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Oinam Dilip

2026-05-05T13:44:13Z

Axis: new new details...

{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

'''Oinam Dilip''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥꯝ ꯗꯤꯂꯤꯞ}}), also known as '''Dilip Oinam''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯗꯤꯂꯤꯞ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥꯝ}}), is an Indian [[Meitei culture|Manipuri artist]] known for his paintings and solo exhibitions. He is based in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. He participates in various group shows and has received recognition for his work both in [[India]] and abroad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Shades of the East and North east to be displayed in the Capital 201300627|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2013.Shades_of_the_East_and_North-east_to_be_displayed_in_the_Capital_201300627|access-date=2025-11-05|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Samom|first=Sobhapati|date=2018-12-25|title=Manipuri artist Dilip gets Rising Star award in New Delhi|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipuri-artist-dilip-honoured-in-delhi.html|access-date=2025-11-05|website=NorthEast Now|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Khumukcham|first=Rinku|date=2018-12-26|title=Oinam Dilip honoured with "Rising Star" award|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/oinam-dilip-honoured-with-rising-star-award/|access-date=2025-11-05|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Oinam Dilip was born and raised in [[Manipur]]. He began painting at a young age and won several art competitions at both the state and national levels. He later moved to New Delhi to pursue higher studies and graduated with a degree in [[Fine arts]] (B.F.A) from the College of Art, [[New Delhi]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Pa and Pi A solo exhibition by Oinam Dilip 20140106|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=announcements.Ann_2014.Pa_and_Pi_A_solo_exhibition_by_Oinam_Dilip_20140106|access-date=2025-11-05|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

== Career ==

Dilip Oinam is a freelance artist whose works have been collected in [[Meitei people in Korea|Korea]], [[Meitei people in the United Kingdom|the United Kingdom]], [[Meitei people in the United States|the United States]], and Egypt. He has worked with Art Alive, one of India's prominent art galleries in New Delhi.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" />

== Style and themes ==

Dilip's paintings often feature larger-than-life figures, including children, women, and couples. His works are influenced by his personal experiences and the culture of [[Northeast India]]. Early in his career, his work was influenced by [[Bengal]] artists and the contemporary [[South Asia]]n art scene, with themes of solitude, darkness, and sentimentalism.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Homecoming Solo Painting Exhibition by Oinam Dilip 20170628|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Top_Stories.Top_Stories_2018.Homecoming_Solo_Painting_Exhibition_by_Oinam_Dilip_20170628|access-date=2025-11-05|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=NEWS|first=NE NOW|date=2018-07-05|title=Manipuri artist showcases cultural vibrancy in exhibition|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipuri-artist-showcases.html|access-date=2025-11-05|website=NorthEast Now|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Chakraborty|first=Proma|date=2018-06-28|title=Bringing memories home|url=https://thepatriot.in/culture/bringing-memories-home-1965|access-date=2025-11-05|website=The Patriot|language=en-US}}</ref>

In his recent works, he focuses on the cultural and anthropological vibrancy of North East India. His paintings use multi-layered, vibrant acrylic strokes to depict flora, fauna, identity-based images, and cultural objects. Most of his paintings are figurative, allowing viewers to connect with representational art.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" />

Dilip aims to document lost and forgotten traditions of his culture. He combines realism and abstraction to create visual tension and highlight the diversity of North East Indian culture.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" />

== Awards ==

In 2018, Oinam Dilip received the ART INC “Rising Star” award. The award included a trophy, certificate, and cash prize. It was presented by Renu Rana of ART INC at a ceremony on December 24 at the India International Centre in New Delhi. The jury included prominent artists such as Arpana Caur, Niren Sengupta, Hemant Khandelwal, and Biman Das.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" />

== Exhibitions ==

=== Art Meets Fashion (2019) ===

Dilip's first exhibition, Art Meets Fashion, was held from November 24 to December 4, 2019, at Ningthibee Collection in [[Imphal]], Manipur. The event combined Dilip's paintings, a neo art installation by Kenny Ngairangbam, and a fashion showcase by Sailex Ngairangbam.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" />

=== Homecoming (2018) ===

The solo exhibition Homecoming was held at the India International Centre, New Delhi, from July 4 to 10, 2018. The exhibition featured 15 to 17 works inspired by North East Indian culture and identity. The paintings explored themes of home, folklore, tribals, and traditional practices, showing both real and abstract elements.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=2018-07-06|title=Paintings representing north east India at this exhibition in Delhi|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/paintings-representing-north-east-india-at-this-exhibition-in-delhi/articleshow/64886668.cms|access-date=2025-11-05|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" />

Dilip explained that the exhibition was a way to reconnect with his native culture and to present the vibrancy of North East India to a wider audience. He aimed to counter misconceptions and increase awareness of the region's culture.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" />

=== Pa & Pi ===

Dilip also held a solo exhibition titled Pa & Pi, which showcased a collection of his works reflecting his artistic transitions and explorations of life's complexities. The exhibition highlighted themes of innocence, human relationships, and cultural expression.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[Oinam family]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dilip, Oinam}}
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:People from Manipur]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Rail transport in Haryana

2026-05-05T10:26:09Z

Axis: new a pg

{{Short description|Train service in the northern Indian state}}

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox rail
| railroad_name =
| logo_filename =
| logo_size = 75px
| system_map = Indianrailwayzones-numbered.png
| map_caption = [[Indian Railways]] zones in [[Haryana]]: 1=Northern Railway (Ambala-Yamunanagar-Kalka), 11=North Western Railway (Loharu-Hisar-Fatehabad-Sirsa), and 13=North Central Railway (Delhi and the rest of Haryana)
| map_size =
| map_alt = Numbered, colour-coded map of Indian Railways zones
| marks =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| locale =
| start_year = {{start date|1952}}
| end_year = present
| predecessor_line =
| successor_line =
| gauge = Mixed
| old_gauge =
| electrification =
| length =
| hq_city = [[New Delhi railway station]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Rail transport in the state of Haryana''', [[India]], is conducted by five rail divisions in three zones: the [[North Western Railway zone]] (the [[Bikaner railway division|Bikaner]] and [[Jaipur railway division]]s), [[Northern Railway zone]] (the [[Delhi railway division|Delhi]] and [[Ambala railway division]]s), and [[North Central Railway zone]] (the [[Agra railway division]]). The [[Diamond Quadrilateral]] [[High-speed rail in India|high-speed rail network]],<ref name=harhsrn1/> [[Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor]],<ref name=hardfc1/> and [[Western Dedicated Freight Corridor]]<ref name=hardfc2/> pass through Haryana.

=={{anchor|Haryana railway history|Museums}}History==
{{See also | Template:Railway stations in Haryana | label 1 = Stations in Haryana | Rail transport in India#History | label 2 = IR history | North_Western_Railway_zone#History | label 3 = NWR history | Northern_Railway_zone#History | label 4 = NR history | North_Central_Railway_zone#History | label 5 = NCR history | History of Haryana | label 6 = Haryana History }}

===19th century===
[[File:India_railways1909a.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|alt=1909 Indian rail map|The Indian railway network in 1909]]
On 3 March 3, 1859, the [[Allahabad]]-[[Kanpur]] line ([[North India]]'s first passenger railway line) opened; it is now part of the Northern Railway zone.<ref name="Indian Railways">{{cite web|author=Asiatradehub.com.com|title=India – Infrastructure Railways|url=http://www.asiatradehub.com/India/railways.asp|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=16 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016092740/http://www.asiatradehub.com/India/railways.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tracks passing through Haryana were completed in 1864, when a [[broad gauge]] track from [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] to [[Delhi]] was laid.<ref name=del1>{{cite book |title=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India|The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 11]] |chapter=Delhi District: Trade and communications|publisher=Oxford at Clarendon Press |year=1909|page=229 |chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_235.gif |ref=Hist }}</ref> In 1866, trains started running on the [[East Indian Railway Company]]'s Howrah-Delhi line.<ref name=irfcai>{{cite web| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html |title=IR History: Early History (1832-1869)| publisher=IRFCA| access-date=28 June 2013}}</ref> In 1870, the [[Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway]] completed its {{convert|483|km|mi|0|adj=on}} long [[Amritsar railway station|Amritsar]]-[[Ambala Cantonment Junction railway station|Ambala]]-[[Jagadhri]]-[[Saharanpur railway station|Saharanpur]]-[[Ghaziabad railway station|Ghaziabad]] line connecting [[Multan Cantonment railway station|Multan]] (in present-day [[Pakistan]]) with [[Delhi Junction railway station|Delhi]].<ref name=timeline>{{cite web|last=R. P. Saxena|title=Indian Railway History Time line|url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm|work=Irse.bravehost.com|access-date=24 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229092028/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm|archive-date=29 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Sarai Rohilla railway station]] was built in 1872, when the [[metre gauge]] railway line from Delhi to [[Jaipur]] and [[Ajmer]] was laid. It was a small station just outside Delhi, which was then a walled city. All [[metre-gauge]] trains between Delhi and [[Rewari]], Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat passed through Sarai Rohilla. Metre-gauge track from Delhi to [[Rewari railway junction|Rewari]] and Ajmer was laid in 1873 by the [[Rajputana State Railway]].<ref name=del1/>

In 1884, the [[Rajputana-Malwa Railway]] extended the {{RailGauge|1000mm}}-wide (metre-gauge) [[Bathinda–Rewari line|Delhi-Rewari]] section of its [[Delhi–Fazilka line]] to Bathinda.<ref name="hisar">{{cite web| url= http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| title= Gazetteer of India, Haryana, Hisar| at= Communications, page 135| publisher= Haryana Government| access-date= 10 May 2014| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| archive-date= 1 May 2014| df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php/Rajputana-Malwa_State_Railway |title = Rajputana Malwa State Railway| website=fibis| access-date = 10 May 2014}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=October 2016}} It became the Delhi-Bathinda-Samasatta line, and was opened by the Southern Punjab Railway Company in 1897.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |title= IR History: Early Days II (1870-1899)| access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref> The line passed through the Muktasar and Fazilka [[tehsil]]s and connected [[Samma Satta]] (in present-day Pakistan) directly to [[Karachi]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/muktsar/Chapter%207.htm|title= Chapter VII Communications|access-date= 26 February 2014|archive-date= 23 February 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140223172820/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/muktsar/Chapter%207.htm|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/muktsar/Chapter%207.htm|title= Chapter VII Communications|access-date= 1 March 2014|archive-date= 23 February 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140223172820/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/muktsar/Chapter%207.htm|url-status= dead}}</ref> The Bathinda-Rewari metre-gauge line was converted to {{RailGauge|1676 mm|lk=on}}-wide [[broad gauge]] in 1994.<ref name="over"/>

The [[Delhi-Kalka line|Delhi-Panipat-Ambala-Kalka line]] was opened in 1891.<ref name=EarlyDays>{{cite web|title=IR History: Early Days II (1870-1899) |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html| access-date=7 March 2014}}</ref> The {{RailGauge|610mm}}-wide [[narrow gauge]] Kalka-Shimla Railway, built by the Delhi-Panipat-Ambala-Kalka Railway Company, opened in 1903.<ref>"Engineer" journal article, circa 1915, reprinted in Narrow Gauge & Industrial Railway Modelling Review, no. 75, July 2008</ref> In 1905, the line became {{RailGauge|762mm}}-wide narrow gauge.

===20th century===
In 1900, the [[Jodhpur–Bathinda line|Jodhpur–Bikaner line]] was merged with the Jodhpur-Hyderabad Railway. Part of this railway is in present-day Pakistan, with connections to [[Hyderabad]] in [[Sindh]]. In 1901–1902, the line was extended to [[Bathinda]] to connect it with the metre-gauge section of the [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]] and the metre gauge of the [[North Western State Railway|North Western Railway]] [[Delhi–Fazilka line]] via Hanumangarh.<ref name=fibis>{{cite web| url = http://www.wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Jodhpur-Bikaner_Railway| title = Jodhpur-Bikaner Railway| publisher = fibis| access-date = 10 May 2014| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140202124719/http://www.wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Jodhpur-Bikaner_Railway| archive-date = 2 February 2014| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=irfcaii>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |title = IR History: Part II (1870-1899)| publisher=IRFCA | access-date = 10 May 2014}}</ref> On the Indian border, it was later converted to broad gauge.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=37655|title = Railway line along Indian border| publisher= Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India, 21 April 2008| access-date = 10 May 2014}}</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was arrested at the Palwal station on his way to [[Punjab]] for an April 1919 [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|non-cooperation movement]] meeting, and a six-foot commemorative statue of Gandhi was installed in October 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/community/gandhi-s-statue-damaged-in-palwal/202427.html|title=Gandhi's statue damaged in Palwal : The Tribune India}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180123074439/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31973&articlexml=EMU-rams-into-train-near-Palwal-driver-dies-09122015005025 EMU rams into train near Palwal, driver dies]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/indias-fastest-train-gatimaan-express-to-become-operational-by-march-2016/articleshow/49577908.cms|title=India's fastest train Gatimaan Express to become operational by March 2016|first=Arvind|last=Chauhan|work=The Economic Times |date=29 October 2015|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

In 1926, the [[New Delhi railway station]] opened to serve the new imperial capital. Before the capital was founded in 1911, the [[Delhi Junction railway station|Old Delhi Railway Station]] served the city. The [[Agra]]-Delhi railway line ran through [[Lutyens' Delhi]], known for its [[India Gate]] war memorial and the [[Rajpath]], but was moved to the [[Yamuna]] river and opened in 1924 to make way for the new capital. The Minto (Shivaji) and Hardinge (Tilak) rail bridges were built for the rerouting.

The [[East Indian Railway Company]], who oversaw railways in the region, sanctioned the construction of a single-story building with one platform between [[Gates of Delhi#Gates in the 7th city|Ajmeri Gate]] and [[Paharganj]] in 1926; this was later known as New Delhi railway station. Government plans to have the station built inside the Central Park of [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] were rejected by the rail company as impractical.<ref name="htcresent">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/CP-s-blueprint-Bath-s-Crescent/Article1-659739.aspx|title=CP's blueprint: Bath's Crescent|date=8 February 2011|work=Hindustan Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103040022/http://www.hindustantimes.com/CP-s-blueprint-Bath-s-Crescent/Article1-659739.aspx|archive-date=3 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Work continued after the station opened, and the New Delhi Capital works project to construct {{convert|4.79|mi|km}} of new lines was completed in 1927 and 1928. The [[viceroy]] and royal retinue entered the city through the new station during the 1931 New Delhi inauguration. New structures were added to the station, and the original building became the parcel office.<ref name=ht>{{cite news|title=A fine balance of luxury and care|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/chunk-ht-ui-newdelhi100years-topstories/A-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/Article1-723880.aspx|work=Hindustan Times|date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214175839/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/chunk-ht-ui-newdelhi100years-topstories/a-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/article1-723880.aspx|archive-date=14 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=When Railways nearly derailed New Delhi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/When-Railways-nearly-derailed-New-Delhi/Article1-652023.aspx|work=Hindustan Times|date=18 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926091104/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/When-Railways-nearly-derailed-New-Delhi/Article1-652023.aspx|archive-date=26 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 5 November 1951, the Jodhpur–Bikaner line was merged with the [[Western Railway (India)|Western Railway]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?id=0,1,283 | title = Western railway history}}</ref> Construction began to convert its metre gauge to {{RailGauge|1676 mm|lk=on}} broad gauge and build a link to [[Phulera]],<ref>{{cite web| url = http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lsdeb/ls10/ses1/02060891.htm |title = Written answers to Question asked in Parliament | work= Railway expansion programme in Rajasthan|publisher= Government of India| access-date = 7 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508030734/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lsdeb/ls10/ses1/02060891.htm|archive-date=May 8, 2014}}</ref> and it was the Jodhpur–Merta City–Bikaner–[[Bathinda]] line by 2008.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=37655|title = Railway line along Indian border| publisher= Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India, 21 April 2008| access-date = 7 May 2014}}</ref> On April 14, 1952, the [[Northern Railway zone]] was created with the merger of the [[Jodhpur State Railway|Jodhpur State]], [[Bikaner State Railway|Bikaner State]] and [[Eastern Punjab Railway]]s and three [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]] divisions northwest of [[Mughalsarai]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].

In 1976–77, the Ghaziabad-Nizamuddin-New Delhi-Delhi line was electrified.<ref name=tun1>{{cite web| url=http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html| title=History of Electrification| publisher=IRFCA| access-date=28 June 2013}}</ref> On 1 July 1987, the [[Ambala railway division]] was created when 639 km of tracks were transferred from the Delhi Division and 348 km were transferred from the Firozpur Division; it became operational on 15 August 1988. Sixty-two percent of the division is in Punjab, with the rest in Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and [[Chandigarh]]. The division has 141 stations, including the [[World Heritage Site]] [[Kalka Shimla Railway]].<ref name=amb1>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,263,314,319 Ambala Division map and history].</ref>

Electrification continued during the 1990s, and the Sabjimandi-Karnal sector was electrified between 1992 and 1995.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 3 March 2014}}</ref> The Ambala-Chandigarh sector was electrified in 1998 and 1999<ref name=ir1>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 21 February 2014}}</ref> and was followed by Chandigarh-Kalka, electrified in 1999 and 2000.<ref name=ir1/>

Before December 1994, the Delhi-Rewari line had double metre-gauge tracks; that year, one track was converted to broad gauge as part of the Ajmer-Delhi line conversion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history5.html|title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ - IR History - 1970 - 1994|website=www.irfca.org}}</ref> Both tracks between the Sarai Rohilla and Delhi railway stations were converted to broad gauge within a few years, and metre-gauge trains stopped operating from the Delhi station.<ref name=roh1/>

==={{anchor|21st Century}}21st century===
The North Western Railway zone was created on 1 October 2002,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261 |title=North Western railway history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031916/http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1%2C261 |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref> followed by the [[North Central Railway zone]] on 1 April 2003. The second metre-gauge track from Sarai Rohilla to Rewari was converted to broad gauge by September 2006, and metre-gauge trains stopped operating between the stations; the converted track opened for public use in October 2007.<ref name=roh1>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=31676 Press Information Bureau English Releases]</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/08/stories/2007100854500400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013182649/http://hindu.com/2007/10/08/stories/2007100854500400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 October 2007 | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Delhi-Haryana rail link gets better | date=8 October 2007}}</ref> Broad-gauge conversions were adjusted for the [[Bikaner–Rewari line]] between 2008 and 2011,<ref name="over">{{cite web | url = http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1390378076313-Overview%20dt.21.01.14.pdf | title = Overview of Bikaner Division | publisher = North Western Railway | access-date = 7 May 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140508030427/http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1390378076313-Overview%20dt.21.01.14.pdf | archive-date = 8 May 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> and for the metre-gauge Hisar-Sadulpur section in 2009.<ref name="over"/><ref>{{cite web| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/map/route-bhatinda-rewari-passenger-54781-bti-to-re/4110/109/356| title=Bathinda–Rewari line route map| website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

A 104-km survey for the [[Panipat–Meerut line]] was part of the 2010–11 rail budget. The project, costing {{₹|948|link=yes}} [[crore]], was approved in the 2017-18 budget.<ref name=pani1>[https://www.jagran.com/haryana/panchkula-haryana-got-much-lower-than-expected-in-rail-budget-13635778.html Haryana gets much less than expected in rail budget], [https://www.jagran.com/haryana/panchkula-haryana-got-much-lower-than-expected-in-rail-budget-13635778.html Jagran], 25 February 2016.</ref> New lines were built and opened in 2013. The [[Chandigarh–Sahnewal line]] (also known as the Ludhiana-Chandigarh rail link) was inaugurated,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130419/ldh1.htm |title= New Rail Link |publisher= The Tribune, 19 April 2013| access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref> the broad-gauge, electrified [[Rewari–Rohtak line]] was built,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/haryana-gets-first-functional-railway-line-after-33-years/article4283307.ece |title= Haryana gets first functional railway line after 33 years|publisher= Business Standard, 7 January 2013| access-date = 26 February 2014}}</ref> and the foundation stone for the shifting of a section of the [[Rohtak]]-Gohana-Panipat line was laid.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=2919&id=0,4,268 |title = Minister for Railways Sh. Mallikarjun Kharge lays the foundation stones of 'Rohtak-Meham-Hansi new line and shifting of Rohtak-Makrauli section of Rohtak-Gohana-Panipat section today | publisher= Northern Railway | access-date = 3 March 2014 }}</ref>

A re-survey of the [[Yamunanagar–Chandigarh line]], costing {{INR|25 crore}}, was part of the 2016–17 rail budget. The total cost of the project was {{INR}}875 crore.<ref name="pani1" /> In the 2017-18 rail budget, Indian Railways approved the Panipat-Jind line and Panipat-Rohtak line electrification plans costing {{INR}}980 core. A Panipat-Shamli-Baghpat-Meerut line was approved for {{INR}}2,200 crore.

By December 2017, 6,095 [[Global Positioning System|GPS]]-enabled Fog Pilot Assistance System [[railway signalling|railway-signaling]] devices had been installed in the [[Northern Railway zone|Northern]], [[North Central Railway zone|North Central]], [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern]] and North Western Railway zones. The devices ended the practice of putting firecrackers on train tracks to alert train drivers to reduce speed; the location of signals, level-crossing gates and other such markers is known in advance.<ref name=fog1>[//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62042305.cms Indian Railways to use GPS-enabled devices to fight fog this season], [[The Economic Times|Economic Times]], 12 Dec 2017.</ref> The [[Rewari Railway Heritage Museum]], built in 1893, is India's only surviving [[steam locomotive]] shed.

=={{anchor|Map and plans}}Network==
[[Haryana Space Applications Centre, Hisar]] (HARSAC) has produced the state's railway map, and its lines are included in the rail "pink book".<ref>[http://hrsdi.in/link/feature/Transport.pdf Multi-model transport network map of Haryana], [[Haryana Space Applications Centre, Hisar]].</ref><ref>[http://hrsdi.in/link/feature/Rail%20Network.jpg Railway network of Haryana], HARSAC.</ref><ref>[http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,539,1809 Pink book], Indian Railway.</ref>

===Divisions and workshops===
Haryana has [[Indian Railways organisational structure|five divisions in three rail zones]], and each division has its own workshops.

* [[North Western Railway zone]]
** The [[Bikaner railway division]] manages the network in [[Hisar division|western]] and [[Gurugram division|southern]] Haryana, covering the [[Jodhpur–Bathinda line|Bhatinda-Dabwali-Hanumangarh]], [[Bathinda–Rewari line|Rewari-Bhiwani-Hisar-Bathinda]], Hisar-Sadulpur and Rewari-Kanina-Loharu-Sadulpur lines.<ref name=harrlyz22>[http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1450093153283-BKN.pdf Bikaner Division map and history]</ref><ref name="over"/> A-category stations are Bhiwani and Hisar; Sirsa is a B-category station; D-category stations are Ellenabad, Mandi Dabwali, Bhattu, Mandi Adampur, Hansi, Loharu, Charkhi Dadri, Kanina, Mahendragagh and Kosli, and Satrod is an E-category station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1416202417100-Infrastructure.pdfNWR|title=infra}}</ref> There are sidings at Sirsa for [[Food Corporation of India|FCI]], and at Jharli for the [[Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project|thermal power plant]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1416206138460-Goods%20Siding.pdf|title=NWR railway Bikaner division slidings}}</ref> Railway health units are at Sirsa and Hisar (one doctor at each), and the Railway Divisional Hospital is at Lalgarh (on the outskirts of Bikaner).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,354,495|title=North Western Railway / Indian Railways Portal|website=nwr.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>
** The [[Jaipur railway division]] manages the network in [[Hisar division|south-west Haryana]], covering the [[Delhi–Jaipur line|Rewari-Reengas-Jaipur]], Delhi-Alwar-Jaipur and Loharu-Sikar lines.<ref name=jaip1>[http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1450093177866-JP.pdf Jaipur division network map]</ref>
* [[Northern Railway zone]]
** The [[Delhi railway division]] manages the network in [[Karnal division|north]], [[Rohtak division|east, and central]] Haryana, covering the [[Delhi–Kalka line|Delhi-Panipat-Ambala]], [[Delhi–Fazilka line|Delhi-Rohtak-Tohana]], [[Rewari–Rohtak]], Jind-Sonepat and [[Delhi–Jaipur line|Delhi-Rewari lines]].<ref name=harrlyz21>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,263,314,315 Delhi division map and history]</ref><ref name="harrlyz5"/><ref name=harrlyz6>{{Cite web|url = http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,263,314,319|title = Ambala Railway Division|access-date = 13 January 2016|website = [[Railway Board]]|publisher = [[Northern Railway zone]]}}</ref><ref name=harrlyz3>{{cite web|title=Statement showing Category-wise No.of stations in IR based on Pass. earning of 2011 |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf |access-date=15 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128044328/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI%26ACategoryStns.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name=harrlyz4>{{cite web|title=PASSENGER AMENITIES - CRITERIA= For Categorisation Of Stations |url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1432447500773-23.Passenger%20Amenities%20PDF.pdf |access-date=15 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045206/http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1432447500773-23.Passenger%20Amenities%20PDF.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref>
** The [[Ambala railway division]] manages a small part of the network in [[Ambala division|north-east Haryana]], covering the [[Moradabad–Ambala line|Ambala-Yamunanagar]] and [[Delhi–Kalka line|Ambala-Kurukshetra lines]] and the UNESCO World Heritage Site [[Kalka–Shimla Railway]].<ref name="amb1" /> There are two workshops in the division: [[Carriage & Wagon Workshop, Jagadhari]] and [[Carriage & Wagon Workshop, Kalka]], for narrow gauge.<ref>[http://www.kalkashimlarailway.in/ksr/kalkaworkshop.jsp Kalka workshop]</ref>
* [[North Central Railway zone]]
** The [[Agra railway division]] manages the [[Palwal railway station|Palwal]]-[[Mathura Junction railway station|Mathura]] line in [[South Haryana|south-east Haryana]].<ref name=harrlyz11>{{Cite web|url=https://ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,262|title=North Central Railways / Indian Railways Portal|website=ncr.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=harrlyz1>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261|title=North Central Railways / Indian Railways Portal|website=www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in|access-date=4 December 2017}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Rail lines|Existing Rail lines}}Lines===

* North Western Railway zone
** Bikaner railway division<ref name=harrlyz22/><ref name="over"/>
*** [[Jodhpur–Bathinda line|Bhatinda-Dabwali-Hanumangarh line]]
*** [[Bathinda–Rewari line|Rewari-Bhiwani-Hisar-Bathinda]] and Hisar-Sadulpur lines
*** Rewari-Kanina-Loharu-Sadulpur line
*** Bhiwani-Rohtak line
*** Hisar-Hansi-Rohtak line (under construction)
*** [[Hisar-Agroha line]] (surveyed and approved)
*** [[Hisar-Jind line]] (surveyed)
*** [[Hansi-Narnaund-Jind line]] (being surveyed)
** [[Jaipur railway division]]<ref name=jaip1/>
*** [[Delhi–Jaipur line|Rewari-Reengas-Jaipur line]]
*** Delhi-Alwar-Jaipur line
*** Loharu-Sikar line
* [[Northern Railway zone]]
** [[Ambala railway division]]<ref name=amb1/>
*** [[Moradabad–Ambala line|Ambala-Yamunanagar line]]
*** [[Delhi–Kalka line|Ambala-Kurukshetra line]]
*** Kalka–Shimla Railway
*** [[Chandigarh-Adi Badri-Paonta Sahib line]] (surveyed in 2012)
*** [[Yamunanagar-Chandigarh line]] (new line, being resurveyed)
** [[Delhi railway division]]<ref name=harrlyz21/><ref name=harrlyz5>{{cite web|title=Zones and their Divisions in Indian Railways |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf |work=Indian Railways |access-date=13 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319003737/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name=harrlyz6/><ref name=harrlyz4/>
*** [[Delhi–Kalka line|Delhi-Panipat-Ambala line]]
*** [[Delhi–Fazilka line|Delhi-Rohtak-Jind- Narwana-Tohana- Jakhal line]]
*** Narwana-[[Kaithal]]-Kurukshetra line
*** [[Rewari–Rohtak line]]
*** Jind-Sonepat line (via Gohana)
*** Jind-Panipat line (via Safidon)
*** Rohtak-Panipat line (via Gohana, being elevated)<ref name=railp2>[http://www.uniindia.com/rly-min-gives-approval-for-accelerated-speed-rail-route-between-delhi-and-hisar/states/news/1091064.html Rly Min gives approval for accelerated speed rail route between Delhi and Hisar], United News, 29 Dec 2017.</ref>
*** [[Delhi–Jaipur line|Delhi-Rewari line]]
*** [[Panipat-Meerut line]] (surveyed)
* [[North Central Railway zone]]
** [[Agra railway division]]<ref name=harrlyz11/><ref name=harrlyz1/>
*** [[Palwal railway station|Palwal]]-Mathura line

==={{anchor|Future projects|Haryana current projects}}Projects===
Undertaken by Indian Railways and Rail Infrastructure Development Company (Haryana) (H-RIDE, also known as the Haryana Rail Infrastructure Development Corporation).
* Announced in 2018 (feasibility studies):<ref name=railp1>[https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/seven-rail-projects-7-star-village-scheme-announced-in-1155064-2018-01-26 7 new projects announced], India Today, 26 January 2018.</ref>
:* [[Karnal]]-[[Yamunanagar]] line,<ref name=railp1/> with additional funding in the 2019-20 rail budget<ref name=unionr1>[https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/budget-2019-439-km-new-rail-projects-will-get-speed-in-haryana New rail projects will get speed in Haryana], Amar Ujala, 3 Feb 2019.</ref>
:* [[Kaithal]]-Karnal- Meerut line
:* [[Yamunanagar]]-Chandigarh via [[Naraingarh]] and [[Sadhaura]]:<ref name=railp1/> A 91-km link sent to the planning commission in 2013.<ref name=railp5/> An MoU was signed in 2015,<ref name=railp4/> and it was included in the 2018 pink book.<ref name=pinkNR1/> Additional funding was allocated in the 2019-20 union railway budget.<ref name=unionr1/> As of Feb 2025, it will cost Rs 901 cr, detailed study is complete, work will commence soon.<ref name=bnahp2/>
::* Mohali-Rajpura line, 24 km long Rs 406 cr line will provide additional connectivity between Chandigarh and Ambala. As of Feb 2025, the detailed study is about to be completed, work will begin soon.<ref name=bnahp2/>

:* Delhi-Sohna-Nuh-Ferozpur Zhirka-Alwar line:<ref name=railp1/> A 104-km link sent to the planning commission in 2013.<ref name=railp5>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Three-railway-line-projects-for-Haryana-state-government-will-give-50-Hooda/articleshow/21429031.cms Three railway line projects for Haryana, state government will give 50%: Hooda], Times of India, 28 July 2013.</ref> An MoU was signed in 2015,<ref name=railp4/> and it was included in the 2018 pink book.<ref name=pinkNR1/> Additional funding was allocated in the 2019-20 union railway budget.<ref name=unionr1/>
:* Kaithal-Patiala line: A survey, announced in the 2016-17 budget, was completed in January 2019. In January 2019, it was awaiting [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railway Board]] approval for inclusion in the pink book.<ref name=patkath1>[https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/kaithal/91548960152-kaithal-news Patiala-Kaithal rail line survey complete], Amar Ujala, 1 Feb 2019.</ref>
:* Bhiwani-Loharu line via Kairu-Jui:<ref name=railp1/> An MoU was signed in 2015, and H-RIDE will build the section and connect it to the Loharu-Pilani-Jhunjhunu link.<ref name=railp7a/> Additional funding was allocated in the 2019-20 union railway budget.<ref name=unionr1/> The Jaipur-Reengas-Churu line was surveyed in 2015-2016.<ref name=railp7a/>
:* [[Narwana-Hisar line]] (65 km): A survey began in 2018<ref name=railstart1/> of the shortest route via Narnaund.<ref name=railp1/>
::* [[Ukalana-Narwana line]] (29 km): Previously-announced connection to Kurukshetra and Chandigarh<ref name=railp3>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/budget-2016/rail-budget-2016/Hisar-MP-meets-railway-minister-seeks-more-train-for-his-constituency/articleshow/50853516.cms? Hisar MP meets railway minister, seeks more train for his constituency], Times of India, 4 Feb 2017.</ref>
::* [[Hansi-Jind line]] (45 km) via Narnaund: A previously-announced connection,<ref name=railp3/> additional funding was allocated for the Jind-Hisar line in the 2019-20 union railway budget.<ref name=unionr1/>
::* Farrukhnagar-Jhajjar-Charkhi Dadri line (72 km):<ref name=railp1/> Surveyed in 2010,<ref name=railp4/> the next-stage survey began in 2018.<ref name=railstart1>[http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/Haryana%20Samvad%20October%202018.pdf Haryana Samvad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129225259/http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/Haryana%20Samvad%20October%202018.pdf |date=29 November 2018 }}, Oct 2018.</ref><ref name=tribs>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/governance/state-got-many-rail-projects-this-time/48485.html State got several railway projects], The Tribune, Feb 2015.</ref> Additional funding was allocated in the 2019-20 union railway budget.<ref name=unionr1/>
::* [[Jhajjar-Palwal line]] (95 km): Includes the 30-km Jhajjar-[[Farukh Nagar]] link and the 60-km [[Patli, Haryana|Patli]]-[[Sohna]]-[[Manesar]]-[[Asaoti]]([[Palwal]]) link along the [[Western Peripheral Expressway]], it was approved by the Haryana government in December 2018 and approval from the railway board was expected shortly.<ref name=railb1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/haryana-clears-railway-link-between-panipat-and-palwal-awaits-centres-nod/articleshow/67136167.cms Haryana clears railway link between Panipat and Palwal, awaits centre's nod], Times of India, Dec 2018.</ref>
::* Surveys for the Rajgarh-Taranagar-Sardarshar and Sardarshar-Bhadra-Sirsa lines were completed in 2015-16.<ref name=railp7a/> km <ref name=railp7a/>
::* [[Hisar Airport]] line: As of December 2018, the Hisar-Jakhal line would be extended to Hisar Airport as an integrated transport hub.<ref name=hsrairrail1>[https://www.jagran.com/haryana/hisar-hissar-airport-will-be-connected-directly-to-delhi-from-railline-18783898.html Hissar airport will be connected directly to delhi from railline], Dainik Jagran, 25 Dec 2018.</ref>
::* [[Chandigarh]](Kalka)-[[Baddi]] line (23.33 km): Included in the 2018 NR pink book,<ref name=pinkNR1/> a preliminary engineering-cum-traffic survey was done in 2010.<ref name=railp6/> In November 2017, Haryana announced that a {{INR}}175 crore, 22-hectare land acquisition was in progress.<ref name=railp7>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1516704736381-IMP%20PROJECTS%20%20Nov17.pdf NR current survey status 2017].</ref> In December 2024, Chandigarh-Baddi will cost ₹1,540 crore, railway has released its share of ₹217.75 crore but delay is being caused as the Himachal state govt is yet to release its share of ₹145.75 to the railway.<ref name=bnahp1>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/union-railway-minister-blames-himachal-govt-for-delay-in-two-rail-projects-101734547287178.html Union railway minister blames Himachal govt for delay in two rail projects], Hindustan Times, 19 Dec 2024.</ref> In Dec 2024, 67% budget has been spent, and work will be completed by 31 June 2026.<ref>[http://www.cspm.gov.in/ocmstemp/PROJ_SUMMARY?prcd=N22000467&stat=O Baddi rail update], cspm.gov.in, Dec 2024.</ref> In Feb 2025, work was 27% complete.<ref name=bnahp2>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/minister-announces-chd-ynagar-rail-link/articleshow/117894747.cms Manister provides update on Baddi railway], Times of India, 4 Feb 2025.</ref> The DPR for 25 km Baddi-[[Ghanauli]] extension was ready in 2026 where it will connect to the [[Bhanupli–Leh line]].

::* Manesar railway sliding project for Maruti Udyog as part of HORC<ref name=railp1/>

* Announced c. February 2015:
:* Karnal-Yamuna Nagar line<ref name=railp4/>
:* [[Panipat-Meerut line]] (104 km): Surveyed and included in the 2018 NR pink book.<ref name=pinkNR1/>
:* Kaithal-Karnal line
:* Jakhal-Ratia-Fatehabad line<ref name=railp4/>
:* Fatehabad-Mansa-Bhatinda line<ref name=railp4/>
:* Hisar-Sirsa via Agroha Fatehabad<ref name=railp4>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/haryana-railways-for-speedy-implementation-of-projects/article6843866.ece Haryana, Railways for speedy implementation of projects], [[The Hindu]], 1 Feb 2015.</ref> (93 km) link: Sent to the planning commission in 2013.<ref name=railp5/> Survey completed and included in the 2018 pink book;<ref name=pinkNR1/> {{INR}}40 lakh was allocated in the 2019-20 union railway budget for a final, detailed survey.<ref name=unionb1>[https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/budget-2019-new-raliline-between-hissar-to-sirsa-in-haryana New raliline between Hissar to Sirsa in Haryana], Amar Ujala, 3 Feb 2019.</ref>
:* Rewari-Palwal (via Bhiwadi) line<ref name=railp4/> Survey completed as part of the [[NCR Proposed Transport Plan#Regional Orbital Rail Corridor (RORC)|NCR Regional Orbital Rail Corridor]] (RORC).{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410214930/http://samit.org/irmap/03.jpg |date=10 April 2021 }}
:* Alwar-Narnaul-Mahendragarh-Charkhi Dadri line: Announced in 2014, but not yet surveyed.<ref name=upa1>[https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/mahendragarh-narnaul/61503344150-mahendragarh-narnaul-news छह वर्ष बाद भी अलवर-चरखी दादरी रेलवे लाइन के सर्वे का इंतजार], Amar Ujala, 2017.</ref>

* Previously surveyed:<ref name=railp6/>
:* Kaithal-Pundri-Karnal line (92 km): Surveyed in 2010<ref name=railp6>[http://www.projectstoday.com/News/Survey-of-rail-lines-in-Haryana-underway Survey of railway lines], Project Today, 2010.</ref>
:* Patiala-Samana-Jakhal-Narwana line (93 km): Surveyed in 2010<ref name=railp6/>
:* Bahadurgarh-Jhajjar line (40 km): Surveyed in 2010<ref name=railp6/>
:* Yamunanagar-Kurukshetra-Patiala line (174 km): Surveyed in 2010<ref name=railp6/>
:* Rajgarh-Taranagar-Sardarshar line: Survey completed in 2015-16,<ref name=railp7a>[https://www.patrika.com/story/rajasthan/survey-for-3-new-railway-line-will-start-according-to-rail-budget-2065595.html Rajasthan gets more railines to Haryana and Punjab], Rajasthan Patrika.</ref> with the 100-km Sardarshar-Bhadra-Sirsa line.<ref name=railp7a/> Sardarshar-Loonkaransar was surveyed in 2014.<ref name=railp7a/>

===={{anchor|Under consideration projects}}Under consideration====

* Bilaspur-Paonta Sahib line, to connect the proposed Chandigan-Yamunanagr line to Paonta Sahib and the [[Chota Char Dham Railway]]
* Jhumpa-Bhiwani line
* Narnaul-Charki Dadri-Meham line
* Bhadra-Adampur-Fatehabad-Budhlada line, to connect with the surveyed Sardarshahar-Sirsa line
* Hisar-Kanwari-Tosham-Kairu-Jui-Mahendragarh line
* Charkhi Dadri-[[Jhumpa Khurd]] line
* Charkhi Dadri-Loharu line
* Yamunanagar-Indri-Karnal line
* Fatehabad-Uklana line, to connect with the proposed Uklana-Narwana line
* Jind-Barwala-Agroha-Adampur line
* Karnal-Jind-Hansi-Kanwari-Tosham-Jhumpa line: The [[Kaithal-Pundri-Karnal]] line was surveyed in 2010.<ref name=railp6/>
* Karnal-Deoband and Mujaffarnagar-Deoband-Roorkee lines: Under construction to connect Haryana to Haridwar
* Mujaffarnagar-Shamli-Panipat and Mujaffarnagar-Deoband-Roorkee lines: Under construction to connect Haryana to Haridwar
* [[Meerut-Sonipat line]]
* [[Hisar-Anupgarh line]] via Balsamand-Bhadra-Nohar-Ryanwali-Anupgarh
* [[Bawanikhera-Mahajan line]] via Gohana-Meham-Bawanikhera-Kanwari-Tosham-Siwani-Sahwa-Pallu-Mahajan-Anupgarh
* [[Mandkola-Dhaulpur line]] via Mandkola-Hathin-Uttawar-Punhana-Barsana-Govardhan-Deeg-Bharatpur-Dhaulpur route from where it connects to existing Delhi-Dhaulpur-Gwalior-Nagpur route. Also provides alternate route to Agra and Mathura.<ref name=gwa1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com.sg/maps/dir/Mandkola,+Haryana,+India/Punhana,+Haryana,+India/Barsana,+Uttar+Pradesh,+India/Govardhan,+Uttar+Pradesh,+India/Deeg,+Rajasthan,+India/Takha,+Rajasthan,+India/Bharatpur,+Rajasthan,+India/Dhaulpur,+Rajasthan,+India/@27.1882109,76.725271,8z/data=!4m50!4m49!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d2a054df7153b:0xb7066b2a95d78b18!2m2!1d77.180149!2d28.1345884!1m5!1m1!1s0x397327f479e7e999:0xdc62b112164359e7!2m2!1d77.2054992!2d27.8619041!1m5!1m1!1s0x397319e00db4f8df:0xcb42db313d95573d!2m2!1d77.3768099!2d27.6463577!1m5!1m1!1s0x39730e7d151ec199:0x9831b65b6fd8bd36!2m2!1d77.467329!2d27.4985658!1m5!1m1!1s0x39730438068460c3:0x1b3eaa9309bea2f1!2m2!1d77.3249713!2d27.4723994!1m5!1m1!1s0x3973a066c79bdf99:0x5255201ca2fa567d!2m2!1d77.5218127!2d27.344639!1m5!1m1!1s0x3973a30a845a736f:0x5a0f103593eece08!2m2!1d77.489515!2d27.216981!1m5!1m1!1s0x3973fe530ac264cb:0x74cb065dee7ab3b6!2m2!1d77.893391!2d26.7025181!3e0|title=Mandkola to Dholpur|website=Mandkola to Dholpur}}</ref>

===={{anchor|Under construction projects}}Under construction====
* Hisar-Hansi-Rohtak line: Rohtak-Meham under construction, with completion scheduled for June 2019; Hansi-Hisar tenders underway in November 2017.<ref name=railp7/>
* Palwal-Firozepure Jhirka-Alwar line, via Palwal-Mandkola-Nuh-Bhadas-Firozepure Jhirka-Ootwar-Alwar<ref name="gaj11">{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/map/train-running-status-runicha-express-14659/15108/349/1260|title=Runicha Express/14659 Train Running Status Merta Road/MTD to Phalodi/PLCJ - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

====NCR projects====
* [[NCR Proposed Transport Plan#Regional Orbital Rail Corridor (RORC)|NCR Regional Orbital Rail Corridor (RORC)]]
:* [[Panipat-Rohtak line]] via Panipat-Gohana-Rohtak
:* [[Rewari–Rohtak line|Rohtak-Rewari line]] via Rohtak-Jhajjar-Rewari
:* [[Rewari-Khurja line]] via Rewari-Bhiwadi-Nuh-Palwal-Khurja: Survey completed<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://samit.org/irmap/03.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 January 2018 |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410214930/http://samit.org/irmap/03.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref>
:* [[Delhi–Meerut–Saharanpur line|Khurja-Meerut line]] via Khurja-Bulandshahr-Hapur-Meerut
:* [[Meerut-Panipat line]]: Surveyed; the project will cost {{INR}}2,200 crore.<ref name=cr1>[https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/baghpat/bicegi-meerut-panipat-railway-line-soon-sinha Meerut-Panipat railway line soon], Amar Ujala, 2016.</ref>
* [[NCR Proposed Transport Plan#Inner Regional Orbital Rail Corridor (IRORC)|NCR Inner Regional Orbital Rail Corridor (IRORC)]]
:* [[Sonepat-Jhajjar line|Sonepat-Bahadurgrah-Jhajjar line]]
:* [[Jhajjar-Gurgaon line|Jhajjar-Farukh Nagar-Gurgaon line]]
:* [[Gurgaon-Faridabad line]]
:* [[Faridabad-Dadri line]]
:* [[Delhi–Meerut–Saharanpur line|Dadri-Ghaziabad line]]: Also part of the [[RapidX|RRTS]] corridor
:* [[Ghaziabad-Kundali line]] via Baghpat
:* Hisar<ref name=beora1>[http://www.wcr.indianrailways.gov.in/TenderDetails_cpp.jsp?T_ID=3554&lang=0&id=0, Bhopal-Ramganj rail link tender]</ref><ref name=beora2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com.sg/maps/dir/Ramganj+Mandi,+Rajasthan,+India/Biaora,+Madhya+Pradesh,+India/Bhopal,+Madhya+Pradesh,+India/@23.9501908,75.5560246,236686m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m20!4m19!1m5!1m1!1s0x39656d1c996799b9:0x46c58bdd9effa2f9!2m2!1d75.9434209!2d24.6495542!1m5!1m1!1s0x397b6b7fd0bde47f:0xfe49a311c66d279!2m2!1d76.9113222!2d23.9185649!1m5!1m1!1s0x397c428f8fd68fbd:0x2155716d572d4f8!2m2!1d77.412615!2d23.2599333!3e0|title=Ramganj Mandi to Bhopal|website=Ramganj Mandi to Bhopal}}</ref>
:* Bhopal-Beora-Ramganj-Jhalawar link: Tenders were issued in 2014.<ref name=beora1/><ref name=beora2/>

===={{anchor|Other future projects of interest}}Himachal Pradesh ====
* [[Bhakra Nangal Dam|Nangal Dam]]-[[Talwara]] line (83.74 km): Included in the 2018 pink book.<ref name=pinkNR1/> In December 2025, INR 2568 crore have been spent, Talwara-Mukerian seciton is complete and operational since January 2019, and 52 km long Punab section (Talwara-Una-Daulatpur-Kartoli) is underway.<ref>BHANUPLI – BILASPUR – MANALI -LEH RAILWAY PROJECT, India MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS reply to LOK SABHA to UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 673, ANSWERED ON 03.12.2025.</ref>
* [[Banopli]]-[[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]-Beri line (63.1 km): Included in the 2018 pink book.<ref name=pinkNR1/>
* Chadigarh(Kalka)-Baddi line (33.23 km): Included in the 2018 pink book.<ref name=pinkNR1/>
* [[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]]-[[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]] line (50 km): Included in the 2018 pink book.<ref name=pinkNR1/>

====Punjab====
New links near the Haryana border:
* Abohar-Fazilka line (42.717 km): Included in the 2018 pink book.<ref name=pinkNR1>[http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Budget_2017-18/Pink_Book_2017-18/NR_Pink_Book_2017-18.pdf Northern Railway Pink Book 2018].</ref>
* [[Chandigarh]]-[[Ludhiana]] line (112 km): Included in the 2018 pink book.<ref name=pinkNR1/>

