a detail confirming his ''tawassul'' through Muhammad at that occasion, as reported by [[Al-Suyuti]] in his book ''History of the Caliphs''.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] narrates similar situation as: {{Blockquote|text=Whenever there was drought, '[[Omar|Umar bin Al-Khattab]] used to ask Allah for rain through [[Al-'Abbas ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib]], saying, "O Allah! We used to request our Prophet to ask You for rain, and You would give us. Now we request the uncle of our Prophet to ask You for rain, so give us rain." And they would be given rain."|sign=|source=[https://muflihun.com/bukhari/57/59 Sahih al-Bukhari Book 57 Hadith 59]}}
[[File:Mrs Aisha room.jpg|thumb|Muslims at Muhammad's grave]]
*[[Ziyarat|Visiting]] the [[Mazar (mausoleum)|tombs]] of Muhammad, his companions and pious Muslims, an act they believe is supported by the Quran, [[Sunnah]] and the acts of the companions.<ref name="AsthanaNirmal2009">{{cite book|author1=N. C. Asthana|author2=Anjali Nirmal|title=Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&pg=PA67|year=2009|publisher=Pointer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7132-598-6|pages=67–|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215102308/https://books.google.com/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&pg=PA67|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.outlookindia.com/story.aspx?sid=4&aid=281563 |title=outlookindia.com |publisher=M.outlookindia.com |access-date=24 September 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131043928/http://m.outlookindia.com/story.aspx?sid=4&aid=281563 |archive-date=31 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQXY-iD9N2cC&q=Barelvi+graves&pg=PA185 |title=Curriculum in Today's World: Configuring Knowledge, Identities, Work and ... - Lyn Yates, Madeleine Grumet - Google Books |date=25 February 2011 |access-date=24 September 2012 |isbn=978-0-203-83049-9 |last1=Yates |first1=Lyn |last2=Grumet |first2=Madeleine |publisher=Taylor & Francis |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715085002/https://books.google.com/books?id=XQXY-iD9N2cC&q=Barelvi+graves&pg=PA185 |url-status=live }}</ref>
More than any other tomb in the Islamic world, the shrine of Muhammad is considered a source of blessings for the visitor.<ref name="Culture" /> A [[hadith]] of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] states that, ''"He who visits my grave will be entitled to my intercession"'' and in a different version ''"I will intercede for those who have visited me or my tomb."''<ref name="Culture" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Sunan|last=Bayhaqi|volume=V|page=245}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Shifa|last=Iyyad|first=Qadi|volume=II|page=71}}</ref> Visiting Muhammad's tomb after the pilgrimage is considered by the majority of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] legal scholars to be recommended.<ref name="Culture" />

The early scholars of the [[salaf]], [[Ahmad Ibn Hanbal]] (d. 241 AH), [[Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh]] (d. 238 SH), [[Abd Allah ibn al-Mubarak]] (d. 189 AH) and [[Imam Shafi'i]] (d. 204 AH) all permitted the practice of ''Ziyarah'' to Muhammad's tomb.<ref name="Indices">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVjnaKYAN9sC|title=The Living and the Dead in Islam: Indices|last1=Diem|first1=Werner|last2=Schöller|first2=Marco|date=2004|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05083-8|pages=7–8, 23, 46, 55|language=en}}</ref>

According to the [[Hanbali]] scholar [[Al-Hasan ibn 'Ali al-Barbahari]] (d. 275 AH), it is also obligatory to send salutations (salam) upon [[Abu Bakr|Abu Bakr al-Siddiq]] and [[Umar|'Umar ibn al-Khattab]] after having sent salutations upon Muhammad.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Hanbali and Wahhabi Schools of Thought As Observed Through the Case of Ziyārah|last=Zargar|first=Cameron|publisher=The Ohio State University|year=2014|page=26}}</ref><ref>al-Barbahārī, Sharḥ al-Sunnah, p. 108</ref>

The ''hadith'' scholar [[Qadi Ayyad]] (d. 544 AH) stated that visiting Muhammad was ''"a sunna of the Muslims on which there was consensus, and a good and desirable deed."''<ref name= Rapoport>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JRmPgAACAAJ&q=Ibn+Taymiyya+and+his+times|title=Ibn Taymiyya and His Times|last1=Rapoport|first1=Yossef|last2=Ahmed|first2=Shahab|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-547834-1|language=en|pages=290–94}}</ref>

[[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]] (d. 852 AH) explicitly stated that travelling to visit the tomb of Muhammad was ''"one of the best of actions and the noblest of pious deeds with which one draws near to God, and its legitimacy is a matter of consensus."''<ref name= Rapoport />

Similarly, [[Ibn Qudamah]] (d. 620 AH) considered ''Ziyarat'' of Muhammad to be recommended and also seeking intercession directly from Muhammad at his grave.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Hanbali and Wahhabi Schools of Thought As Observed Through the Case of Ziyārah|last=Zargar|first=Cameron|publisher=The Ohio State University|year=2014|pages=28–29}}</ref><ref>Ibn Qudāmah, Abū Muḥammad, Al-Mughnī, (Beirut: Bayt al-Afkār al-Dawliyyah, 2004), p. 795.</ref> Other historic scholars who recommended ''Ziyarah'' include [[Al-Ghazali|Imam al-Ghazali]] (d. 505 AH), [[Al-Nawawi|Imam Nawawi]] (d. 676 AH) and [[Al-Munawi|Muhammad al-Munawi]] (d. 1031 AH).<ref name= Rapoport /> The tombs of other Muslim religious figures are also respected. The son of [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] named Abdullah, one of the primary jurists of Sunnism, reportedly stated that he would prefer to be buried near the shrine of a saintly person than his own father.<ref name="Indices" />

*Group [[dhikr]]: synchronized movements of the body while chanting the [[Names of God in Islam|names of God]]. Some groups, notably those in the Sufi [[Chishti Order]], sing [[Qawwali]]; others do not use musical instruments.{{sfn|Roy|Sfeir|2007|p=339}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_9owz06LRMC&q=Barelvi+music&pg=PA191 |title=Tremors of Violence: Muslim Survivors of Ethnic Strife in Western India - Rowena Robinson - Google Books |date=5 November 2005 |access-date=24 September 2012 |isbn=978-0-7619-3408-0 |last1=Robinson |first1=Rowena |publisher=SAGE Publications |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715085003/https://books.google.com/books?id=n_9owz06LRMC&q=Barelvi+music&pg=PA191 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AsthanaNirmal2009"/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEg8rqzLMykC&q=Barelvi+music&pg=PA143 |title=Indian Defence Review: April - June 2007 - Bharat Verma - Google Books |date=19 February 2008 |access-date=24 September 2012 |isbn=978-81-7062-146-1 |last1=Verma |first1=Bharat |publisher=Lancer Publishers |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715085004/https://books.google.com/books?id=fEg8rqzLMykC&q=Barelvi+music&pg=PA143 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WO-5e-HSdOoC&q=barelwi+dhikr&pg=PA52|title=Producing Islamic Knowledge: Transmission and Dissemination in Western Europe|first1=Martin van|last1=Bruinessen|first2=Stefano|last2=Allievi|date=17 June 2013|publisher=Routledge|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-136-93286-1|access-date=2 November 2020|archive-date=15 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715085004/https://books.google.com/books?id=WO-5e-HSdOoC&q=barelwi+dhikr&pg=PA52|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Letting the beard grow. The four schools of fiqh generally (with the exception of the Shafi and Hanbali school of fiqh) consider it unlawful to trim a beard less than a fistful length.


=== Sufi tradition ===
[[File:Ajmer Sharif Dargah, Khwaja Garib Nawaz Rajasthan, India.jpg|thumb|Ajmer Sharif Dargah, Khwaja Garib Nawaz Rajasthan, India]]
Sufism is a fundamental aspect of this movement. Imam [[Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi]] was part of the [[Qadiriyya|Qadri]] [[tariqa]] and pledged ''[[bay'ah]]'' (allegiance) to Sayyid Shah Al ur-Rasul Marehrawi.<ref>{{citation|title=An Islāmic Personality of India – Imām Aḥmed Riḍā Khān |author=Dr. Muhyuddin al-Alwayi|publisher=Al-Azhar University|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBwiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|title=Sufi Ritual: The Parallel Universe|page=14|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=978-1-136-83397-7|access-date=6 September 2020|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711104812/https://books.google.com/books?id=CBwiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|url-status=live}}</ref> Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi instructed his followers in Sufi beliefs and practices. Traditional Sufi practices, such as devotion to Muhammad and the veneration of ''[[wali]]s'', remain an integral part of the movement<ref name="sufi2">{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TvMecI060sC&pg=PT271|title=South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny|page=271|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-1-4411-3589-6|date=March 2012|access-date=6 July 2018|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711104819/https://books.google.com/books?id=3TvMecI060sC&pg=PT271|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="carl">{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o58K2t344YQC|title=The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad|page=130|publisher=Cambridge University Press|author=Carl W. Ernst|others=Muḥammad as the Pole of Existence|isbn=978-1-139-82838-3|year=2010|access-date=6 September 2020|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711104813/https://books.google.com/books?id=o58K2t344YQC|url-status=live}}</ref> (which defended the Sufi status quo in South Asia.<ref name="sas" /> They were at the forefront of defending Sufi doctrines, such as the celebration of the birth of Muhammad and [[tawassul]].<ref name="sas" />

The wider Ahle Sunnat Wal jamaat Barelvi movement was sustained and connected through thousands of Sufi [[Urs]] festivals at Dargahs/shrines in south Asia, as well as in Britain and elsewhere.<ref>"Pilgrims of Love" Sufism in a Global World Article · January 2005 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277198389_Pilgrims_of_Love_Sufism_in_a_Global_World</ref>

[[Ahmad Raza Khan]] Qadri and many Sunni scholars countered Deobandi, Ahl-i Hadith and Wahabi hardliners which resulted in the institutionalization of diverse Sufi movements in many countries of the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Continuity and transformation in a Naqshbandi tariqa in Britain, The changing relationship between mazar (shrine) and dar-al-ulum (seminary) revisited |first=Ron |last=Geaves |url=https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/sufism-today-heritage-and-tradition-in-the-global-community/continuity-and-transformation-in-a-naqshbandi-tariqa-in-britain |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612123323/https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/sufism-today-heritage-and-tradition-in-the-global-community/continuity-and-transformation-in-a-naqshbandi-tariqa-in-britain |archive-date=12 June 2021 }}</ref>

== Presence ==
Barelvi demographics were more than 200 million around the world in the year 2000.<ref name="Esposito2003" /><ref name="Routledge"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Boone |first1=Jon |date=15 January 2014 |title=The saints go marching out as the face of Islam hardens in Pakistan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/15/islam-pakistan-barelvi-saudi-wahhabi |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-908 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |date=January 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280094-7 |chapter=Barelvi}}</ref><ref name="The Barelvī School of Thought"/> The Barelvi movement is spread across the globe with millions of followers, thousands of mosques, institutions and organizations in South Asia, parts of Africa and Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States.<ref>{{cite news |title=Noted Sufi heads denounce fatwa issued by Barelvis |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/noted-sufi-heads-denounce-fatwa-issued-by-barelvis/articleshow/51608463.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

===India===
[[File:Stamp of India - 1995 - Colnect 163738 - Ala Hazrat Barelvi.jpeg|thumb|Stamp of India - 1995- [[Ala Hazrat]] Imam Ahle Sunnat]]
[[File:Obaidullah Khan Azmi in hotel west inn delhi.jpg|thumb|Obaidullah Khan Azmi led movement against Shahbano judgment]]
''[[India Today]]'' estimated that over two-thirds of Muslims in India adhere to the Sufi-oriented Ahle Sunnat (Barelvi) movement.<ref name=IndiaToday31Jul2008>{{cite web|author=Sandeep Unnithan and Uday Mahurkar |url=http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12343&Itemid=1&issueid=67&limit=1&limitstart=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112061231/http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12343&Itemid=1&issueid=67&limit=1&limitstart=0 |archive-date=12 January 2009 |title=The radical sweep |work=India Today |date=31 July 2008 |access-date=30 September 2009 }}</ref>

====[[Bareilly Sharif Dargah]]====
Markaz-e-Ahle Sunnah at Dargah Ala Hazrat is one of the main centers of Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat movement in south Asia. Millions of people turned to seek guidance in Islamic matters towards this center of Islamic learning. Bareilly city has been the heart-throb of Sunni Muslims since 1870 when revered Islamic Scholar [[Ala Hazrat]] Imam Ahmed Raza Khan established Fatwa committee under the guidance of his father [[Naqi Ali Khan]]. Later, his son Maulana Hamid Raza Khan and Mufti Azam-e-Hind [[Mustafa Raza Khan]] continued Fatwa work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/death-anniversary-urseala-hazrat-imam-ahmed-raza-khan-qadri-2013-in-bareilly-shareef-india|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160319191605/http://www.speakingtree.in/blog/death-anniversary-urseala-hazrat-imam-ahmed-raza-khan-qadri-2013-in-bareilly-shareef-india|title=Death anniversary, Urs-e-Ala Hazrat Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Qadri 2013 in Bareilly Shareef, India|website=speakingtree.in|archive-date=19 March 2016}}</ref>

====Stand against the forced sterilization actions of the government====
In the mid-70s, during [[The Emergency (India)]], on the advice of [[Sanjay Gandhi]], son of Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], the Indian government tried to force men to undergo vasectomies (Nasbandi). Huge but unconfirmed numbers of young men were forcibly sterilized. Government officials, and even school teachers, were ordered to induce a predetermined number of males to endure vasectomies or Nasbandi, as they were called. Indian Muslims were finding it difficult to oppose this harsh government action because at the time, it was the emergency and the powers were totally in the hands of Prime Minister Mufti-e-Azam Mustafa Raza Khan. At that time, he acted without pressure and passed a verdict in which he banned vasectomies, declaring them un-Islamic. He published his judicial verdict and circulated it all over India, giving Muslims a sigh of relief but triggering tension between Muslims and the Indian government. The government unsuccessfully tried to get the Fatwa withdrawn and within two years, Indira Gandhi lost the [[1977 Indian general election|Parliamentary elections]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ahlesunnat.net/media-library/downloads/regularupdates/mustafaraza.htm|title=Maulana Mustafa Raza Khan Noori AlaihiRahmah|access-date=16 June 2021|archive-date=4 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804162257/http://www.ahlesunnat.net/media-library/downloads/regularupdates/mustafaraza.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>http://m.outlookindia.com/story.aspx?sid=4&aid=224874{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>Gwatkin, Davidson R. 'Political Will and Family Planning: The Implications of India's Emergency Experience', in: ''Population and Development Review'', 5/1, 29-59;</ref>

====Shah Bano Case Movement====
Indian Supreme Court in case of [[Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum]] delivered a judgment favouring maintenance given to an aggrieved divorced Muslim woman. Maulana [[Obaidullah Khan Azmi]], Allama [[Yaseen Akhtar Misbahi]] and some other Sunni leaders started movement against the judgment. In 1985, Misbahi was elected as the vice president of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]], where he advocated for the protection of Shariat. They led various mass protests in various parts of the country specially in Mumbai. Speeches of [[Obaidullah Khan Azmi]] were widely circulated and he had become a most sought after speaker for anti-Shah Bano case meetings in [[Mumbai]]. [[Mumbai police]] filed case against the Maulana and expelled him from Mumbai declaring his speeches inflammatory.<ref name="bhindibazaar">{{cite web|url=http://bhindibazaar.asia/nov-20-1985-huge-muslim-protest-bandh-in-mumbai/|title=NOV.20, 1985: HUGE MUSLIM PROTEST & BANDH IN MUMBAI | Bhindi Bazar|publisher=bhindibazaar.asia|access-date=2015-07-28|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225214927/http://www.bhindibazaar.asia/nov-20-1985-huge-muslim-protest-bandh-in-mumbai/}}</ref><ref>Akhbar e alam, Urdu weekly</ref>
Then, the government under pressure enacted a law with given the right to maintenance for the period of ''[[iddat]]'' after the divorce, and shifting the onus of maintaining her to her relatives or the [[Waqf]] Board.<ref name="hindu2003">{{cite web|date=10 August 2003|title=The Shah Bano legacy|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/08/10/stories/2003081000221500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111023109/http://hindu.com/2003/08/10/stories/2003081000221500.htm|archive-date=11 November 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=7 May 2013}}</ref>

====Scholars, Organizations and Institutions====
[[File:Syed Ameen Miya Quadri.jpg|thumb|Syed [[Ameen Mian Qaudri]]]]
[[File:MukarramAhmed.png|thumb|Mufti [[Mukarram Ahmad]] Shahi Imam of [[Fatehpuri Mosque]], Delhi]]
[[File:Arab World Scholars in Kerala, India during Sunni Markaz Conference in 2013.jpg|thumb|Arab World Scholars in Kerala, India during Sunni Markaz Conference in 2013]]
[[File:Huzur Shaikhul Islam Syed Mohammed Madni Ashraf.jpg|thumb|Huzur Shaikhul Islam Syed Mohammed Madni Ashraf]]
At present chief of dargah Ala Hazrat [[Subhan Raza Khan]], chief Qazi [[Asjad Raza Khan]], [[Ziaul Mustafa Razvi Qadri]], [[Muhammad Madni Ashraf Ashrafi Al-Jilani]], Syed [[Ameen Mian Qaudri]] of Barkatiya Sufi chain, Shaikh [[Aboobacker Ahmad]] of [[All India Sunni Jamiyyathul Ulama|All India Sunni Jamiatul Ulma]], [[Sayyid Ibraheem Khaleel Al Bukhari]], [[Abdul Rashid Dawoodi]] and Mufti [[Mukarram Ahmad]] of Royal Mosque [[Fatehpuri Masjid]] Delhi are some of the influential Sunni leaders of India.
Bareilly based All India [[Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa]], [[Raza Academy]], Mumbai and Kerala based [[All India Sunni Jamiyyathul Ulama]] are influential bodies. [[Idara-e-Shariah]](Shara'ai Council) is highest body in Bihar, Jharkhand and Orrissa. [[All India Ulema and Mashaikh Board]] and [[All India Tanzeem Ulama-e-Islam]] also works among Sunnis.

The [[Grand Mufti of India]] is the senior and influential religious authority of the Islamic Community of India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taneja|first=Parina|date=9 June 2020|title=Grand Mufti Sheikh Abu Bakr Ahmad on COVID19 pandemic: Follow social distancing while visiting public places|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/books-culture-grand-mufti-sheikh-abu-bakr-ahmad-on-covid19-pandemic-follow-social-distancing-while-visiting-public-places-624744|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715071425/https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/books-culture-grand-mufti-sheikh-abu-bakr-ahmad-on-covid19-pandemic-follow-social-distancing-while-visiting-public-places-624744|archive-date=15 July 2020|access-date=13 November 2020|website=indiatvnews.com|language=en|quote=Sheikh Abu Bakr Ahmad, Grand Mufti of India and President of the Islamic Community of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala celebrates Bakrid adhering to COVID protocols|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-celebrates-bakrid-adhering-to-covid-protocols-1.4944092|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029055719/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-celebrates-bakrid-adhering-to-covid-protocols-1.4944092|archive-date=29 October 2020|access-date=13 November 2020|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|quote=Grand Mufti of India and President of the Islamic Community of India, Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar}}</ref><ref name=outlookindia1844421>{{Cite web|title=Closed-door celebration for Kerala Muslims on Eid|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/closeddoor-celebration-for-kerala-muslims-on-eid/1844421|access-date=13 November 2020|website=outlookindia.com/|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113041042/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/closeddoor-celebration-for-kerala-muslims-on-eid/1844421|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=24 May 2020|title=Eid al-Fitr 2020: Closed-door celebrations Muslims across Kerala, Mangaluru on Eid|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/eid-al-fitr-2020-closed-door-celebrations-muslims-across-kerala-mangaluru-on-eid/story-Nh2RVtvz7bWhG3RTt9auoI.html|access-date=13 November 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024192257/https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/eid-al-fitr-2020-closed-door-celebrations-muslims-across-kerala-mangaluru-on-eid/story-Nh2RVtvz7bWhG3RTt9auoI.html/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=pressreader20200525>{{Cite web|title=Muted Eid Celebrations|url=https://www.pressreader.com/qatar/gulf-times/20200525/281934545152678|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113041022/https://www.pressreader.com/qatar/gulf-times/20200525/281934545152678|archive-date=13 November 2020|access-date=13 November 2020|work=Gulf Times}}</ref> The incumbent is Shafi Sunni scholar [[Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/abu-dhabi/education-is-key-to-peace-says-indias-grand-mufti|title=Education is key to peace, says India's Grand Mufti|last=Kumar|first=Ashwani|website=Khaleej Times|url-status=live|access-date=21 February 2020|quote=Sheikh Aboobacker took charge as the Grand Mufti this February and holds the supreme authority to give fatwas in relation to Islamic religious matters in India.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527045818/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/abu-dhabi/education-is-key-to-peace-says-indias-grand-mufti|archive-date=27 May 2019}}</ref> general secretary of [[All India Sunni Jamiyyathul Ulama]],<ref name="Grand Mufti">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/kanthapuram-selected-grand-mufti-of-india/articleshow/68175547.cms|title=Kanthapuram selected Grand Mufti of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 February 2019|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|issn=0971-8257|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228040429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/kanthapuram-selected-grand-mufti-of-india/articleshow/68175547.cms|archive-date=28 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://al-ain.com/article/mufti-india-designation|title=تعيين الشيخ أبوبكر أحمد مفتيا للهند|work=العين الإخبارية|access-date=24 February 2019|language=ar|trans-title=Sheikh Abu Bakr Ahmed Elected as Grand Mufti of India|issn=2521-439X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194856/https://al-ain.com/article/mufti-india-designation|archive-date=8 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> who was conferred the title in February 2019 at the Ghareeb Nawaz Peace Conference held at [[Ramlila Maidan]], New Delhi, organised by the [[All India Tanzeem Ulama-e-Islam]].<ref name="Grand Mufti" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/kanthapuram-selected-grand-mufti-of-india/articleshow/68175547.cms|title=Kanthapuram selected Grand Mufti of India {{pipe}} Kozhikode News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=27 February 2019 |access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=28 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228040429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/kanthapuram-selected-grand-mufti-of-india/articleshow/68175547.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:JamiaNizamia.jpg|thumb|[[Jamia Nizamia]], Hyderabad]]

For Islamic missionary activities, [[Sunni Dawate Islami]] (SDI) is an important Islamic preaching movement in India. It is working in at least 20 countries around the world. Muhammad [[Shakir Ali Noori]] founded the movement in [[Mumbai]]. It has a large network of (Dawah workers) preachers in India and in other countries. Sunni Dawat-e-Islami has established many modern and religious educational institutions around India and some in other parts of the world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/sunni-congregation-to-focus-on-protecting-the-girl-child/articleshow/45264588.cms|title=Sunni congregation to focus on protecting the girl child {{pipe}} Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=25 November 2014 |access-date=16 June 2021|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625035131/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/sunni-congregation-to-focus-on-protecting-the-girl-child/articleshow/45264588.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="themuslim500">{{citation|chapter-url=http://www.themuslim500.com/profiles/maulana-shakir-ali-noorie/|publisher=[[Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre]]|title=The Muslim 500, the World's 500 Most Influential Muslims, 2020|chapter=Maulana Shakir Ali Noorie|year=2020|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726155748/https://www.themuslim500.com/profiles/maulana-shakir-ali-noorie/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Yahoo16Dec12>{{cite web|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/sunni-leaders-preach-tolerance-purity-1-5-lakh-183000893.html|title=Sunni leaders preach tolerance, purity to 1.5 lakh attendees on final day of Ijtema|publisher=Yahoo! News|date=16 December 2012|access-date=16 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627222045/https://in.news.yahoo.com/sunni-leaders-preach-tolerance-purity-1-5-lakh-183000893.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=kohraam>{{Citation|url=https://kohraam.com/national/sunni-davate-islami-conference-in-jaipur-on-13-october-163539.html/|title=Jaipur me sunni dawate islami ka sammelan|trans-title=Conference of Sunni Dawate Islami in Jaipur on 13 October, Qamruzzam Azmi to be included|date=7 October 2019|work=Kohram News|access-date=16 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201356/https://kohraam.com/national/sunni-davate-islami-conference-in-jaipur-on-13-october-163539.html/|url-status=live}}</ref>

It holds an annual conference [[International Sunni Ijtema]] in Mumbai, which is said to be attended by between 150,000<ref name=Yahoo16Dec12/> and 300,000 people;<ref name="themuslim500"/> the first day (Friday) is reserved for women.<ref name="GuglerParrots" /><ref>{{citation |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/50-000-muslim-women-attend-sunni-gathering-at-azad-maidan-in-mumbai/story-DiEZyWmZxYYoaA3wS8TQ4K_amp.html |title=50000 Muslim women attend sunni gathering in Azad Maidan in Mumbai |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 November 2016 |first1=Akash |last1=Sakaria |access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref> Followers of Sunni Dawate Islami wear white turbans.<ref name="GuglerParrots" />

In 2008, SDI had a European headquarters at Noor Hall in [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]], England, and centres in some other English towns, including: [[Blackburn]], [[Bolton]], [[Leicester]] and [[Manchester]].<ref name="GuglerParrots" /> SDI also had a North American headquarters in [[Chicago]].<ref name="GuglerParrots" /> By 2008, SDI had founded 12 [[madrasa]]s in India.<ref name="GuglerParrots" />
In 2020, SDI says that in India it manages 50 madrasas and 15 schools that teach in English. SDI says it has an educational centre in Bolton (England),{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} and an educational centre in [[Mauritius]].{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

====Network of madrasas====
[[File:Jamia ashrafia mubarakpur.jpg|thumb|[[Al Jamiatul Ashrafia]], Mubarakpur, Azamgarh]]
[[Al Jamiatul Ashrafia]], Azamgarh, [[Jamia Naeemia Moradabad]], [[Jamia Amjadia Rizvia]], Ghosi [[Al-Jame-atul-Islamia]], Mau, [[Markazu Saquafathi Sunniyya]], [[Ma'din]], Jamia Saadiya Kerala and [[Jamia Nizamia]], Hyderabad are some of the movement's most notable institutions.
[[Markazu Saquafathi Sunniyya]] or Jamia Markaz operates more than 50 institutions and it also operates many sub-centers across the world.<ref>The sunni Cultural Centre in Calicut By K. Hamza, Calicut https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/01-5-2000/the_sunni_cultural_centre.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422040822/https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/01-5-2000/the_sunni_cultural_centre.htm |date=22 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Islamic Traditionalism in a Globalizing World: Sunni Muslim identity in Kerala, South India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1 February 2021 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X20000347 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/islamic-traditionalism-in-a-globalizing-world-sunni-muslim-identity-in-kerala-south-india/244E92AD4C35A466FF52AF02F6329F24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709231848/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/islamic-traditionalism-in-a-globalizing-world-sunni-muslim-identity-in-kerala-south-india/244E92AD4C35A466FF52AF02F6329F24 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |last1=Visakh |first1=M. S. |last2=Santhosh |first2=R. |last3=Mohammed Roshan |first3=C. K. |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=2046–2087 |s2cid=234050809 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://markaz.in/history/|title=History – Jamia Markaz|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190921/https://markaz.in/history/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Al Jamiatul Ashrafia]] is considered the main institution of learning in northern India and it is attended by thousands of students who come from different parts of the country.
<ref>Sanyal, Usha (2008). "Ahl-i Sunnat Madrasas: the Madrasa Manzar-i Islam, Bareilly, and Jamia Ashrafiyya, Mubarakpur". In Jamal, Malik (ed.). Madrasas in South Asia: Teaching terror?. Routledge. pp. 23–44.</ref>

===Pakistan===
[[File:IPOIranIraq.jpg|thumb|Shah Ahmad Noorani Siddiqui, (JUP) Pakistan (second from right) led an international peace delegation to UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (third from left) for an end to the Iran–Iraq War:(New York, 16 June 1988)]]
[[File:Shaykh_karam_shah_1.JPG|thumb|Justice Shaykh Karam Shah Al Azhari, author of Exegesis of the Quran [[Tafsir Zia ul Quran]]]]
[[File:Naimatullah, Muneeb ur Rehman and Hanif Tayyab (cropped).jpg|thumb|Grand Mufti [[Muneeb-ur-Rehman]] president of [[Tanzeem ul Madaris Ahle Sunnat]] and [[Jamia Naeemia Lahore]] with Hanif Tayyab]]
Sufism has strong links to South Asia dating back to the eighth and ninth centuries and preaches religious tolerance, encourages spiritual over ritualistic practicing of Islam, and encourages diversity. The Ahle Sunnat Barelvi movement has originated from South Asian Sufism itself. The religious and political leaders of this movement were followers of Sufism and lead the masses in to revivalist Sunni movement.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Curtis|first=Lisa|title=Reviving Pakistan's Pluralist Traditions to Fight Extremism|url=https://www.heritage.org/asia/report/reviving-pakistans-pluralist-traditions-fight-extremism|access-date=13 May 2021|website=The Heritage Foundation|language=en|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305212433/https://www.heritage.org/asia/report/reviving-pakistans-pluralist-traditions-fight-extremism|url-status=unfit}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2022}}

''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' and ''[[The Washington Post]]'' gave assessments that vast majority of Muslims in Pakistan follow Ahle Sunnat Barelvi movement.<ref name="ww4report.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.ww4report.com/node/7500 |title=Pakistan plays Sufi card against jihadis {{pipe}} World War 4 Report |date=27 June 2009 |publisher=Ww4report.com |access-date=30 September 2009 |archive-date=4 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104092304/http://www.ww4report.com/node/7500 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Rania Abouzeid, [http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2030741,00.html Taliban Targets, Pakistan's Sufi Muslims Fight Back] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105162919/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2030741,00.html |date=5 November 2013 }}. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', Wednesday, 10 November 2010.</ref><ref name=post>Karin Brulliard, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/29/AR2011012904706.html In Pakistan, even anti-violence Islamic sect lauds assassination of liberal governor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820034747/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/29/AR2011012904706.html |date=20 August 2017 }}. The Washington Post, Saturday, 29 January 2011; 9:55 PM.</ref> Political scientist Rohan Bedi estimated that 60% of Pakistani Muslims follow this movement.<ref name=BediPage3>{{citation|first1=Rohan |last1=Bedi |url=http://www.pvtr.org/pdf/RegionalAnalysis/SouthAsia/Madrassa%20_IDSS%20_%20_FINAL_.pdf |title=Have Pakistanis Forgotten Their Sufi Traditions? |place=Singapore |publisher=International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research at [[Nanyang Technological University]] |date=April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091018/http://www.pvtr.org/pdf/RegionalAnalysis/SouthAsia/Madrassa%20_IDSS%20_%20_FINAL_.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2013 |page=3}}</ref><ref name="Suleman-sufi-2018">{{cite journal |last1=Suleman |first1=Muhammad |title=Institutionalisation of Sufi Islam after 9/11 and the Rise of Barelvi Extremism in Pakistan |journal=Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses |date=February 2018 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=6–10 |jstor=26358994}}</ref>
The movement form a majority in the most populous state [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Sindh]] and [[Azad Kashmir]] regions of Pakistan.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/564492-back-barelvis |title=Back to the Barelvis |first1=Syed |last1=Arfeen |date=3 December 2017 |work=[[The News on Sunday]] |access-date=10 June 2020 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211093728/https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/amp/564492-back-barelvis |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the aftermath of the 1948 [[Partition of India|Partition]], they formed an association to represent the movement in Pakistan, called [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan]] (JUP). The ulema have advocated application of [[sharia law]] across the country.<ref name=JaffrelotPage225>{{citation|title=A History of Pakistan and Its Origins|first1=Christophe|last1=Jaffrelot|pages=224–225|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&q=Barelvi|isbn=978-1-84331-149-2|date=28 September 2004|publisher=Anthem Press |access-date=6 September 2020|archive-date=15 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715085001/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&q=Barelvi|url-status=live}}</ref>

They are largest Muslim sect in Pakistan and have several organizations and parties which are [[Dawat e Islami]] International, [[Tanzeem ul Madaris]] Ahle Sunnat, [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan]], [[Sunni Tehreek]] (ST), [[Jamaat Ahle Sunnat]],[[Pakistan Awami Tehreek]] (PAT), [[Sunni Ittehad Council]], [[Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan|Tehreek Labaik Ya Rasool Allah]] (TLYR) and [[Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatme Nabuwwat]] are some of the leading organisations of Pakistani Sunni Muslims.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Pervez |last1=Musharraf |title=A Plea for Enlightened Moderation |newspaper= The Washington Post |date=1 June 2004 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2004/06/01/a-plea-for-enlightened-moderation/b01ff08e-f0c5-4ad5-8e96-b97a32ec084e/ |access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="Suleman-sufi-2018-7">{{cite journal |last1=Suleman |first1=Muhammad |title=Institutionalisation of Sufi Islam after 9/11 and the Rise of Barelvi Extremism in Pakistan |journal=Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses |date=February 2018 |volume=10 |issue=2 |page=7 |jstor=26358994}}</ref>

[[Jamia Nizamia Ghousia]], [[Jamia Naeemia Lahore]] and [[Dar-ul-Madinah (Islamic School System)|Dar-ul-Madinah Schools]] are some of the leading seminaries of this movement.

====Finality of Prophethood movement====
[[File:Ahmad Noorani Siddiqi (1985).jpg|thumb|Ahmad Noorani Siddiqi (1985)]]
In 1950, scholars of Ahle Sunnat Barelvi movement initiated a sub-movement named, '[[Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatme Nabuwwat]]' the history of which can be traced back to the 1880s when [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] of [[Qadian]] proclaimed himself to be a prophet in Islam. This proclamation of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was against the tenets of Islam and created a schism in the Muslim community.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Ahmed |first=Zahid |date=Spring 2015 |title=Maulana Shah Ahmed Noorani Siddiqui: A Political Study |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7658/1/Zahid%20Ahmed%20Full%20Thesis%20Pdf.pdf |type=Phd |publisher=Quaid-I-Azam University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183316/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7658/1/Zahid%20Ahmed%20Full%20Thesis%20Pdf.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2021}}</ref> Therefore, with the aim to protect the belief in the finality of [[prophethood]] of [[Muhammad]] based on their concept of [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin]]. The movement launched countrywide campaigns and protests to declare Ahmadis as non-Muslims.<ref>[https://storyofpakistan.com/mufti-mehmood#prettyPhoto Profile of Mufti Mahmood on storyofpakistan.com website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202225026/https://storyofpakistan.com/mufti-mehmood/#prettyPhoto |date=2 December 2021 }} Retrieved 9 April 2019</ref>
[[Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi]] [[Maulana Zafar Ali Khan|Zafar Ali Khan]], [[Maulana Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni|Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni]], [[Khwaja Qamar ul Din Sialvi]], [[Syed Faiz-ul Hassan Shah]], [[Ahmad Saeed Kazmi]], [[Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi]], Pir of Manki Sharif [[Amin ul-Hasanat]], [[Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari]], Sardar Ahmad Qadri and Muhammad Hussain Naeemi were the leaders of the movement.<ref>Kamran, Tahir. "The Making of a Minority: Ahmadi Exclusion through Constitutional Amendments, 1974." Pakistan Journal of Historical Studies, vol. 4, no. 1-2, 2019, pp. 55–84. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/pjhs.4.1_2.03. Retrieved 4 July 2021.</ref>

Scholars of various schools of thought under the leadership of [[Shah Ahmad Noorani Siddiqi|Shah Ahmad Noorani Siddiqui]], who was president of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan]] initiated a successful campaign against the [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]] and compelled the National Assembly to declare Ahmadis as non-Muslims. And such a clause was inserted in the 1973 [[Constitution of Pakistan]] by [[Second Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/sa/sa_may01kus01.html|title=The Role of Islamic Parties in Pakistani Politics|access-date=4 July 2021|archive-date=1 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401140816/https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/sa/sa_may01kus01.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
After meeting the first agenda, Khatme-Nabuwat started the next phase of their campaign – to bar Ahmadis from using the title of Muslim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/jup.htm|title=Jamiaat-e-Ulamma-Pakistan [JUP] Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan [JUP] Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, Niazi faction (JUP/NI) Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, Noorani faction (JUP/NO)|website=globalsecurity.org|access-date=4 July 2021|archive-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803023335/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/jup.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The then president General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] passed an ordinance in 1984 amending the [[Pakistan Penal Code]] (PPC) commonly known as [[Ordinance XX]].<ref>[http://www.thepersecution.org/50years/paklaw.html Pakistan and Ahmadis (Government of Pakistan - Law for Ahmadis) on The Gazette of Pakistan - a government website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605084641/http://www.thepersecution.org/50years/paklaw.html |date=5 June 2019 }} Published 26 April 1984. Retrieved 10 April 2019</ref>
Sunni leaders [[Ghulam Ali Okarvi|Shaikh ul Quran Allama Ghulam Ali Okarvi]], [[Muhammad Shafee Okarvi]], [[Syed Shujaat Ali Qadri]], [[Iftikharul Hasan Shah]] and [[Khalid Hasan Shah]] were the main leaders of this sub-movement.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ahrar.org.pk/Monthly_Naqeeb/Naqeeb2012/naqeebNov2012/Naqeeb.html |title=.::Majlis.e.ahrar.e.islam Pakistan |access-date=4 July 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323032003/http://www.ahrar.org.pk/Monthly_Naqeeb/Naqeeb2012/naqeebNov2012/Naqeeb.html }}</ref>

====Madarsa Network in Pakistan====

Tanzeem-ul-Madaris Ahl-e-Sunnat ASJ education board is the central organisation to register Ahle Sunnat Barelvi Madarsas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-social-sciences/government-society/research/rad/reports/2008-10-09-madrasa-reform-programme-pakistan.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200134/https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-social-sciences/government-society/research/rad/reports/2008-10-09-madrasa-reform-programme-pakistan.pdf|title=The Madrasa Reform Programme in Pakistan: report of a policy workshop 9 th October, 2008|archive-date=24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worde.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/WORDE-White-Paper-Traditional-Muslim-Networks.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225210408/http://www.worde.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/WORDE-White-Paper-Traditional-Muslim-Networks.pdf|url-status=unfit|title=Traditional Muslim networks: Pakistan's untapped resource in the fight against terrorism|archive-date=25 December 2013}}</ref> The board follows Sunni Barelvi ideology and is opponent of the Wahabi doctrine.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Zahid Shahab |title=Madrasa Education in the Pakistani context: Challenges, Reforms and Future Directions |url=http://wiscomp.org/pubn/wiscomp-peace-prints/1-1/zahid.pdf |journal=Peace Prints |volume=2 |issue=1 |date=Autumn 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201043/http://wiscomp.org/pubn/wiscomp-peace-prints/1-1/zahid.pdf |archive-date=24 June 2021}}</ref>

As per Islam online, around 10,000 madrassas are managed by Tanzeem-ul-Madaris Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.islamonline.com/news/print.php?newid=687180|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225122319/http://www.islamonline.com/news/print.php?newid=687180|url-status=unfit|title=Pakistan's Modern Madrassahs|archive-date=25 December 2013}}</ref>
Tahzibul Akhbar in its report on the educational services of Religious institutions has estimated that Tanzeem has 3000 institutions in Khyber Pakhtunwa and 1000 in the area of Hazara.<ref>The educational services of Deeni Madaris Affiliated with Tanzeem ul Madaris(Pakistan): A case study of Hazara region, Tahdhibalafkar July, Dec 2016 9) http://tahdhibalafkar.com/Downloads/Issue%2006/Urdu/8_The%20educational%20services%20of%20Deeni%20Madaris.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200409/http://tahdhibalafkar.com/Downloads/Issue%2006/Urdu/8_The%20educational%20services%20of%20Deeni%20Madaris.pdf |date=24 June 2021 }}</ref>

Muhammad Ramzan, in his report on Madarsas has stated that Tanzeem has most has maximum 5584 Madarsas in Punjab state in comparison to others. 'In Lahore 336, Sheikhupura 336, Gujranwala 633, Rawalpindi 387, Faisalabad 675, Sargodha 461, Multan 944, Sahiwal 458, D.G.Khan 605, Bahawalpur 749 madarsa are affiliated with the Tanzeem'. According to Rizwan, 'the Madarsas of Tanzeem are rarely involved in militancy which is maximum in Deobandis. In population, Barelvis or traditional Sunnis outnumber all other sects combined. They are about 53.4% of total population of the province'.<ref>Journal of Political Studies, Vol. 22, Issue - 2, 2015, 421:436 *Author is Deputy Director (Research) in Home Department, Government of the Punjab-Pakistan Sectarian landscape, Madrasas and Militancy in Punjab Muhammad Ramzan. http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/pdf-files/7%20-%20RAMZAN_v22_2_wint2015.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419023426/http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/pdf-files/7%20-%20RAMZAN_v22_2_wint2015.pdf |date=19 April 2022 }}</ref>

==== {{anchor|Stand on Blasphemy Law}}Stand on blasphemy laws ====
[[File:This is the photo of Mufti Muhammad Akmal Madani Qadri.jpg|thumb|This is the photo of Mufti Muhammad Akmal Madani Qadri]]
The movement has opposed any change in the Pakistani blasphemy laws. They have always uphold the blasphemy as highest crime and endorsed the strict punishment for blasphemers.
[[Governor of Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab governor]] [[Salman Taseer]] was assassinated on 4 January 2011 by [[Mumtaz Qadri]], a member of the Barelvi group [[Dawat-e-Islami]], due to Taseer's opposition to Pakistan's [[Blasphemy in Pakistan|blasphemy laws]].<ref name=time>Omar Waraich, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110410005524/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2063794,00.html Why Pakistan's Taliban Target the Muslim Majority]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', Thursday, 7 April 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Assassin linked with Dawat-i-Islami|url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/01/05/assassin-linked-with-dawat-i-islami.html|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=4 January 2011|access-date=11 March 2013|archive-date=28 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628202127/http://www.dawn.com/2011/01/05/assassin-linked-with-dawat-i-islami.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Over five hundred scholars supported Qadri and a boycott of Taseer's funeral.<ref name="saag">R. Upadhyay, [http://www.eurasiareview.com/28012011-barelvis-and-deobandhis-%E2%80%9Cbirds-of-the-same-feather%E2%80%9D/ Barelvis and Deobandhis: "Birds of the Same Feather"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104105736/http://www.eurasiareview.com/28012011-barelvis-and-deobandhis-%E2%80%9Cbirds-of-the-same-feather%E2%80%9D/ |date=4 November 2018 }}.</ref><ref name=post/><ref name=jam>[[The Jamestown Foundation]], [http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4d67513f2.html Sufi Militants Struggle with Deobandi Jihadists in Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715085006/https://www.refworld.org/docid/4d67513f2.html |date=15 July 2022 }}, 24 February 2011. [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]: Terrorism Monitor Volume: 9 Issue: 8. Retrieved 11 March 2013.</ref><ref name=per>Pervez Hoodbhoy, [http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-long-sad-year-after-salman-taseers-killing/article2772464.ece A long, sad year after Salman Taseer's killing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517115351/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-long-sad-year-after-salman-taseers-killing/article2772464.ece |date=17 May 2013 }}. [[The Hindu]], 4 January 2012.</ref><ref>See also:
*Carlotta Gall, [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/06/world/asia/06pakistan.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 Assassination Deepens Divide in Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202212619/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/06/world/asia/06pakistan.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |date=2 February 2019 }}. The New York Times, 5 January 2011.
*Ayesha Nasir, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110112022852/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2041406,00.html Pakistan's Police and Army: How Many Enemies Within?] ''Time'' Online, Saturday, 8 January 2011.
*[http://tribune.com.pk/story/99313/hardline-stance-religious-bloc-condones-murder/ Hardline stance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629132252/http://tribune.com.pk/story/99313/hardline-stance-religious-bloc-condones-murder/ |date=29 June 2013 }}: Religious bloc condones murder. The Express Tribune.</ref>

====Persecution====
[[File:Funeral Khadim Hussain Rizvi.jpg|thumb|Funeral [[Khadim Hussain Rizvi]]]]
They have been targeted and killed by radical Deobandi groups in Pakistan such as the [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan|TTP]], [[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan|SSP]], [[Lashkar-e-Taiba|LeJ]], etc.<ref name="deobandi1">{{citation |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ |title= Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan |page= 371 |publisher= Springer |year= 2016 |isbn= 978-1-349-94966-3 |access-date= 6 September 2020 |archive-date= 3 August 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200803065028/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ |url-status= live }}</ref> Suicide attacks, vandalism and destruction of sites considered holy to those in the Sunni Barelvi movement have been perpetrated by Deobandi extremist groups. This includes attacks, destruction and vandalism of Sufi [[Data Darbar]] in Lahore, [[Abdullah Shah Ghazi|Abdullah Shah Ghazi's]] tomb in Karachi, Khal Magasi in Balochistan, and [[Rahman Baba|Rahman Baba's]] tomb in Peshawar.<ref name="deobandi1"/> The murder of various Barelvi leaders have also been committed by Deobandi terrorists.<ref name="deobandi1"/>
The clerics claim that there is a bias against them by various [[Pakistani]] establishments such as the [[Defence Housing Authority|DHA]], who tend to appoint [[Deobandi]] [[Imams]] for mosques in their housing complexes rather than Barelvi ones. Historical landmarks such as [[Badshahi Masjid]] also have Deobandi Imams, which is a fact that has been used as evidence by Barelvi clerics for bias against Barelvis in Pakistan.<ref>{{citation|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/162438/barelvis-demand-share-of-mosques-in-dha?amp=1|title=Barelvis demand share of mosques in DHA|author=Rana Tanveer|work=The Express Tribune|date=5 May 2011|access-date=8 September 2020|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122133925/https://tribune.com.pk/story/162438/barelvis-demand-share-of-mosques-in-dha?amp=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=bias>{{citation|url=https://direct88786.tribune.com.pk/index.php/story/348259/barelvi-leader-alleges-pro-deobandi-bias-in-defence-housing-authority|title=Barelvi leader alleges pro-Deobandi bias in Defence Housing Authority|work=The Express Tribune|quote=In a letter to the corps commander, who is vice chairman of the DHA, the secretary general of the Milade Mustafa Welfare Society in DHA Lahore said that the Religious Affairs Department was interfering in the Human Resources Department's responsibilities to ensure that Deobandi scholars are appointed to positions in mosques in DHA. "Because of Deobandi khateebs in DHA mosques, Barelvi people have ... opted not to go to DHA mosques", he added.}}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The ''Milade Mustafa Welfare Society'' has asserted that the Religious Affairs Department of DHA interferes with Human Resources [[systemic bias|to ensure that Deobandi Imams are selected for mosques in their housing complex.]]<ref name=bias/>

During the 1990s and 2000s, sporadic violence resulted from disputes between Barelvis and Deobandis over control of Pakistani mosques.<ref>Rana Tanveer, [http://tribune.com.pk/story/256094/rites-and-wrongs-mosque-sealed-after-barelvi-deobandi-clash/ Rites and wrongs: Mosque sealed after Barelvi-Deobandi clash] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025071340/http://tribune.com.pk/story/256094/rites-and-wrongs-mosque-sealed-after-barelvi-deobandi-clash/ |date=25 October 2012 }}. The Express Tribune, 20 September 2011.</ref> The conflict came to a head in May 2001, when sectarian riots broke out after the assassination of [[Sunni Tehreek]] leader Saleem Qadri.<ref name=hindu>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/18/stories/2006041805780800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421111221/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/18/stories/2006041805780800.htm |archive-date=21 April 2006 | location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Serious threat to Pakistan's civil society | date=18 April 2006}}</ref> In April 2006 in [[Karachi]], a [[Nishtar Park bombing|bomb attack on a Barelvi gathering]] celebrating Muhammad's birthday killed 57 people, including several Sunni Tehreek leaders.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4900402.stm Bomb carnage at Karachi prayers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016144148/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4900402.stm |date=16 October 2021 }}, [[BBC]], 11 April 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.jang.com.pk/important_events/karachi_blast_11apr06/english%2013%20april.htm Special Coverage of Nishtar Park bombing] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231050408/http://www.jang.com.pk/important_events/karachi_blast_11apr06/english%2013%20april.htm |date=31 December 2009 }}, [[Jang Group]] Online</ref>
Militants believed to be affiliated with the Taliban and [[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan|Sipah-e-Sahaba]] attacked Barelvis celebrating ''[[Mawlid]]'' in [[Faisalabad]] and [[Dera Ismail Khan]] on 27 February 2010, sparking tensions between the groups.<ref>[http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/sectarian-clashes-kill-seven-in-pakistan-20100228-pb2y.html Sectarian clashes kill seven in Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029155508/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/sectarian-clashes-kill-seven-in-pakistan-20100228-pb2y.html |date=29 October 2010 }}, [[Agence France-Presse]] via [[Sydney Morning Herald]], 28 February 2010</ref>

In 2021, the [[Pakistani government]] officially banned the [[Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan]] and is severely cracking down on Sunni Muslim political voices of the Barelvi movement.<ref name="ban">{{citation|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2295158/crackdown-on-tlp-to-continue-says-rashid-as-he-apologises-for-social-media-curb?amp=1|title=Crackdown on TLP to continue, says Rashid as he apologises for social media curb|date=16 April 2021|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=29 April 2021|archive-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620224123/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2295158/crackdown-on-tlp-to-continue-says-rashid-as-he-apologises-for-social-media-curb?amp=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Deobandi political parties like [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)]], however, are still freely operating and even supported by elements within the Pakistani government.