====Rajasthan====
* Bhatinda-Dabwali-Hanumangarh-Pilibangan-Suratgarh line:<ref name=gaj2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com.sg/maps/dir/Bathinda,+Punjab,+India/Suratgarh,+Rajasthan,+India/@29.7652453,73.866682,9z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x39173297173abbcd:0xa00033c0a58a5ac8!2m2!1d74.9454745!2d30.210994!1m5!1m1!1s0x391672455682778f:0xe7a450855d8abc95!2m2!1d73.9009228!2d29.32186!3e0|title=Bathinda to Suratgarh|website=Bathinda to Suratgarh}}</ref> Electrification began in 2018–19 at a cost of {{INR}}350 crore.<ref name=gaj7>[https://www.patrika.com/hanumangarh-news/good-news-electricity-train-project-work-in-rajasthan-routes-2931138/ Hisar-Bhatinda-SuratGarh electrification has commenced], Rajasthan Patrika, 2017.</ref>
* New rail links near the Haryana border:
** Sardarshar-Lunkaransar line (82 km): A survey was announced in 2013 to connect end points for military requirements.<ref name=gaj1/> In the 2015 budget, an additional {{INR}}9 lakh was allocated for survey work.<ref name=gaj9/>
** Sardarshar-Taranagar-Sadulpur (Rajgarh) line (100 km): A survey was announced in 2015 to connect existing end points.<ref name=gaj9>[https://www.google.com.sg/maps/dir/Sadulpur,+Rajasthan+331023,+India/Taranagar,+Rajasthan+331304,+India/Sardarshahar,+Rajasthan+331403,+India/Suratgarh,+Rajasthan,+India/Gajsinghpur,+Rajasthan,+India/Sardarshahar,+Rajasthan,+India/Loonkaransar,+Rajasthan,+India/Sardarshahar,+Rajasthan,+India/Sirsa,+Haryana,+India/@29.0172576,73.2882578,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m56!4m55!1m5!1m1!1s0x3913a08bbe521667:0xf9168a4c7e72bd6f!2m2!1d75.3820239!2d28.6353435!1m5!1m1!1s0x39138133f9f73873:0x9c3d273872fb6b2!2m2!1d75.0354017!2d28.6714683!1m5!1m1!1s0x3914f6a6785c7779:0xad5bb85018bacb0b!2m2!1d74.493705!2d28.440419!1m5!1m1!1s0x391672455682778f:0xe7a450855d8abc95!2m2!1d73.9009228!2d29.32186!1m5!1m1!1s0x393d87dfc753f72b:0xe7d9be80b4ff7f72!2m2!1d73.4386466!2d29.6598368!1m5!1m1!1s0x3914f6a6785c7779:0xad5bb85018bacb0b!2m2!1d74.493705!2d28.440419!1m5!1m1!1s0x39159c27e88609e3:0x5a57b1f494438223!2m2!1d73.7458334!2d28.4960789!1m5!1m1!1s0x3914f6a6785c7779:0xad5bb85018bacb0b!2m2!1d74.493705!2d28.440419!1m5!1m1!1s0x39114db0893d723d:0xc51125be998c4f95!2m2!1d75.0177029!2d29.5335931!3e0 4 new rail lines from Sardarshar being surveyed: Sardarshar-Taranagar-Sadulpur (Rajgarh) line, Sardarshar-Loonkaransar line, Sardarshar-Suratgarh-Gajsinghpur line and Sardarshar-Sirsa line].</ref>
** Sardarshahar-Nohar-Sirsa line via Jingana-GudianaKhera-Arniawali-Bajekan (94 km): A survey was announced in 2013, and cost estimates were prepared.<ref name=gaj4>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com.sg/maps/dir/Sardarshahar,+Rajasthan,+India/Sirsa,+Haryana,+India/@28.9823518,73.5792814,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x3914f6a6785c7779:0xad5bb85018bacb0b!2m2!1d74.493705!2d28.440419!1m5!1m1!1s0x39114db0893d723d:0xc51125be998c4f95!2m2!1d75.0177029!2d29.5335931!3e0|title=Sardarshahar to Sirsa|website=Sardarshahar to Sirsa}}</ref> In the 2015 budget, an additional {{INR}}14 lakh allocated for survey work.<ref name=gaj9/>
** Sardarshahar-Suratgarh-Gajsinghpur line (115 km): A survey was announced in 2015.<ref name=gaj10>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com.sg/maps/dir/Sardarshahar,+Rajasthan,+India/Suratgarh,+Rajasthan,+India/Gajsinghpur,+Rajasthan,+India/@29.0443252,72.8544109,8z/data=!4m20!4m19!1m5!1m1!1s0x3914f6a6785c7779:0xad5bb85018bacb0b!2m2!1d74.493705!2d28.440419!1m5!1m1!1s0x391672455682778f:0xe7a450855d8abc95!2m2!1d73.9009228!2d29.32186!1m5!1m1!1s0x393d87dfc753f72b:0xe7d9be80b4ff7f72!2m2!1d73.4386466!2d29.6598368!3e0|title=Sardarshahar to Gajsinghpur|website=Sardarshahar to Gajsinghpur}}</ref><ref name=gaj9/>
** Gajsinghpur (Pakistani border)-Padampur-Goluwala-Pilibanga-Rawatsar-Sahawa-Taranagar-Daderwa-Sadulpur(Rajgarh) line: A survey was announced in 2013 to connect end points for military requirements.<ref name=gaj1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com.sg/maps/dir/Gajsinghpur,+Rajasthan+335024,+India/Padampur,+Rajasthan,+India/Goluwala,+Padampur+-+Pakka+Saharana+Road,+Goluwala,+Rajasthan,+India/Rawatsar,+Rajasthan,+India/Taranagar,+Rajasthan,+India/Dadrewa,+Rajasthan+331023,+India/Sadulpur,+Rajasthan,+India/Sardarshahar,+Rajasthan,+India/Loonkaransar,+Rajasthan,+India/@29.0416067,73.2890762,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m56!4m55!1m5!1m1!1s0x393d87dfc753f72b:0xe7d9be80b4ff7f72!2m2!1d73.4386466!2d29.6598368!1m5!1m1!1s0x39162f8647aeaf73:0x47788b1710b979fb!2m2!1d73.6256574!2d29.707549!1m5!1m1!1s0x39165ca3250e7d95:0x78db651f82214dc2!2m2!1d74.0499893!2d29.633042!1m5!1m1!1s0x391682cd7ca4b23b:0x87f8ebb484d48b29!2m2!1d74.4048831!2d29.2565632!1m5!1m1!1s0x39138133f9f73873:0x9c3d273872fb6b2!2m2!1d75.0354017!2d28.6714683!1m5!1m1!1s0x39139c17084fad45:0x738b368735523a3a!2m2!1d75.233321!2d28.6731005!1m5!1m1!1s0x3913a08bbe521667:0xf9168a4c7e72bd6f!2m2!1d75.3820239!2d28.6353435!1m5!1m1!1s0x3914f6a6785c7779:0xad5bb85018bacb0b!2m2!1d74.493705!2d28.440419!1m5!1m1!1s0x39159c27e88609e3:0x5a57b1f494438223!2m2!1d73.7458334!2d28.4960789!3e0|title=Gajsinghpur to Lunkaransar|website=Gajsinghpur to Lunkaransar}}</ref> In the 2015 budget, an additional {{INR}}44 lakh was allocated for survey work.<ref name=gaj9/>
** Neemkathana (on the Delhi-Rewari-Jaipur line)-Sikar-Salasar-Sujangarh line (150 km): A survey was announced in 2013.<ref name=gaj3>[https://www.google.com.sg/maps/dir/Neem+Ka+Thana,+Rajasthan,+India/Udaipurwati,+Rajasthan+333307,+India/Sikar,+Rajasthan,+India/Salasar,+Rajasthan,+India/Sujangarh,+Rajasthan,+India/@27.713107,74.5599698,9z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m31!4m30!1m5!1m1!1s0x396d26227b56f23b:0xa85357dcdab851ee!2m2!1d75.777846!2d27.7393659!1m5!1m1!1s0x396ccf72f528c065:0x82896f56d11d6d6e!2m2!1d75.4752537!2d27.7303717!1m5!1m1!1s0x396ca4b82334472b:0x7f485cce3a6bf355!2m2!1d75.139911!2d27.6094!1m5!1m1!1s0x396b4c28bada7101:0x8b8ce5b9179cb04a!2m2!1d74.7249281!2d27.7254672!1m5!1m1!1s0x396b31622e7294dd:0xe63e4daa8042e520!2m2!1d74.4642861!2d27.7044756 3 new surveys and additional budget for 4 previously planned surveys in 2015 budget announced by the Railway Minister Suresh Prabhu], 2015.</ref>
** Alwar-Behror-Narnaul-Charkhi Dadri line: A survey, announced in 2013, was pending approval in 2015.<ref name=gaj5>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com.sg/maps/dir/Alwar,+Rajasthan,+India/Narnaul,+Haryana,+India/Charkhi+Dadri,+Haryana,+India/@28.0727729,75.8117785,9z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m20!4m19!1m5!1m1!1s0x3972998fa7e65df3:0x38cebba39ee426f2!2m2!1d76.6345735!2d27.5529907!1m5!1m1!1s0x3912b5dccc290669:0xb8c594abbb4a77a3!2m2!1d76.1014781!2d28.0657961!1m5!1m1!1s0x391285f529f6044b:0xa2e5e564399fbacc!2m2!1d76.2652909!2d28.5920617!3e0|title=Alwar to Charkhi Dadri|website=Alwar to Charkhi Dadri}}</ref>
** [[Dausa]]-[[Gangapur, Sawai Madhopur|Gangapur]] line (92.67 km): Included in the 2018 NCR pink book<ref name=pinkNR3/>
** [[Ratlam]]-[[Banswara]]-[[Dungarpur]] line (176.47 km): Included in the 2018 NCR pink book.<ref name=pinkNR3>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Budget_2017-18/Pink_Book_2017-18/04-Pink%20Book%202017-18-NWR.pdf|title=2018 NWR Pink Book}}</ref>
** Gauge conversions (planned completion March 2022):
*** [[Jaipur]]-[[Reengus]]-[[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]] and [[Sikar]]-[[Loharu]] (320.04 km): Included in the 2018 [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]] pink book.<ref name=pinkNR3/>
*** [[Suratpura]]-[[Hanumangarh]]-[[Sri Ganganagar]] (240.95 km): Included in the 2018 NCR pink book.<ref name=pinkNR3/>
*** [[Sadulpur]]-[[Bikaner]] and [[Ratangarh, Churu|Ratangarh]]-[[Degana]] (394.35 km): Included in the 2018 NCR pink book.<ref name=pinkNR3/>
* New rail links from [[Rajasthan]] to [[Madhya Pradesh]]:
** Jhalawar-Biaora-Bhopal line: A tender was issued for construction in 2014.<ref name=gaj6>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com.sg/maps/dir/Jhalawar,+Rajasthan,+India/Biaora,+Madhya+Pradesh,+India/Bhopal,+Madhya+Pradesh,+India/@23.9219608,75.6646468,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m20!4m19!1m5!1m1!1s0x39653ede53cfaf07:0x31263af08bba421e!2m2!1d76.1609838!2d24.5973494!1m5!1m1!1s0x397b6b7fd0bde47f:0xfe49a311c66d279!2m2!1d76.9113222!2d23.9185649!1m5!1m1!1s0x397c428f8fd68fbd:0x2155716d572d4f8!2m2!1d77.412615!2d23.2599333!3e0|title=Jhalawar to Bhopal|website=Jhalawar to Bhopal}}</ref>
** Gauge conversions (planned completion March 2022):
*** Jaipur-Bhopal link: [[Gwaliar]]-[[Sheopur]]-[[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] line (284 km) included in the 2018 NCR pink book.<ref name=pinkNR2>[http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Budget_2017-18/Pink_Book_2017-18/03-Pink%20Book%202017-18-NCR.pdf 2018 NCR Pink Book].</ref>
*** Agra-Kota-Ujjain-Khandwa-Akola-Washim link: Gangapur, Sawai Madhopur [[Dhaulpur]]-Sirmuttra-[[Gangapur, Sawai Madhopur|Gangapur]] line (144.6 km) included in the 2018 NCR pink book.<ref name=pinkNR2/>

===={{anchor|UP}}Uttar Pradesh====
New rail links near the Haryana border:
* Karnal-Haridwar: [[Deoband]]-[[Roorkee]] line (27.45 km) included in the 2018 pink book.<ref name=pinkNR1/>
* [[Mathura]]-[[Vrindavan]] line (11 km) included in the 2018 NCR pink book.<ref name=pinkNR2/>

===={{anchor|NCR CMG connectivity}}Uttrakhand====
[[Char Dham Railway]]: New rail links in [[Uttrakhand]] near the Haryana border

====National freight corridors====
The [[Diamond Quadrilateral]] [[High-speed rail in India|high-speed rail network]]<ref name=harhsrn1>{{citation|title=Address by The President of India to the Joint sitting of Parliament 2014|url=http://www.pmindia.gov.in/President_Address.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714225448/http://www.pmindia.gov.in/President_Address.pdf|archive-date=14 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and the [[Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor|Eastern]] (72 km)<ref name=hardfc1>{{cite web|url=http://dfccil.gov.in/dfccil_app/Eastern_Corridor|title=Eastern DFC|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-date=26 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126065737/http://dfccil.gov.in/dfccil_app/Eastern_Corridor|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Western Dedicated Freight Corridor]]s (177 km)<ref name=hardfc2>{{cite web|url=http://dfccil.gov.in/dfccil_app/Western_Corridor|title=Western DFC|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-date=3 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203070023/http://dfccil.gov.in/dfccil_app/Western_Corridor|url-status=dead}}</ref> pass through Haryana.

===={{anchor|UNESCO Heritage rails|Tourist circuit rail|Luxury rail}}Special rail====
* [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage]] [[Kalka Shimla Railway]] with [[Dome car|vistadome]]
* Tourist rail: The Sri Krishna circuit on the Vrindavan-Mathura-Govardhan-Barsana-Kurukshetra route and the Hemu heritage circuit on the [[Rewari Railway Heritage Museum#Development plans|Delhi-Rewari-Madhogarh]]-Panipat route<ref name=dev1>[http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=491571 Railway heritage theme park on the anvil at Rewari], Daijiworld, 19 Jan 2018.</ref>
* [[Luxury rail trains in India|Luxury trains in Haryana]] are the [[Rewari Railway Heritage Museum#Facilities|Delhi-Rewari Fairy Queen Heritage Train]] and the proposed [[Rewari Railway Heritage Museum#Development plans|Delhi-Rewari-Madhogarh Heritage Rail Circuit]].<ref name=dev1/>

===High-speed rail===

===={{anchor|Semi-High Speed rail: 160-200 km}}Semi-high-speed rail (160-200 km/h)====
The [[High-speed rail in India#Semi-high speed systems progress|Delhi-Agra and Delhi-Chandigarh routes]] will be converted to an average speed of 160–200 km per hour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/railways-completes-pilot-project-for-semi-high-speed-train-114070400107_1.html|title=Railways completes pilot project for semi-high-speed train}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.masterbuilder.co.in/indian-railways-to-launch-semi-high-speed-bullet-trains-on-three-routes/ |title=Indian Railways To Launch Semi High Speed Bullet Trains On Three Routes |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-date=25 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325122802/http://www.masterbuilder.co.in/indian-railways-to-launch-semi-high-speed-bullet-trains-on-three-routes/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=====Rapid Rail Transport System (RRTS)=====
{{main| National_Capital_Region_Transport_Corporation#RRTS_Project_-_Background | label 1 = RRTS in the NCR}}
The under-construction [[Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi-Alwar RRTS]] and [[Delhi–Sonipat–Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi-Sonepat-Panipat RRTS]] will pass through Haryana. In December 2017, the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] signed cooperation agreements with [[Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias]] (Spain's state-owned company) and [[SNCF|Société nationale des chemins de fer français]] (France's state-owned company) to develop rapid-rail smart projects. The Delhi-Meerut, Delhi-Panipat and Delhi-Alwar Smart Lines have been prioritized for inclusion in the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation#Phase I|first phase of NCR RRTS]], and will operate from [[Sarai Kale Khan]] in Delhi. With a 180-km/h design speed, 160-km/h operational speed and 100-km/h average speed, six-car trains carrying 1,154 passengers will run every 5 to 10 minutes on underground or elevated tracks where passengers will not have to change trains. Thirty-five to 40 percent of funding will be from the central and state governments, with the remaining 60 percent from multilateral funding agencies.<ref name=smart1>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/dec/01/india-spain-to-cooperate-on-rapid-rail-project-1715366.html India Spain cooperate in rail], 1 December 2017.</ref><ref name=smart2>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/on-tracks-direct-trains-on-high-speed-rail-corridor-to-and-from-most-ncr-towns/story-jpcYpkBt5gs8H7SmcR8dwK.html "On track: Direct trains on high-speed rail corridor to and from most NCR towns"], ''Hindustan Times'', 28 November 2017.</ref><ref name=smart3>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/high-speed-rail-link-by-2023-to-cut-journey-time-to-30-minutes-at-100-km/h-between-kashmere-gate-and-gurgaon/articleshow/58324162.cms "High speed rail link by 2023 to cut journey time to 30 minutes at 100 km/h between Kashmere Gate and Gurgaon"], ''[[The Economic Times]]'', 23 April 2017.</ref> The Delhi-Alwar line will have 19 stations: nine underground stations from [[Maharana Pratap Inter State Bus Terminus|ISBT Kashmere Gate]] to [[Kherki Daula]] and 10 elevated stations on its 124.5-km route.<ref name=smart3/>

===={{anchor|High Speed 200-500 km/h rail}}High-speed rail (200-500 km/h)====
{{main| High-speed_rail_in_India#High-speed rail | label 1 = High-speed rail progress}}
The [[Diamond Quadrilateral]]'s [[Diamond Quadrilateral#Route|Delhi-Mumbai]] and [[Delhi–Amritsar high-speed rail corridor|Delhi–Amritsar high-speed rail]] lines, via [[Sohna]]-[[Rewari]]-[[Narnaul]], will pass through Haryana.<ref name="harhsrn1" /> The [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] established the [[High Speed Rail Corporation of India Limited]] on February 12, 2016, to promote high-speed rail corridors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hsrc.in/projects.html|title=Welcome to HSRC|website=hsrc.in|access-date=2017-07-20}}</ref> The ministry's "Vision 2020" [[white paper]] envisages regional high-speed rail projects to provide service at 250–350 km/h, and plans for corridors connecting commercial, tourist, and pilgrimage hubs. Six corridors have been identified for technical studies on high-speed elevated-rail corridors, including two in Haryana.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/infra/downloads/VISION_2020_Eng_SUBMITTED_TO_PARLIAMENT.pdf |title=Indian Railways: Vision 2020 |access-date=2014-11-29 |website=Indian Railways |date=December 2009}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Metro train|Current}}Metro service===

* Faridabad and Ballabgarh: [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)]]
* Bahadurgarh: [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)]]
* Gurugram: [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)]] and [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon]]

====Proposed====
* Chandigarh and Panchkula: [[Chandigarh Metro]]
* Sonipat extension ([[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]]): In June 2017, the Haryana [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] approved an investment of {{INR}}968.20 (US$150 million) as its share of the 80:20 equity ratio with the union government for the {{convert|4.86|km|mi|adj=on}} extension of the [[Delhi Metro]] from [[Rithala metro station|Rithala]] to [[Sonipat]] via [[Bawana]], with three elevated stations: at [[Narela]] in Delhi, on the Delhi border at the [[Kundli, Haryana#Kundli Industrial Area|Kundli Industrial Area]], and at the Nathupur Industrial Area in Sonipat. They were planned to be built from April 2018 to March 2022 as part of the metro's Phase IV.<ref name=SonipatMetro>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/58947659.cms Delhi Metro to be extended till Haryana's Sonepat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729003949/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/58947659.cms |date=29 July 2017 }}, [[The Economic Times]], 1 July 2017.</ref>
* Bahadurgarh Green Line extension: An extension of the Green Line from [[Mundka]] along [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH 9]] was scheduled for completion by December 2017.<ref name=bdrgh1>[http://www.eturbonews.com/156568/delhi-metros-longest-line-majlis-park-shiv-vihar-set-open Delhi Metro's longest line: Majlis Park to Shiv Vihar set to open], Eturbo News, Juergen T Steinmetz, 6 June 2017.</ref>
* Rohtak Green Line extension: An extension of the Green Line from [[Bahadurgarh]]<ref name=dna1/>
* Jhajjar Blue Line extension: To [[Najafgarh]] and Kharkari in Delhi and [[Badli, Jhajjar|Badli]] and [[Jhajjar]] in Haryana.
* Dwarka-AIIMS Bhadsa-Farukh Nagar-Gurugram Blue Line extension: From [[Dwarka]] to [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi Extension, Jhajjar|AIIMS Jhajjar]] at [[India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi Extension, Jhajjar|Badsha]], [[Farukh Nagar]] and Gurugram in Haryana.<ref name=AIMMSJ1>[http://www.drugtodayonline.com/medical-news/institutions/1910-aiims-demands-metro-connectivity-to-its-jhajjar-centre.html AIIMS demands metro connectivity to its Jhajjar centre]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Drug Today News, 14 May 2015.</ref>
* Dwarka-Gurugram Blue and Orange Line Airport Express extension: A second connection via [[Kapashera]] and [[Bijwasan railway station|Bijwasan]], on the Haryana border.<ref name=Hindu1>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/metro-to-connect-huda-city-centre-station-with-gurugram-railway-station/article18380037.ece Metro to connect HUDA City Centre station with Gurugram railway station ], [[The Hindu]], 4 May 2017.</ref> A proposal was prepared in November 2017 for two routes.<ref name=ujala1>[http://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/metro-train-to-be-start-from-huda-city-centre-to-gurugram-railway-station-and-dwarka "हुडा सिटी सेंटर से रेलवे स्टेशन व द्वारका तक मेट्रो चलाने की तैयारी."], [[Amar Ujala]], 17 Nov 2017</ref>
* Gurugram-Manesar Yellow Line extension: To the [[Manesar]] industrial township in the west<ref name=dna1>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-expected-pm-narendra-modi-to-announce-metro-s-extension-to-other-parts-of-haryana-says-cm-bhupinder-hooda-2122498 Expected PM Narendra Modi to announce Metro's extension to other parts of Haryana, says CM Bhupinder Hooda], DNA India News, September 2015.</ref>
* Balramgrah (Faridabad)-Palwal Violet Line extension: From Balramgarh ([[Ballabhgarh]]) to [[Palwal]] district headquarters<ref name=dna1/>

=={{anchor|Multimodel transit centres (MMTC)}}Multimodal transport==
Five [[Western Peripheral Expressway#Multimodal Transit Centres|Multimodal Transit Centres]] (MMTCs) are being built along the [[Western Peripheral Expressway]] (WPE) near railway stations, metro, RRTS and national highways:
* Sonipat: Kundli MMTS, between the [[Rajiv Gandhi Education City]] RRTS station and the WPE interchange
* Bahadurgarh MMTS, between the Bahadurgarh bus stand and metro station
* Ballabhgarh MMTS, between the Ballabhgarh metro station, the bus stand and the railway station
* Panchagaon Chowk MMTS, between the proposed metro station and the Gurugram RRTS station
* Kherki Daula MMTS, near the proposed metro station, the [[Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi-Alwar RRTS station]] and the bus stand at the junction of Chhapra and Naihati villages.<ref name=out1>[https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/haryana-govt-to-set-up-multi-modal-transit-centres/1227684 Haryana govt to set up multi modal transit centres] Outlook, 11 Jan 2018.</ref>

==={{anchor|Multimodel logistics hubs}}Logistics hubs===
* [[Nangal Choudhary#IMLHNC|IMLH Nangal Choudhary]], in [[Mahendragarh district]], with US$3.3 billion ({{INR}}86,000 crore) in initial investment, is an integrated [[Multimodal transport|multimodal]] logistics hub in [[Nangal Choudhary]] which is part of the [[Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor]] (DMIC) project.<ref name=imlhnc2>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/dubai-based-company-keen-on-investing-in-state/508723.html Dubai-based company keen on investing in state] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206200929/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/dubai-based-company-keen-on-investing-in-state/508723.html |date=6 December 2017 }}, [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 6 Dec 2017.</ref>
* [[Kundli, Haryana#IMT Kundli|IMT Kundli]], in [[Sonepat district]], is part of the DMIC on the [[Western Dedicated Freight Corridor]] (WDFC) and in the influence zone of the [[Amritsar–Kolkata Industrial Corridor]] (ADKIC) on the [[Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor]] (EDFC).<ref name=imlhnc2/>
* [[Manesar#IMT Manesar|IMT Manesar]], in [[Faridabad district]], had over US$10 billion invested by 2017 and is part of the DMIC on the WDFC and in the influence zone of the ADKIC on the EDFC.<ref name=imlhnc2/>
* [[Bawal#IMT Bawal|IMT Bawal]], in [[Rewari district]], is an industrial centre which has been developed by the Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation (HSIIDC). It is part of the DMIC on the WDFC, and is in the influence zone of the ADKIC on the EDFC.<ref name=imlhnc2/>

==Issues==
Issues include a lack of progress on announced projects, comprehensive long-term transport-needs analysis and planning, funding, connectivity, integration with multimodal transport, effective use of existing infrastructure (such as integrated logistics and industrial hubs), and land acquisition.<ref name=issue3>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255710610_Critical_Issues_Related_to_Metro_Rail_Projects_in_India Critical Issues Related to Metro Rail Projects in India], 21 Dec 2017.</ref><ref name=issue1>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/double-lane-rail-track-to-miss-another-deadline/435784.html Double-lane rail track to miss another deadline], The Tribune, 12 July 2017.</ref><ref name=issue2>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Railway-minister-shows-green-light-to-pending-projects-in-state/articleshow/47056727.cms Railway minister shows green light to pending projects in state], Times of India, 2 April 2015.</ref><ref name=issue4>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/nov/15/now-onus-on-states-to-ensure-land-transfer-for-rail-projects-1702120.html Now onus on states to ensure land transfer for rail projects ], [[Indian Express]], 15 Nov 2017.</ref>

==See also==

* [[Indian Railways organisational structure]]
* [[List of airports in India#Haryana|Airports in Haryana]]
* [[List of highways in Haryana]]
* [[Administrative divisions of Haryana]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [http://hrsdi.in/link/feature/Transport.pdf Multi-model transport network map of Haryana], created by [[Haryana Space Applications Centre, Hisar]] (HARSAC)
* [http://hrsdi.in/link/feature/Rail%20Network.jpg Railway network of Haryana], created by HARSAC
* [http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/ Indian Rail (IR), Official website]
* [http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,539,1809 Pink book]
* [http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/ North Western Railway zone (NWR), Official website]
* [http://www.nr.indianrail.gov.in/ Northern Railway zone (NR), Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206155845/http://www.nr.indianrail.gov.in/ |date=6 December 2013 }}
* [http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/ North Central Railway zone (NCR), Official website]

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway Zone]]
[[Category:Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway Zone]]
[[Category:North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway Zone]]
[[Category:Haryana-related lists]]

Block printing in India

2026-05-04T01:09:28Z

Axis: made new stub

{{short description|none}}

[[File:Method of Block printing Chikankari.jpg|thumb|Method of block printing Chikankari in Lucknow (India)]]
'''Block printing in India''' is the traditional use of [[Woodblock printing on textiles|woodblock fabric printing]] in India. It is traditional and has a number of local variations.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=15 May 2019 |title=History Of Block Printing In India - Exploring Indian Textiles |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/history-of-block-prints-indian-textiles-designers-using-ajrakh-dabu-prints |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref> It consists of stamping colored designs on fabric using specially carved wooden blocks.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
[[Fabric printing]] is likely to have originated in China around 2500 BC.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Needleman |first1=Deborah |date=18 May 2018 |title=The Ancient Art of Jaipur Block Printing, and What It Means to India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/18/t-magazine/block-print-jaipur-india.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Textile arts of India]]
[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage of India]]
[[Category:Indian textile artists]]

{{India-culture-stub}}
{{textile-arts-stub}}

Remy Denis

2026-05-02T15:30:30Z

Axis: new info...

{{Short description|Indian mathematician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Remy Denis
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|alt =
|caption =
|order =
|office2 = President, [[All India Catholic Union]]
|term_start2 = 2008
|predecessor2 = [[John Dayal]]
|successor2 =
|constituency2 =
|majority =
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|citizenship =
|party =
|other_party = 
|partner = 
|relations =
|children =
|alma_mater =
|occupation =
|profession = Professor of Mathematics
|cabinet =
|committees =
|portfolio =
}}

'''Remy Denis''' is an Indian mathematician who was elected president of the [[All India Catholic Union]] (AICU) in September 2008, succeeding [[John Dayal]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://aicuindia.org/officebearers.html
|title = Current Office Bearers
|publisher = All India Catholic Union
|accessdate = 2012-04-16
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://archive.today/20121220120901/http://aicuindia.org/officebearers.html
|archivedate = 20 December 2012
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
He was reelected at the annual general meeting of the AICU held in [[Mangalore]] in September 2010.

Denis was a professor in the Department of Mathematics at [[Gorakhpur University]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=147514|title=Kolkata: Catholic Union Expresses Solidarity with North-Eastern States|date=23 August 2012|publisher=All India Catholic Union|via=Daijiworld}}</ref>
In the 1980s, Denis was a member of the Uttar Pradesh Minorities Commission.<ref>{{cite book
|title=National Council of Churches review |volume=109 |page=102
|publisher=National Christian Council of India |year=1989}}</ref>

Denis has taken a somewhat radical position in saying that the clergy should confine itself to ministering to the spiritual needs of the people.
Administration of the material goods of the church should be left entirely to the laity.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.cbcisite.com/cbcinews4092.htm
|work = Catholic Bishops' Conference of India
|title = Modern Pastoral Challenges
|date = 3 November 2009
|author = Averthanus L. D’Souza
|accessdate = 2012-04-08
|url-status = usurped
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100305172834/http://www.cbcisite.com/cbcinews4092.htm
|archivedate = 5 March 2010
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
At a seminar in Goa in August 2009, former Union minister [[Eduardo Faleiro]] said that church property should be brought under the ambit of state laws, as was the case with other religions. This was endorsed by Denis and other liberals. However John Dayal, representing the conservatives in the AICU, opposed any change.
He said that the "Christian situation" was radically and materially different from that of the Hindu, Muslim and Sikh religions, and existing laws were sufficient.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/17952/conservatives-oppose-call-church-assets.html
|title=Conservatives oppose call for Church assets reforms
|author=Devika Sequeira
|work=Deccan Herald
|date=5 Aug 2009
|accessdate=2012-04-08}}</ref>

In February 2012 the AICU announced that it had started planning for a Laity Synod, to be held later in the year. This would be the first time such an event had been arranged in India. It would give the lay members an opportunity to think about their role in the church and the future of the church.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-05/goa/31026404_1_church-vatican-faith
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103080614/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-05/goa/31026404_1_church-vatican-faith
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=3 January 2013
|title=Catholic Union to announce dates of first Laity Synod soon
|date=5 February 2012
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|accessdate=2012-03-05}}</ref>
According to Denis "The Second Vatican Council called for the empowerment of the laity. But after 50 years, there is not much to show".
It was hoped that the synod would help find ways for the laity to become more involved in management of the financial and temporal affairs of the church.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.anglicanjournal.com/nc/other/news-items/archive/2011/05/article/indias-catholics-plan-first-synod-for-lay-people-9780//abp/167.html
|work=Anglican Journal
|title=India's Catholics plan first synod for lay people
|author=ANTO AKKARA
|date=24 May 2011
|accessdate=2012-04-08
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117165709/http://www.anglicanjournal.com/nc/other/news-items/archive/2011/05/article/indias-catholics-plan-first-synod-for-lay-people-9780//abp/167.html
|archive-date=17 January 2013
|url-status=dead
}}
</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Denis, Remy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University]]

Preethi Pal

2026-05-01T13:21:39Z

Axis: new a data

{{Short description|Indian para athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Preethi Pal
| image = Preethi Pal in September 2024.jpg
| caption = Pal in 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2000|9|22}}
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2024 |title=Paralympics 2024: Preethi Pal wins bronze in women's 100m T35, first medal for India in track event at Para Games |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/paralympics-2024-preethi-pal-wins-bronze-womens-100m-t35-final-first-track-medal-for-india-in-para-games-indians-results/article68585381.ece |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>
| sport = [[Para athletics]]
| disability = [[Cerebral palsy]]
| disability_class = [[T35 (classification)|T35]]
| event = [[Sprint (athletics)|Sprints]]
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Paralympic Games]]}}[[File:IPC logo (2019).svg|center|40px]]
{{MedalBronze|[[2024 Summer Paralympics|2024 Paris]]|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's 100 metres T35|100m T35]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2024 Summer Paralympics|2024 Paris]]|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's 200 metres T35|200m T35]]}}
{{MedalCompetition |[[World Para Athletics Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships|2025 New Delhi]]|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships – Women's 100 metres|100m T35]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2024 World Para Athletics Championships|2024 Kobe]]|[[2024 World Para Athletics Championships – Women's 100 metres|100m T35]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2024 World Para Athletics Championships|2024 Kobe]]|[[2024 World Para Athletics Championships – Women's 200 metres|200m T35]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships|2025 New Delhi]]|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships – Women's 200 metres|200m T35]]}}
}}

'''Preethi Pal''' (born 22 September 2000)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preeti Pal Profile - Athletics Player, India {{!}} News, Photos, Stats, Ranking, Records - NDTV Sports |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/athletics/players/121757-preeti-pal-playerprofile |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian para athlete.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2024 |title=Who is Preeti Pal? The first Indian to secure a para-athletics medal at the Paralympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/paris-paralympics/who-is-preeti-pal-the-first-indian-to-secure-a-para-athletics-medal-at-the-paralympics/articleshow/112939937.cms#:~:text=Preeti%20Pal%20has%20made%20history,best%20time%20was%2014.21%20seconds. |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She won two bronze medals at the [[2024 Paralympics|2024 Paris Paralympics]] in the women's 100m and 200m [[T35 (classification)|T35]] race events and created history by becoming the first Indian woman to win two medals in track and field events at [[Paralympic Games]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2024 |title=Preethi Pal creates history with second athletics medal at Paris Paralympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/paris-paralympics/preethi-pal-creates-history-with-second-athletics-medal-at-paris-paralympics/articleshow/112974166.cms |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Pal is from [[Meerut]], Uttar Pradesh. She had cerebral palsy during her childhood, and she could not get proper treatment at Meerut. She trains in Delhi under coach Gajendra Singh, who is also the coach of [[Simran Sharma]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=19 May 2024 |title=Preethi clinches bronze, secures Paralympics quota at World Para Athletics Championships |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/preethi-clinches-bronze-secures-paralympics-quota-at-world-para-athletics-championships/articleshow/110253163.cms |access-date=15 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
In May 2024, she won a bronze at the [[World Para Athletics Championships]] in [[Kobe]], Japan, and clinched an Olympic quota, clocking 30.49 sec in the women's T35 200m event.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 May 2024 |title=Nishad Kumar, Preethi Pal clinch medals as Indians shine in Para Athletics World Championship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/nishad-kumar-preethi-pal-clinch-medals-as-indians-shine-in-para-athletics-world-championship/articleshow/110259987.cms |access-date=15 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She missed a medal twice by a close margin at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]] in [[Hangzhou, China]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2024 |title=Preethi Pal secures India's first medal in women's 200m at Para Athletics C'ships |url=https://thebridge.in/athletics/preethi-pal-india-first-medal-in-women-200m-para-athletics-cships-47380 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref> Earlier in March 2024, she won two gold in the domestic 6th Indian Open Para Athletics Championships at [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2024 |title=World Para Athletics Championships 2024: Praveen finishes fourth in High Jump, Preethi qualifies for final |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/athletics/world-para-athletics-championships-2024-day-2-india-results-praveen-fourth-in-high-jump-preethi-in-final/article68190467.ece |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Cérémonie_des_médailles_du_200_m_femmes_T35_aux_jeux_paralympiques_de_Paris_2024.jpg|alt=Receiving the bronze medal at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|thumb|Receiving the bronze medal at the [[2024 Summer Paralympics]]]]
In 2024, she qualified to represent [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]] at [[Paris]]<ref name=":0" /> and won a bronze medal in the women’s 100m T35 class. She clocked a personal best time of 14.21 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preethi Pal's Stunning Run That Earned India Historic 100m Medal At Paris Paralympics - Watch {{!}} Olympics News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/paralympic-games-2024/preethi-pals-stunning-run-that-earned-india-historic-100m-medal-at-paris-paralympics-watch-6452937 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref>
== Award ==

* [[Arjuna Award]] 2024<ref name="National Sports Day 2024: Full list of Khel Ratna, Arjuna award winners">{{cite news |title=National Sports Day 2024: Full list of Khel Ratna, Arjuna award winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/khel-ratna-arjuna-award-dronacharya-manu-bhaker-d-gukesh-full-list-winners-national-sports-day-2658628-2025-01-02 |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=2 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117160930/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/khel-ratna-arjuna-award-dronacharya-manu-bhaker-d-gukesh-full-list-winners-national-sports-day-2658628-2025-01-02 |archive-date=17 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.paralympic.org/en/paris-2024-paralympics/athlete/preethi-pal_1989522 Preethi Pal] at the [[Paris 2024 Summer Paralympics]] ([https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024-paralympics/athlete/preethi-pal_1989522 alternate link], [https://paris2024.rtve.es/es/paris-2024-paralimpicos/atleta/preethi-pal_1989522 alternate link 2])

{{Paralympic medalists for India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pal, Preethi}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women sprinters]]
[[Category:Paralympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Paralympic bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Athletes from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Meghnad Saha

2026-04-30T08:56:49Z

Axis: quick rework lead as per guidelines further and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian astrophysicist and politician (1893–1956)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Meghnad Saha
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS}}
| image = Dr-Meghnad-Saha.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1893|10|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = Seoratali, [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka district]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British Raj
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1956|2|16|1893|10|6|df=y}}
| death_place = New Delhi, India
| nationality = 
| alma_mater = [[Dhaka College]] 
[[Dhaka Collegiate School]]{{ubl|[[University of Calcutta]]|[[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]]|[[Rajabazar Science College]]}}
| known_for = {{ubl|[[Thermal ionisation]]|[[Saha ionization equation]]}}
| spouse = Radha Rani Saha
| awards =
| footnotes =
| fields = Physics, [[astrophysics]]
| work_institution = {{ubl|[[Allahabad University]]|[[Rajabazar Science College]]|[[University of Calcutta]]|[[Imperial College London]]|[[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]]}}
| academic_advisors = {{ubl|[[Jagdish Chandra Bose]]|[[Prafulla Chandra Ray]]}}
| doctoral_students = {{ubl|[[Samarendra Kumar Mitra]]|[[Daulat Singh Kothari]]}}
| signature = Meghnad-Saha signature.svg
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 3 April 1952
| term_end = 16 February 1956
| constituency = [[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North West]]
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| successor = [[Ashoke Kumar Sen]]
| party = [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)]]
}}
}}

'''Meghnad Saha''' (6 October 1893 – 16 February 1956) was an Indian [[astrophysicist]] and politician who helped devise the theory of [[Thermal ionization|thermal ionisation]]. His [[Saha ionization equation|Saha ionisation equation]] allowed astronomers to accurately relate the [[Stellar classification|spectral classes]] of [[stars]] to their actual temperatures.<ref name="PhysicsToday">{{Cite journal |last=Banerjee |first=Somaditya |date=1 August 2016 |title=Meghnad Saha: Physicist and nationalist |journal=Physics Today |language=en |volume=69 |issue=8 |pages=38–44 |doi=10.1063/PT.3.3267 |issn=0031-9228 |bibcode=2016PhT....69h..38B |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Meghnad-N-Saha |title=Meghnad N. Saha {{!}} Indian astrophysicist |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=12 February 2026 |access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="Distillations">{{cite journal |last1=Kean |first1=Sam |title=A forgotten star |journal=Distillations |year=2017 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=4–5 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/a-forgotten-star/ |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:Meghnad Saha 1934.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Meghnad Saha {{circa}} 1934]]

Meghnad Saha was born on 6 October 1893 to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Bengali Hindu|Dalit]] [[hindu]] family in the village of [[Kaliakair Upazila|Sheoratali]] in [[Gazipur District|Gazipur]], then part of the [[Dhaka Division|Dacca district]] of the [[Bengal Presidency]] (now [[Bangladesh]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Sandhya |date=2023-10-06 |title=Meghnad Saha—polymath, politician, pioneer scientist who is called 'Darwin of astronomy' |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/meghnad-saha-polymath-politician-pioneer-scientist-who-is-called-darwin-of-astronomy/1792478/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=ThePrint |language=en |quote=Born into a 'lower' caste family, he went on to become a polymath, politician, and pioneer scientist who made several seminal contributions to the world of physics.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Arnold |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3gk5j2u5AnUC |title=Science, Technology and Medicine in Colonial India |year=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-42921-4 |pages=193 |language=en |quote=Although the list is in some respects unrepresentative of the widening range of science in late-colonial India, it reflects a growing social and regional diversity. Between 1924 and 1944 the Royal Society elected as Fellows Meghnad Saha, from a low-caste family in east Bengal, S. S. Bhatnagar (a Kayastha) and Birbal Sahni from Punjab, Homi Bhabha, a Parsi from Bombay, C. V. Raman, a Tamil Brahmin, his nephew S. Chandrasekhar, and K. S. Krishnan, Raman's associate and successor as Palit Professor of Physics, also originally from south India.}}</ref> He was the fifth of eight children born to Jagannath Saha, a poor shopkeeper, and his wife, Bhubaneshwari Devi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Banerjee |first=Somaditya |date=2016-08-01 |title=Meghnad Saha: Physicist and nationalist |url=https://physicstoday.aip.org/features/meghnad-saha-physicist-and-nationalist |journal=Physics Today |volume=69 |issue=8 |pages=38–44 |doi=10.1063/PT.3.3267 |bibcode=2016PhT....69h..38B |issn=0031-9228}}</ref> Having faced casteism in his childhood and professional life, Saha grew to detest the [[caste system]] from a young age.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/patrika/article-on-indian-astrophysicist-meghnad-saha-1.891680 |script-title=bn:মেঘনাথ থেকে মেঘনাদ |author=Manna, Arghya |date=3 November 2018 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn |access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref>

During his youth, he was forced to leave [[Dhaka Collegiate School]] because he participated in the [[Swadeshi movement]].<ref name="Banglapedia">{{citation |author=Madhumita Mazumdar and Masud Hasan Chowdhury |chapter=Saha, Meghnad |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Saha,_Meghnad |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |editor=Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |edition=Second |access-date=6 February 2016 |archive-date=10 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110232853/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Saha,_Meghnad |url-status=live}}</ref> After that, he joined [[K. L. Jubilee High School & College]]. He earned his [[Indian School Certificate]] from [[Dhaka College]].<ref name="Banglapedia" /> He was also a student at the [[Presidency College, Kolkata]], and [[Rajabazar Science College]] CU. Saha faced discrimination from other students due to his caste; when he was at the [[Eden Hindu Hostel]], communal students objected to him eating in the same dining hall as them.<ref name="PhysicsToday" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2017/10/27/even-a-scientist-wasnt-spared-caste-discrimination |title=Even a scientist wasn't spared caste discrimination |website=Newslaundry |date=27 October 2017}}</ref>

He was a professor at [[Allahabad University]] from 1923 to 1938, and thereafter a professor and Dean of the Faculty of Science at the [[University of Calcutta]] until his death in 1956. He became a [[Fellow]] of the [[Royal Society]] in 1927.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kothari |first=D. S. |date=1 February 1960 |title=Meghnad Saha, 1893–1956 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |volume=5 |pages=216–236 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1960.0017 |doi-access=free |s2cid=121719435}}</ref> He was president of the 21st session of the [[Indian Science Congress Association#Indian Science Congress sessions|Indian Science Congress]] in 1934.<ref name="Murty">{{cite book |last1=Murty |first1=K. Krishna |title=50 timeless scientists |year=2008 |publisher=[[Pustak Mahal]] |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-223-1030-6 |pages=97–100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WX9r7TAaWgEC&pg=PT51 |access-date=28 July 2017 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226090453/https://books.google.com/books?id=WX9r7TAaWgEC&pg=PT51 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Amongst Saha's classmates were [[Satyendra Nath Bose]], [[Jnan Chandra Ghosh|Jnan Ghosh]], and [[Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee]]. In his later life, he was close to Amiya Charan Banerjee.<ref name="Bose">{{cite journal |last1=Bose |first1=D.M. |title=Meghnad Saha Memorial Lecture, 1965 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy |year=1967 |volume=33A |pages=111–132 |url=http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol33A_1967_3and4_Art01.pdf |access-date=28 July 2017 |archive-date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728215150/http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol33A_1967_3and4_Art01.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Wali">{{cite book |last1=Wali |first1=Kameshar C. |title=Satyendra Nath Bose : his life and times |year=2009 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-279-071-2 |page=462 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2FhDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA462 |access-date=28 July 2017 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226090450/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2FhDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA462 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:M N Saha, J C Bose, J C Ghosh, Snehamoy Dutt, S N Bose, D M Bose, N R Sen, J N Mukherjee, N C Nag.jpg|thumbnail|Saha (seated on left) with other scientists at Calcutta University]]
Saha's study of the [[thermal ionisation]] of [[chemical element|elements]] led him to formulate what is known as the [[Saha ionization equation|Saha ionisation equation]]. This equation is one of the basic tools for interpreting the [[Stellar classification|spectra of stars]]. By studying the spectra of stars, one can find their temperature and, using Saha's equation, determine the ionisation state of the elements making up the star. This was extended by [[Ralph H. Fowler]] and [[Edward Arthur Milne]]. Saha had previously reached the following conclusion on the subject:

{{blockquote|text=It will be admitted from what has gone before that the temperature plays the leading role in determining the nature of the stellar spectrum. Too much importance must not be attached to the figures given, for the theory is only a first attempt for quantitatively estimating the physical processes taking place at high temperature. We have practically no laboratory data to guide us, but the stellar spectra may be regarded as unfolding to us, in an unbroken sequence, the physical processes succeeding each other as the temperature is continually varied from 3000 K to 40,000 K.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hearnshaw |first=John B. |year=2014 |title=The Analysis of Starlight: Two Centuries of Astronomical Spectroscopy |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=136 |isbn=978-1-107-03174-6}}</ref>}}

Saha also invented an instrument to measure the weight and pressure of solar rays.

Meghnad Saha helped to establish several scientific institutions, including the Physics Department at [[University of Allahabad|Allahabad University]] in [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]] (now [[Uttar Pradesh]]) and the [[Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics|Institute of Nuclear Physics]] (now [[Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics]]) in [[Kolkata]]. He founded the journal ''Science and Culture'' and was the editor until his death.<ref>Eminent scientists published by Scholastic India pvt. Ltd.</ref> He was the leading figure in organising several scientific societies, such as the National Academy of Science (1930), the [[Indian Physical Society]] (1934), and the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (1935). He was the director at [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] from 1953 to 1956. The [[Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics]], founded in 1943 in Kolkata, is named after him.{{Sfn|Anderson|2010|p=626}}

Saha stood as a candidate for North-West Calcutta in the [[1951–52 Indian general election|1951 Lok Sabha election]]. He ran as a member of the Union of Socialists and Progressives,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members Bioprofile |url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/981.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306083652/http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/981.htm |archive-date=6 March 2018 |access-date=5 March 2018 |website=164.100.47.194}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biographical Sketch of First Lok Sabha (State wise) |url=http://www.indiapress.org/election/archives/lok01/state/01lswb.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306083659/http://www.indiapress.org/election/archives/lok01/state/01lswb.php |archive-date=6 March 2018 |access-date=5 March 2018 |website=indiapress.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Members : Lok Sabha |url=http://loksabha.nic.in/members/partyardetail.aspx?party_code=125&lsno=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306142321/http://loksabha.nic.in/members/partyardetail.aspx?party_code=125&lsno=1 |archive-date=6 March 2018 |access-date=5 March 2018 |website=loksabha.nic.in}}</ref> but maintained his independence from the party. His goal was to improve the planning of education, industrialisation, healthcare, and river valley development. He was up against [[Prabhu Dayal Himatsingka]]. Due to low funding for his campaign, Saha wrote to the publisher of his textbook ''Treatise on Heat'' to ask for an advance of ₹5000. He was elected by a margin of 16%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1951 to the First Lok Sabha |access-date=5 March 2018 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120817/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |url-status=live}}</ref>

Saha participated in the areas of education, refugees, rehabilitation, atomic energy, multipurpose river projects, flood control, and long term planning. On the dust jacket flap of the book ''Meghnad Saha in Parliament,'' Saha is described as:<blockquote>"Never unduly critical... forthright, so incisive, so thorough in pointing out lapses that the treasury bench was constantly on the defensive. This is brought out by the way he was accused of leaving his laboratory and straying into a territory not his own. But the reason why he was slowly drifting towards this public role (he was never a politician in the correct sense of the term) was the gradually widening gulf between his dream and the reality—between his vision of an industrialised India and the Government implementation of the plan."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181906 |title=Meghnad Saha In Parliament |editor1-last=Chatterjee |editor1-first=Santimay |editor2-last=Gupta |editor2-first=Jyotirmoy |year=1993 |location=Calcutta |publisher=The Asiatic Society |oclc=30000871}}</ref></blockquote>Saha was the chief architect of river planning in India and prepared the original plan for the [[Damodar Valley Project]]. His own observation with respect to his transition into government projects and political affairs was:

{{blockquote|text=Scientists are often accused of living in the "Ivory Tower" and not troubling their mind with realities and apart from my association with political movements in my juvenile years, I had lived in ivory tower up to 1930. But science and technology are as important for administration now-a-days as law and order. I have gradually glided into politics because I wanted to be of some use to the country in my own humble way.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghnad Saha |url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/saha/sahanew.htm |access-date=31 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223073932/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/saha/sahanew.htm |archive-date=23 February 2015}}</ref>}}
[[File:Meghnad Saha with his assistant.jpg|thumb|Meghnad Saha]]

==Personal life==
Saha married Radha Rani Saha on 16 June 1918. They had a total of 7 children: 3 sons and 4 daughters.<ref>{{cite Q|Q131225635}}</ref>

Saha was an [[atheist]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Meghnad Saha, scientist with a vision |year=1984 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |author-first1=Santimay |author-last1=Chatterjee |author-first2=Enakshi |author-last2=Chatterjee |oclc=14411992 |page=5 |quote=Even though he later came to be known as an atheist, Saha was well-versed in all religious texts— though his interest in them was purely academic.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Anderson|2010|p=602, a self-described atheist, saha loved swimming in the river and his devout wife loved the sanctity of the spot. swimming and walking were among the few things they could do together.}}

==Death==
Saha died on the way to the hospital on 16 February 1956 after suffering from cardiac arrest. He was going to the office of the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] in the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]]. It was reported he had been dealing with [[hypertension]] for ten months prior to his death.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nation Mourns Meghnad Saha |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=17 February 1956 |pages=1, 7}}</ref> His remains were [[cremated]] at the [[Keoratola crematorium]], Kolkata, the following day.<ref>{{cite news |title=Saha's Remains Cremated |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=18 February 1956}}</ref>

==Tributes==
[[File:MNSaha.jpg|thumb|Bust of Saha at [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]]]]
[[File:Statue of Meghnad Saha.jpg|thumb|Statue of Saha, [[University College of Science, Technology & Agriculture]]]]
[[File:Meghnad Saha bust BITM.JPG|thumb|Bust of Saha at [[Birla Industrial & Technological Museum]]]]
* "Meghnad Saha's ionization equation (c. 1920), which opened the door to stellar astrophysics was one of the top ten achievements of 20th century Indian science [and] could be considered in the Nobel Prize class." — [[Jayant Narlikar]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Narlikar, Jayant |title=The Scientific Edge: The Indian Scientist from Vedic to Modern Times |year=2003 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0-14-303028-7 |page=127}}</ref>
* "The impetus given to astrophysics by Saha's work can scarcely be overestimated, as nearly all later progress in this field has been influenced by it and much of the subsequent work has the character of refinements of Saha's ideas." — [[Svein Rosseland]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Rosseland, S. |title=Theoretical Astrophysics |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1939 |url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/saha/sahanew.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223073932/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/saha/sahanew.htm |archive-date=23 February 2015}}</ref>
* "He (Saha) was extremely simple, almost austere, in his habits and personal needs. Outwardly, he sometimes gave an impression of being remote, matter of fact, and even harsh, but once the outer shell was broken, one invariably found in him a person of extreme warmth, deep humanity, sympathy and understanding; and though almost altogether unmindful of his own personal comforts, he was extremely solicitous in the case of others. It was not in his nature to placate others. He was a man of undaunted spirit, resolute determination, untiring energy and dedication." — [[Daulat Singh Kothari]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Kothari, D. S. |title=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the National Institute of Sciences of India |volume=2 |publisher=National Institute of Sciences of India |location=New Delhi |year=1970 |url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/saha/sahanew.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223073932/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/saha/sahanew.htm |archive-date=23 February 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |last=Anderson |first=Robert S. |title=Nucleus and Nation: Scientists, International Networks, and Power in India |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-226-01977-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3BcKqXOeSbAC}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |title=Stars, Peripheral Scientists, and Equations: The Case of M. N. Saha |author=Dasgupta, Deepanwita |year=2015 |journal=Physics in Perspective |volume=17 |issue=2 |doi=10.1007/s00016-015-0159-7 |pages=83–106 |bibcode=2015PhP....17...83D |s2cid=118224210}}
* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/Obs../0076//0000040.000.html Obituary - ''The Observatory'' '''76''' (1956) 40]
* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0068//0000282.000.html Obituary – ''Proceedings of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific'' '''68''' (1956) 282]
* {{cite book |last1=Venkataraman |first1=Ganeshan |author-link1=Ganeshan Venkataraman |title=Saha and His Formula |year=1995 |publisher=University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCbjwQmaXawC |isbn=978-81-7371-017-9}}
* Jibamitra Ganguly: ''Meghnad Saha : his science and persona through letters and writings''. Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi 2019.
* Collected works of Meghnad Saha. ed. by Santimay Chatterjee. Calcutta [u.a.]: Institute of Nuclear Physics [u.a.], 1982.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Internet Archive author|name=Meghnad Saha}}
* {{cite web |title=Meghnad Saha |url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/saha/sahanew.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223073932/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/saha/sahanew.htm |archive-date=23 February 2015}}
* {{cite web |title=Meghnad Saha biography |url=http://www.calcuttaweb.com/people/msaha.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010627220307/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/people/msaha.shtml |archive-date=27 June 2001 |access-date=22 December 2007 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |title=Saha Equation |url=http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/SahaEquation.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503040640/http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/SahaEquation.html |archive-date=3 May 2006 |access-date=17 July 2004 |url-status=live}}
* {{YouTube|7z9NUV_YrOo|The Quantum Indians: film on Meghnad Saha, Bose and Raman}} by [[Raja Choudhury]] and produced by PSBT and [[Indian Public Diplomacy]].

{{Bengal Renaissance}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Saha, Megh Nad}}
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Bengali astronomers]]
[[Category:Bengali physicists]]
[[Category:Dhaka College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Hare School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian astrophysicists]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Gazipur District]]
[[Category:Plasma physicists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Presidents of The Asiatic Society]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Allahabad]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]
[[Category:Dhaka Collegiate School alumni]]
[[Category:K. L. Jubilee High School & College alumni]]

B. M. Nagaraja

2026-04-29T13:52:14Z

Axis: adding a data

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''B. M. Nagaraja''' (born 1972) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]] who is an MLA from [[Siruguppa Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for ST community in [[Ballari district|Bellary district]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=B M Nagaraja in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/b-m-nagaraja-siraguppa-candidate-s10a092c008/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Nagaraja is from [[Siruguppa]], Bellary district. His father B. Mareppa is a farmer. He passed Class 8 and discontinued his studies during his Class 10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=B. M. Nagaraja(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- SIRAGUPPA (ST)(BELLARY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=8330 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Nagaraja won from [[Siruguppa Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 90,862 votes and defeated his nearest rival, M. S. Somalingappa of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 37,032 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Siruguppa Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate B. M. Nagaraja Wins From Siruguppa |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/bellary-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601811 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Siruguppa">{{cite news |date=13 May 2023 |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Siruguppa |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1092.htm?ac=92 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430190946/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1092.htm?ac=92 |archive-date=30 April 2025 |access-date=30 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> Earlier, he first became an MLA winning the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siruguppa Assembly Karnataka Election 2023 Results Live: Siruguppa constituency Results, Winner list and vote share {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/siruguppa-1084 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-05-08 |title=Congress Party candidate B M Nagaraj wins by 21, 814 votes over M S Somalingappa of BJP party in Siraguppa constituency in Bellary district. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/congress-party-candidate-b-m-nagaraj-wins-by-21-814-votes-over-m-s-somalingappa-of-bjp-party-in-siraguppa-constituency-in-bellary-district-/articleshow/19950010.cms |access-date=2024-08-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He polled 64,590 votes in 2013 poll, and defeated his nearest rival, M. S. Somalingappa of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a huge margin of 21,814 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-election-results-2023-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagaraja, B. M.}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
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[[Category:People from Ballari district]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]

P. P. Suneer

2026-04-26T12:19:40Z

Axis:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. P. Suneer
| image = P.p Suneer.jpg
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 2 July 2024
| predecessor = [[Elamaram Kareem]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Kerala|Kerala]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
}}
'''P. P. Suneer''' is an Indian politician from [[Kerala]]. He was elected unopposed to [[Rajya Sabha]] from Kerala as a member of [[Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jose K Mani, P P Suneer, Haris Beeran elected to Rajya Sabha unopposed |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/06/18/rajya-sabha-mps-kerala-jose-k-mani-pp-suneer-haris-beeran.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | date=2024-06-18 |title=Mani, Suneer, Beeran elected to Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mani-suneer-beeran-elected-to-rajya-sabha/article68304112.ece |access-date=2024-06-21 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Kerala-CPIndia-politician-stub}}

Virendra Dayal

2026-04-24T19:42:46Z

Axis: put up a info!

{{Short description|Indian civil servant and diplomat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Virendra Dayal
| office = [[Member of the National Human Rights Commission of India]]
| alongside = [[V. S. Malimath]] {{small|(1998–1999)}} [[K. Ramaswamy]] {{small|(1998–2002)}} [[Sudarshan Agarwal]] {{small|(1998–2001)}} [[Sujata V. Manohar]] {{small|(2000–2003)}}
| nominator = [[Prime Minister of India]]-headed [[National Human Rights Commission of India#Appointment|committee]]
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| president = [[K. R. Narayanan]] {{small|(1998–2002)}} [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] {{small|(2002–2003)}}
| vice_president = [[Krishan Kant]] {{small|(1998–2002)}} [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] {{small|(2002–2003)}}
| alongside1 = [[M. Fathima Beevi]] {{small|(1993–1997)}} [[S. S. Kang]] {{small|(1993–1997)}} [[V. S. Malimath]] {{small|(1994–1998)}}
| nominator1 = [[Prime Minister of India]]-headed [[National Human Rights Commission of India#Appointment|committee]]
| president1 = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] {{small|(1993–1997)}} [[K. R. Narayanan]] {{small|(1997–1998)}}
| vice_president1 = [[K. R. Narayanan]] {{small|(1993–1997)}} [[Krishan Kant]] {{small|(1997–1998)}}
| term_start = {{start date|1998|11|16|df=y}}
| term_end = {{start date|2003|11|15|df=y}}
| predecessor =
| successor =
| term_start1 = {{start date|1993|10|12|df=y}}
| term_end1 = {{start date|1998|10|11|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1935|01|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Allahabad district]], [[United Provinces of British India]], [[British India]] {{small|(Now, [[Allahabad district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)}}
| occupation = Retired [[civil servant]] ([[Indian Foreign Service]] and [[United Nations civil service]] officer)
| honorific_prefix = 
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (1992)
| term_start2 = {{start date|1982|df=y}}
| term_end2 = {{start date|1993|02|df=y}}
| office2 = [[Chef de Cabinet (United Nations)|Chef de Cabinet and Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations]]
| appointer2 = [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| 3namedata2 = [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]] {{small|(1982–1991)}} [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]] {{small|(1991–1993)}}
| 3blankname2 = Secretary-General
| appointer1 = [[President of India]]
| 5blankname = Chairperson
| 5namedata = [[Ranganath Misra]] {{small|(1993–1996)}} [[M. N. Venkatachalliah]] {{small|(1996–1998)}}
| 5blankname1 = Chairperson
| 5namedata1 = [[M. N. Venkatachalliah]] {{small|(1998–1999)}} [[J. S. Verma]] {{small|(1999–2003)}} [[A. S. Anand]] {{small|(2003)}}
}}

'''Virendra Dayal''' (born 29{{Nbsp}}January{{Nbsp}}1935) is a retired [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer and [[UN civil service|United Nations civil servant]] who served as [[Chef de Cabinet]] to [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary General]] of the [[United Nations]] for more than a decade.<ref name="Interview with: Virendra Dayal2">{{cite web|url=http://www.unmultimedia.org/oralhistory/2011/06/virendra-dayal/|title=Interview with: Virendra Dayal|date=2016|publisher=United Nations Oral History|access-date=21 May 2016}}</ref> He has served as the director of the [[United Nations Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs|Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs]] of the United Nations and as the [[Special Envoy|special envoy]] who probed the allegations levelled against a number of India politicians including [[Natwar Singh]], a former [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External affairs]], in the [[Paul Volcker Committee]] report of 2005.<ref name="Panel to probe Volcker charges2">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/panel-to-probe-volcker-charges-105110701053_1.html|title=Panel to probe Volcker charges|date=7 November 2005|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=21 May 2016}}</ref> A former [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer and a [[Rhodes Scholar]] of 1956<ref name="Rhodes Scholars from India2">{{cite web|url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/page/rhodes-scholars-from-india|title=Rhodes Scholars from India|date=2016|publisher=The Rhodes Trust|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501193554/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/page/rhodes-scholars-from-india|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=21 May 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Dayal sat on the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] as a member for two{{Nbsp}}terms from 1998 to 2006.<ref name="Shri Virendra Dayal - IHF profile2">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaharmonyfoundation.com/trustees/shri-virendra-dayal/|title=Shri Virendra Dayal - IHF profile|date=2016|publisher=Indian Harmony Foundation|access-date=21 May 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the third{{Nbsp}}highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 1992, for his contributions to society.<ref name="Padma Awards2">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|title=Padma Awards|date=2016|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=3 January 2016|archive-date=15 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Early and personal life ==
Born on 29{{Nbsp}}January{{Nbsp}}1935 in the [[Allahabad district]] of the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref name="Shri Virendra Dayal - IHF profile2" /> Dayal did his early schooling at [[Sherwood College]] in [[Nainital]].<ref name="Eminent Sherwoodians2">{{cite web|url=http://www.oldsherwoodians.com/greats/index.htm?http://www.oldsherwoodians.com/greats/vdayal.htm|title=Eminent Sherwoodians|date=2016|publisher=Sherwood College Alumni Association|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> Subsequently, he [[Undergraduate degree|graduated]] from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]] at the [[University of Delhi]] in 1954 and continued there to secure his [[master's degree]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]]) in [[history]] in 1956. He was selected for the [[Rhodes Scholarship]] for the year,<ref name="Rhodes Scholars from India2" /> which assisted him in pursuing his higher studies at [[University College, Oxford|University College]] at the [[University of Oxford]], which he completed in 1958.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

Dayal is married to Indira Gupta and the couple has two{{Nbsp}}daughters, Divya and Jaya.<ref name="Eminent Sherwoodians2" />

== Early career ==
Returning to India, Dayal entered the [[Indian Administrative Service]] and started his career as the [[District collector (India)|district magistrate and collector]] (DM) of [[Nainital district]], a Himalayan resort location. He is known to have worked for the rehabilitation of the refugees during his stint at Nainital and after two more DM postings at [[Rampur district|Rampur]] and [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]] districts, he was transferred to the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Shri Virendra Dayal - IHF profile2" /> In 1962, when [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureate]], [[V. S. Naipaul]], and his wife, Patricia, visited India, Dayal hosted the [[Trinidadians and Tobagonians|Trinidadian and Tobagonian]] couple.<ref name="French20122">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5Bcrbhd3TEC&pg=PA229|title=The World Is What It Is: The Authorized Biography of V.S. Naipaul|author=Patrick French|date=9 August 2012|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-0-330-46493-2|pages=229–}}</ref> At the [[Government of India|centre]], he was posted as a director in the now erstwhile [[Ministry of Community Development and Cooperation]], a post he held till 1965 when he moved to the [[United Nations]].{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

== United Nations days ==
Dayal's career at the United Nations (UN) started at the [[Office Of The United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees|Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR) and a year later, he was appointed as the chief of the UHCR's Asia Desk at Geneva. In 1968, he was promoted as Deputy Regional Representative and in 1971, he became Regional Representative when he was a member of the UNHCR Focal Point Team, working for the rehabilitation of refugees who fled to India during the [[1971 Bangladesh genocide]].<ref name="Shri Virendra Dayal - IHF profile2" /> In 1972, he continued his work in the region as a part of the [[United Nations Relief Operations in Bangladesh]] for one{{Nbsp}}more year, serving as the special assistant to the chief of mission,<ref name="Interview with: Virendra Dayal2" /> but, he returned to UNHCR in 1973, after being posted at the New York Office as Regional Representative.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} It was during his tenure there, he was involved in the airlifting of refugees in South Asia and in the [[Vietnamese boat people|boat people crisis of Vietnam]] in his capacity as the [[executive assistant]] of the High Commissioner on Refugees.<ref name="Shri Virendra Dayal - IHF profile2" /> In 1979, he was appointed as the director of the [[Office of Special Political Affairs]],<ref name="Hamburg19972">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3_c7OlLUBAC&pg=PA182|title=Preventing Deadly Conflict|author=David A. Hamburg|date=1 August 1997|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-0-7881-7090-4|pages=182–}}</ref> and three years later, he became [[Chef de Cabinet (United Nations)|Chef de Cabinet]] to [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]], fifth{{Nbsp}}[[Secretary-General of the United Nations]].<ref name="Eminent Sherwoodians2" />

As Chef de Cabinet, Dayal was given the rank of an [[Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations|under-secretary-general]] and he attended several diplomatic conferences including the [[8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|8th{{Nbsp}}Summit]] of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] in [[Harare]] in 1988. He continued at the post during the tenure of the next secretary-general, [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]], until his retirement from UN service in 1993.<ref name="Interview with: Virendra Dayal2" /> It was during Boutros-Ghali's incumbency that Dayal assisted the secretary-general in preparing ''[[An Agenda for Peace|An Agenda for Peace: Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peace-keeping]]'', which was presented at the Summit Meeting of the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] on 31{{Nbsp}}January{{Nbsp}}1992.<ref name="Hamburg19972" /> He was also involved in two diplomatic missions to South Africa, accompanying [[Cyrus Vance]], former [[United States Secretary of State]] in July{{Nbsp}}1992 and then visiting the country as [[Special Envoy of the Secretary-General]] in September{{Nbsp}}1992.<ref name="Shri Virendra Dayal - IHF profile2" /> On these diplomatic missions, he met [[F. W. de Klerk]] and [[Nelson Mandela]] a number of times as a part of the [[negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa]] which were reported to have helped in arranging a meeting of the two leaders and in the eventual transition of power through the [[South African general election, 1994|South African general elections of 1994]].<ref name="Eminent Sherwoodians2" />

In 1990, Dayal was proposed to become [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] by the UN secretary-general, [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19901215-bureaucrat-virendra-dayal-becomes-a-victim-of-us-might-813389-1990-12-15|title=Bureaucrat Virendra Dayal becomes a victim of US might|last=Kararia|first=Amrit|date=December 15, 1990|website=[[India Today]]|publisher=[[Aroon Purie]]|issn=0254-8399|access-date=November 23, 2018}}</ref> but, Dayal's nomination was blocked by the United States due to opposition from [[Ronald Reagan]], the [[President of the United States|country's president]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Power20102">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlmazDKhfk8C&pg=PT73|title=Sergio: One Man's Fight to Save the World|author=Samantha Power|date=30 March 2010|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-101-19579-6|pages=73–}}</ref> On this Dayal commented:

Japanese diplomat and academic, [[Sadako Ogata]], was eventually appointed to the post of [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/sadako-ogata-japan-1991-2000.html|title=Sadako Ogata (Japan): 1991-2000|website=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]|access-date=November 27, 2018}}</ref>

== Post-United Nations career ==
Dayal returned to India in 1993 and soon was included in the Indian delegation to the [[World Conference on Human Rights|Vienna Conference on Human Rights]] of June{{Nbsp}}1993 which precipitated the [[Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action]].<ref name="Interview with: Virendra Dayal2" /> Later that year, he was appointed by the [[President of India]]—on the advice of a committee headed by the [[Prime Minister of India]]—as a member of the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] (NHRC) for a five-year term;<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhrc.nic.in/about-us/composition_prev|title=Former Chairpersons and Members|website=[[National Human Rights Commission of India]]|access-date=November 27, 2018}}</ref> his term was extended by the president for a further of five{{Nbsp}}years in 1998.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19981130-former-supreme-court-judge-k.-ramaswamy-appointed-member-of-nhrc-827666-1998-11-30|title=Former Supreme Court judge K. Ramaswamy appointed member of NHRC|date=November 30, 1998|website=[[India Today]]|publisher=[[Aroon Purie]]|issn=0254-8399|access-date=November 27, 2018}}</ref> His stint with NHRC allowed him to be a part of committees such as the [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]], the [[International Coordinating Committee of National Human Rights Institutions]] and the [[Asia Pacific Forum]] and to attend several international conferences on human rights, which included the [[World Conference against Racism 2001|World Conference against Racism of 2001]], held in [[Durban]], South Africa.<ref name="Interview with: Virendra Dayal2" /> He also served as a commissioner on the [[Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict]], a UN appointed commission which submitted its final report in 1998.<ref name="Preventing Deadly Conflict2">{{cite web|url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a372860.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624161925/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a372860.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=24 June 2016|title=Preventing Deadly Conflict|date=1998|work=Final Report|publisher=Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref>

In 2004, the [[Paul Volcker Committee]] set up by [[Kofi Annan]], then Secretary-General of the United Nations, reported that some Indian politicians were beneficiaries in the Iraq [[Oil-for-Food Programme]], in repose to this, the [[Government of India]] set up a machinery with Dayal, as a [[special envoy]],{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} to liaise with the United Nations agencies<ref name="Virendra Dayal appointed Special Envoy2">{{cite web|url=http://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/press-details.php?nodeid=342|title=Virendra Dayal appointed Special Envoy|date=6 November 2005|publisher=Prime Minister's Office, India|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> and probe the alleged involvement of Indian politicians including [[Natwar Singh]],<ref name="No proof against Natwar: PM2">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/no-proof-against-natwar-pm-105110901107_1.html|title=No proof against Natwar: PM|date=9 November 2005|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] at the time.<ref name="Oil-for-food scam: PMO admits to having special envoy Virendra Dayal's reports on Volcker probe2">{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-27/news/39557625_1_paul-volcker-committee-pmo-special-envoy-virendra-dayal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701210332/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-27/news/39557625_1_paul-volcker-committee-pmo-special-envoy-virendra-dayal|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 July 2016|title=Oil-for-food scam: PMO admits to having special envoy Virendra Dayal's reports on Volcker probe|date=27 May 2013|publisher=Economic Times|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> He reportedly submitted four{{Nbsp}}notes of his findings in 2005 and 2006, based on 1,200{{Nbsp}}pages of documents received from the United Nations,<ref name="Govt set to contest Opposition on Volcker2">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-set-to-contest-opposition-on-volcker-105112801069_1.html|title=Govt set to contest Opposition on Volcker|date=28 November 2005|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> but, the reports were never published as the [[Supreme Court of India]], after protracted litigation,<ref name="Virendra Dayal report on Oil for Food scam2">{{cite web|url=http://indiaresists.riseup.narkive.com/7B61Yv46/virendra-dayal-report-on-oil-for-food-scam|title=Virendra Dayal report on "Oil for Food" scam|date=August 2012|publisher=India Resists|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Case report2">{{cite web|url=http://www.rti.india.gov.in/cic_decisions/CIC_WB_A_2007_00417-SM_M_110291.pdf|title=Case report|date=2007|publisher=Central Information Commission|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> accepted the contention of the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] that the contents could only be used for investigation of possible violations of law.<ref name="Oil-for-food scam: PMO admits to having special envoy Virendra Dayal's reports on Volcker probe2" />

Dayal is currently serving as the chairperson of the scholarship selection committee of Inlaks Shivdasani Foundation, and is the chair of the [[Board of directors|board of trustees]] of Rajeshwar Susheela Dayal Charitable Trust.<ref name="Board of Trustees2">{{cite web|url=http://www.dayaltrust.org/content/board-trustees|title=Board of Trustees|date=2016|publisher=Dayal Trust|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref>

== Honours ==

* Dayal was conferred the [[Padma Bhushan]], [[Indian honours system|India's third{{Nbsp}}highest civilian honour]], for his contributions in the field of [[civil service]] by the [[president of India]] in the year 1992.<ref name="Padma Awards2" />
* Dayal was a member of the UN Focal Point Team of the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] which was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1981 for its efforts in handling the refugee crisis in the wake of the [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|1971{{Nbsp}}Bangladesh genocide]].<ref name="Eminent Sherwoodians2" />

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[1971 Bangladesh genocide]]
* [[Vietnamese boat people]]
* [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]
* [[Paul Volcker Committee]]
* [[Cyrus Vance]]
* [[Special Envoy of the Secretary-General]]
{{div col end}}{{portal|India}}

== References ==
<references group=""></references>

== Further reading ==

* {{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/47/277|title=An Agenda for Peace (full text)|author=Boutros Boutros-Ghali|date=17 June 1992|work=Report of the Secretary-General of the United Nations|publisher=United Nations|access-date=22 May 2016}}

== External links ==

* {{cite interview|last=Dayal|first=Virendra|interviewer=Jean Krasno|title=United Nations Oral History|url=http://dag.un.org/handle/11176/89679|access-date=22 May 2016|publisher=Dag Digital Library|date=31 March 1992}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/panel-to-probe-volcker-charges-105110701053_1.html|title=Panel to probe Volcker charges|date=7 November 2005|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=22 May 2016}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dayal, Virendra}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:People from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Sherwood College alumni]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Indian Rhodes Scholars]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Under-secretaries-general of the United Nations]]
[[Category:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees officials]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Special envoys of the Secretary-General of the United Nations]]

Lubber Pandhu

2026-04-17T08:01:36Z

Axis:

{{Short description|2024 Indian-Tamil language sports drama film}}
{{Long plot|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Lubber Pandhu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Tamizharasan Pachamuthu
| writer = Tamizharasan Pachamuthu
| producer = S. Lakshman Kumar A. Venkatesh
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Harish Kalyan]]
* [[V R Dinesh|Dinesh]]
* [[Swasika]]
* [[Sanjana Krishnamoorthy]]
}}
| cinematography = Dinesh Purushothaman
| editing = Madan Ganesh
| music = [[Sean Roldan]]
| studio = Prince Pictures
| distributor = Sri Kumaran Films
| released = {{Film date|2024|9|20|df=yes}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}42.50 crore{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}
}}

'''''Lubber Pandhu''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ʌ|b||b|ə|r|ˌ|p|ʌ|n||ð|ʊ}} {{translation|Rubber Ball}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[sports drama film]] directed by Tamizharasan Pachamuthu, in his directorial debut and produced by Prince Pictures. The film stars [[Harish Kalyan]] and [[Gethu Dinesh|Dinesh]] in the lead roles, alongside [[Sanjana Krishnamoorthy]], [[Swasika]], [[Bala Saravanan]], [[Kaali Venkat]], [[Geetha Kailasam]], [[Devadarshini]], TSK, and Jenson Diwakar.

The film was officially announced in March 2023. [[Principal photography]] commenced the following month. The film has music composed by [[Sean Roldan]], cinematography handled by Dinesh Purushothaman and editing by Madan Ganesh.<ref name="announcement2" />

''Lubber Pandhu'' released worldwide on 20 September 2024 in theatres to critical acclaim from critics. It emerged as a huge commercial success at the box office grossing 44 crores.

==Plot==
In 2011, in [[Perambalur]], a young cricketer named Anbu was denied to join the "Jolly Friends" team due to caste-based [[Caste discrimination in India|discrimination]]. Undeterred, Karuppaiya, the team's captain, intervened and allowed Anbu to play against the rival team, "Sachin Boys," led by their star batsman, Poomalai, aka Gethu, an avid fan of [[Vijayakanth]] and a skilled painter, who had previously worked in Dubai. Despite being included in the team and being a talented bowler Anbu was not given a chance to play, prompting him to leave the ground in frustration, accompanied by his friend Kathadi. Following the first innings, Gethu's wife, Yasodhai, arrived at the cricket ground, enraged, and ploughed the pitch with her tractor to deter villagers from inviting her husband to play cricket again.

10 years later, in [[Cuddalore]], Anbu is an ardent [[Chennai Super Kings]] and [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] fan, owns a sportswear shop in [[Tittakudi]]. Though he is a well-talented all-rounder, Anbu's desire to join the "Jolly Friends" team is consistently being thwarted by Venkatesh, Karuppaiya's brother. So Anbu plays as a guest player for multiple teams in and helps win the games. He falls in love with Durga, a trainee nurse, after meeting her at a marriage function, unbeknownst to Anbu, Durga is Gethu's daughter.

Anbu witnesses the 40-year-old Gethu smashing the bowlers and criticizes Gethu's outdated cricket techniques to his friend Kathadi, which is overheard by Gethu's cousin Kozhandai and eventually conveys it to Gethu. Gethu belittles Anbu as a young amateur thereby hurting Anbu's ego. Weeks later, en route to meet Durga's family, Anbu is caught midway by another team to play against Gethu's team, while his family goes to meet Durga. As Anbu faces off against Gethu in the match he is mocked by Kuzhandai and gang repeatedly. But Anbu bowls him out in his first over and silences the crowd. This hurts Gethu's untouched ego and he immediately leaves the field. Later, Anbu learns that Durga is Gethu's daughter during a visit to their home and attempts to make amends, but his efforts turn unsuccessful.

Again they cross paths in the final match hosted by Gethu's team. Anbu's team bats first and scores well. As Gethu's team chases it, everyone except Gethu loses their wickets easily to Anbu. Gethu scores against Anbu, but in the last over Anbu gets a chance to [[Mankading|mankad]] Gethu and win the match. As Gethu realizes, Anbu's ego comes into play and he refuses to mankad Gethu, giving him a warning through the umpire. Gethu's pride is shattered and he walks away from the field, giving the win to Anbu's team. Post the match Kozhandhai's taunts about Anbu's exclusion from "Jolly Friends" sparks a fierce retaliation from Anbu. Gethu, already seething, engages Anbu in a dirty brawl. Durga intervenes, slapping Anbu and ending their relationship while Yasodhai, fed up with Gethu storms off and moves to her mother's place.

Kathadi informs Karuppaiya about Anbu's humiliation, and so Karuppaiya decides to include Anbu in the 20th-anniversary celebrations match, despite his team members' objections. But Venkatesh's refusal forces Anbu to form a new team, "Adengappa 11 Per," and vows to triumph over "Jolly Friends." Karuppaiya, his daughter Akila, and Gethu swayed by Anbu's clever ego-stroking make him join the match. In their debut match, Anbu's brief stint at the crease ends in dismissal, and a struggling Gethu loses his wicket though his determination was evident. Karuppaiya and Akila's stellar partnership helps secure a thrilling victory. Gethu's mother consoles Yasodhai, and so she reunites with Gethu. However, Yasodhai confronts Anbu's mother, criticizing Anbu's focus on cricket as a waste of time, similar to her husband. Anbu confronts Durga, but she replies that her father's acceptance is important while also rebuking her family for arranging marriages and vows to wait until her parents accept Anbu. She further confronts her father accusing him of letting his ego hinder his acceptance of Anbu.

In the semifinal match, Gethu struggles, but Anbu's crucial assistance secures victory, advancing them to the finals. Anbu apologizes to Gethu for past mistakes. Meanwhile, Yasodhai plans Durga's engagement, prompting Anbu to request Venkatesh to reschedule the match, but Venkatesh demands a public apology, putting Anbu in a dilemma. Torn between stopping the engagement and playing the final match, Anbu attends the engagement. Venkatesh, fearing the backlash from a possible loss recruits a strong batsman Prasanth who is also from the same caste as Anbu, which angers two of his teammates. In the finals, "Adengappa 11 Per" starts without Anbu, bats first, and loses 5 wickets for 30 runs. To salvage the team, Gethu enters without any protective gear, taunts the opposition, and single-handedly scores 94 to put a massive total in the first innings. Durga trusts that Anbu will arrive. He arrives for engagement. Durga sends him back to join the match for the second innings. Though he bowled well, they narrowly lose while Anbu and Gethu reconcile.

Weeks later Karuppaiya and the rest of "Adengappa 11 Per" reach another tournament to witness a new "Jolly Friends" team which now has players including Prasanth and others regardless of caste or religion. It is revealed that Anbu intentionally lost in the last ball, prioritizing the inclusive spirit of "Jolly Friends" cricket team, and such a change is the actual victory than any other match victory. Anbu and Durga get married, and Yasodhai asks both Anbu and Gethu to promise that they will refrain from cricket, to which they make a false promise.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Harish Kalyan]] as Anbu<ref name="anbu">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-29 |title=Harish Kalyan plays Anbu in Lubber Pandhu's first glimpse |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/29/harish-kalyan-plays-anbu-in-lubber-pandhus-first-glimpse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630125108/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/29/harish-kalyan-plays-anbu-in-lubber-pandhus-first-glimpse |archive-date=2024-06-30 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
** Parvez Musharaf as Teenager Anbu
* [[V R Dinesh|Dinesh]] as Poomalai "Gethu"
* [[Swasika]] as Yasodhai
* [[Sanjana Krishnamoorthy]] as Durga, Poomalai and Yasodha's daughter
* [[Kaali Venkat]] as Karuppaiya
* [[Bala Saravanan]] as Kathadi, Anbu's friend
** Vishwa Mithran as Teenager Kathadi
* [[Devadarshini]] as Vijaya, Anbu's mother
* [[Geetha Kailasam]] as Poomalai's mother
* Jenson Dhivakar as Kozhandhai, Poomalai's friend
* Jawahar Sakthi as Manoj, Kozhandhi friend
* TSK as Venkatesh, Karuppaiya's brother
* Mounica Senthilkumar as Sathya, Durga's sister-in-law
* Karnan Janaki as Yasodhai's mother
* Veeramani Ganesan as Money borrower
*Sarath as Aravind<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2024 |title=எனக்கு ரொம்ப பிடிச்சது Sarath கேரக்டர்தான்! - Gethu Dinesh | Lubber Pandhu |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGBMUGiVshk&t=5s |website=[[Ananda Vikatan|Cinema Vikatan]] |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* AV. Deva as Kulla Karuppu aka Modern Malinga<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2024 |title=VIRUNTHINAR PAKKAM | IT துறையிலிருந்து லப்பர் பந்து படத்திற்கு வாய்ப்பு கிடைச்சது எப்படி? | AV. Deva |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5UvDgJzEns0 |website=[[Jaya TV]] |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* Nivashini P. U. as Akhila<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lubber Pandhu ( Akhila) Nivashini 1st Exclusive Interview Streaming Now On Kumudam Youtube Channel |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/YXLmfa0F1ZE |website=[[Kumudam]] |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
*N.K Vengataseshan
* Pradeep Durairaj as Bad Boys Team Captain & Wicketkeeper
* Poobalam Pragatheeswaran as a cricket commentator
* Adithya Kathir as a cricket commentator
* VJ Tara as herself
}}

==Production==
In early March 2023, [[Harish Kalyan]] announced that he would be starring in a film titled ''Lubber Pandhu'' directed by debutant Tamizharasan Pachamuthu, who had earlier worked as an assistant director.<ref name="announcement2">{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=3 March 2023 |title=Harish Kalyan and Attakathi Dinesh to star in Lubber Pandhu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Mar/03/harish-kalyan-and-attakathi-dinesh-to-star-in-lubber-pandhu-40603.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307063918/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Mar/03/harish-kalyan-and-attakathi-dinesh-to-star-in-lubber-pandhu-40603.html |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The cast also includes Sanjana and [[Swasika]].<ref name="announcement1">{{Cite web |date=3 March 2023 |title=Harish Kalyan & Sanjana pair up in 'Lubber Pandhu' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyan-sanjana-pair-up-in-lubber-pandhu/articleshow/98384992.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303115501/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyan-sanjana-pair-up-in-lubber-pandhu/articleshow/98384992.cms |archive-date=3 March 2023 |access-date=17 September 2023 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2023 |title=Harish Kalyan's Lubber Pandhu goes on floors |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Apr/20/harish-kalyans-lubber-pandhu-goes-on-floors-42523.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427122800/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Apr/20/harish-kalyans-lubber-pandhu-goes-on-floors-42523.html |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> In an interview, Pachamuthu mentioned that he connects with the character Anbu, as cricket was once his top priority as well. For the character Gethu, he drew inspiration from someone in his hometown. While developing the script, he found further inspiration in the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]'' (2020), which helped him create a world around these two characters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=25 September 2024 |title=Lubber Pandhu director Tamizharasan Pachamuthu Interview: 'I am clear to have repeat audience to my films' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/lubber-pandhu-director-tamizharasan-pachamuthu-interview-i-am-clear-to-have-repeat-audience-to-my-films/ce213021fc894 |access-date=3 November 2024 |publisher=[[OTT Play]]}}</ref> [[S. J. Suryah]] revealed that he was the initial choice for the role that [[V R Dinesh|Dinesh]] later took.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-16 |title=SJ Suryah on why he rejected VR Dinesh's role in Lubber Pandhu: 'I made him change…' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Apr/16/sj-suryah-on-why-he-rejected-vr-dineshs-role-in-lubber-pandhu-i-made-him-change |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began in mid April 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2023 |title=Harish Kalyan & Attakathi Dinesh's 'Lubber Pandhu' shooting begins today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyan-attakathi-dineshs-lubber-pandhu-shooting-begins-today/articleshow/99644058.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420131506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyan-attakathi-dineshs-lubber-pandhu-shooting-begins-today/articleshow/99644058.cms |archive-date=20 April 2023 |access-date=17 September 2024 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> On 7 July 2023 the makers announced that the dubbing process has begun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2023 |title=Dubbing begins for Lubber Pandhu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Jul/07/dubbing-begins-for-lubber-pandhu-45366.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003194655/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Jul/07/dubbing-begins-for-lubber-pandhu-45366.html |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2023 |title=Sanjana begins dubbing for Harish Kalyan's 'Lubber Pandhu' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sanjana-begins-dubbing-for-harish-kalyans-lubber-pandhu/articleshow/101593084.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711150234/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sanjana-begins-dubbing-for-harish-kalyans-lubber-pandhu/articleshow/101593084.cms |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Lubber Pandhu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sean Roldan]]
| released =
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Tamil
| label =
| producer = [[Sean Roldan]]
| prev_title = [[Raghu Thatha]]
| prev_year = 2024
| year = 2024
| next_title = [[Parari (2024 film)|Parari]]
| next_year = 2024
| misc = {{Singles|
|name = Lubber Pandhu
|type = soundtrack
|single1 = Chillanjirukkiye
|single1date = 10 November 2023
|single2 = Aasa Orave
|single2date = 22 February 2024
|single3 = Damma Goli
|single3date = 10 September 2024
}}
}}

The soundtrack was composed by [[Sean Roldan]]. All the songs were penned by [[Mohan Rajan]]. The first single "Chillanjirukkiye" was released on 10 November 2023, and had vocals performed by [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]] and [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar|Sivaangi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=Lubber Pandhu Song - Chillanjirukkiye (Lyrical) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/tamil/lubber-pandhu-song-chillanjirukkiye-lyrical/videoshow/105187702.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114041821/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/tamil/lubber-pandhu-song-chillanjirukkiye-lyrical/videoshow/105187702.cms |archive-date=14 November 2023 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=Chillanjirukkiye song from Lubber Pandhu out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Nov/10/chillanjirukkiye-song-from-lubber-pandhu-out-49431.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917081456/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Nov/10/chillanjirukkiye-song-from-lubber-pandhu-out-49431.html |archive-date=17 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The second single "Aasa Orave" was released on 22 February 2024, which had vocals performed by the composer himself.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title='Aasa Orave' song from Lubber Pandhu out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Feb/22/aasa-orave-song-from-lubber-pandhu-out-52292.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917082005/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Feb/22/aasa-orave-song-from-lubber-pandhu-out-52292.html |archive-date=17 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The third single "Damma Goli" was released on 10 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2024 |title='Damma Goli' from Harish Kalyan's Lubber Pandhu out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/10/damma-goli-from-harish-kalyans-lubber-pandhu-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913182721/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/10/damma-goli-from-harish-kalyans-lubber-pandhu-out |archive-date=13 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Additionally, the songs "Nee Pottu Vecha" composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] for the 1989 film ''[[Ponmana Selvan]]'', "Antha Vaanathapola" composed by Ilaiyaraaja for the 1992 film ''[[Chinna Gounder]]'' and "Aadungada Enna Suthi" composed by [[Mani Sharma]] for the 2007 film ''[[Pokkiri]]'' are featured in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-10-01 |title=Lubber Pandhu team greets Ilaiyaraaja |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/01/lubber-pandhu-team-greets-ilaiyaraaja |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chillanjirukkiye
| length1 = 4:02
| writer1 =
| extra1 = [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
| title2 = Aasa Orave
| length2 = 3:45
| writer2 =
| extra2 = [[Sean Roldan]]
| title3 = Damma Goli
| length3 = 2:59
| writer3 =
| extra3 = Gana Settu
| title4 = Lubber Pandhu Theme
| length4 = 2:35
| extra4 = Sean Roldan
| total_length = 
| all_writing = [[Mohan Rajan]]
}}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
''Lubber Pandhu'' was released theatrically on 20 September 2024.<ref name="release">{{Cite news |date=28 August 2024 |title=Harish Kalyan's Lubber Pandhu gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/28/harish-kalyans-lubber-pandhu-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828140214/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/28/harish-kalyans-lubber-pandhu-gets-a-release-date |archive-date=28 August 2024 |access-date=28 August 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2024 |title=Harish Kalyan's 'Lubber Pandhu' to release on September |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyans-lubber-pandhu-to-release-on-september-20/articleshow/113017057.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905152646/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyans-lubber-pandhu-to-release-on-september-20/articleshow/113017057.cms |archive-date=5 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Home media===
The film began streaming on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] from 31 October 2024 in Tamil, [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], and [[Malayalam]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaonkar |first=Suma |title=Lubber Pandhu OTT: ಐದು ಭಾಷೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬರ್ತಿದೆ ಲಬ್ಬರ್ ಪಾಂಡು; ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ ಪ್ರೇಮಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಹಬ್ಬ- ಡಿಸ್ನಿ ಹಾಟ್‌ಸ್ಟಾರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಲಭ್ಯ |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kollywood-lubber-pandhu-disney-plus-hotstar-streaming-starts-from-october-31-cricket-lover-will-like-it-smk-181729524840506.html |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=Kannada Hindustan Times |language=kn}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film received widespread critical acclaim from critics and audience.

M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film four out of five stars, praised the writing, cinematography, and performances of the lead cast, and called the film "The year's most wholesome entertainer".<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 2024 |title=Lubber Pandhu Movie Review: The year's most wholesome entertainer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/lubber-pandhu/amp_movie_review/113528722.cms |work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave it four out of five stars and opined that "''Lubber Pandhu'' is a superbly crafted sports drama that cleverly entwines family drama to sportsmanship."<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 2024 |title=Lubber Pandhu Movie Review: Harish Kalyan's sports-family drama hits it out of the park, delivers six after six through powerful dialogues |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/lubber-pandhu-movie-review-this-sports-family-drama-hits-out-of-the-park-delivers-six-after-another-through-powerful-dialogues/c40c76f3ef600 |work=www.ottplay.com}}</ref>

Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Efficient writing and convincing performances makes ''Lubber Pandhu'' a truly terrific issue-based film that ensures bitter pills are swallowed, but not before a dollop of honey is given on the side".<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 2024 |title=Lubber Pandhu Movie Review: Sports, spice, and everything nice perfectly come together in this riveting family drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/lubber-pandhu-movie-review-sports-spice-and-everything-nice-perfectly-come-together-in-this-riveting-family-drama-9576922/lite/ |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Gopinath Rajendran of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "''Lubber Pandhu'' is a breath of fresh air and a refreshing addition to the ever-growing list of films on cricket; so much so that we can call it a whole new ballgame."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=20 September 2024 |title='Lubber Pandhu' movie review: Harish Kalyan, Attakathi Dinesh hit it out of the park with this wholesome entertainer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lubber-pandhu-movie-review-harish-kalyan-attakathi-dinesh-hit-it-out-of-the-park-with-this-wholesome-entertainer/article68661564.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920105141/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lubber-pandhu-movie-review-harish-kalyan-attakathi-dinesh-hit-it-out-of-the-park-with-this-wholesome-entertainer/article68661564.ece/amp/ |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[News18]]'' rated the film four out of five stars and opined that "''Lubber Pandhu'' leaves you with a fulfilled heart and a well-fed mind that comes after watching a brilliant cricket match, where both teams gave it their all. It is hard to define sportsmanship in absolute terms, but seeing ''Lubber Pandhu'' one can get it."<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 2024 |title=Lubber Pandhu Movie Review: A Captivating Drama That Celebrates Both Cinema And Sports |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/lubber-pandhu-movie-review-a-captivating-drama-that-celebrates-both-cinema-and-sports-9057972.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920134206/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/lubber-pandhu-movie-review-a-captivating-drama-that-celebrates-both-cinema-and-sports-9057972.html |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "It has the soul of a sports film and the mind of a well-crafted drama. It approaches these cricket portions like it were a romance."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=11 September 2024 |title='Lubber Pandhu' movie review: This sports-drama bowls you over with all-round excellence |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Sep/21/lubber-pandhu-movie-review-this-sports-drama-bowls-you-over-with-all-round-excellence |work=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Sruthi Ganapathy Raman of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote that "''Lubber Pandhu'' is a film where gully cricket commentary fills the ears, men use the paint on their house to depict team loyalty, and for a change, the bride’s parents assert dominance over the groom’s. It is also a film where cricket isn’t just cricket, but an analogy for something much bigger."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Sruthi Ganapathy |date=6 September 2024 |title=Lubber Pandhu review: A nuanced drama unfolding on the canvas of a sports film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/lubber-pandhu-review-a-nuanced-drama-unfolding-on-the-canvas-of-a-sports-film |work=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Nakkheeran]]'' critic stated that "Moreover, this film 'Rubber Bandhu' has been a pleasant surprise success for the viewers as it gives us a feeling similar to what we felt while watching the movie Chennai 28 and the extent to which it gave us an impact."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-20 |title=சிக்ஸருக்கு பறந்ததா? - 'லப்பர் பந்து' விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/review/lubber-pandhu-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920060800/https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/review/lubber-pandhu-movie-review |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=nakkheeran |language=en}}</ref> karthi Kg of ''[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]]'' rated four out of five star and wrote that "This rubber ball is a good sports movie to watch with family."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kg |first=karthi |date=2024-09-19 |title=Lubber pandhu Review {{!}} காதல்... கிரிக்கெட்... எத்தனை மாசம் ஆச்சு தமிழ்ல இப்படி ஒன்னு பார்த்து..? |url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/cinema/movie-review/lubber-pandhu-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920061244/https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/cinema/movie-review/lubber-pandhu-review |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Puthiyathalaimurai |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s sports drama films]]
[[Category:2024 sports films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in 2011]]
[[Category:Films set in 2021]]
[[Category:Films about cricket in India]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Perambalur]]
[[Category:Films set in Cuddalore]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Karuna-Shechen

2026-04-16T04:34:54Z

Axis: Started new entry.