===Bangladesh===
[[File:Jamea Ahmadia Sunnia Alia.jpg|thumb|Jamea Ahmadia Sunnia Alia]]
Barelvis form a sizeable portion of the [[Hanafi]] communities in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Asthana |first1=N. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&dq=barelvi+bangladesh&pg=PA67 |title=Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities |last2=Nirmal |first2=Anjali |date=2009 |publisher=Pointer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7132-598-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/noted-sufi-heads-denounce-fatwa-issued-by-barelvis/articleshow/51608463.cms|title=Noted Sufi heads denounce fatwa {{pipe}} Jaipur News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=30 March 2016 |access-date=1 June 2021|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603022816/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/noted-sufi-heads-denounce-fatwa-issued-by-barelvis/articleshow/51608463.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It identifies under the banner of Ahl-e-Sunnat Wal Jama'at (ASWJ) along with other [[Sufi]] groups which have strong bases in Dhaka, Chittagong and Sylhet such as the [[Maizbhandaria]], and this serves as a central organization for the Barelvi ulema in Bangladesh.<ref name="Mostofa">{{Cite book |last=Mostofa |first=Shafi Md |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8hAEAAAQBAJ&dq=Barelvi+in+Bangladesh&pg=PA50 |title=Islamist Militancy in Bangladesh: A Pyramid Root Cause Model |date=2021-09-01 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-79171-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sakurai |first1=Keiko |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eACQCvQD9jQC&dq=Barelvi+in+Bangladesh&pg=PA83 |title=The Moral Economy of the Madrasa: Islam and Education Today |last2=Adelkhah |first2=Fariba |date=2011-03-07 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-136-89401-5 |language=en}}</ref>

A majority of Bangladeshi Muslims perceive Sufis as a source of spiritual wisdom and guidance and their [[Khanqah]]s and [[Dargah]]s as nerve centers of Muslim society<ref name="BennettRamsey2012b">{{cite book|author1=Clinton Bennett|author2=Charles M. Ramsey |title=South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TvMecI060sC|date=1 March 2012 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4411-3589-6 |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806105039/https://books.google.com/books?id=3TvMecI060sC |url-status=live}}</ref>
and large number of Bangladeshi Muslims identify themselves with a Sufi order, almost half of whom adhere to the [[Chishti]] order that became popular during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] times, although the earliest Sufis in [[Bengal]], such as [[Shah Jalal]], belonged to the [[Suhrawardiyya]] order, whose global center is still [[Maner Sharif]] in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/ |title=Religious Identity Among Muslims |date=9 August 2012 |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-date=26 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/ |url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[Sultanate of Bengal|Sultanate period]], Sufis emerged<ref>{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |date=1993 |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |url=http://hudsoncress.net/hudsoncress.org/html/library/history-travel/Eaton,%20Richard%20-%20The%20Rise%20of%20Islam%20and%20the%20Bengal%20Frontier.pdf |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |access-date=20 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621201955/http://hudsoncress.net/hudsoncress.org/html/library/history-travel/Eaton%2C%20Richard%20-%20The%20Rise%20of%20Islam%20and%20the%20Bengal%20Frontier.pdf |archive-date=21 June 2016 }}</ref> and formed [[khanqah]]s and [[dargah]]s that served as the nerve center of local communities.<ref name="BennettRamsey2012b"/>

[[World Sunni Movement]] led by [[Syed Mohammad Saifur Rahman]] is one of the main organisation of the movement which opposes Wahabi ideologies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=মীরসরাই (চট্টগ্রাম) উপজেলা |title=মীরসরাইয়ে বিশ্ব সুন্নি আন্দোলনের সমাবেশ |url=https://www.dailyinqilab.com/article/177894/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6 |access-date=2022-12-07 |work=[[Daily Inqilab]] |language=bn}}</ref> Beside Bangladesh, WSM is active in various European and Gulf countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/print/members-of-world-sunni-movement-bangladesh-1615485804|title=Members of World Sunni Movement Bangladesh|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184423/https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/print/members-of-world-sunni-movement-bangladesh-1615485804|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Bangladesh Islami Front]] and its students wing [[Bangladesh Islami Chattra Sena]] have worked to protect the faith and belief of Sunni Sufis in the country and took stands against Deobandi [[Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh]] and [[Khelafat Majlish]].<ref name="Mostofa"/><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh/news/bangladesh-islami-front-demands-ban-hefajat-khelafat-majlis-2085865|title = Bangladesh Islami Front demands ban on Hefajat, Khelafat Majlis|date = 29 April 2021|access-date = 7 July 2021|archive-date = 9 July 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190146/https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh/news/bangladesh-islami-front-demands-ban-hefajat-khelafat-majlis-2085865|url-status = live}}</ref> [[Jamia Ahmadiyya Sunnia Kamil Madrasa]] is a notable institution following ideology of Ahle Sunnat wal Jamaat or Maslak-e-Aala Hazrat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ইতিহাস -জামেয়া আহমদিয়া সুন্নিয়া কামিল মাদরাসা |url=https://www.jasa.edu.bd/page/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8 |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=jasa.edu.bd}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
[[Image:Medina Mosque 09-12-06.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Madina Mosque (Sheffield)]]]]
[[File:Mosque, Poets Corner, Small Heath Highway - geograph.org.uk - 2119238.jpg|thumb|Central Jamia Mosque, Ghamkol Sharif, Birmingham]]
[[Image:Mosque (geograph 6458792).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[North Manchester Jamia Mosque]]]]
[[Image:ShaykhPirzada.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Muhammad Imdad Hussain Pirzada]]

According to Irfan Al Alawi, 'The Sufism influenced Ahle Sunnat Barelvi in United Kingdom immigrated to Britain earlier than the Deobandis, established the main mosques in Britain. They integrated into UK society and are considered law abiding.'<ref>'Mosque war' in the UK, by Irfan Al-Alawi London 20 February 2015 http://www.islamicpluralism.org/2460/mosque-war-in-the-uk {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610185815/http://www.islamicpluralism.org/2460/mosque-war-in-the-uk |date=10 June 2021 }}</ref>
moderate majority,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/sep/07/atoxicmixoffactandnonsense|title=A toxic mix of fact and nonsense|date=7 September 2007|website=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610094543/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/sep/07/atoxicmixoffactandnonsense|url-status=live}}</ref> peaceful and pious.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JdC90uc8PfQC&pg=PA33|isbn = 978-1-136-95960-8|title = Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics: The British Experience|date = March 2011|publisher = Taylor & Francis|access-date = 10 June 2021|archive-date = 15 July 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220715085004/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Islamic_Radicalism_and_Multicultural_Pol/JdC90uc8PfQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA33&printsec=frontcover|url-status = live}}</ref>

In 2011, the Ahle Sunnat Barelvi movement had most of the British mosques.<ref>Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics
The British Experience By Tahir Abbas·2011 https://books.google.com/books?id=JdC90uc8PfQC&pg=PA33 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715085004/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Islamic_Radicalism_and_Multicultural_Pol/JdC90uc8PfQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA33&printsec=frontcover |date=15 July 2022 }} page 35</ref>
The majority of people in the United Kingdom of Pakistani and [[Kashmir]] origin are descended from immigrants from Sunni Barelvi-majority areas.<ref name="hewer" />

In Manchester, by 2014, Ahle Sunnat Barelvi was the largest denomination in terms of the number of mosques and population.<ref>Manchester Muslims: The developing role of mosques, imams and committees with particular reference to Barelwi Sunnis and UKIM. AHMED, FIAZ (2014) Manchester Muslims: The developing role of mosques, imams and committees with particular reference to Barelwi Sunnis and UKIM. Doctoral thesis, Durham University.http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10724/1/Manchester_Muslims_-_The_developing_role_of_mosques%2C_imams_and_committees_with_particular_reference_to_Barelwi_Sunnis_and_UKIM.pdf?DDD5+ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419023424/http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10724/1/Manchester_Muslims_-_The_developing_role_of_mosques%2C_imams_and_committees_with_particular_reference_to_Barelwi_Sunnis_and_UKIM.pdf?DDD5+ |date=19 April 2022 }}</ref>
The majority of Birmingham Muslims are adherent to the Ahle Sunnat barelvi movement.<ref>http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/54664/1/Abid,_Sufyan.pdf {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
The movement in Pakistan has received funding from their counterparts in the UK, in part as a reaction to rival movements in Pakistan also receiving funding from abroad.<ref>Karamat Bhatty, [http://tribune.com.pk/story/246795/foreign-funding-religious-groups-find-lucrative-sources-abroad/ Religious groups find lucrative sources abroad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112145235/http://tribune.com.pk/story/246795/foreign-funding-religious-groups-find-lucrative-sources-abroad/ |date=12 November 2013 }}. [[The Express Tribune]], 7 September 2011.</ref> According to an editorial in the English-language Pakistani newspaper ''[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|The Daily Times]]'', many of these mosques have been however usurped by Saudi-funded radical organizations.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009/03/26/story_26-3-2009_pg3_1 |title=Editorial: Britain, Al Qaeda and Pakistan |date=26 March 2009 |work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)]] |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-date=12 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112145758/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%2F03%2F26%2Fstory_26-3-2009_pg3_1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Ahle Sunnat Barelvi movement formed [[British Muslim Forum]] (BMF) and the [[Sufi Muslim Council]] (SMC) in 2005 and 2006, respectively to represent themselves at the national level.<ref>Sunni Muslim Religiosity in the UK Muslim Diaspora: Mosques in Leeds compared Aydın Bayram, The University of Leeds January 2013 https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4753/1/Sunni%20Muslim%20Religiosity%20in%20the%20UK%20Muslim%20Diaspora%20Mosques%20in%20Leeds%20compared.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610183402/https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4753/1/Sunni%20Muslim%20Religiosity%20in%20the%20UK%20Muslim%20Diaspora%20Mosques%20in%20Leeds%20compared.pdf |date=10 June 2021 }}</ref> In 2017, the movement had around 538 mosques in the United Kingdom along with their fellow Sufi organisations which are second largest in terms of number.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/753614/affiliation-of-masjids-uk/|title=Theme of masjids in the UK 2017|website=Statista|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610183400/https://www.statista.com/statistics/753614/affiliation-of-masjids-uk/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Pir Maroof Shah Qadri has built a number of mosques in Bradford.<ref name="UK Islam">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-radical-expat-islamic-state-pakistan-terrorism-london-bridge-attack-6256654/|title=How the United Kingdom has been a laboratory for a brand of Islam|date=8 February 2020|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610183400/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-radical-expat-islamic-state-pakistan-terrorism-london-bridge-attack-6256654/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Allama Arshadul Qaudri]] along with Peer Maroof Qadri established [[World Islamic Mission]] (WIM) in 1973 at Makkah and became the leader of WIM in England. He worked in the United Kingdom to strengthen the movement of Ahle Sunna wal Jam'aat. Qadri through this movement shaped spirituality based Islam in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wimnet.org/articles/arshqad.htm|title=Allama Arsahdul Qadri|date=30 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130030532/http://www.wimnet.org/articles/arshqad.htm|archive-date=30 January 2008}}</ref> Sufi Abdullah a Sunni Sufi scholar, also established a strong Ahle Sunnat foundation in the Bradford.<ref name="UK Islam" />

Allama [[Qamaruzzaman Azmi]] who is present General Secretary of [[World Islamic Mission]] worked for five decades in several parts of Europe and U.K to establish several mosques and institutions with his support and supervision.<ref>Allama Azmi: The Great Enabler of Islamic Institutions, by Mohammed Khalid Razvi Nagauri, https://web.archive.org/web/20170409143727/http://allamaazmi.com/articles-3.asp</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hijazmuslimcollege.com/his-eminence-allama-qamaruzzaman-khan-azmi/|title=His Eminence Allama Qamaruzzaman Khan Azmi – Hijaz Muslim College|access-date=11 June 2021|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611144430/https://hijazmuslimcollege.com/his-eminence-allama-qamaruzzaman-khan-azmi/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In Bradford, Azmi help established Islamic Missionary College (IMC) Bradford. In Manchester he established, [[North Manchester Jamia Mosque]] and in Birmingham, [[Ghamkol Shariff Masjid]]. His continuous Dawah work helped Southerland Mosque become of Sunni Barelvi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allamaazmi.com/articles-3.asp|title=Allama Azmi {{pipe}} Great Religious Leader of the 21st Century|date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409143727/http://allamaazmi.com/articles-3.asp|archive-date=9 April 2017}}</ref>

International Sunni organization [[Dawat-e-Islami]] has at least 38 Centers in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XCRmgig69MC&q=europe+dawat+e+islami&pg=PA37 |title=Global Encyclopaedia of Education (4 Vols. Set) - Rama Sankar Yadav & B.N. Mandal - Google Books |publisher=GoogleBooks |date=1 January 2007 |isbn=978-81-8220-227-6 |access-date=11 December 2018 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709195813/https://books.google.com/books?id=6XCRmgig69MC&q=europe+dawat+e+islami&pg=PA37 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.duedil.com/company/05441337/dawat-e-islami-uk |title=Dawat-E-Islami UK |publisher=DueDil |access-date=11 December 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106002815/https://www.duedil.com/company/05441337/dawat-e-islami-uk |archive-date=6 November 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mosquedirectory.co.uk/mosques/england/west-yorkshire/bradford/barkerend/Al-Amin-Mosque-Barkerend-Bradford-Bradford-West-Yorkshire/19 |title=Al Amin Mosque (Barkerend, Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire) Also Known as "Faizan-e-Madina, Dawat e Islami UK Movement, Da'watul Islam UK & Eire, Uleman Council of Da'watul Islam" |publisher=mosquedirectory.co.uk |access-date=11 December 2018|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106002824/http://www.mosquedirectory.co.uk/mosques/england/west-yorkshire/bradford/barkerend/Al-Amin-Mosque-Barkerend-Bradford-Bradford-West-Yorkshire/19 |archive-date=6 November 2015 }}</ref>

Muhammad Imdad Hussain Pirzada, a leading scholar of Islam and commentator of Quran, has established Darul Uloom [[Jamia Al-Karam]] in 1985, an Islamic institute which has produced over 400 British Islamic scholars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mihpirzada.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=271&Itemid=34|title=The Official Website of Shaykh Pirzada - Jamia Al-Karam officially opens the UK Branch of the World Association for Al-Azhar Graduates|website=mihpirzada.com|access-date=11 June 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512194724/http://mihpirzada.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=271&Itemid=34|url-status=live}}</ref> He is also president of [[Muslim Charity]] and [[British Muslim Forum]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mihpirzada.com/|title=The Official Website of Shaykh Pirzada - Home|website=mihpirzada.com|access-date=11 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628010015/http://www.mihpirzada.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britishmuslimforum.co.uk/about-bmf/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191027063755/http://www.britishmuslimforum.co.uk/about-bmf/|archive-date = 27 October 2019|title = Britishmuslimforum.co.uk}}</ref>

===South Africa===
[[File:Grey Street Masjid (Grey &Queen Street)-20140223.jpg|thumb|Grey Street Masjid (Grey & Queen Street) Durban, South Africa]]
[[File:Mosquée - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Juma Masjid, Port Louis]]
The Ahle Sunnat movement has presence in various cities and town of South Africa where they have build network of Madarsas and Mosques. In South Africa debate with Tablighi Jama'at was called as Sunni-Tablighi controversy. The movement is represented by Sunni Jamiatul Ulema (SJU) which was founded in 1979.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sayed |first=Muhammad Khalid |editor1-last=Abdulkader |editor1-first=Tayob |editor2-last=Niehaus |editor2-first=Inga |editor3-last=Weisse |editor3-first=Wolfram |year=2011 |chapter=South African Madrasahs Move into the 21st Century |title=Muslim Schools and Education |publisher=Waxxman Verlag |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWqjAoRGxUcC |pages=87, 90 |isbn=978-3-8309-7554-0}}</ref>
It was established to address the various social, welfare, educational and spiritual needs of the community and to preserve and to promote the teachings of the Ahle Sunnah wal Jamaah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sjusa.co.za/|title=Sunni Jamiatul Ulama South Africa – Established 1979|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610091118/https://sjusa.co.za/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Imam Ahmed Raza Academy]] is a seminary and non-governmental organisation and a publishing house based in Durban, South Africa. It was established on 5 July 1986 by Sheikh Abdul Hadi Al-Qaadiri Barakaati, a graduate of Darul Uloom [[Manzar-e-Islam]], Bareilly Shareef, India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raza.org.za/the_academy.html|title=Imam Ahmed Raza Academy {{pipe}} The Academy|website=www.raza.org.za|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610092522/https://www.raza.org.za/the_academy.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Chatsie Muslim">The "Chatsie Muslim": A Socio-historical Analysis of Muslims of Indentured Origin
Sultan Khan, First Published 5 September 2019 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0976343020120215?journalCode=oana https://doi.org/10.1177/0976343020120215</ref> The objective is to propagate Islam in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ridgeon |first=Lloyd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eShfBwAAQBAJ |title=Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age |date=2015-04-23 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4725-2919-0 |page=188 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bangstad |first=Sindre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EkpXVZs_iioC |title=Global Flows, Local Appropriations: Facets of Secularisation and Re-Islamization Among Contemporary Cape Muslims |date=2007 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-5356-015-0 |page=204 |language=en}}</ref>

Darul Uloom Aleemiyah Razvia was established in 1983 and on 12 January '1990, Mufti Muhammad Akbar Hazarvi established [[Darul Uloom Pretoria]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://darululoompretoria.com/about/|title=About|website=Darul Uloom Pretoria|access-date=15 July 2021|archive-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715184531/https://darululoompretoria.com/about/|url-status=live}}</ref> Darul Uloom Qadaria Ghareeb Nawaz (New Castle) is one of the leading Madarsa of the mission which was founded in 1997 at uMnambithi (formerly Ladysmith) by Maulana Syed Muhammad Aleemuddin.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sayed |first=Muhammad Khalid |editor1-last=Abdulkader |editor1-first=Tayob |editor2-last=Niehaus |editor2-first=Inga |editor3-last=Weisse |editor3-first=Wolfram |year=2011 |chapter=South African Madrasahs Move into the 21st Century |title=Muslim Schools and Education |publisher=Waxxman Verlag |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWqjAoRGxUcC |page=77 |isbn=978-3-8309-7554-0}}</ref> Jamia Imam Ahmed Raza Ahsanul Barkaat was established in 2007. All these institutions have focused more on defending Sufi beliefs from Deobandis. Debates and Munazaras are common features of these institutions<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWqjAoRGxUcC&dq=darul+uloom+pretoria&pg=PA63 | isbn=978-3-8309-7554-0 | title=Muslim Schools and Education in Europe and South Africa | date=31 January 2024 | publisher=Waxmann Verlag | access-date=15 July 2021 | archive-date=15 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715085051/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Muslim_Schools_and_Education_in_Europe_a/RWqjAoRGxUcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=darul+uloom+pretoria&pg=PA63&printsec=frontcover | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Chatsie Muslim" />

In Durban, the movement run [[Durban]]'s largest mosque, the [[Juma Mosque (Durban)|Juma Mosque]] which is also known as Grey Street mosque.<ref>Vahed, G., 'Contesting "orthodoxy": the Tablighi–Sunni conflict among South African Muslims in the 1970s and 1980s', Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 23:2 (2003), 313–34</ref> The Sunni community celebrates Mawlid un Nabi and observes anniversaries of Sufis in association with various Sufi orders.<ref>Kaarsholm, P. (2014). Zanzibaris Or Amakhuwa? Sufi Networks in South Africa, Mozambique, and the Indian Ocean. ''The Journal of African History,'' ''55''(2), 191-210. doi:10.1017/S0021853714000085</ref>

In Mauritius, the movement<ref>Eisenlohr, Patrick. "The Politics of Diaspora and the Morality of Secularism: Muslim Identities and Islamic Authority in Mauritius." ''The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute'', vol. 12, no. 2, 2006, pp. 395–412. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3804260. Retrieved 16 July 2021.</ref> forms majority population.<ref name="Mauritius">{{Cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/34517002 |title=Muslims in Mauritius |first=Zaoul |last=Hosanee |via=academia.edu |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222215841/https://www.academia.edu/34517002 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Muhammad Abdul Aleem Siddiqi]] established the movement in Mauritius. [[World Islamic Mission]] (WIM), Halqa-e-Qadria Ishaat-e-Islam and Sunni Razvi Society founded by [[Muhammad Ibrahim Siddiqui]] in 1967 and [[Jummah Mosque (Mauritius)]] (1852) at Port Louis are some of the notable centers of the movement.<ref name="Mauritius" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jummahmasjid.org/our-masjid/|title=Our Masjid – Jummah Masjid|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716115727/https://jummahmasjid.org/our-masjid/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Europe, United States and Canada===
[[File:World Islamic Mission, Åkebergveien 28B, Oslo (3).jpg|thumb|Central Jama Masjid, Oslo, Norway established by [[World Islamic Mission]]]]
[[File:Taibah Jama Masjid mosque Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|[[Jamia Taibah Mosque Amsterdam]], Netherlands established by [[World Islamic Mission]]]]
In United States and Canada, the movement has found a strong following among Muslims of South Asian and in some cities it has significant presence. Two notable madrasas are Al-Noor Masjid in Houston, Texas and Dar al-Ulum Azizia, in Dallas.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/40937144|title=South Asian Sufism in America|first=Marcia|last=Hermansen|journal=South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Devotion, and Destiny|date=January 2012|via=academia.edu|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711104812/https://www.academia.edu/40937144|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Hybrid Identity Formations in Muslim America: The Case of American Sufi Movements1 Marcia Hermansen First published: 3 April 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2000.tb03686.x
</ref>
Allama [[Shah Ahmad Noorani Siddiqi]], [[Arshadul Qaudri]], Maulana Shahid Raza OBE and Allama [[Qamaruzzaman Azmi]] did the missionary work under the banner of [[World Islamic Mission]] (WIM) in various parts of Europe including Netherland and in Norway.

In Netherland, the Surinamese community has 25 mosques which are affiliated to the World Islamic Mission and have a Hanafi Barelvi orientation. Prominent centers of the mission in Netherland are [[Jamia Taibah Mosque Amsterdam]], Netherlands,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.masjidtaibah.nl/duurzaam-en/ | title=Duurzaam Engels – SWM }}</ref> Jamia Anwaar-e-Qoeba Masjid, Utrecht, Madinatul Islam College, The Haugue, Masjid Anwar-e-Madina, Eindhoven, Masjid Gulzar-e-Madina, Zwolle, Masjid Al firdaus, Lelystad, Al Madina Masjid, Den Haag, Netherlands.<ref>Martijn de Koning, 'Yearbook of Muslims in Europe', Volume 3, pg 401–417, ISBN 9789004184763, published by
Brill on 01 Jan 2011 available at https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004207554/B9789004207554_034.xml</ref>

[[World Islamic Mission]] (WIM) established Central Jamaat-e Ahl-e Sunnat mosque, a congregation and mosque of the [[Norwegians with Pakistani background|Pakistani community]] in [[Oslo]], [[Norway]] with 6,000 members, making it the largest mosque in the Norway.<ref name="Utrop">{{Cite news|first=Masoud|last=Ebrahimnejad|title=Central Jamaat e Ahle Sunnat|url=http://www.utrop.no/Nyheter/Innenriks/30188|work=[[Utrop]]|date=29 March 2016|language=Norwegian}}</ref> Within [[Sunni Islam]], the mosque is affiliated with [[Sufism]]<ref name="Utrop"/> and the [[Barelvi]] movement.<ref>{{Cite book|first1=Ingvar|last1=Svanberg|first2=David|last2=Westerlund|title=Islam Outside the Arab World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jt8rBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA388|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|page=388|isbn=978-1-136-11322-2}}</ref>

In Norway, the WIM established another large mosque named, Jam-e-Mosque in Oslo, Norway in 1980. The mosque in Åkebergveien is the headquarters of World Islamic Mission, one of the biggest Muslim congregations in Norway. It is second largest mosque in Norway. Central Jam-e-Mosque was the first purpose-built mosque in Norway.<ref>[https://www.visitoslo.com/en/product/?tlp=184076 Visit Oslo]</ref>

The Sunni missionary organization [[Dawat-e-Islami]] (D.I) established twelve centers in [[Greece]] and seven in Spain which are being used as mosque and madrasas.<ref name=GuglerJihad>{{citation|url=http://www.zmo.de/Mitarbeiter/Gugler/Jihad,%20Dawa%20and%20Hijra.pdf |title=Jihad, Da'wa, and Hijra: Islamic Missionary Movements in Europe |publisher=Zmo.de |access-date=11 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106002830/https://www.zmo.de/Mitarbeiter/Gugler/Jihad%2C%20Dawa%20and%20Hijra.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2015 |first1=Thomas K. |last1=Gugler}}</ref> In [[Athens]], D.I has established four centers.<ref name="BlanesMapril2013">{{cite book|author1=Ruy Blanes|author2=José Mapril|title=Sites and Politics of Religious Diversity in Southern Europe: The Best of All Gods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8accAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA169|date=11 July 2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25524-1|pages=169–|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724110105/https://books.google.com/books?id=8accAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA169|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Sri Lanka===
[[File:Mosque at Matara, Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|Muhhiyadeen Jummah Mosque (White Mosque)]]
Muslims generally follow Sufi traditions in Sri Lanka. The [[Shadhili]] tariqa, locally referred to as the Shazuliya, has its headquarters in Ummu Zavaya in M.J.M. Laffir Mawatha, Colombo. It was supported by the Al-Fassi family in the 1870s, and is the most prevalent Sufi order among the Sri Lankan Muslims followed by the [[Qadiriyya]] order.

In the pre-independence period, the two largest Sri Lankan Sufi orders were associated with rival Muslim gem-trading families and ethnic associations in the Western coastal region, with the [[Qadiriyya]] order being allied with N.D.H. Abdul Gaffoor and the All Ceylon Muslim League, and the Shazuliya (Shadhili) order supporting M. Macan Markar and the All Ceylon Moors Association.<ref name="academia.edu">Multi-religiosity in Contemporary Sri Lanka Innovation, Shared Spaces, Contestation, Edited byMark P. Whitaker, Darini Rajasingham-Senanayake and Pathmanesan Sanmugeswaran https://www.academia.edu/83875553/Sufis_in_Sri_Lanka_A_Fieldwork_Story</ref><ref name="eurasiareview.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/31032013-antagonism-among-muslims-in-sri-lanka-oped/ | title=Antagonism Among Muslims in Sri Lanka – OpEd | date=31 March 2013 }}</ref> Sri Lankan Moors also share with their co-religionists across South Asia a devotion to Sufi saints (''awliya'') and an engagement with local chapters of Sufi orders (''tariqa''). The two most popular Sufi saints are [[Abdul Qadir Gilani]] and [[Nagore Shahul Hamid|Shahul Hamid]].<ref>The Muslim Community
(Moors), Prof. Dennis B. McGilvray, https://www.islamawareness.net/Asia/SriLanka/srilanka_article0004.pdf</ref>

Sunni scholar [[Muhammad Abdul Aleem Siddiqi]] built the Hanafi Masjid in Colombo for Sri Lankan Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunnirazvi.net/topics/ambassadors.htm|title= Roving Sufi Ambassadors of Islam}}</ref> Sri Lankan Sufi Sunnis identify with organisations such as Hubbul Awliya (Love of the Saint) and Muslims across the island loosely identify themselves as [[Ahl us-Sunnah wal Jama'ah|Ahlus Sunnah wal-Jama'ah]] (traditional Muslims) which is used synonymously in the South Asian context with the Barelvi movement.<ref name="eurasiareview.com"/>

The annual festival cycle at the Badriya Mosque still commemorates familiar saints such as Abdul Qadir Jilani, Ahmed Rifai, and Shahul Hamid of Nagoor, as well as the popular Tangal from Androth, Abdul Rashid.<ref name="academia.edu"/> Dawatagaha Juma Masjid, Masjid Al Maqbool, Kupiyawatte Jumuah Masjid and Mardana Jumuah Masjid are notable mosques in Colombo.
While Masjid Al Badriyeen, Nawala, Talayan Bawa Masjid Ratmalana are some other notable mosques outside Colombo.
Missionary organisation Dawat-e-Islami is also actively working in various parts of the Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawateislami.net/magazine/en/madani-news-of-dawat-e-islami/religious-services-rendered | title=Madani News of Dawat-e-Islami - Madani news of Dawat-e-Islami }}</ref>

==Relations with other Muslim movements==
The Ahle Sunnat Barelvi movement's relations with Sunni Sufi scholars from various countries have been cordial. The only movements which the Ahle Sunnat Barelvi movement has no relations with are Wahabis/Deobandis. Wahabis/Deobandis were declared to be the enemies of Ahle Sunnah Wal Jama'ah during the [[2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny]].<ref name="Chechnya">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/islamic-conference-in-chechnya-why-sunnis-are-disassociating-themselves-from-salafists-2998018.html|title=Islamic conference in Chechnya: Why Sunnis are disassociating themselves from Salafists|date=9 September 2016|website=Firstpost|access-date=22 February 2022|archive-date=22 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222111937/https://www.firstpost.com/world/islamic-conference-in-chechnya-why-sunnis-are-disassociating-themselves-from-salafists-2998018.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny===
The scholars who followed Ahle Sunnat wal Jamaat from India and Pakistan namely [[Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad]], [[Grand Mufti of India]], Shaikh Anwar Ahmad al- Baghdadi and Mufti Muḥammad [[Muneeb-ur-Rehman]], Grand Mufti of Pakistan, participated in [[2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny|International Conference on Sunni Islam]] in Chechen Republic at Grozny in 2016.<ref name="Chechnya" /> The conference was convened to define the term "Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah", i.e. who are "the people of Sunnah and majority Muslim community", and to oppose Salafi/Wahabi groups and their ideology. It was attended by 200 notable Muslim scholars from 30 countries which includes [[Ahmed el-Tayeb]] (Grand Imam of Al-Azhar), [[Shawki Allam]] (Grand Mufti of Egypt), [[Ali Gomaa]] (former Grand Mufti of Egypt), Habib [[Ali al-Jifri]] among others. It identified Salafism/Wahhabism as a dangerous and misguided sect, along with the extremist groups, such as [[ISIS]], [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]], the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jamestown.org/program/chechnya-hosts-international-islamic-conference/|title=Chechnya Hosts International Islamic Conference|publisher=[[Jamestown Foundation]]|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-date=14 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514212546/https://jamestown.org/program/chechnya-hosts-international-islamic-conference/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://islam.in.ua/en/islamic-studies/conference-ulama-grozny-reaction-islamic-world|title=The Conference of Ulama in Grozny: the Reaction of the Islamic World|publisher=islam.in.ua|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308125805/https://islam.in.ua/en/islamic-studies/conference-ulama-grozny-reaction-islamic-world|url-status=live}}</ref>
The conference definition stated:
<blockquote>"[[Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah]] are the [[Ashʿari|Ash'arite]]s and [[Maturidis]] (adherents of the theological systems of Imam [[Abu Mansur al-Maturidi]] and Imam [[Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari]]). In matters of belief, they are followers of any of the four schools of thought ([[Hanafi]], [[Maliki]], [[Shafi'i]] or [[Hanbali]]) and are also the followers of the [[Sufism]] of Imam [[Junayd of Baghdad|Junaid al-Baghdadi]] in doctrines, manners and [spiritual] purification."<ref name="Ghaffari">{{cite news|last1=Ghaffari|first1=Talib|title=Over 100 Sunni scholars declare Wahhabis to be outside mainstream Sunni Islam – Chechnya|url=http://maktabah.org/blog/?p=3619|access-date=16 November 2017|date=11 September 2016|archive-date=17 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117065507/http://maktabah.org/blog/?p=3619|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote> This definition was in accordance with the ideology of Ahle Sunnat Barelvi movement. The relations with [[Deobandi]] and [[Wahabism]] have been strained; Scholars of Ahle Sunnat declared Deoband's founders and Ahl-e-Hadith scholars as "Gustakh-e-Rasool" (the one who blasphemes against the prophet) and [[Kafir|infidels]] and [[Apostasy in Islam|apostates]] due to their certain writings found to be against Muhammad.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/31051/1/Nelson%20Religion%20Politics%20and%20the%20Modern%20University%20in%20Pakistan%20and%20Bangladesh.pdf |title=Islamic Education In Bangladesh And Pakistan: Trends In Tertiary Institutions |last1=Ahmad |first1=Mumtaz |last2=Nelson |first2=Matthew J. |date=April 2009 |website=The National Bureau of Asian Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130022040/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/31051/1/Nelson%20Religion%20Politics%20and%20the%20Modern%20University%20in%20Pakistan%20and%20Bangladesh.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2021}}</ref>
<ref>Kenneth W. Jones, ''Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Part 3'', vol. 1, pg. 71. [[Cambridge]]: [[Cambridge University Press]], 1989.</ref>

=== Opposition to terrorism ===
[[File:Anti Terror Sunni Conference by All India Tanzeem Ulema-e-Islam at New Delhi in 2016.jpg|thumb|Anti Terror Sunni Conference by All India Tanzeem Ulema-e-Islam]]
They oppose South Asian Deobandi [[Taliban]] movements, organizing rallies and protests in India and Pakistan and condemning what they view as unjustified [[sectarian violence]].<ref>[http://www.twocircles.net/2009jun17/indian_muslims_protest_against_talibani_terrorism.html Indian Muslims protest against Talibani terrorism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619122025/http://www.twocircles.net/2009jun17/indian_muslims_protest_against_talibani_terrorism.html |date=19 June 2009}}. TwoCircles.net 17 June 2009</ref> The [[Sunni Ittehad Council]] (SIC), an alliance of eight Sunni organizations, launched the Save Pakistan Movement to slow [[Talibanization|Talibanisation]]. Calling the Taliban a product of global anti-Islamic conspiracies, SIC leaders accused the Taliban of playing into the hands of the United States to divide Muslims and degrade Islam.<ref>[http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/pakistans-sunnis-unite-against-talibanisation_100190373.html ''Pakistan's Sunnis unite against Talibanisation''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516000757/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/pakistans-sunnis-unite-against-talibanisation_100190373.html |date=16 May 2009}}. Thaindian News. 9 May 2009</ref> Supporting this movement, Pakistani [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] [[Shah Mehmood Qureshi]] said: "The [[Sunni Tehreek]] has decided to activate itself against Talibanisation in the country. A national consensus against terrorism is emerging across the country."<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C05%5C05%5Cstory_5-5-2009_pg3_1 Clashing interpretations of Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091110113139/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C05%5C05%5Cstory_5-5-2009_pg3_1 |date=10 November 2009}}. [[Daily Times (Pakistan)]], 5 May 2009</ref>
In 2009, Islamic scholar [[Sarfraz Ahmed Naeemi]] issued a [[fatwa]] denouncing suicide bombings<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2009/06/200961215382855380.html|title=Bombers target two Pakistani cities|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=30 January 2019|archive-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801035155/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2009/06/200961215382855380.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and criticized Taliban leader [[Sufi Muhammad]] by saying that he "should wear bangles if he is hiding like a woman". Naeemi added, "Those who commit suicide attacks for attaining paradise will go to hell, as they kill many innocent people", and was later killed by a suicide bomber.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/lahore/13-Jun-2009/anti-taliban-views-cost-mufti-naeemi-his-life|title=Anti-Taliban views cost Mufti Naeemi his life – Daily Times|access-date=30 January 2019|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234931/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/lahore/13-Jun-2009/anti-taliban-views-cost-mufti-naeemi-his-life|url-status=live}}</ref>
In India, the Sunni Barelvi community has issued of a [[fatwa]] against terrorism, with concerns expressed over activities of [[Wahhabism|Wahabis]] in New Delhi at All India Sunni Conference in Feb 2016.<ref>Rabbhi, Arghwan; Aswani, Tarushi, eds. (8 February 2016). "All [https://www.timesheadline.com/india/grand-sunni-conference-of-all-india-tanzeem-ulama-e-islam-held-in-new-delhi-1158.html India Tanzeem Ulema-e-Hind Hold Grand Sunni Conference against Wahabu Terrorism". Timesheadline. ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606221901/https://www.timesheadline.com/india/grand-sunni-conference-of-all-india-tanzeem-ulama-e-islam-held-in-new-delhi-1158.html |date=6 June 2020}}</ref>

==Notable scholars==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni]] (1898–1970)
*[[Ahmad Saeed Kazmi]] (1913–1986)
*[[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]] (1856–1921) – an [[Mujaddid|Islamic revivalist]] who was founder of the Barelvi movement<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hassankhan|first1=Maurits S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRR6DQAAQBAJ&q=Rida+Khan+as+khan+mujaddid&pg=PT41|title=Indentured Muslims in the Diaspora: Identity and Belonging of Minority Groups in Plural Societies|last2=Vahed|first2=Goolam|last3=Roopnarine|first3=Lomarsh|date=10 November 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-98686-1|language=en|access-date=2 November 2020|archive-date=15 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715085053/https://books.google.com/books?id=pRR6DQAAQBAJ&q=Rida+Khan+as+khan+mujaddid&pg=PT41|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Sibtain Raza Khan]] (died 2015)
*[[Kaif Raza Khan]] - Islamic scholar
*[[Akhtar Raza Khan]] (1941–2018) – former grand mufti and chief islamic justice of India
*[[Ameen Mian Qaudri]] (born 1955)
*[[Amjad Ali Aazmi]] (1882–1948)
*[[Arshadul Qaudri]] (1925–2002)
*[[Asjad Raza Khan]] (born 1970) – said to be Qadi Al-Qudaat (chief Islamic justice) of India.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/mufti-asjad-raza-conferred-with-qadi-al-qudaat-title/articleshow/68677678.cms|title=Mufti Asjad Raza conferred with 'Qadi Al-Qudaat' title|date=2 April 2019|first=Priyangi|last=Agarwal|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=6 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606020311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/mufti-asjad-raza-conferred-with-qadi-al-qudaat-title/articleshow/68677678.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2019/04/08/local/182553/asjad-raza-appointed-leader-barelwi-muslims|title=Asjad Raza appointed leader of Barelwi Muslims|work=Daily News|date=6 April 2019|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220221621/http://www.dailynews.lk/2019/04/08/local/182553/asjad-raza-appointed-leader-barelwi-muslims|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Ghulam Ali Okarvi]] (1919–2000)
*[[Hamid Raza Khan]] (1875–1943)
*[[Hamid Saeed Kazmi]] (born 1957)
*[[Ilyas Qadri]] (born 1950) – main leader of [[Dawat-e-Islami]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/250572/clamping-down-dawat-e-islami-comes-under-militarys-radar/ |title=Dawat-e-Islami comes under military's radar |first1=Kamran |last1=Yousaf |date=12 September 2011 |work=The Express Tribune |access-date=3 April 2020 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226213041/https://tribune.com.pk/story/250572/clamping-down-dawat-e-islami-comes-under-militarys-radar |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Jamaat Ali Shah]] (1834–1951) – President of All India Sunni Conference
*[[Kanthapuram A.P. Aboobacker Musliyar]] (born 1931)<ref name=Musliyar>{{citation |url=https://www.memri.org/reports/leading-barelvi-cleric-indias-kerala-state-gender-equality-against-islam-women-are-fit-only |title=Leading Barelvi Cleric From India's Kerala State: 'Gender Equality Is... Against Islam'; 'Women... Are Fit Only To Deliver Children' |work=The Middle East Media Research Institute |date=13 January 2016 |access-date=31 March 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114704/https://www.memri.org/reports/leading-barelvi-cleric-indias-kerala-state-gender-equality-against-islam-women-are-fit-only |url-status=live}}</ref> – said to be [[Grand Mufti of India]]<ref name=TimesOfIndia27Feb19>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/kanthapuram-selected-grand-mufti-of-india/articleshow/68175547.cms |title=Kanthapuram selected Grand Mufti of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Times News Network|TNN]] |date=27 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228040429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/kanthapuram-selected-grand-mufti-of-india/articleshow/68175547.cms |archive-date=28 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=mathrubhumi3599882A>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kanthapuram-elected-as-new-grand-mufti-religion-1.3599882|title=Kanthapuram elected as new Grand Mufti|website=Mathrubhumi|date=25 February 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225103254/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kanthapuram-elected-as-new-grand-mufti-religion-1.3599882|archive-date=25 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Kaukab Noorani Okarvi]] (born 1957)
*[[Khadim Hussain Rizvi]] (1966–2020)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jamestown.org/program/potential-new-strand-islamist-extremism-pakistan/ |title=The Potential for a New Strand of Islamist Extremism in Pakistan |work=Terrorism Monitor |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |volume=16 |issue=4 |date=26 February 2018 |first1=Farhan |last1=Zahid |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227094221/https://jamestown.org/program/potential-new-strand-islamist-extremism-pakistan/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Maulana Sardar Ahmad]] (1903–1962)
*[[Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi]] (1909–1970) — [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan]]
*[[Muhammad Arshad Misbahi]] (born 1968)
*[[Muhammad Fazal Karim]] (1954–2013)
*[[Muhammad Fazlur Rahman Ansari]] (1914–1974)
*[[Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari]] (1918–98) – author of ''[[Tafsir Zia ul Quran]]'' (1995) and ''Zia un Nabi''
*[[Muhammad Muneeb ur Rehman]] (born 1945)
*[[Muhammad Muslehuddin Siddiqui]] (1918–1983)
*[[Muhammad Raza Saqib Mustafai]] (born 1972)<ref name="Mustafai">{{citation |url=https://www.memri.org/reports/pakistani-religious-leaders-promote-antisemitism-say-when-jews-are-wiped-out-sun-peace-would |title=Pakistani Religious Leaders Promote Antisemitism, Say: 'When The Jews Are Wiped Out... The Sun of Peace Would Begin To Rise on the Entire World'; 'Israel Has Inducted More Armed Personnel in Kashmir... Under The Guise of Tourists' |work=The Middle East Media Research Institute |date=31 July 2012 |access-date=2 April 2020 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024154534/https://www.memri.org/reports/pakistani-religious-leaders-promote-antisemitism-say-when-jews-are-wiped-out-sun-peace-would |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Muhammad Shafee Okarvi]] (1930–1984) — founder of [[Jamaat Ahle Sunnat]]
*[[Muhammad Waqaruddin Qadri]] (1915–1993) – former Mufti-e-Azam Pakistan
*[[Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri]] (1892–1981)
*[[Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi]] (1887–1948)
*[[Naseeruddin Naseer Gilani]] (1949–2009)
*[[Qamaruzzaman Azmi]] (born 1946)
*[[Sarfraz Ahmed Naeemi]] (1948–2009)
*[[Shah Ahmad Noorani]] (1926–2003) — founder of [[World Islamic Mission]] in 1972
*[[Shakir Ali Noori]] (born 1960)
*[[Shamsul-hasan Shams Barelvi]] (1917–1997)
*[[Shihabuddeen Ahmed Koya Shaliyathi]] (1885–1954)
*[[Syed Faiz-ul Hassan Shah]] (1911–1984) – President of Jamiat-e-Ulema, Pakistan
*[[Syed Mohammed Madni Ashraf]] (born 1938)
*[[Syed Mohammed Mukhtar Ashraf]] (died 1996)
*[[Syed Shujaat Ali Qadri]] (1941–1993) – judge [[Federal Shariat Court]], Pakistan
*[[Yaseen Akhtar Misbahi]] – director, Darul Qalam, New Delhi
*[[Ziaul Mustafa Razvi Qadri]] (born 1935) – Muhaddis al-Kabeer, present Deputy Chief Islamic Justice of India (Deputy Grand Mufti of India)
{{Div col end}}

==Notable organizations==
===Pakistan===
In Pakistan, prominent Sunni Barelvi religious and political organizations include:
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Dawat-e-Islami]]<ref name="dawateislami.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawateislami.net/|title=Dawateislami - Islamic Website of an Islamic Organization|website=dawateislami.net|access-date=30 January 2019|archive-date=28 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128231149/https://www.dawateislami.net/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Jamaat Ahle Sunnat]]
*[[Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan]]
*[[Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatme Nabuwwat]] – The Assembly to Protect the End of Prophethood
*[[Sunni Ittehad Council]]
*[[Sunni Tehreek]]
*[[Tehreek-e-Labaik]]
{{Div col end}}

=== In India ===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[All India Ulema and Mashaikh Board]]
*[[Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa]]
*[[Karwan-I-Islami]]
*[[Muslim Jamaat]]
*[[Raza Academy]]
{{Div col end}}

=== In the United Kingdom ===
*[[World Islamic Mission]]
*[[British Muslim Forum]]
*[[TheSunniWay]]

=== In Bangladesh ===
*[[World Sunni Movement]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=মীরসরাই (চট্টগ্রাম) উপজেলা |title=মীরসরাইয়ে বিশ্ব সুন্নি আন্দোলনের সমাবেশ |url=https://www.dailyinqilab.com/article/177894/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6 |access-date=2022-12-07 |work=[[Daily Inqilab]]|language=bn}}</ref>
*[[Bangladesh Islami Front]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Islam |first1=Md Nazrul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ci3YDwAAQBAJ&dq=ahle+sunnat+wa+jamaat+Bangladesh&pg=PA247 |title=Islam and Democracy in South Asia: The Case of Bangladesh |last2=Islam |first2=Md Saidul |date=2020-03-20 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-42909-6 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Bangladesh Islami Chattra Sena]]