{{Short description|International non-profit organization}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = ''Karuna-Shechen''
| image =
| logo = Lotus-Karuna.jpg
| type = Humanitarian organisation
| founded = {{start date text|2000}}
| founders = [[Matthieu Ricard]] and Rabjam Rinpoche
| origins =
| key_people =
| region_served = India, Nepal and Tibet
| focus =
| method =
| budget = €2.2 million
| budget_year = 2017
| website = {{URL|http://karuna-shechen.org//}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Karuna-Shechen''' is an international non-profit organization which provides health care, education, community development and women empowerment services in [[India]], [[Nepal]] and [[Tibet]]. It was co-founded in 2000 by [[Matthieu Ricard]], a French Buddhist monk and author,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.letemps.ch/societe/matthieu-ricard-nest-donne-perdu|title=Matthieu Ricard: "Ce qui n'est pas donné est perdu"|last1=Revello|first1=Sylvia|date=December 31, 2017|work=Le Temps|access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref> and Shechen Rabjam Rinpoche, a Tibetan Buddhist monk. Karuna-Shechen has branches in [[France]], the [[United States]], [[Switzerland]], [[Canada]] and [[Hong Kong]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Karuna-Shechen 2017 Annual Report|url=http://karuna-shechen.org/publications/|website=Karuna-Shechen.org|access-date=2018-10-05|archive-date=2022-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812111800/https://karuna-shechen.org/publications/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Origin ==
In the early 1970s, Matthieu Ricard had left France to live in the [[Himalayas]]. Faced with the difficulties of Tibetans in exile, with Rabjam Rinpoche and a small group of friends, they organized actions in their favour in the 1980s. In 1997, the book ''{{ill|Le Moine et le Philosophe|fr}}'' (''The Monk and the Philosopher''), written with his father, the academician [[Jean-François Revel]], was published and became a worldwide success. Thanks to this, Matthieu Ricard founded in 2000, with Rabjam Rinpoche, Karuna-Shechen as a non-profit organization in France.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Miller|first=Andrea|title=Matthieu Ricard's Journey to Compassion|website=Lion's Roar|url=https://www.lionsroar.com/matthieu-ricards-journey-to-compassion/|access-date=2020-12-01|language=en-US}}</ref> Its name derives from ''[[karuṇā]]'', which means "compassion" in Sanskrit, and [[Shechen Monastery]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Mathieu Ricard : "L'altruisme n'est pas un luxe, mais une nécessité"|url=https://www.marieclaire.fr/mathieu-ricard-l-altruisme-n-est-pas-un-luxe-mais-une-necessite,1357064.asp|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Marie Claire|language=fr}}</ref>

== Funding ==
Initially the organization was only supported by the copyrights of Matthieu Ricard's books. It is now also funded by numerous donors, philanthropists and by the proceeds of Ricard's lectures and photography sales. The operational and administrative costs of Karuna-Shechen remain low (less than 8% in 2017<ref name=":0" />) and are typically covered by one generous benefactor, allowing for other collected donations to go directly to program services.<ref>{{Citation|last=AdGENCY Experts|title=Matthieu Ricard - Association Karuna Shechen - Dîner Happy-Culture n°3|date=2013-10-02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nL31LYVRWDA|access-date=2018-10-05}}</ref>

== Activities ==
In 2017, Karuna-Shechen provided healthcare support from clinics in brick-and-mortar facilities and in mobile units that travel to remote villages. 6,725 children in Tibet, Nepal and India received regular education in schools supported by the organization and 2156 women benefited from literacy trainings.<ref name=":0" />

In the same year Swiss newspaper ''[[Le Temps]]'' described Karuna-Shechen as an organization helping 250,000 people each year in India, Nepal and Tibet. Food, health, education, and prevention of [[human trafficking]] are also the organisation's main focus. The diverse array of humanitarian programs benefit marginalized families, mothers and children living in remote villages for a global amount of {{US$|3}} million.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Matthieu RIcard : "Ce qui n'est pas donné est perdu"|url=https://www.letemps.ch/societe/matthieu-ricard-nest-donne-perdu|journal=Le Temps|language=fr|publication-date=December 2017}}</ref>

Karuna-Shechen also provided [[women's empowerment]] programming in Nepal and India: literacy and vocational training programs such as solar technicians, electric rickshaw drivers, small entrepreneurial opportunities and sustainable kitchen gardens.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodplanet.info/agir/2009/11/17/karuna-shechen-soutient-les-peuples-sur-le-toit-du-monde/|title=Karuna-Shéchèn soutient les peuples sur le toit du monde|website=Good Planet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-08-13|title=How electric vehicles are moving into the fast lane|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-45084671|access-date=2020-12-01}}</ref>

In 2020, Karuna-Shechen has celebrated its 20th anniversary. A new fixed clinic has been opened in India, in the state of [[Jharkhand]] with a capacity of 20,000 people per year. In France, the association helped the charity movement [[Emmaus (charity)|Emmaus]] and the [[SAMU Social|SAMU social]] of [[Paris]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in France|COVID-19]] crisis.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ricard|first=Matthieu|date=23 September 2020|title=Mathieu Ricard : "L'altruisme n'est pas un luxe, mais une nécessité"|url=https://www.marieclaire.fr/mathieu-ricard-l-altruisme-n-est-pas-un-luxe-mais-une-necessite,1357064.asp|website=marieclaire|language=fr}}</ref> The organization also offers conferences, videos and other content on the topics of altruism in action and compassion, two states of mind that considered as essential to solving current societal, economic and environmental problems.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karuna-Shechen 2019 Annual Report|url=https://issuu.com/karuna-shechen/docs/1913_ra_karuna_shechen_2019_vf_issu_pages?embed_cta=read_more&embed_context=embed&embed_domain=karuna-shechen.org|website=Karuna-Shechen}}</ref> Thus, according to Matthieu Ricard: "Altruism is not a luxury, but a necessity. It is also the most pragmatic way to meet the challenges of the 21st century<ref name=":2" />".

== 2015 Earthquakes in Nepal ==
{{See also|Humanitarian response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake}}
The organisation was particularly active following the 2015 earthquakes in Nepal. Karuna-Shechen provided help to over 200,000 people living in 620 remote villages,<ref>''[http://www.lionsroar.com/how-karuna-shechen-succeeds-in-its-post-earthquake-nepal-relief-efforts/ Karuna-Shechen succeeds in its post-earthquake Nepal relief efforts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211220853/https://www.lionsroar.com/how-karuna-shechen-succeeds-in-its-post-earthquake-nepal-relief-efforts/ |date=2023-12-11 }}'', 10 septembre 2015, [[:fr:Lion's Roar|Lion's Roar]].</ref> including 14,445 tarps, more than 850 tons of food, and more than 70,000 hygiene and medical products.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/karuna-shechen/docs/karuna-shechen_2015_annual_report_e?e=15756712/36556330|title=Karuna-Shechen Annual Report 2015|website=issu.com}}</ref> The Shechen monastery linked to the organization became a centre for urgent medical care for injured people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parismatch.com/Actu/International/En-images/Le-Nepal-de-Matthieu-Ricard-753202|title=Il appelle aux dons après le séisme - Le Népal de Matthieu Ricard|date=28 April 2015|website=Paris Match|language=fr}}</ref> More than {{US$|1}} million was raised for these operations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://issuu.com/karuna-shechen/docs/ks_2016_annual_report?e=15756712/50416696|title=Karuna-Shechen Annual Report 2016|website=issu.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://karuna-shechen.org/ Karuna-Shechen's Official website]
*McManus, ''[https://blog.ted.com/matthieu_ricard_1/ Matthieu Ricard's new humanitarian site: Karuna-Shechen]'', 27 June 2008, [[TED (conference)|TED]]

[[Category:Foreign charities operating in India]]
[[Category:Foreign charities operating in Nepal]]
[[Category:Foreign charities operating in Tibet]]
[[Category:Development charities based in France]]
[[Category:Humanitarian aid organizations]]
[[Category:Poverty-related organizations]]

Thiruvattar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:36:27Z

Axis: put up new stub!

{{Short description|Former assembly constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Thiruvattar
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1951
| abolished= 2008
| district = [[Kanniyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kanniyakumari (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanniyakumari]]
| electors= 165,801 (2006)
| reservation = None
}}
'''Thiruvattar''' was an assembly constituency located in [[Nagercoil Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[Kanyakumari district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Travancore-cochin'''
|-

| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[P. Ramasamy Pillai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Nadu Congress}}
|-
| 1954
| P. Ramasamy Pillai
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Nadu Congress}}
|-

|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Madras State'''
|-
| 1967
| [[J. James (Thiruvattar MLA)|J. James]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Tamil Nadu'''
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| J. James
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| J. James
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[J. Hemachandran]]
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| J. Hemachandran
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[R. Nadesan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| R. Nadesan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]-1999
| [[V. Alban]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 1999-2001
| J. Hemachandran
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| J. Hemachandran
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[R. Leema Rose]]
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|}

==Election results==
===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvattar<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Leema Rose]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=57,162 |percentage=51.60% |change=1.55% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Sujith Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,112 |percentage=26.28% |change=-3.36% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. C. N. Thilak Kumar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=13,363 |percentage=12.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Jeganathan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=9,431 |percentage=8.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. S. Moni |party=Independent politician |votes=1,024 |percentage=0.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Meena |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=683 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,050 |percentage=25.32% |change=4.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=110,775 |percentage=66.81% |change= 10.28% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,801 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 1.55% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvattar<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. Hemachandran]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=47,807 |percentage=50.06% |change=22.40% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajamony |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=28,310 |percentage=29.64% |change=6.36% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Appu Nadesan |party=Independent politician |votes=14,948 |percentage=15.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Issac |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,142 |percentage=2.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Haarris |party=Independent politician |votes=900 |percentage=0.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Thomas |party=Independent politician |votes=897 |percentage=0.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sasikumar |party=Independent politician |votes=503 |percentage=0.53% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,497 |percentage=20.41% |change=6.84% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,507 |percentage=56.53% |change= -5.36% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,027 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.82% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvattar<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Alban]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,523 |percentage=41.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. Hemachandran]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=25,169 |percentage=27.66% |change=-4.20% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Manmadan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=21,192 |percentage=23.29% |change=6.66% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Wilson |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=4,720 |percentage=5.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Pal Nadar |party=Independent politician |votes=735 |percentage=0.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Selvadhas |party=Independent politician |votes=378 |percentage=0.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kasi |party=Independent politician |votes=226 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Leela Sundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=225 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. N. Pushkaran |party=Independent politician |votes=221 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Christu Dhas |party=Independent politician |votes=191 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Vargsee |party=Independent politician |votes=140 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,354 |percentage=13.58% |change=-5.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,005 |percentage=61.88% |change= -0.05% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,690 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -9.26% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvattar<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Nadesan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=45,591 |percentage=50.49% |change=5.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. Hemachandran]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=28,762 |percentage=31.86% |change=-4.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. G. Retna Sabapathy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,015 |percentage=16.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Wilson |party=Independent politician |votes=358 |percentage=0.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Udayakumar |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=266 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Haridas |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=209 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Y. John Gnananamuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=88 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,829 |percentage=18.64% |change=9.25% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,289 |percentage=61.93% |change= -5.60% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,139 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 5.13% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvattar<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Nadesan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,193 |percentage=45.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. Hemachandran]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=31,084 |percentage=35.98% |change=-0.99% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Lucase |party=Independent politician |votes=14,655 |percentage=16.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Radhakrishnan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=832 |percentage=0.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Nesayyan |party=Independent politician |votes=245 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Madhusoodhanan Nair |party=Independent politician |votes=228 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Henry |party=Independent politician |votes=154 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,109 |percentage=9.39% |change=3.76% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=86,391 |percentage=67.54% |change= -2.40% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,184 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 8.40% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvattar<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. Hemachandran]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=26,851 |percentage=36.97% |change=-10.74% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mohndahs |party=Independent politician |votes=22,762 |percentage=31.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Thilakkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=19,847 |percentage=27.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Natarajan |party=Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress |votes=3,167 |percentage=4.36% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,089 |percentage=5.63% |change=-14.39% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,627 |percentage=69.94% |change= 8.38% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,731 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -10.74% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvattar<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. Hemachandran]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=29,463 |percentage=47.71% |change=1.73% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Thobias |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,099 |percentage=27.69% |change=24.59% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. James (Thiruvattar Mla)|J. James]] |party=Janata Party |votes=14,970 |percentage=24.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Thomas Marshall |party=Independent politician |votes=225 |percentage=0.36% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,364 |percentage=20.02% |change=17.18% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,757 |percentage=61.55% |change= 1.97% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,139 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Janata Party |swing= -1.12% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvattar<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. James (Thiruvattar Mla)|J. James]] |party=Janata Party |votes=27,812 |percentage=48.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. Hemachandran]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=26,192 |percentage=45.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. J. Raj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,764 |percentage=3.10% |change=-56.57% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Sukumarran |party=Independent politician |votes=984 |percentage=1.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Gladstone |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=212 |percentage=0.37% |change=-16.30% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,620 |percentage=2.84% |change=-33.16% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,964 |percentage=59.58% |change= -7.20% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,167 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -10.84% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvattar<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. James (Thiruvattar Mla)|James. J]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,097 |percentage=59.66% |change=5.20% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. Hemachandran]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=14,315 |percentage=23.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Gnanasigamony |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,088 |percentage=16.67% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,782 |percentage=36.00% |change=20.98% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,500 |percentage=66.78% |change= -7.29% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,019 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 5.20% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvattar<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. James (Thiruvattar Mla)|J. James]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,345 |percentage=54.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Gnanasingamoni |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=21,253 |percentage=39.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Thobias |party=Independent politician |votes=3,277 |percentage=6.08% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,092 |percentage=15.02% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,875 |percentage=74.07% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,416 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1954===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1954 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvattar<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1954/StatRep_TravCochin_1954.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127210305/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1954/StatRep_TravCochin_1954.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013 | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1954|last =The Legislative Assembly of Travancore Cochin | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Ramasamy Pillai]] |party=Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress |votes=18,104 |percentage=88.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pakianathan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,258 |percentage=11.09% |change=11.09% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,846 |percentage=77.82% |change=18.07% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,362 |percentage=56.50% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,041 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress |loser=Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvattar<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_TRAV-COCH.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127212440/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_TRAV-COCH.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013 | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951|last =The Legislative Assembly of Travancore Cochin | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Ramasamy Pillai]] |party=Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress |votes=18,244 |percentage=68.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kulandaswami |party= |votes=2,242 |percentage=8.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Sreedharan Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,889 |percentage=7.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. T. Raj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,840 |percentage=6.87% |change=6.87% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Padmanabhan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,437 |percentage=5.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Thankakon |party=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |votes=1,127 |percentage=4.21% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,002 |percentage=59.76% |change=59.76% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,779 |percentage=67.61% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,609 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|8.33|77.27|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

2019 Pollachi sexual assault case

2026-04-12T19:18:04Z

Axis: adding post

{{Short description|In Tamil Nadu, India}}
[[File:House where the 2019 Pollachi sexual assault case occurred.png|thumb|250x250px|The farm house belonging to one of the accused where women were sexually assaulted and filmed]]

The '''Pollachi sexual assault case''' refers to a case of rape and extortion of numerous women by a gang in [[Pollachi]], [[Coimbatore]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The gang would entice women into isolated places after befriending them on social media and sexually assault them and film the act. The videos were later used to blackmail the women for sexual favors or money. The gang came into spotlight after the family of a 19-year-old college student who claimed to had been sexually assaulted and blackmailed complained to the police. According to media accounts, at least 200 women, including college and school teachers, doctors, higher secondary school students from all over the state, were sexually assaulted in the same manner. Police discovered dozens of video recordings of women being abused on the phone belonging to one of the accused. Some videos were leaked.

There were protests across the state organized by students, political parties and various organizations to bring the perpetrators to justice.
[[File:Demonstrations against Pollachi Sexual abuse case March 2019.jpg|thumb|290x290px|Demonstration to bring the perpetrators to justice, 2019]]
The police arrested four men who were alleged to be involved in the rape and extortion ring. The case was shifted to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI), another man surrendered before the judicial magistrate and confessed to raping and blackmailing women. Later the five men were sent to the Salem central prison. The CBI arrested three more men involved in the incident in January 2021. The CBI made minimal progress before these arrests

On May 13, 2025, the Mahila Court in Coimbatore found all nine accused guilty and sentenced them to life imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Wilson |date=2025-05-12 |title=Pollachi sexual assault case and trial {{!}} Explained |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pollachi-sexual-assault-case-and-trial-explained/article69564805.ece |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="i973">{{cite web |last=Azeefa Fathima |first=Nandini Chandrashekar |date=13 May 2025 |title=Pollachi Sexual Assault Case Verdict |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tn-court-convicts-nine-in-pollachi-sexual-assault-case |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref name="r643">{{cite web |date=13 May 2025 |title=Pollachi rape-blackmail case: All you need to know about 2019 scandal that shocked Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/what-is-pollachi-rape-case-all-you-need-to-know-verdict-key-facts/articleshow/121134017.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The court also ordered Tamil Nadu government pay a total compensation of {{INRConvert|85|l}} to eight survivors of sexual assault.<ref name="g189">{{cite web |last=Stalin |first=J Sam Daniel |date=13 May 2025 |title=Life Sentence For 9 Convicts In Tamil Nadu's 2019 Pollachi Sex Assault Case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/all-nine-accused-convicted-in-high-profile-pollachi-sex-assault-case-of-2019-in-tamil-nadu-8400639#pfrom=home-ndtv_topscroll |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref>

== Incident==
On February 12, 2019, a 19-year-old college student in Pollachi received a call from an acquaintance who said he needed to speak with her alone about something important and told her to meet him near a bus stop. He invited her to get into the car with him and his friend who was also another acquaintance of hers, and assured that they would speak on the way. Two more men got in the car unexpectedly and the girl was forcibly undressed and videotaped, and a gold chain she was wearing was stolen by the four of them. They threatened her to give them sexual favors and money if they wanted it, or they would post the video online. They abandoned her in the middle of the road after she screamed and cried.<ref name="thenewsminute-MARCH132019">{{Cite web|date=2019-03-13|title=What is the Pollachi sexual assault and extortion case: A detailed explainer|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/what-pollachi-sexual-abuse-and-extortion-case-detailed-explainer-98266|access-date=2021-05-23|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

She kept the incident hidden from her family. When the men repeatedly blackmailed her and threatened to extort money from her, she chose to confide in her family. Two men involved were then tracked by her brother and his friends, who beat them up and grabbed the men's mobile phones, which included recordings of at least three other girls whom the men might have coerced. The family reported this to the Pollachi police department, along with a sexual assault and theft lawsuit.<ref name="thenewsminute-MARCH132019" />

== The rape and extortion ring ==
The victim's story, as well as the mobile seized from the four men, uncovered a huge racket supposed involvement of other more men. The men reportedly used fake [[Facebook]] profiles to entice women, they would make a conversation with them and befriend them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pollachi sexual assault: 'Tamil media is worst in the matter'|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/pollachi-sexual-assault-lack-sensitivity-media-072434049.html|access-date=2021-05-24|website=in.news.yahoo.com|language=en-IN}}</ref> Each of the men would entice women to an isolated house or hotel, where he would either rape the women or persuade them to have sex with him. His accomplices would film the act. If it was a sexual assault, one of the companions would hop in to pose as a protector while the other men proceeded to film.<ref name="thenewsminute-MARCH132019" /> The accused had already raped and videotaped other young women, according to the police report. A few video recordings of women being sexually assaulted, reportedly shot at the farmhouse, have been leaked. In these films, girls are seen pleading with the attackers for compassion.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Thomas|first=Wilson|date=2021-01-24|title=Pollachi sexual assault case {{!}} Of rape, lies and video leaks|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/pollachi-sexual-assault-case-of-rape-lies-and-video-leaks/article33647285.ece|access-date=2021-07-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Most were taken to a farm house belonging to one of the accused and then raped and filmed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-17|title=Pollachi sexual assault case: In glee to corner AIADMK, DMK tramples survivor's dignity, Nakkheeran fails its duty by leaking rape video|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/pollachi-sexual-assault-case-women-in-tamil-nadu-are-suffering-due-to-political-exploitation-media-bias-6275491.html|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Firstpost}}</ref> The videos filmed in the farm house were used to later blackmail them for sexual favours and money.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=N Vinoth|date=2021-04-01|title=Will Pollachi sexual assault case dent AIADMK chances in western TN?|url=https://thefederal.com/tamilnadu-elections-2021/will-the-pollachi-sexual-assault-case-dent-aiadmk-chances-in-western-tn/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-08|website=The Federal|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401012123/https://thefederal.com/tamilnadu-elections-2021/will-the-pollachi-sexual-assault-case-dent-aiadmk-chances-in-western-tn/ |archive-date=2021-04-01 }}</ref>

According to media accounts, at least 200 women are sexually assaulted in the very same manner. There were also suspicions that young women in the region who had committed suicide in the previous year were also victims of sexual harassment by the same men.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pollachi Sexual Assault: 12 Things to Know About the Case|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/politics/pollachi-sexual-assault-case-key-highlights|access-date=2021-05-24|website=BloombergQuint|date=15 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The victims were reportedly college and school teachers, doctors, higher secondary school and college students from Coimbatore, Chennai, Salem, and other areas of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-06|title=Explained: What is the Pollachi sexual abuse case?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-pollachi-sexual-abuse-case-5641667/|access-date=2021-05-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Tamil news Magazine ''[[Nakkheeran]]'' reported that the racket involved about 275 girls and 1,100 videos.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Gaurav|title=#Pollachi: How the media—and authorities—dropped the ball|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/03/22/pollachi-how-the-media-and-authorities-dropped-the-ball|access-date=2021-05-24|website=Newslaundry|date=22 March 2019 }}</ref> According to some local media, the group has been targeting women since 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-03-15|title=Pollachi 'sex blackmail gang' victim's name revealed|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47579534|access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref>

The Pollachi police department issued a public appeal for women who have been victimized by the gang to come forward and register a complaint.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-11|title=Pollachi sexual assault case: Police suspect many more victims, probing network|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pollachi-sexual-assault-case-police-suspect-many-more-victims-probing-network-98103|access-date=2021-06-26|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

== Arrests by the police ==
On February 24, 2019, the police lodged an FIR against all four men involved.<ref name="thenewsminute-MARCH132019" /> On the same day as the complaint, the three men were detained. They were put into legal remand after being brought before a judicial magistrate in Pollachi. The police filed [[Tamil Nadu Goondas Act|Goondas Act]] on the four accused.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-03-07|title=Pollachi blackmailing: Police to slap Goondas Act on accused|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/pollachi-blackmailing-police-to-slap-goondas-act-on-accused/article26453560.ece|access-date=2021-07-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> They were arrested by the police on March 10, 2019.<ref name="caravanmagazine-16March2021">{{Cite web|last=Sivagnanam|first=Sujatha|title=The CBI investigation into the Pollachi sexual-assault case ignores police cover-up|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/crime/the-cbi-investigation-into-sexual-assault-case-ignores-police-cover-up|access-date=2021-05-23|website=The Caravan|language=en}}</ref> Police arrested the secretary of the AIADMK's 'Amma Forum' in Pollachi town on March 12, 2019, for allegedly threatening and beating the victim's brother. He was expelled out of the party's primary earlier membership for allegedly attempting to defend an accused in the case.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-12|title=AIADMK expels worker arrested in sexual assault case|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aiadmk-expels-worker-arrested-in-sexual-assault-case/story-DI3bbEHOfCmZpPP4G2ELzI.html|access-date=2021-06-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-11|title=AIADMK man who threatened Pollachi sexual assault survivor's brother sacked from party|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aiadmk-man-who-threatened-pollachi-sexual-assault-survivors-brother-sacked-party-98147|access-date=2021-06-26|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> The AIADMK functionary was released on bail three days later.<ref name="Senthalir">{{Cite web|last=Senthalir|first=S.|title=In Tamil Nadu, ruling AIADMK is accused of shielding men involved in sex blackmail racket|url=https://scroll.in/article/916233/in-tamil-nadu-ruling-aiadmk-is-accused-of-shielding-men-involved-in-sex-blackmail-racket|access-date=2021-06-26|website=Scroll.in|date=12 March 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Protests ==
[[File:Women in demonstration against the Pollachi Sexual Assault and Extortion Case, March 2019.png|thumb|300x300px|Women in demonstration against the incident]]
Hundreds of teachers, attorneys, and affiliates of women's groups marched throughout the state in March 2019, asking that the perpetrators be brought to justice. Government arts college students in Coimbatore and [[Tiruppur]] held a protest by skipping classes. About 300 students from different universities in Chennai took part in the demonstration. There were also protests by 250 students from Tiruvannamalai's Government Arts College. Outside the court complex in Coimbatore, lawyers staged a protest. They requested that an investigation into the case be led by a female judge from the [[Madras High Court]].<ref name="scrollprotest">{{Cite web|title=Tamil Nadu transfers Pollachi serial sexual assault and blackmail case to CBI|url=https://scroll.in/latest/916599/tamil-nadu-transfers-pollachi-serial-sexual-assault-and-blackmail-case-to-cbi|access-date=2021-05-24|website=Scroll.in|date=14 March 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> Students studying Siddha medicines in Tirunelveli also protested on March 18, 2019, by pinning black tags to their white coats.<ref name="quintprotest">{{Cite web|last=Kaveri|first=Megha|date=2019-03-19|title=Pollachi Sexual Assault: Protests Across TN As Outrage Continues|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/pollachi-sexual-assault-tn-shutdown-protest|access-date=2021-05-24|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-03-14|title=Pollachi case: Students protest, demand action against accused|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pollachi-case-students-protest-demand-action-against-accused/article26526510.ece|access-date=2021-05-24|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Over 300 students from Vellore's Voorhees College held a sit-in protest, shouting slogans demanding protection for women, specifically when they were away from home.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Madhavan|first=T.|date=2019-03-14|title=Protests over Pollachi sexual assault case rock Vellore|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/protests-over-pollachi-sexual-assault-case-rock-vellore/article26537529.ece|access-date=2021-07-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Members of the [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]], All India Democratic Women's Association, the Students Federation of India, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, the [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] formed a human chain in [[Pudukkottai]] demanding that the accused be brought to justice. The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) staged a huge protest on March 12, led by [[Member of Parliament]], [[Kanimozhi]]. Around 1,000 college students from Pollachi and the surrounding areas held a rally calling for justice in the incident.<ref name="quintprotest" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-19|title=Sexual assault case: Protests across TN as outrage continues, shutdown in Pollachi|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sexual-assault-case-protests-across-tn-outrage-continues-shutdown-pollachi-98543|access-date=2021-05-24|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

== Central Bureau of Investigation ==
The Tamil Nadu government transferred the case to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) on March 12, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil Nadu transfers Pollachi serial sexual assault and blackmail case to CBI|url=https://scroll.in/latest/916599/tamil-nadu-transfers-pollachi-serial-sexual-assault-and-blackmail-case-to-cbi|access-date=2021-06-28|website=Scroll.in|date=14 March 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> Another person surrendered before the [[Chief Judicial Magistrate Court|chief judicial magistrate court]] on March 25, 2019. He confessed that he raped some women with the arrested men and made videos.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-26|title=Rape charge added to FIR in Pollachi sexual assault case|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rape-charge-added-fir-pollachi-sexual-assault-case-100724|access-date=2021-07-04|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> The CBI filed a charge sheet against five accused on 24 May 2019, claiming that they were members of an organized criminal group that communicated with one another.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pollachi sexual abuse case: CBI files chargesheet against five accused|url=https://scroll.in/latest/924658/pollachi-sexual-abuse-case-cbi-files-chargesheet-against-five-accused|access-date=2021-06-28|website=Scroll.in|date=24 May 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> CBI registered two FIRs against eight accused on 28 April 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pollachi sexual abuse case: CBI registers two FIRs against eight accused|url=https://scroll.in/latest/921579/pollachi-sexual-abuse-case-cbi-registers-two-firs-against-eight-accused|access-date=2021-06-28|website=Scroll.in|date=28 April 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> The CBI visited the farm house of the accused in May 2019 and after examining the area, they confirmed one place where a young girl was sexually harassed by the group.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mathivanan|first=Ananth|date=2019-05-16|title=Pollachi scam: CBI raids farm house of accused|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/160519/pollachi-scam-cbi-raids-farm-house-of-accused.html|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> The five men were sent to Salem Central Prison in June 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 23, 2019|title=Pollachi rape case accused shifted to Salem prison|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/pollachi-rape-case-accused-shifted-to-salem-prison/articleshow/69909200.cms|access-date=2021-07-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

The CBI arrested three more men, including AIADMK youth wing member on 6 January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pollachi sexual abuse case: CBI arrests three more men, including AIADMK youth wing member|url=https://scroll.in/latest/983291/pollachi-sexual-abuse-case-cbi-arrests-three-more-men-including-aiadmk-youth-wing-member|access-date=2021-06-28|website=Scroll.in|date=6 January 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> The CBI made minimal progress on the case before the arrest in January 2021.<ref name="caravanmagazine-16March2021" />

An anonymous victim claimed in a recorded audio clip that a young girl died after she was gang-raped by the arrested accused and his accomplices at his farm house and later her body was buried at the back.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-27|title='Pollachi accused buried one of the victims behind farm house'|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2019/03/27020401/1111990/Pollachi-accused-buried-one-of-the-victims-behind-.vpf|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-07-07|website=dtNext.in|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190028/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2019/03/27020401/1111990/Pollachi-accused-buried-one-of-the-victims-behind-.vpf |archive-date=2021-07-09 }}</ref>

On February 19, the ''Nakkheeran'' reported that the CBI had confiscated a vehicle belonging to a former AIADMK councillor. The criminals reportedly used the vehicle to entice girls and then abuse them. The perpetrators reportedly exploited the women's photographs to blackmail them and send the women to powerful people in order to get money. Former Pollachi Municipal Chairman, a member of the AIADMK, was also allegedly reported to be with these woman. V. Jayaraman was said to be close to both the ex-councilor and the Municipal Chairman.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-19|title=சி.பி.ஐ.யிடம் சிக்கிய... ... பொள்ளாச்சி பெண்களை கடத்திய கார்!|url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/nakkheeran/car-kidnapped-pollachi-women-caught-by-cbi/car-kidnapped-pollachi-women-caught-by-cbi|access-date=2021-07-07|website=nakkheeran|language=en}}</ref><ref name="caravanmagazine-16March2021" />

Activists and journalists reported that, despite the arrests, there appears to be no inquiry into the role of the Pollachi policemen in either assisting the ring or covering up the crime. They claimed that the police made numerous procedural errors, which allowed for the release of several important suspects, notably those with ties to the AIADMK, and made it more difficult for survivors of the incident to tell the authorities.<ref name="caravanmagazine-16March2021" />

All the nine accused in the case were brought before the Mahila Court in Coimbatore in February 2024, following the submission of fresh material items by the CBI the previous month.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pollachi sexual assault case {{!}} Nine accused produced before court as CBI submits more material objects |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pollachi-sexual-assault-case-nine-accused-produced-before-court-as-cbi-submits-more-material-objects/article67878299.ece |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Politics over the incident==
{{Quote box
| quote = In those videos and photographs, there is a lot of details on prominent party men. I'm about to tell you a major truth. I need the backing of the opposition party's head, media contacts, an advocate, and a judge.
| author = a prime accused in the case
| source = <ref name="March132019huffpost" />
| align = right
| width = 300px
| fontsize = 90%
| bgcolor = #d1ffd2
}}
The AIADMK was criticized for its alleged role in the incident after the arrest of its functionary, with some news reports implying that the connection to the incident runs deeper within the party.<ref name="thenewsminute-MARCH132019" /> [[M. K. Stalin|M.K Stalin]], the DMK's president, said that AIADMK leaders were attempting to protect the persons detained in the case.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-12|title=AIADMK officials trying to influence probe in Pollachi sexual assault case: Stalin|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aiadmk-officials-trying-influence-probe-pollachi-sexual-assault-case-stalin-98153|access-date=2021-06-26|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> These allegations were gaining ground after the release of the AIADMK functionary three days after his arrest. The District Secretary of the [[All India Democratic Women's Association]], Radhika A alleged that the AIADMK secretary was not charged with sexual assault on purpose because of his political membership.<ref name="Senthalir"/> The AIADMK's Information Technology cell lodged a separate complaint with the police, requesting that individuals propagating propaganda against the ruling party and its leaders be prosecuted.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-03-11|title=Pollachi sexual assault triggers outrage among politicians|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pollachi-sexual-assault-triggers-outrage-among-politicians/article26502774.ece|access-date=2021-06-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Thirunavukkarasu, the main accused, requested that the investigation be transferred to the CBI, saying that politically powerful people were engaged in the case.<ref name="March132019huffpost">{{Cite web|date=2019-03-12|title=Why The Pollachi Sexual Abuse Case Is Causing An Uproar In Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/pollachi-sexual-abuse-case-is-causing-an-uproar-in-tamil-nadu_in_5c873454e4b08d5b7864d290|access-date=2021-06-26|website=HuffPost|language=en}}</ref> According to news sources in the Tamil media, the local [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) and AIADMK Deputy Speaker [[V. Jayaraman|V Jayaraman]]'s son was linked to people involved in the incident. Jayaraman denied any family links to the case.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-11|title=Pollachi sexual assault: AIADMK MLA Pollachi Jayaraman denies family link|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pollachi-sexual-assault-aiadmk-mla-pollachi-jayaraman-denies-family-link-98151|access-date=2021-06-26|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

=== Revealing survivor's identity ===
{{Quote box
| quote = There is a popular assumption that the BJP is attempting to bully the AIADMK in Coimbatore, which is regarded the party's stronghold.... When there was an open indictment against AIADMK bigshots in Pollachi, there should have been more arrests by now. Since that has not occurred, and the CBI arresting the accused at this point makes us believe the allegations against the BJP are real, and they are attempting to use this to preserve their image and gain political advantage.
| author = Ira Murugavel, an author and political commentator.
| source = <ref name="caravanmagazine-16March2021" />
| align = right
| width = 360px
| fontsize = 85%
| bgcolor = #ffce96
}}On March 1, Coimbatore SP R [[Pandiarajan]] had a televised news conference in which he announced the survivor's name which is a criminal offence by law. On March 6, police issued a press statement in which they unlawfully identified the survivor by revealing her name, educational background, and location. The survivor filed a plea with the Coimbatore [[District magistrate|District Collector]], demanding that her identity be protected.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-13|title=Police apathy on display as Pollachi sexual assault survivor fights for justice|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/police-apathy-display-pollachi-sexual-assault-survivor-fights-justice-98216|access-date=2021-06-26|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> The [[Madras High Court]] ordered the government of Tamil Nadu to provide an immediate compensation of ₹ 25 [[lakh]] to the survivor for "violation of her privacy, dignity, and image" in an attempt to avoid similar cases where government officials expose the name of a survivors of sexual assault.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-15|title=TN govt told to pay Rs 25 lakh to Pollachi survivor for cop revealing her name|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-govt-told-pay-rs-25-lakh-pollachi-survivor-cop-revealing-her-name-98407|access-date=2021-06-26|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> A [[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] was lodged in the Supreme Court requesting action against SP R Pandiarajan for revealing the name.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-15|title=Take action against Coimbatore SP who outed name of Pollachi assault survivor: PIL in SC|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/take-action-against-coimbatore-sp-who-outed-name-pollachi-assault-survivor-pil-sc-98391|access-date=2021-06-26|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> According to [[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi|Kanimozhi]], the survivor's name was exposed solely to silence other women and prevent them from coming forward and reporting, she also said that the AIADMK was trying to protect the accused in the case and Kanimozhi demanded a re-investigation by the police into all female suicides in Pollachi during the last seven years.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-13|title=Pollachi survivor's name leaked by cops to ensure other victims keep quiet: Kanimozhi|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pollachi-survivors-name-leaked-cops-ensure-other-victims-keep-quiet-kanimozhi-98220|access-date=2021-06-26|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pollachi serial sexual assault: DMK's Kanimozhi criticises police for revealing name of survivor|url=https://scroll.in/latest/916396/pollachi-serial-sexual-assault-dmks-kanimozhi-criticises-police-for-revealing-name-of-survivor|access-date=2021-06-28|website=Scroll.in|date=13 March 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> In April 2019, the state government transferred police officers involved in the case, including a Superintendent of Police who exposed the victim's identify.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2019-04-01|title=Pollachi sexual abuse case: Tamil Nadu govt transfers police officials involved in investigation|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pollachi-sexual-abuse-case-tn-govt-transfers-police-officials-involved-in-investigation/article26700786.ece|access-date=2021-07-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Trial and sentencing ==
On 14 May 2025, a Mahila Court (Special Court) in [[Coimbatore]] found all nine accused in the Pollachi sexual assault case guilty, including a former office-bearer of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] students’ wing. The court sentenced them to life imprisonment under Sections 376D and 376(2)(n) of the [[Indian Penal Code]]. It also directed the state government to pay a total compensation of ₹85 lakh to the eight survivors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Wilson |date=2025-05-13 |title=Pollachi sexual assault case: Coimbatore court convicts all nine accused, sentences them to life imprisonment |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pollachi-sexual-assault-case-coimbatore-court-holds-all-nine-accused-guilty/article69570183.ece |access-date=2026-03-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Wilson |date=2025-05-13 |title=Pollachi sexual assault case: How nine men operated a notorious racket in a calm, picturesque town |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pollachi-sexual-assault-case-how-nine-men-operated-a-notorious-racket-in-a-calm-picturesque-pollachi/article69572492.ece |access-date=2026-03-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The trial was conducted in a specially designated courtroom at the Coimbatore Combined Court Complex, in accordance with directions issued by the Madras High Court. The courtroom was equipped with one-way vision glass to ensure the privacy of the survivors. The identities of the survivors were withheld from official records and public documents. The court examined approximately 40 witnesses during the course of the trial.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pollachi sexual assault case and trial {{!}} Explained |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pollachi-sexual-assault-case-and-trial-explained/article69564805.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512072724/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pollachi-sexual-assault-case-and-trial-explained/article69564805.ece |archive-date=2025-05-12 |access-date=2026-03-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

On 15 May 2025, the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu Government]] has announced a additional compensation of ₹25 lakh to each of the survivors, over and above the ₹85 lakh compensation awarded by the special court.<ref>{{Cite news |last=The |first=Hindu |date=2025-05-14 |title=Pollachi sexual assault case: Tamil Nadu CM Stalin announces ₹25 lakh each to survivors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pollachi-sexual-assault-case-tamil-nadu-cm-stalin-announces-25-lakh-each-to-survivors/article69576641.ece |access-date=2026-03-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Social history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2019 crimes in India]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]

Ratan Kumar Bhowmik

2026-04-11T21:09:40Z

Axis: new bio...

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Ratan Kumar Bhowmik
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Tripura]]
| constituency = [[Kakraban-Salgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
| term_start = 2013
| term_end = 2023
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| spouse =
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Ratan Kumar Bhowmik''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He was a member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Kakraban-Salgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kakraban-Salgarh]] constituency in [[Gomati district]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/tripura2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5792|title=Ratan Kumar Bhowmik(Communist Party of India (Marxist)(CPI(M))):Constituency- KAKRABAN-SHALGARA(GOMATI) – Affidavit Information of Candidate:|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/manik-sarkar-sounds-govt-on-custodial-deaths/article31905328.ece|title=Manik Sarkar sounds govt on custodial deaths|date=24 June 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/tripura-cpim-leaders-attacked-in-two-separate-places-party-alleges-bjps-role-5578818/|title=Tripura: CPI(M) leaders attacked in two separate places, party alleges BJP's role|date=11 February 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhowmik, Ratan Kumar}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Tripura-politician-stub}}

2019 Khonsa ambush

2026-04-05T11:35:12Z

Axis: adding a article

{{Short description|Terrorist incident in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Khonsa ambush
| image =
| caption =
| location = Pansumthong village near [[Khonsa]], [[Tirap district]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]]<ref name="UTNews">UT News Service. [https://ukhrultimes.com/nia-announces-cash-rewards-for-tirap-massacre-nscn-im-accused-mla-contestant-under-nia-radar/ "NIA announces cash rewards for Tirap massacre NSCN-IM accused, MLA contestant under NIA radar"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019234230/https://ukhrultimes.com/nia-announces-cash-rewards-for-tirap-massacre-nscn-im-accused-mla-contestant-under-nia-radar/ |date=19 October 2023 }}. Published on 27 September 2020. Accessed on 16 October 2023.</ref>
| coordinates =
| date = 21 May 2019
| time = 11:30 am
| timezone = IST
| type = Ambush
| fatalities = 11
| injuries = 2
| perpetrator = Suspected [[NSCN-IM]] militants
| motive =
| accused = Maj Gen Absolon Tangkhul, James Kiwang, and others (accused but not apprehended)
| convicted =
| charges =
| verdict =
| convictions =
| accused parties =
| inquiries =
| coroner =
| report =
| inquest =
}}

The '''Khonsa ambush''' occurred on 21 May 2019, resulting in the death of eleven individuals, including [[Tirong Aboh]], the incumbent [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] of the [[Khonsa West constituency]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], and his son.<ref name="TheQuint">{{Cite news |date=2019-05-21 |title=NPP MLA & 10 Others Killed by Terrorists in AP, Search Op Underway |language=en |work=The Quint |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/npp-mla-tirong-aboh-dead-militant-attack-in-arunachal-pradesh |access-date=2023-11-03 |archive-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530020702/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/npp-mla-tirong-aboh-dead-militant-attack-in-arunachal-pradesh |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Background ==

[[Khonsa West Assembly constituency|Khonsa West]] MLA Tirong Aboh, who lost his life in the ambush, had contested and won the assembly elections earlier in the year as a [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] (NPP) candidate. He successfully retained his seat, triumphing over his sole rival, Phawang Lowang of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], by a margin of 1,055 votes. Initially elected from the constituency in 2014 on a [[People's Party of Arunachal]] ticket, Aboh later joined the Congress during the tenure of former chief minister [[Nabam Tuki]], subsequently serving as a cabinet minister for approximately four months.<ref name="QuintProtest"/>

== Incident ==
The incident took place when suspected [[NSCN-IM]] rebels ambushed [[Tirong Aboh|Aboh]]'s convoy of four cars, which was en route to his constituency from [[Assam]]. Alongside Aboh, the vehicles carried family members, three [[Arunachal Pradesh Police|police personnel]], and a poll agent. Altogether, 15 people were in the convoy. The attack occurred near [[Bogapani]] village in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] around 11:30 am. Unprovoked, militants ambushed the vehicle and fired at it from all sides, killing 11 of the 15 passengers, including [[Tirong Aboh|Aboh]] and his son.<ref name="TheQuint"/> Among the casualties, two were police personnel.<ref name="QuintProtest"/> Initial investigations pointed towards the involvement of [[NSCN]] militants in the attack, as confirmed by police officials. Aboh, aged 41, was seeking re-election from his constituency, with the election results scheduled for announcement on 23 May.<ref name="TheQuint"/>

=== Recorded telephonic conversation ===

The [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) investigating the ambush has uncovered a recorded telephonic conversation between a worker of the National People's Party and an unidentified militant associated with the insurgent [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]]-Isaac and Muivah (NSCN-IM) faction.<ref name="News18">News18. [https://www.news18.com/news/india/arunachal-mlas-death-nia-receives-taped-call-between-nscn-im-leader-npp-worker-2200419.html "Arunachal MLA Death: NIA Receives Taped Call Between NSCN-IM Leader & NPP Worker"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019234229/https://www.news18.com/news/india/arunachal-mlas-death-nia-receives-taped-call-between-nscn-im-leader-npp-worker-2200419.html |date=19 October 2023 }}. Published on 24 June 2019. Accessed on 16 October 2023.</ref>

According to a senior official, an unidentified person claiming to be an [[NSCN-IM]] leader made a phone call to NPP worker, Noknyiam Nokbi, from [[Khonsa]], in late March 2019. In the recorded conversation, the militant can be heard issuing threats to the NPP worker, warning him to refrain from making statements against the NSCN (IM) or face severe consequences.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

The suspected NSCN (IM) leader instructed Nokbi not to organize or participate in any meetings where the late [[Khonsa West]] MLA Aboh or his supporters would speak against the insurgent outfit. Additionally, the conversation included references to Jalin Hakhun, one of the 11 individuals who lost their lives in the later ambush. Hakhun, the president of the [[Dadam Area Youth Association]] (DAYA), had been actively campaigning for Aboh prior to the assembly election in the state.<ref name="News18"/>

=== Attack on NPP workers at Kheti village ===

Later, two NPP workers were targeted by suspected NSCN (IM) militants in an attack at Kheti village in [[Tirap district]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. The assault, which took place a few days after the alleged threat call in late March, resulted in the death of NPP worker Jaley Anna.
On 29 March 2019, several days after the call, at around 09:30 PM, Jaley Anna and another supporter of Tirong Aboh, Khamney Aboh, were abducted from Kheti village by a group of militants. They were dropped back an hour later, severely beaten, and were immediately rushed to the nearest hospital by villagers. Unfortunately, 52-year-old Anna succumbed to his injuries. Before his passing, Anna managed to identify one of his assailants as Eli Ketok, allegedly a member of a militant group. In response to this incident, an [[First information report|FIR]] was lodged at [[Khonsa]] police station by Chathien Anna, Jaley Anna's wife, and NPP District President [[Noklam Bisai]]. This incident prompted NPP Chief and Chief Minister of Meghalaya, Conrad Sangma, to express his condolences and emphasize the need for mutual respect in political endeavors.<ref name="News18"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://noctedigest.com/history/f/tirap-massacre|title=Tirap Massacre|date=30 October 2020|website=Nocte Digest}}</ref>

NPP workers Noknyiam Nokbi and Wangsi Atoa, along with survivors Nyajut Hakhun and Nokliam Tekwa, went under interrogation by the National Investigation Agency (NIA) in relation to both this and event as well as the aforementioned phone call.<ref name="News18"/>

== Victims ==

The massacre resulted in the deaths of Khonsa West MLA Tirong Aboh and 10 others.<ref name="UTNews"/> The victims included:
* MLA [[Tirong Aboh]]
* Wangngoi Hakhun (35)
* Jalin Hakhun (33)
* Wangngu Hakhun (30)
* Gamwang Hakhun (28)
* Tangro Atoa (47) - Teacher
* Poanhang Agi (38) - Personal Security Officer (PSO)
* Khundong Siksa (50) - Personal Security Officer (PSO)
* Patwang Sumpa (20) - Driver
* Along Aboh - Son of MLA Tirong Aboh
* Matlam Aboh - Nephew of MLA Tirong Aboh

In addition, two individuals sustained injuries and required extended medical treatment:
* Wangdan Hakhun (26)
* Wangsen Hakhun (32)

An additional two occupants of the convoy escaped the massacre unharmed:
* Nokliam Tekwa - Personal Security Officer (PSO)
* Nyajut Hakhun - Household Worker.

Nyajut Hakhun's involvement in the incident has also come under investigation by the NIA.<ref name="UTNews"/>

== Investigation and response ==
In response to the attack, the [[Indian Army]] initiated an extensive search operation across the jungles of [[Tirap District|Tirap]], [[Longding]], and [[Changlang District]]s to apprehend the assailants. Additional reinforcements, including Special Forces troops, were deployed for this purpose. The operation also saw the utilization of specialist helicopters with night-flying capability, along with night vision equipment. Reconnaissance helicopters, quad-copters, and tracker dogs were extensively employed in the search. The operation was conducted in close coordination with the police, local administration, and intelligence agencies, aiming to identify and bring to justice those responsible for the incident.<ref name="TheQuint"/>

=== Investigation ===

Following the incident, the case was initially under the purview of the [[Arunachal Pradesh Police|state police]]. However, it was subsequently handed over to the [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA).<ref name="EastMojo">EastMojo. [https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2019/06/20/exclusive-arunachal-mla-tirong-aboh-case-mystery-of-missing-maid/ "EXCLUSIVE: Arunachal MLA Tirong Aboh case: Mystery of missing maid"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019234230/https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2019/06/20/exclusive-arunachal-mla-tirong-aboh-case-mystery-of-missing-maid/ |date=19 October 2023 }}. Published on 20 June 2019. Accessed on 16 October 2023.</ref>

=== Involvement of Nyajut Hakhun ===

Nyajut Hakhun, a 22-year-old maid, was one of the four survivors of the ambush. She had been living with the Aboh family for the past four years. Following the incident, there were reports of her going missing for some time. The [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] placed her under house arrest and had reportedly been interrogating her frequently regarding the incident. According to her statements, she was in the last car of the convoy that MLA Aboh was traveling in, and she managed to escape the scene with the help of a passing biker.<ref name="EastMojo"/>

However, there have been inconsistencies in her statements, which raised suspicions. When NIA officials searched her room, they discovered both an [[HDFC Bank|HDFC]] Bank debit card and a credit card in her name, with a substantial balance in her account. This led to further scrutiny and speculation about her involvement.<ref name="EastMojo"/>

Despite the suspicions, Hakhun has never been charged in relation to the incident.