=== In South Africa ===
* [[Sunni Razvi Society]]
* Imam Mustafa Raza Research Centre,<ref name="noori">{{cite web|url=https://noori.org/about-us|title=About Us {{pipe}} Noori - Imam Mustafa Raza Research Center (IMMRC)|website=noori.org|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616071314/https://noori.org/about-us|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Durban]], South Africa

==Main institutions==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2023}}

=== India ===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Al Jamiatul Ashrafia]], Uttar Pradesh, India
*[[Al-Jame-atul-Islamia]], Raunahi
*[[Jamia Al Barkaat Aligarh]], [[Aligarh]]
*[[Jamia Amjadia Rizvia]], Ghosi
*[[Jamiatur Raza]], Bareilly
*[[Manzar-e-Islam]], Bareilly
*[[Darul Uloom Rabbaniya]], Uttar Pradesh
*[[Markazu Saqafathi Sunniyya]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.grandmufti.in/news-details.php?p_id=2 | title=Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad elected as new Grand Mufti}}</ref>
*[[Jamia Nizamia]], Hyderabad
{{Div col end}}

===Pakistan===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Aleemiyah Institute of Islamic Studies]]
*[[Hizbul Ahnaf]]
*[[Jamia Amjadia Rizvia]] Karachi
*[[Ashraf ul Madaris]], G.T Road, [[Okara, Pakistan|Okara]], Punjab, Pakistan
*[[Jamia Naeemia Lahore]]
*[[Jamia Nizamia Ghousia]] Wazirabad
*[[Jamia-tul-Madina]]
{{Div col end}}

===Bangladesh===
* [[Jamia Ahmadiyya Sunnia Kamil Madrasa]]

=== Mauritius ===

* [[Sunni Razvi Society]]

===United Kingdom===
*[[Jamia Al-Karam]]

===Republic of Ireland===
*[[Al-Mustafa Islamic Cultural Centre Ireland]]

=== Singapore ===

* [[Jamiyah Singapore]]

===South Africa===
*[[Darul Uloom Pretoria]]
*[[Imam Ahmed Raza Academy]]

=== Sri Lanka ===

* [[Madrasa Faiz-e-Raza|Anjuman Faiz-e-Raza]]

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Pakistan Movement]]
* [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]]
* [[Bibliography of Barelvi movement]]
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[Islam in Pakistan]]
* [[Islamic schools and branches]]
* [[Schools of Islamic theology]]
* [[List of Muslim philosophers]]
* [[List of Pakistani poets]]
* [[List of Urdu-language poets]]

{{Div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="GuglerParrots">{{Cite journal|url=http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/142/|title=The Politics of Difference, Parrots of Paradise - Symbols of the Super-Muslim: Sunnah, Sunnaization and Self-Fashioning in the Islamic Missionary Movements Tablighi Jama'at, Da'wat-e Islami and Sunni Da'wat-e Islami|first=Thomas K.|last=Gugler|date=22 April 2008|website=crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de|doi=10.11588/xarep.00000142}}</ref>

}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last=Riaz|first=Ali|author-link=Ali Riaz|title=Faithful Education: Madrassahs in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxOOwy-4J4UC&pg=PA75|year=2008|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-4345-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Geaves |first=Ron |editor1-last=Malik |editor1-first=Jamal |editor2-last=Hinnells |editor2-first=John R. |title=Sufism in the West |year=2006 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |chapter=Learning the lessons from the neo-revivalist and Wahhabi movements: the counterattack of the new Sufi movements in the UK |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VgGVulz0gjcC&pg=PA142 |pages=142–157 |isbn=978-0-415-27407-4 |ref=Geaves06}}
*{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Kenneth W. |title=Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Part 3 |volume=1 |year=1989 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HV4nHv8urgC&pg=PA70 |ref=Jones89|isbn=978-0-521-24986-7}}
* {{cite book |editor-first=Jamal |editor-last=Malik |title=Madrasas in South Asia: Teaching terror? |year=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lo_Whlz-sYC|isbn=978-0-415-44247-3}}
* {{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Olivier|author-link1=Olivier Roy (professor)|last2=Sfeir|first2=Antoine|author-link2=Antoine Sfeir|title=The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNrMilgHKKEC&pg=PA92|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14640-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |author-link=Usha Sanyal |editor-first=Jamal |editor-last=Malik |title=Madrasas in South Asia: Teaching terror? |year=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=23–44 |chapter=Ahl-i Sunnat Madrasas: the Madrasa Manzar-i Islam, Bareilly, and Jamia Ashrafiyya, Mubarakpur |isbn=978-0-415-44247-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lo_Whlz-sYC&pg=PA23 |ref=Sanyal08}}
* {{cite book |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |author-link=Usha Sanyal |title=Ahmed Riza Khan Barelwi: In the Path of the Prophet |series=Makers of the Muslim World |year=2005 |publisher=Oneworld |location=[[Oxford]] |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/33417132/Ahmad-Riza-Khan-Barelwi-In-the-Path-of-the-Prophet-Makers-of-the-Muslim-World |ref=Sanyal05}}
* {{cite book |title=Sufis and Anti-Sufis: The Defense, Rethinking and Rejection of Sufism in the Modern World |last=Sirriyeh |first=Elizabeth |year=1999 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-7007-1058-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=taESmRsDlo4C |ref=Sirriyeh99}}
* {{cite book |title=Islamic Thought in the Twentieth Century |editor1-last=Taji-Farouki |editor1-first=Suha |editor2-last=Nafi |editor2-first=Basheer M. |chapter=Sufi Thought and its Reconstruction |last=Sirriyeh |first=Elizabeth |year=2004 |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] |isbn=1-85043-751-3 |pages=104–127 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miT_ySSiwacC&pg=PA104 |ref=Sirriyeh04}}

{{Islamism_in_South_Asia}}
{{Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi}}

[[Category:Barelvi| ]]
[[Category:Sunni Islamic movements]]
[[Category:Bareilly]]
[[Category:1904 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]]
[[Category:Sunni Islamic branches]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]

H. R. Janardhana Iyengar

2026-04-25T10:54:48Z

Ayman: data

{{More citations needed|date=April 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Haradanahalli Ramaswamy Janardhana Iyengar
|image = H. R. Janardhana Iyengar and family.jpg
|caption = H. R. Janardhana Iyengar with his wife, daughter and grandchildren in the late 1970s
|alt = A black and white photo of H. R. Janardhana Iyengar with his wife, daughter and grandchildren in front of his house in the late 1970s
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1908|09|08}}
|birth_place = [[Mysore]], Karnataka, India
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1991|02|06|1908|09|08}}
|death_place = Mysore, India
|resting_place = Mysore, India
|resting_place_coordinates = 
|citizenship = India
|known_for = numerous engineering projects in Karnataka in the mid-20th century
|alma_mater = [[University of Mysore]]
|employer = [[Bangalore]] Public Water Works Department, Mysore Engineering Corporation, Associated Mysore Engineering Company, Mysore Concrete Construction, United Engineering Corporation, Mysore Chip Boards, Bharat Engineering Corporation
|occupation = Engineer
|years_active = 1930-c. 1978
|successor = B.J. Srinivas, B. Rangaraj, M.J. Krishnamurthy
|boards = Mysore Engineering Corporation; Associated Mysore Engineering Company; Mysore Concrete Construction; United Engineering Corporation; Mysore Chip Boards; Bharat Engineering Corporation; Governing Council, National Institute of Engineering; Institution of Engineers (India), Mysore Local Centre
|spouse = [[Indiramma Iyengar]]
|partner = K. S. Ramaswamy, Thirumalachar
|children = B.K. Ramaswamy, J. Ratna, B. J. Srinivas, B. Rangaraj, M. J. Krishnamurthy, M. J. Prakash, J. Lavanya
|parents = Haradanahalli Ramaswamy Iyengar and Janakamma
|awards =
|signature =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Haradanahalli Ramaswamy Janardhana Iyengar''' (8 September 1908 – 6 February 1991) was an eminent Civil engineer in [[Mysore]], India. He made valuable contributions to the engineering profession during the 1940s and 1950s through his innovative methods and original designs.

== Childhood and education ==
Janardhana Iyengar was the eldest child of Haradanahalli Ramaswamy Iyengar and Janakamma. He had three younger sisters and two younger brothers. At age 18, he married 12-year-old [[Indiramma Iyengar|Indiramma Srinivasa Iyengar]] of [[Kollegal]]. In 1927, when Iyengar was an engineering student, his father died from complications of carbuncle surgery. At this young age, he became the head of the family, and at the same time pursued the higher education that would lead to his accomplished career. In 1931, he obtained a degree in Civil Engineering from the [[University of Mysore]] with a record of high academic achievement. [[File:HR Janardhana Iyengar Diploma.jpg|thumb|H R Janardhana Iyengar B.E. Civil Engineering from University of Mysore - March 1931]]

== Career ==
After graduation, he started his career at the [[Bangalore]] Public Water Works Department in [[Malleswaram]]. Shortly after, he acquired a contract for a house renovation project which resulted in a substantial profit. After these and other initial successes, he formed the Mysore Engineering Company (MEC) with his college friends K.S. Ramaswamy (another engineer and also a maternal uncle), who acted in liaison and accounting capacities, and Thirumalachar, who undertook tasks of execution and project management, with Janardhana Iyengar managing design aspects. The MEC specialised in architecture and design, and construction.

In 1939, partly as a result of the impending [[World War II]], the government Military Engineering Services (MES) wanted to construct prisoners' barracks and other civic amenities at [[Jalahalli]], now a subdivision of Bangalore. The MES sought engineers and awarded numerous contracts to Iyengar's group. The facilities were completed and ready for occupation ahead of schedule. This resulted in additional contracts and further successes for the MEC, such as a contract to build the ''Hospital Town'' in Jalahalli; this work was also completed in a record time. In 1940, after the MEC experienced further growth, Janardhana Iyengar moved to Mysore, taking residence with his family in [[Vontikoppal]].

The MEC was charged with the construction of many water tanks for the military with a stipulation that completion of each project would be within one month. The MEC also built many water treatment plants for the army in [[Mysore state]] and the [[Madras presidency]]. This work of Janardhana Iyengar, Ramaswamy and Thirumalachar was appreciated by the government and the Dewan, Sir [[Mirza Ismail]]. The MEC had developed a reputation for performing high-quality work at very reasonable costs. Important treatment plants were at [[Tambaram]], Udumulpet, Arkonam, and Thondebhavi. The Dewan's administration awarded the MEC contracts for other hospitals and various public buildings. Through this, the MEC would construct the Victoria Mental Hospital in Bangalore and the [[Cheluvamba hospital]] for Women in Mysore, the General Post Office building in Mysore, cinemas (e.g. the Lakshmi Ranjit in Mysore and the Bramaramba in [[Chamarajanagar]]), and bank buildings (e.g., the Bank of Mysore (now the [[State Bank of Mysore]]) headquarters in Mysore). About 1946, the MEC constructed the Bank of Mysore Building in [[Madras]] (now Chennai); a substantial portion of the profit from this venture was returned to the bank.

In 1946, the MEC was involved in the construction of the power plant for the [[Munnar]] [[hill station]] in present-day [[Kerala]]. From 1944 to 1948 the MEC constructed numerous structures for the Mysore Steel Works, and cement and paper mills in [[Bhadravathi, Karnataka|Bhadravati]] (now in [[Karnataka]]). Janardhana Iyengar also designed silos for these projects. From 1948 to 1950, he designed and constructed numerous large ground-level water reservoirs in Bangalore and Mysore (e.g. at Malleswaram and Yadavagiri in Mysore). Janardhana Iyengar's firm designed and constructed overhead tanks, in present-day Kerala, [[Pune]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Later, the MEC also constructed schools for rural education in [[Muddenahalli|Muddahalli]]) and [[Nanjangud]].

In his tenure as [[Dewan of Mysore]], Mirza Ismail was tasked with improving the state's infrastructure, and he was impressed with Iyengar's vision of using the [[Kaveri]] river's water basin for irrigation. In 1953, answering a government request, Janardhana Iyengar prepared a comprehensive proposal for Kaveri water basin irrigation projects (for irrigation not covered by a [[Kaveri River water dispute|1924 agreement]], which imposed restrictions on State of Mysore for utilisation of major rivers of the Kaveri basin). This was submitted to the Mysore state government, which would later undertake many of these projects in the 1960s.

From 1956 to 1959 The Mysore Engineering Company constructed the colossal [[Karnataka University]] in [[Dharwar]]. In this project, cost overruns resulted from demands to make the exterior of buildings veneered with polished granite: the slabs had to be obtained from the [[Doddaballapur]] quarry. The company was not reimbursed for this extra cost due to a lack of political influence with the government. The MEC incurred a severe financial loss and would thereafter be closed. Janardhana Iyengar and his partners would later form the Associated Mysore Engineering Company (AMEC) around 1958.

By 1958, Janardhana Iyengar's engineering enterprise had otherwise achieved great success. With his partners, he formed another company, Mysore Concrete Construction (MCC), which, starting in 1961 would design and construct a [[reinforced concrete]] construction (RCC) power channel for the Sharavati Hydroelectric Project. This was then the biggest hydroelectric project undertaken in Karnataka. The state government invited bids to build water conductor systems, and bids were returned from numerous construction firms, including some in the United States and the United Kingdom. After studying the requirements for this project Iyengar designed the system and his design was adopted, at considerable savings to the state. The power channel, which extends from the [[Sharavathi]] river's [[Linganamakki Dam]] to the Penstock entry point to feed 9 turbines, is lengthy and also covered at many places. Iynegar's economical management and design skills earned the MCC large successes, as well as a good reputation with other engineers. The channel was completed in three years, in 1964.

In 1961, the [[University of Mysore]] invited tenders for design and construction of a campus at Manasagangotri. The MCC won this contract and the work was sublet to the AMEC (then a partner company). Janardhana Iyengar's son, B. Rangaraj, designed the complex under his father's guidance. The project was successfully completed on time and budget, and the university (particularly the Registrar, Nickam) commended the work. The campus, on [http://mysore.ind.in/hunsur-road Hunsur Road] facing the picturesque [[Kukkarahalli lake]], remains today a scenic locale, sometimes used for [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada film]] shoots.

As an engineering designer, Janardhana Iyengar made various innovations. For example, for [[Indian Telephone Industries]] (ITI), he planned large factories using RCC structures, such as arches supported on cantilevered column support: he designed columns safe from arch reaction by using specially designed column footing that would neutralise soil reaction. In 1958, he designed a shell roof for ITI as part of a large factory construction. Between 1950 and 1956, his firm designed and constructed three cinema theatres with RCC trusses ''in lieu'' of the standard structural steel frame, given a shortage of structural steel in India. During this period, Iyengar formed an additional engineering company, the United Engineering Corporation. As director, he designed aircraft hangars made of RCC girders, and not of steel, as was common practice. In the 1950s, Iyengar would become a founding partner of an additional company Mysore Chip Boards.

After a gradual retirement, in the late 1960s, Janardhana Iyengar helped his sons to form Bharat Engineering Corporation, and would act as an adviser and managing director of that company. The first big project for this company was construction of a novel pedestrian subway at the KR market in [[Bengaluru Pete]] in 1967. Under his guidance, his sons would undertake the construction of large water treatment plants from 1962 to 1978.

Janardhana Iyengar was one of the earliest fellows of the [[Institution of Engineers (India)|Institution of Engineers]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} and chairman of the Institution's Mysore Local Centre<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieimysore.org.in/Past_Chairman_Secretary.htm |title=IEI Mysore – Past Chairman and Hon Secretaries from 1965 till date |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816223108/http://www.ieimysore.org.in/Past_Chairman_Secretary.htm |archive-date=16 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> in 1966–67. He was a co-founder of the [[National Institute of Engineering]] and member of its Governing Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/195149/ |title=National Institute of Engineering Governing Board of Members}}</ref> The NIE maintains an endowed scholarship [https://web.archive.org/web/20110516192101/http://www.nie.ac.in/endow10.pdf] in his memory, awarded to the student with the highest cumulative marks through all semesters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nie.ac.in/endow10.pdf |title=National Institute of Engineering Endowed Scholarship List |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516192101/http://www.nie.ac.in/endow10.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Janardhana Iyengar and his wife, [[Indiramma Iyengar]], had five sons—B.K. Ramaswamy (born 1934), B.J. Srinivas (1938), B. Rangaraj (1940), M. J. Krishnamurthy (1942) and M. J. Prakash (1944)--and two daughters: J. Rathna (wife of [[K. K. Srinivasan]]; 1936) and J. Lavanya, born in 1950. They had fifteen grandchildren.

He had a major heart attack in 1973. He was diagnosed with [[Parkinson's disease]] in the late 1970s, which was progressively debilitating. He died as a result of [[pneumonia]] on 6 February 1991.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iyengar, H. R. Janardhana}}
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:Engineers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Scientists from Mysore]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Indian civil engineers]]

India Elements

2026-04-25T05:31:03Z

Ayman: done

{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Companies|date=October 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2019}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2021}}
}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = India Elements
|image = India_Elements_Logo.jpg
|image_border =
|caption =
|map =
|map_size = 200px
|map_caption = India Elements Official Logo
|formation = 2009
|extinction =
|type = Artist Management / Event Management
|headquarters = {{flagicon|India}} [[Kochi, India]]
|location =
|membership =
|language =
|leader_title = Founder
|leader_name = [[Manoj K Varghese]]
|key_people =
|num_staff =
|budget =
|website = {{URL|http://www.indiaelements.com}}
}}

'''India Elements''' is an [[Event management|event]] and [[artist management]] company founded in 2009 with headquarters in [[Cochin]], [[India]]. The company specializes in live music and cultural events around the world.

==History==

India Elements<ref>{{cite web|title=India Elements|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/policeman-at-cial-accused-of-graft-continues-to-roam-free/article4637547.ece|work=The Hindu |date=20 April 2013 }}</ref> was founded in 2004 by [[Manoj K Varghese]],<ref>{{cite news|title=A Spontaneous Soul|url=http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=563559|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2014-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123031147/http://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/noticias.html|archive-date=2018-01-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> who managed the company as a cultural facilitator. In 2009, it expanded into an organized event and artist management firm.

==Charity==
The firm and its founder Manoj K Varghese, who had been the secretary<ref>{{cite web|title=A Spontaneous Soul|url=http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=563559|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2014-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123031147/http://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/noticias.html|archive-date=2018-01-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> to celebrated artist [[M. F. Husain|M.F Husain]], is actively involved in charity events. He was the chairman of the Kerala Auxiliary Force, which is a non-profit organization that takes care of the needy. The firm regularly holds charity events that include blood donation camps,<ref>{{cite news|title=Hundreds donate blood|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/02/stories/2005100205810300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117144615/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/02/stories/2005100205810300.htm|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-10-02|archive-date=2006-11-17}}</ref> charity events for the Dalits, helping [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non Resident Indians]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Registration cell to ensure safety of labourers|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/2004/11/14/stories/2004111414250300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140616133600/http://hindu.com/thehindu/2004/11/14/stories/2004111414250300.htm|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-11-14|archive-date=2014-06-16}}</ref> healthcare events,<ref>{{cite news|title=Help for health|url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/10/06/stories/2004100601950200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041103120523/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/10/06/stories/2004100601950200.htm|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-10-06|archive-date=2004-11-03}}</ref> and charity music events.<ref>{{cite news|title=Musical extravaganza|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/18/stories/2005081815850200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204193630/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/18/stories/2005081815850200.htm|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-08-18|archive-date=2007-12-04}}</ref>

==Notable events==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Venue
!Artists Involved
!Organised By
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; |'''[[Clubby Online MiniMovie Festival]] | Inauguration'''
|-
|2019
|The Renai, Kochi
|[[Priyadarshan]], [[Suresh Eriyat]], [[Justin Jose]], [[C. K. Muraleedharan]], [[Vasanthabalan]], [[P. F. Mathews]], [[Ramesh Narayan]], [[Suresh Eriyat]], [[Manoj George]], Dr. Sandeep Marwah, Ashok Tyagi etc.
|Cinema Clubby Business Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
|- style="background:#bfd7ff
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; |'''Bang-de-Beat | Let's Party'''
|-
|2018
|Grand Hyatt Bolgatty, Kochi
|[[Abhay Jodhpurkar|Abhay Jodhapurkar]], [[Pooja Vaidyanath]], Vineeth Mohan, Remya Vinayakumar, Prakash Ulliyeri, Anna Rotka, Sandeep Mohan, Pauly, Nirmal, Antony, Sunilkumar
|TRANSMEDCON - 7th National Conference of Immunohematology & Transfusion Medicine.
|- style="background:#bfd7ff
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; |'''Keraliyam'''
|-
|2018
|Jaya Palace, Bangalore
|51 Dancers from [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]]
|[[Department of Information and Public Relations (Kerala)|Department of Information and Public Relation, Govt. of Kerala]]
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |'''Kerala State Media Awards'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/240417/sixing-it-up.html|title=Sixing it up|date=2017-04-24|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2017-04-29|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|Tagore Theatre, Thiruvananthapuram
| INDIVA - The All Female Fusion Band led by [[Merlin D'Souza|Merlin D’Souza]], [[Vivienne Pocha]], Shruti Bhave, Chandana Bala Kalyan, Sapna Mane and [[Aditi Bhagwat]]
| [[Department of Information and Public Relations (Kerala)|Department of Information and Public Relations]], [[Government of Kerala|Govt. of Kerala]]

|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Cultural Fest 2017 | Old is Gold'''
|-
|2017
|YMCA Vepery, Chennai
| Vidyadharan Master, [[Lathika]], Rakesh Brahmanand, Vijitha, Salish and Edappal Viswan
| [[Department of Information and Public Relations (Kerala)|Department of Information and Public Relations]], [[Government of Kerala|Govt. of Kerala]]

|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Vajrakeralam<ref>{{cite news |title= Manju's fantastic dance at Vajrakeralam |url= http://english.mathrubhumi.com/gallery/movies-music/manju-s-fantastic-dance-at-vajrakeralam-1.1793051 |access-date= 12 March 2017 |publisher= Mathrubhumi |archive-date= 14 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170314063646/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/gallery/movies-music/manju-s-fantastic-dance-at-vajrakeralam-1.1793051 |url-status= dead }}</ref>'''
|-
|2017
|Siri Fort Auditorium, New Delhi
| [[Manju Warrier]] & 52 Melam artists led by Mattannoor Sivaraman, Balussery Krishnadas and Kalasree Cheruthazham Kunhiraman Marar
| [[Department of Information and Public Relations (Kerala)|Department of Information and Public Relations]], [[Government of Kerala|Govt. of Kerala]]

|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''D'Jo & THE BAND<ref>{{cite news|title=When Sax takes the centre stage|url=http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=5807785|access-date=13 July 2016|publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>'''
|-
|2016
|Hotel Le Meridien, Kochi
|Dennis Jose (Josy), [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]], Syam, Remya Vinayakumar, Anoop R. Nair, Nirmal Antony, Sunil Kumar, Bassman Paul, Preeth PS
|[[Kerala Cricket Association]]
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Devadundubhi'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Devadundubhi|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/crime/020316/thiruvananthapuram-gets-ready-for-a-grand-fusion.html|publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Devadundubhi|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/violin-meets-chenda-today/article8303037.ece|access-date=2 March 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Capital Attraction -Devadundubhi|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/020316/capital-attraction.html|access-date=2 March 2016|publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|Tagore Theatre, Trivandrum
|[[Peruvanam Kuttan Marar]], [[Manoj George]], [[Sithara Krishnakumar]], [[Sachin Warrier]], Prakash Ulliyeri, Njaralath Hari Govindan, Jocy, Daya Shanker, Sandeep Mohan, Sunil Kumar, M.S. Lavanya, George Abban, Emmanuel Awuku.
|[[Department of Information and Public Relations (Kerala)|Department of Information and Public Relations]], [[Government of Kerala|Govt. of Kerala]]
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''MILE SUR MERA THUMHARA - A Musical Symphony from ManojGeorge4Strings'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Mile Sur Mera Thumhara|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151001/entertainment-tvmusic/article/musical-tribute-mahatma|access-date=2 October 2015|publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mile Sur Mera Tumhara|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/In-Tune-With-the-Healing-Chord/2015/10/31/article3103872.ece1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214170135/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/In-Tune-With-the-Healing-Chord/2015/10/31/article3103872.ece1|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 14, 2015|access-date=31 October 2015|publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|Tagore Theatre, Trivandrum
|[[Manoj George]], [[Sithara Krishnakumar]], Mithun Jayaraj, [[Poly Varghese]], Ravi Chary, Maarten Visser, Frijo Francis, Ben Sam Jones, Daya Shanker, Sandeep Mohan, Sunil Kumar, 20 Member Chamber Orchestra.
|[[Department of Information and Public Relations (Kerala)|Department of Information and Public Relations]], [[Government of Kerala|Govt. of Kerala]]
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''ABRAXAS'15 - Campus Show'''
|-
|2015
|Sree Narayana Institute of Technology, Adoor, Pathanamthitta
|[[Naresh Iyer]], [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]], Bennette & the band, [[Manoj George]], Baiju Ezhupunna etc.
|SNIT, Adoor
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Eastraga'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Sithara and Eastraga|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sithara-and-eastraga/article5868934.ece|access-date=4 April 2014|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|Kochi
|[[Sithara Krishnakumar]] and her Band.
|Choice Group
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Noisy Mama'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Sound, soul and a pinch of madness|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/sound-soul-and-a-pinch-of-madness/article5706130.ece|access-date=19 February 2014|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|JT PAC, Kochi
|Carola Grey, Palaghat Sreeram, John Antony etc.
|Choice Group
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''AJ with Tharang Reloaded'''<ref>{{cite news|title=New symphony|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/new-symphony/article5609585.ece|access-date=23 January 2014|publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|JT PAC, Kochi
|[[Abhay Jodhpurkar]], Prakash Ulliyeri, Shomi Davis, [[Manoj George]] etc.
|Choice Group
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Jail Arts Festival'''
|-
|2013
|Poojappura Central Jail, Trivandrum
|Rakesh Brahmanadh, Saritha Nair, Pramila, etc.
|Department of Prisons, [[Government of Kerala|Govt. of Kerala]]
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Dala - Annual Celebrations'''
|-
|2012
|Al Nazar Leisure Land, Dubai
|[[Ramesh Narayan|Pndt. Ramesh Narayanan]], Ravi Chary, [[Gayatri Asokan]], Bennette, Prakash Ulliyeri etc.
|Dubai Art Lovers Association
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Advay - Campus Show'''
|-
|2012
|TocH Engineering College, Kochi
|[[Benny Dayal]], [[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan|Jyotsna]], [[Sithara Krishnakumar]], Franco, Anwar Saduth, [[Berny-Ignatious|Berny]], etc.
|Toc H Engineering College
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Sumithra Guha Live'''
|-
|2012
|Kochi
|Padma Sree Sumithra Guha and team
|Choice Group
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Mridu Malhar'''
|-
|2011
|[[Infosys]] Campus, Trivandrum
|[[Ramesh Narayan|Pndt. Ramesh Narayanan]], [[Berny-Ignatious|Berny]], [[Madhushree]], Madhuvanthi, Aditya Narayan Banerjee, Attukal Balu etc.
|Infosys
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Infrastructural Conference - Musical Eve'''
|-
|2011
|[[Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces|Taj Vivanta]], Trivandrum
|[[Ramesh Narayan|Pndt. Ramesh Narayanan]], [[Berny-Ignatious|Berny]], [[Madhushree]], Madhuvanthi, Prakash Ulliyeri etc.
|Department of Public Works, [[Government of Kerala|Govt. of Kerala]]
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Veeraputhran - Audio Release'''
|-
|2011
|[[Mascot Hotel]], Trivandrum
|[[Ramesh Narayan|Pndt. Ramesh Narayanan]], [[Berny-Ignatious|Berny]], [[Madhushree]], Madhuvanthi, Prakash Ulliyeri etc.
|ITL Productions
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Advay - Campus Show'''
|-
|2011
|TocH Engineering College, Kochi
|[[Naresh Iyer]], [[Manoj George]], Bennette etc.
|Toc H Engineering College
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Mridu Malhar'''
|-
|2011
|JT PAC, Kochi
|[[Ramesh Narayan|Pndt. Ramesh Narayanan]], [[Dilshad Khan]], [[Berny-Ignatious|Berny]], [[Madhushree]], Madhuvanthi, Prakash Ulliyeri etc.
|Sathyam Audios
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Painting Campaign - World Forestry Day'''
|-
|2011
|[[Marine Drive, Kochi|Marine Drive]], Kochi
|[[C. N. Karunakaran]] and thousands of College Students
|Toc H Engineering College
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''TaalAtma'''
|-
|2011
|JT PAC, Kochi
|[[Aditi Bhagwat]]h, Saylee Talwalkar, Ravi Chary, Mughul Gongre etc.
|Choice Group
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Soul Electric - The Band'''
|-
|2011
|[[Infosys]] Campus, Trivandrum
|Anvar Saduth, Josy, [[Manoj George]] etc.
|Infosys
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''S 36 - The Band'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Sree in a new avatar|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article411311.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306152111/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article411311.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 6, 2016|access-date=27 January 2011|publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|JT PAC, Kochi
|[[Sreesanth]], Josy, Anoop Nair etc.
|S-36 The Band
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Conjura - Campus Show'''
|-
|2010
|[[TKM College of Engineering|TKM Engineering College]], Kollam
|[[Vijay Prakash]] and the Band
|TKM Engineering College
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Advay - Campus Show'''
|-
|2010
|TocH Engineering College, Kochi
|[[Balabhaskar]], Anoop Nair, Mahesh Mani etc.
|Toc H Engineering College
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''In Comedy Nagar'''
|-
|2010
|Various cities in USA
|[[Ramesh Pisharody]], [[Kulappulli Leela]], [[Guinness Pakru]], Manoj Guinness etc.
|OneTel INC, USA
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Sunaadha'''
|-
|2010
|JT PAC, Kochi
|[[U. Srinivas]], U. Rajesh, Prakash Ulliyeri etc.
|Choice Group
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Jingala'''
|-
|2010
|Malappuram
|[[SP Balasubramanyam|S. P. Balasubramanyam]], [[Benny Dayal]], [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]], [[Vidhu Prathap]], Aruna Thampy, [[Stephen Devassy]], [[Manoj George]], [[Ramesh Pisharody]], [[Salim Kumar]]
|Swanthwanam Charitable Trust
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Ghazal Eve'''
|-
|2009
| Various cities in USA
|Jithesh Sundharam and team
|Accossi Productions INC, USA
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Ghazal Nite'''
|-
|2009
|Classic Avenue Hotel, Trivandrum
|[[Ramesh Narayan|Pndt. Ramesh Narayanan]], Prakash Ulliyeri, Praful Athle etc.
|Classic Avenue Hotel
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Dhundhubhi'''
|-
|2009
|JT PAC, Kochi
|[[Ramesh Narayan|Pndt. Ramesh Narayanan]], [[Sivamani (percussionist)|Sivamani]], Ravi Chary, Satyajit Talwalkar, [[Stephen Devassy]] etc.
|Choice Group
|-
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Conjura - The Campus Show'''
|-
|2009
|[[TKM College of Engineering|TKM Engineering College, Kollam]]
|[[Naresh Iyer]], [[Stephen Devassy]] etc.
|TKM Engineering College
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Music For Charity'''
|-
|2006
|Dr. Ambedkar Stadium, Kochi
|[[Deepak Dev]], [[Alphons Joseph]], [[Yesudas]], [[P. Jayachandran|Jayachandran]], [[MG Sreekumar|M. G. Sreekumar]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Swetha Mohan]], [[Jassie Gift]], [[Rimi Tomy]], [[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan|Jyotsna]], [[Vijay Yesudas]], Sayanora Philip, [[Nadirsha]], Dev Anand, Pradeep Babu, [[Guinness Pakru]], [[Tini Tom]] etc.
|Kerala Auxiliary Force
|-
|}

==References==

{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://indiaelements.com/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517091114/http://indiaelements.com/ |date=2014-05-17 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India Elements}}
[[Category:Event management companies of India]]

Reyaz Ahmad Khan

2026-04-24T09:54:19Z

Ayman:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = File:Reyaz_Ahmad_Khan.jpg
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Shangus–Anantnag East Assembly constituency|Shangus-Anantnag East]]
| term_start = 21 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Peerzada Mansoor Hussain]]
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
}}
'''Reyaz Ahmad Khan''' ( ریاض احمد خان) (born 10 April 1969) is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]. He was elected to [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] in [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Shangus–Anantnag East Assembly constituency]]. He is a member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Shangus–Anantnag East, J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JKNC's Reyaz Ahmad Khan defeats JKPDP's Abdul Rehman Bhat with 14532 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/shangus-anantnag-east-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612917-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Shangus-Anantnag East Election Result 2024 Live Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/shangus-anantnag-east-election-result-2024-live-update-9077431.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="It’s a wrap: The big winners and losers in Kashmir">{{cite news |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=8 October 2024 |title=It's a wrap: The big winners and losers in Kashmir |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kashmir-election-results-winners-losers-9610637/ |language=en}}</ref> Reyaz Ahmad Khan is also member of House Committees on Subordinate Legislation and Privileges.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Shafat |date=2025-05-29 |title=Speaker nominates members to 9 committees of J&K LA |url=https://risingkashmir.com/speaker-nominates-members-to-9-committees-of-jk-la/ |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=Rising Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Khan belongs to the influential Khan dynasty of [[Shangus]]. He was born to Gull Mohd Khan and Sara Begum. Khan pursued his early schooling from a Govt School in neighbourhood. He completed his BSC from Government Degree College Khanabal and later did LLB from University of Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Bio Data of assembly members |url=https://jkla.neva.gov.in/Member/Details/76?AssemblyID=1 }}</ref>

== Career ==
He began his legal practice in the 1990s at the District Court in [[Anantnag]] and later extended his practice to the [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh|Jammu and Kashmir High Court]], building a legal career spanning more than 28 years. He is regarded as the most established and renowned Lawyer of [[Anantnag]].

Khan served as standing counsel for the [[Government of India]] for five years. He also served as president of the Anantnag Bar Association for two years and continues to serve as legal counsel for [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (BSNL).

=== Politics ===
Khan has been politically active since he joined the Bar Association. His peers honored him with the title "Voice of the Voiceless" for his advocacy. Khan is considered to be a close confidant of Abdullahs.{{Who|date=January 2025}}

In 2014, Khan officially became a member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]] (JKNC) and was given the mandate to contest the assembly elections from Shangus, Anantnag. Although he lost, he secured approximately 11,000 votes.

Khan remained an active member of JKNC and is credited with playing a significant role in the party’s success in winning the Anantnag parliamentary seat twice. In 2024, he defeated four-time MLA and former minister by a margin of 18,000 votes, securing over 30,000 votes in total.

At present Khan is Vice President South Zone, comprising four districts of Anantnag, Kulgam, Pulwama and Shopian.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Conference announces key organisational appointments |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/national-conference-announces-key-organisational-appointments/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Greaterkashmir |language=en}}</ref> Khan previously served as South Zone Secretary of [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]].

== Issues Raised ==

1) Dradpora-Choidraman Tunnel and Achabal-Shangus-Inderwal National Highway: The foremost issue that Reyaz Ahmad Khan raised was that of Dradpora Choidraman Tunnel connecting Marwah Valley in Kistwar to Anantnag therby providing an all weather road connectivity to the far flung area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoRTH to study Achabal-Shangus-Inderwal NH proposal |url=https://m.greaterkashmir.com/article/morth-to-study-achabal-shangus-inderwal-nh-proposal/450995 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=Greaterkashmir |language=en}}</ref> MLA Shangus Reyaz Ahmad Khan is the pioneer of the idea of Achabal-Shangus Highway as an approach road to the Tunnel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demand raised in Legislative Assembly |url=https://m.greaterkashmir.com/article/demand-raised-in-legislative-assembly/379896 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=Greaterkashmir |language=en}}</ref> Reyaz Ahmad Khan has also met CM [[Omar Abdullah]] in this regard and has submitted a memorandum to CM. CM Omar Abdullah wrote to Union Road Minister [[Nitin Gadkari]] who assured of active consideration of the Project. If this Project gets through, it will prove a magic wand for the area as it would not only connect Marwah to Anantnag but would increase Tourism potential of the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demand raised in Legislative Assembly |url=https://m.greaterkashmir.com/article/demand-raised-in-legislative-assembly/379896 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=Greaterkashmir |language=en}}</ref>

2) SDH Shangus: Reyaz Ahmad Khan vociferously advocated for the restoration of consultant posts at SDH Shangus both inside and outside assembly. In the Board meeting held at Anantnag, CM Omar Abdullah directed for early restoration of posts after demand was raised by Reyaz Ahmad Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=KL News |date=2025-03-17 |title=16 Medical Officers Deployed in Remote Areas of South Kashmir: Minister |url=https://kashmirlife.net/16-medical-officers-deployed-in-remote-areas-of-south-kashmir-minister-385917/ |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=Kashmir Life - Latest News & Breaking News from Kashmir |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-17 |title=CM Omar Abdullah reviews progress of development projects, CSS & capex budget implementation at Anantnag |url=https://risingkashmir.com/cm-omar-abdullah-reviews-progress-of-development-projects-css-capex-budget-implementation-at-anantnag/ |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=Rising Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rashid |first=Younus |date=2024-11-06 |title=MLA Speaks: Tackling healthcare shortages & infrastructure gaps is a priority: Shangus MLA Khan |url=https://risingkashmir.com/mla-speak-tackling-healthcare-shortages-infrastructure-gaps-is-a-priority-shangus-mla-khan/ |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=Rising Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

3) Service Bond for Doctors: Reyaz Ahmad Khan proposed a service bond mandating postgraduate doctors to serve in rural areas to address healthcare shortages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=KL News |date=2025-10-28 |title=Lawmakers Flag Key Constituency Issues in Jammu Kashmir Assembly |url=https://kashmirlife.net/lawmakers-flag-key-constituency-issues-in-jammu-kashmir-assembly-411044/ |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=Kashmir Life - Latest News & Breaking News from Kashmir |language=en-GB}}</ref>

4) Seer Nambal Bridge and its approach road.

5) New Building for SDH Seer.

6) Water Source Issue: MLA Shangus raised the issue for availability of source of water for Kehribal and adjoining areas.[https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=898211056287365&id=100082954371500]

7) Solid Waste Management: MLA Shangus Anantnag East raised pressing issue relating to solid waste management in his constituency. Minutes after the issue was raised in assembly, Rural Development Department swung into action and cleared several locations which were turned into dumping sites.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gul |first=Khalid |date=2026-02-10 |title=Govt lays out rural waste management measures in Assembly |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/governance/govt-lays-out-rural-waste-management-measures-in-assembly/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Reyaz Ahmad Khan is married and has two sons.

== See also ==
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==References==

* [https://myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=522] My Neta 2024
* [https://myneta.info/JammuKashmir2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=231] My Neta 2014
* [https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/reyaz-ahmad-khan-65897.html#education] one India article
* [https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/jammu-and-kashmir/reyaz-ahmad-khan-u08aed2022a046e2024c011/] News 18 article

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Reyaz Ahmad}}
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Anantnag district]]
[[Category:1969 births]]

Rajanikanta Sen

2026-04-22T10:45:24Z

Ayman: formatting fix

{{Short description|Bengali poet and composer (1865–1910)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajanikanta Sen
| native_name = রজনীকান্ত সেন
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Rajanikanta Sen.jpg
| caption = Rajanikanta Sen
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1865|07|26}}
| birth_place = ''Bhangabari Village'', [[Pabna District]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], British India (now [[Belkuchi]], [[Sirajganj District]], Bangladesh)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1910|09|13|1865|07|26}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Kolkata]], India)
| occupation = ·Lawyer ·Lyricist ·Composer ·Singer
| movement = [[Bengal Renaissance]]
| notable_works = ''Kantageeti'', ''Bani'', ''Kalyani'', ''Amrita''
|
}}

'''Rajanikanta Sen''', also known as '''Kantakobi''', (26 July 1865 – 13 September 1910) was a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] poet and composer, known for his devotional ([[bhakti]]) compositions, as well as his patriotic songs.<ref name=bpedia>{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |year=2012 |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]|chapter=Sen, Rajanikanta|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sen,_Rajanikanta |editor2-last=Sayeed |editor2-first=Abul}}</ref>

==Early life, education and profession==
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Sri Guruprasad Sen, Poet Rajanikanta Sen's father.jpg|Sri Guruprasad Sen, father of Rajanikanta Sen
File:Rajanikanta Sen's mother.jpg|Monomohini Debi, mother of Rajanikanta Sen
File:Poet Rajanikanta Sen.jpg|Poet Rajanikanta Sen
File:Hiranmoyee Debi.jpg|Hiranmoyee Debi, wife of Rajanikanta Sen
File:Shantilata Roy.jpg|Shantilata Roy, daughter of Rajanikanta Sen
File:House of poet Rajanikanta Sen.jpg|House of poet Rajanikanta Sen, 1909, Rajshahi
</gallery>
Rajanikanta was born in a [[Vaidya]] family in the village of [[Bhangabari]], Sirajganj of [[Pabna]] district, presently situated at Bangladesh.<ref name=abasar>{{cite web|url=http://www.abasar.net/litRajanikaant.htm|title=Rajanikanta Sen|publisher=Abasar|language=bn|accessdate=4 September 2017|archive-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828014606/http://www.abasar.net/litRajanikaant.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was the third child of Guruprasad Sen and Manomohini Debi. Rajanikanta's sister Ambuja Sundari Dasgupta was a renowned poet too.<ref name=pandit />
Originally, his ancestors hailed from Sahadevpur village under Tangail Subdivision of Mymensingh District on right side of Brahmaputra in Bangladesh.<ref name=pandit /> When Rajanikanta's great grand father Jogiram died, his pregnant wife Karunamoyee came to his Brother's residence at Bhangabari village and gave birth to Golaknath, grand father of Rajanikanta. Though Golaknath was deprived of higher education due to financial constraints, he imparted best of education to his two sons, Govindanath and Guruprasad. Govindanath practiced law in the court of [[Rajshahi]] in Bangladesh. Guruprasad, father of Rajanikanta, passed [[LLB]] from [[Dacca university]] and became a sub-judge. He served as sub-judge in many parts of Bengal, such as Rangpur, Dinajpur, Bhagalpur, Munger, Kalna, and Katwa, and finally came to Krishnanagar and retired.Guruprasad was posted in [[Katwa]] when Rajanikanta was born.<ref name="radhika">{{cite web|title= Poet Rajanikanta Sen (Kanta Kabi) |date=16 July 2009 |url=http://radhikaranjanmarxist.blogspot.com/2009/07/bangladesh-poetrajanikanta-sen.html|accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref>

Rajanikanta started his schooling at Boalia Zilla School (now [[Rajshahi Collegiate School]]). He learned Sanskrit from Rajnath Tarkaratna, a neighbour in his village Bhangakuthi during school vacations. He got Gopal Chandra Lahiri as his academic mentor. In 1882 he passed [[Entrance Examination]] from [[Coochbihar Jenkins School]].<ref name="pandit">{{cite book|first=Nalini Ranjan|last=Pandit|title=Kanta Kabi Rajanikanta|publisher=Bengal Book Company|year=1921|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.315978/2015.315978.Kantakabi-Rajanikanta#page/n1}}</ref> Other claims such as he was from Koochbihar<ref name="ananda2">{{cite web|title= Anandabazar Patrika 26 July 2016|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/district/north-bengal/remembrance-of-rajanikanta-sen-in-district-1.442562?ref=rajanikanta-sen-topics-topic-stry|accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref> are of no substance. Then he came to Calcutta and passed [[Intermediate of Arts|FA]] in 1885 with second division. He completed [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] degree in 1889 and [[Bachelor of Law|BL]] degree in 1891 from [[City College, Kolkata|Kolkata City College]].<ref name=bpedia/><ref name=pandit/> He too then started practicing law in [[Rajshahi]]<ref name=bpedia/> where Govindanath was practicing. Rajanikanta earned reputation quickly. However, his passion lay in cultural activities like music, literature, acting in plays etc. In this endeavor he received support from his friends such as historian [[Akshay Kumar Maitreya]],<ref name=bpedia/> and also from his wife.<ref name=abasar/> He worked as a [[Munsif]] for some days in [[Natore District|Natore]] and [[Naogaon District|Naogaon]].