=== Later developments ===
Posters allegedly released by the NIA revealed the names of additional accused involved in the ambush that resulted in the death of Khonsa West MLA Tirong Aboh, his son, and ten others on 21 May 2019. These posters featured information regarding several [[NSCN]] cadres, including self-styled Lt Col Apem, self-styled Captain Ellie Ketok, self-styled '[[Kilonser]]' Ravi Wangno, self-styled Major General Absolon Tangkhul, and self-styled Captain Victor Tangkhul. The NIA announced cash rewards ranging from Rs 2 lakh to Rs 3 lakh for individuals providing information leading to the arrest of the accused.<ref name="TheQuint"/><ref name="EM3">The Quint. [https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2019/08/09/tirong-aboh-case-nias-wanted-posters-create-stir-in-arunachal/ "Tirong Aboh case: NIA's 'wanted' posters create stir in Arunachal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019234229/https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2019/08/09/tirong-aboh-case-nias-wanted-posters-create-stir-in-arunachal/ |date=19 October 2023 }}. Published on 9 August 2019. Accessed on 16 October 2023.</ref>

A few days later, the [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] made a major breakthrough in the case by arresting Yangte Josaham, a self-styled lieutenant of [[NSCN-IM]], and the area commander of the outfit in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]'s [[Longding district]], from [[Dimapur]], [[Nagaland]], on 16 August 2019. Josaham's arrest is in connection with the killing of Khonsa West MLA Tirong Aboh. The federal agency had registered a case under Sections 302, 307, and 34 of the Indian Penal Code, along with Sections 25(1b) (a), 27 of the Arms Act, and Sections 10,13 of UAPA Act on 10 June, following the state government's decision to hand over the case to NIA. The original case was registered by Arunachal police.<ref name = "EM2">EastMojo. [https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2019/08/16/breaking-nscn-im-area-commander-held-in-mla-tirong-aboh-case/ "BREAKING: NSCN-IM 'area commander' held in MLA Tirong Aboh case"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019234230/https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2019/08/16/breaking-nscn-im-area-commander-held-in-mla-tirong-aboh-case/ |date=19 October 2023 }}. Published on 16 August 2019. Accessed on 16 October 2023.</ref>

Sources within NIA have stated that, based on reliable information, a joint team of NIA and military intelligence arrested Yangte Josaham during a covert operation. Josaham was subsequently taken to [[Guwahati]] for further proceedings.<ref name="EM2"/>

=== Suspects ===
The [[National Investigation Agency]] has offered money for the arrest of Maj Gen Absolon Tangkhul, also known as Rockwang Tangkhul or Baba, who was believed to be one of the masterminds behind the massacre. He resided in [[Dimapur]], [[Nagaland]]. Another cash reward of Rs 2 lakhs has been announced for any information leading to the arrest of James Kiwang, who was suspected to be involved in the planning of the attack. Kiwang, a Myanmar national settled in Tirap, was identified as a [[kilonser]] and a member of the [[NSCN-IM]]'s civil wing. Both Tangkhul and Kiwang had been residents of [[Khonsa]] but went missing after the massacre. Their residences in [[Dimapur]] were subjected to a search operation on 5 March, providing additional leads in the investigation.<ref name="UTNews"/>

Furthermore, the [[National Investigation Agency|(NIA)]] has extended cash rewards for the apprehension of three other individuals connected to the [[NSCN-IM]]. A reward of Rs 3 lakhs has been announced for the arrest of Captain Victor Tangkhul, a resident of Manipur. Lt Col Apem, who served as a commander of the Samsong battalion in [[Tizit]], [[Nagaland]], is also sought by the NIA, with a cash reward of Rs 3 lakhs for any information leading to his arrest. Additionally, a reward of Rs 3 lakhs has been offered for the arrest of Rabi Wangno, who hailed from [[Dadam]] in [[Tirap District]].<ref name="UTNews"/>

=== BJP involvement ===
The NIA has also focused its investigative efforts on an MLA contestant from [[Khonsa West]], [[Phawang Lowang]] of the [[BJP]], along with 21 other individuals. Lowang, who contested against the late MLA Tirong Aboh in the 2019 elections, is currently under scrutiny. The extent of his involvement is being examined as part of the ongoing investigation process.<ref name="UTNews"/>

== Public reaction ==

=== Public vigil and protests ===

In response to the ambush, a candlelight vigil was organized by the [[Arunachal Civil Society (ACS)]] in [[Itanagar]], the state capital, to express solidarity with the bereaved family members of Khonsa West MLA Tirong Aboh and the ten others who lost their lives. The march garnered participation from diverse sections of society, including various student organizations from the state, such as All Tirap, Changlang, Namsai, and Longding Students' Union, as well as Dera Natung Government College Students' Union and Rajiv Gandhi University Students' Union. The event commenced at the Aakashdeep shopping complex in Itanagar, proceeding with participants carrying placards and chanting slogans. The procession culminated at the Tennis Court in Indira Gandhi Park, where it transformed into a large assembly.<ref name="QuintProtest">The Quint. [https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2019/05/29/arunachal-candlelight-vigil-for-slain-mla-tirong-aboh-10-others/ "Arunachal: Candlelight vigil for slain MLA Tirong Aboh, 10 others"]. Published on 29 May 2019. Accessed on 16 October 2023.</ref>

=== Political parties and interest organizations ===
Condemning the attack, [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]] president and [[Meghalaya]] [[Chief Minister]] [[Conrad Sangma]] urged the intervention of the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] and [[Union Home Minister]] [[Rajnath Singh]] in the matter.<ref name="TheQuint"/>

Leaders from various student organizations and ACS strongly condemned the assassination of MLA Aboh, his son, and the others, denouncing it as a cowardly act. They further urged the government to transfer the case to either the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) or the National Investigation Agency (NIA) to expedite the apprehension of the perpetrators.<ref name="QuintProtest"/>

The All Arunachal Pradesh Students' Union (AAPSU) also voiced their concerns over the incident, labeling it a "political murder." They have called for an NIA inquiry into the matter and are planning candlelight vigils across district headquarters in the state to protest against the killings. Additionally, AAPSU has urged both the state and central governments to demonstrate strong political resolve in resolving the persistent insurgency issue in the Tirap, Changlang, and Longding (TCL) region.<ref name="QuintProtest"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Arunachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Insurgency in Northeast India]]
[[Category:2019 mass murders]]
[[Category:2019 murders in India]]
[[Category:Ambushes in India]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2019]]
[[Category:2010s in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tirap district]]
[[Category:2019 road incidents in Asia]]
[[Category:Road incidents in India]]
[[Category:Assassinations in India]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents against road transport]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents against transport in India]]
[[Category:May 2019 in India]]
[[Category:May 2019 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:2019 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Electoral violence in India]]
[[Category:2019 mass shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in India]]

Gitamohan Tripura

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Axis: made pg...

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Gitamohan Tripura
|image =
|office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
|term_start = [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|09 March 1998]]
|term_end = 2003
|predecessor =
|successor =
|constituency = [[Jolaibari Assembly constituency|Jolaibari]]
|birth_name =
|spouse =
|birth_date =
|birth_place = [[Tripura]], India
|parents =
|party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|other_party =
|alma_mater =
}}

'''Gitamohan Tripura''' is an Indian politician from Tripura. He is a member of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] who won the election in 1998 from [[Jolaibari Assembly constituency|Jolaibari]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/tripura/1998/jolaibari-st/gitamohan-tripura/|title=Gitamohan Tripura, Jolaibari (ST) Assembly Election 1998|website=LATESTLY|access-date=2023-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1998/tripura/138/25|title=1998 Vidhan Sabha / Assembly election results Tripura|website=India Votes|access-date=2023-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/1998-election-results.html|title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 1998|website=Elections India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripura, Gitamohan}}
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1998–2003]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

List of Representatives of Sikkim

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Axis: New Initial Details More To Come

{{Short description|none}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2026}}

The '''list of Representatives of Sikkim''' comprises all rulers and representatives of the independent Kingdom of Sikkim, the subsequent British (and later Indian) protected Sikkim, and the Indian state of Sikkim following the 1975 [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|accession of Sikkim to India]].

== [[Chogyal]]s (1642–1975) ==
Sikkim was ruled by the Namgyal dynasty which ruled Sikkim as a sovereign state from 1642 to 1975. The ruler of Sikkim in the period was termed the '''Chogyal.'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Chogyals
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Name of Chogyal
! colspan="2" |Reign
|-
!Start
!End
|-
|1
|[[Phuntsog Namgyal]]
|1642
|1670
|-
|2
|[[Tensung Namgyal]]
|1670
|1700
|-
|3
|[[Chakdor Namgyal]]
|1700
|1717
|-
|4
|[[Gyurmed Namgyal]]
|1717
|1733
|-
|5
|[[Phuntsog Namgyal II]]
|1733
|1780
|-
|6
|[[Tenzing Namgyal]]
|1780
|1793
|-
|7
|[[Tsugphud Namgyal]]
|1793
|1863
|-
|8
|[[Sidkeong Namgyal]]
|1863
|1874
|-
|9
|[[Thutob Namgyal]]
|1874
|1914
|-
|10
|[[Sidkeong Tulku Namgyal]]
|1914
|1914
|-
|11
|[[Tashi Namgyal]]
|1914
|1963
|-
|12
|[[Palden Thondup Namgyal]]
|1963
|1975
|}

== [[State Council (Sikkim)|Sikkim State Council]] (1953–1975) ==
The State Council was established in 1953 by the then Chogyal His Majesty [[Tashi Namgyal]].<ref name="HB22">Bareh, p16</ref> It had 18 members, of which 12 were elected and six (including the President) appointed by the Chogyal.<ref name="HB22" /> Of the 12 elected members, six were for the [[Nepali people|Nepali community]] and six for the [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]] and the [[Bhutia]] communities.<ref name="HB22" /> It was later increased to 14 elected + 6 appointed, then the elected seats were increased to 18 but the number of apponted members remained 6. 1973 elections saw a huge voter rigging. In 1974, the first elections with universal suffrage were held in Sikkim and hence 32 constituencies were decided with all the members elected by the people.
{| class="wikitable"
|+1st State Council (1953–1958)<ref name="sdg19532">{{cite journal |date=12 May 1953 |title=Results of elections – 1953 |journal=Sikkim Darbar Gazette |volume=2 |number=12}}</ref><ref name="TenzingThesis3">{{cite thesis |author=Pem Choden Tenzing |title=Monarchy to Democracy Understanding Political Development in Sikkim, 1970–1994 |date=July 2019 |access-date=17 June 2021 |url=http://dspace.cus.ac.in/jspui/handle/1/6961 |pages=147}}</ref>
|
!Constituency
!Reservation
! colspan="2" |Party
!Name
|-
!1
| rowspan="3" |North-Central
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim National Party]]
|Sonam Tshering Lepcha
|-
!2
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|Martam Topden
|-
!3
|[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim State Congress}}" |
|[[Sikkim State Congress]]
|Khus Narain Pradhan
|-
!4
| rowspan="3" |[[Gangtok]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim National Party]]
|Chodup Lepcha
|-
!5
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|Netuk Bhutia
|-
!6
|[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim State Congress}}" |
|[[Sikkim State Congress]]
|Adhiklal Pradhan
|-
!7
| rowspan="3" |[[Namchi]]
|[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|[[Sikkim National Party]]
|Kunzang Rapgay
|-
!8
| rowspan="2" |[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim State Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim State Congress]]
|[[Kashiraj Pradhan|Kashi Raj Pradhan]]
|-
!9
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim State Congress}}" |
|Jai Narayan Subba
|-
!10
| rowspan="3" |Pemayangtse
|[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|[[Sikkim National Party]]
|Sonam Wangchuk
|-
!11
| rowspan="2" |[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim State Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim State Congress]]
|Dhan Bahadur Gurung
|-
!12
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim State Congress}}" |
|[[Nahakul Pradhan]]
|-
!13
! colspan="4" rowspan="5" |Appointed by Chogyal
|John S. Lal
|-
!14
|Rai Bahadur Densapa
|-
!15
|Tekbir Khati
|-
!16
|Palda Lama
|-
!17
|Prem Bahadur Basnet
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+2nd State Council (1958–1967)(term extended due to [[Sino-Indian War]])<ref name="sdg19582">{{cite journal |date=December 1958 |title=Results of elections – 1958 |journal=Sikkim Darbar Gazette |volume=8 |number=7}}</ref><ref name="TenzingThesis22">{{cite thesis |author=Pem Choden Tenzing |title=Monarchy to Democracy Understanding Political Development in Sikkim, 1970–1994 |date=July 2019 |access-date=17 June 2021 |url=http://dspace.cus.ac.in/jspui/handle/1/6961 |pages=149}}</ref>
|
!Constituency
!Reservation
! colspan="2" |Party
!
|-
!1
| rowspan="3" |Gangtok
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim National Party]]
|Sonam Tshering Lepcha
|-
!2
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|Kesang Wangdi
|-
!3
|[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim State Congress}}" |
|[[Sikkim State Congress]]
|Narendra Nar Singh
|-
!4
| rowspan="3" |North-Central
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim National Party]]
|Martam Topden
|-
!5
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|Thendup Bhutia
|-
!6
|[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim State Congress}}" |
|[[Sikkim State Congress]]
|[[Nahakul Pradhan]]
|-
!7
| rowspan="3" |Namchi
|[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|[[Sikkim National Party]]
|Kazi Norbu Wangdi
|-
!8
| rowspan="2" |[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim State Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim State Congress]]
|Sangkhaman Rai
|-
!9
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim State Congress}}" |
|[[Kashiraj Pradhan|Kashi Raj Pradhan]]
|-
!10
| rowspan="3" |Pemayangtse
|[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|[[Sikkim National Party]]
|Gaden Tashi
|-
!11
| rowspan="2" |[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim State Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim State Congress]]
|Sher Bahadur Gurung
|-
!12
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim State Congress}}" |
|Bhujit Mukhia
|-
!13
| rowspan="2" |[[At-large|General]]
|[[Sangha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sangha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|[[Sikkim National Party]]
|Lharipa Rinzing Lama
|-
!14
|[[General]]
|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|Chaksung Bhutia
|-
!15
! colspan="4" rowspan="6" |Appointed by Chogyal
|Rai Bahadur Densapa
|-
!16
|Rev. Chotuk Tsering Pazo
|-
!17
|Indra Prasad Subba
|-
!18
|Bhairap Bahadur Lamchaney,
|-
!19
|Atal Singh Dewan
|-
!20
|Prem Bahadur Basnet
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+3rd State Council (1967)<ref>{{cite web |date=8 April 1967 |title=Sikkim Darbar Gazette – Declaration of the Results of Election, 1967 |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP880-1-1-160 |access-date=16 June 2021 |pages=67–68}}</ref><ref name="meeting21Dec2">{{cite web |date=21 December 1967 |title=Council Meeting Book |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP880-1-1-74 |access-date=22 June 2021 |page=2}}</ref>
|
!Constituency
!Reservation
! colspan="2" |Party
!Name
|-
!1
| rowspan="2" |Gangtok
|[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim National Congress]]
|R. Namgyal
|-
!2
|[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Chatur Singh Rai
|-
!3
| rowspan="3" |East
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim National Party]]
|Netuk Bhutia
|-
!4
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|Nima Tenzing
|-
!5
|[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim State Congress}}" |
|[[Sikkim State Congress]]
|[[Nahakul Pradhan]]
|-
!6
| rowspan="3" |South
|[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|[[Sikkim National Party]]
|Nayan Tsering Lepcha
|-
!7
| rowspan="2" |[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Sikkim National Congress]]
|Garjaman Gurung
|-
!8
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Thakur Singh Rai
|-
!9
| rowspan="3" |West
|[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Ongden Lepcha
|-
!10
| rowspan="2" |[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Bhim Bahadur Gurung
|-
!11
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Premlall Tiwari
|-
!12
| rowspan="3" |North
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim National Party]]
|Martam Topden
|-
!13
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|Pawo Tensung Bhutia
|-
!14
|[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim State Congress}}" |
|[[Sikkim State Congress]]
|Jitbahadur Lama
|-
!15
| rowspan="4" |[[At-large|General]]
|None
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|[[Sikkim National Congress]]
|Lendhup Dorji Khangsarpa
|-
!16
|[[Sangha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sangha]]
|
| rowspan="3" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|Pema Lama
|-
!17
|[[Limbu people|Tsong]]
|
|Harka Dhoj Tsong<ref name="tsong">{{cite journal |author=Buddhi L. Khamdhak |date=1 December 2019 |title=The Tsongs (Limbus) Down the Ages in Sikkim |url=http://jogltep.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/JOGLTEP5.pdf |journal=Journal of Global Literacies, Technologies, and Emerging Pedagogies |volume=5 |issue=2 |quote=The Sikkimi Tsongs, Limbus or Yakthungs, are the Indigenous inhabitants of Sikkim. They are also commonly called 'Tsong' by the Bhutias and Lepchas in Sikkim |accessdate=3 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="meeting21Dec2"/><ref name="nominationPapers">{{cite web |author=Election Committee |date=17 January 1967 |title=List of people who filed nomination papers |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP880-1-1-160 |access-date=24 June 2021 |page=158}}</ref>
|-
!18
|[[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|
|Purna Bahadur Khati<ref name="meeting21Dec2"/><ref name="nominationPapers" />
|-
!19
! colspan="4" rowspan="6" |Appointed by Chogyal
|R. N. Haldipur
|-
!20
|M. M. Rasailly
|-
!21
|P. B. Basnet
|-
!22
|Sonam Wangyal
|-
!23
|I. B. Gurung
|-
!24
|Sangey Tempo
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+4th State Council (1970–1973)<ref name="EAP880-1-1-3342">{{cite web |author=Election Committee, Government of Sikkim |date=15 February 1973 |title=Declaration of Election Results |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP880-1-1-334 |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref>
|
!Constituency
!Reservation
! colspan="2" |Party
!Name
|-
!1
| rowspan="3" |East
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim National Party]]
|Martam Topden
|-
!2
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|Nima Tenzing
|-
!3
|[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim State Congress}}" |
|[[Sikkim State Congress]]
|[[Nahakul Pradhan]]
|-
!4
| rowspan="3" |South
|[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|[[Sikkim National Party]]
|Khunzang Dorji
|-
!5
| rowspan="2" |[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim State Congress}}" |
|[[Sikkim State Congress]]
|Kalu Rai
|-
!6
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Sikkim National Congress]]
|Bhagiman Rai
|-
!7
| rowspan="3" |West
|[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Thendup Tsering Bhutia
|-
!8
| rowspan="2" |[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Khagra Bahadur Khatiwara
|-
!9
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim State Congress}}" |
|[[Sikkim State Congress]]
|Bhim Bahadur Chettri
|-
!10
| rowspan="3" |North
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim National Party]]
|Nim Tsering Lepcha
|-
!11
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|Netuk Tsering
|-
!12
|[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim State Congress}}" |
|[[Sikkim State Congress]]
|Badrilal Pradhan
|-
!13
| rowspan="2" |Gangtok
|[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim National Party]]
|Ashok Tsering Bhutia
|-
!14
|[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|Harka Bahadur Basnett
|-
!15
| rowspan="3" |[[At-large|General]]
|[[Sangha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sangha]]
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|Rinzing Chewang Lama
|-
!16
|[[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|
|Nandalal Rasaily
|-
!17
|[[Limbu people|Tsong]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim National Congress]]
|Padam Singh Tsong
|-
!18
|
|None
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Lendhup Dorji Khangsarpa
|-
!19
! colspan="4" rowspan="6" |Appointed by Chogyal
|Y. Dorji Dahdul
|-
!20
|M. M. Rasilly
|-
!21
|R. S. Prasad
|-
!22
|D. B. Chettri
|-
!23
|Pinto Tashi
|-
!24
|J. D. Pulger
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+5th State Council (1973)<ref name="EAP880-1-1-3342"/>
|
!Constituency
!Reservation
! colspan="2" |Party
!Name
|-
!1
| rowspan="3" |West
| rowspan="2" |[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim National Congress]]
|Chattra Bahadur Chettri
|-
!2
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Chandra Bahadur Rai
|-
!3
|[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|[[Sikkim National Party]]
|Thendup Tsering Bhutia
|-
!4
| rowspan="3" |South
| rowspan="2" |[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|[[Sikkim National Congress]]
|Durga Prasad Rai
|-
!5
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim Janata Congress}}" |
|[[Sikkim Janata Congress]]
|Bhuwani Prasad Kharel
|-
!6
|[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Sikkim National Party]]
|Khunzang Dorji
|-
!7
| rowspan="2" |Gangtok
|[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|Ashok Tsering Bhutia
|-
!8
|[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|Harka Bahadur Basnett
|-
!9
| rowspan="3" |East
| rowspan="2" |[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|Nima Tenzing
|-
!10
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|Kalzing Gyatso
|-
!11
|[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim Janata Congress}}" |
|[[Sikkim Janata Congress]]
|Bhuwani Prasad Dahal
|-
!12
| rowspan="3" |North
| rowspan="2" |[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Sikkim National Party]]
|Netuk Lama
|-
!13
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|Ugyen Palzor Kazi
|-
!14
|[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|Kul Bahadur Chettri
|-
!15
| rowspan="4" |[[At-large|General]]
|None
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim National Congress]]
|[[Kazi Lhendup Dorjee]]
|-
!16
|Tsong
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Krishna Bahadur Limbu
|-
!17
|[[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|Purna Bahadur Khati
|-
!18
|[[Sangha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sangha]]
|
|Peyching Lama<ref name="smashAndGrab2">{{cite book |author=Sunanda K Datta-Ray |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.131331 |title=Smash And Grab – Annexation Of Sikkim |year=1984 |page=166 |quote=...they were supported by Peyching Lama, who had been elected un-contested from the monasteries... |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
!19
! colspan="4" rowspan="6" |Appointed by Chogyal
|Traten Sherba Gyaltsen
|-
!20
|Madan Mohan Rasaily
|-
!21
|Chhoutuk Tsering Pazo
|-
!22
|Dhan Bahadur Chettri
|-
!23
|Kali Prasad Rai
|-
!24
|Atang Lepcha
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+6th State Council (1974–1979) (Same as 1st Sikkim Legislative Assembly)<ref>{{cite web |date=20 April 1974 |title=General Election to Sikkim Assembly, 1974 |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP880-1-6-47 |access-date=15 June 2021 |pages=70–71}}</ref>
|
!Constituency
!Reserved
for<ref>{{cite web |date=5 February 1974 |title=Delimitation of Constituencies, 1974 |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP880-1-6-47 |access-date=15 June 2021 |pages=32–34, 45}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
!Name
|-
!1
|Yoksam
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="24" |[[Sikkim National Congress]]
|Degay Bhutia
|-
!2
|[[Tashiding]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|[[Kazi Lhendup Dorjee]]
|-
!3
|[[Geyzing]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Nepali people|Nepalis]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Kumari Hemlata Chettri
|-
!4
|Dentam
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|[[N. B. Khatiwada|Narbahadur Khatiwada]]
|-
!5
|Barmiok
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Nanda Kumar Subedi
|-
!6
|[[Rinchenpong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rinchenpong]]
|[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Nayen Tshering Lepcha
|-
!7
|Chakung
| rowspan="4" |[[Nepali people|Nepalis]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|[[B. B. Gurung]]
|-
!8
|Soreong
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Chatur Singh Rai
|-
!9
|[[Daramdin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Daramdin]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Krishna Bahadur Limboo
|-
!10
|[[Jorethang]]-[[Nayabazar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Krishna Chandra Pradhan
|-
!11
|[[Ralang]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Passang Tshering Bhutia
|-
!12
|Wak
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Adar Singh Lepcha
|-
!13
|[[Damthang]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Nepali people|Nepalis]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Ratna Bijay Rai
|-
!14
|[[Melli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Melli]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Nanda Bahadur Rai
|-
!15
|Rateypani West
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Pendam Bhuwani Prasad Kharel
|-
!16
|[[Temi]]-[[Tarku, India|Tarku]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Badri Nath Pradhan
|-
!17
|Central Pendam-East Pendam
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Kehar Singh Karki
|-
!18
|[[Rhenock (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rhenock]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Bhawani Prasad Dahal
|-
!19
|[[Regu]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Mohan Gurung
|-
!20
|[[Pathing]]
|[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Sonpom Lepcha
|-
!21
|Loosing-Pachekhani
|[[Nepali people|Nepalis]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|[[Ram Chandra Poudyal|R. C. Poudyal]]
|-
!22
|Khamdong
|[[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Kusu Das
|-
!23
|[[Djongu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Djongu]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Loden Tsering Lepcha
|-
!24
|[[Lachen, Sikkim|Lachen]]-Mangshila
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Tasa Tengay Lepcha
|-
!25
|[[Kabi, Sikkim|Kabi]]-[[Tingda]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}" |
|[[Sikkim National Party]]<ref name="TenzingThesis3" />
|Kalzang Gyatso Bhutia
|-
!26
|Rakdong-Tentek
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="7" |[[Sikkim National Congress]]
|Rinzing Tongden Lepcha
|-
!27
|Martam
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Shepochung Bhutia
|-
!28
|[[Rumtek]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Phigu Tshering Bhutia
|-
!29
|Assam-Lingjey
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Dugo Bhutia
|-
!30
|Ranka
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Nim Tshering Lepcha
|-
!31
|[[Gangtok (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gangtok]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Dorjee Tshering Bhutia
|-
!32
|[[Sangha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sangha]]
|[[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Congress}}" |
|Karma Gonpo Lama
|}

== Indian annexation ==
When India annexed Sikkim in 1975, Sikkim was converted from a sovereign territory to [[States in India|an Indian State]].The Chogyals lost recognition and the position of Head of the state of Sikkim was transferred from the Chogyals to the [[Governor of Sikkim]]. State Council was renamed [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]], the powers of the Assembly were changed to that of a [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|state legislative assembly]] in India.

=== Governors of Sikkim ===
The Governor of Sikkim is the head of the state of Sikkim appointed by the President of India.
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[List of governors of Sikkim|List of Governors of Sikkim]]
! rowspan="2" |#
! rowspan="2" |Name (born{{spaced ndash}}died)
! colspan="2" |Tenure
! rowspan="2" |Appointed by (President)
|-
!From
!To
|-
|1
|'''[[B. B. Lal (governor)|B. B. Lal]]'''
{{small|[[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] (Retired) (1917{{ndash}}2008)}}
|16 May 1975
|9 January 1981
|[[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
|-
|2
|'''[[Homi J. H. Taleyarkhan]]'''
{{small|(1912{{ndash}}1998)}}
|10 January 1981
|17 June 1984
|[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
|-
|3
|'''[[Kona Prabhakara Rao]]'''
{{small|(1916{{ndash}}1990)}}
|18 June 1984
|30 May 1985{{efn|Transferred as the [[Governor of Maharashtra]]}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Zail Singh]]
|-
|Acting
|'''[[Bhishma Narain Singh]]'''
{{small|(1933{{ndash}}2018) Governor of Assam
(Additional charge)}}
|31 May 1985
|20 November 1985
|-
|4
|'''[[T. V. Rajeswar]]'''
{{small|[[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (Retired) (1926{{ndash}}2018)}}
|21 November 1985
|1 March 1989{{efn|Transferred as the [[Governor of West Bengal]]}}
|-
|5
|'''[[S. K. Bhatnagar]]'''
{{small|[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (Retired) (1930{{ndash}}2001)}}
|2 March 1989
|7 February 1990
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
|-
|6
|'''[[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani]]''' {{small|(Retired)}}
{{post-nominals|country=IND|PVSM|AVSM}}
{{small|(1930{{ndash}}2015)}}
|8 February 1990
|20 September 1994
|-
|7
|'''[[P. Shiv Shankar]]'''
{{small|(1929{{ndash}}2017)}}
|21 September 1994
|11 November 1995{{efn|Transferred as the [[Governor of Kerala]]}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
|-
|Acting
|'''[[K. V. Raghunatha Reddy]]'''
{{small|(1924{{ndash}}2002) Governor of West Bengal}}
|12 November 1995
|9 February 1996
|-
|8
|'''[[Chaudhary Randhir Singh]]'''
{{small|(1924{{ndash}}2023)}}
|10 February 1996
|17 May 2001
|-
|9
|'''[[Kidar Nath Sahani]]'''
{{small|(1926{{ndash}}2012)}}
|18 May 2001
|25 October 2002{{efn|Transferred as the [[Governor of Goa]]}}
|[[K. R. Narayanan]]
|-
|10
|'''[[V. Rama Rao]]'''
{{small|(1935{{ndash}}2016)}}
|26 October 2002
|12 July 2006
| rowspan="3" |[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
|-
|Acting
|'''[[R. S. Gavai]]'''
{{small|(1929{{ndash}}2015) Governor of Bihar}}
|13 July 2006
|12 August 2006
|-
|(10)
|'''[[V. Rama Rao]]'''
{{small|(1935{{ndash}}2016)}}
|13 August 2006
|25 October 2007
|-
|11
|'''[[Sudarshan Agarwal]]'''
{{small|(1931–2019)}}
|25 October 2007
|8 July 2008
| rowspan="4" |[[Pratibha Patil]]
|-
|12
|'''[[Balmiki Prasad Singh]]'''
{{small|(born 1942)}}
|9 July 2008
|7 April 2010
|-
|Acting
|'''[[M. K. Narayanan]]'''
{{small|[[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (Retired) (born 1934)}}
|7 April 2010
|27 April 2010
|-
|(12)
|'''[[Balmiki Prasad Singh]]'''
{{small|(born 1942)}}
|27 April 2010
|30 June 2013
|-
|13
|'''[[Shriniwas Patil|Shriniwas Dadasaheb Patil]]'''
{{small|[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (Retired) (born 1941)}}
|20 July 2013
|26 August 2018
|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|-
|14
|'''[[Ganga Prasad]]'''
{{small|(born 1939)}}
|26 August 2018
|15 February 2023
|[[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|-
|15
|'''[[Lakshman Acharya|Lakshman Prasad Acharya]]'''
{{small|(born 1954)}}
|16 February 2023
|30 July 2024{{efn|Transferred as the [[Governor of Assam]]}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Droupadi Murmu]]
|-
|16
|'''[[Om Prakash Mathur]]'''
{{small|(born 1952)}}
|31 July 2024
|Incumbent
|}

=== Sikkim Legislative Assembly ===
Eslabilished in 1975, the last State Council of Sikkim (elected in 1974) was renamed to the [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]] and served its complete 5 year term. 2nd Sikkim Assembly had its elections in 1979 and with the Governor of Sikkim, serves as the [[unicameral legislature]] of Sikkim.
{| class="wikitable"
|+2nd Sikkim Assembly (1979–1984)
!#
!Constituency
!MLA
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Yoksam Assembly constituency|Yoksam]]
|[[Sanchaman Limboo]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Sikkim Janata Parishad|SJP]]
|-
|2
|[[Tashiding Assembly constituency|Tashiding]]
|Dawgyal Pentso Bhutia
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|-
|3
|[[Geyzing Assembly constituency|Geyzing]]
|Indra Bahadur Limboo
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|-
|4
|[[Dentam Assembly constituency|Dentam]]
|Padam Lall Gurung
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
|[[Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary)|SC(R)]]
|-
|5
|[[Barmiok Assembly constituency|Barmiok]]
|Til Bahadur Limbu
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim Janata Parishad|SJP]]
|-
|6
|[[Rinchenpong Assembly constituency|Rinchenpong]]
|Katuk Bhutia
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|-
|7
|[[Chakung Assembly constituency|Chakung]]
|[[B. B. Gurung|Bhim Bahadur Gurung]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
|[[Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary)|SC(R)]]
|-
|8
|[[Soreong Assembly constituency|Soreong]]
|[[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim Janata Parishad|SJP]]
|-
|9
|[[Daramdin Assembly constituency|Daramdin]]
|Padam Bahadur Gurung
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|-
|10
|[[Jorthang–Nayabazar Assembly constituency|Jorthang–Nayabazar]]
|[[B. B. Gurung|Bhim Bahadur Gurung]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary)|SC(R)]]
|-
|11
|[[Ralong Assembly constituency|Ralong]]
|Chamla Tshering
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
|-
|12
|[[Wak Assembly constituency|Wak]]
|Garjaman Gurung
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Sikkim Prajatantra Congress|SPC]]
|-
|13
|[[Damthang Assembly constituency|Damthang]]
|Pradeep Yanzone
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
|[[Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary)|SC(R)]]
|-
|14
|[[Melli Assembly constituency|Melli]]
|[[Mohan Prasad Sharma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Sikkim Janata Parishad|SJP]]
|-
|15
|[[Rateypani–West Pendam Assembly constituency|Rateypani–West Pendam]]
|Bir Bahadur Lohar
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
|[[Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary)|SC(R)]]
|-
|16
|[[Temi–Tarku Assembly constituency|Temi–Tarku]]
|[[Nar Bahadur Khatiwada]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Sikkim Prajatantra Congress|SPC]]
|-
|17
|[[Central Pendam–East Pendam Assembly constituency|Central Pendam–East Pendam]]
|Bhuwani Prasad Kharel
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary)|SC(R)]]
|-
|18
|[[Rhenock Assembly constituency|Rhenock]]
|[[Kharananda Upreti]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
|-
|19
|[[Regu Assembly constituency|Regu]]
|Tulshi Sharma
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Sikkim Janata Parishad|SJP]]
|-
|20
|[[Pathing Assembly constituency|Pathing]]
|Ram Lepcha
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary)|SC(R)]]
|-
|21
|[[Loosing Pachekhani Assembly constituency|Loosing Pachekhani]]
|Jagat Bandhu Pradhan
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
|-
|22
|[[Khamdong Assembly constituency|Khamdong]]
|Dal Bahadur Damai
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Sikkim Prajatantra Congress|SPC]]
|-
|23
|[[Djongu Assembly constituency|Djongu]]
|[[Athup Lepcha]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Sikkim Janata Parishad|SJP]]
|-
|24
|[[Lachen Mangshila Assembly constituency|Lachen Mangshila]]
|Tenzing Dadul Bhutia
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|-
|25
|[[Kabi Tingda Assembly constituency|Kabi Tingda]]
|Sonam Tshering
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|-
|26
|[[Rakdong Tentek Assembly constituency|Rakdong Tentek]]
|Dugo Bhutia
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Sikkim Prajatantra Congress|SPC]]
|-
|27
|[[Martam Assembly constituency|Martam]]
|Samten Tshering
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Sikkim Janata Parishad|SJP]]
|-
|28
|[[Rumtek Assembly constituency|Rumtek]]
|Dadul Bhutia
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|-
|29
|[[Assam–Lingjey Assembly constituency|Assam–Lingjey]]
|Sherab Palden
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|-
|30
|[[Ranka Assembly constituency|Ranka]]
|Dorjee Tshering Bhutia
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
|[[Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary)|SC(R)]]
|-
|31
|[[Gangtok Assembly constituency|Gangtok]]
|[[Lal Bahadur Basnet]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Sikkim Janata Parishad|SJP]]
|-
|32
|[[Sangha Assembly constituency|Sangha]]
|Lhachen Ganchen Rimpuchhi
|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+3rd Sikkim Assembly (1985–1989)
!#
!Constituency
!MLA
!Party
|-
|1
|[[Yoksam Assembly constituency|Yoksam]]
|Sancha Man Subba
| rowspan="24" |[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad|SSP]]
|-
|2
|[[Tashiding Assembly constituency|Tashiding]]
|Ugen Pritso Bhutia
|-
|3
|[[Geyzing Assembly constituency|Geyzing]]
|Man Bahadur Dahal
|-
|4
|[[Dentam Assembly constituency|Dentam]]
|Padam Lall Gurung
|-
|5
|[[Barmiok Assembly constituency|Barmiok]]
|Birbal Subba
|-
|6
|[[Rinchenpong Assembly constituency|Rinchenpong]]
|Ongdi Bhutia
|-
|7
|[[Chakung Assembly constituency|Chakung]]
|Tara Man Rai
|-
|8
|[[Soreong Assembly constituency|Soreong]]
|[[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]]
|-
|9
|[[Daramdin Assembly constituency|Daramdin]]
|Padam Bahadur Gurung
|-
|10
|[[Jorthang–Nayabazar Assembly constituency|Jorthang–Nayabazar]]
|Bhim Raj Rai
|-
|11
|[[Ralong Assembly constituency|Ralong]]
|Sonam Gyatso
|-
|12
|[[Wak Assembly constituency|Wak]]
|Bedu Singh Chettri
|-
|13
|[[Damthang Assembly constituency|Damthang]]
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|-
|14
|[[Melli Assembly constituency|Melli]]
|Dilliram Basnet
|-
|15
|[[Rateypani–West Pendam Assembly constituency|Rateypani–West Pendam]]
|Chandra Kumar Mohora
|-
|16
|[[Temi–Tarku Assembly constituency|Temi–Tarku]]
|Indra Bahadur Rai
|-
|17
|[[Central Pendam–East Pendam Assembly constituency|Central Pendam–East Pendam]]
|[[Sukumar Pradhan]]
|-
|18
|[[Rhenock Assembly constituency|Rhenock]]
|[[Kharananda Upreti]]
|-
|19
|[[Regu Assembly constituency|Regu]]
|Tulshi Sharma
|-
|20
|[[Pathing Assembly constituency|Pathing]]
|Ram Lepcha
|-
|21
|[[Loosing Pachekhani Assembly constituency|Loosing Pachekhani]]
|Bhakta Bahadur Khulal
|-
|22
|[[Khamdong Assembly constituency|Khamdong]]
|Birkha Man Ramudamu
|-
|23
|[[Djongu Assembly constituency|Djongu]]
|Sonam Chyoda Lepcha
|-
|24
|[[Lachen Mangshila Assembly constituency|Lachen Mangshila]]
|Thokchok Bhutia
|-
|25
|[[Kabi Tingda Assembly constituency|Kabi Tingda]]
|Kalzang Gyatso
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|26
|[[Rakdong Tentek Assembly constituency|Rakdong Tentek]]
|Phuchung Bhutia
| rowspan="5" |[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad|SSP]]
|-
|27
|[[Martam Assembly constituency|Martam]]
|Chamla Tshering Bhutia
|-
|28
|[[Rumtek Assembly constituency|Rumtek]]
|Ongay Tob Shutia
|-
|29
|[[Assam–Lingjey Assembly constituency|Assam–Lingjey]]
|Sonam Dupden Lepcha
|-
|30
|[[Ranka Assembly constituency|Ranka]]
|Dorjee Tshering Bhutia
|-
|31
|[[Gangtok Assembly constituency|Gangtok]]
|Balchand Sarda
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
|32
|[[Sangha Assembly constituency|Sangha]]
|Namkha Gyaltsen
|[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad|SSP]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+4th Sikkim Assembly (1989–1994)
!#
!Constituency
!MLA
!Party
|-
|1
|[[Yoksam Assembly constituency|Yoksam]]
|[[Sanchaman Limboo|Sanchaman Subba]]
| rowspan="32" |[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad|SSP]]
|-
|2
|[[Tashiding Assembly constituency|Tashiding]]
|Ugen Pritso Bhutia
|-
|3
|[[Geyzing Assembly constituency|Geyzing]]
|Man Bahadur Dahal
|-
|4
|[[Dentam Assembly constituency|Dentam]]
|Padam Lall Gurung
|-
|5
|[[Barmiok Assembly constituency|Barmiok]]
|Bir Bal Subba
|-
|6
|[[Rinchenpong Assembly constituency|Rinchenpong]]
|Chong Lamu Bhutia
|-
|7
|[[Chakung Assembly constituency|Chakung]]
|Tara Man Rai
|-
|8
|[[Soreong Assembly constituency|Soreong]]
|[[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]]
|-
|9
|[[Daramdin Assembly constituency|Daramdin]]
|Padam Bahadur Gurung
|-
|10
|[[Jorthang–Nayabazar Assembly constituency|Jorthang–Nayabazar]]
|Bhim Raj Rai
|-
|11
|[[Ralong Assembly constituency|Ralong]]
|Sonam Gyatso Kaleon
|-
|12
|[[Wak Assembly constituency|Wak]]
|[[Bedu Singh Panth]]
|-
|13
|[[Damthang Assembly constituency|Damthang]]
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|-
|14
|[[Melli Assembly constituency|Melli]]
|Dilliram Basnet
|-
|15
|[[Rateypani–West Pendam Assembly constituency|Rateypani–West Pendam]]
|Chandra Kumar Mohora
|-
|16
|[[Temi–Tarku Assembly constituency|Temi–Tarku]]
|I. B. Rai
|-
|17
|[[Central Pendam–East Pendam Assembly constituency|Central Pendam–East Pendam]]
|Sukumar Pradhan
|-
|18
|[[Rhenock Assembly constituency|Rhenock]]
|[[Kharananda Upreti]]
|-
|19
|[[Regu Assembly constituency|Regu]]
|Rajendra Prasad Uprety
|-
|20
|[[Pathing Assembly constituency|Pathing]]
|Ram Lepcha
|-
|21
|[[Loosing Pachekhani Assembly constituency|Loosing Pachekhani]]
|Rup Raj Rai
|-
|22
|[[Khamdong Assembly constituency|Khamdong]]
|Birkha Man Ramudamu
|-
|23
|[[Djongu Assembly constituency|Djongu]]
|Sonam Chyoda Lepcha
|-
|24
|[[Lachen Mangshila Assembly constituency|Lachen Mangshila]]
|Tasa Tengey Lepcha
|-
|25
|[[Kabi Tingda Assembly constituency|Kabi Tingda]]
|Hangu Tshering Bhutia
|-
|26
|[[Rakdong Tentek Assembly constituency|Rakdong Tentek]]
|Phuchung Bhutia
|-
|27
|[[Martam Assembly constituency|Martam]]
|Chamla Tshering Bhutia
|-
|28
|[[Rumtek Assembly constituency|Rumtek]]
|O. T. Bhutia
|-
|29
|[[Assam–Lingjey Assembly constituency|Assam–Lingjey]]
|Sonam Dupden Lepcha
|-
|30
|[[Ranka Assembly constituency|Ranka]]
|Dorjee Tshering Bhutia
|-
|31
|[[Gangtok Assembly constituency|Gangtok]]
|Manita Pradhan
|-
|32
|[[Sangha Assembly constituency|Sangha]]
|Nanjha Gyaltsen
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+5th Sikkim Assembly (1999–2004)
!#
!Constituency
!MLA
!Party
|-
|1
|[[Yoksam Assembly constituency|Yoksam]]
|Ashok Kumar Subba
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
|2
|[[Tashiding Assembly constituency|Tashiding]]
|Thutop Bhutia
|[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad|SSP]]
|-
|3
|[[Geyzing Assembly constituency|Geyzing]]
|Dal Bahadur Gurung
| rowspan="5" |[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|-
|4
|[[Dentam Assembly constituency|Dentam]]
|Chakra Bahadur Subba
|-
|5
|[[Barmiok Assembly constituency|Barmiok]]
|Tulshi Prasad Pradhan
|-
|6
|[[Rinchenpong Assembly constituency|Rinchenpong]]
|Phur Tshering Lepcha
|-
|7
|[[Chakung Assembly constituency|Chakung]]
|[[Prem Singh Tamang]]
|-
|8
|[[Soreong Assembly constituency|Soreong]]
|[[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]]
|[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad|SSP]]
|-
|9
|[[Daramdin Assembly constituency|Daramdin]]
|Ran Bahadur Subba
| rowspan="9" |[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|-
|10
|[[Jorthang–Nayabazar Assembly constituency|Jorthang–Nayabazar]]
|[[Bhoj Raj Rai]]
|-
|11
|[[Ralong Assembly constituency|Ralong]]
|[[Dorjee Dazom Bhutia]]
|-
|12
|[[Wak Assembly constituency|Wak]]
|[[Kedar Nath Rai]]
|-
|13
|[[Damthang Assembly constituency|Damthang]]
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|-
|14
|[[Melli Assembly constituency|Melli]]
|Girish Chandra Rai
|-
|15
|[[Rateypani–West Pendam Assembly constituency|Rateypani–West Pendam]]
|Aita Singh Kami
|-
|16
|[[Temi–Tarku Assembly constituency|Temi–Tarku]]
|[[Garjaman Gurung]]
|-
|17
|[[Central Pendam–East Pendam Assembly constituency|Central Pendam–East Pendam]]
|Dilli Prasad Kharel
|-
|18
|[[Rhenock Assembly constituency|Rhenock]]
|[[Kharananda Upreti]]
|[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad|SSP]]
|-
|19
|[[Regu Assembly constituency|Regu]]
|Karna Bahadur Chamling
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|-
|20
|[[Pathing Assembly constituency|Pathing]]
|Ram Lepcha
|[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad|SSP]]
|-
|21
|[[Loosing Pachekhani Assembly constituency|Loosing Pachekhani]]
|Dil Bahadur Thapa
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|-
|22
|[[Khamdong Assembly constituency|Khamdong]]
|Gopal Lamichaney
|-
|23
|[[Djongu Assembly constituency|Djongu]]
|Sonam Chyoda Lepcha
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|24
|[[Lachen Mangshila Assembly constituency|Lachen Mangshila]]
|[[Hishey Lachungpa]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|-
|25
|[[Kabi Tingda Assembly constituency|Kabi Tingda]]
|[[Thenlay Tshering Bhutia]]
|-
|26
|[[Rakdong Tentek Assembly constituency|Rakdong Tentek]]
|Mingma Tshering Sherpa
| rowspan="6" |[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad|SSP]]
|-
|27
|[[Martam Assembly constituency|Martam]]
|[[Dorjee Tshering Lepcha]]
|-
|28
|[[Rumtek Assembly constituency|Rumtek]]
|Menlom Lepcha
|-
|29
|[[Assam–Lingjey Assembly constituency|Assam–Lingjey]]
|Tseten Tashi
|-
|30
|[[Ranka Assembly constituency|Ranka]]
|Rinzing Ongmu
|-
|31
|[[Gangtok Assembly constituency|Gangtok]]
|Narendra Kumar Pradhan
|-
|32
|[[Sangha Assembly constituency|Sangha]]
|Namkha Gyaltsen Lama
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+6th Sikkim Assembly (1999–2004)
!#
!Constituency
!MLA
!Party
|-
|1
|[[Yoksam Assembly constituency|Yoksam]]
|Kalawati Subba
| rowspan="16" |[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|-
|2
|[[Tashiding Assembly constituency|Tashiding]]
|Thutop Bhutia
|-
|3
|[[Geyzing Assembly constituency|Geyzing]]
|[[Sher Bahadur Subedi]]
|-
|4
|[[Dentam Assembly constituency|Dentam]]
|[[Narendra Kumar Subba]]
|-
|5
|[[Barmiok Assembly constituency|Barmiok]]
|Tulshi Prasad Pradhan
|-
|6
|[[Rinchenpong Assembly constituency|Rinchenpong]]
|Ongden Tshering Lepcha
|-
|7
|[[Chakung Assembly constituency|Chakung]]
|[[Prem Singh Tamang]]
|-
|8
|[[Soreong Assembly constituency|Soreong]]
|Ram Bahadur Subba
|-
|9
|[[Daramdin Assembly constituency|Daramdin]]
|Ran Bahadur Subba
|-
|10
|[[Jorthang–Nayabazar Assembly constituency|Jorthang–Nayabazar]]
|[[Bhoj Raj Rai]]
|-
|11
|[[Ralong Assembly constituency|Ralong]]
|[[Dorjee Dazom Bhutia]]
|-
|12
|[[Wak Assembly constituency|Wak]]
|[[Kedar Nath Rai]]
|-
|13
|[[Damthang Assembly constituency|Damthang]]
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|-
|14
|[[Melli Assembly constituency|Melli]]
|Girish Chandra Rai
|-
|15
|[[Rateypani–West Pendam Assembly constituency|Rateypani–West Pendam]]
|Chandra Kumar Mohora
|-
|16
|[[Temi–Tarku Assembly constituency|Temi–Tarku]]
|[[Garjaman Gurung]]
|-
|17
|[[Central Pendam–East Pendam Assembly constituency|Central Pendam–East Pendam]]
|Sang Dorjee Tamang
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad|SSP]]
|-
|18
|[[Rhenock Assembly constituency|Rhenock]]
|[[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]]
|-
|19
|[[Regu Assembly constituency|Regu]]
|Karna Bahadur Chamling
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|-
|20
|[[Pathing Assembly constituency|Pathing]]
|Sonam Dorjee
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad|SSP]]
|-
|21
|[[Loosing Pachekhani Assembly constituency|Loosing Pachekhani]]
|Jai Kumar Bhandari
|-
|22
|[[Khamdong Assembly constituency|Khamdong]]
|Gopal Lamichaney
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|-
|23
|[[Djongu Assembly constituency|Djongu]]
|[[Sonam Gyatso Lepcha]]
|[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad|SSP]]
|-
|24
|[[Lachen Mangshila Assembly constituency|Lachen Mangshila]]
|[[Hishey Lachungpa]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|-
|25
|[[Kabi Tingda Assembly constituency|Kabi Tingda]]
|[[Thenlay Tshering Bhutia]]
|-
|26
|[[Rakdong Tentek Assembly constituency|Rakdong Tentek]]
|Mingma Tshering Sherpa
|[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad|SSP]]
|-
|27
|[[Martam Assembly constituency|Martam]]
|[[Dorjee Tshering Lepcha]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|-
|28
|[[Rumtek Assembly constituency|Rumtek]]
|Karma Tempo Namgyal Gyaltsen
|-
|29
|[[Assam–Lingjey Assembly constituency|Assam–Lingjey]]
|Tseten Tashi Bhutia
|-
|30
|[[Ranka Assembly constituency|Ranka]]
|Tseten Dorjee Lepcha
|-
|31
|[[Gangtok Assembly constituency|Gangtok]]
|Narendra Kumar Pradhan
|[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad|SSP]]
|-
|32
|[[Sangha Assembly constituency|Sangha]]
|Palden Lama
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+7th Sikkim Assembly (2004–2009)
!#
!Constituency
!MLA
!Party
|-
|1
|[[Yoksam Assembly constituency|Yoksam]]
|Kalawati Subba
| rowspan="31" |[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|-
|2
|[[Tashiding Assembly constituency|Tashiding]]
|Dawa Narbu Takarpa
|-
|3
|[[Geyzing Assembly constituency|Geyzing]]
|[[Sher Bahadur Subedi]]
|-
|4
|[[Dentam Assembly constituency|Dentam]]
|Deepak Kumar Gurung
|-
|5
|[[Barmiok Assembly constituency|Barmiok]]
|Narendra Kumar Subba
|-
|6
|[[Rinchenpong Assembly constituency|Rinchenpong]]
|Dawcho Lepcha
|-
|7
|[[Chakung Assembly constituency|Chakung]]
|[[Prem Singh Tamang]]
|-
|8
|[[Soreong Assembly constituency|Soreong]]
|Ram Bahadur Subba
|-
|9
|[[Daramdin Assembly constituency|Daramdin]]
|Ran Bahadur Subba
|-
|10
|[[Jorthang–Nayabazar Assembly constituency|Jorthang–Nayabazar]]
|[[Kedar Nath Rai]]
|-
|11
|[[Ralong Assembly constituency|Ralong]]
|[[Dorjee Dazom Bhutia]]
|-
|12
|[[Wak Assembly constituency|Wak]]
|Chandra Bahadur Karki
|-
|13
|[[Damthang Assembly constituency|Damthang]]
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|-
|14
|[[Melli Assembly constituency|Melli]]
|Girish Chandra Rai
|-
|15
|[[Rateypani–West Pendam Assembly constituency|Rateypani–West Pendam]]
|Aita Singh Baraily (Kami)
|-
|16
|[[Temi–Tarku Assembly constituency|Temi–Tarku]]
|[[Garjaman Gurung]]
|-
|17
|[[Central Pendam–East Pendam Assembly constituency|Central Pendam–East Pendam]]
|[[Somnath Poudyal]]
|-
|18
|[[Rhenock Assembly constituency|Rhenock]]
|Bhim Prasad Dhungel
|-
|19
|[[Regu Assembly constituency|Regu]]
|Karna Bahadur Chamling
|-
|20
|[[Pathing Assembly constituency|Pathing]]
|Mingma Tshering Sherpa
|-
|21
|[[Loosing Pachekhani Assembly constituency|Loosing Pachekhani]]
|Manita Thapa
|-
|22
|[[Khamdong Assembly constituency|Khamdong]]
|Birkha Man Ramudamu
|-
|23
|[[Djongu Assembly constituency|Djongu]]
|[[Sonam Gyatso Lepcha]]
|-
|24
|[[Lachen Mangshila Assembly constituency|Lachen Mangshila]]
|[[Hishey Lachungpa]]
|-
|25
|[[Kabi Tingda Assembly constituency|Kabi Tingda]]
|[[Thenlay Tshering Bhutia]]
|-
|26
|[[Rakdong Tentek Assembly constituency|Rakdong Tentek]]
|Norzong Lepcha
|-
|27
|[[Martam Assembly constituency|Martam]]
|[[Dorjee Tshering Lepcha]]
|-
|28
|[[Rumtek Assembly constituency|Rumtek]]
|Menlom Lepcha
|-
|29
|[[Assam–Lingjey Assembly constituency|Assam–Lingjey]]
|Kunga Zangpo Bhutia
|-
|30
|[[Ranka Assembly constituency|Ranka]]
|Nimthit Lepcha
|-
|31
|[[Gangtok Assembly constituency|Gangtok]]
|Narendra Kumar Pradhan
|-
|32
|[[Sangha Assembly constituency|Sangha]]
|Tshering Lama
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+8th Sikkim Assembly (2009–2014)
!#
!Constituency
!MLA
!Party
|-
|1
|[[Yoksam–Tashiding Assembly constituency|Yoksam–Tashiding]]
|86.94%
| rowspan="32" |[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|-
|2
|[[Yangthang Assembly constituency|Yangthang]]
|85.99%
|-
|3
|[[Maneybong–Dentam Assembly constituency|Maneybong–Dentam]]
|86.75%
|-
|4
|[[Gyalshing–Barnyak Assembly constituency|Gyalshing–Barnyak]]
|84.32%
|-
|5
|[[Rinchenpong Assembly constituency|Rinchenpong]]
|86.96%
|-
|6
|[[Daramdin Assembly constituency|Daramdin]]
|84.83%
|-
|7
|[[Soreng–Chakung Assembly constituency|Soreng–Chakung]]
|84.62%
|-
|8
|[[Salghari–Zoom Assembly constituency|Salghari–Zoom]]
|84.62%
|-
|9
|[[Barfung Assembly constituency|Barfung]]
|85.78%
|-
|10
|[[Poklok–Kamrang Assembly constituency|Poklok–Kamrang]]
|86.32%
|-
|11
|[[Namchi–Singhithang Assembly constituency|Namchi–Singhithang]]
|76.84%
|-
|12
|[[Melli Assembly constituency|Melli]]
|83.83%
|-
|13
|[[Namthang–Rateypani Assembly constituency|Namthang–Rateypani]]
|82.7%
|-
|14
|[[Temi–Namphing Assembly constituency|Temi–Namphing]]
|84.96%
|-
|15
|[[Rangang–Yangang Assembly constituency|Rangang–Yangang]]
|85.44%
|-
|16
|[[Tumin–Lingee Assembly constituency|Tumin–Lingee]]
|84.9%
|-
|17
|[[Khamdong–Singtam Assembly constituency|Khamdong–Singtam]]
|84.24%
|-
|18
|[[West Pendam Assembly constituency|West Pendam]]
|82.94%
|-
|19
|[[Rhenock Assembly constituency|Rhenock]]
|84.97%
|-
|20
|[[Chujachen Assembly constituency|Chujachen]]
|83.92%
|-
|21
|[[Gnathang–Machong Assembly constituency|Gnathang–Machong]]
|85.78%
|-
|22
|[[Namchaybong Assembly constituency|Namchaybong]]
|86.49%
|-
|23
|[[Shyari Assembly constituency|Shyari]]
|81.51%
|-
|24
|[[Martam–Rumtek Assembly constituency|Martam–Rumtek]]
|85.29%
|-
|25
|[[Upper Tadong Assembly constituency|Upper Tadong]]
|78.07%
|-
|26
|[[Arithang Assembly constituency|Arithang]]
|73.65%
|-
|27
|[[Gangtok Assembly constituency|Gangtok]]
|70.38%
|-
|28
|[[Upper Burtuk Assembly constituency|Upper Burtuk]]
|82.48%
|-
|29
|[[Kabi–Lungchok Assembly constituency|Kabi–Lungchok]]
|85.36%
|-
|30
|[[Djongu Assembly constituency|Djongu]]
|89.79%
|-
|31
|[[Lachen–Mangan Assembly constituency|Lachen–Mangan]]
|89.48%
|-
|32
|[[Sangha Assembly constituency|Sangha]]
|64.75%
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+9th Sikkim Assembly (2014–2019)
!#
!Constituency
!MLA
!Party
|-
|1
|[[Yoksam–Tashiding Assembly constituency|Yoksam–Tashiding]]
|Sonam Dadul Bhutia
| rowspan="17" |[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|-
|2
|[[Yangthang Assembly constituency|Yangthang]]
|Chandra Maya Limboo (Subba)
|-
|3
|[[Maneybong–Dentam Assembly constituency|Maneybong–Dentam]]
|[[Narendra Kumar Subba]]
|-
|4
|[[Gyalshing–Barnyak Assembly constituency|Gyalshing–Barnyak]]
|[[Sher Bahadur Subedi]]
|-
|5
|[[Rinchenpong Assembly constituency|Rinchenpong]]
|[[Karma Sonam Lepcha]]
|-
|6
|[[Daramdin Assembly constituency|Daramdin]]
|Danorbu Sherpa
|-
|7
|[[Soreng–Chakung Assembly constituency|Soreng–Chakung]]
|[[Ram Bahadur Subba]]
|-
|8
|[[Salghari–Zoom Assembly constituency|Salghari–Zoom]]
|[[Arjun Kumar Ghatani]]
|-
|9
|[[Barfung Assembly constituency|Barfung]]
|[[Dorjee Dazom Bhutia]]
|-
|10
|[[Poklok–Kamrang Assembly constituency|Poklok–Kamrang]]
|[[Kedar Nath Rai]]
|-
|11
|[[Namchi–Singhithang Assembly constituency|Namchi–Singhithang]]
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|-
|12
|[[Melli Assembly constituency|Melli]]
|[[Tulshi Devi Rai]]
|-
|13
|[[Namthang–Rateypani Assembly constituency|Namthang–Rateypani]]
|Tilu Gurung
|-
|14
|[[Temi–Namphing Assembly constituency|Temi–Namphing]]
|[[Garjaman Gurung]]
|-
|15
|[[Rangang–Yangang Assembly constituency|Rangang–Yangang]]
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|-
|16
|[[Tumin–Lingee Assembly constituency|Tumin–Lingee]]
|[[Ugyen Tshering Gyatso Bhutia]]
|-
|17
|[[Khamdong–Singtam Assembly constituency|Khamdong–Singtam]]
|[[Somnath Poudyal]]
|-
|18
|[[West Pendam Assembly constituency|West Pendam]]
|Gopal Baraily
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
|-
|19
|[[Rhenock Assembly constituency|Rhenock]]
|Hemendra Adhikari
|-
|20
|[[Chujachen Assembly constituency|Chujachen]]
|Bikram Pradhan
| rowspan="3" |[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|-
|21
|[[Gnathang–Machong Assembly constituency|Gnathang–Machong]]
|[[Dorjee Tshering Lepcha]]
|-
|22
|[[Namchaybong Assembly constituency|Namchaybong]]
|Bek Bahadur Rai
|-
|23
|[[Shyari Assembly constituency|Shyari]]
|[[Kunga Nima Lepcha]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
|-
|24
|[[Martam–Rumtek Assembly constituency|Martam–Rumtek]]
|Mechung Bhutia
|-
|25
|[[Upper Tadong Assembly constituency|Upper Tadong]]
|Timothy William Basnett
|-
|26
|[[Arithang Assembly constituency|Arithang]]
|Shyam Pradhan
|-
|27
|[[Gangtok Assembly constituency|Gangtok]]
|Pintso Chopel
|-
|28
|[[Upper Burtuk Assembly constituency|Upper Burtuk]]
|[[Prem Singh Tamang]]
|-
|29
|[[Kabi–Lungchok Assembly constituency|Kabi–Lungchok]]
|Ugen Nedup Bhutia
|-
|30
|[[Djongu Assembly constituency|Djongu]]
|[[Sonam Gyatso Lepcha]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|-
|31
|[[Lachen–Mangan Assembly constituency|Lachen–Mangan]]
|[[Tshering Wangdi Lepcha]]
|-
|32
|[[Sangha Assembly constituency|Sangha]]
|[[Sonam Lama]]
|[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[10th Sikkim Assembly]] (2019–2024)
! rowspan="2" |#
! rowspan="2" |Constituency
! rowspan="2" |MLA
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
!Contested in Election
!Defected after elections
(if any)
|-
|1
|[[Yoksam-Tashiding (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Yoksam-Tashiding]]
|[[Sangay Lepcha]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|2
|[[Yangthang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Yangthang]]
|[[Bhim Hang Limboo]]
|-
|3
|[[Maneybong Dentam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maneybong Dentam]]
|[[Narendra Kumar Subba]]
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|4
|[[Gyalshing-Barnyak (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gyalshing-Barnyak]]
|[[Lok Nath Sharma]]
|[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
|
|-
|5
|[[Rinchenpong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rinchenpong]]
|[[Karma Sonam Lepcha]]
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|6
|[[Daramdin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Daramdin]]
|[[Mingma Narbu Sherpa]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|7
|[[Soreng-Chakung (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Soreng-Chakung]]
|[[Aditya Tamang]]
|-
|8
|[[Salghari-Zoom (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Salghari-Zoom]] (SC)
|[[Sunita Gajmer]]
|-
|9
|[[Barfung (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barfung]] (BL)
|[[Tashi Thendup Bhutia]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |10
| rowspan="2" |[[Poklok-Kamrang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Poklok-Kamrang]]
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]{{efn|name="resign"|Resigned}}
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|[[Prem Singh Tamang]]{{efn|name="byelection"|Elected in by-election}}
|[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
|-
|11
|[[Namchi-Singhithang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Namchi-Singhithang]]
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|-
|12
|[[Melli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Melli]]
|[[Farwanti Tamang]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|13
|[[Namthang-Rateypani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Namthang-Rateypani]]
|[[Sanjit Kharel]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|14
|[[Temi-Namphing (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Temi-Namphing]]
|[[Bedu Singh Panth]]
|-
|15
|[[Rangang-Yangang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rangang-Yangang]]
|[[Raj Kumari Thapa]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|16
|[[Tumin Lingee (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tumin Lingee]] (BL)
|[[Ugyen Tshering Gyatso Bhutia]]
|-
|17
|[[Khamdong-Singtam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khamdong-Singtam]]
|[[Mani Kumar Sharma]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|18
|[[West Pendam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|West Pendam]] (SC)
|[[Lall Bahadur Das]]
|-
|19
|[[Rhenock (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rhenock]]
|[[Bishnu Kumar Sharma]]
|-
|20
|[[Chujachen (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chujachen]]
|[[Krishna Bahadur Rai (Indian politician)|Krishna Bahadur Rai]]
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|21
|[[Gnathang-Machong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gnathang-Machong]] (BL)
|[[Dorjee Tshering Lepcha]]
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|-
|22
|[[Namchaybong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Namchaybong]]
|[[Em Prasad Sharma]]
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
|-
|23
|[[Shyari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shyari]]
|[[Kunga Nima Lepcha]]
|[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
| rowspan="3" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |24
| rowspan="2" |[[Martam-Rumtek (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Martam-Rumtek]]
|[[Dorjee Tshering Lepcha]]{{efn|name="resign"}}
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|-
|[[Sonam Venchungpa]]{{efn|name="byelection"}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|25
|[[Upper Tadong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Upper Tadong]]
|[[Gay Tshering Dhungel]]
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
|-
|26
|[[Arithang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Arithang]]
|[[Arun Kumar Upreti]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
| rowspan="3" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |27
| rowspan="2" |[[Gangtok (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gangtok]]
|[[Kunga Nima Lepcha]]{{efn|name="resign"}}
|-
|[[Yong Tshering Lepcha]]{{efn|name="byelection"}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|28
|[[Upper Burtuk (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Upper Burtuk]]
|[[Dilli Ram Thapa]]
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|29
|[[Kabi Lungchok (Vidhan Sabha Constituency)|Kabi Lungchok]]
|[[Karma Loday Bhutia]]
|[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
|
|-
|30
|[[Djongu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Djongu]] (BL)
|[[Pintso Namgyal Lepcha]]
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|31
|[[Lachen-Mangan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lachen-Mangan]]
|[[Samdup Lepcha]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|32
|[[Sangha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sangha]]
|[[Sonam Lama]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[11th Sikkim Assembly]] (2024–present) term ends in June 2029
!#
!Constituency
!MLA
!Party
|-
|1
|[[Yoksam–Tashiding Assembly constituency|Yoksam–Tashiding]] (BL)
|[[Tshering Thendup Bhutia]]
| rowspan="24" |[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
|-
|2
|[[Yangthang Assembly constituency|Yangthang]]
|[[Bhim Hang Limboo]]
|-
|3
|[[Maneybong–Dentam Assembly constituency|Maneybong–Dentam]]
|[[Sudesh Kumar Subba]]
|-
|4
|[[Gyalshing–Barnyak Assembly constituency|Gyalshing–Barnyak]]
|[[Lok Nath Sharma]]
|-
|5
|[[Rinchenpong Assembly constituency|Rinchenpong]] (BL)
|[[Erung Tenzing Lepcha]]
|-
|6
|[[Daramdin Assembly constituency|Daramdin]] (BL)
|[[Mingma Narbu Sherpa]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |7
| rowspan="2" |[[Soreng–Chakung Assembly constituency|Soreng–Chakung]]
|[[Prem Singh Tamang]]{{efn|name="resign"}}
|-
|[[Aditya Tamang]]{{efn|name="byelection"}}
|-
|8
|[[Salghari–Zoom Assembly constituency|Salghari–Zoom]] (SC)
|[[Madan Cintury]]
|-
|9
|[[Barfung Assembly constituency|Barfung]] (BL)
|[[Rikshal Dorjee Bhutia]]
|-
|10
|[[Poklok–Kamrang Assembly constituency|Poklok–Kamrang]]
|[[Bhoj Raj Rai]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |11
| rowspan="2" |[[Namchi–Singhithang Assembly constituency|Namchi–Singhithang]]
|[[Krishna Kumari Rai]]{{efn|name="resign"}}
|-
|[[Satish Chandra Rai (politician)|Satish Chandra Rai]]{{efn|name="byelection"}}
|-
|12
|[[Melli Assembly constituency|Melli]]
|[[Nar Bahadur Pradhan]]
|-
|13
|[[Namthang–Rateypani Assembly constituency|Namthang–Rateypani]]
|[[Sanjit Kharel]]
|-
|14
|[[Temi–Namphing Assembly constituency|Temi–Namphing]]
|[[Bedu Singh Panth]]
|-
|15
|[[Rangang–Yangang Assembly constituency|Rangang–Yangang]]
|[[Raj Kumari Thapa]]
|-
|16
|[[Tumin–Lingee Assembly constituency|Tumin–Lingee]] (BL)
|[[Samdup Tshering Bhutia]]
|-
|17
|[[Khamdong–Singtam Assembly constituency|Khamdong–Singtam]]
|[[Nar Bahadur Dahal]]
|-
|18
|[[West Pendam Assembly constituency|West Pendam]] (SC)
|[[Lall Bahadur Das]]
|-
|19
|[[Rhenock Assembly constituency|Rhenock]]
|[[Prem Singh Tamang]]
|-
|20
|[[Chujachen Assembly constituency|Chujachen]]
|[[Puran Kumar Gurung]]
|-
|21
|[[Gnathang–Machong Assembly constituency|Gnathang–Machong]] (BL)
|[[Pamin Lepcha]]
|-
|22
|[[Namchaybong Assembly constituency|Namchaybong]]
|[[Raju Basnet]]
|-
| 23
| [[Shyari Assembly constituency|Shyari]] (BL)
| [[Tenzing Norbu Lamtha]]
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]] (later defected to [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]])
|-
|24
|[[Martam–Rumtek Assembly constituency|Martam–Rumtek]] (BL)
|[[Sonam Venchungpa]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
|-
|25
|[[Upper Tadong Assembly constituency|Upper Tadong]]
|[[G.T. Dhungel]]
|-
|26
|[[Arithang Assembly constituency|Arithang]]
|[[Arun Kumar Upreti]]
|-
|27
|[[Gangtok Assembly constituency|Gangtok]] (BL)
|[[Delay Namgyal Barfungpa]]
|-
|28
|[[Upper Burtuk Assembly constituency|Upper Burtuk]]
|[[Kala Rai]]
|-
|29
|[[Kabi–Lungchok Assembly constituency|Kabi–Lungchok]] (BL)
|[[Thenlay Tshering Bhutia]]
|-
|30
|[[Djongu Assembly constituency|Djongu]] (BL)
|[[Pintso Namgyal Lepcha]]
|-
|31
|[[Lachen–Mangan Assembly constituency|Lachen–Mangan]] (BL)
|[[Samdup Lepcha]]
|-
|32
|[[Sangha Assembly constituency|Sangha]]
|[[Sonam Lama]]
|}

=== Parliament of India ===
The [[Parliament of India]] is a [[bicameral parliament]] with [[Rajya Sabha]] (upper house) and [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house) both having 1 seat each for Sikkim.

==== Rajya Sabha members from Sikkim ====
{{further|List of Rajya Sabha members from Sikkim}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |#
! rowspan="2" |Name of Member
! rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Term
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
!Start
!End
|-
|
| colspan="5" |Vacant from 16 May 1975 (the day Sikkim became a part of India) to 19 October 1975
|-
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |[[Leonard Soloman Saring]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|20 October 1975
|19 October 1981
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|20 October 1981
|19 October 1987
|-
|2
|Khamsum Namgyal Pulger
|[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad|SSP]]
|20 October 1987
|1 March 1988
|Resigned in mid term
|-
|
| colspan="5" |Vacant from 1–29 March 1988
|-
|3
|[[Karma Topden]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|30 March 1988
|19 October 1993
|Served the remainder of the term
|-
| colspan="6" |Vacant from 20 October 1993 to 23 February 1994 (Elections delayed by [[Election Commission of India|ECI]])
|-
|3
|[[Karma Topden]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|24 February 1993
|23 February 2000
|
|-
|4
|K. G. Bhutia
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|24 February 2000
|12 August 2000
|Died in office
|-
| colspan="6" |Vacant from 12 August 2000 to 21 September 2000
|-
|5
|[[Palden Tsering Gyamtso]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|22 September 2000
|23 February 2006
|Served the remainder of the term
|-
|6
|[[O. T. Lepcha]]
|24 February 2006
|23 February 2012
| rowspan="3" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |7
| rowspan="2" |[[Hishey Lachungpa]]
|24 February 2012
|23 February 2018
|-
|24 February 2018
|23 February 2024
|-
|8
|[[Dorjee Tshering Lepcha]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| colspan="2" |24 February 2024–present
|Term ends on or before February 23, 2030
|}

==== Lok Sabha members from Sikkim ====
{{further|Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency
!Lok Sabha
!Year of Elections
!Name of Member
!Party
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|[[6th Lok Sabha|6th]]
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Chhatra Bahadur Chhetri
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Lok Sabha dissolved earlier
|<ref name="CBC">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archivedate=18 July 2014 |accessdate=30 April 2014 |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=175}}</ref>
|-
|[[7th Lok Sabha|7th]]
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|Pahal Man Subba
|[[Sikkim Janata Parishad|SJP]]
|
|<ref name="PMS">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archivedate=18 July 2014 |accessdate=30 April 2014 |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=204}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=News Desk |date=2024-06-27 |title=Pahalman Subba, Sikkim's First Elected Lok Sabha MP, Passes Away at 90 |url=https://voiceofsikkim.com/pahalman-subba-sikkims-first-elected-lok-sabha-mp-passes-away-at-90/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=The Voice Of Sikkim |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[8th Lok Sabha|8th]]
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]]
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|Resigned
|<ref name="NBB">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archivedate=18 July 2014 |accessdate=30 April 2014 |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=201}}</ref>
|-
|1985
|[[Dil Kumari Bhandari]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad|SSP]]
|elected in a by-election, and served remaining term
|
|-
|[[9th Lok Sabha|9th]]
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|Nandu Thapa
|
|<ref name="NT">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archivedate=18 July 2014 |accessdate=30 April 2014 |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=244}}</ref>
|-
|[[10th Lok Sabha|10th]]
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Dil Kumari Bhandari]]
|Lok Sabha dissolved earlier
|<ref name="DKB">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |archivedate=18 July 2014 |accessdate=30 April 2014 |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=258}}</ref>
|-
|[[11th Lok Sabha|11th]]
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Bhim Prasad Dahal]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|
|<ref name="BPD1">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183504/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |archivedate=18 July 2014 |accessdate=30 April 2014 |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=385}}</ref>
|-
|[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|Lok Sabha dissolved earlier
|<ref name="BPD2">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archivedate=18 July 2014 |accessdate=30 April 2014 |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=233}}</ref>
|-
|[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|Lok Sabha dissolved earlier
|<ref name="BPD3">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archivedate=18 July 2014 |accessdate=30 April 2014 |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=224}}</ref>
|-
|[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Nakul Das Rai]]
|
|<ref name="NDR">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718190634/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |archivedate=18 July 2014 |accessdate=30 April 2014 |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=281}}</ref>
|-
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Prem Das Rai]]
|
|<ref name="PDR1">{{cite web |title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archivedate=11 August 2014 |accessdate=30 April 2014 |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=122}}</ref>
|-
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|
|<ref name="PDR2">{{cite web |title=Constituencywise-All Candidates |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS211.htm?ac=1 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135150/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS211.htm?ac=1 |archivedate=17 May 2014 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indra Hang Subba]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
| rowspan="2" |Incumbent
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Sikkim]]

S. V. Ghate

2026-04-01T14:07:46Z

Axis: new new article...

{{Short description|First General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (1896–1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| office = General Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India]]
| predecessor = Position Created
| successor = [[Gangadhar Adhikari]]
| term_start = 1925
| term_end = 1933
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1896|12|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mangalore]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death-date and age|28 November 1970|14 December 1896}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi, India]]
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
}}

'''Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate''' (14 December 1896 – 28 November 1970), also known as S.V. Ghate,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fdNuQAACAAJ|title=S. V. Ghate: Our First General Secretary: A Memorial Volume|first=Sachchidanand Vishnu|last=Ghate|year= 1971|publisher=Communist Party Publication|via=Google Books}}</ref> was a freedom fighter émigré and first [[General secretary|General Secretary]] of the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI).<ref name=na2021-01>''SV Ghate: First General Secretary of CPI'', in ''[[New Age Weekly]]''. No. 69, 2021. pp. 11–12</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article508.html|title=Remembering S.V. Ghate |website=www.mainstreamweekly.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cpim.org/history/kanpur-communist-conference-december-1926|title=Kanpur Communist Conference (December 1926)|date=28 April 2015|website=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|access-date=9 July 2020|archive-date=29 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129002808/https://www.cpim.org/history/kanpur-communist-conference-december-1926|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Communist Party of India's Karnataka State headquarters, Ghate Bhavan, is named in his honor.<ref>{{Cite web|last=IPA Staff|date=27 December 2019|title=Jharkhand Defeat Is A Definite Shift - India Press Agency|url=https://ipanewspack.com/2019/12/27/jharkhand-defeat-is-a-definite-shift/|access-date=2020-08-20|website=IPA Newspack|language=en}}</ref>

==Biography==

===Early life===
S. V. Ghate was raised in Mangalore in a [[Marathi people|Maharashtrian]] [[Karhade Brahmin]] family in [[Mangalore]]. With the assistance of his older brother, he attended [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St Aloysius College]] in Mangalore.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kooiman|first=Dick|date=19 July 1980|title=Bombay Communists and the 1924 Textile Strike|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4368873|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=15|issue=29|pages=1228–1229|jstor=4368873}}</ref> He is quoted as saying that his reading of "Indian philosophy, including [[Ramakrishna]] [[Paramahamsa]], and [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]]" were influential in his becoming a Communist, stating, "The main thing in all the topics in philosophy is service of people."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hesse|first=Patrick|date=25 July 2015|title='To the Masses.' Communism and Religion in North India, 1920–47|url=https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/18452/20068/dissertation_hesse_patrick.pdf|journal=Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin|page=83}}</ref>

===General Secretary of the Communist Party of India===
In December 1925 the first Communist Conference of India was held at [[Kanpur]], where under the leadership of [[Satya Bhakta]] an amalgamation of many small left-wing parties allowed for the founding of an all-India organisation under the name of the "Communist Party of India".

During the first Communist Conference in India held at Kanpur in December 1925, there was a debate among the leaders on the appropriate name for the party. While Satya Bhakta opined that the party was to be named "Indian Communist Party", other leaders such as S. V. Ghate, [[K. N. Joglekar]], R. S. Nimbkar stressed that the general international norm was that it was called the Communist Party of this country or that country, hence, insisted that the party should be called the "Communist Party of India".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Noorani|first=A.G.|date=18 May 2012|title=Origins of Indian Communism|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30165649.ece|journal=Frontline|volume=28}}</ref> As a result of this, Satya Bhakta formed a separate party and called it the "National Communist Party" and the party was officially announced as the "Communist Party of India". Finally, on 26 December 1925, the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) was formed and Ghate was chosen as the first General Secretary.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Bipin|title=India's Struggle for Independence 1857–1947|publisher=Penguin Books|date=2016|isbn=9788184751833|page=295}}</ref>

In 1927, Ghate became the first Communist to be elected as an [[All India Trade Union Congress]] (AITUC) office bearer during the Kanpur session. Ghate's accession to AITUC signalled a shift in the organisation's philosophy. Gradually, the Communist faction gained further influence over the organisation and were successful in reorienting it toward their ideology.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dinesh|first=Sharma|date=2002|title=Anti congressism and nation building with special reference to post independence period|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/167407/7/07_chapter%203.pdf|journal=Department of Political Science T.D. College Jaunpur|pages=116–117|via=Shodhganga}}</ref>

When the CPI purchased an old military jeep from the Indian Army, Ghate would pick up party staff and leaders and transport them to its Central Office. His fellow party members, including [[Chandra Rajeswara Rao]], dubbed this jeep the GTS, or Ghate Transportation Service.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Balakrishnan|first=P.K.|date=14 June 2014|title=Com CR: A Fearless Warrior of Indian Revolution|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article4986.html|access-date=20 August 2020|website=Mainstream Weekly}}</ref>

===Workers' and Peasants' Party (WPP)===
{{Main|Workers and Peasants Party (India)}}

Ghate and colleagues transformed the Socialist Group within the Congress into a WPP in 1927, with [[S. S. Mirajkar]] as the general secretary, and soon spread to other provinces. Ghate also initiated Young Workers’ League. He played a crucial role in the Boycott Simon Commission movement of 1927–28. It was an upsurge in Bombay, and the commission had to bypass Bombay on way to Poona. Seven effigies were burnt for seven members of the commission. More than 50 thousand people came out in a historic procession led by the WPP. Ghate and Mirajkar met [[Shapurji Saklatvala]] when he came to Bombay in January 1927, and organized a huge public reception in his honor. Ghate was in-charge of one of the centers of Girni Kamgar Union (GKU) during the historic textile strike of 1928. He along with Dange, Joglekar, [[Narayan Malhar Joshi|N. M. Joshi]], and others was a member of the Central Strike Committee. The all India conference of WPP was held in Albert Hall, Calcutta in December, 1928. Ghate played a central role. WPP also brought out a massive demonstration before the Congress pandal, demanding acceptance of resolution on full independence. The CPI also held its meetings under his guidance.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

===Meerut Conspiracy Case===
[[File:Meerut prisoners outside the jail.jpg|350px|thumb|Portrait of 25 of the [[Meerut]] prisoners taken outside the jail. Back row (left to right): K. N. Sehgal, [[Sohan Singh Josh|S. S. Josh]], [[Lester Hutchinson|H. L. Hutchinson]], [[Shaukat Usmani]], [[Benjamin Francis Bradley|B. F. Bradley]], A. Prasad, [[Philip Spratt|P. Spratt]], [[Gangadhar Adhikari|G. Adhikari]]. Middle row: [[Radharaman Mitra|R. R. Mitra]], Gopen Chakravarti, Kishori Lal Ghosh, L. R. Kadam, D. R. Thengdi, Goura Shanker, [[Sibnath Banerjee|S. Bannerjee]], [[K. N. Joglekar]], [[Puran Chand Joshi|P. C. Joshi]], [[Muzaffar Ahmad]]. Front row: M. G. Desai, D. Goswami, R. S. Nimbkar, [[S. S. Mirajkar]], [[Shripad Amrit Dange|S. A. Dange]], S. V. Ghate, Gopal Basak.]]

In 1929, he was jailed in the [[Meerut Conspiracy Case]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Windmiller|first=Marshall|date=2011|title=Communism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAFBW743Bi4C&dq=Sachchidanand+Vishnu+Ghate&pg=PA561|publisher=University of California Press|via=Google Books}}</ref>

While in jail, Ghate was the leader of the Camp No. II prisoners, which included about 200 prisoners, mostly Sikhs, and about 160 Communists and 30 socialists. When Ghate was jailed, [[Gangadhar Adhikari]] became the General Secretary of CPI. Next, when Adhikari was jailed, the CPI was forced underground. After going underground for several years, it successfully reorganised and [[PC Joshi]] took the reins in 1935 as General Secretary.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Noorani|first=A.G.|date=30 December 2011|title=Of Stalin, Telangana & Indian revolution|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/article30178283.ece|journal=Frontline|volume=28|archive-date=11 April 2021|access-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411040926/https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/article30178283.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Later political activities===
While working in Mangalore in 1934, workers from [[Kannur]] were influenced by Ghate and [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]], the two prominent Mangalorean socialists, to form the Kannur Beedi Thozhilali Union (KBTU).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Franke|first=Richard|title=Democracy at Work in an Indian Industrial Cooperative: The Story of Kerala Dinesh Beedi|publisher=Cornell University Press|date=2018|isbn=9781501717550|pages=33|chapter=The Story of Kerala Dinesh Beedi}}</ref>

In 1935, the CPI adopted a [[Popular front|Popular Front]] strategy to ally themselves with other anti-colonial agitators. In 1936, Ghate sought to develop the Communist Party in the [[Madras Presidency]]. When he reached Madras in 1936, he met with and sought to unite political leaders, including [[Malayapuram Singaravelu]], [[V. Subbiah]], [[P. Jeevanandham]], [[K. Murugesan Anandan]], [[B. Srinivasa Rao]], and [[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]]. At that time, Ghate came to an agreement with [[Puran Chand Joshi]] and [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] that the CPI and [[Congress Socialist Party]] workers should join forces, and personally promised Narain to work to bring up CSP.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bose|first=K|title=Forward Bloc In Tamil Nadu – A Political Study|publisher=University of Madras|date=February 1985|location=Madras|pages=32–33}}</ref> At that time, became the editor of ''[[New Age Weekly|New Age]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sagar|first=Rahul|title=New Age (Communist Party of India)|url=https://www.ideasofindia.org/project/new-age-cpi/|access-date=30 August 2020|website=Ideas of India}}</ref>

Later on, in 1937, Ghate went to Kerala, where he participated in the formation of the state's first Communist cell.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jeffrey|first=Robin|date=November 1978|title=Matriliny, Marxism, and the Birth of the Communist Party in Kerala, 1930–1940|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=38|issue=1|pages=77–98|doi=10.2307/2054238|jstor=2054238|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ghate, the national Communist leader, provided the requisite support for state activists [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]], [[P. Krishna Pillai]], [[K. Damodaran]], [[N. C. Sekhar]] to form the first Communist cell in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pinarayi|first=Vijayan|date=April 2015|title=Welcome Address|url=https://cpim.org/content/address-p-vijayan|access-date=30 August 2020|website=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}</ref>

[[File:Indian Communists meeting Kerala.jpg|thumb|Hindu Communists S. V. Ghate (standing L) and [[M. N. Govindan Nair]] (standing C), at the meeting of Indian Communists.]]

In March 1939, he was ordered to leave [[Chennai|Madras]] and reside within [[Mangalore]] city limits. Despite complying with the order, in 1944 he was arrested and detained.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 March 2014|title=Seventy years ago: 'Habeas Corpus' prayer dismissed|work=Dawn|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1095445/seventy-years-ago-habeas-corpus-prayer-dismissed|access-date=30 August 2020}}</ref> Upon his arrest, he was transported to [[Deoli, Rajasthan|Deoli]] Detention jail where he was held with other prominent Communists who had interfered with the British. [[S.S. Mirajkar]] is quoted as saying, "When Ghate was taken away, [[Gangadhar Adhikari]] became secretary. When Adhikari was taken away, I was made secretary and I continued for some time till I disappeared from the scene."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Noorani|first=A.G.|date=4 May 2012|title=Making of a Thesis|work=Frontline|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30165459.ece|access-date=25 October 2021}}</ref>

==The Three Ps Document==
The CPI underwent a period of turmoil and dysfunction during which time leaders were put in jail and the organisation was forced to operate underground. During this tumultuous period, Ghate and his fellow leaders sought to unify the party. Writing under pseudonyms, Ghate, [[Shripad Amrit Dange]], and [[Ajoy Ghosh]] – Purushottam, Prabodh Candra, and Prakash, respectively – released the "Three Ps Document" on 30 September 1950. The document sought to unify a party that had been brought to the brink of annihilation. It was written in opposition to both [[B. T. Ranadive|B. T. Ranadive's]] [[2nd Congress of the Communist Party of India#New party line|Ranadive Line]], which sought to emulate the Russian [[Zhdanov Doctrine]], and the [[Srikakulam peasant uprising#Origin|Andhra Thesis]], which advocated emulating the [[Chinese Communist Party]]'s path.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Joshi|first=P. C.|date=25 December 2007|title=Remembering S.V. Ghate|url=https://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article508.html|journal=Mainstream Weekly|volume=46}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Lockwood|first=David|title=The Communist Party of India and the Indian Emergency|publisher=Sage Publications India|year=2016|isbn=9789351505778}}{{page needed|date=January 2025}}</ref>

As the Three Ps Document put it, "The old leadership talked about the 'Russian way', the new leadership talks about [the] 'Chinese way'. The older leadership talked about 'revolutionary upsurge', the new leadership talks about 'civil war' ... Neither bothered to understand and analyse the situation in our own country." Instead, the Three Ps Document proposed an Indian path that took into account the local conditions and circumstances of India.<ref name=":0" />

==Political views==
CPI leaders, including Ghate and Dange, whose base was with the working class and trade unions advocated for an end to the violent [[Telangana Rebellion]] and for participation in general elections.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Vijay|date=April 2015|title=Document on the Tactical Line of Communist Party of India|url=https://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv21n1/introcpitactics.htm|journal=Revolutionary Democracy|volume=21}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Incidentally, S.V. Ghate is the uncle of the founder-president and former General Secretary of [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]], Prabhakar Ghate<ref>{{Cite news|last=Special Correspondent|date=17 August 2018|title=Vajpayee acted as he preached|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/vajpayee-acted-as-he-preached/article24710349.ece|access-date=25 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=11 September 2005|title=Former BMS Gen Secy Ghate passes away|work=Zee News|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/former-bms-gen-secy-ghate-passes-away_240978.html|access-date=25 October 2021}}</ref> and grand-uncle of Karnataka-state [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]] General Secretary and Magnum Intergrafiks founder and managing director, Sudhir Ghate.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Special Correspondent|date=22 October 2021|title=Magnum founder Sudhir Ghate passes away|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/magnum-founder-sudhir-ghate-passes-away/article37125714.ece|access-date=25 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=PTI|date=22 October 2021|title=Magnum founder Sudhir Ghate dies in Mangaluru|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/magnum-founder-bjp-leader-sudhir-ghate-dies-mangaluru-7586278/|access-date=25 October 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghate, S. V.}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian trade unionists]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:20th-century trade unionists]]

Philomena Thumboochetty

2026-03-30T06:14:12Z

Axis: new a info...

{{short description|Indian violinist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Philomena Thumboochetty
| image = PhilomenaThumboochetty.png
| alt = A smiling young South Asian woman, holding a violin and wearing a sari
| caption = Philomena Thumboochetty in the 1930s
| other_names = Philomena Tambu Chetti
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1913
| birth_place = Bangalore
| death_date = 2000
| death_place =
| occupation = Violinist
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse(s) =
| relatives = [[T. R. A. Thumboo Chetty]] (grandfather)
}}

'''Philomena Rukmavathy Thumboochetty''' (10 October 1913 – March 2000) was an Indian violinist. She was the first Indian musician admitted to the [[Conservatoire de Paris]].

== Early life and education ==
Philomena Thumboochetty was born in [[Bangalore]] and educated in [[Mysore]], the daughter of Sir T. Thumboo Chetty, [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] and Selvavathy (Lady Gertitude Thumboo Chetty). Her father was the private secretary to the [[Maharaja of Mysore]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kabadi Waman P.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.523178|title=Indian Who's Who 1937-38|date=1937|pages=242 in Mysore section|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> her grandfather Sir [[T. R. A. Thumboo Chetty]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Madhavan|first=Girija|date=2020-02-16|title=Tales from Family Lore...|url=https://starofmysore.com/tales-from-family-lore/|access-date=2021-11-26|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US}}</ref> was the First Indian Chief Judge of the Chief Court of Mysore and the Offg. Dewan of Mysore. Her family was [[Catholic Church in India|Roman Catholic]]. She attended the [[Calcutta School of Music]], before gaining a fellowship to [[Trinity College London]]. At the age of 16, she was the youngest candidate, and the first candidate from India, admitted to the Conservatoire de Paris,<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 March 1937|title=Our Indian Violinist|page=247|work=The Indian Listener|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0XjgDwAAQBAJ&dq=Philomena+Thumboochetty&pg=PA247|access-date=25 November 2021|last1=All India Radio|first1=Bombay}}</ref> After finishing her course at the Conservatoire de Paris, she became the pupil of Romanian violinist [[George Enescu|Georges Enesco]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rizvi|first=Aliyeh|date=27 December 2015|title=Resident Rendezvoyeur: A Christmas story|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/others/resident-rendezvoyeur-a-christmas-story/articleshow/50345652.cms|access-date=2022-01-23|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Thumboochetty was "one of the first Indian women to achieve distinction as a violinist."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Division|first=Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSWaDQAAQBAJ&dq=Philomena+Thumboochetty&pg=PT195|title=Women of India|date=1958|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=978-81-230-2284-0|language=en}}</ref> She and her mother were presented to [[George V|King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] in 1934.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1935-04-17|title=Violinist from India|pages=23|work=Evening Standard|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/89579128/violinist-from-india/|access-date=2021-11-26|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> In 1935, she gave her a concert at London's [[Aeolian Hall (London)|Aeolian Hall]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 March 2017|title=Philomena Thumboochetty: The Violin Virtuoso|work=Madras Courier|url=https://madrascourier.com/biography/philomena-thumboochetty-the-violin-virtuoso/|access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref> Returning to India in 1935,<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 September 1935|title=Devotee of Music and Art|page=4|work=The Bombay Chronicle|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.8078/page/6/mode/2up?q=Philomena+Thumboochetty|access-date=26 November 2021|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> she gave a concert at the [[Jaganmohan Palace]], accompanied by the Palace Orchestra,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lal|first=Vinay|date=14 March 2021|title=Parleying with the Infinite: India in Beethoven's Imagination|url=https://janataweekly.org/parleying-with-the-infinite-india-in-beethovens-imagination/|access-date=2021-11-26|website=Janata Weekly|language=en-US}}</ref> before an audience that included the Maharaja and his party. In 1937, she played with the Calcutta Symphony Orchestra. Also that year, a short biography appeared, ''The Indian Fiddler Queen: A Short Sketch of Philomena Thumboochetty''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chetti|first=Philomena TAMBU|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utMfAAAAIAAJ|title=The Indian Fiddler Queen: A Short Sketch of Philomena Thumboochetty|date=1937|publisher=Dr. K. N. Kesari at the Lodhra Press|language=en}}</ref> In 1938, she was guest soloist at the Calcutta School of Music's Fifth Symphony Concert, heard live on [[All India Radio]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 January 1938|title=To Be Heard from Calcutta|page=157|work=The Indian Listener|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H9PgDwAAQBAJ&dq=Philomena+Thumboochetty&pg=PA157|access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref>

After marriage and children, Thumboochetty gave concerts in Bangalore, but did not tour; "she continued to practice three hours a day almost to the end of her life," according to her son.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Chaturvedi|first=Priya|date=2019-06-11|title=Philomena Thumboochetty: Portrait of an Artiste|url=https://serenademagazine.com/features/philomena-thumboochetty-portrait-of-an-artiste/|access-date=2021-11-26|website=Serenade|language=en-GB}}</ref> She played with the Max Mueller Bhavan Orchestra in the 1960s and 1970s. She also taught violin; one of her successful students was Grammy-winning violinist and composer [[Manoj George]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=3 secrets to be a great musician|url=https://manojgeorge.com/blog-post/3-secrets-to-be-a-great-musician/|access-date=2021-11-26|website=Manoj George|language=en-US}}</ref> Thumboochetty was also a strong chess player.<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
Thumboochetty married Francis Kantaraj Thumboochetty in 1937. [[Mirza Ismail]] gave a speech at their wedding.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ismail|first=Sir Mirza M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e1G8vqWp3GEC&q=Philomena+Thumboochetty|title=Speeches|date=1930|publisher=Printed at the Government Press|pages=140–142|language=en}}</ref> They had five children, including her first daughter, Chitra, who was born with a hearing impairment.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chaturvedi|first=Priya|title=The story of a female Indian violinist whose phenomenal career was cut short by fate|url=https://qz.com/india/1667086/the-indian-violinist-who-fascinated-even-yehudi-menuhin/|access-date=2021-11-26|website=Quartz|date=16 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Philomena Thumboochetty died in 2000. Her family's Thumboochetty Foundation sponsors two concerts a year in her memory.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Joseph|first=Krupa|date=2019-10-15|title='Classical music must be more accessible'|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-cityscape/classical-music-must-be-more-accessible-768592.html|access-date=2021-11-26|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp84925/philomena-thumboo-chetty Philomena Thumboochetty], three photographs by or with [[Lady Ottoline Morrell]], in the collection of the [[National Portrait Gallery, London|National Portrait Gallery]]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thumboochetty, Philomena}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian violinists]]
[[Category:Indian women violinists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Conservatoire de Paris alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholics]]

Andhra Pradesh

2026-03-29T03:00:04Z

Axis: small improve content for clarity further and added references

{{Short description|State in southeastern India}}
{{redirect|Andhra}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Andhra Pradesh
| type = State
| official_name = State of Andhra Pradesh
| former = [[Madras Presidency]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| image1 = Tirumala 090615.jpg
| caption1 = [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Sri Venkateswara Swami Temple]]
| image2 = Undavalli Caves, Vijayawada.JPG
| caption2 = [[Undavalli Caves]]
| image3 = Dhyaan buddha Amaravthi.jpg
| caption3 = [[Dhyana Buddha statue]]
| image4 = LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle at the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota 06.webp
| caption4 = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| image5 = Araku valley view.jpg
| caption5 = [[Araku Valley]]
| image6 = Nandi Lepakshi Temple Hindupur 5.jpg
| caption6 = [[Lepakshi|Lepakshi Nandi]]
| image7 = Vizag seaport.jpg
| caption7 = [[Visakhapatnam Port]]
}}
| image_caption = 
| image_seal = File:Emblem of Andhra Pradesh.svg
| seal_size = 150
| etymology = "Province of the [[Andhras]]"
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] ([[Sanskrit]]) "Truth alone triumphs"{{force singular}}
| anthem = [[Ma Telugu Talliki]] ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]) "To/For Our Mother Telugu"
| image_map = IN-AP.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|16.51|80.52|region:IN-AP_type:adm1st_dim:500000|display=inline,title}}
| region = South India
| year_start = 
| formation_date4 = [[Andhra movement|1 October 1953]] ({{Years ago|1953}} Years ago) 
| consolidation = [[Visalandhra movement|1 November 1956]] ({{Years ago|1956}} Years ago) 
| before_was = [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Undivided Andhra Pradesh]]
| formation_date3 = 2 June 2014 (Bifurcation by forming [[Telangana]]) 
| capital = Amaravati
| largestcity = Visakhapatnam
| metro = Andhra Pradesh Capital Region
| districts = [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|28]]
| Governor = [[Syed Abdul Nazeer]]
| Chief_Minister = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
| Deputy_CM = [[Pawan Kalyan|Konidela Pawan Kalyan]] ([[Janasena Party|JSP]])
| judiciary = [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]]
| Chief_secretary = G Sai Prasad, IAS
| legislature_type = Bicameral [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]
| assembly = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| assembly_seats = 175 seats
| council = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| council_seats = 58 seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 11 seats
| lok_sabha_seats = 25 seats
| area_total_km2 = 162970
| area_rank = 7th
| elevation_m =
| elevation_max_m = 1680
| elevation_max_point = [[Arma Konda]]
| elevation_min_m = 0
| elevation_min_point = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite book | url=https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/library/resource/population-projections-for-india-and-states-2011-2036/ | title=Population Projections for India and States, 2011–2036 | date=July 2020 | access-date=25 March 2023 | archive-date=13 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313055356/https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/library/resource/population-projections-for-india-and-states-2011-2036/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_total = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 53,586,000
| population_as_of = 2025
| population_rank = 10th
| population_urban = 37.69%
| population_rural = 62.31%
| population_density = 304
| population_demonym = Andhrulu, [[Telugu people|Teluguvaaru]]
| 0fficial_Langs = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| additional_official = [[Urdu]]<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ap-govt-issues-orders-recognising-urdu-as-the-official-language-749112|title=AP govt. issues orders recognising Urdu as the official language|last=Pavan|work=[[The Hans India]]|date=17 June 2022|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727054829/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ap-govt-issues-orders-recognising-urdu-as-the-official-language-749112|url-status=live }}</ref>
| official_script = [[Telugu script]]
| GDP_footnotes = <ref name="MOSPI">{{cite web|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_15_03_2021.xls|title=MOSPI State Domestic Product, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India|date=15 March 2021|accessdate=28 March 2021}}</ref>
| GDP_total = {{Increase}} $216 billion (nominal) {{Increase}} $906.91 billion (PPP)
| GDP_year = 2024-2025
| GDP_rank = 9th
| GDP_per_capita = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|298058|lk=r}} {{Increase}} $14,426 (PPP)
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 15th
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI = {{Increase}} 0.681 {{color|#fc0|Medium}} <ref>{{cite web |title=India: Subnational HDI |url= https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/?levels=1+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 |website=Global Data Lab |access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 26th
| literacy = 72.6%<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-10 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 & above, rural+urban (column 6))}}</ref>
| literacy_year = 2024
| literacy_rank = 36th
| sex_ratio = 993[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]
| sexratio_year = 2025
| sexratio_rank = 20th
| iso_code = IN-AP
| registration_plate = AP
| website = ap.gov.in
| foundation_day = Andhra Pradesh Day
| mammal = [[Blackbuck]]<ref name="dc-newsymbols">{{Cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh gets new state bird, state flower |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/310518/andhra-pradesh-gets-new-state-bird-state-flower.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=31 May 2018 |access-date=1 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601000928/https://deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/310518/andhra-pradesh-gets-new-state-bird-state-flower.html |archive-date=1 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| bird = [[Rose-ringed parakeet]]<ref name="dc-newsymbols" />
| flower = [[Jasmine]]
| tree = [[Azadirachta indica]]
| fruit = [[Banganapalle (mango)|Banginapalle Mango]]
| image_highway = SH IN-AP.png
| SH_numbers = [[List of state highways in Andhra Pradesh|AP SH1{{ndash}}AP SH240]]
}}

'''Andhra Pradesh'''{{efn|[[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{transliteration|te|ISO|Āndhra Pradēśa}}, {{IPA|te|aːndʱɾə pɾədeʃᵊ|pron|LL-Q8097 (tel)-V Bhavya-ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్.wav}}, {{small|abbr.}} '''AP'''}} is a [[States and union territories of India|state]] on the [[East Coast of India|east coast]] of southern [[India]]. It is the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|seventh-largest state]] and the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|tenth-most populous]] in the country. [[Telugu language|Telugu]], one of the [[classical languages of India]], is the most widely spoken language in the state, as well as its official language. [[Amaravati]] is the state capital, while the largest city is [[Visakhapatnam]]. [[Amaravati]] is a greenfield capital city developed near Vijayawada. Geographically both Amaravati and Vijayawada can be seen as Twin cities. Andhra Pradesh shares borders with [[Odisha]] to the northeast, [[Chhattisgarh]] to the north, [[Karnataka]] to the west, [[Tamil Nadu]] to the south, [[Telangana]] to northwest and the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the east. It has the [[Coastline of Andhra Pradesh|longest coastline]] in India (aerial distance between extreme ends) at about {{convert|1000|km}}.