== Orientation towards Music ==
Rajanikanta's father Guruprasad was inclined to poetry and music, and was a composer of Vaishnab and Shiva-Durga songs (''Padabali''). Guruprasad collected age old ''Vaishnava'' lyrics in ''Brajabuli'' dialect from Katwa-Kalna area and compiled them into a book titled ''Padachintamanimala''.<ref name=radhika/> His mother Manomohini Devi had interest in Bengali literature. She used to discuss it with young Rajanikanta. All these influenced his future compositions a lot. Sen got interested in music from Tarakeshwar Chakrabarty, his friend in Bhangabari. He was fluent in writing poems in Bengali and [[Sanskrit]] from childhood. He started composing music for his poems and singing those along with playing musical instruments later. Rajanikanta's poems were published in various local magazines such as Utsaha, Ashalata etc. He used to compose songs for inaugural and closing ceremonies for various assemblies in his college days even in very short notice.<ref name="ananda1">{{cite web|title= Anandabazar Patrika 26 July 2017 |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/today-is-the-birthday-of-bengali-poet-and-composer-rajanikanta-sen-dgtl-1.648255?ref=rajanikanta-sen-topic-stry|accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref>

One such song is stated below, which Rajanikanta composed within a very short period of one hour for such an assembly in Rajshahi library:
{|
|-
|
<div style="2em;font-size:1.0em">
<poem>
তব, চরণ নিম্নে, উৎসবময়ী শ্যাম-ধরনী সরসা;
উর্দ্ধে চাহ অগণিত-মনি-রঞ্জিত নভো-নীলাঞ্চলা
সৌম্য-মধুর-দিব্যাঙ্গনা শান্ত-কুশল-দরশা ৷
</poem>
</div>
||
:''Beneath your feet lies the prosperous and bountiful earth''
:''Behold the blue sky engraved with countless gems above''
:''She is like a sweet and graceful angel''
|}

== Personal life ==
[[File:Rajanikanta Letter To Sharat Kumar Ray.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Rajanikanta's Letter To Sharat Kumar Ray describing his interest in music]]
After the voluntary retirement of his father the family of Rajanikanta became financially dependent on Guruprasad's elder brother's sons Barada Gobinda and Kali Kumar. Both of them died suddenly in quick succession in 1878. Rajani's younger brother Janakikanta had also just died of hydrophobia. Suddenly the prosperous family plunged into a financial crisis. Rajanikanta had to study and practice law to support the family. However, he expressed his dislikes towards the profession in a letter written to Sri Sarat Kumar Ray. He married Hiranmayee Devi in 1883, who used to discuss with and encouraged Rajanikanta regarding his poetry and sometimes suggested themes for the poems. They had four sons – Shachindra, Gnanendra, Bhupendra, Kshitindra; and two daughters - Shatadalbasini and Shantibala. Bhupendra died at a young age. Rajani's firm belief in God is reflected in the following song composed on the next day:
{|
|-
|
<div style="2em;font-size:1.1em">
<poem>
তোমারি দেওয়া প্রাণে তোমারি দেওয়া দুখ,
তোমারি দেওয়া বুকে, তোমারি অনুভব ৷
তোমারি দুনয়নে তোমারি শোক-বারি,
তোমারি ব্যাকুলতা তোমারি হা হা রব ৷
</poem>
</div>
||
:''You (God) gifted life but filled it with sorrow''
:'' You filled our hearts with faith in you''
:''You gave us eyes and filled them with tears''
:''You make me perplexed so I cry helplessly''
|}

== Contribution to Bengali music and literature ==
Rajanikanta's songs may be classified into four categories:
Devotional (ভক্তি মূলক), Patriotic (দেশাত্মবোধক), Humanitarian (মানবধর্মী) and Satire (হাস্যরসাত্মক).<ref name=radhika/>

There was an assembly in Calcutta town hall on 7 August 1905 for protesting against [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]]. The boycott of British goods and using [[Swadeshi]] (Indian) items were decided by eminent Bengali leaders. Indian common men started using clothes manufactured in India. However, those were not so fine as compared to British ones. This made some of the Indians unhappy. In this context Rajanikanta wrote his famous song:
{|
|-
|
<div style="2em;font-size:1.0em">
<poem>
মায়ের দেওয়া মোটা কাপড় মাথায় তুলে নেরে ভাই;
দীন দুখিনি মা যে তোদের তার বেশি আর সাধ্য নাই ৷
</poem>
</div>
||
:''My brothers, please accept the coarse clothing offered by your mother''
:''As this is all your poor mother(nation) can afford''
|}

The song became popular across entire Bengal and so was Sen. The song was a major source of inspiration for the participants of the contemporary [[Swadeshi]] movement as well as for the Indian freedom fighters in the years to come. He wrote another popular song with similar intention:
{|
|-
|
<div style="2em;font-size:1.1em">
<poem>
আমরা নেহাত গরীব, আমরা নেহাত ছোট,-
তবু আছি সাতকোটি ভাই,-জেগে ওঠ !
</poem>
</div>
||
:''We are extremely poor, we are extremely small''
:''Yet we are seventy million brothers, rise up''
|}

Three books written by Rajanikanta were published in his life time; they were Bani (বাণী) (1902), Kalyani (কল্যাণী) (1905) and Amrita (অমৃত) (1910). Durgadas Lahiri in his encyclopedia of Bengali songs (বাঙালির গান),<ref name="lahiri">{{cite book|editor-first1=Durgadas|editor-last1=Lahiri|title=বাঙালির গান|publisher=Bangabani| year=1905|page=1025}}</ref> published in 1905, mentioned about Rajanikanta Sen:
{{blockquote|"ইনি রাজশাহীতে ওকালতি করেন৷ বয়ঃক্রম প্রায় ৩২ বৎসর৷ বাণী এবং কল্যাণী নামক দুইখানি সঙ্গীত গ্রন্থ প্রণয়ন করিয়া ইনি যশস্বী হইয়াছেন৷ হাসির গান রচনায় ইনি সুনিপুন৷" |}}
After his demise five compilations of his creations were published, they were Avoya (অভয়া) (1910), Anandamayi (আনন্দময়ী) (1910), Bishram (বিশ্রাম) (1910), Sadbhabkusum (সদ্ভাবকুসুম) (1913) and Shesdan ( শেষদান) (1916). Vani and Kalyani are collections of his songs.<ref name=bpedia/> Amrita contains short poems to inculcate the right values in children. [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s Kanika influenced him to compose these poems. He started composing satirical songs being influenced by poet [[Dwijendralal Ray]],<ref name=bpedia/> who was befreiended with him during Ray's visit to Rajshahi.

Sen's major contribution towards Bengali literature and music was the immortal devotional songs which were written and composed by him. His songs were set to [[Hindustani classical]] style, mixing [[Kirtan]], [[Baul]] and [[Tappa]]. He became well known as Kantakabi<ref name=bpedia/> and his songs are often called Kantageeti.

===Rajanikanta's's songs in Bengali films===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ Rajanikanta filmography
|-
! width="2%" | Year
! width="15%" | Song
! width="15%" | Artist
! width="10%" | Director
! width="10%" | Movie
|-
| 1966 || ''Tabo charana nimne utsobmoyee'' || Manna De || Pijush Basu || Subhas Chandra
|-
| 1976 || ''Keno bonchito habo charane'' || Arundhati Mukherjee || Tapan Singha || Harmoniam
|-
| 1976 || ''Tumi nirmala karo'' || Haimanti Shukla || Manu Sen || ''Mohan Baganer Meye''
|-
| 1999 || ''Tumi nirmala karo'' || - || Prabhat Roy || ''Tumi Ele Tai''
|-
| 2000 || ''Tumi nirmala karo'' || || Ravi Kinagi || ''Josh''
|-
|}
[[File:Ananda niketan of Kabi Rajanikanta Sen.jpg|thumb|Ananda niketan of Kabi Rajanikanta Sen]]

==Contribution to Indian freedom movement ==
*Indian National Movement, the Swadeshi movement in particular, greatly influenced contemporary literature. Eminent poets including Rabindranath Tagore, Dwijendralal Roy, Debabrata Basu, Satyendranath Dutta, Atul Prasad Sen and Rajanikanta's contribution came through their patriotic poems and songs, and widely acknowledged with reverence.<ref name="hist">{{cite book|first=S. N.|last=Sen|title=History of Freedom Movement in India 1857-1947|publisher=New Age International Pvt. Ltd.|year=1997|isbn=81-224-1049-9|page=99}}</ref><ref name="garland">{{cite book|editor-first1=Alison|editor-last1=Arnold|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music Volume 5|publisher=Garland Publishing Inc| year=2000|page=852}}</ref>
*Rajanikanta was very close to [[Jaladhar Sen]]. One of such many incidences was cited by Jaladhar Sen himself:<ref name =pandit /> {{blockquote|"তখন স্বদেশীর বড় ধূম। একদিন মধ্যাহ্নে একটার সময় আমি বসুমতী আফিসে বসিয়া আছি, এমন সময় রজনী (রজনীকান্ত সেন) ও রাজশাহীর খ্যাতনামা আমার পরম শ্রধ্যেয় স্বর্গীয় হরকুমার মহাশয়ের পুত্র অক্ষয়কুমার ([[Akshay Kumar Maitreya]]) আফিসে আসিয়া উপস্থিত। রজনী সেই দিনই দার্জিলিং মেলে বেলা এগারোটার সময় কলকাতায় পৌঁছিয়া অক্ষয়কুমারের মেসে উঠিয়াছিল। মেসের ছেলেরা তখন তাহাকে চাপিয়া ধরিয়াছে একটা গান বাঁধিয়া দিতে হইবে। গানের নামে রজনী পাগল হইয়া যাইত। তখনই গান লিখিতে বসিয়াছে। গানের মুখ ও একটি অন্তরা লিখিয়াই সে উঠিয়া দাঁড়াইয়াছে। সকলেই গানের জন্য উৎসুক; সে বলিল , ‘এই তো গান হইয়াছে, এ বার জলদা’র কাছে যাই। একদিকে গান কম্পোজ হউক, আর একদিকে লেখা হউক।’ আমি দেখে বললাম, আর কই? রজনী বলিল, ‘এইটুকু কম্পোজ কর, বাকিটুকু হইয়া যাইবে।’ সত্যি কম্পোজ আরম্ভ হইল আর অন্য দিকে গান লেখাও শেষ। আমি আর অক্ষয় সুর দিলাম। গান ছাপা হইল। এই গান ঘিরে ছেলেদের মধ্যে সেকি উন্মাদনা! স্বদেশ প্রেমে উদবুদ্ধ গানটি সর্বজনমনে স্পর্শ করিয়া গেল।" |}} The song was "মায়ের দেওয়া মোটা কাপড় মাথায় তুলে নে রে ভাই" (Mayer deoa mota kapor mathay tule ne re bhai).<ref name="ananda3">{{cite web|title= Anandabazar Patrika 21 March 2012|url=http://archives.anandabazar.com/e_kolkata/2012/march/atiter_tara.html|accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref>

== Last days ==
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Last photograph of Rajanikanta Sen.jpg|Rajanikanta Sen, on 30 August 1910 at Cottage No 12, Medical College
File:Poet Rajanikanta Sen at Hospital.jpg|Rajanikanta Sen in Medical College
</gallery>
In 1909, Rajanikanta started suffering from throat problems. On 10 September, he was forced to move to Calcutta along with some family members. A British doctor examined him and diagnosed it as Larynx cancer. He consulted various doctors in Calcutta but his condition did not improve. As a last resort, he spent a couple of months in [[Varanasi]] with the hope of divine intervention. He had to sell off copyrights of his published books Vani and Kalyani to arrange for the trip. He had to return to Calcutta as his condition had worsened much. He underwent Tracheotomy operation by Captain Denham White on 10 February 1910 in [[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata|Calcutta Medical College]]. He survived the operation but lost his voice forever. He spent the remaining days of his life in the cottage ward of the hospital (Cottage no. 12). It is noteworthy to mention that Hemendranath Bakshi and Bijitendra Nath Basu, students of 4th year, took personal initiative to attend and impart all medical assistance to the poet till his last breath.<ref name = pandit /> Dr. Mathura Mohan Bhattacharya, and Dr. Girish Chandra Maitra was in charge of his treatment. Rajanikanta used to write in his diary quite regularly during his stay in the hospital. He also started writing an autobiography which was written only up to the first chapter. Some poetry lovers and some of the students of the Calcutta Medical College tended after him, Maharaja Manindra Chandra Nandi and Sharat Kumar Ray, son of Pramathanath Ray, Zamindar of Dighapatiya, Natore, helped him financially. On 11 June 1910 [[Rabindranath Tagore]] visited the hospital to meet Sen. Sen's son Kshitindranath and daughter Shantibala sung a song composed by him and he accompanied by playing harmonium. This is reflected in the following song composed on the day Rabindranath met him:
{|
|-
|
<div style="2em;font-size:1.0em">
<poem>
আমায় সকল রকমে কাঙ্গাল করেছে, গর্ব করিতে চূর,
তাই যশ ও অর্থ, মান ও স্বাস্থ্য, সকলি করেছে দূর ৷
ঐ গুলো সব মায়াময় রূপে, ফেলেছিল মোরে অহমিকা-কূপে,
তাই সব বাধা সরায়ে দয়াল করেছে দীন আতুর;
</poem>
</div>
|
:''I am impoverished by all means, my pride shattered,''
:''I am devoid of fame, riches and my complete well being.''
:''I was disillusioned and had descended into the dungeon of pride;''
:''His kindness has lifted the obstacles and humbled me.''
|}
As gratitude towards Tagore's for visit in the hospital, Rajanikanta wrote a letter and another poem, "এই মুক্ত প্রাণের দৃপ্ত বাসনা তৃপ্ত করিবে কে ", and sent to Bolpur. Tagore wrote a letter to him on 30 July. In this, he appreciated Sen for his literary talent. During this period, he also composed a few [[Agamani-Vijaya]] songs. He died on 13 September 1910 in Kolkata.<ref name=bpedia/>
[[File:Kolkata Medical college hospital cottage ward, where poet Rajanikanta Sen died.jpg|thumb|Kolkata Medical college hospital cottage ward, where poet Rajanikanta Sen died.]]

==Legacy==
*Many singers from Bengal, India and Bangladesh have recorded his songs through ages. They include Indubala Devi, [[K. L. Saigal]], [[Juthika Roy]], [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]], [[Dilipkumar Roy]], Chhabi Bandyopadhyay, [[Hemanta Mukhopadhyay]], [[Sandhya Mukhopadhyay]], [[Krishna Chattopadhyay]], Neela Majumdar, Dilip Kumar Roy (grandson of Rajanikanta Sen), [[Anup Ghoshal]], Nishith Sadhu, Nupurchanda Ghosh, Arghya Sen, [[Aarti Mukherji]], [[Manna Dey]], [[Manabendra Mukhopadhyay]], [[Iffat Ara Dewan]], [[Utpala Sen]] and many others.
*A statute of Rajanikanta Sen has been placed in Hedua Park, Kolkata.
*A public library, "Kabi Rajanikanta Smriti Songsod O Pathagar", is proposed to be constructed in the Bhangabari Village, Benkuchi, Sirajgaunj, Bangladesh, commemorating birthplace of Rajanikanta Sen.

==Bibliography==
*Sahitya Sangsad. ''Rajanikanta Kabyo Guchho''.
*Manoranjan Sen (1972). ''Kanto Geeti Malya'', Calcutta.
*Riddhi Bandopadhyay (2016). ''Rajanikanta'', Patra Bharati.
*Rajanikanta Sen (1905). ''Kalyani'' (কল্যাণী) <ref name="kalyani">{{cite book |first=Rajanikanta |last=Sen |title= Kalyani (কল্যাণী) |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80_%28%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%29.pdf|publisher=Gurudas Chattopadhyay and Sons|year=1905|place=Calcutta}}</ref>
*Rajanikanta Sen (1902). ''Bani'' (বাণী) <ref name="bani">{{cite book |first=Rajanikanta |last=Sen |title= Bani (বাণী) |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.353549|publisher=Gurudas Chattopadhyay and Sons|year=1902|place=Calcutta}}</ref>
*Pandit, Nalini Ranjan (1921). Kanta Kabi Rajanikanta,Bengal Book Company, Calcutta

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bengal Renaissance |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Rajanikanta}}
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1910 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:City College, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:People from Sirajganj District]]
[[Category:Rajshahi College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian satirists]]
[[Category:Indian comedy musicians]]
[[Category:Satirical musicians]]

Chitrangi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:25:23Z

Ayman: new info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chitrangi
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 79
| map_image = 79-Chitrangi.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Singrauli district|Singrauli]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sidhi]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| latest_election_year = [[Radha Ravindra Singh]]
| preceded_by = Amar Singh
}}
'''Chitrangi''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Singrauli district]]. It is reserved for ST.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Member<ref name="election2018-2">{{cite web|title=(Madhya Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections|url=http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/chitrangi.html|website=elections.in|access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Jagannath Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Saraswati Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| Amar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Radha Ravindra Singh]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chitrangi<ref name="Madya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 - Chitrangi">{{cite news |title=Madya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 - Chitrangi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S1279.htm |access-date=5 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305105212/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S1279.htm |archive-date=5 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Radha Ravindra Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:105410}}
|percentage = 58.46
|change = +3.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Manik Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:45531}}
|percentage = 25.25
|change = +7.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Shailendra Horil Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:7813}}
|percentage = 4.33
|change = +1.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Mahadev Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:6230}}
|percentage = 3.46
|change = +2.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Shakti Chetna Party
|candidate = Chh Otelal Singh Paigam
|votes = {{formatnum:3327}}
|percentage = 1.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shrawan Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2266}}
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3463}}
|percentage = 1.92
|change = -1.54
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:59879}}
|percentage = 33.21
|change = -4.58
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:180313}}
|percentage = 71.84
|change = +5.22
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chitrangi<ref name="election2018"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Amar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:86585}}
|percentage = 55.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Saraswati Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:27337}}
|percentage = 17.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ashok Singh Paigam
|votes = {{formatnum:17491}}
|percentage = 11.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Dal Pratap Singh Poya
|votes = {{formatnum:5169}}
|percentage = 3.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Dhanashah Baiga
|votes = {{formatnum:2387}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramdhani
|votes = {{formatnum:2081}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Shakti Chetna Party
|candidate = Surya Kamal
|votes = {{formatnum:1953}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peoples Party of India (Democratic)
|candidate = Sanjeev Kumar Panika
|votes = {{formatnum:1739}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Avadhesh
|votes = {{formatnum:1424}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5420}}
|percentage = 3.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:59248}}
|percentage = 37.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:156769}}
|percentage = 66.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|M. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2013]]: Chitrangi<ref name="election2013"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Saraswati Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 57466
|percentage = 40.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Jagannath Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 47621
|percentage = 33.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Chetmani Singh Poyam
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 14066
|percentage = 10.03
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rajaram Singh Poya
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|votes = 3866
|percentage = 2.76
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Chhotelal Singh
Paigam
|party = BSCP
|votes = 1385
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Yagya Narayan
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2167
|percentage = 1.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Dhanshah Baiga
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1971
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sheshman Kol
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1937
|percentage = 1.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Roopshah Singh Paigam
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1691
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Nandgopal Kol
|party = NPEP
|votes = 1343
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 4392
|percentage = 3.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 140197
|percentage = 65.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box swing with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chitrangi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.47|82.54|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Singrauli district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Anni Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:23Z

Ayman: starting some entry more to come

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Anni
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 25
| map_image = 25-Anni constituency.svg
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kullu district|Kullu]]
| established = 1977
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Lokender Kumar]]<ref name=result2022 />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:88955}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Anni''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of [[India]]. Anni is also part of [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Anni Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/anni.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Ishar Dass
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| [[Khub Ram]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Ishar Dass
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Khub Ram]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|rowspan=3| Ishar Dass
|rowspan=3|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
|[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Kishori Lal (Anni politician)|Kishori Lal]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Khub Ram]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Kishori Lal (Anni politician)|Kishori Lal]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Lokender Kumar]]<ref name=result2022>{{cite web |title=2022 Results |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0825.htm?ac=25 |website=www.results.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226160815/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0825.htm?ac=25 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anni}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lokender Kumar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,133 |percentage=35.77% |change={{decrease}}13.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paras Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=17,355 |percentage=25.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bansi Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,224 |percentage=21.08% |change={{decrease}}18.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishori Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=6,893 |percentage=10.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devki Nand |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,574 |percentage=5.30% |change={{decrease}}2.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inder Pal |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=769 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=520 |percentage=0.77% |change={{decrease}}0.75 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,778 |percentage=10.05% |change= {{increase}}0.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,468 |percentage=75.85% |change= {{decrease}}3.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,955 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}13.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anni<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishori Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,559 |percentage=49.30% |change={{increase}}13.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paras Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,576 |percentage=39.65% |change={{increase}}0.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lokender Kumar]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,704 |percentage=7.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=943 |percentage=1.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,983 |percentage=9.65% |change= {{increase}}6.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,989 |percentage=79.74% |change= {{increase}}2.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,740 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.61 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anni}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khub Ram]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,664 |percentage=38.69% |change={{decrease}}5.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishori Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,002 |percentage=35.72% |change={{decrease}}11.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nand Lal |party=Himachal Lokhit Party |votes=8,340 |percentage=14.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=5,172 |percentage=9.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=745 |percentage=1.33% |change={{decrease}}1.26 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,662 |percentage=2.97% |change= {{increase}}0.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,000 |percentage=77.48% |change= {{increase}}5.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,274 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}10.32 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anni}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishori Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,341 |percentage=47.07% |change={{increase}}17.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Dass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,892 |percentage=44.57% |change={{increase}}0.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chand |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,323 |percentage=5.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurmel Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,503 |percentage=2.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,449 |percentage=2.49% |change= {{decrease}}12.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=58,088 |percentage=72.08% |change= {{increase}}0.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,593 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.60 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anni<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Dass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,978 |percentage=44.46% |change={{decrease}}6.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tej Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,385 |percentage=29.77% |change={{decrease}}16.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khub Ram Anand |party=Independent politician |votes=8,544 |percentage=16.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Diwan Singh |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=1,881 |percentage=3.64% |change={{increase}}1.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roop Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=1,041 |percentage=2.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balak Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=801 |percentage=1.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balak Ram Joshi |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=642 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kehar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=405 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,593 |percentage=14.69% |change= {{increase}}9.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,677 |percentage=71.26% |change= {{increase}}1.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,572 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.80 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anni<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Dass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,780 |percentage=51.27% |change={{increase}}0.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tej Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=21,310 |percentage=45.94% |change={{increase}}0.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khub Ram]] |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=805 |percentage=1.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Teja Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=491 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,470 |percentage=5.32% |change= {{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,386 |percentage=70.55% |change= {{increase}}4.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,414 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.36 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anni<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Dass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,436 |percentage=50.90% |change={{increase}}22.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tej Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,320 |percentage=45.63% |change={{decrease}}21.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Talku Ram |party=Communist Party of India |votes=846 |percentage=2.11% |change={{decrease}}1.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jiya Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=303 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhag Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=242 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,116 |percentage=5.27% |change= {{decrease}}33.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,147 |percentage=65.84% |change= {{increase}}5.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,417 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}16.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anni<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khub Ram]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,407 |percentage=67.41% |change={{increase}}24.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Diwan Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,569 |percentage=28.79% |change={{decrease}}27.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Talku Ram |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,262 |percentage=3.80% |change={{increase}}2.77 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,838 |percentage=38.62% |change= {{increase}}24.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,238 |percentage=60.36% |change= {{decrease}}4.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,575 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anni<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Dass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,106 |percentage=56.47% |change={{increase}}12.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khub Ram]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,123 |percentage=42.51% |change={{decrease}}11.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Talku Ram |party=Communist Party of India |votes=292 |percentage=1.02% |change={{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,983 |percentage=13.97% |change= {{increase}}4.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,521 |percentage=64.68% |change= {{increase}}1.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,614 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.84 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anni<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khub Ram]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,599 |percentage=54.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Dass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,926 |percentage=44.43% |change={{increase}}5.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Talku Ram |party=Communist Party of India |votes=316 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,673 |percentage=9.96% |change= {{increase}}2.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,841 |percentage=63.28% |change= {{increase}}23.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,964 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.49 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anni<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Dass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,573 |percentage=38.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sharda Devi |party=Janata Party |votes=4,486 |percentage=31.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paru Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=3,050 |percentage=21.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Talku Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,218 |percentage=8.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,087 |percentage=7.59% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,327 |percentage=39.75% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,524 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kullu district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{coord|31.43|77.42|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kullu district]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

Pepper Research Station

2026-04-14T23:00:19Z

Ayman: added a details

{{Short description|Institution in Kerala, India devoted to the study of black pepper plants}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
'''Pepper Research Station (PRS)''' is one of the oldest institutions in [[India]] under [[Kerala Agricultural University]] situated at [[Panniyoor]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pepper research station to get a new lease of life|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/05/26/stories/2004052602600500.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-05-26|accessdate=18 September 2017}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=New method to boost pepper production developed in PRS Panniyoor|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/new-method-to-boost-pepper-production/article5412775.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=18 September 2017}}</ref>

PRS started in 1952, and came under KAU in 1972. The institution is known for developing the world's first artificially pollinated variety of [[Black pepper|Pepper]], commonly known as ''Panniyoor One''.

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://www.kau.in/institution/pepper-research-station-panniyur Official website]

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Agricultural research stations in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian organisations established in 1952]]
[[Category:Education in Kannur district]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1952]]

Bargi Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:53:47Z

Ayman: starting basic stub more to come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bargi
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 96
| map_image = 96-Bargi.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jabalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jabalpur]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Neeraj Singh Lodhi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Sanjay Yadav
}}

'''Bargi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="listofconst">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name=election1957>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3728-madhya-pradesh-1957/ |title=Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election -1957 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Chandrika Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name=election1962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3729-madhya-pradesh-1962/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3730-madhya-pradesh-1967/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|[[Shivprasad Chanpuria]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3731-madhya-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|Nathu Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3732-madhya-pradesh-1977/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|[[Shivprasad Chanpuria]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name=election1980>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3733-madhya-pradesh-1980/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|Nanhelal Dhurvey
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name=election1985>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3734-madhya-pradesh-1985/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|Son Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name=election1990>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3735-madhya-pradesh-1990/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|Anoop Singh Maravi
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name=election1993>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3736-madhya-pradesh-1993/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|Nanhelal Dhurvey
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3737-madhya-pradesh-1998/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|Phool Singh Uike
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3738-madhya-pradesh-2003/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|Anup Singh Maravi
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Suraj Tiwari
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013"" />
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
|Sanjay Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Neeraj Singh Lodhi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bargi<ref name="BJP Candidates MP 2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-candidates-for-39-assembly-seats-in-madhya-pradesh-3-months-ahead-of-state-election-101692298341918.html|title=BJP releases first list of candidates for 39 seats in MP|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=18 August 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Neeraj Singh Lodhi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:109506}}
|percentage = 55.36
|change = +15.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sanjay Yadav
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:69549}}
|percentage = 35.16
|change = -14.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mangilal Maravi
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|votes = {{formatnum:8393}}
|percentage = 4.24
|change = +2.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Anand Singh Lodhi
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:2355}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1836}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change = -0.85
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:39957}}
|percentage = 20.2
|change = +10.07
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:197803}}
|percentage = 81.61
|change = +3.09
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bargi<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Sanjay Yadav
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:86901}}
|percentage = 50.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pratibha Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:69338}}
|percentage = 40.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shanker Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3281}}
|percentage = 1.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Advocate Siddharth Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:2376}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Manohar
|votes = {{formatnum:1895}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Shakti Chetna Party
|candidate = Aneeta
|votes = {{formatnum:1655}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3091}}
|percentage = 1.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:17563}}
|percentage = 10.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:173357}}
|percentage = 78.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bargi, Madhya Pradesh|Bargi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|22.99|79.88|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jabalpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Mayiladuthurai new bus station

2026-04-12T10:45:34Z

Ayman: creating a details

{{Short description|Bus station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Mayiladuthurai new bus station
| name_lang = en
| native_name = <hr/>Mayilāduthurai Puthiya Pēruntu Nilaiyam
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name = Perunthalaivar Kamarajar New Bus Station
| image =
| caption =
| address = Manakkudi, [[Mayiladuthurai]] – 609001, [[Tamil Nadu]], {{flag|India}}.
| coordinates = {{coord|11|6|39.93|N|79|40|26.38|E|display=inline,title}}
| type = {{rail-interchange|bus}} Local and Mofussil Bus Station
| owned = [[Mayiladuthurai|Mayiladuthurai Municipality]]
| operator = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|15px]] [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd.]]
| platform = 3 (28 bays)
| connections = Taxi Stand and Auto Rickshaw Stand
| structure = At-grade
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Available
| accessible = {{access icon}} Yes
| status = Functioning
| zone = Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (Kumbakonam) Ltd.
| opened = {{start date and age|df=y|2026|03|14}}
}}
'''Mayiladuthurai New Bus Station''', officially known as '''Kamarajar New Bus Station''', is a [[bus terminus]], serving the town of [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. The station is named after [[K. Kamaraj]]ar, a former [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] , who was popularly called ''Karmaveerar'' (Great leader). It is located on [[State Highway 22 (Tamil Nadu)|State Highway 22]] (SH-22), which connects Mayiladuthurai to Poompuhar, in the village of Manakkudi.

The bus stand is situated approximately {{Convert|3.5|km|mi|abbr=unit}} from the Mayiladuthurai old bus stand, {{Convert|6|km|mi|abbr=unit}}from [[Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station|Mayiladuthurai]] Junction railway station, and about {{Convert|140|km|mi|abbr=unit}} from Tiruchirappalli International Airport.

== Background ==
[[File:Bus stand.jpeg|thumb|Mayiladuthurai Old Bus Station]]
The old bus stand in Mayiladuthurai is located on the Kumbakonam–Sirkazhi road. It is a Class-B bus stand, with 12 bus bays, and has been operational since 1963.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Congestion, poor amenities cause hardship to commuters at Mayiladuthurai Town bus stand |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/congestion-poor-amenities-cause-hardship-to-commuters-at-mayiladuthurai-town-bus-stand/article69944371.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250817153839/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/congestion-poor-amenities-cause-hardship-to-commuters-at-mayiladuthurai-town-bus-stand/article69944371.ece |archive-date=2025-08-17 |access-date=2026-03-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> To address increasing traffic and spatial limitations, a separate bus station was later opened adjacent to the old bus stand later 1995. This second terminus was designated to specifically handle services operating on the routes to [[Karaikal]], [[Nagapattinam]], and [[Thiruvarur]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lack of basic amenities in Mayiladuthurai town bus stand irks passengers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/lack-of-basic-amenities-in-mayiladuthurai-town-bus-stand-irks-passengers/article67303252.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914055426/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/lack-of-basic-amenities-in-mayiladuthurai-town-bus-stand-irks-passengers/article67303252.ece |archive-date=2023-09-14 |access-date=2026-03-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> while the original bus stand continued to serve all other destinations across Tamil Nadu and other states, which handles more than 1000 trips a day.<ref name=":0" /> Consequently, the town is currently served by two principal bus stands. Until 2026, there were two principal bus stands in the town.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conversion of City Corporate Plan to Business Plan for Mayiladuthurai municipality |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/CCP/MayiladuthuraiCCPJUNE2007.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729061149/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/CCP/MayiladuthuraiCCPJUNE2007.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-29 |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=municipality.tn.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Mayiladuthurai Homepage |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/sal_busstand.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921093052/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/sal_busstand.html |archive-date=2012-09-21 |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=municipality.tn.gov.in}}</ref>

In January 2020, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] sanctioned the construction of new bus stand for mayiladuthurai at an estimated cost of ₹38.05 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |title=New bus stands in seven municipalities |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/new-bus-stands-in-seven-municipalities/article30696600.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131055422/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/new-bus-stands-in-seven-municipalities/article30696600.ece |archive-date=2020-01-31 |access-date=2026-03-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> The site for new facility was identified at Manakudi, located on SH-22 between [[Poombuhar|Poompuhar]] to [[Kallanai Dam|Kallanai]], and situated adjacent to the proposed Mayiladuthurai bypass road.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Foundation laid for new bus stand in Mayiladuthurai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/foundation-laid-for-new-bus-stand-in-mayiladuthurai/article66234832.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207124825/thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/foundation-laid-for-new-bus-stand-in-mayiladuthurai/article66234832.ece |archive-date=2022-12-07 |access-date=2026-03-15 |language=en}}</ref> The site spanning {{Convert|13.77|acre|ha|abbr=unit}} for the project was donated by the [[Dharmapuram Adheenam|Dharamapuram Adheenam]] ''mutt'' to the municipality for the construction works.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last= |title=Dharmapuram Adheenam seer passes away at 93 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/dharmapuram-adheenam-seer-passes-away-at-93 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260315120033/https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/dharmapuram-adheenam-seer-passes-away-at-93 |archive-date=2026-03-15 |access-date=2026-03-15 |work=DT Next |language=en}}</ref>

The foundation stone for the new facility was laid on 7 December 2022. The project, proposed at cost of ₹24.00 crore, includes an over all build up area of {{Convert|9314|m2|sqft|abbr=unit}}. The proposed amenities includes 28 bus bays, 49 shops, bus and rail booking counters, restaurants, [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|TNSTC]] office, waiting hall, an ATM, a cloakroom, four public toilets (including two accessible for persons with disabilities), police booth, and a feeding room for women.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Expedite construction of new bus stand, Mayiladuthurai residents urge administration |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/expedite-construction-of-new-bus-stand-mayiladuthurai-residents-urge-administration/article67071655.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713141506/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/expedite-construction-of-new-bus-stand-mayiladuthurai-residents-urge-administration/article67071655.ece |archive-date=2023-07-13 |access-date=2026-03-16 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Construction of new bus stand at Mayiladuthurai gathers pace |url=http://thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/construction-of-new-bus-stand-at-mayiladuthurai-gathers-pace/article67838521.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212140528/thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/construction-of-new-bus-stand-at-mayiladuthurai-gathers-pace/article67838521.ece |archive-date=2024-02-12 |access-date=2026-03-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

The new bus stand was opened by the Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Stalin on 14 March 2026 at final completion cost of ₹29.01 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-14 |title=Stalin inaugurates 45 projects worth 212cr, launches nine projects |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/stalin-inaugurates-45-projects-worth-212cr-launches-nine-projects/articleshow/129563604.cms |access-date=2026-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-14 |title=Mayiladuthurai new bus stand opened, to reduce congestion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/mayiladuthurai-new-bus-stand-opened-to-reduce-congestion/articleshow/129563329.cms |access-date=2026-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Chief Minister inaugurates new bus stand in Mayiladuthurai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/chief-minister-inaugurates-new-bus-stand-in-mayiladuthurai/article70739200.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260314081142/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/chief-minister-inaugurates-new-bus-stand-in-mayiladuthurai/article70739200.ece |archive-date=2026-03-14 |access-date=2026-03-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

== Services ==
Mayiladuthurai located within [[Cauvery Delta]] region, the bus terminus is situated adjacent to [[East Coast Road]] also known as [[National Highway 32 (India)|National Highway 32]] (NH-32). The buses operating on the routes to [[Chennai]] from [[Velankanni]], [[Nagapattinam]], [[Karaikal]], and [[Thiruvarur]] passes through the terminus. Additionally, a limited number of buses traveling to Chennai from [[Kumbakonam]] and [[Thanjavur]] also pass through the facility.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S.E.T.C. Tamilnadu Ltd |url=https://tnstc.in/OTRSOnline/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TNSTC |url=https://www.tnstc.in/inner_pages_2024/reservation_center.html}}</ref> There are also regular services to other South Indian cities such as [[Tiruchirappalli|Tuirucharapalli]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Madurai]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Tirupati]] and [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].<ref name="howtoreach">{{cite web |year=2011 |title=How to reach |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/abcity_How%20to%20reach.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921093111/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/abcity_How%20to%20reach.html |archive-date=21 September 2012 |access-date=17 May 2014 |publisher=Mayiladuthurai Municipality}}</ref> Mayiladuthurai forms a part of the [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] which is headquartered at Kumbakonam.<ref name="cholanroadways">{{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (KUM DIV-I) Ltd., Kumbakonam |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/transport/kumdivone.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116051934/http://www.tn.gov.in/transport/kumdivone.htm |archive-date=16 November 2011 |access-date=17 May 2014 |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref>

== References ==

<references />

== See also ==

* [[Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station|Mayiladuthurai Junction]]
* [[Transport in Tamil Nadu]]
{{Mayiladuthurai Topics}}{{Mayiladuthurai district}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Bus stations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Bus stations in Mayiladuthurai]]

M. Chinnaraj

2026-04-07T23:20:43Z

Ayman: creating data!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Chinnaraj
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1946|5|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = Veerapandi
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member, Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur]]
| term_start1 = 1980
| term_end1 = 1984
| predecessor1 = K. Maruthachalam
| successor1 = [[C. Aranganayagam]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 = [[Mettupalayam Assembly constituency|Mettupalayam]]
| term_start2 = 1985
| term_end2 = 1989
| predecessor2 = [[S. Palanisamy]]
| successor2 = V. Gopalakrishnan
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| spouse =
| alma_mater = * Government Arts College, Coimbatore
* Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai
| relations =
| children = 3
| profession = Advocate
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}
'''M. Chinnaraj''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He is from [[Veerapandi, Coimbatore|Veerapandi]] village in the [[Coimbatore district]]. He attended Chinna Thadagam Government High School for his schooling. Chinnaraj completed his undergraduate degree at [[Government Arts College, Coimbatore|Coimbatore Government Arts College]] and his Bachelor of Law at [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Government Law College, Chennai]]. A member of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], he contested and won the [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur constituency]], becoming a Member of the Legislative Assembly.<ref>தமிழ்நாடு சட்டமன்றப் பேரவை “யார் - எவர்” 1980. சென்னை: தமிழ்நாடு சட்டமன்றப் பேரவைச் செயலகம். ஏப்ரல் 1981. p. 226-227</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1980 Vidhan Sabha / Assembly election results, Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1980/tamil-nadu/33/40 |website=IndiaVotes.com |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref>
Later he contested in the [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1985 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur constituency]] successfully at second time.

==Electoral performance==
=== 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thondamuthur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Chinnaraj |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,822 |percentage=57.54 |change=+24.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Manickkavachagam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,673 |percentage=42.46 |change=+17.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,149 |percentage=15.07 |change= 7.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=100,495 |percentage=61.60 |change= 2.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,819 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 24.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mettupalayam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Chinnaraj |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,951 |percentage=59.60% |change=+0.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mathiyan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,527 |percentage=39.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,424 |percentage=19.65% |change=0.16% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=103,952 |percentage=76.28% |change= 16.96% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,909 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.63% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chinnaraj, M.}}
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Abdussalam Puthige

2026-04-02T19:53:07Z

Ayman: starting basic info needs work

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Abdussalam Puthige (A.S. Puthige)
| image = Asp photo 3.jpg
| caption = Abdussalam Puthige
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 2 April 1964
| birth_place = [[Ganjimutt]], [[Dakshina Kannada]] district, [[Karnataka]]
| occupation = Journalist, Author, Translator, Media Trainer
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| education =
| alma_mater = SDM Law College, Mangalore
| period =
| genre = Present
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = Towards Performing Da'wah <ref name="auto1">https://web.archive.org/web/20100919004345/http://al-atiqe.com/more_info.php?id=00175</ref>
Kannada Translation of the Quran,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://127.0.0.1:3000/|title=ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ಕುರ್‌ಆನ್ ಅನುವಾದ|website=127.0.0.1}}</ref>
English Translation of [[Allama Iqbal]]'s Shikwa & Jawab Shikwa({{ISBN|9789670957005}})
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = Transparency International Award 2009
| signature =
| website = {{URL|https://abdussalamputhige.com/}} {{URL|http://vbnewsonline.com/home/}} 
{{URL|http://qurankannada.com}}
| portaldisp =
|language = [[Urdu]], [[Kannada]], [[English language|English]], [[Beary]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]]}}

'''Abdussalam Puthige''' (born 2 April 1964) is the editor-in-chief and the managing director of ''Varthabharathi'', a Kannada daily newspaper published from Karnataka, India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharati |first=Vartha |title=Vartha Bharati - ವಾರ್ತಾ ಭಾರತಿ {{!}} The alternative Kannada Media House. |url=https://www.varthabharati.in/ |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=Vartha Bharati |language=kn}}</ref> The first issue of ''Vartha Bharati'' was released on 29 August 2003 from Mangalore. The newspaper presently publishes four print editions from Mangalore, Bengaluru, Shivamogga and the recently launched Kalyana Karnataka edition.<ref> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gix12kGJQos</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Abdussalam Puthige was born in Ganjimutt near Mangalore, Karnataka, to Marhoom Maulana E. M. Shafi and Marhoom Ruqiya Hasan. He studied history at the University of Madras and obtained a Postgraduate Diploma in Human Rights from the Indian Institute of Human Rights, New Delhi. He later studied law at SDM Law College, Mangalore.

== Career ==
Puthige is a prominent figure in Indian journalism, literature and translation. His journey into the world of media commenced with his commitment to social justice. He has been Director of Madhyama Kendra (Media Centre), Bengaluru, since 1996.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Muslim Kannadiga | date=16 August 2008 | url=https://twocircles.net/2008aug15/muslim_kannadiga.html }}</ref> Madhyama Kendra is a media-oriented institution that imparts training in journalism and conducts critical studies on Media and Mass Communication.

In 2003, he co-founded ''Vartha Bharati'' along with like-minded colleagues. Under his leadership, the newspaper evolved from a regional daily into a widely recognised media organisation with print editions from Mangalore, Shivamogga and Bengaluru.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} The newspaper has often been described as a significant platform of alternative journalism in Kannada, and is particularly noted for the meaningful attention it gives to the challenges faced by weaker and deprived sections of society, focusing on issues that are usually ignored by many popular media houses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.varthabharati.in/|title=Vartha Bharati - ವಾರ್ತಾ ಭಾರತಿ | The alternative Kannada Media House.|first=Vartha|last=Bharati|website=Vartha Bharati}}</ref><ref name="auto">https://epaper.varthabharati.in/</ref> Its simple language, analytical editorials, investigative reports and commentaries are widely circulated and appreciated in Kannada literary and intellectual circles.<ref name="auto"/>

Puthige guided the newspaper’s expansion into online media, making active use of platforms such as Facebook,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/varthabharati/|title=Vartha Bharati|website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> YouTube<ref>https://www.youtube.com/@VarthaBharaNews/videos</ref> and Instagram<ref>{{cite web | title=Instagram | url=https://www.instagram.com/varthabharati/ }}</ref> to reach wider audiences. ''Vartha Bharati'' today operates a popular Kannada news portal and an English news portal, in addition to a prominent Kannada YouTube news channel. The organisation maintains among the highest audience engagement rates on Facebook and Instagram for Kannada newspapers.<ref>{{cite web | title=About Us | url=https://www.varthabharati.in/about-us }}</ref>

Puthige is the managing trustee of the Community Media Trust (CMT), Mangalore, which owns ''Vartha Bharati'', and is managing director of Samvahana Campaigns Pvt Ltd and Madhyama Communications Ltd. He is also a member of the Press Club, Bengaluru, and a member of the Karnataka State Minorities Commission.

== Works ==
Puthige has authored, translated and edited several works, reflecting his long association with marginalised communities and social journalism. His most noted contribution is his Kannada translation of the Qur’an, '''''Kannadadalli Qur’an Anuvada''''' (2012), released at Dharmasthala by Dr Veerendra Heggade.<ref>{{cite web | title=People should respect all religions, says Heggade | work=The Hindu | date=2 September 2012 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/people-should-respect-all-religions-says-heggade/article3850393.ece }}</ref> The translation has undergone multiple editions; the third edition was published in Dubai by the Department of Islamic Affairs and inaugurated by MK Lokesh, then Ambassador of India to the UAE.<ref>{{cite web | title=A New Translation of Quran in Kannada - | date=15 June 2013 | url=https://islamicvoice.com/national-news-and-affairs/a-new-translation-of-quran-in-kannada/ }}</ref> The translation is available online and through the Android application '''Quran in Kannada'''.<ref>{{cite web | title=Quran in Kannada - Google Play ನಲ್ಲಿ ಅಪ್ಲಿಕೇಶನ್‌ಗಳು | url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nzymic.kquran&hl=kn }}</ref> A mobile application with audio and text in Arabic and Kannada, published by Madhyama Prakashana in 2020 remains one of the most downloaded Kannada Qur’an apps on Google Play. Goodword, a reputed publishing house, has also published a pocket-sized edition of the translation.<ref>{{cite web | title=Kannada Quran - TR. Abdussalam Puthige | url=https://www.goodwordbooks.com/products/kannada-quran-tr-abdussalam-puthige }}</ref>

His influential work, ''Towards Performing Da’wah'' (1997), was published in Leicester, United Kingdom, by the International Council for Islamic Information (ICII).<ref name="auto1"/> He has annotated English translations of Allama Muhammad Iqbal’s works including ''The Complaint and the Answer'' (''Shikwa aur Jawab-e-Shikwa'', 2016)<ref>{{cite book | last1=Iqbal | first1=Muhammad | title=Shikwa and Jawab Shikwa: The Complaint and the Answer: Human Grievance and the Divine Response | date=4 August 2020 | publisher=Other Press | isbn=978-967-0957-00-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2-8jwEACAAJ }}</ref> and ''The Devil’s Advisory Council'' (''Iblees ki Majlis-e-Shura'', 2016), published by Islamic Book Trust in association with The Other Press, Malaysia <ref>{{cite book | last1=Iqbal | first1=Muhammad | title=Iblees Ki Majlis-E-Shoora: The Devils Advisory Council | date=2 October 2020 | publisher=Other Press | isbn=978-967-0957-15-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_o__zQEACAAJ }}</ref>

== Prominent Awards and recognition ==
* '''Transparency International Award''' (2009), for journalistic ethics and integrity<ref>{{cite web | title=Vartha Bharathi awarded by Transparency International | date=26 March 2009 | url=https://www.twocircles.net/2009mar26/vartha_bharathi_awarded_transparency_international.html }}</ref>
* '''Sandesha Media Award''' (2024), Sandesha Foundation, Mangalore<ref>{{cite web | title=Prof. Viveka Rai, Abdussalam Puthige, Valerian Quadras among 7 selected for Sandesha Awards | url=https://english.varthabharati.in/india/prof-viveka-rai-valerian-quadras-abdussalam-puthige-among-7-selected-for-sandesha-awards }}</ref>
* '''Karnataka Media Academy Lifetime Achievement Award''' (2024)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-02 |title=VB’s Editor-in-Chief Abdussalam Puthige, A.C. Shivanna receive Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://english.varthabharati.in/karnataka/vbs-editor-in-chef-abdussalam-puthige-ac-shivanna-receive-lifetime-achievement-award |work=Vartha Barati}}</ref>
* '''ST PAULS National Media Awards – Excellence in Digital Journalism''' (2025)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-13 |title=ST PAULS National Media Awards 2025 to Honour Excellence in Journalism and Communication |url=https://citytoday.media/2025/03/13/st-pauls-national-media-awards-2025-to-honour-excellence-in-journalism-and-communication/ |work=City Today News}}</ref>

== Public presence ==
Puthige is known as an orator in Kannada, English and Urdu, and has delivered lectures at universities and institutions in India and abroad. He participated in person at the 16th Session of the United Nations Forum on Minority Issues, held in Geneva, Switzerland, on 30 November and 1 December 2023.

He is regarded as an influential media figure in Karnataka, particularly noted for promoting alternative journalism rooted in social justice and representation of marginalised groups.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.varthabharati.in/ Vartha Bharati - ವಾರ್ತಾ ಭಾರತಿ | The alternative Kannada Media House.]
* [https://english.varthabharati.in/ Vartha Bharathi]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@VarthaBharaNews/videos]

== See also ==
* Vartha Bharati

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puthige, Abdussalam}}
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Rishi Bankim Chandra College

2026-03-26T06:45:37Z

Ayman:

{{Short description|College in West Bengal, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Rishi Bankim Chandra College
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Rishi Bankim Chandra College logo.png
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| top_free_label =
| top_free =
| type = Undergraduate college
| established = {{start date and age|1947}}
| closed = 
| founder =
| parent =
| affiliation = [[West Bengal State University]]
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| vice_chancellor =
| provost =
| rector =
| principal = Goutam Kumar Ghosh
| director =
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address =
| city = [[Naihati]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| country = India
| postcode = 743165
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.884038|N|88.4172879|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map =
| campus = Urban
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = {{URL|https://www.rbccollege.ac.in/}}
| logo =
| logo_size = 100px
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rishi Bankim Chandra College''' is a general degree college located in [[Naihati]], [[West Bengal]], India. It offers undergraduate courses in arts, commerce and sciences. The college also offers PG courses in English and Zoology. It is affiliated to [[West Bengal State University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated College of West Bengal State University | url= https://wbsu.ac.in/web/affiliate-college-name-list/}}</ref>

==History==
A couple of months after Independence, on 2 November 1947, a clan of eminent personalities, educationists and visionaries of Naihati ([[Barrackpore Subdivision]], [[North 24 Parganas]], West Bengal) sat together and came in agreement of setting up a college after the name of Rishi [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]], the litterateur who gave the country the National Song.

At the very beginning, Rishi Bankim Chandra College did not have a space of its own. Classes started at the building of Naihati Mahendra High School on 15 January 1948, in the evening hours.This the day has ever been observed as the college Foundation Day. In June 1948, the college was shifted to its present premises, situated within a furlong from Bankim Chandra's ancestral home at Kantalpara (at the eastern side of Naihati railway station), as the then Executive Committee purchased the present plot of land from "Medland Bose & Co." a labour-contractor firm that used to use the land as a transit point for coolies destined mainly to the north-east tea gardens.