[[Archaeology|Archaeological]] evidence indicates that Andhra Pradesh has been continuously inhabited for over 247,000 years, from early archaic [[Hominini|hominins]] to [[Neolithic]] settlements. The earliest reference to the [[Andhras]] appears in the [[Aitareya Brahmana]] ({{Circa|800 [[BCE]]}}) of the [[Rigveda]]. Around 300 BCE, the Andhras living in the Godavari and Krishna river deltas were renowned for their formidable military strength—second only to the [[Maurya Empire]] in the subcontinent. The first major Andhra polity was the [[Satavahana dynasty]] (2nd century BCE–2nd century CE) which ruled over the entire [[Deccan Plateau]] and even distant areas of western and central India. They established trade relations with the [[Roman Empire]], and their capital, [[Dharanikota|Dhanyakataka]], was the most prosperous city in India during the 2nd century CE. Subsequent major dynasties included the [[Vishnukundina dynasty|Vishnukundinas]], [[Eastern Chalukyas]], [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]], and [[Sultanate of Golconda|Qutb Shahis]], followed by [[British Raj|British rule]]. After gaining independence, [[Andhra State]] was carved out of [[Madras State]] in 1953. In 1956, it merged with Telangana, comprising the Telugu-speaking regions of the former [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]], to form [[United Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]. It reverted to its earlier form in 2014, when the new state of [[Telangana]] was bifurcated from it.

The [[Eastern Ghats]] separate the coastal plains from the [[peneplain]]s. Major rivers include the [[Krishna River|Krishna]], [[Godavari River|Godavari]], [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]] and [[Penna River|Penna]]. Andhra Pradesh holds about one-third of India's [[limestone]] reserves and significant deposits of [[baryte]] and [[granite]]. Agriculture and related activities employ 62.17% of the population, with rice being the [[Staple food|staple crop]]. The state contributes 30% to India's fish production and accounts for 35% of the country's seafood exports. The [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Sriharikota Range]], located on [[Sriharikota]] island in [[Tirupati district]], serves as India's primary satellite launch centre.

Andhra is the birthplace of the [[Amaravati art|Amaravati school of art]], an ancient Indian art style that influenced [[South India]]n, [[Sri Lanka]]n, and [[Southeast Asia]]n art. It is also home to [[Kuchipudi]], one of [[Indian classical dance|India's classical dance forms]], and has produced several renowned [[Carnatic music]] composers. The state features prominent [[Tourism in Andhra Pradesh#Religious and pilgrimage sites|pilgrimage centres]] and [[Tourism in Andhra Pradesh#Nature tourism|natural attractions]], including the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara temple]] in [[Tirumala]] and the [[Araku Valley]]. Notable products with [[geographical indication]] (GI) registration include [[Tirupati Laddu]], [[Banganapalle (mango)|Banganapalle mangoes]], [[Kondapalli toys]], [[Dharmavaram handloom pattu sarees and paavadas|Dharmavaram sarees]], and [[Pootharekulu]].

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Andhras}}

[[Andhras]] were mentioned in [[Aitareya Brahmana]] of the [[Rigveda]] ({{Circa|800–500 BCE}}) as descendants of the sage [[Vishvamitra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martin Haug |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104262/page/n175/mode/2up?q=andhras |title=Aitareya Brahmana Of The Rigveda |date=1922 |pages=175}}</ref> Andhras were referred to as non-Aryans living on the fringes of Aryan settlements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shimada |first=Akira |title=Early Buddhist architecture in context: the great stūpa at Amarāvatī (ca. 300 BCE-300 CE) |date=2013 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-23283-9 |series=Brill's Indological library |location=Lieden; Boston |quote=In the Aitareya Brahmaņa (VII, 18), the Andhras were mentioned together with the Pundras, Sabaras, Pulindas and Mūtibas as Dasyu (non-Aryan tribes) living on the borders of the land}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhandarkar |first=D. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7014/page/n15/mode/2up?q=andhras |title=Lectures on the Ancient History of India on the period from 650 to 325 B.C. |date=1919 |publisher=University of Calcutta, Calcutta |pages=14}}</ref> The [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]], the earliest kings who ruled this region were mentioned by the names ''Andhra'', ''Andhrara-jateeya'', and ''[[Andhrabhrtya]]'' in the [[Puranas|Puranic literature]]. "Andhra" is both a tribal and a territorial name.{{Sfn|Sen|1999|p=172–176}} The region inhabited by Andhras was called [[Andhradesa]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZM1k0My/page/3/mode/2up |title=A History of the Early Dynasties of AndhraDesa C. 200-625 A.D. : with a map of ancient Andhradesa and Daksinapatna |date=1942 |publisher=V. Ramaswami Sastrulu & sons (Madras)}}</ref>

According to [[Iravatham Mahadevan]], the term ''<nowiki/>'āndhra'<nowiki/>'' is derived from the [[Old Telugu]] masculine nominative marker ''<nowiki/>'aṉṟu''', possibly used by [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] people or [[Buddhists]] to refer to [[Telugu people]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=RMRL Digital Library {{!}} Tamil Literature Free Access |url=https://rmrl.in/en/dl/research-papers/mahadevan/ebook?id=Harappan%20Heritage%20of%20Andhra_2008 |access-date=16 February 2026 |website=rmrl.in}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Andhra Pradesh}}

=== Pre-history===
Excavated stone tools from [[Hanumanthunipadu]] in [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]] district were dated to be 2.47 [[lakh]] (247,000) years old ([[Middle Paleolithic]]). This finding means that these tools were developed by archaic hominins (pre-humans) as such tools were thought to be used by modern man migrating out of Africa about 2.10 lakh (210,000) years ago. In the absence of fossil evidence, it became a riddle to understand what happened to them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=P. |first=Sujatha Varma |date=30 September 2022 |title=Ancient stone tools found in Prakasam lead to startling revelations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ancient-stone-tools-found-in-prakasam-lead-to-startling-revelations/article65946249.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721120534/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ancient-stone-tools-found-in-prakasam-lead-to-startling-revelations/article65946249.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The discovery of petroglyphs, pictographs, and dolmens in Chakrala Bodu, near Boyalapalli village in the Yerragondapalem mandal area of Markapuram district indicates the presence of Neolithic-age human settlements in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |last=IVNP |first=Prasad |date=17 November 2023 |title=Neolithic-age rock art, burial chambers discovered in Prakasam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/Nov/17/neolithic-age-rock-art-burial-chambers-discovered-in-prakasam-2633669.html |access-date=21 July 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721121055/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/Nov/17/neolithic-age-rock-art-burial-chambers-discovered-in-prakasam-2633669.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Early and medieval history ===
[[File:Maha_Stupa_at_Bhattiprolu_01.jpg|thumb|left| Ruins of the Buddhist Maha Stupa at [[Bhattiprolu]], built during the 3rd century BCE–2nd century BCE]]
[[Megasthenes]] reported in his [[Indica (Megasthenes)|''Indica'']] ({{Circa|310 BCE}}) that Andhras were living in the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna]] [[river delta]]s and were famous for their military strength which was second only to Mauryans in all of [[Indian subcontinent|India]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=V. D. |first=Mahajan |author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=Megasthenes+Andhras&pg=PA297 |title=Ancient India |date=2016 |publisher=[[S. Chand Group|S. Chand Publishing]] |isbn=978-93-5253-132-5 |pages=297}}{{Cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=History of Andhra Pradesh|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html|publisher=[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=22 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182646/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html|archive-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> Archaeological evidence from places such as [[Bhattiprolu]], [[Amaravathi, Guntur district|Amaravathi]], and [[Dharanikota]] suggests that the Andhra region was part of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan empire]]. After the death of Emperor [[Ashoka]], Mauryan rule weakened around 200 BCE and was replaced by several smaller kingdoms in the Andhra region.<ref name="Akira_2012">{{Cite book |author=Akira Shimada |title=Early Buddhist architecture in context: The great stupa at Amaravati (ca. 300 BCE{{snd}}300 CE) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YweEJsuLNCUC&pg=PA39 |year=2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-23283-9 |pages=33–40 |access-date=14 October 2016}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> One of the earliest examples of the [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]] script, from Bhattiprolu was used on an urn containing the relics of Buddha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.buddhavihara.in/ancient.htm |access-date=29 April 2024|title= Ananda Buddha Vihara|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014070155/http://www.buddhavihara.in/ancient.htm |archive-date=14 October 2007}}</ref> This is considered as the rosetta stone for decipherment of Tamil Brahmi.<ref name="Magnum">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2013/stories/20030704000207100.htm|title=A magnum opus on Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions|last=Champahalakshmi|first=R|work=Frontline|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=7 October 2011|archive-date=30 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230030420/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2013/stories/20030704000207100.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kadamba script, derived from Bhattiprolu Brahmi later led to the evolution of Telugu and Kannada scripts.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Alla |first1=Chakradhar |editor1-last=Chakrabarti |editor1-first=Debkumar |title=Ergonomics for design and innovation |date=1 June 2022 |page=331 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94277-9 |access-date=29 July 2024 |chapter=Impact of writing tools in the evolution of Telugu script |series=Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems |volume=391 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-94277-9_29 |isbn=978-3-030-94276-2 |publisher=Springer |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513133402/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94277-9 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Satavahana dynasty]] dominated the [[Deccan Plateau]] from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE.<ref name="CH_2009">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA299 |title=Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations |author=Charles Higham |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4381-0996-1 |page=299 |access-date=6 March 2016 }}{{Cbignore}}</ref> It had trade relations with the Roman Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutt |first1=Sukumar |title=Buddhist monks and monasteries of India: Their history and their contribution to Indian culture |date=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-20-80498-2 |page=132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C&pg=PA132 |access-date=29 April 2024}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> The Satavahanas made [[Amaravathi, Palnadu district|Dhanyakataka-Amaravathi]] their capital. According to historian [[Stanley Wolpert]], it might have been the most prosperous city in India in 2nd century CE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Amaravati |url=https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/DataModuleFIles/History/01~10531.Historical%20timeline.pdf |website=crda.ap.gov.in |publisher=Government of AP |access-date=29 July 2024 |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519110822/https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/DataModuleFIles/History/01~10531.Historical%20timeline.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley A. |author-link=Stanley Wolpert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Andhra |title=A new history of India |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-505636-5 |pages=75, 76|quote=Amaravati on the banks of the Krishna, which was later the southeast capital of the Satavahanas, flourished in its trade with Rome, Ceylon, and Southeast Asia, and may well have been the most prosperous city of India during the second century of the Christian era.}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> [[Nagarjuna]], the philosopher of [[Mahayana]], lived in this region.<ref>{{Cite book |author=David M. Knipe |title=Vedic voices: Intimate narratives of a living Andhra tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8oUSBwAAQBAJ&q=Nagarjuna |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-026673-8 |pages=8–9 |access-date=24 July 2024 }}{{Cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Padma|first1=Sree|last2=Barber|first2=Anthony W. |title=Buddhism in the Krishna river valley of Andhra|publisher=SUNY Press |year=2008|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Davidson|first=Ronald|title=Tibetan renaissance| publisher= Columbia |year=2005|pages=29}}</ref> Mahayana spread to China, Japan, and Korea. It became the largest Buddhist denomination in the world.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Warder |first=Anthony Kennedy |author-link=A. K. Warder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sE8MgUVGNHkC&q=Andhra |title=Indian Buddhism |date=2004 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1741-8 |pages=336, 355, 402, 464|quote=Those of us who have studied the evidence above will prefer to locate this source of most of the Mahāyāna sutras in Andhra. (p. 355) From the internal evidence, it appears that this sutra was written in South India, very likely in Andhra, in which case the country of origin of the Mahāyāna continued in the lead in the development of new ideas in India. (p. 402)}}{{Cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Todd M.|url=http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf|title=The world's religions in figures: An introduction to international religious demography|last2=Grim|first2=Brian J.|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2013|location=Hoboken, NJ|page=36|access-date=2 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf|archive-date=20 October 2013}}</ref> [[Amaravati art|Amaravati School of Art]] is regarded as one of the three major styles of ancient Indian art and had a great influence on art in South India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia.{{Sfn|Rowland|1967|p=210}} The [[Andhra Ikshvaku]]s, with their capital at [[Vijayapuri South|Vijayapuri]], succeeded the Satavahanas in the [[Krishna River]] valley in the latter half of the 2nd century CE.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Subramanian|first1=K. R.|title=Buddhist remains in Andhra and the history of Andhra between 225 and 610 A.D.|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-20-60444-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnO2BMPdYEoC&q=andhra+ikshvaku&pg=PA82 |access-date=29 April 2024|year=1989}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> The [[Salankayana dynasty|Salankayanas]] were an ancient dynasty that ruled the Andhra region between Godavari and Krishna rivers with their capital at [[Vengi]] (modern [[Pedavegi]]) around 300 CE.{{Sfn|Sen|1999|p=433}} [[Telugu Chodas|Telugu Cholas]] ruled present-day Kadapa region from the six to the thirteenth centuries intermittently.<ref>{{cite web |title=History – Kadapa district |url=https://kadapa.ap.gov.in/history-2/ |website=Kadapa district |access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref> Kallamalla ''sasanam'' (law), engraved in 575 CE during the rule of Dhanamjaya, is the earliest completely Telugu inscription.<ref>{{Cite news |last=రెడ్డి |first=తులసీ ప్రసాద్ |date=22 February 2022 |title=కడప జిల్లాలోని కలమల్ల శాసనమే తొలి తెలుగు శాసనమా? |language=te |publisher=BBC News తెలుగు |url=https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-60467482 |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406173134/https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-60467482 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Undavalli Caves, Vijayawada, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India (2018) 1.jpg|thumb|[[Undavalli Caves|Undavali caves]], Guntur district]]
The [[Vishnukundina dynasty|Vishnukundinas]] was the first dynasty in the fifth and sixth centuries to hold sway over South India.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sarma|first=A. Rajeswara|year=2009|title=Indrapura: The capital city of Vishnukundi dynasty|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147663|access-date=29 April 2024|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=70|pages=138–141|jstor=44147663|issn=2249-1937}}</ref> [[Undavalli Caves]] is an example of [[Indian rock-cut architecture]] of that time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://guntur.nic.in/undavalli_caves.html|title= Welcome to Guntur district official website|access-date=31 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627173402/http://guntur.nic.in/undavalli_caves.html|archive-date=27 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Eastern Chalukyas]] of Vengi, whose dynasty lasted for around five hundred years from the 7th century until 1130 CE, eventually merged with the [[Chola dynasty]]. They continued to rule under the protection of the Chola dynasty until 1189 CE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/eastern-chalukyas/ |title=About Eastern Chalukyas – Official AP state government portal – AP state portal|access-date=27 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617075255/http://www.ap.gov.in/eastern-chalukyas/ |archive-date=17 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the request of King [[Rajaraja Narendra]], [[Nannaya]], considered the first Telugu poet, took up the translation of the Mahabharata into Telugu in 1025 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&dq=Nannaya+tikkana&pg=PA393 |title=Literary cultures in history: Reconstructions from South Asia |date=19 May 2003 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22821-4 |editor-last=Pollock |editor-first=Sheldon |editor-link=Sheldon Pollock |pages=393, 397|access-date=1 June 2023}}{{Cbignore}}</ref>

[[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]] ruled this region and Telangana for nearly two hundred years between the 12th and 14th centuries. They were defeated by the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mamidi |first=Harikrishna |author-link=Mamidi Harikrishna |date=19 October 2023 |title=Rise and fall of Kakatiyas, turning point in Indian history |url=https://telanganatoday.com/rise-and-fall-of-kakatiyas-turning-point-in-indian-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019020424/https://telanganatoday.com/rise-and-fall-of-kakatiyas-turning-point-in-indian-history |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=Telangana Today}}</ref> [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahamani sultanate]] took over when Delhi sultanate became weak.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|title=A History of India |last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2004|isbn=9780415329200 |pages=181|quote=The Bahmani sultanate of the Deccan: Soon after Muhammad Tughluq left Daulatabad, the city was conquered by Zafar Khan, a Turkish or Afghan officer of unknown descent, had earlier participated in a mutiny of troops in Gujarat.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |title=The making of the Indo-Islamic world C.700–1800 CE |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108417747 |pages=87|quote=Finally, and more importantly, the independent Bahmani dynasty of the Deccan was founded in 1348 by Zafar Khan, probably an Afghan who broke away from Delhi with the support of Afghan and Mongol "New Muslims"}}</ref> Around the same time, [[Musunuri Nayakas|Musunuris]] and [[Reddi Kingdom]] ruled parts of this region in the early 14th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Talbot |first=Cynthia |title=Pre-colonial India in practice: Society, region, and identity in medieval Andhra |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19803-123-9 |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C|page=177}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> [[Reddy]] kings constructed [[Kondaveedu Fort]] and [[Kondapalli Fort]].<ref name=gazette>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=15&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_399.gif |title=Imperial gazetteer of India, v. 15 1931|work=Kondaveedu|page=393|access-date=20 October 2009|publisher=Digital South Asia Library|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613100037/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=15&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_399.gif |archive-date=13 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=gallery>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000000739u00000000.html |title=Kondavid-durg near Guntur. 19 February 1804. Signed 'W.R.'|access-date=20 October 2009|publisher=British on line Gallery|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018115359/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000000739u00000000.html |archive-date=18 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajpathis]] ruled parts of this region, before the entire region became part of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] during the reign of [[Krishnadevaraya]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Durga Prasad |first=J. |title=History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D. |year=1988 |publisher=P.G. Publisher |location=Guntur |url=http://202.41.85.234:8000/gw_44_5/hi-res/hcu_images/G2.pdf |access-date=27 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422120411/http://202.41.85.234:8000/gw_44_5/hi-res/hcu_images/G2.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2006|pages=231–235 }}</ref> [[Pemmasani Nayaks]] controlled parts of Andhra Pradesh and had large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of the empire in the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |author-link=Burton Stein |year=1989 |title=The new Cambridge history of India: Vijayanagara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&pg=PA1 |access-date=29 April 2024|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26693-2 |page=88 |quote= "Controlling numerous villages and many large towns, these powerful chiefs commanded large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of Vijayanagara forces during the sixteenth century."}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |chapter=Mapping migrations of South Indian weavers before, during and after the Vijayanagara Period: Thirteenth and eighteenth centuries |editor-first1=Jan |editor-last1=Lucassen |editor-first2=Leo |editor-last2=Lucassen |title=Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience (16th–21st Centuries) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CCqiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |year=2014 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-27136-4 |page=99}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> Several tanks and anicuts were built. Some of these include the Cumbum tank, Mopad tank, and Koregal anicut, Vallabhapur anicut across the [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]] River.<ref name="wrd-aboutus">{{Cite web |url=https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/aboutUs |title=Water resources department – History |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=Water resources department |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530064708/https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/aboutUs |url-status=live }}</ref> The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, and Sanskrit, while [[Carnatic music]] evolved into its current form.<ref>{{Cite book|author=B. A. Saletore|title=Social and political life in the Vijayanagara Empire Vol II|year=1930|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.52848 |access-date=29 April 2024 }}</ref> The [[Lepakshi]] group of monuments built during this period have mural paintings of the Vijayanagara kings, Dravidian art, and inscriptions. These are put on the [[World Heritage Site#Nomination process|tentative list of the UNESCO World Heritage committee]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/lepakshi-nandi-veerabhadra-temple-on-unesco-world-heritage-tentative-list/article65271080.ece |title=Lepakshi Nandi, Veerabhadra temple on UNESCO world heritage tentative list|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 March 2022|access-date=30 May 2023|archive-date=1 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201091816/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/lepakshi-nandi-veerabhadra-temple-on-unesco-world-heritage-tentative-list/article65271080.ece |url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6607/ |title=Sri Veerabhadra Temple and Monolithic Bull (Nandi), Lepakshi |access-date=22 July 2024 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517062600/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6607/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Modern history ===
{{See also|Andhra State|Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)}}
[[File:India1765and1805b.jpg|thumb|Parts of Andhra Pradesh in 1765 (left) ruled by [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]], [[Carnatic Sultanate]], British [[East India Company]] and [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and transformation to British East India Company rule by 1801 (map dated 1805) (right)]]

Following the defeat of the Vijayanagara Empire, the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]] held sway over most of present-day general Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Later, this region came under the rule of the Mughal Empire.<ref name="Richards">{{Cite journal|last=Richards|first=J. F.|title=The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687–1707|year=1975 |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |volume=9|issue=2|pages=241–260|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00004996|s2cid=142989123| issn = 0026-749X}}</ref> [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Chin Qilich Khan]] who was initially appointed as viceroy of Deccan by the Mughal in 1713, established himself as a semi-independent ruler as [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].{{Sfn|Faruqui, At Empire's End|2013|pp=9–13}} In 1765, British Lord [[Robert Clive]] obtained from the Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]] a grant of four circars to the British East India Company, that was formalised in 1778 treaty with Nizam Ali, the 5th Nizam of Hyderabad state with addition of another circar. Later, four territories were ceded to the British by Nizam Ali in 1800, which eventually became the Rayalaseema region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=T. |first1=Bhujang Rao |title=The ceded districts, the circars, and the Nizam |journal=Triveni Journal |year=1940 |url=https://trivenijournal.org/CD%20&%20WEB/TheCededDistrictstheCircarsandtheNizamoct40.html |access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref> Meanwhile, in the present day North Andhra, Raja Viziaram Raz (Vijaya Ramaraju) established a [[Vizianagaram Estate|sovereign kingdom]] and acquired neighbouring estates with the support of British. Later it fell out with the British and as a result, was attacked and defeated in the [[battle of Padmanabham]] in 1794. It was annexed as a tributary estate like other principalities and remained so until it acceded to the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] in 1949.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_345.gif|title=Imperial gazetteer of India v. 24|pages=339–341|access-date=31 May 2023|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604191302/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_345.gif|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the annexation of Carnatic sultanate in 1801, the last major piece of the present day Andhra Pradesh came under British East India Company rule as part of [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=British annexation of the Carnatic, 1801 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138505 |last=K. |first=Rajayyan |issue=2 |volume=32 |pages=54–62 |year=1970 |jstor=44138505 |access-date=18 July 2024}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the region became part of [[British Raj|British crown]] till [[Indian independence movement|India became independent]] in 1947.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nizam-British relations, 1724–1857|publisher=Concept Publishing| pages=130–150|isbn=978-81-7022-195-1|last=Regani|first=Sarojini|year=1988}}</ref>
[[File:Dowleswaram Barrage.jpg|left|thumb|[[Dowleswaram Barrage]] built in 1850 by [[Arthur Cotton]]]]
Anicut at [[Dowleswaram Barrage|Dowleswaram]] built in 1850 by [[Arthur Cotton]]<ref name="hope">{{Cite book |last1=Hope |first1=Elizabeth |title=General Sir Arthur Cotton, R. E., K. C. S. I.: His life and work |year=1900 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |location=London |isbn=978-1444629965 |page=[https://archive.org/details/generalsirarthur01hope/page/120 120] |url=https://archive.org/details/generalsirarthur01hope |quote=dowleswaram. |access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref> and several others at Vijayawada, Nellore, Sangam, Sunkesula, and Polampalli are examples of irrigation facilities built during the British raj, that irrigated lacs of acres across coastal districts.<ref name="wrd-aboutus"/> Buckingham Canal built during 1806–1878, running parallel to the Coramandal coast from Kakinada to Marakkanam in Tamil Nadu served as a major water transportation route for goods till the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=K. |first1=Venkateshwarlu |title=An ambitious plan to revive the Buckingham Canal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/long-live-the-canal/article19429503.ece |access-date=24 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 August 2017}}</ref> Telegraph service initiated in 1850 served for over 160 years till it was stopped on 15 July 2013 citing poor patronage due to advances in mobile communications and short message service.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Telegram is dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/telegram-is-dead/article4915659.ece |work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=24 August 2024 |date=15 July 2013}}</ref> [[Charles Philip Brown]] did pioneering work in transforming Telugu to the print era and introduced [[Vemana]] poems to English readers.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Peter L. Schmitthenner|title=Telugu resurgence: C.P. Brown and cultural consolidation in nineteenth-century South India |year=2001|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-7304-291-1|page=94|url=https://archive.org/details/teluguresurgence0000schm}}</ref> [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]] is considered the father of the Telugu renaissance movement, as he encouraged the education of women and lower caste people. He fought against Brahmin marriage customs such as child marriage, the bride price system, and the prohibition of widow remarriage.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=John Leonard |editor1-last=Jones |editor1-first=Kenneth W |title=Religious controversy in British India |date=1992 |publisher=SUNY Press |url=https://sites.socsci.uci.edu/~kbleonar/bio/Karen%20Religious%20Controversy%20in%20British%20India%20.pdf |access-date=6 August 2024|chapter=Viresalingam and the idea of Social change in Andhra |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806104944/https://sites.socsci.uci.edu/~kbleonar/bio/Karen%20Religious%20Controversy%20in%20British%20India%20.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Potti Sreeramulu.png|thumb|left|[[Potti Sreeramulu]], whose fast unto death in 1952 led to the formation of [[Andhra State]].]]
To gain an independent state based on linguistic identity and to protect the interests of the Telugu-speaking people of [[Madras State]], [[Potti Sreeramulu]] fasted to death in 1952. The Telugu-speaking area of [[Andhra State]] was carved out of Madras state on 1 October 1953, with [[Kurnool]] as its capital city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Struggle for Andhra state – AP state portal|url=https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=228|access-date=20 July 2020|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200615190824/https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=228|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the basis of the [[Gentlemen's Agreement of 1956]], the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States reorganisation act]] created [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] by merging the neighbouring Telugu-speaking areas of the [[Hyderabad State]] with [[Hyderabad]] as the capital on 1 November 1956.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html#Emergence |title=Post-independence era, then and now |publisher=aponline.gov.in |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220113947/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref>

In the unified state, [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) enjoyed a monopoly in ruling the state till 1983. After that [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) led by [[N. T. Rama Rao]] (NTR) came to power and became another major party to rule the state.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nt-rama-rao-a-timeline/article62061789.ece |title=N.T. Rama Rao: A timeline |date=28 May 2017 |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601112102/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nt-rama-rao-a-timeline/article62061789.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]] commissioned in 1967, [[Srisailam Dam|Srisailam hydro electric project]] commissioned in 1982 are few examples of irrigation and electricity projects.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/static/approjects/Nagarjuna.html |title=Nagarjuna Sagar Dam |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=Water resources department |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416064910/https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/static/approjects/Nagarjuna.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=V. |first=Raghavendra |date=6 August 2023 |title=AP-Genco plans capital overhaul of Srisailam right bank powerhouse in phases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-genco-plans-capital-overhaul-of-srisailam-right-bank-power-house-in-phases/article67164609.ece |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809105425/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-genco-plans-capital-overhaul-of-srisailam-right-bank-power-house-in-phases/article67164609.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The increased presence of women, Dalits, and tribals in the social and political spheres of the state, driven by social movements, led to a rise in violence against these groups. Securing access to resources like land remains an unachieved objective in the effort to expand their economic opportunities in the state.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Human development report 2007 – Andhra Pradesh |date=2008 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |location=Hyderabad |pages=19–32 |url=https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/in/human_revelop_report_andhra_pradesh_2007_full_report.pdf |access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref> When the union cabinet decided to consider the formation of Telangana state in 2009 heeding to the demand of [[Telangana movement|relaunched Telangana movement]], [[Samaikyandhra Movement]] opposing it took shape and the state went through a turmoil.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyderabad on the edge; APNGOs meet today |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/hyderabad-on-the-edge-apngos-meet-today/article5101666.ece |access-date=19 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 September 2013}}</ref> Finally, the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|Andhra Pradesh reorganisation act]] bill was passed by the [[parliament of India]] for the formation of the Telangana state, despite opposition by the state legislature.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-challenge-to-indian-federalism/article5278609.ece |title=A challenge to Indian federalism |date=28 October 2013 |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |author=Jayaprakash Narayan |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620002607/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-challenge-to-indian-federalism/article5278609.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the [[president of India]], with the residual state continuing as Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Telangana-State-to-Be-Born-on-June-2/2014/03/04/article2090470.ece|title=Telangana state formation gazette|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=14 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706093144/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Telangana-State-to-Be-Born-on-June-2/2014/03/04/article2090470.ece|archive-date=6 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

TDP formed the first government of the residual state with Chandrababu Naidu as chief minister.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/naidu-takes-oath-as-andhra-pradesh-cm/article6094917.ece|title=Naidu takes oath as Andhra Pradesh CM|date=8 June 2014 |access-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610025100/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/naidu-takes-oath-as-andhra-pradesh-cm/article6094917.ece |archive-date=10 June 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access= subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|the government of Andhra Pradesh]] began operating from its new greenfield capital, [[Amaravati]], for which 33,000 acres were acquired from farmers through an innovative land pooling scheme.<ref>{{Cite news|last=P|first=Ashish|date=2 March 2017|title=Chief Minister Chandrababu Naidu inaugurates new Andhra Pradesh assembly|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/new-andhra-pradesh-assembly-chandrababu-naidu-velagapudi-guntur-district-963618-2017-03-02|access-date=9 March 2021|work=India Today|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414060454/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/new-andhra-pradesh-assembly-chandrababu-naidu-velagapudi-guntur-district-963618-2017-03-02|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 elections]], [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]], leader of the [[YSR Congress Party]], became the chief minister by winning 151 out of 175 seats.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jagan Mohan Reddy sworn in as Andhra Pradesh CM |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/jagan-mohan-reddy-sworn-in-as-andhra-pradesh-cm/article27316397.ece |access-date=19 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 May 2019}}</ref> He introduced the 'village and ward volunteers' system,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jagan rolls out grama and ward volunteer system |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/jagan-asks-volunteers-to-rise-and-shine/article29103714.ece |date=15 August 2019 |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715003522/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/jagan-asks-volunteers-to-rise-and-shine/article29103714.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and reorganised the state with 26 districts.<ref name="apreorg-2022">{{Cite news |last1=V. |first1=Raghavendra |title=Jagan launches 13 new districts of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/thirteen-new-districts-come-into-existence-in-andhra-pradesh/article65289032.ece |access-date=21 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 April 2022}}</ref> Introduction of English as the medium of instruction was done in almost all the state schools. The move to three capitals with Amaravati getting reduced to being the legislative capital, Vizag as the executive capital and Kurnool as the judicial capital was stuck down by the High Court. His government appealed to the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Supreme Court to examine if A.P. can insist on compulsory English medium education |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/supreme-court-to-examine-if-ap-can-insist-on-compulsory-english-medium-education/article32512075.ece |date=3 September 2020 |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903184404/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/supreme-court-to-examine-if-ap-can-insist-on-compulsory-english-medium-education/article32512075.ece |archive-date=3 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Three capitals case: Supreme Court adjourns hearing of SLP filed by A.P. govt. to December |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/three-capitals-case-supreme-court-adjourns-hearing-of-slp-filed-by-ap-govt-to-december/article67071078.ece |last=V |first=Raghavendra |date=12 July 2023 |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713032159/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/three-capitals-case-supreme-court-adjourns-hearing-of-slp-filed-by-ap-govt-to-december/article67071078.ece|archive-date=13 July 2023}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Andhra Pradesh|List of rivers in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[File:Andhra Pradesh relief map.svg|thumb|Andhra Pradesh relief map]]
Andhra Pradesh is the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|seventh-largest state]] with an area of {{cvt|162970|km2}}.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=3}} Politically, the state shares borders with [[Odisha|Orissa]] to the northeast, [[Chhattisgarh]] to the north, [[Karnataka]] to the southwest, [[Tamil Nadu]] to the south, [[Telangana]] to northwest and the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the east. [[Yanam district]], an enclave of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], is in the state bordering [[Kakinada district]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://surveyofindia.gov.in/documents/polmap-eng-11012021.jpg |title=Political map of India 1:4000000 (10th edition) |date=1 January 2020 |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=Survey of India |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410024610/https://surveyofindia.gov.in/documents/polmap-eng-11012021.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> It has a coastline of around {{Convert|974|km}}, which makes it the second-longest coastline in the nation.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=3}}

The [[Eastern Ghats]] are a major dividing line separating coastal plains and [[peneplain]]s in the state's geography. These are discontinuous, and individual sections have local names. The ghats become more pronounced towards the south and extreme north of the coast. Some of these consist of the [[Horsley Hills]], the Seshachala Hills, the [[Nallamala Hills]], and the Papi Hills.<ref name="Kohli2013">{{Cite book | author=M.S. Kohli | title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure and Pilgrimage | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&pg=PA36 | access-date=4 July 2013 | date=August 2010 | publisher=Indus Publishing, 2014 | isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 | pages=36–}}{{Cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goindigo.in/get-inspired/hill-stations-in-andhra-pradesh.html |title=7 offbeat hill stations in Andhra Pradesh that are worth exploring this season |date=3 January 2023 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Goindigo |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809113347/https://www.goindigo.in/get-inspired/hill-stations-in-andhra-pradesh.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=Sudhakar|last=G. |title=Compendium on Indian biosphere reserves: Progression during two decades of conservation |date=2012 |publisher=Ministry of environment and forests, Government of India |pages=178–183 |url=https://gbpihed.gov.in/PDF/Publication/comp_IBR.pdf |access-date=19 August 2024 |chapter=18 Seshachalam biosphere reserve|editor-last1=Palni |editor-first1=Lok Man Singh |editor-last2=Rawal |editor-first2=Ranbeer S |editor-last3= Rai|editor-first3=Rama K|editor-last4= S. |editor-first4=Venkata Reddy }}</ref> [[Arma Konda]], located in Visakhapatnam district, is the highest peak in the state.<ref name="Kohli2013"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=52152 |title=Arma Konda, India |access-date=17 June 2023 |website=peakbagger |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105061047/https://peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=52152 |url-status=live }}</ref> Peneplains, part of Rayalaseema, slope towards the east.{{Sfn|DES|2021|p=107}} The [[Eastern Coastal Plains]] comprise the area of coastal districts up to the Eastern ghats as their border along the Bay of Bengal, with variable width. These are, for the most part, delta regions formed by the [[Krishna River|Krishna]], [[Godavari River|Godavari]], and [[Penna River|Penna]] rivers. The state has five different soil types with the majority soil types being red lateritic and black soil types.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural forming – Andhra Pradesh |url=https://naturalfarming.niti.gov.in/andhra-pradesh/ |website=Niti Ayog |access-date=11 August 2024}}</ref> Most of the coastal plains are put to intensive agricultural use.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=D |first1=Kumara Charyulu|last2=D.|first2=Moses Shyam|last3=S.P.|first3=Wani|last4=KV |first4=Raju KV |title=Rythu Kosam: Andhra Pradesh primary sector mission Coastal Andhra region baseline summary report, Research report IDC-13 |url=https://oar.icrisat.org/9900/1/Cover%20and%20Text%20%20Rythu%20Kosam%20(Coastal%20Andhra%20Region%20Baseline)).pdf |publisher=ICRISAT |access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref> The Kadapa basin, formed by two arching branches of the Eastern ghats, is a mineral-rich area.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kadapa or Cuddapah basin|url=https://www.ndrdgh.gov.in/NDR/?page_id=860|publisher=Directorate General of Hydrocarbons|access-date=2 June 2023|url-status=live|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426141217/https://www.ndrdgh.gov.in/NDR/?page_id=860}}</ref>

[[File:Indian Grand Canyon Sudhakar Bichali.jpg|thumb|[[Gandikota|Gandikota gorge]] in YSR district]]
The valleys include [[Araku Valley]], which is rich in biodiversity<ref>{{Cite book |title=Visakhapatnam hub |publisher=Andhra Pradesh tourism authority |location=Vijayawada |pages=3–4 |url=https://aptourism.gov.in/media-data/brouchers/11-e5315decdcefede21063bca108b108ce783f9e6d.pdf |access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref> and [[Gandikota|Gandikota gorge]]. Gandikota gorge is a canyon formed between the Erramala range of hills, through which the Penna (Pennar) river flows.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandikota: The stunning Indian gorge that resembles the Grand Canyon |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-india-59731622 |publisher=BBC |access-date=19 August 2024|date=5 January 2022}}</ref> [[Borra Caves]], created millions of years ago by water activity<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bhattacharjee|first1=Sumit|title=Natural world heritage status for Borra Caves sought|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Natural-world-heritage-status-for-Borra-Caves-sought/article17041900.ece|access-date=13 May 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116062146/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Natural-world-heritage-status-for-Borra-Caves-sought/article17041900.ece|archive-date=16 January 2017|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and the country's second-longest cave system, the [[Belum Caves]] are in the state.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Film tourism to boost Kurnool economy|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/030217/film-tourism-to-boost-kurnool-economy.html|access-date=13 May 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313031427/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/030217/film-tourism-to-boost-kurnool-economy.html|archive-date=13 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The state has several beaches in its coastal districts, such as [[Rushikonda]], [[Mypadu]], [[Suryalanka Beach|Suryalanka]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The charming beaches of Andhra Pradesh |publisher=AP tourism authority |url=https://aptourism.gov.in/media-data/brouchers/7-e96706d65633f39c39fc01a0514e30d260d77afc.pdf |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712023755/https://aptourism.gov.in/media-data/brouchers/7-e96706d65633f39c39fc01a0514e30d260d77afc.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2022}}</ref>

=== Flora and fauna ===
{{Main|Natural vegetation and wildlife of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[File:Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri) feeding on Azadirachta indica (Neem) W2 IMG 8122.jpg|thumb|[[Rose-ringed parakeet]] (parrot) (state bird) feeding on [[Azadirachta indica|Neem]] fruits (state tree).]]
The total forest cover of the state is {{convert|29784.3|km2}}, amounting to 18.28% of the total area.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Chapter 13: Forests and tree resources in states and union territories |year=2021 |pages=257–264|url=https://fsi.nic.in/isfr-2021/chapter-13.pdf |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602105334/https://fsi.nic.in/isfr-2021/chapter-13.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Eastern ghats region is home to dense tropical forests, while the vegetation becomes sparse as the ghats give way to the peneplains, where shrub vegetation is more common. The vegetation found in the state is largely of dry deciduous types, with a mixture of [[teak]], and genera of ''[[Terminalia (plant)|Terminalia]]'', ''[[Dalbergia]]'', ''[[Pterocarpus]]'', etc. The state possesses some rare and endemic plants like ''[[Cycas beddomei]]'', ''[[Pterocarpus santalinus]]'', ''Terminalia pallida'', ''[[Syzygium alternifolium]]'', ''Shorea tumburgia'' etc.<ref name="flora and fauna">{{Cite book |title=India state of forest report 2019, Vol II |date=2019 |publisher=Forest Survey of India |pages=2–12 |url=https://fsi.nic.in/isfr19/vol2/isfr-2019-vol-ii-andhra-pradesh.pdf |access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref>

The state has 3 [[List of national parks of India|national parks]] and 13 [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuaries]] {{as of|2019|lc=y}}.<ref name="flora and fauna"/> The diversity of fauna includes [[tiger]]s, [[leopards]], [[cheetal]]s, [[Sambar deer|sambars]], [[sea turtle]]s, and several birds and reptiles. The estuaries of the Godavari and Krishna rivers support rich mangrove forests with [[fishing cat]]s and [[otter]]s as [[keystone species]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About-us |url=https://forests.ap.gov.in/about.php |publisher=AP Forest Department |access-date=6 June 2024 |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605071323/https://forests.ap.gov.in/about.php |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary]] is an example of [[Mangrove|mangrove forests]] and salt-tolerant forest ecosystems near the sea. The area of these forests is {{convert|582|km2|abbr=on}}, accounting for about 9% of the local forest area of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eastgodavari.ap.gov.in/tourist-place/coringa-sanctuary/ |title=Coringa sanctuary |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=East godavari district, Government of AP |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602102822/https://eastgodavari.ap.gov.in/tourist-place/coringa-sanctuary/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Other sanctuaries include [[Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nstr.in/facts.php?page=facts |title=Facts & Figures of NagarjunaSagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve Atmakur Andhra Pradesh |access-date=26 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202104626/http://nstr.in/facts.php?page=facts |archive-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Kolleru Bird Sanctuary]],<ref name="lakes and wetlands">{{Cite web|title=The list of wetlands of international importance|url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist.pdf|website=The Ramsar convention on wetlands|publisher=The Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971)|access-date=5 June 2014|page=20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530015101/http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist.pdf|archive-date=30 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=G. |first1=Ravikiran |title=Rain brings back winged visitors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/rain-brings-back-winged-visitors/article19994754.ece |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 November 2017}}</ref> [[Azadirachta indica|Neem]] (Azadirachta indica) is the state tree, jasmine is the state flower, [[Rose-ringed parakeet|rose ringed parakeet]] is the state bird, and [[blackbuck]] is the state mammal.<ref name="dc-newsymbols" />

=== Mineral resources ===
[[File:Mangampet Barytes.jpg|thumb|Mangampet [[Baryte]]s]]
The state, with its varied geological formations, contains a variety of industrial minerals and building stones. Major minerals found in significant quantities in the state include [[beach sand]], [[bauxite]], [[limestone]], [[granite]], and [[diamond]]s. Minor minerals include [[barytes]], [[calcite]], and [[mica]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mines.ap.gov.in/miningportal/Inner/MineralReserves.aspx |title=Mineral reserves |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Mines, Government of Andhra Pradesh |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207071803/https://www.mines.ap.gov.in/miningportal/Inner/MineralReserves.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest reserves of [[uranium]] are in Tummalapalli village of YSR district.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14196372|title=India: 'Massive' uranium find in Andhra Pradesh|date=19 July 2011|publisher=[[BBC World News]]|access-date=19 July 2011|location=New Delhi|archive-date=19 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719112659/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14196372|url-status=live}}</ref> The state also has reserves of [[Oil reserves|oil]] and [[natural gas]].{{Sfn|MOPNG|2023}}

=== Climate ===
The climate varies considerably, depending on the geographical region. Summers last from March to June. In the coastal plain, the summer temperatures are generally higher than in the rest of the state, with temperatures exceeding {{convert|35|°C}}. The minimum temperature during summer is about {{convert|20|°C}} in the far southwest. July to September is the season for tropical rains from the [[Monsoon#Southwest monsoon|southwest monsoon]]. The winter season is from October to February.<ref name="Britannica-ap"/> Low-pressure systems and [[tropical cyclone]]s form in the Bay of Bengal along with the [[Monsoon#Northeast monsoon|northeast monsoon]] during October to December, bringing rains to the southern and coastal regions of the state.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=M |first1=Rajeevan |title=IMD Meteorological Monograph: Northeast Monsoon of South Asia |date=2022 |publisher=Indian Meteriological department |pages=5–7 |url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/met_monograph.pdf |access-date=7 August 2024 |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809113415/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/met_monograph.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The range of winter temperatures is generally {{convert|30|to|35|°C}} except in the northeast where it could fall below {{convert|15|°C}}.<ref name="Britannica-ap">{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Andhra-Pradesh/People |title=Andhra Pradesh |last=Britannica |date=23 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429041751/https://www.britannica.com/place/Andhra-Pradesh/People |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lambasingi]] in [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]] is nicknamed the "Kashmir of Andhra Pradesh" as its temperature ranges from {{convert|0|to|10|°C}}.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ganguly|first1=Nivedita|title=Lambasingi set to become tourist hotspot|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/lambasingi-set-to-become-tourist-hotspot/article6416560.ece|access-date=26 November 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 September 2014|location=Visakhapatnam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903183458/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/lambasingi-set-to-become-tourist-hotspot/article6416560.ece|archive-date=3 September 2015|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Lambasingi records 2º c|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131216/news-current-affairs/article/lambasingi-records-2%C2%BA-c|access-date=26 November 2014|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=16 December 2013|location=Visakhapatnam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713203422/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131216/news-current-affairs/article/lambasingi-records-2%C2%BA-c|archive-date=13 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The normal rainfall for the state is {{Convert|966|mm|abbr=on}}.{{Sfn|DES|2021|p=31}}

== Demographics ==

{{See also|Ethnic groups of Andhra Pradesh|Demographics of Andhra Pradesh|Religion in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Pie chart
| label1 = Telugu
| value1 = 89.21
| color1 = #FF9966
| label2 = Urdu
| value2 = 6.55
| color2 = green
| label3 = Tamil
| value3 = 1.04
| color3 = saddlebrown
| label4 = Others
| value4 = 3.20
| color4 = grey
| caption = Languages of Andhra Pradesh{{efn|name=lang1|Based on 2011 census data, excluding districts and mandals which are part of Telangana}} (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport"/>
}}

Based on the 2011 [[Census of India]], the population of Andhra Pradesh is 49,577,103, with a density of {{cvt|304|/km2}}. The rural population accounts for 70.53%, while the urban population accounts for 29.47%.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=3}} The state has 17.08% scheduled caste (SC) and 5.53% scheduled tribe (ST) population.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=16}} Children in the age group of 0–6 years number 5,222,384, constituting 10.6% of the total population.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Population in different age group – Census 2011 |publisher=MHRD |pages=3 |url=https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/statistics-new/Population2011.pdf |access-date=28 May 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010154018/https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/statistics-new/Population2011.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The state has a [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 997 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000. The [[Literacy|literacy rate]] in the state stands at 67.35%. Erstwhile West Godavari district has the highest literacy rate of 74.32%, and erstwhile Vizianagaram district has the lowest with 58.89%.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=3}}