For the sake of better management and more intensive monitoring of the value-based education, the college was trifurcated on 13 July 1984 and two more colleges with independent entities, namely, [[Rishi Bankim Chandra College for Women]] and [[Rishi Bankim Chandra Evening College]], were born.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Nitish Sinha |title=Rishi Bankim Chandra College — Located at the forefront of intellectual excellence |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/evolve/rishi-bankim-chandra-college-located-at-the-forefront-of-intellectual-excellence-1503315627.html/amp |access-date=6 July 2024 |agency=The Statesman}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=History of Rishi Bankim Chandra College|url=https://www.rbccollege.ac.in/College.html|access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>

==Departments and courses==
The college is being acknowledged by the University Grant Commission for its academic service for over fifty years. Today the college has affiliation from West Bengal State University for Honours and General (B.A., B.Sc., B.Com. Honours & General) undergraduate studies in as many as Twenty one (21) subjects namely, [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[History]], [[Political science|Political Science]], [[Philosophy]], [[Journalism]] & [[Mass communication|Mass Communication]], [[Physical education|Physical Education]], [[Chemistry]], [[Physics]], [[Mathematics]], [[Statistics]], Computer Applications, [[Botany]], [[Zoology]], [[Microbiology]], Electronics, [[Economics]] and [[Commerce]]. The College also offers P.G. courses in English and [[Zoology]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Courses Offered, Rishi Bankim Chandra College|url=https://www.rbccollege.ac.in/Courses.html?BAH|access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>

===Science===
Science faculty consists of the departments of Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, Statistics, Computer Applications, Botany, Zoology, Microbiology, Electronics, and Economics.

===Arts & Commerce ===
Arts and Commerce faculty consists of departments of [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[History]], [[Political science|Political Science]], [[Philosophy]], [[Journalism]] & [[Mass communication|Mass Communication]], [[Physical education|Physical Education]] and [[Commerce]].

==Library==
The Central Library is located on the second floor of the North Block, established in the early 21st century. It has a rich collection of textbooks, reference books, newspapers and magazines. Apart from this, supplementary books, journals and magazines are also available in the library. The library has two large reading rooms which can accommodate 60 students and 25 teachers at a time. It has provision for futuristic development and upgradation of services through computerization and storage of quality reference material in digital-text formats.<ref>{{cite web |title=Library |url=https://www.rbccollege.ac.in/Library.html?Library |website=Rishi Bankim Chandra College |accessdate=8 July 2024}}</ref>

==Accreditation==
The Rishi Bankim Chandra college is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC). It is accredited by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC), and awarded B++ grade for the second cycle in 2016.<ref name=UGC>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal Colleges in West Bengal, University Grants Commission]</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Partha Bhowmick]]
* [[Raj Chakraborty]]
* [[Ajoy Biswas]]
* [[Trinankur Bhattacharjee]]
==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of colleges in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.rbccollege.ac.in/ Official website]

{{West Bengal State University}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1947]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to West Bengal State University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]

{{Kolkata-university-stub}}

Mariamman Temple, Samayapuram

2026-03-25T21:58:01Z

Ayman: creating a location!

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Arulmigu Sri Mariamman Temple
| native_name = '''அருள்மிகு மாரியம்மன் திருக்கோயில்'''
| image = Samayapuram Mariyamman Temple Entrance-1.jpg
| alt = Temple Entrance Arch
| caption = View of the entrance arch
| district = [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
| deity = [[Samayapuram Mariamman]]
| festivals = Chithirai Car Festival, Poo Choridal Festival, Vaikasi Panchaprakaram Festival and Thai Poosam Festival
| temple_board = [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department|Tamil Nadu Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]]
| location = [[Samayapuram]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Mariamman Temple, [[Samayapuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.9185|N|78.7389|E|display=inline,title}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mariamman_Temple,_Samayapuram&params=10.9185_N_78.7389_E_type:landmark]
| architecture = [[Tamil architecture]]
| elevation_m = 115
| temple_quantity = One
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website = [https://samayapurammariamman.hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=25704]
}}

[[File:Samayapuram Mariyamman Drawing in the Temple Corridor.jpg|thumb|A painting of Mariamman on the ceiling of the entrance hall.]]
'''Arulmigu Sri Mariamman Temple, Samayapuram''' is an ancient [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temple in [[Tiruchirappalli district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The main deity, [[Samayapuram Mariamman]], a form of [[Adi Parashakti]] and [[Mariamman]], is made of sand and clay with extractions of medicinal herbs unlike many of the traditional stone idols and is considered as most powerful [[Goddess]], and hence unlike many other Hindu deities there are no ''[[abhishekam]]s'' (sacred bathing) conducted to the main deity, but instead the "abishekam" is done to the small stone statue in front of it.

Devotees also offer ''[[mavilakku]]'' (Tamil - மாவிளக்கு), a sweet dish made of jaggery, rice flour and ghee.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.trichy.com/places/samayapuram/| title = Facts about Samayapuram}}</ref> Offerings of raw [[salt]] and [[neem]] leaves are also made to the Goddess by the rural devotees.

The temple attracts thousands of devotees on Sundays, Tuesdays and Fridays, the holy days for Mariamman. Samayapuram is the second most wealthy (in terms of cash flows) temple in Tamil Nadu after [[Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple|Palani]].

==History==
[[File:Temple tower of Samayapuram Mariamman.jpg|thumb|Gold-plated [[vimana]] over the sanctum.]]
The history of the temple is unclear. In the early 18th century, King Vijayaraya Chakravarti II built the present day form of the temple.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.chennaionline.com/hotelsandtours/Placesofworship/2006/04temple88.asp
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060413141736/http://www.chennaionline.com/hotelsandtours/Placesofworship/2006/04temple88.asp
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 13 April 2006
|title = Chennai Online's article on Samayapuram}}
</ref> There is scant history of the period before that though it is believed that the locals worshipped the Goddess for many centuries before building the current temple. One legend says that the present deity was at the [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple (Srirangam)|Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple]] at [[Srirangam]], and one of the chief priests of the temple believed that the idol caused illness to [[Ranganathar]] and hence asked it to be removed from the temple. It is a common belief in that part of the region that such local deities have immense powers and they must always be satisfied by proper offerings and sacrifices, otherwise, they cause epidemics. The idol was moved outside Srirangam and later found by some of the passersby who built a temple named, the '''Kannanur Mariamman Temple'''.

During that period (around the 17th century CE), Tiruchirapalli was ruled by the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] kings and the area was used as an army base. It is believed that they made a commitment to build the temple if they win the war and after attaining success, they built a shrine for the Goddess.The Mariamman Urchavar idol was donated in the year 1991 by G.Balamurugan & G.Muralikumar, grand children of M.Venkatachala Padayachi & V.Valliammal & children of V.Gunasekaran & G.Kokila of No.1, Old Post Office Street, Ulundurpet, South Arcot Dist<ref name=Diwakar>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Macherla|last=Diwakar|location=Chennai|year=2011|edition=1st|page=154|isbn=978-93-83440-34-4|publisher=Techno Book House}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The new [[utsava murti]] idol, made out of ''[[panchaloha]]'', was donated to the temple in the year 1991.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.tn.gov.in/citizen/HRCE.htm
|title = Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Administration Department}}
</ref>

The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>[http://www.tnhrce.org/hrce_act_1959.html Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959]</ref>

==Festivals==
[[File:Samayapuram Mariyamman Temple Corridor-3.jpg|thumb|Entrance corridor, lined with shops]]
[[Thaipusam|Thai Poosam]] usually occurs in the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month of Thai]]. Like at most Tamil temples, the main festival happens before summer, generally in April, including the [[Temple car|temple chariot]] and lake processions (teppams).<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/trichytourism/mariamman.htm
|title = Tamil Nadu government's tourism page on Samayapuram}}
</ref>

==Significance of the temple==
Samayapuram is a significant symbol of the native culture in rural Tamil Nadu and there a number of unique practices concerning the Mariamman temples. Samayapuram has been used a model to describe rural folklore in a number of research works on sociology and religion.<ref name ="taming">{{cite web | url = http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20140/01fever%20goddess%20pg2-13%20version2.pdf
| title = Taming the fever goddess}}</ref><ref name="festival">{{cite journal | jstor = 1463443
| title = A Temple Festival of Mariyamman | last1 = Younger | first1 = Paul | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Religion | date = 27 April 1980 | volume = 48 | issue = 4 | pages = 493–517 | doi = 10.1093/jaarel/XLVIII.4.493 }}</ref><ref name="old ways">{{cite web
|url = http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/moynihan/programs/sac/paper%20pdfs/SinhaV.wpd%20paper.pdf
|title = Bringing back the 'old ways': Remembering and re-installing a 'local' Hindu goddess in urban Singapore
}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
</ref>

During festivals, it is not unusual to find people doing extreme things to make their bodies suffer as an act of sacrifice including, [[thimithi|walking over a red-hot bed of charcoa]]l and holding hot mud-vessel in bare hands. Mariamman temples also typically involve '''Samiyattam''' wherein through a devotee (usually a female), Goddess Mariamman chooses to talk to help and bless the gathered devotees. The personality of the Goddess as well as the tremendous strain put on the body by the channelling (both physically and emotionally), may be interpreted by non-believers as [[hysteria]] or hyper-excitement.<ref name="taming"/><ref name = "festival" />

==Heritage of Mariamman outside India==
The legacy of Mariamman is well spread beyond Tamil Nadu and even after centuries of emigrating from India, many people in [[Sri Lanka]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[South Africa]] and [[Fiji]] still maintain their loyalties to the temple and try to create similar shrines in their new country, raising both a cause of concern and an appreciation of diversity. There are many shrines to Mariamman in [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]].<ref name="old ways"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.durban.gov.za/eThekwini/Community/community_news/shri_mariamman | title = Mariamman temple at Durban | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060116083140/http://www.durban.gov.za/eThekwini/Community/community_news/shri_mariamman | archivedate = 2006-01-16 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mariamman_Temple,_Samayapuram&params=10.9185_N_78.7389_E_type:landmark GeoHack - Mariamman Temple, Samayapuram]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061018134236/http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/samayapuram.html Templenet article]
*[http://www.mailerindia.com/temples/history/index.php?samayapuram/ Samayapuram history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928001032/http://www.mailerindia.com/temples/history/index.php?samayapuram/ |date=28 September 2007 }}
*[http://www.tn.gov.in/trichytourism/mariamman.htm/ Tamil Nadu government's tourism page]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061102042906/http://www.trichy.com/travel/samayapuram.htm Samayapuram]
*[http://www.srirangaminfo.com Srirangam Temple, Related place]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110724113533/http://www.trichyonline.net/popular-places-2/samayapuram/ temple]

{{Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Temples_around_Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Mariamman temples in Tamil Nadu]]

Bhaktha Markandeya

2026-03-24T23:01:04Z

Ayman: starting first page basic info!

{{More plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bhaktha Markandeya.jpg
| caption = Poster in Tamil
| director = [[B. S. Ranga]]
| screenplay = Thuraiyur Moorthi (Tamil) Chi Sadashivaiah (Kannada)
| producer = B. S. Ranga
| editing = P. G. Mohan M. Devendranathan
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = Vikram Pictures
| distributor = {{plainlist|
* Rajasri Pictures (Tamil Nadu)<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 1957 |title=Bhaktha Markandeya |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19570125&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=11 February 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* Vikram Pictures (Bangalore and Mysore)<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 1957 |title=Bhaktha Markandeya |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19570119&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=11 February 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
}}
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1957|1|2}}
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Tamil|Kannada}}
}}
'''''Bhakta Markandeya''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಭಕ್ತ ಮಾರ್ಕಂಡೇಯ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is an Indian film shot simultaneously in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Kannada]] languages and directed by [[B. S. Ranga]] with a different supporting cast in each of the versions. Master Anand played the title role of [[Markandeya]] in both the versions. The film was released in 1957.<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1957 – பக்த மார்க்கண்டேயா – விக்ரம் பிக்சர்ஸ் (த-தெ) இருமொழிப்படம் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1957-cinedetails10.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011054451/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1957-cinedetails10.asp |archive-date=11 October 2016 |access-date=2016-10-10 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-02 |title=விக்ரம் ஸ்டூடியோவில் உருவான 'பக்த மார்க்கண்டேயா'! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1177308-bhaktha-markandeya-movie-starrer-nagayya-pushpavalli-ka-thangavelu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922114505/https://www.hindutamil.in/ajax/track.php?act=ads&do=ga_track&pos=1177308 |archive-date=22 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Marimuthu |date=Jan 2, 2024 |title=67 years of Bhakta Markandeya: 16 வயது சிறுவனின் மெச்ச வைத்த சிவபக்தி.. நீண்ட ஆயுளைப்பெற்ற மார்க்கண்டேயரின் கதை! |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/a-special-article-on-the-completion-of-67-years-since-the-release-of-bhakta-markandeya-131704158974516.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922114349/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/a-special-article-on-the-completion-of-67-years-since-the-release-of-bhakta-markandeya-131704158974516.html |archive-date=22 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The theme of the story is the nullification of the powers of [[Yama]] (the God of Death) by Lord [[Shiva]].

Lord Shiva blesses sage Mrukanda Maharshi and his wife with a child. Their child, [[Markandeya]], was given a lease of 16 years to live in this world. But the child worships Lord Shiva with unlimited Bhakthi (devotion). When he completes 16 years of age, Yama comes to take his life as appointed. Markandeya grips the [[Shivalinga]] and Lord Shiva appears before Yama and tells him not to take Markandeya's life, because he (Lord Shiva) has blessed the boy. So, Markandeya becomes an immortal. The moral of the story is that one who surrenders to God need not worry about death.

== Cast ==
* Master Anand as Markandeya
* [[V. Nagayya]]
* [[Pushpavalli]]
* [[Padmini Priyadarshini]]
* Surya Kala
* [[R. Nagendra Rao]]
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
=== Tamil ===
* [[K. A. Thangavelu]]
* Babuji
* Sairam
* [[Balasaraswati|Balasaraswathi]]
* Lakshmikantham
* [[V. N. Sundaram|Sundaram]]
{{Col-2}}

=== Kannada ===
* [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|T R Narasimha Raju]]
* [[Dikki Madhava Rao]]
* Comedian Guggu
* H R Hanumantha Rao
* B Ramadevi
* Raghuramaiah
{{Col-end}}

== Soundtrack ==
'''Tamil songs'''

Music was composed by the duo [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]], while the lyrics were penned by [[A. Maruthakasi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |page=127 |language=ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Om Namaschivaaya" || rowspan=2|[[V. Nagayya]] & [[P. Leela]]|| 03:00
|-
| "Thirumaalum Brammanum" || 03:38
|-
| "Ulagamellaam" || rowspan=2|[[V. N. Sundaram]]||
|-
| "Daevaadhi Dhaevaa" || 05:35
|-
| "Aaduvadhum Paaduvadhum" || [[A. P. Komala]]|| 06:17
|-
| "Naragam Idhudhaan" || [[S. C. Krishnan]] & [[K. Jamuna Rani]]||
|-
| "Saaindhaadammaaa Saindhaadu" || P. Leela & Group || 02:40
|-
| "Miyaav Miyaav Miyaav" || S. C. Krishnan ||
|-
| "Unnai Nee Ennippaar" || Sivaraman || 02:39
|-
| "Ulagin Muzhumudhalae" || rowspan=3|T. Sathyavathi || 03:06
|-
| "Iravaamal Ivvulagil" ||
|-
| "Sivanae Unnaitthozudhu" ||
|-
| "Anbin Uruvae Neeyae" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] & [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]|| 03:09
|-
| "Oru Maanguyil" || [[P. Susheela]]|| 03:26
|-
| "Ingum Angum" || [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]]||
|-
| "Andasaraasarangal" || Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi ||
|}
'''Kannada songs'''

The music was composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Song
|-
|"Om Namaha Shivaya"
|-
|"Howdo Allavo Neeve Heli"
|-
|"Chenne Cheluve Baare"
|-
|" Jo Jo Kandaiah"
|-
|"Harahara Sundara Saambasadaashiva"
|-
|"Shivanalli Sharanagiranna"
|-
|"Shivane Bhayaharane"
|-
|"Ago Malligeyu Dumbiyanu"
|-
|"Ammana Golidu Kelisade"
|-
|"Nithya Nirmala Bhava"
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1950s biographical films]]
[[Category:1957 Indian films]]
[[Category:1950s Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1957 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1957 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1957 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-19T10:38:36Z

Ayman: added a post needs work.

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in West Bengal}}
{{other uses|Basirhat (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Basirhat {{Small|WB-18}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Basirhat.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Basirhat Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 1951-present
| reservation = None
| party =
| mp = Vacant<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=2024-09-25|title=Haji Nurul Islam Passes away|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/basirhat-mp-haji-nurul-islam-passed-away-dgtld/cid/1548310|access-date=2024-09-25|work=Anandabazar Patrika|issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| assembly_cons = [[Baduria Assembly constituency|Baduria]] [[Haroa Assembly constituency|Haroa]] [[Minakhan Assembly constituency|Minakhan]] [[Sandeshkhali Assembly constituency|Sandeshkhali]] [[Basirhat Dakshin Assembly constituency|Basirhat Dakshin]] [[Basirhat Uttar Assembly constituency|Basirhat Uttar]] [[Hingalganj Assembly constituency|Hingalganj]]
| electors = 14,90,596<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |title=Parliamentary Constituency Wise Turnout for General Elections 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=2 July 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Pie chart|value1=52.63|value2=15.79|value3=15.79|value4=10.53|label1=[[Communist Party of India |'''Communist Party of India ''' (10 times)]]|label2=[[Indian National Congress|'''Indian National Congress''' (4 times)]]|label3=[[Trinamool Congress|'''Trinamool Congress'''(4 times)]]|label4=[[Bangla Congress|'''Bangla Congress''' (2 times)]]|color1={{party color|Communist Party of India }}|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color3={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|color4={{party color|Bangla Congress}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Basirhat Lok Sabha |value5=5.26|label5=[[Janata Party|'''Janata Party''' (1 time)]]|color5={{party color|Janata Party}}}}
'''Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency centres on [[Basirhat]] in [[West Bengal]]. All the seven assembly segments of No. 18 Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency are in [[North 24 Parganas district]].

==Overview==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|350 px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. '''Basirhat''', 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

According to the ''Hindustan Times'', Basirhat and Bangaon have the most porous stretch of West Bengal's 2,217 km border with Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/elections2014/state-of-the-states/border-residents-debate-modi-s-warning-to-bangladeshis/article1-1215865.aspx |title=Border residents debate Modis views on Bangladeshis |publisher=Hindustan Times, 6 May 2014 |access-date=13 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623203824/http://www.hindustantimes.com/elections2014/state-of-the-states/border-residents-debate-modi-s-warning-to-bangladeshis/article1-1215865.aspx |archive-date=23 June 2014 }}</ref>''The Indian Express'' estimates the proportion of Muslims in Basirhat's electorate at 54%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/in-basirhat-3-muslims-vs-bjps-minority/ |title = In Basirhat, 3 Muslims vs BJP's "minority"| website =The Indian Express|date= 18 March 2014|access-date = 13 June 2014 }}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, parliamentary constituency no. 18 Basirhat is composed of the following [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] segments from 2009:<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2009-05-27 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|99
|[[Baduria Assembly constituency|Baduria]]
| rowspan="7" |[[North 24 Parganas]]
|[[Abdur Rahim Quazi]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=7}}
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|121
|[[Haroa Assembly constituency|Haroa]]
|[[Sheikh Rabiul Islam]]
|-
|122
|[[Minakhan Assembly constituency|Minakhan]] (SC)
|[[Usha Rani Mondal]]
|-
|123
|[[Sandeshkhali Assembly constituency|Sandeshkhali]] (ST)
|[[Sukumar Mahata]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|124
|[[Basirhat Dakshin Assembly constituency|Basirhat Dakshin]]
|[[Saptarshi Banerjee]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|125
|[[Basirhat Uttar Assembly constituency|Basirhat Uttar]]
|[[Rafikul Islam Mondal]]
|-
|126
|[[Hingalganj Assembly constituency|Hingalganj]] (SC)
|[[Debes Mondal|Debesh Mondal]]
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Lok Sabha!!Duration!!Name of M.P.!!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1st Lok Sabha|First]]*||1952-57||[[Renu Chakravartty]]||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<ref name=loksabha1952>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |title=General Elections, India, 1951- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |archive-date=8 October 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|||||Patiram Roy||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=loksabha1952/>
|-
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|Second]]*||1957-62||Renu Chakravartty||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<ref name=loksabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1957- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|||||Pareshnath Kayal||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref name=loksabha1957/>
|-
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]]||1962-67||rowspan=2|[[Humayun Kabir (Bengal politician)|Humayun Kabir]]<ref name=loksabha1962>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]]||1967-69||{{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref name=loksabha1967>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1967 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results | work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf | archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1969^||1970-72||[[Sardar Amjad Ali]]<ref name=bye1970 >{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/bye_election.aspx |title = Details of Bye-elections from 1952 to 1995 (Excel file) | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]] ||1971-77||A.K.M. Ishaque||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=loksabha1971>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission |access-date = 25 May 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]||1977-80||Alhaj M.A. Hannan||{{Full party name with color|Janata Party }}<ref name=loksabha1977>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title = General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 25 May 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]||1980-84||rowspan=2|[[Indrajit Gupta]]|| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=8}}<ref name=loksabha1980>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title = General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 25 May 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]]||1984-89<ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title = General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 25 May 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]||1989-91||rowspan=2|[[Manoranjan Sur]]<ref name=loksabha1989>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title = General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 25 May 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]||1991-96<ref name=loksabha1991>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title = General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 25 May 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]||1996-98||rowspan=4|[[Ajay Chakraborty]]<ref name=loksabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title = General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]]||1998-99<ref name=loksabha1998>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]||1999-04<ref name=loksabha1999>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]||2004-09<ref name=loksabha2004>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]||2009-14||[[Haji Nurul Islam]]||{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]||2014-19||[[Idris Ali (politician)|Idris Ali]]<ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 21 June 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| [[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]||2019-24||[[Nusrat Jahan]]
|-
| [[18th Lok Sabha|Eighteenth]]||2024-24||[[Haji Nurul Islam]]<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|}
.* In 1951 and 1957, Basirhat has dual seats.

^ By-election.

==Election results==
===2026 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 elections in India#Lok Sabha by-elections|2026 Basirhat by-election]]: [[Basirhat]]
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Basirhat]]
<ref name="Basirhat Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Basirhat Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/basirhat |accessdate=12 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712043958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/basirhat |archivedate=12 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Haji Nurul Islam]]
|party=Trinamool Congress
|votes= 803,762
|percentage= 52.76
|change={{decrease}}1.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Rekha Patra
|party =Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 470,215
|percentage = 30.87
|change = {{increase}}0.75
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian Secular Front
|candidate = Akhtar Rahaman Biswas
|votes = 123,500
|percentage = 8.11
|change = new
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Nirapada Sardar]]
|party= Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes= 77,899
|percentage= 5.11
|change={{increase}}0.34
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Mafijul Molla
|party= Independent
|votes= 11,833
|percentage= 0.78
|change=''New''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 5,248
|percentage = 0.34
|change = {{decrease}}0.30
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 333,547
|percentage = 21.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 15,23,401
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Basirhat]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Nusrat Jahan|Nusrat Jahan Ruhi]]|votes=782,078|percentage=54.56|change=+15.91}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sayantan Basu|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=431,709|percentage=30.12|change=+11.76}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Quazi Abdur Rahim|party=Indian National Congress|votes=104,183|percentage=7.27|change=-0.75}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Pallab Sengupta]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=68,316|percentage=4.77|change=-25.27}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=9,106|percentage=0.64|change=-0.14}}
{{Election box majority|votes=350,369|percentage=24.4|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,433,769|percentage=85.43|change=TBA}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|loser =
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Basirhat]]<ref name=loksabha2014/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Idris Ali (politician)|Idris Ali]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 4,92,326
|percentage = 38.65
|change = -7.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Nurul Sekh
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 3,82,667
|percentage = 30.04
|change = -10.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Samik Bhattacharya]]
|votes = 2,33,887
|percentage = 18.36
|change = +11.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Abdur Rahim Kazi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,02,137
|percentage = 8.02
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Siddiqullah Chowdhury
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|votes = 25,178
|percentage = 1.97
|change = -2.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ranjit Gayen
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 8,088
|percentage = 0.63
|change = -0.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gopal Das
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 7,016
|percentage = 0.55
|change = -0.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Bain
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 6,532
|percentage = 0.51
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Md. Hafiz
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 5,976
|percentage = 0.46
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = None of the Above
|party = None of the Above
|votes = 9,971
|percentage = 0.78
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,09,659
|percentage = 8.61
|change = +2.89
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 12,73,771
|percentage = 85.45
|change = -1.17
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = -7.55
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Basirhat]]<ref name=loksabha2009 />
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Haji Nurul Islam|Sk. Nurul Islam]]
|votes = 4,79,650
|percentage = 45.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ajay Chakraborty
|votes = 4,19,267
|percentage = 40.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Swapan Kumar Das
|votes = 67,690
|percentage = 6.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Siddiqullah Chowdhury
|votes = 41,338
|percentage = 3.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ranjit Gain
|votes = 13,888
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jiaul Haque
|votes = 7,590
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Chhalauddin Molla
|votes = 4,239
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = Salim Makkar
|votes = 4,023
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 60,383
|percentage = 5.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 10,38,209
|percentage = 86.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{election table|title=[[2009 Indian general election]] West Bengal summary}}
|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;" width=225 |Party
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seat change
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Vote percentage
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Trinamool Congress]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 19
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}18
| style="text-align:center;" | 31.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}0
| style="text-align:center;" | 13.45
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | NA
|-
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}17
| style="text-align:center;" | 33.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.56
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[All India Forward Bloc|Forward bloc]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.04
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}1
| style="text-align:center;" | 6.14
|-
|}

===General elections 1951-2004===
Basirhat was double-member constituency in 1951 and 1957. Thereafter, it was a single seat constituency. Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Winner Candidate
!Winner Party
!Runner-up Candidate
!Runner-up Party
|-
|1951
|[[Renu Chakravartty]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|
|
|-
|
|Satya Hari Dutta
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Patiram Roy
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1952/>
|-
|1957
|Paresh Nath Kayal
|Indian National Congress
|
|
|-
|
|Renu Chakravartty
|Communist Party of India
|[[Pratima Bose]]
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1957/>
|-
|1962
|[[Humayun Kabir (Bengal politician)|Humayun Kabir]]
|Indian National Congress
|Abdur Razzak Khan
|Communist Party of India<ref name=loksabha1962/>
|-
|1967
|Humayun Kabir
|[[Bangla Congress]]
|A.K.M Ishaque
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1967/>
|-
|1969 (Bye election)
|Sardar Amjad Ali
|Bangla Congress
|K.A.Makkar
|PML<ref name=bye1970/>
|-
|1971
|A.K.M. Ishaque
|Indian National Congress
|Md. Abdulla Rasul
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=loksabha1971/>
|-
|1977
|Alhaj M A Hannan
|[[Janata Party ]]
|A.K.M.Ishaque
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1977/>
|-
|1980
|[[Indrajit Gupta]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|Abdul Gaffar Quazi
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]<ref name =loksabha1980/>
|-
|1984
|Indrajit Gupta
|Communist Party of India
|Kamal Basu
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1984/>
|-
|1989
|Monoranjan Sur
|Communist Party of India
|Sardar Amjad Ali
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1989/>
|-
|1991
|Monoranjan Sur
|Communist Party of India
|Sardar Amjad Ali
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1991/>
|-
|1996
|Ajay Chakraborty
|Communist Party of India
|Dilip Majumder
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1996/>
|-
|1998
|Ajay Chakraborty
|Communist Party of India
|Sudipto Roy
|[[Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1998/>
|-
|1999
|Ajay Chakraborty
|Communist Party of India
|M Nuruzzaman
|All India Trinamool Congress<ref name=loksabha1999/>
|-
|2004
|Ajay Chakraborty
|Communist Party of India
|[[Sujit Bose (politician)|Sujit Bose]]
|All India Trinamool Congress<ref name=loksabha2004/>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Basirhat]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/west_bengal/basirhat/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Basirhat lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}

{{Coord|22.66|N|88.89|E|display=title|format=dms|}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]

N.K. Krishnan

2026-03-16T16:11:21Z

Ayman: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2019}}
{{rewrite|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Narayana Kalyan Krishnan<ref>Hungary, Pannonia Press, 1984, [https://books.google.com/books?id=azwbAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Narayana+Kalyan+Krishnan,+member+of+the+Central+Executive+Committee+and+secretary+of+the+National+Council%22 p. 116]</ref>
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = {{flag|India}}n [[ambassador]] to {{flag|Yugoslavia}}
| term_start = 1981
| term_end = 1981
| predecessor = [[Ashoke Sen Chib]]
| successor = [[:es:Aravinda Ramachandra Deo]]
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1913|04|12}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1992|11|24|1913|04|12}} 
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Rajya Sabha]]
| termstart1 = 27 May 1970
| termend1 = 1 August 1974
| constituency =
| constituency1 = Nominated
}}
'''N. K. Krishnan''' (12 April 1913 – 24 November 1992) was an Indian politician. He belonged to the [[Communist Party of India]]. He was the husband of Indian politician [[Parvathi Krishnan]], the only daughter of [[P. Subbarayan]].

==Biography==
=== Early life and education ===
NK Krishnan was born on 12 April 1913 in a middle-class family in Nadavaramba village in the princely state of Cochin, later part of Kerala, in ‘Cherayathu Madom’, a
huge rambling house with extensive banana and coconut tree plantations. His father was N.D. Narayana Iyer. Later his parents shifted to Trichur and then to Ernakulam in 1918.
Entering school at five, Krishnan became outstanding student, standing first throughout his school and college days.<ref>{{cite web|title=Members of the rajya Sabha - K|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/k.pdf}}</ref>

Krishnan stood first in class IV in Cochin state in scholarship exams and was awarded a medal. Shifting to Chittur (Palghat) in 1922, he was admitted to Chittur High School. He
read a range of English literary authors from Keats to Shelley and Shakespeare, also Sanskrit, and developing an interest in Carnatic music and tennis.

Completing his school education in
Wadakkancheri in 1926, he topped SSLC securing highest marks in Cochin state. He joined St Thomas College, Trichur and later Maharaja's College, Ernakulam. He passed intermediate in 1930, standing first in the whole of Madras Presidency.

He entered Presidency College, Madras in 1930 in MA Mathematics.

===Contact with politics===
Students in the college hoisted national flag in 1929 led by HV Kamath. All India protest day was observed in college in 1930,
which Principal tried to prevent. The so-called ‘Hotel de Pitchu’ became their meeting joint to discuss things. By 1934 he was under the influence of [[Rabindra Nath Tagore]].

===In England===
After MA parents sent him to England
for advanced studies preparing for ICS. In September 1934 he left for England in [[SS Naldera]]. He stayed in Indian Students’ Hostel, Tilbury, and later as paying guest in different places. He joined London School of Economics (LSE). He also had the opportunity to travel the Nordic and other countries.
===Joining Communist movement===
Mid 1930s was a period of anti-fascist upsurge in Europe and England. Krishnan was a regular visitor to the Reading Room,
meeting many Communists. He became a
voracious reader of Marxist literature, soon coming in contact with [[Communist Party of Great Britain]] (CPGB), becoming active in it. He became a regular reader of the [[Morning Star (British newspaper)|Daily Worker]] and [[Labour Monthly]] and read [[R. Palme Dutt]]'s ‘Notes of the Month’ regularly. He
came in contact with a whole galaxy of intellectuals, economists, scientists and historians.

Because of anti-Communist leanings of the Principal, he changed his college, and studied hydrodynamics under Prof [[Hyman Levy]], who had a soft corner for Communists and they both got on very well.

Krishnan was rejected for ICS due to his Communist views. While on a fortnight's tour of the Wales, he saw how coal miners lived in extreme destitution and poverty.

He was active in India League led by
[[V. K. Krishna Menon]]. Krishnan came in contact with CPGB leaders such as [[Harry Pollitt]], [[R. Palme Dutt]], [[Benjamin Francis Bradley|Ben Bradley]], [[James Klugmann]],
[[Michael Carritt]], [[Emile Burns]], [[Willie Gallacher (politician)|William Gallacher]], etc. Carritt was an ICS officer in
Bengal earlier, and helped freedom movement and Indian communists. Later he resigned and joined CPGB.

He was first arrested in England on Coronation Day in 1935 while selling CPGB paper [[Morning Star (British newspaper)|Daily Worker]].

He became secretary of party
branch of Indian Communists. [[Paul Robeson]], Nehru and others visited London, and he met them. Krishnan participated in international student conferences in Paris in the 1930s, along with [[Yusuf Meherally]], Parvati, [[P. N. Haksar]], [[K. T. Chandy]], and others.

Krishnan knew French and as such got access to FCP and other literature. He read [[Gabriel Peri]], [[Jacques Duclos]], [[Maurice Thorez]], [[Marcel Cachin]] and others.
Krishnan worked for ‘National Front’, the CPI organ, and organized party schools, worked in Majlis and FEDIND. ‘National Front’ circulation increased to 300. Party branch included [[Bhupesh Gupta]], Haksar,
Nikhil, Renu, Jyoti Basu and many others. Feroze Gandhi and Indira Gandhi were also there. In the India League he met [[Fenner Brockway]], [[Stafford Cripps]] and others, as
also [[K. T. K. Thangamani]].

NK met [[Parvathi Krishnan|Parvati Kumarmanagalam]] in
November 1938 in Oxford.

===Return to India===
With Second World War looming, NK
left for India in June 1939. Michael Carritt gave him party credentials from CPGB to CPI and some reports. He reached Bombay on 17 July 1939, and the customs failed to locate any documents on his person.

Krishnan met [[P. C. Joshi]], who talked for a long time. He joined the CC headquarters as a fulltimer. He stayed with Chari family: ASR and Dilshad.

Krishnan prepared a comprehensive
Marxist study syllabus for central staff of PHQ, and delivered lectures. One young student Virsukh Pandya, helped him in every way. He died very young in 1942. Krishnan then stayed in the ‘den’ of [[Ajoy
Ghosh]], and he moved to [[Gangadhar Adhikari|Adhikari's]] den in 1940, where Katdare and DP Sinha also
stayed. Govind Vidyarthi was also around.

There started DA strikes in 1940 and NK came to know leaders like Tambitkar, Patkar, Md Shaheed, Parvatibai, Bhogale and others.

Krishnan and others were first sent to Byculla Jail in most horrible conditions. From there they were shifted to Nasik. A party committee was formed in jail with Sardesai and Krishnan as secretaries. There
were over 200 Congress detenus too, on most cordial relations with Communists. Jalaluddin Bukhari conducted classes in Urdu.

NK was released on 28 April 1942. He helped organize [[All India Students' Federation|AISF]] and BSU (Bombay Students’ Union), and cooperated with Nergis Batlivala and others. He also met [[C. Rajagopalachari]] (Rajaji) and had long discussions.
===Reorganizing party in Madras Province===
Krishnan was in Salem in June 1942 to help organize the conference of [[All India Students' Federation|AISF]] of southern region, along with Parvati, S. Ramakrishnan and Parameswaran. There were some of the leaders released at that time which included Subramania Sharma,
[[Mohan Kumaramangalam]], [[B. Srinivasa Rao]], others. [[P. C. Joshi]] entrusted Krishnan and [[P. Subbarayan]] with reorganizing provincial
committee. NK and others were housed in the large ancestral home of Dr P. Subbarayan in Tiruchengodu. [[Radhabai Subbarayan]] made all necessary arrangements.

The distinguished Subbarayans had made massive contributions to the country including in politics, music, army, Communist movement etc. Radhabai attended Round Table Conference, and was first woman ever in the Central Assembly. Dr Subbarayan became chief minister of Madras. Parvati and Mohan were their two children.

It was here that Krishnan and Parvati decided to get married, which they did on 7 December 1942 in Raj Bhavan, Bombay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1225.htm|title=Members Bioprofile}}</ref>

On return to Bombay, NK was coopted to the CC of CPI.

===1942 Movement===
Krishnan was present at Gowalia Tank Maidan, Bombay, on 8 August 1942 when [[Quit India Movement]] was announced. Later Communists were accused of collaborating with the British, and PCJ of secretly
meeting Home Secretary [[Reginald Maxwell (colonial administrator)|Reginald Maxwell]]. N.K. Krishnan wrote an effective pamphlet proving the so-called ‘Maxwell Letter’ to be a forgery.

===War years and Party Commune===
The Commune set up in Raj Bhavan, Bombay, at the initiative of PCJ, played an important part in CPI history, and NK and Parvati were part of it. It housed central offices, Polit Buro, CC, newspapers, library etc. NK and others would collect second hand clothes to meet the shortage of personal funds, wages being inadequate.

Prominent national and international personalities visited the Commune including Subbaraya, Rajaji, Uday Shankar, Vallathol, Edgar Snow, Margaret Bourke White of ''Life'' magazine, and Betty Collier of ''Colliers'' magazine.

N.K. Krishnan was elected CC member at first congress of CPI held in Bombay in 1943. He also moved an important resolution greeting the Red Army and Soviet people.

===In Madras presidency===
From 1943 to 1947 NK helped CPI unite and grow in Madras Presidency, bringing together C.S. Subramaniam, Manali Kandaswami, Srinivasa Rao and others as a team.

NK also visited Golden Rock in March 1943 with Parvati and took extensive classes and study circles in SIR Labor Union (railways). Party school for student comrades was also conducted in Srirangam. [[M. S. Krishnan (trade unionist)|M.S. Krishnan]], N.C. Srinivasan and [[M. C. Narasimhan]] also attended.

NK accompanied P.C. Joshi to Bihta (Bihar) conference of [[AIKS]] in 1942. He also looked after [[Indian Society for Cultural Co-operation and Friendship|Friends of the Soviet Union]], women's movement, [[All India Students' Federation|AISF]] etc. NK met Prem Dhawan, Balraj, Prithvi Raj Kapoor, Ismat Chugtai and other prominent personalities in the course of work.

NK took an active part in guiding the [[Royal Indian Navy mutiny|RIN revolt of 1946]].

===Madurai conspiracy case, 1947===
About 100 top Communists were arrested throughout the Province in January 1947, including NK, Venkataraman, EMS, P. Ramamurthy, AKG, Moyaram, K. Murugesan, N Rajsekhara Reddy, etc. NK Krishnan was staying at Dr Subbarayan's place (Parvati's father), then home minister in the province. Police arrested NK at 2 am, but before that he succeeded in helping Subramania Sharma escape frombathroom.

He was released on 15 August 1947.

===BTR period===
NK described how BTR and others including NK himself pressed PCJ to adopt more ‘militant’ line since CC meeting of August 1946. By September 1947, when NK was released, inner-party struggle had sharpened, culminating in a sectarian adventurist line at second party congress, Calcutta, Feb-March 1948. Krishnan fully supported it. He was now in the 9-member Polit Buro.

Krishnan wrote that repudiating Leninist teachings on dual role of national bourgeoisie, party adopted infantile sectarianism and left adventurism, as if as an ‘occupational disease’! "Joshian reformism" was denounced as a ‘war cry’.

Krishnan writes: "Though PC Joshi was included in the official panel for the new central committee which had been proposed from the platform, he was voted out. This was done in an underhand manner..." NK says ‘Joshi period’ was a glorious period.

After return from party congress, Krishnan went to see a film to relax. Suddenly his photo was flashed on the screen announcing a reward. He froze on his seat. He simply disappeared after the lights went out.

Underground provincial committee meeting was held in April 1948 outside Madras. One day, he ran away while in delirium with pneumonia after seeing Mysore Special Police (MSP) van. He stayed secretly in his father-in-law's house, home
minister at the time. After admission in hospital, Dr Srinivasan managed his escape through the morgue. Krishnan's little daughter ‘Indi’ was instrumental in ‘report-
ing’ his presence in Moscow. The report found its way into intelligence files, becoming a subject of enquiries including by home minister. All the while NK was in India!

NK was suspended from Polit Buro in
1950 with four others including BTR. Due to TB and other ailments, he and Parvati spent months in Hazaribagh, and later in Kalimpong. He was accused No. 1 in Trichy Conspiracy Case, and remained underground till 1952.

===After 1952===
After working underground in Kerala,
NK finally settled down in Coimbatore in May 1953, organizing industrial workers, particularly textile workers. To make a living, he and Parvati opened an evening
school for worker-students preparing for Matric. He also took up private tuitions. Parvati took up part-time lectureship.

He was elected a vice-president of
[[AITUC]]. He was also on the general council of the [[World Federation of Trade Unions|WFTU]]. He was a state party secretariat member from 1960 to 64.

NK was elected to National Council of CPI in 1961.

In 1964 he shifted to CPI headquarters in New Delhi. He was elected to party's CEC and secretariat, heading party's International Department. He was member of Rajya Sabha for four years from 1970.{{fact|date=December 2021}}

===Specialist in international affairs===
NK Krishnan was a specialist in international affairs, and represented CPI in several world conferences. He was involved, as member of CPI delegation, in the
preparation of world Communist conference of 1969 in Moscow. He met several figures including Alexei Kosygin of CPSU. He attended congresses of a large number
of CPs. He reported to NC of CPI on world events. NK made a flag-hoisting speech at CPI congress in Calcutta in 1989.{{fact|date=December 2021}}

NK Krishnan died on 2 November 1992 in Coimbatore.{{fact|date=December 2021}}

== Union leader ==
*In 1953 he was leader of the [[All India Trade Union Congress]] and called for a [[general strike]].{{fact|date=December 2021}}
*In 1958 he was President of the [[Coimbatore]] Mill Workers' Union, with a membership of 16,000.{{fact|date=December 2021}}

== Politics ==
Krishnan joined the [[Communist Party of India]] (Kerala) and rose to become an important leader in the party. He was nominated to the [[Rajya Sabha]] in 1970 and served as a member of the Rajya Sabha from 10 November 1970 to 2 April 1974.{{fact|date=December 2021}}

== Family ==
In 1942, Krishnan married Parvathi, the only daughter of P. Subbarayan.{{fact|date=December 2021}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnan, N. K.}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Kumaramangalam family]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Yugoslavia]]

Purabi Roy

2026-03-15T03:56:13Z

Ayman: added new stub

{{short description|Indian scholar, academic and Writer|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Purabi Roy
| image =
| caption =
| native_name = {{lang|bn|পূরবী রায়}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1941|07|12}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]]) [[Jadavpur University]] ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]]) [[Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences]] ([[PhD]])
| occupation = Author; Researcher; Professor
| employer = [[Jadavpur University]]
[[Moscow State University]]
[[Saint Petersburg State University]]
| notable_works = ''The Search for Netaji: New Findings'' ''75th Anniversary of Indian National Army and Provisional Government''
| spouse = [[Kalyan Roy]]
| parents = Peary Mohan Mukherjee, Radha Rani Mukherjee
| website =
}}

'''Purabi Roy''' ( ''[[Birth name|née]]'' Mukherjee; {{langx|bn|পূরবী রায়}}; born 12 July 1941) is an Indian multi-disciplinary researcher, author, and an eminent scholar in Russian language and history. She has been visiting professor at [[Moscow State University]] and [[Saint Petersburg State University]] in [[Russia|Russian Federation]] from 2000 to 2006. She is acknowledged as one of the foremost and veteran researchers on [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and a former member of [[Indian Council of Historical Research]] (2015 to 2018).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/time-dispel-shroud-secrecy-surrounding-netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-ina-1502776603.html|title='Time to dispel the shroud of secrecy surrounding Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, INA'|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/are-all-netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-files-still-there-ask-scholars-1232724|title=Are All Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Files Still There, Ask Scholars|publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-netaji-s-death-the-quest-for-closure-2597358|title=Netaji's death: The quest for closure|website=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Purabi Roy was born to Peary Mohan Mukherjee and Radha Rani Mukherjee on 12 July 1941 in [[Calcutta]], India. Her father Peary Mukherjee was the President of [[Calcutta Club]] in 1955 and was also a member of the Central Board of Directors, [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]], Eastern area from 1953 to 1955 along with [[Brij Mohan Birla|B.M.Birla]], O.T.Jenkins, Jiban Krishna Mitter and Dr. Bimala Churn Law.<ref name="Reserve Bank of India">{{cite web|url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/AnnualReport/PDFs/9032020AR_1955.PDF
|title=Report of the Central Board of Directors|page=4|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]}}</ref>

She received her education at [[St. John's Diocesan Girls' Higher Secondary School]] and graduating from [[Scottish Church College]] in 1962 under the [[University of Calcutta]] she then completed her MA from [[Jadavpur University]] in 1964 and Ph.D. in [[Philology]] at the [[Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences]] in 1974 before being taught at [[Jadavpur University]].

==Academic career==

In 1995, [[The Asiatic Society|Asiatic Society]] sent a three-member team led by Purabi Roy along with [[Hari Vasudevan]] and professor Sobhanlal Datta Gupta to [[Moscow]] for the collection of documents on [[India–Soviet Union relations|Indo-Soviet]] relations from the period 1917 to 1947 as a protocol signed between the [[Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences]] and [[The Asiatic Society]]. As a team member, Purabi Roy worked in the (GARF) or [[State Archive of the Russian Federation]], (RGVIA) or Russian State Military Historical Archive and in the (MID) or the Archives of the Ministry of External Affairs.

On her return, Roy joined [[The Asiatic Society]] as a research professor and the first volume of the checklist on [[India–Soviet Union relations|Indo-Soviet]] relations was published by The Asiatic Society in 1997 under the title ''Indo-Russian Relations: 1917-1947. Checklist of Documents. Vol. I''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/the-russian-connection-60157|title=The Russian connection|website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/article31680762.ece|title=A scholar and a gentleman|website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/asiatic-society-opens-access-to-russia-files/articleshow/49038874.cms|title=Asiatic Society opens access to Russia files|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

A specialist of Russian language and politics, Professor Roy participated in various International seminars and conferences. Dr. Roy presented papers at the [[Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences|Institute of Oriental Studies]] Moscow in 1999, Oriental Faculty of [[Saint Petersburg State University]] in 2002, [[University of Hamburg|Hamburg University]] of Germany in 2003 and [[Lund University]] of Sweden in 2004. In 2012 Purabi Roy delivered her lecture at [[Humboldt University of Berlin]] on ''New findings on [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]'' based on her research material collected from Russian, German, British and Indian archives.<ref name="Humboldt University of Berlin">{{cite web|url=https://www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de/en/region/southasia/events/archives/new-findings-on-subhas-chandra-bose |title=New findings on Subhas Chandra Bose|publisher=[[Humboldt University of Berlin]]}}</ref>

== Research on Subhas Chandra Bose ==

Till the beginning of the year 2023, there are many debatable versions of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]'s disappearance in 1945:

'' I) Plane crash in Taiwan ''

'' II) Ashes in [[Renkō-ji]] temple ''

'' III) Gumnami Baba ''

But one of the versions, according to Russian state media [[Russia Beyond]], attracts special attention which is "Soviet" version by Dr. Purabi Roy. It claimed Subhas Chandra Bose's existence in the Soviet Union in 1945.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/2013/10/10/did_netaji_escape_to_the_soviet_union_30049|title=Did Netaji escape to the Soviet Union?| website=[[Russia Beyond]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/people/2015/10/15/glimmer-of-light-in-bose-mystery_483153|title=Glimmer of light in Bose mystery| website=[[Russia Beyond]]}}</ref>

In the case of Bose's disappearance, Professor Roy claimed Bose was alive in [[Soviet Union|Soviet Russia]] in 1950s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/blogs/secret-document-raises-questions-about-netajis-death-1259707.html|title=Secret document raises questions about Subhash Chandra Bose's 'death'| website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/crash-or-no-crash-debate-on-subhas-chandra-bose-s-death-is-back/story-jvS0aqw455CKUwWrmiCTcL.html|title=Crash or no crash? Debate on Subhas Chandra Bose's death is back| website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/was-netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-in-russia-till-1968/articleshow/53148364.cms|title=Was Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose in Russia till 1968?| website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/we-re-chasing-a-mirage--dr-purabi-roy-16581190|title=We're chasing a mirage: Dr Purabi Roy| website=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref> Though the most important file (File no. 12(226)/56-PM) on [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] after 1945, according to news report of [[Business Insider]], had been destroyed in 1972.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/netaji-files-declassified-so-bose-could-have-been-alive-till-as-recently-as-1964/articleshow/49010628.cms|title=Netaji files declassified: So Bose could have been alive till as recently as 1964?| website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref>

[[Sugata Bose]] argued and goes with the [[Death of Subhas Chandra Bose|air crash theory]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Declassification-of-Netaji-Subhas-Chandra-Bose-files-Experts-differ-on-Netaji%E2%80%99s-disappearance/article60492980.ece|title=Experts differ on Netaji's disappearance| website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Chandra Kumar Bose, the grand nephew of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] claimed that the mystery surrounding Bose's disappearance was yet to be resolved.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pib-tweet-on-netaji-subhas-chandra-boses-death-anniversary-not-right-approach-chandra-bose-2087353|title=PIB Tweet On Netaji's Death Anniversary Not Right Approach: Chandra Bose|website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

A group of people claimed that [[Bhagwanji|Gumnami Baba]] was [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], rejected by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]'s grand nephew [[Sugata Bose]] and Chandra Kumar Bose. According to Dr. Purabi Roy, '' every account of history should undergo clinical and unbiased scrutiny ''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-quest-for-netaji-plagued-by-sensationalism-2139179|title=Quest for Netaji plagued by sensationalism| website=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

Purabi Roy's recent works on [[Indian National Army]] published by [[The Asiatic Society]] on the eve of the [[75th Anniversary of Indian Independence]] is ''75th Anniversary of Indian National Army and Provisional Government'' (2021). She has also authored ''Indian National Army'' (2021) with Dr. Sarabindu Mukherjee.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/asiatic-society-set-to-release-book-on-ina-as-i-day-tribute/articleshow/85283550.cms|title=Asiatic Society set to release book on INA as I-Day tribute|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!No. !! Title !! Publisher !! Editor / Author !! Year !! ISBN !! Pages !! Place
|-
| 1. || ''Indo-Russian relations XX Cent. Part-I (1917-1928)''|| [[The Asiatic Society]] || Purabi Roy, Sobhanlal Datta Gupta, [[Hari Vasudevan]] || 1999 || || 397 || India

|-
| 2. || ''Indo-Russian relations XX Cent. Part-II (1929-1947)''|| [[The Asiatic Society]] || Purabi Roy, Sobhanlal Datta Gupta, [[Hari Vasudevan]] || 2000 || {{ISBN|978-81-723-6101-3}} || 443 || India

|-
| 3. || ''Russo-Indian Relations XIX Cent.''|| [[The Asiatic Society]] || Purabi Roy || 1999 || {{ISBN|978-81-723-6089-4}} || 502 || India

|-
| 4. || ''The Search for Netaji: New Findings''|| Purple Peacock Books & Arts || Purabi Roy || 2011 || {{ISBN|978-81-889-0807-3}} || 276 || India

|-
| 5. || ''Indian National Army''|| Agam Kala Publications || Purabi Roy, Sarabindu Mukherjee || 2021 || {{ISBN|978-81-942-9372-9}} || 274 || India

|-
| 6. || ''75th Anniversary of Indian National Army and Provisional Government''|| [[The Asiatic Society]] || Purabi Roy || 2021 || {{ISBN|978-81-953-4280 -8}} || 342 || India
|}

== Personal life ==

Purabi Roy was married to [[All India Trade Union Congress|AITUC]] leader and Rajya Sabha MP [[Kalyan Roy]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Facebook|DRpurabiroy}}
* [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n98922554/ Purabi Roy, WorldCat catalogue]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Purabi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

General Chakravarthi

2026-03-04T04:47:30Z

Ayman: Article updated with improved flow

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = General Chakravarthi
| image = General Chakravarthi.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[D. Yoganand]]
| producer = [[Chinna Annamalai]]
| writer = Selvabharathi
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[K. R. Vijaya]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = Viswanath Rai
| editing = R. Vittal
| studio = Vijayavel Films
| released = {{Film date|1978|06|16|df=y}}
| runtime = 146 minutes{{sfn|Dharap|1978|p=316}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''General Chakravarthi''''' is a 1978 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by [[D. Yoganand]] and produced by [[Chinna Annamalai]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[K. R. Vijaya]]. It was released on 16 June 1978,<ref>{{Cite web |title=191-200 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp20.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612041348/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp20.htm |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=10 July 2021 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref> and emerged a success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2016 |title=செலுலாய்ட் சோழன் சிவாஜி தொடர் 149 – சுதாங்கன் |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/17018 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710062955/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/17018 |archive-date=10 July 2021 |access-date=10 July 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=September 2023}}
Chakravarthi is a proud, straightforward, and honest General. He is married to Bharathi and has a daughter, Rani. He gets transferred and intends to take his family with him but they create hurdles and manage to evade going with him. Unknown to him, his daughter is pregnant and the father, Sekar, is believed to be dead. If the General finds out, either he will kill himself in humiliation or will kill his daughter, whom he dotes, in anger or both. How they manage to get the baby out of the way without the father finding out is the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as General Chakravarthi
*[[K. R. Vijaya]] as Dr. Bharathi
*[[Mohan Sharma]] as Sekar
*[[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Rani
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Soman Nayar
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Ponnamma
*[[T. P. Muthulakshmi]] as Annamma
*[[Typist Gopu]] as Hotel owner
*[[Usilai Mani]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Chakravarthy Tamil FIlm EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/general-chakravarthy-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903045633/https://mossymart.com/product/general-chakravarthy-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=3 September 2021 |access-date=3 September 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Azhagiya Kiligalin " ||[[Vani Jairam]]|| 04:01
|-
| "Oh my dear doctor" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]] || 04:33
|-
| "Nee Enna Kannana" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || 03:52
|-
| "Kingini Kingini Kadhal" || [[L. R. Eswari]] || 03:02
|-
| "Who Is The Black Sheep" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || 04:35
|}

== Reception ==
P. S. M. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said the film should be watched for the performances of Ganesan and Vijaya.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பி. எஸ். எம். |date=25 June 1978 |title=ஜெனரல் சக்கரவர்த்தி |url=https://ibb.co/tHmgD0B |url-status=usurped |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703070326/https://ibb.co/tHmgD0B |archive-date=3 July 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dharap |first=B. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AckHAQAAIAAJ&q=General+Chakravarthy |title=Indian Films |publisher=Motion Picture Enterprises |year=1978}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1440176}}
{{D. Yoganand}}
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:1978 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by D. Yoganand]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Akka Pakka

2026-03-03T21:19:28Z

Ayman: small update layout for clarity further based on references

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Akka Pakka
| image = Akka Pakka.jpg
| caption =
| director = UK Das
| producer =
| writer = UK Das
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Ravishankar Gowda]] [[Tabla Nani]] Radhika Gandhi
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2013|04|12}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| language = [[Kannada]]
| country = India
}}

'''''Akka Pakka''''' is a 2013 [[Kannada]] comedy film directed by UK Das. The film was produced by Lalitha Deep Arts. The film is loosely based on the 1989 American film ''[[See No Evil, Hear No Evil]]'' which was also the inspiration for Hindi movies ''[[Hum Hain Kamaal Ke]]'' and ''[[Pyare Mohan]]'', Marathi movie ''[[Eka Peksha Ek]]'', Tamil movie ''[[Andipatti Arasampatti]]'' and Kannada movie ''Baduku Jataka Bandi''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/craving-the-laughs-try-akka-pakka/articleshow/19472767.cms|title=Craving the laughs? Try Akka Pakka|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 April 2013}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Ravishankar Gowda]] as Harikrishna alias Hakka
* [[Tabla Nani]] as Bhuvan alias Bukka
* Radhika Gandhi as Pooja
* Jayasheela
* Lata
* [[Honnavalli Krishna]]
* Santhosh Bandari as Kamath
* Aravind
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Akka Pakka
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Ajaneesh
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2012
| year = 2014
| next_title =
| next_year = 2013
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| 8pPaLmjw0hE| Akka Pakka - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Hakka Buakka
| extra1 = Ram, Ajaneesh
| length1 =
| title2 = Kuniside Kuniside
| extra2 = Shamitha Malnad
| length2 =
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
A critic from [[The Times of India]] scored the film at 2 out of 5 stars and says "With a poor script and weak narration, the director fails to impress in any part of the movie. While Ravishankaragowda and Tabla Nani give a comic relief, Jayasheela steals the show with her excellent performance. It’s better if very little is discussed about the movie".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Akka-Pakka/movie-review/19515640.cms?from=mdr|title=AKKA PAKKA MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "The role of the speech impaired person he did in Snehitaru, though as one among the five leading men is better career-wise than playing the hearing impaired role in films like Akka Pakka. A smaller role in an A grade film is always better than playing the lead in a B grader".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/akka-pakka-dumb-and-numb/articleshow/21207528.cms|title=Akka Pakka: Dumb and numb|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=13 April 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|3099380}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 comedy films]]

{{2010s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Rakshasudu (1986 film)

2026-03-03T20:15:42Z

Ayman: added a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rakshasudu
| image = Rakshasudu (1986 film).jpg
| caption = Movie Poster
| writer = [[M. V. S. Haranatha Rao]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = [[Yandamuri Veerendranath]]
| screenplay = A. Kodandarami Reddy
| producer = [[K. S. Rama Rao]]
| director = [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi]] [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = [[Lok Singh]]
| editing = M. Vellaiswamy
| based_on = ''Rakshasudu'' {{small|(Novel)}}
| studio = [[Creative Commercials]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|1986|10|2}}
| runtime = 146 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Rakshasudu''''' ({{translation|''Demon''}}) is a 1986 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action crime film]] directed by [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]], starring [[Chiranjeevi]] in the lead role. Produced by [[K. S. Rama Rao]] under the [[Creative Commercials]] banner, the film features [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] and [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] as the female leads, with [[Nagendra Babu]] making his acting debut in a supporting role. The film is based on [[Yandamuri Veerendranath]]'s novel of the same name.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=16 October 2021 |title=Megastar Chiranjeevi: పేరు లేకుండానే మెగాస్టార్ చిరంజీవి నటించిన సినిమా ఏదో తెలుసా? |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/megastar-chiranjeevi-rakshasudu-movie-through-back-moment/articleshow/87054748.cms |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=te}}</ref>

The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. ''Rakshasudu'' marked the third collaboration of Chiranjeevi, K. S. Rama Rao, Kodandarami Reddy, Yandamuri Veerendranath, and Ilaiyaraaja, following ''[[Abhilasha (1983 film)|Abhilasha]]'' (1983) and ''[[Challenge (1984 film)|Challenge]]'' (1984). The film was a commercial success, running for 100 days in 28 centres.<ref name=":0" />

==Plot==
The film begins with a widowed woman giving birth to a baby boy, but the local landlord disapproves and orders the baby to be disposed of. A drunkard finds the baby and raises him for a few years before selling him to a labor camp in exchange for money. Twenty years later, the boy, Purusha, along with his friend Simham, escapes from the labor camp in search of Purusha’s mother. When Purusha confronts the landlord for information about his mother, the landlord reveals she left long ago and demands a bribe of {{Indian Rupee}}10,000 for further details.

Purusha and Simham resort to stealing the money from a house, but they are caught by J. Krishna Murthy (JK), who surprisingly permits them to keep the stolen amount. However, by the time they return, the landlord has sold the information about Purusha’s mother to JK for {{Indian Rupee}}50,000. Angered, Purusha confronts JK, who reveals that he wants to use Purusha to stop his rival, a drug dealer. Initially reluctant, Purusha eventually agrees.

During a confrontation with the rival's men, Purusha is injured and jumps into a river, where he is rescued by Sumathi, a school teacher and an orphan, who also happens to be the sister of Inspector Vijay. As Purusha recovers, he devises a plan to raid critical documents that would incriminate Sailaja’s father, who is JK's rival. However, during the mission, Vijay is killed. The rest of the story follows Purusha as he seeks revenge and reunites with his mother.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Chiranjeevi]] as Purusha / Rakshasudu
* [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] as Sailaja / Sailu
* [[Suhasini Mani Ratnam|Suhasini]] as Sumathi
* [[Tiger Prabhakar]] as Vankachakra Ram Murthy / VR
* [[Rao Gopal Rao]] as J. Krishna Murthy / JK
* [[Nagendra Babu]] as Simham
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Inspector Vijay
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Narasimham
* [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Rakshasudu's mother
* [[Sumalatha]] as Vani
* Samyuktha as JK's daughter
* [[Jayamala (actress)|Jayamala]] as Tarakeswari
* [[M. V. S. Haranatha Rao]] as Narakasurudu
* [[Narra Venkateswara Rao]] as Chief Commander
* [[P. J. Sarma]] as SP Bhujanga Rao
* Vankayala Satyanarayana as Sumathi's father
* Bhimeswara Rao as Principal
* Vasudeva Rao as Rajan
* Jagga Rao
* [[Surya Kiran (director)|Master Suresh]] as Young Rakshasudu
{{colend}}

== Production ==
''Rakshasudu'' marked the third collaboration of [[Chiranjeevi]], [[K. S. Rama Rao]], [[A. Kodandarami Reddy|Kodandarami Reddy]], [[Yandamuri Veerendranath]], and [[Ilaiyaraaja]], following ''[[Abhilasha (1983 film)|Abhilasha]]'' (1983) and ''[[Challenge (1984 film)|Challenge]]'' (1984).<ref name=":0" /> The film is notable for being the only one where Chiranjeevi's character has no name, with other characters referring to him simply as "friend" or "Purusha" ({{Translation|man}}).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-25 |title=చిరంజీవికి పేరు లేని సినిమా ఏదో తెలుసా..? |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/in-rakshasudu-movie-chiranjeevi-dont-have-name-322601 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=[[Namasthe Telangana]] |language=te}}</ref>

Interestingly, ''Rakshasudu'' was released on the same day as ''[[Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnulu]]'' (1986), also directed by Kodandarami Reddy. Both films, starring Chiranjeevi and Kamal Haasan, were based on novels by Yandamuri Veerendranath and were commercial hits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=తంజావూర్ కిరణ్ కుమార్ |date=7 August 2024 |title=Chiranjeevi Vs Kamal Haasan: ఒకే రోజు విడుదలైన చిరు, కమల్ హాసన్ సినిమాలు.. దర్శకుడు కూడా ఒకడే.. |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/photo-gallery/chiranjeevi-kamal-haasan-movies-released-on-the-same-day-on-the-same-director-also-here-are-the-details-ta-154386/idi-katha-kaadu-154389 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Zee News |language=te}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rakshasudu
| type = film
| artist = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1986
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 24:40
| label = Echo Audio
| producer = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| prev_title = [[Swathi Muthyam]]
| prev_year = 1986
| next_title = [[Kirathakudu]]
| next_year = 1986
}}

The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. All the songs were chartbusters. Music released on Echo Audio Company.<ref name=itunes>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/rakshasudu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/935927728 |title=Rakshasudu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |date=2 October 1986 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |access-date=4 January 2018 }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| title1 = Hey Naughty
| lyrics1 = [[Veturi]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 = 4:24

| title2 = Malli Malli
| lyrics2 = Veturi
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length2 = 4:30

| title3 = Acha Acha
| lyrics3 = Veturi
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length3 = 4:28

| title4 = Giliga Gili
| lyrics4 = Veturi
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length4 = 4:26

| title5 = Nee Meeda
| lyrics5 = Veturi
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length5 = 4:31

| title6 = Jaya Jaya
| lyrics6 = [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri|Devulapalli Krishna Sastry]]
| extra6 = S. Janaki
| length6 = 2:04
}}

==Reception==
''Rakshasudu'' was a major commercial success, running for 100 days in 28 centres.<ref name=":1" /> A grand celebration marked its success, with special guests including [[Rajinikanth]], [[Sridevi]], [[K. Viswanath]], and [[M. S. Reddy]]. During the event, Sridevi presented a memento to Chiranjeevi.<ref name=":0" />

It was also dubbed into Tamil as ''Raatshashan'' and did well in Tamil Nadu as well. The Telugu version did well in reruns too.

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0246186|title=Rakshasudu}}

{{A. Kodandarami Reddy}}

[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
[[Category:1986 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films based on novels by Yandamuri Veerendranath]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:1986 action films]]

Chalo Koi Baat Nahi

2026-03-02T04:54:22Z

Ayman: new new data

{{Short description|Indian 2021 web-comedy show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| name =
| image = Chalo Koi Baat Nahi poster.jpg
| genre = [[Comedy]]
| creator = [[Gursimran Khamba]] & Amit Tandon
| director = Sukriti Tyagi
| producer = Indranil Chakraborty
| writer = Amit Tandon Rohan Desai Manuj Chawla Gurleen Pannu Mohammad Anas [[Gursimran Khamba]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Vinay Pathak]]
* [[Ranvir Shorey]]
* [[Kavita Kaushik]]
* [[Vibha Chibber]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| editor =
| cinematography =
| runtime =
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| music =
| company =
| composer =
| first_aired = {{start date|2021|8|20|df=y}}
| last_aired =
| released =
}}
'''''Chalo Koi Baat Nahi''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Hindi]] language sketch [[comedy show]] which has been released on [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Chalo Koi Baat Nahi trailer: Ranvir Shorey, Vinay Pathak turn hosts for comedy sketch show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/chalo-koi-baat-nahi-trailer-ranvir-shorey-vinay-pathak-comedy-sketch-show-7458313/ |access-date=23 August 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=17 August 2021 }}</ref> This show was directed by Sukriti Tyagi and produced by Indranil Chakraborty. It has been created by stand-up comedians, Gursimran Khamba and Amit Tandon with the writing team of Manuj Chawla, Md Anas, Rohan Desai and Gurleen Pannu. The duo of [[Vinay Pathak]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Chalo Koi Baat Nahi Season 1 Review: Ranvir Shorey and Vinay Pathak's show offers few chuckles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/chalo-koi-baat-nahi/season-1/seasonreview/85366964.cms |access-date=23 August 2021 |work=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref> and [[Ranvir Shorey]]{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} unite as the show's presenters.<ref>{{cite news |title='Chalo Koi Baat Nahi' Trailer Video: Ranvir Shorey and Vinay Pathak starrer 'Chalo Koi Baat Nahi' Official Trailer Video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/mx-play/hindi/chalo-koi-baat-nahi-trailer-video-ranvir-shorey-and-vinay-pathak-starrer-chalo-koi-baat-nahi-official-trailer-video/videoshow/85366863.cms |access-date=23 August 2021 |work=[[The Times Of India]] }}</ref>

The show was officially released on [[SonyLIV]] on 20 August 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Interview: Gursimran Khamba, Amit Tandon promise a fun ride in new comedy show 'Chalo Koi Baat Nahi' |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/interview-gursimran-khamba-amit-tandon-promise-a-fun-ride-in-new-comedy-show-chalo-koi-baat-nahi-406991 |access-date=23 August 2021 |work=[[WION (TV channel)|WION]] }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Vinay Pathak]] (host)
* [[Ranvir Shorey]] (host)
* [[Kavita Kaushik]]
* [[Karan Wahi]]
* [[Vibha Chibber]]
* [[Suresh Menon]]
* [[Atul Khatri]]
* [[Abish Mathew]]
* Amit Tandon
* Kriti Vij
* Ankush Bahuguna

==Episodes==
Chalo Ko Baat Nahin is a 6 episode fictional sketch comedy show and all 6 episodes focus on a specific pillar of modern India like Media, Sports, Education, Hospitals, Environment, and Railways. Combining stand-up comedy and sketches in the show, it gives hilarious insight into why we all handle problems with the age-old saying, 'Chalo Koi Baat Nahi'.<ref>{{cite news |title=SonyLIV gears up for sketch comedy series Chalo Koi Baat Nahi |url=https://www.letsott.com/sonyliv-gears-up-for-sketch-comedy-series-chalo-koi-baat-nahi |access-date=26 August 2021 |work=LetsOTT}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt15222314}}
* ''[https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/chalo-koi-baat-nahi-1700000776 Chalo Koi Nahi Baat]'' Official Website

[[Category:2021 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Indian comedy web series]]
[[Category:2021 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
{{2020s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Madgaon–Mangaluru Intercity Express

2026-02-27T13:09:34Z

Ayman: creating new location!

{{Short description|Intercity train service}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Madgaon – Mangaluru Intercity Express
| image= 22636 Mangaluru Central Madgaon Intercity SF Express - Train board - close up.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2011|01|18}}
| last = 29 March 2022
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Madgaon Junction}}
| stops = 8
| end = {{rws|Mangaluru Central}}
| distance = {{convert|319|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 7 hours 07 mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC Chair car, general unreserved, Chair car
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] Coaches
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22635 / 22636
| speed = {{convert|45|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}
The "22635 / 36" '''Madgaon – Mangaluru Intercity Express''' was an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[Southern Railway zone]] that ran between {{rws|Madgaon Junction}} and {{rws|Mangaluru Central}} in [[India]]. Service was terminated from 29 March 2022<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/landslip-delays-train-movement/article18968245.ece | title= Landslip delays train movement | newspaper=The Hindu | date=13 June 2017 | access-date=10 January 2019 }}</ref>

It operated as train number "22635" from {{rws|Madgaon Junction}} to {{rws|Mangaluru Junction}} and as train number "22636" in the reverse direction serving the states of [[Karnataka]] & [[Goa]].

==Coaches==
The "22635 / 36 Mangaluru Central – Madgaon Intercity Express" had one AC Chair Car, four non-AC chair car, four general unreserved & two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches . It did not carry a [[Dining car|pantry car coach]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Goods-train-derails/article14625610.ece | title=Goods train derails | newspaper=The Hindu | date=7 September 2016 | access-date=10 January 2019 }}</ref>

==Service==
The "22635 {{rws|Madgaon Junction}} – {{rws|Mangaluru Central}} Intercity Express" covered the distance of approximately {{convert|300|km|-2|abbr=on}} in 7 hrs 00 mins ({{convert|46|km/h|0|abbr=on}}) and in 7 hrs 15 mins as the "22636 {{rws|Mangaluru Central}} – {{rws|Madgaon Junction}} Intercity Express" ({{convert|44|km/h|0|abbr=on}}).

As the average commercial speed of the train was above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare includes a super fast surcharge.

==Routing==
The "22635 / 36 Madgaon – Mangaluru Intercity Express" ran from {{rws|Madgaon Junction}} via {{rws|Karwar}}, {{rws|Udupi}} to {{rws|Mangaluru Central}}.

==Traction==
An {{rws|Erode Junction}} based [[ALCO DL560C|WDM-3D]] diesel locomotive pulled the train to its destination.

[[File:22636 Mangaluru Central Madgaon Intercity SF Express - Train board.jpg|thumb|22636 Mangaluru Central Madgaon Intercity SF Express - Train board]]

[[File:22636 Mangaluru Central Madgaon Intercity SF Express arriving at Madgaon railway station with Ernakulam based WDM 3A.jpg|thumb|22636 Mangaluru Central Madgaon Intercity SF Express arriving at [[Madgaon Junction railway station|Madgaon]] railway station with [[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam]] based [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3A|WDM 3A]]]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/madgaon-mangaluru-central-intercity-express-22635/22109/511/1470 22635 Intercity Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/mangaluru-central-madgaon-intercity-sf-express-22636/22110/1470/511 22636 Intercity Express] at India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madgaon - Mangalore Central Intercity Express}}
[[Category:Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains]]
[[Category:Transport in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Goa]]
[[Category:Transport in Margao]]
[[Category:Konkan Railway]]

Kallar River (Pamba)

2026-02-27T02:01:53Z

Ayman: new

{{Short description|Tributary of Pamba river}}
{{unreferenced|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox river|name=Kallar|native_name={{Native name|ml|കല്ലാർ}}|image_caption=Kallar river at [[Adavi, Kerala|Adavi]]|image=Adavi Eco Tourism.jpg|country=[[India]]|state=[[Kerala]]|name_etymology=Combination of two [[Malayalam]] words, ''Kallu'' (stone) and ''Aar'' (river), meaning ''stony river''|district=[[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]|landmark=[[Adavi, Kerala|Adavi eco-tourism]]|mouth=[[Pamba River|Pamba]]|mouth_location=[[Vadasserikara]]|mouth_coordinates={{coord|9|20|34|N|76|49|43|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}|cities=Thekkuthodu [[Thannithode]] 
Vadasserikara|waterfalls=Chengara waterfalls|bridges=Mundonmoozhi bridge Vadasserikara bridge Pengattu Kadav bridge|pushpin_map_relief=1|pushpin_map=India Kerala#India|pushpin_map_caption=Location of the mouth in Kerala|mouth_elevation={{cvt|13|m}}}}
'''Kallar''' is a perennial tributary of [[Pamba River|Pamba river]], the third longest river in the [[South India]]n state of [[Kerala]]. Kallar originates in the forests of [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]] reserve in the eastern part of [[Pathanamthitta district]]. As the name implies, the river bed is mostly stony (Kallu+aar = Stony River). It flows its entire length through rich forests before merging with Pamba at [[Vadasserikkara]]. Small villages such as [[Thannithode]], Thekkuthode and Manneera are the major human settlements along the banks of this river. Kallar is the main component of [[Adavi, Kerala|Adavi]] eco-tourism project at Mannera in the [[Konni Forest Division|Konni forest division]] where it offers an opportunity for [[coracle]] riding along a three kilometer stretch. The river supports rich diversity of plants and animals.

[[Category:Rivers of Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Pamba River]]

{{Kerala-river-stub}}

Jagdeo Prasad

2026-02-23T08:37:32Z

Ayman: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Indian politician (1922–1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Babu Jagdeo Prasad Kushwaha
| image = File:Jagdev Prasad Statue.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Statue of Jagdeo Prasad near Jagdeo Path, Bir Chand Patel Path ([[Patna]])
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1922|02|02}}
| birth_place = Kurhari, [[Jahanabad district]], [[Bihar]], India
| death_date = {{nowrap|{{death date and given age|1974|09|05|52}}}}
| death_place = Kurtha, [[Jahanabad district]], [[Bihar]], India
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| other_names =
| movement = Bihar Movement
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Patna University]]
| party = Shoshit Samaj Dal
| spouse =
| children =
| father = Prayag Narayan Dangi
| mother = Raskali
| awards =
| signature =
| footnotes =
| website =
}}

'''Babu Jagdeo Prasad Kushwaha''' (2 February 1922 – 5 September 1974), alternatively spelled as '''Jagdev Prasad''' and popularly known as '''Jagdev Babu''',<ref>{{Cite web|last=पटेल|first=Anoop Patel अनूप|date=2016-10-22|title=Jagdev Prasad: Bihar's Lenin|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/10/babu-jagdev-prasad-bahujans-real-hero/|access-date=2022-02-20|website=Forward Press|language=en-US|archive-date=23 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023185358/https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/10/babu-jagdev-prasad-bahujans-real-hero/|url-status=live}}</ref> was an Indian politician and a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] who served as [[Bihar|Bihar's]] deputy chief minister<ref>{{Cite web|title='Lenin' waits wrapped in plastic|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/lenin-waits-wrapped-in-plastic/cid/1668125|archive-url=
https://web.archive.org/web/20220527181534/https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/lenin-waits-wrapped-in-plastic/cid/1668125|access-date=2022-02-20|website=www.telegraphindia.com|archive-date=27 May 2022}}</ref> in 1968 for four days in the [[Satish Prasad Singh]] cabinet. A great [[Socialism|socialist]] and a proponent of [[Arjak Sangh|Arjak culture]], he was the founder of Shoshit Dal (later Shoshit Samaj Dal) and was a staunch antagonist and critic of India's [[Caste system in India|caste system]]. He was nicknamed as the "[[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] of Bihar".<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2015-10-12|title=Modi uses Bihar minister's sting video to attack Nitish, Lalu|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/modi-uses-bihar-minister-s-sting-video-to-attack-nitish-lalu-115101200468_1.html|access-date=2022-02-20|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220140917/https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/modi-uses-bihar-minister-s-sting-video-to-attack-nitish-lalu-115101200468_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kumar 2018 p. ">{{cite book | last=Kumar | first=S. | title=Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns | publisher=SAGE Publications | series=SAGE Series on Politics in Indian States | year=2018 | isbn=978-93-5280-587-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zhODwAAQBAJ | access-date=2024-01-24 | page=39}}</ref>

==Biography==
Prasad was a member of the [[Dangi people]] [[caste system in India|caste]],<ref name="kumar39"/> and was referred to as the "Lenin of Bihar" due to his charisma.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sinha | first=A. | title=Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar | publisher=Viking | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-670-08459-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA95 |page=95}}</ref> He led the [[Shoshit Samaj Dal]]<ref name="tiwari"/> and during the early 1970s, at the height of the caste tensions known as the [[Bihar Movement]], he was able to attract much support from both members of the [[Other Backward Class]]es and the [[Dalit]]s in their opposition to upper-caste landlords.<ref name="kumar39"/> Jagdeo Prasad's son, [[Nagmani Kushwaha|Nagmani]] is a veteran politician who started his career from his father's party itself. He later joined [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and remained minister in RJD government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/politics/bihar-seat-sharing-amit-shah-had-no-time-to-meet-kushwaha-rlsp-leaders-upset|title=bihar-seat-sharing-amit-shah-had-no-time-to-meet-kushwaha-rlsp-leaders-upset|website=Nationalheraldindia.com|first=Suroor|last=Ahmed|access-date=2020-07-14|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717023147/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/politics/bihar-seat-sharing-amit-shah-had-no-time-to-meet-kushwaha-rlsp-leaders-upset|url-status=live}}</ref> The former Chief Minister of Bihar, [[Satish Prasad Singh]], who held the office for shortest tenure in Bihar's history as a nominee of Shoshit Samaj Dal, was brother in law of Jagdeo Prasad.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Three-days-chief minister' Satish Prasad Singh dies of COVID-19|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/three-days-chief-minister-satish-prasad-singh-dies-of-covid-19|author=Law Kumar Mishra|publisher=[[The Free Press Journal]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114152558/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/three-days-chief-minister-satish-prasad-singh-dies-of-covid-19|access-date=2 November 2020|archive-date=14 November 2020}}</ref>

Born in Kurhari village, [[Jehanabad district|Jahanabad]] district of Bihar, Jagdeo Prasad went to Jahanabad town for higher studies. He further moved to [[Patna University]], from where he pursued his post graduation. Prasad is said to have revolutionary mindset since his early childhood, as in his adolescence, he fought to end prevailing practices like "Panchkathia System", in which farmers had to leave ''5 katta'' of their land for the elephant of landlord to graze.<ref name="Patel">{{cite web|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/10/babu-jagdev-prasad-bahujans-real-hero/|title=babu-jagdev-prasad-bahujans-real-hero|first=ANOOP|last=PATEL |website=forward press|date=2016-05-05|access-date= 2020-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023185358/https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/10/babu-jagdev-prasad-bahujans-real-hero/|archive-date= 2016-10-23|url-status=live}}</ref>

Later, he came into contact with [[Chandradeo Prasad Verma]], who persuaded him to study the political philosophers to know the prevalent societal condition in depth. Prasad agreed and soon he became sympathetic to ideology of [[socialism]]; he joined [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] and in the days of ideological wars between [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] and [[Jayprakash Narayan]], he chose to go with Lohia. Jagdeo also became editor of the magazine of [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] called ''Janata''. Later he moved to [[Hyderabad]] and started editing two more magazines ''Uday'' and ''Citizen''. His ideas brought great fame to the magazines but he had to face intimidation from orthodox section of society. This led him to leave the magazine and move to [[Patna]] once again.<ref name="Patel"/>

Though, initially he remained an active member of SSP, he later realised that the fruits of labour of many are reaped by few in the party and given his ideological difference with Lohia, he resigned and formed a new party called Shoshit Samaj Party (SSP).
He also remained active member of [[Arjak Sangh]], a platform led by [[Ramswaroop Verma]].<ref name="Patel"/>
The [[Shoshit Samaj Dal|Shoshit Samaj Party]] was more a revolutionary organisation than a political party as it urged the landless labourers to grab the lands of landlords, a practice which gave rise to a number of caste armies and private senas in Bihar.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sinha | first=A. | title=Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar | pages=82–83 | publisher=Viking | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-670-08459-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA82 | access-date=7 April 2015 | archive-date=27 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727033052/https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA82 | url-status=live }}</ref>
{{quote box
| quote = "Das ka shashan nabbe par, 
Nahin chalega, nahin chalega 
Sau mein nabbe shoshit hain, 
Nabbe bhag hamara hai, 
Dhan, dharti aur rajpaat mein, 
Nabbe bhaag hamara hai"

"''The rule of ten over ninety cannot continue'' 
''Ninety of hundred are exploited'' 
''We are owners of ninety parts'' 
''We have ninety per cent share in wealth, land and power''"
| source = —Jagdeo Prasad <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/arwal-the-threeday-jagdev-fair-started-with-the-rally-19994455.html|title=Translation: Three day-jagdev-fair-started-with-the-rally|website=Jagran.com|quote=First the flag of the Shoshit Samaj Dal was hoisted at the place of martyrdom by the national president of the party, Raghuni Ram Shastri and the flag song was sung. After laying a wreath at the memorial, the party workers took out a huge procession with musical instruments that reached the fair complex through various routes. People involved in the procession were chanting the popular slogan of; The rule of ten over ninety cannot continue Ninety of hundred are exploited We are owners of ninety parts We have ninety per cent share in wealth, land and power|access-date=2020-09-14|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914170623/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/arwal-the-threeday-jagdev-fair-started-with-the-rally-19994455.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| width = 240px
| align = left
| salign = right
| bgcolor = #F0FFF0
}}
Due to his critic of upper caste dominance, Prasad many a times is branded as Anti-[[forward caste]]. He remained [[Deputy Chief Minister]] of Bihar for a brief period of time when SSP was at peak. Prasad was called as Bihar's Lenin in his lifetime due to his radical views, he also coined the politically radical slogan of:
{{blockquote|"Abki saal ke bhadon mein, gori ungli kado mein (next paddy sowing season will see the slim white fingers of upper caste women in mud, transplanting paddy)"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/arwal-the-threeday-jagdev-fair-started-with-the-rally-19994455.html|title =Lenin-waits-wrapped-in-plastic|website=The Telegraph|first=Farhana|last=Kalam|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200914170623/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/arwal-the-threeday-jagdev-fair-started-with-the-rally-19994455.html|quote= Besides being called as Bihar's Lenin in his lifetime, Prasad coined the politically radical slogan of Abki saal ke bhadon mein, gori ungli kado mein (next paddy sowing season will see the slim white fingers of upper caste women in mud, transplanting paddy),
| access-date=2020-07-14|archive-date =14 September 2020}}</ref>}}

Prasad was also a firm believer in the principles of [[Arjak Sangh]]. As a consequence of which, he became a critic of priesthood and the numerous rituals promoted by the Brahmin priests. His ideology was primarily based on welfare of the [[Other Backward Class|Backwards]]. As a result of his activism, many people belonging to [[Kushwaha]] community stopped calling Brahmins for any of their rituals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-jagdev-prasad-son-nagmani-not-successful-to-handle-his-fathers-legacy-who-is-his-real-political-heir-nodgm-2827612.html|title=नागमणि नहीं संभाल सके पिता की विरासत, आखिर बिहार में 'जगदेव प्रसाद' का राजनीतिक उत्तराधिकारी कौन?|website=news18|accessdate=30 April 2023}}</ref>

===Formation of first Backward Caste led government===
[[File:Satish Prasad Singh CM.gif|thumb|150px|Historic portrait of Satish Prasad Singh; Singh was Chief Minister of Bihar for shortest tenure. He assumed the premiership after Shoshit Samaj Party aligned with Congress.]]
In 1967, Prasad was with [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] and the formation of first non-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] government took place in the state of Bihar. The erstwhile governments used to remain dominated by the forward castes and Lohia had coined a slogan: ''Sansopa ki yahi hai maang, picchda pawe sau me sath''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVu8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT23|page=23|last=Singh|first=S.|year=2015|title= Ruled Or Misruled: Story and Destiny of Bihar|place= India|publisher= Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9789385436420 |access-date=19 April 2023|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419204732/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=SVu8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT23&dq=|url-status=live}}</ref> (the Samyukta Socialist Party demands 60% share in the power for the Backwards). Prasad was attracted to Lohia, because of his claim to get proper representation for the [[Other Backward Class]] (OBCs) in the new government. But, in this government, the Backward Caste leaders were not given proper representation. In fact, as per reports, the less educated upper caste leaders were given important ministerial portfolios and the highly educated Backward Caste leaders were allotted ministerial births of minor significance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/opinion/life-of-jagdev-prasad-the-leader-of-bihar-know-about-him-513073.html|title=जब जगदेव प्रसाद ने दिया था, "सौ में नब्बे शोषित हैं और नब्बे भाग हमारा है" का नारा|website=TV9 Bharatvarsh|accessdate=19 April 2023|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905030128/https://www.tv9hindi.com/opinion/life-of-jagdev-prasad-the-leader-of-bihar-know-about-him-513073.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Prasad, hence toppled the government by causing a defection of his loyal [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLAs]] ([[Mahamaya Prasad Sinha]] was heading this government<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTQPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT64|title=JP to BJP: Bihar after Lalu and Nitish|author=Santosh Singh|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|year=2020|access-date=2021-01-04|isbn=978-9353886660|pages=64–65|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419204733/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=VTQPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT64&dq=|url-status=live}}</ref> ). He formed his own party called Shoshit Samaj Dal and this party became instrumental in forming the governments between 1967 and 1972. In this period, different governments were formed, but since the ambition of Prasad of giving the OBCs representation they need was not being fulfilled, he used to pull out his support and toppled every government in the end.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/navbharatgold/day-today/jagdev-prasad-who-brought-the-politics-of-the-backwards-and-dalits-in-bihar/story/78911619.cms|title=90 फ़ीसदी मांगने वाले जगदेव के साथ क्या हुआ?|website=Navbharat Gold|accessdate=19 April 2023|archive-date=5 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905043426/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/navbharatgold/day-today/jagdev-prasad-who-brought-the-politics-of-the-backwards-and-dalits-in-bihar/story/78911619.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prasad later played important role in formation of first Backward Caste led government in the state of Bihar. This government was supported by 31 MLAs loyal to Prasad as well as [[Indian National Congress]]'s MLAs.
[[Satish Prasad Singh]] and [[Bindeshwari Prasad Mandal]] were appointed as [[Chief Minister]]s consecutively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/news/jagdev-prasad-birth-anniversary-in-patna-jagdev-prasad-in-bihar-politics-bihar-bhaskar-latest-news-130855489.html|title=जगदेव प्रसाद की जयंती पर विवाद!:जगदेव प्रसाद ने सवर्ण राजनीति को जवाब दिया था, 90 के बाद बिहार में पिछड़े ही CM रहे|website=bhaskar.com|accessdate=19 April 2023|archive-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131230444/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/news/jagdev-prasad-birth-anniversary-in-patna-jagdev-prasad-in-bihar-politics-bihar-bhaskar-latest-news-130855489.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prasad was killed by police on 5 September 1974 while leading a protest involving 20,000 people. There have been claims that his death was ordered by a minister in the [[Government of Bihar]],<ref name="kumar39">{{cite book |title=Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns |first=Sanjay |last=Kumar |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |year=2018 |isbn=978-9-35280-587-7 |page=39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zhODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |access-date=18 June 2020 |archive-date=9 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709004408/https://books.google.com/books?id=2zhODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |url-status=live }}</ref> although police said that the protesters were not peaceful, as claimed, and instead were armed.
[[Vinayak Prasad Yadav]], then a member of the [[Samyukta Socialist Party]], resigned from the [[Legislative Assembly of Bihar]] in protest of this killing at [[Kurtha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kurtha]].<ref name="tiwari">{{cite book |title=Democracy and Dissent: A Case Study of the Bihar Movement, 1974-75 |first=Lalan |last=Tiwari |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1987 |isbn=978-8-17099-008-6 |pages=86–87 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=td6zIMI_pwAC&pg=PA86 |access-date=18 June 2020 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626184738/https://books.google.com/books?id=td6zIMI_pwAC&pg=PA86 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160767 - Jagdeo Prasad.jpeg|thumb|Jagdeo Prasad featured on Indian postage stamp (2001)]]
Prasad is considered as an icon of [[social justice]] politics by the regional political parties in state of Bihar. Many political parties of Bihar celebrates the anniversary of Prasad and there also exists a place in [[Patna]] named after him. In 2023, [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and [[Janata Dal (United)]], the ruling political parties of the state of Bihar then organised the celebration of anniversary of Prasad in Patna with the aim of mobilising the members of [[Kushwaha]] or the [[Koeri]] caste. While Rashtriya Janata Dal gave the responsibility to organise the celebration event to [[Alok Kumar Mehta]], its ally Janata Dal United organised it separately. Another organisation called Mahatma Phule Samata Parishad, led by [[Upendra Kushwaha]] also organised it separately despite the opposition from the Janata Dal United leadership.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/rjd-bid-to-reach-out-to-kushwaha-community/articleshow/97788546.cms|title=Bihar: Rashtriya Janata Dal bid to reach out to Kushwaha community|website=Times of India|access-date=31 March 2023|archive-date=16 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316100805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/rjd-bid-to-reach-out-to-kushwaha-community/articleshow/97788546.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/patna/upendra-kushwaha-and-jdu-separately-orgnaise-jagdev-jayanti/bh20230131203723697697780|title=Bihar Politics: शहीद जगदेव जयंती के बहाने शक्ति प्रदर्शन का खेल, उपेंद्र कुशवाहा और JDU में ठनी|website=Etv Bharat|language=hi|accessdate=31 March 2023|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331102412/https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/patna/upendra-kushwaha-and-jdu-separately-orgnaise-jagdev-jayanti/bh20230131203723697697780|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sumitra Devi (politician)|Sumitra Devi]]
*[[Upendra Nath Verma]]
*[[Other Backward Class]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar |first=Ashwani |last=Kumar |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC |isbn=978-1-84331-709-8}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=piwpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT89|title= The Making of the Dalit Public in North India: Uttar Pradesh 1950–Present|author=Badri Narayan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|
isbn=978-0199088454|access-date=2021-01-04}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bo0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT107|title= Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits|author=Badri Narayan|
publisher=Penguin UK|year=2014|
isbn=978-9351186700|access-date=2020-01-04}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rMW03l_gx0C&pg=PA268|title= India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India
|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|year= 2003|
isbn=1850653984|access-date=2020-01-04}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Jagdeo}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:Indian political philosophers]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Political repression in India]]
[[Category:Indian politicians assassinated in the 20th century]]
[[Category:People murdered in Bihar]]
[[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in India]]
[[Category:People from Jehanabad district]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1969–1972]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1967–1969]]

Lovely Choubey

2026-02-23T02:28:44Z

Ayman:

{{Short description|Indian lawn bowler (born 1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| image = Lovely Choubey.jpg
| caption = Choubey in August 2022
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|8|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], India
| height_cm =
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry |{{IND}}}}
{{MedalComp|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Lawn bowls at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Lawn bowls at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's fours|fours]]}}
{{MedalComp|[[Asian Lawn Bowls Championship]]}}
{{MedalSilver|2014 Shenzhen|singles}}
{{MedalSilver|2014 Shenzhen|pairs}}
{{MedalGold | 2023 Kuala Lumpur |fours}}
}}

'''Lovely Choubey''' (born 3 August 1980) is a female international [[lawn bowler]] from India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lawn Bowls {{!}} Athlete Profile: Lovely CHOUBEY - Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games |url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/lawn-bowls/athlete-profile-n6026476-lovely-choubey.htm |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=results.gc2018.com}}</ref>

== Bowls career ==
===World Championships===
Choubey was selected by the Indian national team, to represent them at the sport's blue riband event, the [[2023 World Outdoor Bowls Championship|2023 World Bowls Championship]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bowlingfederationofindia.com/a-homepage-section/ |title=Team India for the World Championship 2023 |website=Bowling Federation of India |access-date=13 August 2023}}</ref> She participated in the [[2023 World Outdoor Bowls Championship – Women's Fours|women's fours]] and the [[2023 World Outdoor Bowls Championship – Women's Pairs|women's pairs]] events.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://world2023.bowls.com.au/event-info/schedule/ |title=SCHEDULE & DRAWS |publisher=Bowls Australia |access-date=13 August 2023}}</ref>

=== Commonwealth Games ===
Choubey has represented India at three [[Commonwealth Games]]; in the triples and fours at the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lovely Choubey - Player Profile |url=https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/65010 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=thecgf.com |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824054210/https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/65010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in the pairs and fours at the [[2018 Commonwealth Games]]<ref name=":0" /> and in the pairs and fours at the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lovely Choubey - Birmingham 2022 Results |url=https://results.birmingham2022.com/#/athlete-details/43233 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=results.birmingham2022.com |language=en}}</ref> In the 2022 competition, she was part of the Indian [[Lawn bowls at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's fours|Women's fours]] team, along with ([[Pinki Singh (bowls)|Pinki Singh]], [[Nayanmoni Saikia]] and [[Rupa Rani Tirkey]]) which won Gold beating South Africa in the final, 17–10.<ref>{{cite web |title=Result: Women's Fours - Gold Medal Match |url=https://results.birmingham2022.com/#/h2h-result/LBO/W/TEAM4-------------/FNL-/000100-- |access-date=2 Aug 2022 |website=results.birmingham2022.com |publisher=Commonwealth Games Federation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/commonwealth-games-2022/indiabirmingham/cwg-2022-india-bag-historic-gold-in-womens-fours-lawn-bowls-event/articleshow/93302699.cms|title=CWG 2022: India bag historic gold in women's fours lawn bowls event|publisher=The Times of India|access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref>

=== Asian Championships ===
Choubey has won a silver medal in the singles as well as the pairs events at the 2014 [[Asian Lawn Bowls Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results - Bowling Federation of India |url=https://bowlingfederationofindia.com/contact/ |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Bowling Federation of India}}</ref>

In 2023, she won the fours gold medal at the 14th [[Asian Lawn Bowls Championship]] in Kuala Lumpur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/sport/story/assams-nayan-moni-saikia-makes-winning-contribution-as-india-secures-gold-in-14th-asian-lawn-bowls-championship-517497-2023-02-23|title=Assam's Nayan Moni Saikia makes winning contribution as India secures gold in 14th Asian Lawn Bowls Championship |website=India Today NE |access-date=14 March 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choubey, Lovely}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian bowls players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Ranchi]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Bowls players at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Bowls players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Bowls players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in lawn bowls]]

Jamtara

2026-02-14T09:33:05Z

Ayman: improve information additionally and updated info

{{Short description|City in Jharkhand, India}}
{{other uses|Jamtara (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jamtara
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City/municipality
| image_skyline = Veer Kunwar Singh on horseback statue.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clock tower with statue of Veer Kunwar Singh on horseback
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.9633|N|86.8014|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Government banner of Jharkhand.png}} Jharkhand
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jamtara district|Jamtara]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 1802
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 155
| population_total = 90,426
| population_as_of = [[2011 Census of India|2011]] 
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 439
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 815351
| area_code = 06433
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = JH-21
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 959 [[Male|♂]]/[[Female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|jamtara.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (* for language details, see [[Jamtara block#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]|[[Urdu language|Urdu]]}}
| official_name =
| image_seal =
| pushpin_image =
}}

'''Jamtara''' is a city and a [[Nagar panchayat|notified area]] in the [[Jamtara Sadar subdivision]] of the Jamtara district in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of Jharkhand. It is the headquarters of the eponymous district, subdivision, and community development block.

Jamtara is nicknamed the "[[phishing]] capital of India", due to a history of pan-Indian scam incidents originating there.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=850| height=600| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|24|14|0|N|87|5|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns, and locations in the Deoghar, Dumka, and Jamtara districts of Santhal Pargana Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/urban centre, D: dam, Owing to space constraints on this map, actual locations on a larger map may vary slightly.
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|7|14|N|86|52|0|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1= Chitra | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Chitra, Deoghar]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|21|28|N|86|53|56|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Sonaraithari| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Sonaraithari, Deoghar]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|26|20|N|86|30|45|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Devipur| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Devipur, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|7|38|N|86|44|41|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Karon| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Karon, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|9|54|N|86|35|15|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Margomunda| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Margomunda, Deoghar]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|29|41|N|86|46|49|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Mohanpur| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Mohanpur, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|14|39|N|87|1|28|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Palojori| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Palojori, Deoghar]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|14|12|N|86|50|16|E}} | label-pos8=bottom|label8= Sarath| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Sarath, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|23|10|N|86|46|23|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9= Sarwan| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Sarwan, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|26|10|N|87|28|55|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Gopikandar| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Gopikandar, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|36|2|N|87|4|56|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Hansdiha| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Hansdiha]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|22|40|N|87|15|52|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Jama| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Jama, Dumka (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|24|10|N|87|2|47|E}} | label-pos13=top|label13= Jarmundi| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Jarmundi, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|21|0|N|87|25|11|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Kathikund| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Kathikund, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|10|20|N|87|39|10|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Maluti| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Maluti]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|8|40|N|87|10|42|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16= Masalia| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Masalia, Dumka (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|10|0|N|87|10|42|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Ramgarh| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Ramgarh, Dumka (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|2|17|N|87|25|20|E}} | label-pos18=top|label18= Ranishwar| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Ranishwar, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|34|30|N|87|0|47|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Saraiyahat| numbered19=R| mark-title19=[[Saraiyahat, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|14|39|N|87|28|15|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Shikaripara| numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Shikaripara, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|25|26|N|86|55|2|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21= Taljhari| numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Taljhari, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|3|40|N|87|15|20|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Tongra| numbered22=R| mark-title22=[[Tongra]] (R)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|53|10|N|87|13|33|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Bagdahari| numbered23=R| mark-title23=[[Bagdahari]] (R)
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|58|58|N|87|6|9|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Basudih| numbered24=R| mark-title24=[[Basudih]] (R)
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|0|0|N|86|55|39|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Bindapathar| numbered25=R| mark-title25=[[Bindapathar]] (R)
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|6|55|N|86|59|51|E}} | label-pos26=bottom|label26= Fatehpur| numbered26=R| mark-title26=[[Fatehpur, Jamtara]] (R)
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|58|34|N|87|9|31|E}} | label-pos27=top|label27= Kundahit| numbered27=R| mark-title27=[[Kundahit]] (R)
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|55|25|N|87|2|7|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Nala| numbered28=R| mark-title28=[[Nala, Jamtara]] (R)
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|2|52|N|86|36|53|E}} | label-pos29=bottom|label29= Narayanpur| numbered29=R| mark-title29=[[Narayanpur, Jamtara]] (R)
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|28|48|N|86|42|20|E}} | label-pos30=bottom|label30=Deoghar| numbered30=M| mark-title30= [[Deoghar]] (M) |label-color30=#800000
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|31|19|N|86|38|51|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31=Jasidih| numbered31=M| mark-title31= [[Jasidih]] (M) |label-color31=#800000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|15|36|N|86|39|0|E}} | label-pos32=bottom|label32=Madhupur| numbered32=M| mark-title32= [[Madhupur, Deoghar]] (M) |label-color32=#800000
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|16|32|N|87|15|50|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33=Dumka| numbered33=M| mark-title33= [[Dumka]] (M) |label-color33=#800000
|mark-coord34={{coord|24|24|30|N|87|5|0|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34=Basukinath| numbered34=M| mark-title34= [[Basukinath]] (M) |label-color34=#800000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|58|0|N|86|48|5|E}} | label-pos35=bottom|label35=Jamtara| numbered35=M| mark-title35= Jamtara (M)|shape-color35=black| label-size35=13|label-color35=black 
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|52|0|N|86|52|12|E}} | label-pos36=top|label36=Mihijam| numbered36=M| mark-title36= [[Mihijam]] (M) |label-color36=#800000
|mark-coord37={{coord|24|5|38|N|86|42|15|E}}| label-pos37=left|label37=Karmatanr| numbered37=CT| mark-title37= [[Karmatanr, Jamtara]] (CT) |shape-color37= #A40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|16|42|N|87|13|50|E}}| label-pos38=left|label38=Dudhani| numbered38=CT| mark-title38= [[Dudhani, Dumka]] (CT) |shape-color38= #A40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|15|22|N|87|14|14|E}}| label-pos39=bottom|label39=Purana |labela39= Dumka| numbered39=CT| mark-title39= [[Purana Dumka]] (CT) |shape-color39= #A40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|24|18|10|N|87|15|19|E}}| label-pos40=left|label40=Rasikpur| numbered40=CT| mark-title40= [[Rasikpur]] (CT) |shape-color40= #A40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|24|6|24|N|87|18|30|E}}| label41= Massanjore|labela41= Dam| label-color41 = #C42222 | label-angle41=0| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=12| numbered41=D|mark-title41 =[[Massanjore Dam]]| shape-color41=#C42222
|mark-coord42={{coord|23|55|30|N|86|35|0|E}} |label42=Barakar River| label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42=30| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|24|5|0|N|86|47|0|E}} |label43=Ajay River| label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43=70| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|24|28|0|N|87|5|0|E}} |label44=Mayurakshi River| label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44=30| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|35|0|N|86|35|0|E}}|arc-textA= BIHAR| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-30| arc-gapA=6.5| arc-radiusA=0.35
|arc-coordB={{coord|23|50|30|N|87|25|0|E}}|arc-textB= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-75| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

{{clear}}

===Location===
Jamtara is located at {{Coord|23.95|N|86.8|E|}}, 250 km from [[Ranchi]], the state capital, and 54 km from [[Dhanbad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Jamtara.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Jamtara, India|website=fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an area of 1,801 km2 and an average elevation of 155 metres (508 feet).{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==Education==
Educational institutions in Jamtara include [[Edwards English School, Jamtara|Edwards English School]].

==Demographics==
In the 2011 Indian [[census]], the latest to date, Jamtara had a population of 29,415, composed of 89% Hindus and 10% Muslims. Males constituted 52% of the population and females 48%. Jamtara had an average literacy rate of 63.73%, lower than the national average of 74.4%; male literacy was 76.85% and female 50.08%. 13% of the population was under 6 years of age.<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/jharkhand/Jharkhand%20Provisional%20Result%20Data%20sheet%20for%20release.pdf 2011 Census data] censusindia.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517080810/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/jharkhand/Jharkhand%20Provisional%20Result%20Data%20sheet%20for%20release.pdf |date=17 May 2017 }}</ref>

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Jamtara (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX Census data] censusindia.gov.in {{dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref>
|label2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value2 = 28.60
|color2 = yellow
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value1 = 43.22
|color1 = red
|label3 = [[Khortha language|Khortha]]
|value3 = 15.48
|color3 = brown
|label4 = [[Santali language|Santali]]
|value4 = 3.53
|color4 = orange
|label5 = Others
|value5 = 9.17
|color5 = blue
}}

According to the 2011 census, [[Bengali language|Bengali]] was the most-spoken language in Jamtara, with 12,713 speakers, followed by [[Hindi language|Hindi]] at 8,412, [[Khortha language|Khortha]] at 4,553, and [[Santali language|Santali]] at 1,038.

==Phishing industry==
Since the 2010s, Jamtara has been known as the "[[phishing]] capital of India", due to the proliferation of [[cybercrime]] operations centred there.<ref name="theguardian">{{cite web|title='Scamming became the new farming': inside India' cybercrime villages |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/oct/30/scamming-became-the-new-farming-inside-india-cybercrime-villages |website=theguardian.com |date=30 October 2025 |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref> Police from different Indian states began investigating these operations in 2015, making several arrests, though conviction rates were low, and the illicit industry was hardly affected.<ref name="theguardian" /> Between April 2015 and March 2017, police from 12 Indian states reportedly made 23 journeys to Jamtara.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/the-cyber-con-artists-of-jamtara/article19476173.ece|title=The cyber con 'artists' of Jharkhand's Jamtara district|first=Shiv Sahay|last=Singh|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 August 2017|via=thehindu.com|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=ED raids 5 locations in Jharkhand in first cyber conning PMLA case |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ed-raids-5-locations-in-jharkhand-in-first-cyber-conning-pmla-case/articleshow/65700810.cms?from=mdr}}</ref>

The 2020 [[Netflix]] crime drama series ''[[Jamtara – Sabka Number Ayega]]'' is a fictionalized look at the eponymous city's scam operations.<ref name="theguardian" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Arora |first=Akhil |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/features/jamtara-netflix-series-release-date-trailer-director-cast-writer-poster-sabka-number-ayega-2158396 |title=Jamtara Netflix Series Release Date, Trailer, Cast, Director, Writer, and More |date=3 January 2020 |work=NDTV |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/jamtara-writer-nishank-verma-realistic-dramas-are-the-toughest-to-crack-1639694-2020-01-24 |title=Jamtara writer Nishank Verma: Realistic dramas are the toughest to crack |date=24 January 2020 |work=India Today |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Santhal Parganas Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jamtara district|Jamtara]]

Jamnapaar

2026-02-05T04:28:16Z

Ayman: stub

{{Short description|2024 Indian TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Jamnapaar.jpg
| genre = Drama
| creator = Gaurav Arora
| based_on =
| screenplay = Gaurav Arora Jasmeet Singh Bhatia
| writer = Gaurav Arora Jasmeet Singh Bhatia
| director = Prashant Bhagia
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Ritvik Sahore]]
*Srishti Ganguly
*[[Raghu Ram]]
*[[Varun Badola]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 20
| executive_producer = {{plainlist|
*Gaurav Arora
*Dhananjay Muley
*Naveen Shetty
}}
| producer = Seema Sawhney Sharma Sudhir Sharma
| location = India
| cinematography = Hanoz Kerawala
| editor = Prashant Kajale Sundiip Singh
| runtime = 30 mins
| company =
| network = [[MX Player|Amazon MX Player]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|05|24}}
}}

'''''Jamnapaar''''' is an Indian [[Hindi-language]] drama television series directed by Prashant Bhagia. The series features [[Ritvik Sahore]], Srishti Ganguly and [[Raghu Ram]] in the lead role. The first season premiered on [[Amazon miniTV]] on 24 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jamnapaar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/jamnapaar/seriesreview/110433416.cms |access-date=2025-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Jamnapaar Review: Ritvik Sahore Stars In Gripping Drama About Young Professional Wishing For A Better Life |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/jamnapaar-review-ritvik-sahore-stars-in-gripping-drama-about-young-professional-wishing-for-a-better-life-review-110401859 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Jamnapaar On OTT: Release Date, Platform, Subscription, Cast And More About Ritvik Sahore's Movie |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/jamnapaar-on-ott-release-date-platform-subscription-cast-and-more-about-ritvik-sahores-movie-10162670 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-28 |title='Jamnapaar' On Amazon MiniTV: 5 Reasons Why You Shouldn't Miss Ritvik Sahore's Heartfelt Coming-Of-Age Story |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/jamnapaar-on-amazon-minitv-5-reasons-why-you-shouldnt-miss-ritvik-sahores-heartfelt-coming-of-age-story |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

The second season was released on 10 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-10 |title=Jamnapaar Season 2|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/zoom/shows/jamnapaar-season-two-web-series-152962990|access-date=2025-10-17 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-10 |title=Jamnapaar Season 2 Review : Vijay Raaz’s presence adds flair and fun to the second season|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/jamnapaar/season-2/seasonreview/124377560.cms|access-date=2025-10-17 |website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
==Cast==
*[[Ritvik Sahore]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=author/lokmat-english-desk |date=2024-06-02 |title=Ritvik Sahore Shares Insight on His Jamnapaar Journey; Says, "I Learned a Lot About Myself as a Person" - www.lokmattimes.com |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/ritvik-sahore-shares-insight-on-his-jamnapaar-journey-says-i-learned-a-lot-about-myself-as-a-person-a475/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}</ref> as Shanky Bansal
*Srishti Ganguly Rindani as Sara
*[[Raghu Ram]] as Rajat Thapar
*Anubha Fatehpura<ref>{{Cite web |last=Web |first=Statesman |date=2024-06-11 |title=Anubha Fatehpuria shines in 'Jamnapaar' on Amazon Mini TV |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/anubha-fatehpuria-shines-in-jamnapaar-on-amazon-mini-tv-1503309107.html |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> as Pushpa Bansal
*[[Varun Badola]] as K D Bansal
* Ankita Sahigal as Shailja
*Inder Sahani as Paras Jiju
*Tanvi Gadkari as Khyati Rana
*[[Anushka Kaushik]] as Princy
** Season 2
*[[Vijay Raaz]] as Shaukeen Bhaiya

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #3EB489
| link1 =
| episodes1 = 10
| released1 = {{start date|df=yes|2024|05|24}}
| color2 = #3EB489
| link2 =
| episodes2 = 10
| released2 = {{start date|df=yes|2025|10|10}}
}}

== Music ==
{{track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dariya<ref>{{Cite web |title=JamnaPaar {{!}} Song - Dariya (Lyrical) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/jamnapaar-song-dariya-lyrical/videoshow/110940189.cms |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 =
| title2 = Mera Ghar JamnaPaar<ref>{{Cite web |title=JamnaPaar {{!}} Song - Mera Ghar JamnaPaar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/jamnapaar-song-mera-ghar-jamnapaar/videoshow/110595759.cms |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 =
}}

== Reception ==
Abhishek Srivastava of [[The Times of India|Times of India]] gave it a rating of 3 out of 5 saying that, The Trans-Yamuna milieu is perfectly captured by the show's creators, which reflects in both the dialect and mannerisms''.''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jamnapaar Season 1 Review : This drama authentically captures Delhi vibes, but its plot eventually fades |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/jamnapaar/season-1/seasonreview/110433441.cms |access-date=2025-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Sonal Pandya from [[Times Now]] gave it a rating 3 out of 5 saying that "Jamnapaar has a shaky intro as it tries to lean into humour a bit with the series narrator being the Metro. The show works much better as it focuses on Shanky and his desire to make something of himself''."''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Jamnapaar Review: Ritvik Sahore Stars In Gripping Drama About Young Professional Wishing For A Better Life |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/jamnapaar-review-ritvik-sahore-stars-in-gripping-drama-about-young-professional-wishing-for-a-better-life-review-110401859 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt32379268}}

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

{{India-tv-stub}}

Maaya Rajeshwaran Revathi

2026-01-28T23:57:39Z

Ayman:

{{short description|Indian tennis player (born 2009)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Indian name|Maaya|Rajeshwaran}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
|name = Maaya Rajeshwaran
|image =
|caption =
|fullname = Maaya Rajeshwaran Revathi
|country = {{IND}}
|residence =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2009|06|12}}
|birth_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Get to know Maaya Rajeshwaran Revathi, the 15-year-old shining in Mumbai |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4212750/get-to-know-maaya-rajeshwaran-revathi-the-15-year-old-shining-in-mumbai |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref>
|height = 1.75 m
|turnedpro = 2025
|plays = Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
|college =
|coach =
|careerprizemoney = US $6,352
|singlesrecord = 10–4
|singlestitles =
|highestsinglesranking = No. 642 (March 2025)
|currentsinglesranking = No. 642 (March 2025)
|AustralianOpenresult =
|AustralianOpenjuniorresult = 1R ([[2026 Australian Open – Girls' singles|2026]])
|FrenchOpenresult =
|FrenchOpenjuniorresult = Q1 ([[2025 French Open – Girls' singles#Qualifying|2025]])
|Wimbledonresult =
|Wimbledonjuniorresult = Q2 ([[2025 Wimbledon Championships – Girls' singles#Qualifying|2025]])
|USOpenresult =
|USOpenjuniorresult = 2R ([[2025 US Open – Girls' singles|2025]])
|doublesrecord =
|doublestitles =
|highestdoublesranking =
|currentdoublesranking =
|AustralianOpenDoublesresult =
|FrenchOpenDoublesresult =
|WimbledonDoublesresult =
|USOpenDoublesresult =
|AustralianOpenDoublesjuniorresult = 2R ([[2026 Australian Open – Girls' doubles|2026]])
|USOpenDoublesjuniorresult = 1R ([[2025 US Open – Girls' doubles|2025]])
}}

'''Maaya Rajeshwaran Revathi''' (born 12 June 2009)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maaya Rajeshwaran Revathi: Profile |url= https://www.wtatennis.com/players/334512/maaya-rajeshwaran-revathi|website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[tennis]] player.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nag |first=Uthatya |date=2025-02-08 |title=Meet Maaya Rajeshwaran Revathi - the rising star of Indian tennis who is channelling Nadal and Sania |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/who-is-maaya-rajeshwaran-revathi-india-tennis-player |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=olympics.com |language=en}}</ref> She trains at the [[Rafa Nadal Academy]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shastry |first=Tarun |date=2025-02-04 |title=Maaya keen to hone her skill at the Rafa Nadal Academy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/maaya-keen-to-hone-her-skill-at-the-rafa-nadal-academy/article69181471.ece/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Early life==
Maaya was born on 12 June 2009 to [[Tamils|Tamil]] mother Revathi and father Rajeshwaran in [[Coimbatore]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sachdeva |first=Nihit |date=2025-02-06 |title=From Coimbatore to Mallorca: Maaya Rajeshwaran's bold leap into the world of professional tennis |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tennis/maaya-rajeshwaran-interview-profile-rafa-nadal-academy-in-mallorca/article69186867.ece/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> She began playing tennis when she was 8 years old and decided to go pro when she was 10 because she loved to compete.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajeshwaran Revathi makes her mark in New York as India's next tennis hope |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4354213/rajeshwaran-revathi-makes-her-mark-in-new-york-as-indias-next-tennis-hope |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> She started ITFs at 13 years of age, winning a couple and becoming a top 60 junior player.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-09 |title=New Sania? 15yo Maaya Rajeshwaran Revathi charts own course, with a Nadal assist |url=https://www.espn.in/tennis/story/_/id/43762585/new-sania-mirza-15-year-old-maaya-rajeshwaran-revathi-charts-own-course-rafa-nadal-assist-mumbai-open |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref> Her talent was spotted by the [[Rafa Nadal Academy]] and she got the call up invite through an email.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Who is Maaya Rajeshwaran? 15-year-old tennis prodigy who reached WTA 125 semi-final |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/maaya-rajeshwaran-tennis-prodigy-wta-125-semi-final-rafael-nadal-academy-2676660-2025-02-08 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
At the WTA 125 [[2025 Mumbai Open|Mumbai Open]], she entered as a qualifying wild card.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Who is Maaya Rajeshwaran Revathi? 15-year-old from Rafael Nadal's academy shines at Mumbai Open |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/tennis-news/maaya-rajeshwaran-revathi-reaches-semifinal-at-wta-mumbai-open-offered-contract-at-rafael-nadal-academy-13860978.html/amp |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> She defeated [[Iryna Shymanovich]], [[Zarina Diyas]], and [[Mei Yamaguchi (tennis)|Mei Yamaguchi]] to reach the semifinals. She lost to fifth seed [[Jil Teichmann]] marking the end of her run.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shastry |first=Tarun |date=2025-02-08 |title=WTA Mumbai Open 2025: 15-year-old Maaya Rajeshwaran's dream run ends with semifinal defeat to Jil Teichmann |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tennis/wta-mumbai-open-2025-india-teen-maaya-rajeshwaran-semifinal-defeat-jil-teichmann-report-result-score-news/article69197250.ece/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> Revathi is the first player born in 2009 to make this stage of a main draw at this level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Get to know Maaya Rajeshwaran Revathi, the 15-year-old shining in Mumbai |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4212750/get-to-know-maaya-rajeshwaran-revathi-the-15-year-old-shining-in-mumbai |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref>

==ITF Junior finals==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;" width=11%
!Legend
|-bgcolor=#ffcccc
|Grade A
|- bgcolor=#C2B280
|Grade 1
|- bgcolor="#ADDFAD"
|Grade 2
|- bgcolor="lightblue"
|Grade 3
|-bgcolor=#ffecb2
|Grade 4
|-
|Grade 5
|}

===Singles (7–1)===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!{{ns}}Date{{ns}}
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Opponent
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
| bgcolor=98fb98|Win
| 1–0
| Aug 2023
| bgcolor="ffecb2"|ITF [[Chennai]], India
| bgcolor="ffecb2"|Grade 4
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Diya Ramesh
| 6–1, 6–4
|-
| bgcolor=98fb98|Win
| 2–0
| Sep 2023
| bgcolor="ffecb2"|ITF [[Hyderabad]], India
| bgcolor="ffecb2"|Grade 4
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Saumya Ronde
| 6–2, 6–3
|-
| bgcolor=98fb98|Win
| 3–0
| Oct 2023
| bgcolor="ffecb2"|ITF [[Seremban]], Malaysia
| bgcolor="ffecb2"|Grade 4
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Tejasvi Dabas
| 6–2, 6–2
|-
| bgcolor=98fb98|Win
| 4–0
| Oct 2023
| bgcolor="ffecb2"|ITF [[Perak]], Malaysia
| bgcolor="ffecb2"|Grade 4
| Hard
| {{flagicon|JPN}} Yu Kikawa
| 6–3, 6–3
|-
| bgcolor=98fb98|Win
| 5–0
| Dec 2023
| bgcolor="lightblue"|ITF [[Pune]], India
| bgcolor="lightblue"|Grade 3
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Laxmisiri Dandu
| 6–4, 2–6, 6–3
|-
| bgcolor=ffa07a|Loss
| 5–1
| Nov 2024
| bgcolor="lightblue"|ITF [[Zapopan]], Mexico
| bgcolor="lightblue"|Grade 3
| Clay
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Petra Konjikušić]]
| 0–6, 4–6
|-
| bgcolor=98fb98|Win
| 6–1
| Jan 2025
| bgcolor="C2B280"|ITF [[New Delhi]], India
| bgcolor="C2B280"|Grade 1
| Hard
| {{flagicon|}} Ekaterina Tupitsyna
| 3–6, 7–5, 6–2
|-
| bgcolor=98fb98|Win
| 7–1
| June 2025
| bgcolor="ADDFAD"|ITF [[Gladbeck]], Germany
| bgcolor="ADDFAD"|Grade 2
| Clay
| {{flagicon|SUI}} Noella Manta
| 6–2, 6–4
|}

===Doubles (4–1)===
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:97%;"
|-
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!{{ns}}Date{{ns}}
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
| bgcolor=98fb98|Win
| 1–0
| Aug 2023
| bgcolor="ffecb2"|ITF [[Chennai]], India
| bgcolor="ffecb2"|Grade 4
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Aakruti Sonkusare
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sreemanya Reddy Anugonda {{flagicon|IND}} Savitha Bhuvaneswaran
| 6–3, 6–2
|-
| bgcolor=98fb98|Win
| 2–0
| Sep 2023
| bgcolor="ffecb2"|ITF [[Hyderabad]], India
| bgcolor="ffecb2"|Grade 4
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rishitha Reddy Basireddy
| {{flagicon|IND}} Durganshi Kumar {{flagicon|IND}} Amodini Naik
| 6–2, 6–4
|-
| bgcolor=ffa07a|Loss
| 2–1
| Oct 2023
| bgcolor="ffecb2"|ITF [[Seremban]], Malaysia
| bgcolor="ffecb2"|Grade 4
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rishitha Reddy Basireddy
| {{flagicon|IND}} Tejasvi Dabas {{flagicon|JPN}} Rioko Umekuni
| 4–6, 7(6)–6, [7–10]
|-
| bgcolor=98fb98|Win
| 4–0
| Oct 2023
| bgcolor="ffecb2"|ITF [[Perak]], Malaysia
| bgcolor="ffecb2"|Grade 4
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rishitha Reddy Basireddy
| {{flagicon|JPN}} Yu Kikawa {{flagicon|JPN}} Rioko Umekuni
| 6–2, 4–6, [11–9]
|-
| bgcolor=98fb98|Win
| 4–1
| Nov 2024
| bgcolor="lightblue"|ITF [[Zapopan]], Mexico
| bgcolor="lightblue"|Grade 3
| Clay
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Petra Konjikušić]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} Maria Aytoyan {{flagicon|USA}} Shaya Jovanovic
| 6–3, 6–2
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Tennis in India]]

==External links==
* {{WTA|334512}}
* {{ITF|maaya-rajeshwaran-revathi/800632131/ind}}
* {{ESPN Tennis}}
* {{Instagram}}

{{Top Indian female tennis players}}
{{Portal bar|Tennis|India|Biography|Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajeshwaran, Maaya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2009 births]]
[[Category:Indian female tennis players]]
[[Category:Tamil sportspeople]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Ravindra Kapoor

2025-12-18T07:53:48Z

Ayman: added info

{{Short description|Indian character actor}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ravindra Kapoor
| image =
| caption =
| birthname =
| othername =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Gujranwala]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 14 August 2011 <ref>https://kamalkapoorfamily.blogspot.com/2011/08/rest-in-peace-chachaji.html?m=1</ref>
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actor
| notable_works =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| family = {{ubl|[[Kapoor family]]|[[List of Hindi film families#Behl family|Behl family]]}}
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Kamal Kapoor]] (brother)|[[Prithviraj Kapoor]] (first-cousin)|[[Kapil Kapoor]] (nephew)}}
}}

'''Ravindra Kapoor''' was an Indian character actor in [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] language films. He was the brother of Nandkishore Kapoor and veteran actor [[Kamal Kapoor]]. {{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==Career==
Some of his popular films are [[Caravan (1971 film)|''Caravan'']] in 1971 where he played veteran actor [[Jeetendra]]'s friend along with [[Hum Kisise Kum Naheen]] (1977), [[Kankan De Ohle]] (1970) and [[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]] (1992).<ref>{{cite web |title=Energetic Jeetendra |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-going-back-in-time-with-junior-mehmood/20120813.htm#9 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !!Film !!Character/Role

|-
|1991
| ''[[Benaam Badsha]]''
|
|-
| 1988
| ''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]''
| Dharampal Singh
|-

| 1985
| ''[[Zabardast]]''
| Dilawar Khan (as Ravinder Kapoor)
|-

| 1985
| [[Hum Dono (1985 film)|''Hum Dono'']]
| Dr. Kapoor
|-

| 1984
| ''[[Hum Rahe Na Hum]]''
|
|-

| 1984
| ''[[Manzil Manzil]]''
| Guest Appearance) (as Ravinder Kapoor)
|-

| 1984
|''[[Hum Hain Lajawab (1984 film)|Hum Hain Lajawaab]]''
| John Pascal (as Ravinder Kapoor)
|-

| 1984
| ''[[Aan Aur Shaan]]''
| Chhote Thakur
|-

| 1982
| ''[[Dulha Bikta Hai]]''
| Anwar
|-

| 1982
| [[Star (1982 film)|''Star'']]
| Charlie
|-

| 1982
| ''[[Khud-Daar]]''
| Sikh Taxi Driver (as Ravinder Kapoor)
|-

| 1981
| ''Naari''
| Ajit / Ajju
|-

| 1980
| ''[[The Burning Train]]''
| Sikh Passenger
|-

| 1977
| [[Agent Vinod (1977 film)|''Agent Vinod'']]
|
|-

| 1977
| ''[[Hum Kisise Kum Naheen]]''
| Prakash (as Ravinder Kapoor)
|-

| 1977
| ''[[Chhailla Babu]]''
| Chitku's brother (as Ravinder Kapoor)
|-

| 1975
| ''[[Aakraman]]''
| Subedar Usman (as Ravinder Kapoor)
|-

| 1974
| [[Madhosh (1974 film)|''Madhosh'']]
|(uncredited)
|-

| 1974
| [[Majboor (1974 film)|''Majboor'']]
| Street Dancer Singer (as Ravinder Kapoor)
|-

| 1974
| [[Dost (1974 film)|''Dost'']]
| Shyamal (as Ravinder Kapoor)
|-

| 1973
| ''Insaaf''
| Raju
|-

| 1973
| ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]''
| Usman Bhai Butliwala (as Ravinder Kapoor)
|-

| 1973
| [[Sherni (1973 film)|''Sherni'']]
|
|-

| 1971
| [[Caravan (1971 film)|''Caravan'']]
| Johny (as Ravinder Kapoor)
|-

| 1970
| ''[[Kankan De Ohle]]''
| Madan
|-

| 1969
| ''[[Aya Sawan Jhoom Ke]]''
| Rajesh (as Ravinder Kapoor)
|-

| 1969
| [[Dupatta (film)|''Dupatta'']]
| Rajoo
|-

| 1969
| ''Mukhra Chan Warga''
|
|-

| 1969
| ''Paun Baran''
|
|-

| 1968
| ''Punjabi Munda''
|
|-

| 1967
| ''Diwana''
| Inder Singh
|-

| 1967
| ''Pind De Kuri'' (as Ravinder Kapoor)
|
|-

| 1967
| ''Khed Preetan Di''
|
|-

| 1967
| ''Neem Hakeem''
|
|-

| 1966
| ''Kunwari''
|
|-

| 1966
| ''Gabroo Desh Punjab De''
|
|-

| 1966
| ''[[Laiye Tod Nibhaiye]]''
| Kishen
|-

| 1965
| ''Shokan Mele Di''
|
|-

| 1964
| ''Saat Saliyan''
|
|-

| 1963
| Mere Haniyan
|
|-

| 1961
| ''Ek Ladki Saat Ladke''
|
|-

| 1960
| CHAMBE DI KALI
| as Raju
|-

| 1959
| ''Khoobsurat Dhokha''
|
|-

| 1959
| ''Maine Jeena Seekh Liya''
|
|-

| 1959
| ''Pardesi Dhola''
|
|-

| 1958
| ''Sun To Le Hasina''
|
|-

| 1957
| ''Paisa''
|
|-

| 1953
| ''Thokar''
|
|-

|}

===Television===
''[[Junoon (1994 TV series)|Junoon]]'' as Thakur Diwan (From Episode no 1 to 7)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1090174}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor Ravindra}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Kapoor family]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]

IPHWR-220

2025-10-11T09:34:25Z

Ayman:

{{short description|Indian nuclear reactor design}}
{{Infobox nuclear reactor
| name = IPHWR-220 Reactor Class
| image = File:Kaiga Atomic Power Station.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Kaiga Atomic Power Plant, showing four IPHWR-220 reactors
| concept = [[pressurized heavy-water reactor]]
| generation = [[Generation II reactor]]
| reactor_line= IPHWR
| type_label =
| type =
| design = [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]]
| maker = PPED, [[Department of Atomic Energy|DAE]] (now part of [[NPCIL]])
| status = 14 Operational
| fuel_type = NU_SEU_LEU
| fuel_state = Solid
| spectrum = THERMAL
| control = control rods
| coolant = [[Heavy water]]
| moderator = [[Heavy water]]

| electric = 220 MWe
| thermal = 754.5 MWth

| use = Generation of electricity
}}

The '''IPHWR-220''' ('''Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor-220''') is an Indian [[pressurized heavy-water reactor]] designed by the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ANU SHAKTI: Atomic Energy In India |url=http://www.barc.gov.in/about/anushakti_phwr.html |publisher=BARC |access-date=2021-03-20 |archive-date=2020-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626114224/http://www.barc.gov.in/about/anushakti_phwr.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is a [[Generation II reactor]] developed from earlier [[CANDU reactor|CANDU]] based [[Rajastan Atomic Power Project|RAPS-1]] and [[Rajastan Atomic Power Project|RAPS-2]] reactors built at [[Rawatbhata]], Rajasthan. It can generate 220 MW of electricity. Currently, there are 14 units operational at various locations in India. It is being used as a base for designing the Bharat small modular reactor (BSMR), for captive use by companies.<ref>https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/articles/deadline-extended-to-allow-wider-participation-in-indian-small-reactor-rfp</ref>

The [[IPHWR]] design was later expanded into 540 MW and [[IPHWR-700|700 MW]] designs, as well as the [[advanced heavy-water reactor|AHWR-300]] design.

== Reactor fleet ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+IPHWR-220 Reactor fleet
!Power station
!Location
!Operation start
!Status
|-
|[[Madras Atomic Power Station|MAPS-1]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kalpakkam]], Tamil Nadu
|27 January 1984
| rowspan="14" |Operational
|-
|[[Madras Atomic Power Station|MAPS-2]]
|21 March 1986
|-
|[[Narora Atomic Power Station|NAPS-1]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Narora]], Uttar Pradesh
|1 January 1991
|-
|[[Narora Atomic Power Station|NAPS-2]]
|1 July 1992
|-
|[[Kakrapar Atomic Power Station|KAPS-1]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Surat|Kakrapar]], Gujarat
|6 May 1993
|-
|[[Kakrapar Atomic Power Station|KAPS-2]]
|1 September 1995
|-
|[[Rajastan Atomic Power Project|RAPS-3]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Rawatbhata]], Rajasthan
|1 June 2000
|-
|[[Rajastan Atomic Power Project|RAPS-4]]
|23 December 2000
|-
|[[Rajastan Atomic Power Project|RAPS-5]]
|4 February 2010
|-
|[[Rajastan Atomic Power Project|RAPS-6]]
|31 March 2010
|-
|[[Kaiga Atomic Power Station|KGS-1]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Kaiga]], Karnataka
|6 November 2000
|-
|[[Kaiga Atomic Power Station|KGS-2]]
|6 May 2000
|-
|[[Kaiga Atomic Power Station|KGS-3]]
|6 May 2007
|-
|[[Kaiga Atomic Power Station|KGS-4]]
|27 November 2010
|}

== Technical specifications ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Specifications
!IPHWR-220<ref>{{Cite news|date=2011-04-04|title=Status report 74 - Indian 220 MWe PHWR (IPHWR-220)|work=International Automic Energy Agency|url=https://aris.iaea.org/PDF/IPHWR-220.pdf|access-date=2021-03-21|archive-date=2022-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517195913/https://aris.iaea.org/PDF/IPHWR-220.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
!IPHWR-540<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Soni|first1=Rakesh|last2=Prasad|first2=PN|others=S. Vijayakumar, A.G. Chhatre, K.P.Dwivedi|title=Fuel technology evolution for Indian PHWRs|work=International Atomic Energy Agency|url=https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/37/098/37098316.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Muktibodh|first=U.C|date=2011|title=Design, Safety and Operability performances of 220 MWe, 540 MWe and 700 MWe PHWRs in India|journal=Inter-Regional Workshop on Advanced Nuclear Reactor Technology for Near-term Deployment}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bajaj|first1=S.S|last2=Gore|first2=A.R|date=2006|title=The Indian PHWR|journal=Nuclear Engineering and Design|volume=236|issue=7–8|pages=701–722|doi=10.1016/j.nucengdes.2005.09.028}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Baitej|date=July 2006|title=Physics design and Safety assessment of 540 MWe PHWR|url=http://barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2006/200607-2.pdf|journal=BARC Newsletter|volume=270|access-date=2021-03-21|archive-date=2013-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522215947/http://barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2006/200607-2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
!IPHWR-700<ref>{{Cite news|date=2011-08-01|title=Status report 105 - Indian 700 MWe PHWR (IPHWR-700)|work=International Atomic Energy Agency|url=https://aris.iaea.org/PDF/IPHWR-700.pdf|access-date=2021-03-20|archive-date=2023-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417041219/https://aris.iaea.org/PDF/IPHWR-700.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Thermal output, MWth
|754.5
|1730
|2166
|-
|Active power, MWe
|220
|540
|700
|-
|[[Electrical efficiency|Efficiency]], net %
|27.8
|28.08
|29.08
|-
|Coolant temperature, °C:
| colspan="3" |?
|-
|     core coolant inlet
|249
| colspan="2" |266
|-
|     core coolant outlet
|293.4
| colspan="2" |310
|-
|Primary coolant material
| colspan="3" |Heavy Water
|-
|Secondary coolant material
| colspan="3" |Light Water
|-
|Moderator material
| colspan="3" |Heavy Water
|-
|Reactor operating pressure, kg/cm2 (g)
|87
| colspan="2" |100
|-
|Active core height, cm
|508.5
|594
|594
|-
|Equivalent core diameter, cm
|451
| rowspan="3" | -
|638.4
|-
|Average fuel power density
|9.24 KW/KgU
|235 MW/m3
|-
|Average core power density, MW/m3
|10.13
|12.1
|-
|Fuel
| colspan="3" |Sintered Natural UO2 pellets
|-
|Cladding tube material
|Zircaloy-2
| colspan="2" |Zircaloy-4
|-
|Fuel assemblies
|3672
|5096
|4704 fuel bundles in 392 channels
|-
|Number of fuel rods in assembly
|19 elements in 3 rings
|37
|37 elements in 4 rings
|-
|Enrichment of reload fuel
| colspan="3" |0.7% U-235
|-
|Fuel cycle length, Months
|24
| colspan="2" |12
|-
|Average fuel [[burnup]], MW · day / ton
|6700
|7500
|7050
|-
|Control rods
|SS/Co
| colspan="2" |Cadmium/SS
|-
|Neutron absorber
|Boric Anhydride
| colspan="2" |Boron
|-
|[[Residual heat removal system]]
|Active: Shutdown cooling system
Passive: Natural circulation through steam generators
| colspan="2" |Active: Shutdown cooling system
Passive: Natural circulation through steam generators

and Passive Decay heat removal system
|-
|Safety injection system
| colspan="3" |Emergency core cooling system
|}
==See also==
* [[India's three-stage nuclear power programme]]
* [[Nuclear power in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Nuclear power in India}}
{{Nuclear fission reactors}}

[[Category:Nuclear power reactor types]]

Kubed, Ladakh

2025-09-20T08:08:17Z

Ayman: slightly updated content after review also and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kubed
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ladakh, India
| coordinates =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Leh district|Leh]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nubra Valley|Nubra]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 824
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 919
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kubed''' is a village in the [[Leh district]] of [[Ladakh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leh.nic.in/depts/villageamenitydirectory.pdf |title=Blockwise Village Amenity Directory |publisher=Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council |access-date=2015-07-23 }}</ref> It is located in the [[Nubra Valley|Nubra]] [[tehsil]].

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Kubed has 210 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 58.53%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/datagov/CDB_PCA_Census/PCA_CDB_0103_F_Census.xls |title=Leh district census |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |access-date=2015-07-23 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 824 || 385 || 439
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 103 || 53 || 50
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 818 || 380 || 438
|-
| Literates || 422 || 231 || 191
|-
| Workers (all) || 411 || 214 || 197
|-
| Main workers (total) || 68 || 42 || 26
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 68 || 42 || 26
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 343 || 172 || 171
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 245 || 82 || 163
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 4 || 2 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 94 || 88 || 6
|-
| Non-workers || 413 || 171 || 242
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ladakh}}
{{Leh district}}

[[Category:Villages in Nubra tehsil]]

Sachin Nayak

2025-09-02T17:28:33Z

Ayman:

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1977)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sachin Nayak
| image = SachinNayak.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Sachin Nayak in 2013
| birth_name = Sachin Nayak
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1977|08|21}}
| birth_place = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active = 2005-present
}}
'''Sachin Nayak''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actor<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/index/id/29846 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123193755/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/index/id/29846 | url-status=dead | archive-date=23 January 2013 | title='Sachin Nayak' |website = [[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=22 February 2013}}</ref> and model, known primarily for his roles in [[Bollywood]] films. He was born in the village of Tada, in the [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh]] district. He studied in [[Dr. Hari Singh Gour University]] with a post graduate degree in the Sociology. Nayak began acting at the age of 8. He appeared in [[Rajat Kapoor]]'s 2009 film [[Siddharth: The Prisoner]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/09/feb/25-happy-dent-guy-sachin-nayaks-tryst-with-big-screen-020914.asp |title= 'Happy dent guy Sachin Nayak's tryst with big screen' |publisher = Glamsham.com |access-date=22 February 2013}}</ref> He has appeared in over 150 Hindi films and TV commercials.

==Filmography==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''Migration''|| ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves (film)|My name is Anthony]]''|| Casting Director(In Film) ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Siddharth: The Prisoner]] '' || Mohan ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Fruit and Nut (film)|Fruit and Nut]]'' || Anna ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Special 26]]''|| Bela Boy ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Nirrankush''|| || Filming
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Singham Returns]]''|| Bhola ||
|-
| 2015 || ''Round Figure''|| || In Production
|-
| 2015 || ''Baat Ban Gayi''|||| Filming
|-
| 2015 || ''Dare You''|| || Filming
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Serial !! Role !! Channel
|-
| 2007|| [[Hero - Bhakti Hi Shakti Hai]]|| Umbrella Man || [[Hungama TV]]
|-
| 2008|| [[Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat (TV series)|Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat]] || Viru/Virendra(Thief) || [[STAR Plus]]
|-
| 2010|| [[Mrs. & Mr. Sharma Allahabadwale|Mrs. and Mr. Sharma Allahabadwale]] || Raja Chor|| [[SAB TV]]
|-
| 2008|| [[Miley Jab Hum Tum]] || Chinu || [[STAR One]]
|-
| 2011|| [[Ek Din Achanak (TV series)|Ek Din Achanak]] || Manohar || [[Doordarshan]]
|-
| 2014|| [[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]] || Various Roles || [[Sony]]
|}

==TV commercials==
Sachin has acted in more than 150 ad films. He is famous by the Happydent White advertisement in 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZNoznbIXSo|title=Happydent White Ad - Won Cannes Award|date=21 July 2011 |publisher= [[YouTube]]|access-date=22 February 2013}}</ref> which got [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]] award for Best Ad. and Best Music in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianadforum.com/ad-categories/viewvideo/1313/jhakaas-ads/happydent-qsparkling-teethq-award-winning-ad|title="Happydent "Sparkling Teeth" - Award Winning Ad"|publisher= IndianAdForum|access-date=22 February 2013}}</ref>
He has featured in advertisement for [[MasterChef India|Master Chef India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DO2K1hq3s6M|title=MASTER CHEF PANKAJ BHADOURIA.mp4|publisher= [[YouTube]]|access-date=22 February 2013}}</ref> and for [[Biggest Loser Jeetega]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrRsD6cn50s|title=Biggest Loser jeetga|date=February 2012 |publisher= [[YouTube]]|access-date=22 February 2013}}</ref> He acted in advertisement of Orpat fan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JYOKp8BNOHw|title=ORPAT FAN POLICE.MP4|date=6 June 2011 |publisher= [[YouTube]]|access-date=22 February 2013}}</ref> Jinjola talcum powder,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bZDNzX4aOo|title=Jinjola talcum powder ad. video|date=2 February 2012 |publisher= [[YouTube]]|access-date=22 February 2013}}</ref> Tata AIG,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6CJOpzF6c2M|title=Tata AIG ad. video|date=22 August 2007 |publisher= [[YouTube]]|access-date=22 February 2013}}</ref>
Pepsi,
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nN43Uhtya6k|title=pepsi video|date=30 December 2011 |publisher= [[YouTube]]|access-date=23 February 2013}}</ref>
Birla White Cement,
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5VOPRToW5e8|title=Birla White Cement Wash TVC 40 secs video|date=16 October 2009 |publisher= [[YouTube]]|access-date=23 February 2013}}</ref>
Coca-Cola,
Tide,
Intel,
Subhiksha Mobile,
list goes longer...

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography|Film}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Facebook|sachin.nayak.56}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}
* [http://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/sachin-nayak.html Sachin Nayak on Filmibeats]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Sachin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Madhya Pradesh| Nayak, Sachin]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:People from Sagar district]]

Fifth Chautala ministry

2025-08-22T14:34:25Z

Ayman: new a info - done

{{short description|Government of Haryana, India (2000–2005)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number =
| jurisdiction = the [[State of Haryana]]
| flag =
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image =Om Prakash Chautala.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = [[Om Prakash Chautala]] [[Chief Minister of Haryana|Hon'ble Chief Minister of Haryana]]
| date_formed = 3 March 2000
| date_dissolved = 5 March 2005
| government_head = [[Om Prakash Chautala]]
| deputy_government_head =
| government_head_history =
| state_head = [[Babu Parmanand]]
| members_number =
| former_members_number =
| total_number =
| political_parties = '''[[Indian National Lok Dal]]'''
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| opposition_leader = [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
| election = [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| last_election =
| legislature_term =
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous =
| successor =
}}
The 2000 [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Haryana assembly election]] resulted in an absolute majority for [[Indian National Lok Dal]]. [[Om Prakash Chautala]] was elected leader of the party in the assembly and was sworn in as [[Chief Minister of Haryana]] on 3 March 2000 for fifth time.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160603191802/http://www.hryvidhansabhahistory.com/who/2000.pdf COUNCIL OF MINISTERS]}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/02/29/stories/02290006.htm Chautala invites BJP to join his govt.]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/02/26/stories/01260001.htm NDA wins in Orissa, Haryana; BJP checkmated in Bihar]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/02/26/stories/02260004.htm Chautala all set to form Govt. again]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/03/03/stories/02030007.htm Chautala sworn in Haryana CM]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Cabinet Ministers==
{|class ="wikitable"
|-
! SI No.
! Name
! Constituency
! Department
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|1.
|'''[[Om Prakash Chautala]]'''
[[Chief Minister of Haryana|Chief Minister]]
|
|Chief Minister of Government.
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
|2.
|'''[[Sampat Singh|Prof. Sampat Singh]]'''
|
|Minister of Finance.
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
|3.
|'''Dhirpal Singh'''
|
|Minister of Town & Country Planning.
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
|4.
|'''Ashok Kumar'''
|
|Minister of Transport.
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
|5.
|'''[[Kartar Singh Bhadana]]'''
|
|Minister of Cooperation.
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
|6.
|'''[[Jaswinder Singh Sandhu|Sardar Jaswinder Singh Sandhu]]'''
|
|Minister of Agriculture.
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
|}

==Minister of State==
{|class ="wikitable"
|-
! SI No.
! Name
! Constituency
! Department
! Party
|-
|1.
|'''Dr. Muni Lal Ranga'''
|
|Minister of State for Health.
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
|2.
|'''[[Mohammad Ilyas (Indian politician)|Chaudhary Mohammad Ilyas]]'''
|
|Minister of State for Animal Husbandry.
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
|3.
|'''Chaudhary Risal Singh'''
|
|Minister of State for Social Welfare.
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
|4.
|'''Subhash Goyal'''
|
|Minister of State for Local Government.
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
|5.
|'''Chaudhary Bahadur Singh'''
|
|Minister of Education.
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Om Prakash Chautala ministry}}
[[Category:Haryana ministries|Chautala V]]
[[Category:Indian National Lok Dal]]
[[Category:2000 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2000|Chautala V]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2005|Chautala V]]

Salatura

2025-08-01T17:16:59Z

Ayman: Added the stub basic info - done

{{Short description|Ancient settlement in Pakistan}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Śalātura
| name =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| imagesize = 240px
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| mapsize = 150 px
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|34|2|54.5|N|72|21|56.1|E|region:PK_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Pakistan#Gandhara#Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[subdivisions of Pakistan| District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Swabi]]
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 308
| elevation_m_min =
| elevation_m_max =
| population_density_km2 =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| blank_name_sec2 = Number of [[Union councils of Pakistan|Union councils]]
| blank_info_sec2 = 2
| area_code =
| area_code_type =
| timezone1 = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Śalātura''' was the birthplace of [[ancient Indian]] [[Sanskrit]] [[Sanskrit grammarian|grammarian]] [[Pāṇini]], regarded as the earliest known grammarian whose work has survived into modern times.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2_VbnWkZ-SYC&q=salatura&pg=PA88 Grammatical Literature, History of Indian literature, Volume 2; Volume 5 of Scientific and technical literature : Pt. 2.; Fasc. 2, Hartmut Scharfe, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1977 p. 88]</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bakshi |first1=S. R. |title=Early Aryans to Swaraj |date=2005 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=9788176255370 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Q6sU7dUap1oC/page/n55 47] |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Q6sU7dUap1oC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ninan |first1=M. M. |title=The Development of Hinduism |date=2008 |publisher=Madathil Mammen Ninan |isbn=9781438228204 |page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-8RTZcjg9awC&pg=PA97 |language=en}}</ref> In an inscription by Siladitya VII of [[Valabhi]], Pāṇini is referred to as ''Śalāturiya'', meaning "man from Śalātura". This suggests that Pāṇini lived in Śalātura, an ancient city in [[Gandhara]], likely near modern-day [[Lahor]], [[Pakistan]],<ref>Sometimes referred to as Chota Lahore to distinguish it from [[Lahore]]</ref> a small town situated at the confluence of [[Indus River|Indus]] and [[Kabul River]]s in the [[Swabi District|Swabi district]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]], 20 miles northwest of the [[Attock Bridge]].<ref name=harmut88>{{cite book|author=Hartmut Scharfe|title=Grammatical Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_VbnWkZ-SYC&pg=PA88|year=1977|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-01706-0|pages=88 with footnotes}}</ref>

[[File:Birch bark MS from Kashmir of the Rupavatra Wellcome L0032691.jpg|thumb|260px|A 17th-century birch bark manuscript of a text based on Pāṇini's grammar from Kashmir]]
According to the CE 646 book ''[[Great Tang Records on the Western Regions]]'' (大唐西域記) of 7th-century [[Chinese scholar]] [[Xuanzang]], there was a town called ''Suoluoduluo'' on the [[Indus]] where Pāṇini was born, and he composed the ''Qingming-lun'' (Sanskrit: [[Vyākaraṇa]]).<ref name=harmut88/><ref>{{Citation | editor-last = Singh | editor-first = Nagendra Kr. | title = Encyclopaedia of Hinduism | pages = 1983–2007 | isbn = 978-81-7488-168-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Vl8_VgikeLcC&q=statue&pg=PA1988 | year = 1997 | publisher = Centre for International Religious Studies : Anmol Publications | location = New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="arapv">{{cite book | first=Giridhar | last=Mishra | authorlink=Rambhadracharya | title=अध्यात्मरामायणेऽपाणिनीयप्रयोगाणां विमर्शः | trans-title=Deliberation on non-Paninian usages in the Adhyatma Ramayana | publisher=Sampurnanand Sanskrit University | place=Varanasi, India | language=Sanskrit | year=1981 | chapter=प्रस्तावना | trans-chapter=Introduction | chapter-url=http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/arapv/prastavana.php | accessdate=21 May 2013 | archive-date=11 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311211052/https://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/arapv/prastavana.php | url-status=dead }}</ref> He mentioned that a statue of Panini was in existence there.<ref>On Yuan Chwang's travels in India, 629–645 A.D., Watters, Thomas, London, Royal Asiatic Society p. 222</ref>
[[File:Xuan Zang Statue.jpg|thumb|260px| Xuan Zang Statue at Longmen Grottoes, Luoyang, China]]
<blockquote>
Within the city of F'o (or Sha)-lo-tu-lo was a tope where an arhat had converted a disciple of Panini. Five hundred
years after the Buddha's decease a great arhat from [[Kashmir]] in his travels as an apostle arrived at this place. Here he saw a brahmin teacher chastising a young pupil : in reply to the arhat's question the teacher said he beat the boy for not making progress in etymology. The arhat smiled pleasantly and in explanation said — You must have heard of the treatise on Etymology made by the rishi Panini and given by him to the world for its instruction. The brahmin replied— "He was a native of this city; his disciples admire his excellences, and his image is still here". To this the arhat answered — This boy of yours is that rishi. He added that in his previous existence Panini had devoted all his energies to worldly learning but that from some good Karma he was now the teacher's son.
</blockquote>

Panini describes in great detail the local accents used for the names of wells north and south of [[Beas River|Vipasha]] (modern [[Beas]]) river. He also mentions the [[Yavana]]s, which is taken to be [[Greeks]] ([[Ionians|Ionian]]s).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lal |first1=Shyam Bihari |title=Yavanas in the Ancient Indian Inscriptions |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2004 |volume=65 |pages=1115–1120 |jstor=44144820 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

Prof. [[Ahmad Hasan Dani]], the late [[Pakistani]] Sanskritist stated in a letter that the village has shifted and the old village was 3km to the west of the main road, where there was a big mound in ancient times. The mound has since been levelled down.<ref>[Panini, Saroja Bhate, Sahitya Akademi, 202, p. 4]</ref>

==Region==
The region is well known for ancient remains. The [[Bakhshali manuscript]] was found in nearby [[Bakhshali]] which is 23 miles.<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/dir/34%C2%B002%E2%80%B254%E2%80%B3N+72%C2%B021%E2%80%B256%E2%80%B3E/34.2833333,72.15/@34.1658723,72.115159,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m7!4m6!1m3!2m2!1d72.3655556!2d34.0483333!1m0!3e2 Map Route from Bakhshali to Salatur]</ref> The route passes through [[Shahbaz Garhi]] which has an Ashokan inscription.

Nearby was the Udhabandhapur or Waihind, the [[Hindu Shahi|Shahi]] capital until 1001, which is about 18 miles<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/dir/34%C2%B02%E2%80%B254.5%E2%80%B3N+72%C2%B021%E2%80%B256.1%E2%80%B3E/Attock+Khurd,+Pakistan/@33.971017,72.2165625,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m3!2m2!1d72.3655833!2d34.0484722!1m5!1m1!1s0x38df20b14388d73f:0x53f749b1184573f7!2m2!1d72.2408204!2d33.8932154!3e2!4e1 Map route]</ref>

The language Panini has described came to be regarded as the standard Sanskrit, Panini himself did not use the term. The [[Kaushitaki Brahmana]] states that “In the northern direction a more mature language is being spoken. Therefore, people go to the north to learn speech or they desire to listen to him who comes from that direction”.<ref>Saroja Bhate, Panini, p. 49</ref>

According to the scholars, Panini was primarily concerned with the north-western dialect of Sanskrit spoken during his period and secondarily with the Vedic language, he did mention other dialects which were spoken in the neighboring regions.

==See also==
*[[Bakhshali manuscript]]
*[[Attock Khurd]]
*[[Pushkalavati]]
*[[Taxila]]
*[[Hund, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Hund]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Swabi-Union-Councils}}
[[Category:Swabi District]]
{{improve categories|date=October 2024}}

K.G. Subramanyan, a Retrospective

2025-07-13T01:14:01Z

Ayman: creating

{{short description|2010 book by R. Siva Kumar}}
{{Infobox book
|name = K.G. Subramanyan, a Retrospective
|title_orig =
|translator =
|image = K.G. Subramanyan, a Retrospective.jpg
|caption =
|author = [[R. Siva Kumar]]
|illustrator =
|cover_artist =
|country = [[India]]
|language = English
|series =
|subject = Art
|genre =
|publisher = [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|pub_date = February 16, 2010
|english_pub_date =
|pages = 224 pages
|isbn = 8187902132
|oclc =
|preceded_by =
|followed_by =
}}

'''''K.G. Subramanyan, a Retrospective''''' is a book by [[R. Siva Kumar]], released on the occasion of the fourth and largest retrospective show of [[K.G. Subramanyan]], which was curated by [[R. Siva Kumar]] at the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]].<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HcefAAAAMAAJ |title = K.G. Subramanyan, a Retrospective|isbn = 9788187902133|last1 = Siva Kumar|first1 = R.|last2 = Subramanyan|first2 = K. G.|year = 2003 | publisher=National Gallery of Modern Art }}</ref>

The exhibition consisted of 300 paintings including terracotta reliefs, reverse paintings on glass and acrylic, linocuts, lithographs, etching, silkscreens,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2009/stories/20030509000807900.htm | title=The quintessential Indian artist}}</ref> drawings, studies, children's books, toys and saras-paintings on terracotta platters-and the photographs of murals. and the range of materials includes terracotta, glass, paper, wood porcelain and metal cement.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/03/02/stories/2003030200130200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031117141253/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/03/02/stories/2003030200130200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2003-11-17 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title = Age no bar to his perspective|date = 2003-03-02}}</ref>

The book offers an insight into the creative processes of [[K.G. Subramanyan]]. While tracing the various aspects of his creativity, the book provides the influences that shaped him and gives a kaleidoscopic view of his six-decade long artistic journey from [[Kerala]], [[Mahé, India|Mahe]], [[Santiniketan]], [[Slade School]] in [[England]], and later in various cities of [[Europe]] and [[United States|America]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.saffronart.com/sitepages/ArticleDetails.aspx?Articleid=146 | title=Saffronart-K.G. Subramanyan: A Retrospective | access-date=2014-12-17 | archive-date=2014-12-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218025827/http://www.saffronart.com/sitepages/ArticleDetails.aspx?Articleid=146 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

This book features as a part of the syllabus of Modern South Asian art at various universities.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/m/reading-list-modern-south-asian-art/ |title = Modern Indian Art Reading List|date = 2012-07-26}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Art history books]]
[[Category:Books by R. Siva Kumar]]
[[Category:Works about art genres]]
[[Category:2010 non-fiction books]]

{{art-hist-book-stub}}

Musheerabad

2025-03-06T14:21:35Z

Ayman: corrected details after review per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Musheerabad
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Suburbs]]
| image_skyline =
| image_map ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=point|from=India/Telangana/Hyderabad.map}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Hyderabad, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.425544|N|78.503795|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = [[Arastu Jah|Nawab Arastu Jah, Mushir-Ul-Mulk]]
| governing_body = [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu]] 
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 500020
| registration_plate =TG
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Secunderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Secunderabad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Musheerabad (Assembly constituency)|Musheerabad]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Musheerabad''' is a commercial centre in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[India]]. Musheerabad comes under central zone and ninth circle of Hyderabad, and falls under the '''Secunderabad revenue division'''.

== History ==
The historic old portion of [[Musheerabad Masjid]] was constructed during the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi]] era.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/030618/hyderabad-the-grandeur-of-qutb-mosque.html|title=Hyderabad: The grandeur of Qutb mosque|date=2018-06-03|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2018-07-20|language=en}}</ref> Later the mosque and surrounding area were given as a ''jagir'' to [[Arastu Jah|Nawab Aratu Jah, Mushir-ul-Mulk]] (then [[Prime Minister of Hyderabad]]) and named in his honour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.knowap.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54:a-history-behind-street-names-of-hyderabad-a-secunderabad&catid=14:cover-features&Itemid=69|title=A History behind Street Names of Hyderabad & Secunderabad|last=Administrator|website=www.knowap.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-07-20}}</ref>
[[File:Musheerabad Jail.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Old Secunderabad Jail, also known as Musheerabad Jail which was constructed in the 1915 and demolished in 2003.]]
The area housed the [[Musheerabad Jail]] until 2003 after which it was demolished and a new hospital and the new premises of [[Gandhi Medical College]] were constructed in the same area.<ref name="prison_hospital">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/15/stories/2004061513980300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040618125350/http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/15/stories/2004061513980300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2004|title=Gandhi Hospital begins a new era|date=14 June 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=22 September 2010}}</ref><ref name="college_hospital">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/09/stories/2003110910910300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040101080656/http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/09/stories/2003110910910300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 January 2004|title=No official sanction for new Gandhi Hospital complex?|last=V|first=Geetanath|date=9 November 2003|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=22 September 2010}}</ref> Most of the recent development of Musheerabad has occurred following the construction of the Gandhi Medical College and the adjoining Gandhi Hospital, one of the largest public hospitals in [[Telangana]]. Several postgraduate medical entrance coaching centres, restaurants and apartments have sprung up in the area, owing to the large number of medical students residing in Musheerabad. The presence of the hospital has also led to several diagnostic labs and pharmacies opening their branches in Musheerabad. A separate station for [[Gandhi Medical College]] has also been planned on the [[Hyderabad Metro]] rail network.
[[File:Govt Industrial Training Institute.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Government Industrial Training Institute at Musheerabad]]
==Politics==
[[Musheerabad (Assembly constituency)]] is one of the [[constituency|electoral constituencies]] in the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="assembly">{{cite news|title=No delimitation to confusion|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/No-delimitation-to-confusion/articleshow/4289898.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126030656/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-20/hyderabad/28058602_1_delimitation-process-segment-constituencies|url-status=live|archive-date=26 January 2013|access-date=26 September 2010|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 March 2009}}</ref> Member of legislative Assembly (MLA) since 2018 is Muta Gopal (TRS).

==Economy==

The area is commercial in nature with the presence mainly of traders of [[silk]] [[saree]]s and [[tanneries]].<ref name="sarees">{{cite news|last=V. S.|first=Krishna|title=Usher in the summer with cool khadis|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/03/15/stories/2004031501680300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040419160234/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/03/15/stories/2004031501680300.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 April 2004|access-date=26 September 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 March 2004}}</ref><ref name="tanneries">{{cite news|last=V|first=Geetanath|title=Animal skin trade rampant despite ban|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/26/stories/2005052616860300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050605073250/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/26/stories/2005052616860300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 June 2005|access-date=26 September 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 May 2005}}</ref>

Musheerabad is a buzz place on Sundays, with roadside old book vendors.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/article962433.ece?textsize=large&test=1 The Hindu article on old book vending in Hyderabad.]</ref>

== Transport ==
Musheerabad is well-connected to other parts of the city through public transit. [[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation]] runs several buses. Intercity and intracity trains are available from [[Secunderabad Railway Station]], [[Vidyanagar Railway Station]] and [[Jamia Osmania Railway Station]] – each of which is equidistant from this area. Musheerabad metro station of the [[Hyderabad Metro]] rail network.

== Neighbourhoods ==
[[Chikkadpally]], [[Ramnagar, Hyderabad|Ramnagar]], [[Kavadiguda]], [[Domalguda]], Ashoknagar, [[Bagh Lingampally]], Gandhinagar, [[Parsigutta]] and [[Padmarao Nagar]] are some of the localities surrounding Musheerabad.
{{Adjacent communities
| width=auto
| state=expanded
| Centre = Musheerabad
| North = Bhoiguda
| Northeast =
| East = [[Parsigutta]]
| Southeast =
| South = [[RTC X Roads]]
| Southwest =
| West = [[Kavadiguda]]
| Northwest =
}}
== Notable people ==
* [[Bahadur Yar Jung]], one of the founding members of [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]], is buried in Musheerabad.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]

James Burgess (archaeologist)

2025-02-14T14:17:52Z

Ayman: page updated

{{Short description|British archaeologist (1832–1916)}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = James Burgess
| honorific_suffix = {{small|[[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]], [[FRSE]], [[FRGS]], MRAS, [[Doctor of Letters|LLD]]}}
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1832|08|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kirkmahoe]], [[Dumfriesshire]], [[Scotland]], UK
| death_date = {{death date and age|1916|10|03|1832|08|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland
| other_names =
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[University of Glasgow]]|[[University of Edinburgh]]}}
| occupation = [[Archaeologist]]
| title = Director General of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| years_active =
| known_for = 19th-century Indian archaeology
| notable_works =
}}

'''James Burgess''' (14 August 1832<ref name=IndBio>Hayavadana Rao, C. (Ed.) (1915) [https://archive.org/details/indianbiographic00raoc ''The Indian biographical dictionary 1915''.] Madras: Pillar & Co., pp. 71-72. [[s:The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Burgess, James|At Wikisource.]]</ref> – 3 October 1916), was the founder of ''[[The Indian Antiquary]]'' in 1872<ref name=Temp>[[Richard Carnac Temple|Temple, Richard Carnac]]. (1922) ''[https://archive.org/details/fiftyyearsofthei00temprich Fifty years of The Indian Antiquary]''. Mazgaon, Bombay: B. Miller, British India Press, p. 3.</ref> and an important archaeologist of India in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Apte |first1=Pradeep |title='त्यांची' भारतविद्या : सर्वसमावेशक 'अँटिक्वेरी'… |url=https://www.loksatta.com/vishesh-news/head-of-the-department-of-archeology-the-indian-antiquary-benevolent-institution-akp-94-2464160/ |access-date=15 May 2021 |work=[[Loksatta]] |date=7 May 2021 |location=[[Pune]] |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

==Life==
[[File:22 Seton Place, Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|22 Seton Place, Edinburgh]]
Burgess was born on 14 August 1832 in [[Kirkmahoe]], Dumfriesshire. He was educated at Dumfries and then the [[University of Glasgow]] and the [[University of Edinburgh]].<ref name="Sewell">{{cite journal|last1=Sewell|first1=R. |title=Dr. James Burgess, C.I.E., LL.D., Etc. |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1917 |volume=49 |pages=195–199|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00050243 |jstor=25189536|doi-access=free }}</ref>

He did educational work in [[Calcutta]], 1856 and [[Bombay]], 1861, and was Secretary of the Bombay Geographical Society 1868–73. He was Head of the Archaeological Survey, Western India, 1873, and of South India, 1881. From 1886 to 1889 he was Director General, [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name=IndBio/>

In 1881 the [[University of Edinburgh]] awarded him an honorary [[Doctor of Letters]] (LLD).<ref name="royalsoced.org.uk">{{Cite book |url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf |title=Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1783–2002: Part 1 (A–J) |author=C D Waterston |author2=A Macmillan Shearer |publisher=[[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] |isbn=090219884X |date=July 2006 |access-date=18 September 2015 |archive-date=24 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

He retired to [[Edinburgh]] around 1892.

He was elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] in 1894. He won its [[Keith Medal]] for 1897–99, and served as their Vice President 1908 to 1914.<ref name="royalsoced.org.uk"/>

He died on 3 October 1916, at 22 Seton Place in Edinburgh.<ref name="Sewell" />

==Selected publications==
*''The Temples of Shatrunjaya''. 1869.
*''The Rock Temples of Elephanta''. 1871.
*''Temples of Somanath, Gunagadh and Girnar''. 1870.
*''Scenery and Architecture in Guzarat and Rajputana''. 1873.
*''Notes on Ajanta paintings''. 1879.
*''The Cave Temples of India''. 1880. (With [[James Fergusson (architect)|James Fergusson]])
*''Archaeological Survey of Western India''. 9 vols., 1874 - 1905.
*''Buddhist Stupas of Amaravati, etc.'' 1887.
*''Antiquities of Dabhoi''. 1888.
*''The Sharqi Architecture of Jaiinpur''. 1889. (Editor)
*''Archaeological Research in India''. 1890.
*''[[Epigraphia Indica]]''. 1889–94. (2 vols.)
*''On Hindu Astronomy''. 1893.
*''Constable's Hand-Gazetteer of India''. 1898.
*''Hypsometry by Boiling-point''. 1858 and 1863.
*''Transliteration of Indian Place-names''. 1868, 1894–95.
*''On the Error-function Definite Integral''. 1898. (awarded the Keith medal, R.S.E.)
*''The Gandhara Sculptures''. 1899 and 1900.
*''Buddhist Art in India''. 1901. (enlarged translation)
*''The Indian Sect of the Jainas''. 1903. (translated and edited)
*''Fergusson's Indian and Eastern Architecture''. 1919. (enlarged edition)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Burgess,+James | name=James Burgess}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=James Burgess |birth=1832 |death=1916 |sopt=t }}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=Director General of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]|before=[[Alexander Cunningham]]|after=[[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]]|years=- 1902}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burgess, James}}
[[Category:1832 births]]
[[Category:1916 deaths]]
[[Category:Scottish archaeologists]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society]]
[[Category:Directors general of the Archaeological Survey of India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]]

Sikhism in Norway

2024-12-16T06:45:56Z

Ayman: fix information further and corrected details

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group = Sikhism in Norway {{small|Sikhismen i Norge}}
| pop ='''~5,000'''
| langs = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]{{·}}[[Norwegian Language|Norwegian]]
|image=Oslo Gurdwara Alnabru.JPG|image_caption=<nowiki>Gurdwara Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Alnabru, Oslo</nowiki>|flag=Khanda (Sikh Symbol).svg|regions=[[Oslo]]{{·}}[[Bergen]]|image_size=|flag_size=50px}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

In '''Norway''', '''Sikhism''' has approximately 5,000 adherents, mostly living in [[Oslo]]. Oslo collectively has two [[gurdwara]]s (the Sikh place of worship).<ref>[http://www.ssb.no/en/trosamf/ Religious Statistics of Norway]</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |title=Northern Europe, Sikhs in |date=2019-04-18 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191831874.001.0001/acref-9780191831874-e-251 |work=A Dictionary of Sikh Studies |access-date=2023-06-02 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780191831874.001.0001/acref-9780191831874-e-251;jsessionid=2ffc28cc5d913137a12d40b346f6cfe2 |isbn=978-0-19-183187-4}}</ref>

== History ==
Sikhs first came to Norway in the early 1970s. In 1969, the first Sikh who arrived in and settled in Norway was Amarjit Singh Kamboj.<ref>[http://theforeigner.no/pages/columns/religions-in-norway-sikhism/ History of Sikhism in Norway]</ref> Sikhs and other work-related immigrants from India to Norway founded The Indian Welfare Society of Norway (IWS) in 1971. The troubles in Punjab after [[Operation Blue Star]] and riots committed against Sikhs in India after the [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]] led to an increase in Sikh refugees moving to Norway and other countries.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}} Drammen also has a sizeable population of Sikhs; the largest gurdwara in north Europe was built in [[Lier, Norway|Lier]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

A Sikh organization, ''Ungesikher'' helps young Sikhs assimilate and has incentives to help make Sikhism better known.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

To increase knowledge of Sikhs and their culture, a professor of science of religion, Knut A. Jacobsen, who works in the [[University of Bergen]], published a textbook titled ''Sikhismen: historie tradisjon og kultur'',<ref>(‘Sikhism: history, tradition and culture’) [Kristiansand, Høyskoleforlag 2007, {{ISBN|978-8276346763}}) in 2007</ref> in [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] for schools.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sikhism in Europe}}
{{Religion in Norway}}
{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikhism by country|Norway]]
[[Category:Sikhism in Europe|Nep]]
[[Category:Religion in Norway]]

{{Sikh-stub}}

List of zamindari estates in Godavari district

2024-12-04T02:06:56Z

Ayman: enhance content for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{short description|None}}

{{Orphan|date=August 2020}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
'''Godavari District''' was a district of the [[Madras Presidency]]. It has a glorious past. Which once saw the glory of many zamindari estates and also huge estates like Peddapuram, Pithapuram, Kota Ramchandrapuram, Polvaram etc. each comprising 372, 128, 66, 128 respectively. It later got bifurcated into East and West Godavari in 1925.<ref name="Damodaran2018">{{cite book|author=Harish Damodaran|title=INDIA'S NEW CAPITALISTS: Caste, Business, and Industry in a Modern Nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92F7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT370|date=25 November 2018|publisher=Hachette India|isbn=978-93-5195-280-0|pages=370–}}</ref> But before that these districts compressed few Zamindaries and their histories.

== Zamindari System in Godavari District ==
Godavari District was renamed. Originally it was Rajahmundry District having the capital of the same name but renamed in 1859.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=55BbvGEV5uAC&q=rajahmundry+district&pg=PA810|title= Description of Rajahmundry District.|last1= Thornton|first1= Edward|year= 1858}}</ref> This [[Rajahmundry]] District was once ruled by
*Eastern Chalukyas
*Kakatiyas
*Gajapathi Rulers
*Vijayanagar Rulers
*Nizam Rule
*French
*Again under the Nawab who is the Subedar of Nizam
*British

During the British (1765-1947) reign in Godavarai District (originally northern circars were acquired by the British in the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Anglo]]-[[France|French]] wars in 1759 but again appointed the Nawab by Nizam which finally came to British hand in the year 1765)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.1427/page/n50/mode/1up|title= British Reign in Godvari|date= 30 January 2024}}</ref> they acquired all the local poligars and in the [[Battle of Padmanabham]] they reduced the erstwhile [[Princely State]] of Vizianagaram to a Zamindari and made permanent settlement with them in 1802.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptivehisto00morrrich/page/276/mode/1up|title= Permanent Settlement in Godvari District|date= 30 January 1878}}</ref> From then the powers of old Zamindars were limited and acted as revenue collector between the government and ryots.

== Zamindari Estates after the Permanent Settlement to 1843 ==
During the Permanenent settlement in 1802–03, few estates like Mogalutur and Korukonda were annexed into the government due to arrears and they were split into 26 Proprietary estates .<ref name="Morris1878pg278">{{cite book|author=Henry Morris|title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZEIAAAAQAAJ|year=1878|publisher=Trübner|page=278}}</ref> By that time there are 15 ancient Zamindaries Like [[Peddapuram]], [[Pithapuram]], Polavaram, Kota Ramchandrapuram, [[Vegayammapeta]], Velampalem, Venakayapalem, Vella, Telikacherla, Jalimudi, Panangipalli, Undeswarapuram, Mukkamala, Vilasa and Janupalli, Bantumilli. Besides these are there three other [[Mansabdari]] Estates, like Rampah, Totapalli, Jaddangi.<ref name="Morris1878pg279">{{cite book|author=Henry Morris|title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZEIAAAAQAAJ|year=1878|publisher=Trübner|page=279}}</ref>

== Zamindari Estates after 1843 ==
Many Zamindari estates were later annexed in the government due to the arrears and lost most of their villages.<ref name="Morris1878pg282">{{cite book|author=Henry Morris|title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZEIAAAAQAAJ|year=1878|publisher=Trübner|page=282}}</ref> Then they divided the estates further and sold to other proprietors. The details were collected by Henry Morris and wrote in the Book, A descriptive and historical account of the Godavery District in the presidency of Madras Page No:371-375.<ref name="Morris1878pg371375">{{cite book|author=Henry Morris|title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZEIAAAAQAAJ|year=1878|publisher=Trübner|pages=371–375}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center"
! style="background-color:#A3BABF" colspan="3"| List of ''Zamindari''s in Godavari District in the year 1874-75
|-
! style="background-color:#A3BABF" |Zamindari
! style="background-color:#A3BABF" |Holder
! style="background-color:#A3BABF" |Peskash
|-
! style="background-color:#F2CEE0" colspan="4" align="left"|Godavary district
|-
| align="left"|[[Pittapore]]
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 3,41,627<ref>The rent for Pittapoor also included the rent for Cocanada and Coringa</ref>
|-
| align="left"|[[Polavaram estate|Polavaram]]
| align="right"|

| align="right"| 43,210<ref name="Innaiah2002">{{cite book|author=N. Innaiah|title=A Century of Politics in Andhra Pradesh: Ethnicity & Regionalism in Indian State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEhuAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Rationalist Voice Publications}}</ref>

|-
| align="left"|Osuri Navarasapuram Estate
| align="right"|
| align
|-

|-
| align="left"|Kolanka
| align="right"|
| align="right"|14350
|-
| align="left"|[[Tuni]]
| align="right"|
| align="right"|26429
|-
| align="left"|Annavarapupeta
| align="right"|
| align="right"|3895
|-
| align="left"|Kapileswarapuram
| align="right"|
| align="right"|8765
|-
| align="left"|Undeswarapuram
| align="right"|
| align="right"|630
|-
| align="left"|Kotipally
| align="right"|
| align="right"|Peskash in the Vizianagaram Zamindari
|-
| align="left"|Uppada and Aminbada
| align="right"|
| align="right"|673
|-
| align="left"|Nidadavolu and Barhajhally
| align="right"|
| align="right"|1,19,346
|-
| align="left"|Ambarapet
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 16,097
|-
| align="left"|[[Vegayammapeta Estate]]
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 8362
|-
| align="left"|Tangellmudi
| align="right"|
| align="right"|5143
|-
| align="left"|Bhimolu
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 3031
|-
| align="left"|Anumullanka
| align="right"|
| align="right"|611
|-
| align="left"|Singanagudem
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 46
|-
| align="left"|Vilasa
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1440
|-
| align="left"|Janupalle
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 218
|-
| align="left"|Jalimudi
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 277
|-
| align="left"|Telikicherla
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 962
|-
| align="left"|Gundepalli|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 962
|-
| align="left"|Panangipalli
| align="right"|
| align="right"|737
|-
| align="left"|Sirasavilli Savaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 300
|-
| align="left"|Bantumilli|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|200
|-
| align="left"|Mukkamala
| align="right"|
| align="right"|107
|-
| align="left"|Jaggampet
| align="right"|
| align="right"|33,072
|-
| align="left"|Dontamuru
| align="right"|
| align="right"|3248
|-
| align="left"|Rayavaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1998
|-
| align="left"|Viravaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"|26876
|-
| align="left"|Palivela
| align="right"|
| align="right"|19,240
|-
| align="left"|Kirlampudi
| align="right"|
| align="right"|23,382
|-
| align="left"|Gopalapuram
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 18,540
|-
| align="left"|Elamanchili
| align="right"|
| align="right"|8,823
|-
| align="left"|Chinchinada
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1647
|-
| align="left"|China Mamidipalli
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 255
|-
| align="left"|Neredumilli
| align="right"|
| align="right"|445
|-
| align="left"|Vardhanani
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 532
|-
| align="left"|Dhumantigudem
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 142
|-
| align="left"|Gollaprolu
| align="right"|
| align="right"|11,567
|-
| align="left"|Kesanakuru
| align="right"|
| align="right"|11,574
|-
| align="left"|Vasantavada
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 7,349
|-
| align="left"|Narayanapuram
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,948
|-
| align="left"|Malakacherla
| align="right"|
| align="right"|1,495
|-
| align="left"|Daddipudi
| align="right"|
| align="right"|378
|-
| align="left"|Gutala
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 6,749
|-
| align="left"|Mungondapalem
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 545
|-
| align="left"|Chidipi
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,671
|-
| align="left"|Peddeham
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,628
|-
| align="left"|Tirugudumetta
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,856
|-
| align="left"|Injeram
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 3,217
|-
| align="left"|Pattesam
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,282
|-
| align="left"|Prakkilanka|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,822
|-
| align="left"|Vangalapudi
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 3,817
|-
| align="left"|Viravillipalem
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 3,534
|-
| align="left"|Nadavapalli
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 3,129
|-
| align="left"|Tyajampudi
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,791
|-
| align="left"|Kurukuru
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,482
|-
| align="left"|Billumilli
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,619
|-
| align="left"|Lakkavaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,643
|-
| align="left"|Jangareddigudem
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 499
|-
| align="left"|Dharmavaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2402
|-
| align="left"|Krapa
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,385
|-
| align="left"|Malakapalli
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,282
|-
| align="left"|Katavaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,135
|-
| align="left"|Yadavolu
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,161
|-
| align="left"|Konitivada
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,004
|-
| align="left"|Borrampalem
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,038
|-
| align="left"|Vegavaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 787
|-
| align="left"|Gavuripatnam
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,853
|-
| align="left"|Murumanda
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,850
|-
| align="left"|Anatavaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,763
|-
| align="left"|Magam
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,746
|-
| align="left"|Yernagudem
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,725
|-
| align="left"|Vunkaramilli alias Ravimetta
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,630
|-
| align="left"|Kalavalapalli
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1346
|-
| align="left"|Pativala Gurajanapalli
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,296
|-
| align="left"|Mallavaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 947
|-
| align="left"|Johurullabada alias Hukumpeta
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,401
|-
| align="left"|Buchampeta
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 738
|-
| align="left"|Gangolu
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,264
|-
| align="left"|Vella
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,240
|-
| align="left"|Bayyanagudem
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,006
|-
| align="left"|Potukurru
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 210
|-
| align="left"|Bommuru
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 853
|-
| align="left"|Guttinadeevi
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 776
|-
| align="left"|Kondagudem
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 753
|-
| align="left"|Petta
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 583
|-
| align="left"|Viravaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 554
|-
| align="left"|Dandangi
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 551
|-
| align="left"|Surasaniyanam
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 529
|-
| align="left"|Nilapalli
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 479
|-
| align="left"|Nandigudem
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 390
|-
| align="left"|Nallamillipadu
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 203
|-
| align="left"|Gavaravaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 145
|-
| align="left"|jagannadhapuram
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 117
|-
| align="left"|Pydimetta
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 110
|-
| align="left"|Vadlapattanam
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 86
|-
| align="left"|Tirumanagudem
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 64
|-
! style="background-color:#FAF5FF" colspan="4" align="right"|Mansubdari of Godavari district
|-
| align="left"|[[Thotapalle Estate]]
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 6,310
|-
| align="left"|Bhadrachalam and Rekapalle
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 21,090
|-
| align="left"|Rampah
| align="right"|
| align="right"| .....
|-

|-
|colspan=3|Source:{{cite book|title=A descriptive and historical account of the Godavery District in the presidency of Madras|last= Morris|first=Henry|authorlink=|publisher=Government of Madras|year=1878|pages=371–375}}
|}

The same has been mentioned in the book Standing Information regarding the Official Administration of Madras Presidency.<ref name="Maclean1879">{{cite book|author=Charles Donald Maclean|title=Standing Information Regarding the Official Administration of the Madras Presidency in Each Department in Illustration of the Yearly Administration Reports Prepared Under the Orders of Government by C. D. Maclean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwYBnQBJ2aUC&pg=PA458-IA31|year=1879|publisher=Keys|pages=458–}}</ref>

== Zamindari Estates after 1920 ==
Later, these estates were further divided (impartiable estates weren't divided though). The list of it has been given in The Asylum Press Almanack And Directory Of Madras And Southern India 1924, Page No: 274–276.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83815/page/n433/mode/2up?q=muttanji|title= The Asylum Press Almanack And Directory Of Madras And Southern India 1924|date= 30 January 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:India history-related lists|Zamindari estates in Godavari district]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates]]
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madras Presidency]]

Chhote Nawab (disambiguation)

2024-10-31T17:47:32Z

Ayman:

'''Chhote Nawab''' or '''Chote Nawab''' ({{Lit|Little Master}}) may refer to:
* ''[[Chhote Nawab]]'', a 1961 Indian film by S. A. Akbar
* ''[[Chotay Nawab]]'', a 1980 Pakistani film by Iqbal Akhtar
* ''[[Chote Nawab]]'', a 2024 Indian film by Kumud Chaudhary

==See also==
*[[Navvab (disambiguation)]]
*[[Chhote Sarkar (disambiguation)]]
*[[Little master (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}

Jari, Gumla

2024-10-02T03:21:50Z

Ayman: stub

{{Other uses|Jari (disambiguation){{!}}Jari}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jari
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.054324|N|84.204564|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gumla district|Gumla]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 841
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages *
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835206
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 06524
| registration_plate = JH 07
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 67.27%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Gumla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gumla]]
| website = {{URL|gumla.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jari''' is a village in the [[Albert Ekka (Jari) block|Albert Ekka (Jari)]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Chainpur subdivision]] of the [[Gumla district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==History==
[[Albert Ekka]], was born in village Jari.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1972/O-1319-1972-0005-58734.pdf|title=Gazette of India, No 5, page 128|date=1972-01-29|access-date=2021-08-19}}</ref> He was posthumously awarded the [[Param Vir Chakra]], India's highest award for valour in the face of the enemy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1062|title=PVC|access-date=2021-08-19}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|23|6|0|N|84|32|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Gumla district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre, T: tourist centre, B: Bauxite mining centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|52|32|N|84|49|27|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Basia | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Basia, Gumla]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|14|6|N|84|53|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Bharno| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Bharno]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|22|53|N|84|22|18|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Bishunpur| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bishunpur, Gumla]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|8|8|N|84|14|21|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Chainpur| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Chainpur, Gumla]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|10|8|N|84|8|10|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Dumri| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Dumri, Gumla (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|3|15|N|84|12|16|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Jari| numbered6=R| mark-title6= Jari, Gumla (R)|shape-color6=black| label-size6=13|label-color6=black 
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|54|45|N|84|54|58|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Kamdara| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Kamdara]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|52|28|N|84|38|43|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Palkot| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Palkot]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|57|19|N|84|27|17|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9= Raidih| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Raidih]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|10|9|N|84|45|37|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Sisai| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Sisai, Gumla]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|2|40|N|84|32|30|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Gumla| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Gumla]] (M) |label-color11=#800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|16|17|N|84|33|6|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Ghaghra | numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Ghaghra]] (CT) |shape-color12= #A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|8|43|N|84|30|13|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Toto | numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Toto, Gumla]] (CT) |shape-color13= #A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|19|26|N|84|15|9|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Gurdari| numbered14=B| mark-title14=[[Gurdari]] (B) |shape-color14= #A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|25|26|N|84|25|21|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Jalim| numbered15=B| mark-title15=[[Jalim]] (B) |shape-color15= #A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|21|50|N|84|27|13|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Serangdag| numbered16=B| mark-title16=[[Serangdag]] (B) |shape-color16= #A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|56|29|N|84|28|39|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Marda| numbered17=H| mark-title17=[[Marda, Gumla]] (H) | shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|6|35|N|84|47|1|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Navratangarh| numbered18=H| mark-title18=[[Navratangarh]] (H) | shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|7|31|N|84|40|52|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Nagfeni| numbered19=H| mark-title19=[[Nagfeni]] (H) | shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|17|35|N|84|13|30|E}} | label-pos20= right|label20=Sadni |labela20= Falls| numbered20=T| mark-title20= [[Sadni Falls]] (T) |shape-color20= #74C365
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|44|40|N|84|35|10|E}} | label-pos21= top|label21=Palkot |labela21= Wildlife|labelb21= Sanctuary | numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color21= #74C365
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|46|0|N|84|52|0|E}} |label22= South Koel |labela22= River |label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22= 20| label-pos22=top| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22 =none
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|3|0|N|84|18|0|E}} |label23= Sankh River |label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23= 40| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|0|0|N|85|3|0|E}} |label24= North Karo |labela24= River |label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24= -60| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|22|58|0|N|84|7|0|E}}|arc-textA= CHHATTISGARH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-125| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.5}}

===Location===
Jari is located at {{coord|23.054324|N|84.204564|E|display=inline}}

===Area overview===
The map alongside presents a rugged area, consisting partly of flat-topped hills called ''pat'' and partly of an undulating plateau, in the south-western portion of [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. Three major rivers – the [[Sankh River|Sankh]], [[South Koel River|South Koel]] and [[North Karo River|North Karo]] - along with their numerous tributaries, drain the area. The hilly area has large deposits of [[Bauxite]]. 93.7% of the population lives in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Gumla, Series 21, Part XII A| work= page 7: Natural Divisions, Page 38: 2011 Census Findings–Population and its Distribution |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 29 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Chota-Nagpur |title = Chota Nagpur plateau |publisher= Britannica| access-date = 29 October 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
There is a police station at Jari.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/gumla| title = District Police Profile - Gumla| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 25 October 2021| archive-date = 5 October 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211005032328/https://jhpolice.gov.in/gumla| url-status = dead}}</ref>

The headquarters of [[Albert Ekka (Jari) block|Albert Ekka (Jari)]] CD block are located at Jari village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Gumla, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Gumla district on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 October 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Jari had a total population of 841, of which 442 (53%) were males and 399 (47%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 123. The total number of literate persons in Jari was 483 (67.27% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2021_PART_B_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Gumla, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 376223, page 168-169|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 October 2021}}</ref>

(*For language details see [[Albert Ekka (Jari) block#Language and religion]])

==Education==
Government High School Jari is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established at Sisikaramtoli in 1960. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class X. The school has a play ground and a library with 1,200 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/gumla/20161411301/govt-upg-hs-jari.html | title = Government High School Jari | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 25 October 2021}}</ref>

St. Piyush Janta High School Bhikhampur is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established at Bhikhampur in 1965. It has facilities for teaching from class VII to class X. The school has a playground and a library with 2,200books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/gumla/20161407601/st-piyus-janta-hs-bhikhampur.html | title = St. Piyus Janta HS Bhikhampur | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 25 October 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Gumla district]]

Jaldega

2024-09-26T03:19:13Z

Ayman: details

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jaldega
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5768|N|84.8118 |E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Simdega district|Simdega]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3161
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages *
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835201
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 06525
| registration_plate = JH 20
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 75.06%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Khunti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khunti]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kolebira (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kolebira]]
| website = {{URL|simdega.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
|}}
'''Jaldega''' is a village in the [[Jaldega block|Jaldega]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Simdega subdivision]] of the [[Simdega district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map

| width=400| height=300| zoom=9

| coord={{coord|22|32|0|N|84|31|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Simdega district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|39|10|N|84|55|18|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Bano | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Bano, Simdega]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|26|3|N|84|43|24|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Bansjore| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Bansjore]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|25|52|N|84|20|41|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bolba| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bolba]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|34|36|N|84|48|42|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Jaldega| numbered4=R| mark-title4= Jaldega (R)|shape-color4=black| label-size4=13|label-color4=black 
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|42|45|N|84|25|56|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Pakartanr| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Pakartanr]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|31|32|N|84|13|53|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Kersai| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Kersai]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|42|15|N|84|41|34|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Kolebira| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Kolebira]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|33|31|N|84|7|10|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Kurdeg| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Kurdeg]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|30|15|N|84|30|46|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Thethaitangar| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Thethaitangar]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|37|12|N|84|29|48|E}} | label-pos10=top|label10=Simdega| numbered10=M| mark-title10= [[Simdega]] (M) |label-color10=#800000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|44|40|N|84|35|10|E}} | label-pos11= top|label11=Palkot |labela11= Wildlife|labelb11= Sanctuary | numbered11=T| mark-title11= [[Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color11= #74C365
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|35|40|N|84|21|0|E}} |label12= Sankh River |label-color12 = #77A1CB| label-angle12= -25| label-pos12=top| label-size12=10| mark-size12=0| mark-title12 =none
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|46|0|N|84|52|0|E}} |label13= South Koel |labela13= River |label-color13 = #77A1CB| label-angle13= 20| label-pos13=top| label-size13=10| mark-size13=0| mark-title13 =none
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|30|0|N|84|58|0|E}} |label14= Deo |labela14=River|label-color14 = #77A1CB| label-angle14= 80| label-pos14=top| label-size14=10| mark-size14=0| mark-title14 =none
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|26|0|N|84|29|0|E}} |label15= Chhinda |labela15=River|label-color15 = #77A1CB| label-angle15= 90| label-pos15=top| label-size15=10| mark-size15=0| mark-title15 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|22|35|0|N|84|1|0|E}}|arc-textA= CHHATTISGARH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-70| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.5
|arc-coordB={{coord|22|18|0|N|84|27|0|E}}|arc-textB= ODISHA| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB= -25| arc-gapB=6.5| arc-radiusB=0.5}}

===Location===
Jaldega is located at {{coord|22.5768|N|84.8118|E|display=inline}}

===Area overview===
In the area presented in the map alongside, "the landscape is formed of hills and undulating plateau" in the south-western part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. About 32% of the district is covered with forests (mark the shaded portions in the map.) It is an overwhelmingly rural area with 92.83% of the population living in the rural areas. A major portion of the rural population depends on rain-fed agriculture (average annual rainfall: 1,100-1,200 mm) for a living.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2022_PART_A_DCHB_SIMDEGA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Simdega, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 8: Physical aspects, page 9: Forest, Agriculture, page 33: 2011 Census Findings–Population and its Distribution |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 5 November 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
There is a police station at Jaldega.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/simdega| title = District Police Profile - Simdega| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 3 November 2021| archive-date = 23 October 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211023220940/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/simdega| url-status = dead}}</ref>

The headquarters of [[Jaldega block|Jaldega]] CD block are located at Jaldega village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2022_PART_A_DCHB_Simdega.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Simdega, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Simdega district on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 3 November 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Jaldega had a total population of 3,161, of which 1,496 (47%) were males and 1,665 (53%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 475. The total number of literate persons in Jaldenga was 2,016 (75.06% of the population over 6 years.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2022_PART_B_DCHB_SIMDEGA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Simdega, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 376718, pages 108-109|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 3 November 2021}}</ref>

(*For language details see [[Jaldega block#Language and religion]])

==Education==
S.S. High School is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1964. It has facilities for teaching in class I to class XII. The school has a playground and a library with 234 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/simdega/20210706408/ss-+2-high-school-jaldega.html | title = SS +2 High School Jaldega| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 3 November 2021}}</ref>

[[Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya]] is a Hindi-medium institution established in 2007. It has facilities for teaching in class VI to class XII. The school has a playground and a library with 159 books and has 5 computers for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/simdega/20210706406/kgbv-jaldega.html | title = KGBV Jaldega| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 3 November 2021}}</ref>

Project Girls High School Jaldega is a Hindi-medium girls only institute established in 1984. It has facilities for teaching in classes VI and X. It has a playground and a library with 250 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/simdega/20210706410/project-girls-high-school-jaldega.html | title = Project Girls High School Jaldega| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 3 November 2021}}</ref>

Model School Jaldega is an English-medium coeducational institute established in 2011. It has facilities for teaching from class VI to class X.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/simdega/20210706412/model-school-jaldega.html | title = Model School Jaldega| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 3 November 2021}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
There is a Community Health Centre (Hospital) at Jaldega.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://simdega.nic.in/en/public-utility-category/hospitals/ | title = Hospitals | publisher = Simdega district administration | access-date = 3 November 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Simdega district]]

Madhya Pradesh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission

2024-09-22T05:27:39Z

Ayman: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission]]

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