Human Development Index (HDI) of the state for the year 2022 is 0.673.<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{Cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – area database |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/IND/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0 |access-date=16 November 2024 |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> {{As of|2023|1|1}}, there are 39,984,868 voters including 3,924 third-gender voters. Kurnool district has the maximum number of voters at 1,942,233, while Alluri Sitharama Raju district has the minimum at 729,085.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-has-39984868-voters-women-outnumber-men/article66342507.ece |title=A.P. has 3,99,84,868 voters, women outnumber men |date=5 January 2023 |access-date=28 May 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528033458/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-has-39984868-voters-women-outnumber-men/article66342507.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Telugu language|Telugu]] is the first official language, and [[Urdu]] is the second official language of the state.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Bill recognising Urdu as second official language passed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bill-recognising-urdu-as-second-official-languagepassed/article65252966.ece |access-date=21 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 March 2022}}</ref> Telugu is the mother tongue of nearly 90% of the population.{{efn|name=lang1}}<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by mother tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112190710/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], and [[Odia language|Odia]] are spoken in the border areas. [[Lambadi]] and several other languages are spoken by the scheduled tribes of the state.<ref name="nclmanurep2010">{{Cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf|title=Report of the commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010)|publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India|pages=122–126|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2012|access-date=16 February 2012}}</ref> 19% of the population aged 12+ years can read and understand English, as per the Indian readership survey for Q4 2019.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Indian readership survey 2019 Q4 |publisher=IRS |year=2020 |url=https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/cd072cdc13d2fe48ac660374d0c22a5d.pdf |page=20 |access-date=27 May 2023 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925203217/https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/cd072cdc13d2fe48ac660374d0c22a5d.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
| label1 = [[Hinduism]]
| label2 = [[Islam in India|Islam]]
| label3 = [[Christianity in Andhra Pradesh|Christianity]]
| label4 = [[Jainism]]
| label5 = Others
| value1 = 90.89
| value2 = 7.30
| value3 = 1.38
| value4 = 0.05
| value5 = 0.37
| color1 = darkorange
| color2 = green
| color3 = blue
| color4 = pink
| color5 = grey
| caption = Religion in Andhra Pradesh <ref name="census2011">{{cite web | title = Census of India – Religious Composition | publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html | access-date = 27 August 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html | archive-date = 13 September 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

According to the 2011 census, the major religious groups in the state are Hindus (90.89%), Muslims (7.30%), and Christians (1.38%).<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|year=2011|title=Population by religion – Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|access-date=4 January 2023|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528173240/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the popular Hindu religious pilgrim destinations include [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirumala Venkateswara temple]] at Tirupati, [[Mallikarjuna Temple, Srisailam|Mallikarjuna temple]] at Srisailam, [[Kanaka Durga Temple]] at Vijayawada, and [[Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Simhachalam|Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple]] at Simhachalam.{{Sfn|APTDC|2018}} Buddhist sites at [[Amaravathi, Palnadu district|Amaravati]] and [[Nagarjunakonda|Nagarjuna Konda]] are also popular.{{Sfn|APTDC|2019|p=18–25}}

=== Sub categorisaton ===
For the state of Andhra Pradesh, there are 59 entries in the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] category, 34 entries in the ST category, and 104 entries in [[Other Backward Class]]es (OBC) category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SC list – Andhra Pradesh |url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Scan-0001.jpg |website=Department of Social Justice and Empowement |access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ST list |url=https://tribal.nic.in/ST/LatestListofScheduledtribes.pdf |website=Ministry of Tribal Affairs |access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State/UT-wise Number of Entries in the Central List of OBCs (as on 12.04.2018 |url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/common/76674 |website=Department of Social Justice and Empowerment |access-date=25 August 2024 |date=12 April 2018}}</ref> [[Komati (caste)|Komati]], [[Telugu Brahmin|Brahmin]], [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]], [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]], [[Raju]], [[Reddy]], and [[Velama]] communities constitute the [[forward caste]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister to release second tranche of YSR EBC Nestham on April 12 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-chief-minister-to-release-second-tranche-of-ysr-ebc-nestham-on-april-12/article66725268.ece |access-date=25 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister releases ₹536.77 crore aid for women under Kapu Nestham scheme in A.P. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/chief-minister-releases-53677-crore-aid-for-women-under-kapu-nestham-scheme-in-andhra-pradesh/article67314648.ece |access-date=25 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 September 2023}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Andhra Pradesh}}

{{Map/Museums in Andhra Pradesh}}
Andhra Pradesh has 32 museums featuring a varied collection of ancient sculptures, paintings, idols, weapons, cutlery, inscriptions, and religious artefacts.{{Sfn|Seth|Sadiya|2023}}{{Efn|Two entries are repeated}} The [[Archaeological Museum, Amaravati|Amaravathi archaeological museum]] has a display of art traditions of Amaravathi and images of Buddha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_amravati.asp|title=Archaeological museum, Amaravati – Archaeological Survey of India|publisher=Asi.nic.in|access-date=19 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929190235/http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_amravati.asp|archive-date=29 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Bapu Museum, Vijayawada|Bapu museum]] in Vijayawada has historical galleries, stone cut writings, coins, swords, body armour, shields, arms, and ornamentation.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tourist Guide to Andhra Pradesh|publisher=Sura Books|isbn=978-81-747-8176-5|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4l78qG3TkAC&dq=Mangalagiri+Sarees&pg=PA36|accessdate=24 January 2016}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> ''[[Telugu Samskruthika Niketanam]]'' in Visakhapatnam displays historical artefacts of the pre-independence era.{{Sfn|Seth|Sadiya|2023|p=18|loc=1.19}} The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] identified 135 centrally protected monuments in the state of Andhra Pradesh. These include the reconstructed monuments at Anupu and [[Nagarjunakonda]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-andhra-pradesh/ |title=Alphabetical list of monuments – Andhra Pradesh |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=Archaeological Survey of India |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130155258/https://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-andhra-pradesh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The state has 17 [[geographical indication]] (GI) registrations in the categories of agriculture, [[handicraft]]s, [[foodstuff]]s, and textiles as per the ''Geographical indications of goods (Registration and protection) act, 1999''.<ref name="GIlist">{{Cite book |title=Annual report 2021-22 Intellectual property India |publisher=The Office of the controller general of patents, designs and geographical indications, Government of India |year=2022 |pages=76 |url=https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Final_Annual_Report_Eng_for_Net.pdf |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530054648/https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Final_Annual_Report_Eng_for_Net.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Clothing===
[[File:Kalamkari Art.jpg|thumb|[[Kalamkari]] artwork on a cloth]]
The men's traditional wear consists of ''Panche'', a {{convert|4.5|m}} long, white rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth often bordered in brightly coloured stripes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Dhoti|url=https://www.indianmirror.com/culture/clothing/dhoti.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729202155/https://www.indianmirror.com/culture/clothing/dhoti.html|archive-date=29 July 2020|access-date=3 January 2021|website=Indian Mirror}}</ref> Women traditionally wear a ''[[sari]]'', a garment that consists of a drape varying from {{convert|5|to|9|yd|}} in length and {{convert|2|to|4|ft|}} in breadth that is typically wrapped around the waist, with one end draped over the shoulder, baring the midriff, as according to Indian philosophy, the navel is considered as the source of life and creativity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Boulanger|first=Chantal|title=Saris: An Illustrated Guide to the Indian Art of Draping|year=1997|publisher=Shakti Press International|location=New York|isbn=978-0-966-14961-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lynton|first=Linda|title=The Sari|year=1995|publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Incorporated|location=New York|isbn=978-0-810-94461-9}}</ref> Women wear colourful [[silk]] saris on special occasions such as marriages.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sociology of Religion|first1=Susanne|last1=C. Monahan|first2= William|last2= Andrew Mirola|first3=Michael|last3= O. Emerson|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=2001|isbn=978-0-130-25380-4|page=83}}</ref> The traditional wear of young girls is a half-saree with blouse.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Lehnaga choli' back in vogue in Bengaluru this Diwali |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/beauty-and-fashion/2020/11/13/lehnaga-choli-back-in-vogue-in-bengaluru-diwali.html |website=Onmanorama |access-date=22 August 2024 |date=13 November 2020}}</ref> The shift to wearing western clothing of pant and shirt has become common for boys and men, while women also wear ''salwar kameez'' in addition to saris.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} [[Dharmavaram handloom pattu sarees and paavadas|Dharmavaram textiles]], [[Pedana Kalamkari|Machilipatnam]], and [[Srikalahasti Kalamkari|Srikalahasti]] [[Kalamkari]] handicrafts are few examples in clothes category with GI status.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kalamkari: Craft of the matter|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/kalamkari-craft-of-the-matter/16478155|website=mid-day|access-date=26 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131082254/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/kalamkari-craft-of-the-matter/16478155|archive-date=31 January 2016|url-status=live|date=24 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="GIlist"/>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Telugu cuisine}}

[[File:Vegetarian Andhra Meal.jpg|thumb|Vegetarian Andhra meal, served on important occasions]]
Andhra meals are combinations of spicy, tangy, and sweet flavours. The use of chillies, tamarind, and ''[[gongura]]'' (leaves of roselle) is common in Andhra food.{{Sfn|APTDC|2019|p=54–63}} Curry leaves are used copiously in most preparations of curries and chutneys. Various types of ''Pappu'' are made using lentils in combination with [[tomato]]es, [[spinach]], gongura, [[ridge gourd]], etc. Apart from curries, ''pulusu'', a stew made using [[tamarind]] juice in combination with vegetables, seafood, chicken, mutton, etc., is popular. ''Pachchadi'', a paste usually made with a combination of [[peanut|groundnuts]], fried vegetables, and chillies, is a must in a meal. Pickles made using mangoes, gooseberries, lemons, etc. are enjoyed in combination with ''Pappu''. Buttermilk and yoghurt mixed with rice eaten towards the end of the meal soothe the body, especially after eating spicy food items earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/food-and-culture/south/andhra-cuisine-symphony-spices |title=Andhra cuisine: A symphony of spices |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=Indianculture.gov.in |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529003146/https://www.indianculture.gov.in/food-and-culture/south/andhra-cuisine-symphony-spices |url-status=live }}</ref>

A tamarind-rich dish popularly known as ''Pulihora'' is made with a thick sauce of tamarind, chillies, salt and asafoetida. It is tempered with mustard, curry leaves, peanuts and mixed with rice. It is offered even to the gods and then served as a ''prasadam'' (divine offering) in the temples to the devotees. Popular vegetarian curries include ''Dondakaya koora'' (ivy gourd cooked with coconut and green chilli) and ''Guttivankaya koora''(stuffed brinjal curry). ''Thalakaya koora'' (lamb head gravy), ''Royyala koora'' (prawns cooked in tamarind), and ''Natukodi koora'' (freehold chicken curry with chillies) are popular non-vegetarian dishes across Guntur and surrounding regions. ''Yeta mamsam kobbari'' biryani (mutton cooked with coconut), ''Seema kodi'' (Rayalaseema-style chicken), ''Chennuru dum biryani'', and ''Gongura mamsam'' (mutton cooked in sorrel gravy) are popular non-vegetarian dishes in [[Rayalaseema]]. Among fish preparations, ''Pulasa pulusu'', thick aromatic and tangy gravy made from a single fish of the Godavari Pulasa variety is most desired in [[Konaseema district|Konaseema]]. ''[[Ariselu]]'', ''Burelu'', ''[[Laddu]]'', and ''[[Pootharekulu]]'' are some of the sweets made for special festivals and occasions. ''Pootharekulu'', a preparation of sugar and rice flour and ''Taandri'', a mango-flavoured sun-dried fruit jelly are popular sweets originating from Athreyapuram in Konaseema. [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]] ''Khaaja'' layered flour deep fried and dipped in sugar is another popular sweetmeat.{{Sfn|APTDC|2019|p=60-62}} ''[[Bandar laddu]]'', ''[[Tirupati Laddu]]'' are some of the food products with GI status.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Naidu|first1=T. Appala|title=Bandar laddu gets GI tag|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/bandar-laddu-gets-gi-tag/article17722857.ece|access-date=13 May 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020245/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/bandar-laddu-gets-gi-tag/article17722857.ece|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GIlist"/>

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Telugu literature}}

[[Nannayya]], [[Tikkana]], and [[Yerrapragada]] form the trinity who translated the Sanskrit epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] during 11–14 centuries.{{Sfn|Pandippedi|Mantripragada|1928|pages=42–49}} Nannayya wrote the first treatise on Telugu grammar, called ''Andhra Shabda Chintamani'' in Sanskrit.<ref name="Padmapriya ch1">{{Cite book |title= A comparative study of Andhrasabdachintamani and Balavyakaranam |last= Gopavaram |first= Padmapriya |author2=Subrahmanyam, Korada |year= 2011 |publisher= University of Hyderabad |location=Hyderabad|chapter=1}}</ref> [[Pothana]] translated ''[[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavatam]]'' into Telugu.{{Sfn|Pandippedi|Mantripragada|1928|page=64}} [[Vemana]] was an Indian philosopher who wrote Telugu poems using simple language and native idioms on a variety of subjects including [[yoga]], wisdom, and morality.{{Sfn|Pandippedi|Mantripragada|1928|page=99}} [[Potuluri Veerabrahmam|Potuluri Veerabrahmendhra swami]], a clairvoyant and social reformer of 17th century, wrote [[Kalagnanam]], a book of predictions.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Celebrated Professor harassed for identifying 17th-century social reformer as 'Sudra' |url=https://thewire.in/caste/andhra-professor |last=Shaw |first=Padmaja |date=5 November 2019 |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809105935/https://thewire.in/caste/andhra-professor |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Proceedings of the Andhra Pradesh oriental conference, first session, Andhra Saraswathi Parishat, Hyderabad, May 1977|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HhlUAAAAYAAJ|publisher=The Conference|year=1979|page=131|quote=Kalagnana is a special type of discipline very popular in Andhra Desa because of the famous Kalagnanam of Sri Potuluri Veerabrahmendhra swami written in Telugu. It forecasts many incidents which are proved to be correct by the posterity.|access-date=2 June 2023}}{{Cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=South Asian intellectuals and social change: A study of the role of vernacular-speaking intelligentsia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZvZAAAAMAAJ |access-date=29 April 2024|page=314|author=Yogendra K. Malik|publisher=Heritage|year=1981|isbn = 978-08-364-0825-6|quote=A later poet similar to Vemana was Potuluri Veerabrahmendhra swami, popularly known as Brahmamgaru}}{{Cbignore}}</ref>

Telugu literature after [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]] is termed ''Adhunika Telugu Sahityam'' (modern Telugu literature).{{Sfn|D.|1976|p=80}} He was the author of the first Telugu [[social novel]] ''Rajasekhara Charitram'', published in 1880.{{Sfn|D.|1976|p=88}} The use of colloquial idiom rather than ''grandhik'' (classical) in literature, championed by [[Gurajada Apparao]] and [[Gidugu Venkata Ramamurthy|Gidugu Ramamurthy Panthulu]] led to increased literacy.<ref name="subbarayudu">{{Cite book |url=https://omnilogos.com/twentieth-century-telugu-literature/ |title=Handbook of twentieth-century literatures of India. |editor=Nalini Natarajan |publisher=Greenwoord press |year=1996 |chapter=Twentieth-century Telugu literature |access-date=30 May 2023 |first1=Subbarayudu |last1=GK |first2=Vijayasree |last2=C |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193908/https://omnilogos.com/twentieth-century-telugu-literature/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Various forms of literature such as poetry, novel, short story were vibrant as indicated by the responses to national and international developments in various spheres of human life.<ref name="tlt-1995">{{Cite journal |title=Telugu Literature Today |journal=Indian Literature |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23335697 |last=Dasari |first=Amarendra |date=1 March 1995|volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=159–163 |jstor=23335697 |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref> The modern Telugu poetry, which began around 1900 developed into three forms – ''Bhava kavitvam'' (lyrical poetry), ''Abhyudaya kavitvam'' (progressive poetry), and new experimental poetry, including ''Viplava kavitvam'' (revolutionary poetry). Gurajada Apparao, [[Rayaprolu Subba Rao|Rayaprolu Subbarao]], [[Gurram Jashuva]], [[Viswanatha Satyanarayana]], [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri]], and [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] were some of the modern Telugu poets. Palagummi Padmaraju's short story ''Galivaana'' won second prize in World Short Story competition in 1952.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Palagummi Padmaraju—Sensitive Telugu Writer |journal=Indian Literature |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23331331 |last=D. |first=Anjaneyulu |date=1 September 1983 |issue=5 |volume=26 |pages=22–26|jstor=23331331 }}</ref> Rachakonda Viswanadha Sastry initiated a new trend by focussing on the downtrodden in his novel Raju-Mahishi. Women writers such as Malati Chandur and Ranganayakamma dominated novels in the 1950s and 1960s. However, in the late 1970s, [[Yandamuri Veerendranath]] started writing popular novels with a focus on sex, suspense and violence, which were serialised in magazines.<ref name="tlt-1995"/> Viswanatha Satyanarayana was conferred the first [[Jnanpith Award]] for Telugu literature in 1970.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jnanpith laureates official listings|url=http://jnanpith.net/laureates/index.html|publisher=[[Jnanpith]] Website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013122739/http://jnanpith.net/laureates/index.html|archive-date=13 October 2007|access-date=7 November 2008}}</ref> Telugu film song as literature took shape in the 1930s. Some of the famous lyric writers include [[Samudrala Sr.|Samudrala Senior]], [[Aarudra|Arudra]], [[Acharya Aatreya|Athreya]], [[Daasarathi]], and [[C. Narayana Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=C Narayana Reddi: Changing contours of Telugu film lyrics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-hindu-friday-review-telangana/article30535419.ece |last=A.D. |first=Rangarajan |date=10 January 2020 |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507085557/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-hindu-friday-review-telangana/article30535419.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Architecture===
[[File:TIRUMALA ,AP,INDIA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|[[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]], showing ''Gopuram'' (big tower) in the front and ''Vimanam'' (small tower) in gold color at the back]]
Traditional temple architecture is influenced by Dravidian and Vijayanagara styles. In Dravidian architecture for which [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirumala temple]] is an example, the temples consisted of porches or ''mantapas'' preceding the door leading to the sanctum, gate-pyramids or ''[[gopuram]]s'' in quadrangular enclosures that surround the temple, and ''pillared halls'' used for many purposes. Besides these, the temple usually has a tank called the ''Kalyani'' or ''pushkarni''.<ref>{{Cite book|last= Fergusson|first= James|title= History of Indian and Eastern Architecture|orig-date= 1910|edition= 3rd|year= 1997|publisher=Low Price Publications|location= New Delhi|page= 309}}</ref> The gopuram is a monumental tower, usually ornate at the entrance of the temple forms a prominent feature.<ref name="Gopuram">{{Cite book|first=Francis D.K.|last= Ching|year= 2007|title= A Global History of Architecture|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|location=New York|isbn=978-0-471-26892-5|page=762|display-authors=etal}}</ref> They are topped by the ''kalasam'', a bulbous stone [[finial]].<ref>{{Cite book|first=Francis D.K.|last= Ching|year= 1995|title= A Visual Dictionary of Architecture|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|location=New York|isbn=978-0-471-28451-2|page=253}}</ref> ''[[Vimana (architectural feature)|Vimanam]]'' are similar structures built over the ''[[garbhagriha]]'' or inner sanctum of the temple but are usually smaller than the gopurams.<ref>{{Cite book|author=S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|title = Middle Chola Temples|publisher=Thomson Press|year=1975|isbn=978-9-060-23607-9|pages=16–29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Neela|first1=N.|last2=Ambrosia|first2=G.|title=Vimana architecture under the Cholas|journal=Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science & Humanities|date=April 2016|volume=3|issue=4|page=57|url=https://www.shanlax.com/wp-content/uploads/SIJ_ASH_V3_N4_008.pdf|access-date=5 July 2019|issn=2321-788X|archive-date=5 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705140824/https://www.shanlax.com/wp-content/uploads/SIJ_ASH_V3_N4_008.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In the Vijayanagar style for which [[Veerabhadra Temple, Lepakshi|Lepakshi Veerabhadra temple]] is an example, the main temple is laid out in three parts, these are: The assembly hall known as the ''mukha'' [[mantapa]]; ''arda'' mantapa or ''antarala'' (ante chamber); and the ''[[garbhagriha]]'' or the sanctum sanctorum.{{Sfn|Bhardwaj|1998|p=295}} Sri [[Venkateswara]] institute of traditional sculpture and architecture, run by [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] offers diploma courses.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=A.D. |first1=Rangarajan |title=Ornate sculptures delight visitors at SVITSA expo |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ornatesculptures-delight-visitors-at-svitsa-expo/article65143784.ece |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=T. |first1=Sudhakar |title=Institute of traditional sculpture, ancient architecture at Tirupati |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/Oct/05/institute-of-traditional-sculpture-ancient-architecture-at-tirupati-668114.html |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=5 October 2014}}</ref> Civic architecture which mainly featured courtyard structure to support joint family system and simple round houses is giving way to modern apartments.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The 'manduva logili' homes of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/real-estate/the-manduva-logili-homes-of-andhra-pradesh/article19682124.ece |access-date=11 August 2024 |date=17 September 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Arts ===
{{Main|Music of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu theatre|Carnatic music}}

{{See also|Tholu bommalata}}

[[File:Kondapalli toys at a house in Vijayawada.jpg|thumb|[[Kondapalli Toys]] at a house in Vijayawada]]
[[File:Prathiksha Kashi.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kuchipudi]] dance]]
[[Kondapalli Toys]], the soft limestone idol carvings of [[Durgi, Palnadu district|Durgi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://guntur.nic.in/durgi_stonecraft.html|title=Durgi stone craft|publisher=Cesdeva|access-date=20 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204034111/http://guntur.nic.in/durgi_stonecraft.html|archive-date=4 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Etikoppaka]] lacquered wooden toys are few handicrafts with GI status.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lepakshihandicrafts.gov.in/etikoppaka-toys.html |title=Lacquer ware toys |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=Lepakshi handicrafts |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530055241/https://lepakshihandicrafts.gov.in/etikoppaka-toys.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="GIlist"/> [[Kuchipudi]], the cultural dance recognised as the official dance form of the state of Andhra Pradesh, originated in the village of [[Kuchipudi, Krishna district|Kuchipudi]] in Krishna district.{{Sfn|Ragini Devi|1990|page=67}} Several renowned composers of [[Carnatic music]] like [[Annamacharya]], [[Kshetrayya]], [[Tyagaraja]], and [[Bhadrachala Ramadasu|Bhadrachala Ramadas]] hailed from the state.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bhajana tradition in South India |last1=Kuppuswami |first1=Gowri |publisher=Sangeet Natak Academy |year=1982 |location=New Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.10217/page/36/mode/1up |last2=Hariharan |first2=M.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Ragini Devi|1990|page=75}} ''Sannai'' and ''Dolu'' are common musical instruments of marriages, household, and temple functions in the state.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=D. |first1=Surendra Kumar |title=22-year-old keeps her father's legacy alive through Sannai |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/Sep/11/22-year-old-keeps-her-fathers-legacy-alive-through-sannai-2497014.html |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=11 September 2022}}</ref> ''Harikathaa Kalakshepam (or [[Harikatha]])'' involves the narration of a story, intermingled with various songs relating to the story.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Thoomati Donappa|title=Telugu harikatha sarvasvam|oclc=13505520}}</ref> ''Burra katha'' is an [[oral storytelling]] technique in which the topic is either a Hindu mythological story or a contemporary social issue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burrakatha |url=http://shilparamam.ap.gov.in/burrakatha-inner.html |publisher=The Andhra Pradesh Shilparamam Arts, Crafts & Cultural Society |access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref> ''Drama'' is an [[Theatre of India|Indian theatre]] art form that is still popular.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Nandi Natakotsavam' begins with exciting plays in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/Dec/24/nandi-natakotsavam-begins-with-exciting-plays-in-andhra-pradesh-2644479.html |date=24 December 2023 |access-date=8 May 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809113513/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/Dec/24/nandi-natakotsavam-begins-with-exciting-plays-in-andhra-pradesh-2644479.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Gurajada Apparao wrote the play [[Kanyasulkam]] in spoken dialect for the first time. It was first presented in 1892.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gurujada |first1=Venkata Apparao |title=Girls for Sale: A Play from Colonial India |date=2007 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-34899-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pC8XkT8pGtAC |access-date=21 August 2024|translator-last1=Velcheru|translator-first1=Narayana Rao }}</ref> It is considered the greatest play in the Telugu language.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/remembering-the-immortal-satirist/article3938721.ece|title=Remembering the immortal satirist|first=Srihari|last=Gudipoodi|date=27 September 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=16 June 2022|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817061308/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/remembering-the-immortal-satirist/article3938721.ece|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The Telugu film industry (known as "[[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]]") is primarily based in Hyderabad, though several films are shot in Vizag, Tirupati, Rajamahendravaram. About 300 films are produced annually,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Telugu cinema set for a change of scene? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/is-telugu-cinema-set-for-a-change-of-scene-from-hyderabad-to-visakhapatnam/article65191021.ece |last=Reddem |first=Appaji |date=5 March 2022 |access-date=23 June 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623100438/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/is-telugu-cinema-set-for-a-change-of-scene-from-hyderabad-to-visakhapatnam/article65191021.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref> [[C. Pullaiah]] is cited as the father of the Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/SATI-SAVITHRI-1933/article15677207.ece|title=Sati Savithri (1933)|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 November 2010|last=M. L.|first=Narasimham|access-date=8 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113225918/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article871376.ece|archive-date=13 November 2010|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SoManyCinemas">{{Cite book|title=So many cinemas: the motion picture in India|author=Bhagwan Das Garg|publisher=Eminence Designs|year=1996|isbn=978-81-900602-1-9|page=86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXRZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22East+India+Film+Company%22+-inpublisher:icon|access-date=17 February 2017}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> Film producer [[D. Ramanaidu]] holds a [[Guinness World Records|Guinness record]] for the most films produced by a person.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Sathyalaya |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/09/11/prestigious-phalke-award-conferred-veteran-film-producer-d-rama-naidu |title=Prestigious 'Phalke" award conferred to veteran film producer D Rama Naidu |work=Asian Tribune |date=11 September 2010 |access-date=8 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523215222/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/09/11/prestigious-phalke-award-conferred-veteran-film-producer-d-rama-naidu |archive-date=23 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Music composers and playback singers of the state include [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]], [[S. Janaki]], and [[P. B. Sreenivas]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gopinath |first1=Rajendran |title=A voice to remember |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/Aug/24/a-voice-to-remember-2490667.html |access-date=19 August 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=24 August 2022}}</ref> "Naatu Naatu" from the film [[RRR (film)|''RRR'']] became the first song from an Asian film to win the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rrr-oscars-2023-naatu-naatu-wins-best-original-song-ss-rajamouli-8487068/ |title=Oscars 2023: RRR's 'Naatu Naatu' wins best original song at the 95th Academy Awards, MM Keeravani sings ode to India on stage |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=13 March 2023 |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313050942/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rrr-oscars-2023-naatu-naatu-wins-best-original-song-ss-rajamouli-8487068/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2023 |title=Oscars 2023: RRR's Naatu Naatu wins best original song|publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64935389 |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313112208/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64935389 |url-status=live }}</ref> Efforts are on to make Vizag as the hub of film industry by offering incentives.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/visakhapatnam/film-hub-focus-on-vizag-again-729641 |title=Film hub: Focus on Vizag again |date=17 February 2022 |access-date=30 May 2023 |work=[[The Hans India]] |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530052913/https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/visakhapatnam/film-hub-focus-on-vizag-again-729641 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Festivals===

''[[Makar Sankranti|Sankranti]]'' is the major harvest festival celebrated across the state.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/festive-flavours-of-sankranti-in-andhra-pradesh/article66368521.ece |title=Festive flavours of Sankranti in Andhra Pradesh |date=12 January 2023 |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |last=Ganguli |first=Nivedita |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602115642/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/festive-flavours-of-sankranti-in-andhra-pradesh/article66368521.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref> It is celebrated for four days in the second week of January. The first day of the Telugu new year ''[[Ugadi]]'' which occurs during March/April is also a special festival with the preparation and sharing of pickles (''pachhadi'') made from raw mangoes, neem flowers, pepper powder, jaggery and tamarind. Tasting this pickle which is a mix of different tastes teaches the importance of taking positive/negative life experiences in one's stride. Celebrations end with the recitation of the coming year's astrological predictions called ''Panchanga sravanam''. [[Vijayadashami|Vijaya Dasami]] known commonly as Dussera and [[Diwali|Deepavali]], the festival of lights are other major Hindu festivals.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://aptourism.gov.in/articles/3/festivals-fairs-of-andhra-pradesh |title=Festivals and fairs of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=AP Tourism |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707162638/https://aptourism.gov.in/articles/3/festivals-fairs-of-andhra-pradesh |url-status=live }}</ref> Shivaratri is celebrated at [[Kotappakonda]], with people from nearby villages preparing 80–100 ft height frames called ''prabhalu'' and taking it in a procession to the shine. [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]] is celebrated with special prayers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Special-prayers-mark-Ramzan/article14477505.ece |title=Special prayers mark Ramzan |date=8 July 2016 |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602115641/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Special-prayers-mark-Ramzan/article14477505.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Rottela Panduga]]'' is celebrated at [[Bara Shaheed Dargah]] in [[Nellore]] with participation across religious lines.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/regions/nellore/stage-set-rottela-panduga-640 |access-date=6 December 2011 |title=Stage set for Rottela panduga |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206091559/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/regions/nellore/stage-set-rottela-panduga-640 |archive-date=6 December 2011}}</ref> Christians celebrate their religious festivals Good Friday, Easter and Christmas with processions and prayers.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Good Friday observed across the State |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/good-friday-observed-across-the-state/article8397137.ece |date=26 March 2016 |access-date=7 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325205746/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/good-friday-observed-across-the-state/article8397137.ece|archive-date=25 March 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Easter celebrated with fervour and gaiety |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/100423/easter-celebrated-with-fervour-and-gaiety.html |date=10 April 2023 |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507091522/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/100423/easter-celebrated-with-fervour-and-gaiety.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Grandeur marks Christmas celebrations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/grandeur-marks-christmas-celebrations/article6725551.ece |date=26 December 2014 |access-date=7 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507092835/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/grandeur-marks-christmas-celebrations/article6725551.ece|archive-date=7 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Government and administration ==
{{Main|Government of Andhra Pradesh|Politics of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh Legislature|List of districts in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[File:Secretariat14.jpg|thumbnail|Secretariat buildings hosting legislative assembly and council, Amaravati]]
[[File:Map of all Andhra Pradesh districts-en.svg|thumb|400px|Andhra Pradesh districts]]
There are a total of 175 [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|assembly constituencies]] in the state legislative assembly.<ref name="constitutiencies">{{Cite web|title=Delimitation of parliamentary and assembly constituencies order, 2008|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=11 October 2014|pages=16–28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=5 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|legislative council]] is the upper house with 58 members.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview|url=http://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/overview|website=AP Legislature|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=23 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519055636/http://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/overview|archive-date=19 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]], the state has 25 seats in the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'' and 11 seats in the ''[[Rajya Sabha]]''.<ref name="constitutiencies"/> In accordance with the [[Constitution of India]], the [[Governor of Andhra Pradesh|governor]] is a state's ''[[de jure]]'' head and appoints the [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh|chief minister]] who has the ''[[de facto]]'' executive authority.<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://interstatecouncil.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/CHAPTERI.pdf|title=Chapter I, Constitution of India|date=June 2015| publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 May 2024|page=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=[[Durga Das Basu]]|title=Introduction to the Constitution of India|year=2011|edition=22|pages=241, 245|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|isbn=978-81-8038-559-9}}</ref>

Reddy, Kamma and Kapu communities cornered a share of 66% of seats in the 2019 election results. In the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 assembly elections]], Reddy, Kamma and Kapu communities among the forward classes got more allocation than OBC in the unreserved category by major political parties or alliances.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A.P. elections {{!}} Politically influential castes get a lion's share in unreserved seats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/ap-elections-politically-influential-castes-get-a-lions-share-in-unreserved-seats/article68025222.ece |access-date=25 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 April 2024}}</ref> TDP-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] with [[Janasena Party]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] emerged victorious defeating the incumbent [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] led by [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy|Jagan Mohan Reddy]]. It won 164 seats, while YSRCP got 11, a big drop from 151 it held. N. Chandrababu Naidu became the chief minister of the state for the fourth time.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chandrababu Naidu sworn in as Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/chandrababu-naidu-sworn-in-as-andhra-pradesh-chief-minister/article68280396.ece |last=G.V.R. |first=Subba Rao |date=12 June 2024 |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715012042/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/chandrababu-naidu-sworn-in-as-andhra-pradesh-chief-minister/article68280396.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an opinion by Ayesha Minhaz in The Hindu daily, several factors including the prevailing [[anti-incumbency]] against the previous government and the alliance's promise of "Welfare with wealth generation" contributed to the success of TDP-led alliance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Minhaz |first=Ayesha |date=11 June 2024 |title=TDP-JSP-BJP juggernaut heralds a major shift in Andhra Pradesh's politics |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/election-2024/andhra-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-chandrababu-naidy-jagan-mohan-reddy-anti-incumbency/article68266643.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=Frontline|archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809110052/https://frontline.thehindu.com/election-2024/andhra-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-chandrababu-naidy-jagan-mohan-reddy-anti-incumbency/article68266643.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Andhra Pradesh police are structured in district, subdivision, circle, and police station hierarchy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Police GIS |url=https://apsac.ap.gov.in/dashboard-staging/ap-police-gis/ |website=Andhra Pradesh Space Applications Centre |access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref> In 2022, crimes against women and children saw a rise of 43.66% with a case count of 25,503 cases in Andhra Pradesh as per the National crime records bureau (NCRB) data. The state stood fifth in the country with 2,341 cybercrime cases.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gilai |first1=Harish |title=Crimes against women and children rise in Andhra Pradesh in 2022, says NCRB data |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/crimes-against-women-and-children-rise-in-andhra-pradesh-in-2022-says-ncrb-data/article67607773.ece |access-date=24 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 December 2023}}</ref> [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] at [[Amaravati]] is headed by Chief justice with 37 judges. District judiciary is organised in a three-tier system with district courts at the top, civil (senior) and assistant sessions courts in the middle and civil (junior) and judicial first-class magistrate courts at the lower level. Apart from these, there are special courts such as family, CBI, ACB, Land reforms appellate tribunals, and industrial tribunals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Obligatiions of public authorities – Manual of judicial department |url=https://aphc.gov.in/docs/MANUAL_OF_JUDICIAL_DEPARTMENT.pdf |publisher=Andhra Pradesh High Court |access-date=24 August 2024 |date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

Andhra Pradesh comprises two regions, namely [[Coastal Andhra]] and [[Rayalaseema]] from a historical perspective.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The birth of Rayalaseema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/the-birth-of-rayalaseema/article5948111.ece |access-date=24 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 May 2016}}</ref> The northern part of Coastal Andhra is sometimes mentioned separately as [[North Andhra]], to raise voice against underdevelopment.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/andhra-pradesh-development-eludes-north-andhra-region-despite-rich-in-natural-resources-say-leaders-of-various-political-parties/article66350378.ece |title=Andhra Pradesh: development eludes North Andhra region despite rich in natural resources, say leaders of various political parties |date=7 January 2023 |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113051040/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/andhra-pradesh-development-eludes-north-andhra-region-despite-rich-in-natural-resources-say-leaders-of-various-political-parties/article66350378.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh}}

The state is divided into 28 districts. These are further divided into 81 [[revenue division]]s, and 688 [[Tehsil|mandals]]<ref name="districts-20253112">{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:కొత్త జిల్లాలు పోలవరం, మార్కాపురం |date=30 December 2025 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet--approves-formation-of-two-new-districts/1799/125240498 |access-date=16 February 2026 |work=Eenadu|lang=te}}</ref><ref name="districts-20230508"> {{Cite news |title=ఏపీలో ఏడు జిల్లాలవారికి శుభవార్త.. మరో కొత్త రెవెన్యూ డివిజన్ ఏర్పాటు, ఆరు మండలాల విభజన |date=9 May 2023 |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/andhra-pradesh/news/andhra-pradesh-government-created-a-new-revenue-division-and-divided-six-mandals/articleshow/100085628.cms |access-date=12 March 2026 |work=Samayam|lang=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AP gazette No:693: Alluri Sitarama Raju District (ASR) – Bifurcation of Y. Ramavaram Mandal, Rampachodavaram Division, ASR District into two mandals i.e., Gurthedu Mandal with headquarters at Gurthedu {{sic|comprising |hide=y|of}} 59 villages and Y. Ramavaram Mandal with headquarters at Y. Ramavaram comprising of 78 villages. |url=https://apegazette.cgg.gov.in/uploadGazette_view?filePath=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL2FwZWdhemV0dGUuY2dnLmdvdi5pbi9zZWFyY2hBbGxHYXpldHRlcyIsImlhdCI6MTc3Mjg4MTU0NSwic3ViIjoiL1VwbG9hZHMvQVBHQVpFVFRFL2dhemV0dGVzLzE3NjA1MjQxMTkxMTkucGRmIn0.bPA9mzqPs1e1CizslUgI9eWPnSLa1QvIqq4Ez9wzJlM |date=15 October 2025 |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=AP Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AP District Reorganization: కొత్త కొత్తగా.. |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2025/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-reorganized-into-28-districts-from-today-final-notifications-issued-1480335.html |date=31 December 2025 |access-date=10 February 2026 |website=Andhrajyothy |language=te}}</ref>{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=431}} and 13,324 village panchayats as part of the administrative organisation.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Monthly bulletin |publisher=Ministry of Panchayat raj, Government of India |year=2022 |pages=3 |url=https://egramswaraj.gov.in/FileRedirect.jsp?FD=Bulletin&name=MonthlyBulletin_July_v01.pdf |access-date=3 June 2023 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603070851/https://egramswaraj.gov.in/FileRedirect.jsp?FD=Bulletin&name=MonthlyBulletin_July_v01.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
Each district is administered by a [[District magistrate|District Collector]], who oversees land revenue administration, law and order, elections, and developmental activities. Revenue divisions are headed by [[Sub-divisional magistrate|Revenue Divisional Officers]] (RDOs), who may be Sub-Collectors (IAS officers) or Deputy Collectors. [[Tehsil|Mandals]], the key sub-district units, consist of multiple villages and are managed by [[Tehsildar|Mandal Revenue Officers]] (MROs), serving as the primary link between the district administration and village-level governance.

=== Local government ===
{{See also|List of urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh}}
Local government in Andhra Pradesh functions through a three-tier [[Panchayati raj|Panchayati Raj system]] in rural areas and [[Municipal governance in India|urban local bodies]] in towns and cities. Rural governance includes [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]], [[Panchayat samiti|Mandal Parishads]], and [[District council (India)|Zilla Parishads]], while urban areas are managed by Nagar Panchayats, [[Municipal council (India)|Municipalities]] and [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporations]]. These bodies are responsible for local administration, development works, and delivery of basic services.

There are 17 municipal corporations, 77 municipalities, and 29 Nagar Panchayats for urban governance in Andhra Pradesh. Rural governance is managed by 13,234 Gram Panchayats at the village level, 676 Mandal Parishads at the mandal level, and 26 Zilla Parishads at the district level. Each of these bodies has elected councils and members.

=== Cities and towns ===
There are 123 [[List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh|urban local bodies]], consisting of 17 [[List of municipal corporations in India|municipal corporations]], 79 [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh|municipalities]], and 27 nagar panchayats, in the state. The urban population is 14.9 million (1.49 crores) as per the 2011 census.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=18}} There are two cities with [[List of cities in India by population|more than one million]] inhabitants, namely [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[Vijayawada]].<ref name="top cities">{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh (India): State, major agglomerations & cities – Population statistics, maps, charts, weather and web information |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/India-AndhraPradesh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021060205/http://www.citypopulation.de/India-AndhraPradesh.html |archive-date=21 October 2018 |website=Citypopulation.de |access-date=7 September 2020}}</ref>

{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers"
|+Cities with the highest population in Andhra Pradesh, as per the [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh|2011 Census]]<ref name="top cities" />
|-
!scope=col|City/Town
!scope=col| District(s)
!scope=col| Population (2011)
|-
!scope=row| [[Visakhapatnam]]
| Visakhapatnam, Anakapalli<ref>{{Cite news |title=Merger of Anakapalli and Bheemili municipalities|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/gvmc-wards-up-from-72-to-81/article19505492.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 August 2017|access-date=17 August 2017|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
| 1,728,128
|-
!scope=row| [[Vijayawada]]
| NTR
| 1,476,931
|-
!scope=row| [[Guntur]]
| Guntur
| 743,354
|-
!scope=row| [[Nellore]]
| Nellore
| 558,548
|-
!scope=row| [[Kurnool]]
| Kurnool
| 484,327
|-
!scope=row| [[Rajahmundry]]
| East Godavari
| 476,873
|-
!scope=row| [[Tirupati]]
| Tirupati
| 461,900
|-
!scope=row| [[Kakinada]]
| Kakinada
| 443,028
|-
!scope=row| [[Kadapa]]
| YSR Kadapa
| 344,893
|-
!scope=row| [[Anantapur]]
| Anantapur
| 340,613
|}

=== Government revenue and expenditure ===
For 2021–22, total receipts of the Andhra Pradesh government were {{INRConvert|2.05|lc}}, inclusive of {{INRConvert|53284|c}} of loans. States' tax revenue was {{INRConvert|70979|c}}. The top three sources of tax revenue are statedcrores goods and services tax (GST) (₹23,809 crore), sales tax/value added tax (VAT) (₹20,808 crores), and state excise (₹14,703 crores).<ref name="prsindia2023">{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/andhra-pradesh-budget-analysis-2023-24 |title=Andhra Pradesh budget analysis 2023–24 |access-date=28 May 2023 |website=PRSINDIA |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528001217/https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/andhra-pradesh-budget-analysis-2023-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The government earned a revenue of ₹7,345 crore from 2.574 million transactions for registration services. Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Guntur, and Tirupati are the top contributors to the revenue.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-witnesses-an-upswing-in-revenue-earned-through-registration-and-stamps-department/article66215408.ece |title=Andhra Pradesh witnesses an upswing in revenue earned through registration and stamps department |date=2 December 2022 |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526093314/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-witnesses-an-upswing-in-revenue-earned-through-registration-and-stamps-department/article66215408.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref>

The government's total expenditure was ₹1,91,594 crore, which includes debt repayment of ₹13,920 crore. The fiscal deficit was 2.1% of the GSDP. Outstanding debt was ₹3.89 lakh crore, an increase of almost ₹40,000 crore compared to the previous year. This accounts for 32.4 per cent of the GSDP, which is more than the usual limit of 25% as per the Fiscal Responsibility Budget Management Actthe and Budget Management ActActstated crores.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/ap-govts-debt-mounts-to-389-lakh-crore-in-fy22/article65221649.ece |title=AP Govt's debt mounts to ₹3.89 lakh crore in FY22 |date=13 March 2022 |access-date=28 May 2023 |website=Business Line|location=Chennai |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528011200/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/ap-govts-debt-mounts-to-389-lakh-crore-in-fy22/article65221649.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref> The outstanding guarantee estimate was ₹1,38,875 crore, of which power sector accounts for ₹38,473 crore equal to 12% of GDP.<ref name="prsindia2023"/> Out of the audited total expenditure of ₹1,77,674 crore of the state in 2021–22, social services accounted for 42.65% and capital expenditure 9.21%. When compared to 2020–21, the capital expenditure decreased by 14 per cent. Of the total expenditure, major components of the social services breakdown are as follows. The social welfare category accounted for 16%, education, sport, arts and culture had a share of 15% and health and family welfare had a share of 6.3%. Comptroller and Auditor general in its 2023 report warned that the trend of increasing levels of revenue expenditure coupled with a low level of capital spend will adversely impact infrastructure development, development, aggregate demand, employment generation, and revenue generation in the long run.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Report of Comptroller and Auditor General of India – State finances audit report for the year ended 31 March 2022 |last=Comptroller and Auditor General |year=2023 |pages=33}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Gross state product|Gross state domestic product]] (GSDP/GDP) at current prices for the year 2022–23 is estimated at {{INRConvert|1317728|c|abbr=on|year=2023}} (advanced estimates). The share of agriculture's contribution to the GSDP is at 36.19%, while industry is at 23.36%, and services are at 40.45%. The state posted a record growth of 7.02% at constant prices (2011–12) against the country's growth of 7%. GDP per capita is estimated at {{INRConvert|219518|abbr=on}}. The sectoral growth rates at constant 2011–12 prices were for agriculture at 4.54%; industry at 5.66 and services at 10.05%.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=3}}<ref name="SES 2022-23 news">{{Cite news |last=M |first=Sambasiva Rao |date=16 March 2023 |title=Andhra Pradesh posts a growth of 16.22% over the previous year |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-posts-a-growth-of-1622-over-the-previous-year/article66623793.ece |access-date=25 March 2023 |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325001840/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-posts-a-growth-of-1622-over-the-previous-year/article66623793.ece |url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Poverty rate is reduced to 4.2% in 2023 from 11.77% in 2015–16 as per ''Niti Ayog'' report. The methodology, based on the global multidimensional poverty index uses 10 indicators, covering three areas health, education, and standard of living and additionally maternal health and bank accounts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Multidimensional poverty in India since 2005–06 |url=https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/MPI-22_NITI-Aayog20254.pdf |publisher=Niti Ayog |access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref> Unemployment rate of people with graduation in Andhra Pradesh is estimated at 24% as per periodic labour force survey of July 2022 to June 2023, the third highest in the country. The number for the whole of India is at 13.4%.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Unemployment rate among graduates declines to 13.4% between July 2022 and June 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/unemployment-rate-among-graduates-declines-to-134-between-july-2022-and-june-2023/article67647219.ece |date=17 December 2023 |access-date=19 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719015035/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/unemployment-rate-among-graduates-declines-to-134-between-july-2022-and-june-2023/article67647219.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the ''Economic Survey of India 2024–25'', Andhra Pradesh was identified as the "leading performer" in the agriculture and allied sectors (excluding forestry and logging), recording a Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.80%. It was followed by Madhya Pradesh with 6.30% and Tamil Nadu with 4.80%. Andhra Pradesh also ranked 10th in Gross State Value Added (GSVA) in the services sector.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=V. |date=31 January 2025 |title=Economic Survey: Andhra Pradesh 'leading performer' with 8.80% CAGR in agriculture and allied sectors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/economic-survey-andhra-pradesh-leading-performer-with-880-cagr-in-agriculture-and-allied-sectors/article69164646.ece |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
[[File:Konaseema greenery 1.JPG|thumb|alt=|Lush green farms in [[Konaseema district|Konaseema]]]]
The agricultural economy comprises agriculture, livestock, poultry farming, and fisheries.{{Sfn|DES|2021|p=31}} Four important rivers in India, the Godavari, Krishna, Penna, and [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]], flow through the state and provide irrigation.<ref name="wrd-aboutus"/> The population engaged in agriculture and related activities as per 2020–21 fiscal data is 62.17%.{{Sfn|DES|2021|p=vii (Executive summary)}} [[Rice]] is the state's major food crop and staple food.{{Sfn|DES|2021|p=9}} Besides rice, farmers grow [[Sorghum bicolor|jowar]], [[Pearl millet|bajra]], [[maize]], many varieties of [[Legume|pulses]], [[sugarcane]], [[cotton]], [[tobacco]], fruits, and vegetables.{{Sfn|DES|2021|p=110-113}} The state contributed to 30% of fish production of India and it had a share of 35% in total sea food exports of India in 2022–23.{{Sfn|DES|2021|p=6}} The state has three agricultural export zones: the undivided Chittoor district for mango pulp and vegetables, the undivided Krishna district for mangoes, and the undivided Guntur district for [[Chili pepper|chillies]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=United AP stood second in agri exports|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/united-ap-stood-second-in-agri-exports/article8116244.ece|access-date=17 January 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 January 2016|location=Vijayawada|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117011133/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/united-ap-stood-second-in-agri-exports/article8116244.ece|archive-date=17 January 2016|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Banganapalle (mango)|Banaganapalle mangoes]] produced in the state were accorded GI status in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Banaganapalle mangoes finally get GI tag|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/040517/banaganapalle-mangoes-finally-get-gi-tag.html|access-date=13 May 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=4 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505001210/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/040517/banaganapalle-mangoes-finally-get-gi-tag.html|archive-date=5 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GIlist"/>

''Rythu Seva Kendras'' (RSK) or farmer facilitation centres are initiated by the government in 2020 to serve as a hassle-free, one-stop solution for the requirements of farmers from seed-to-sale.<ref>{{Cite news |title=195 Rythu Bharosa Kendras getting ready in the first phase |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/195-rythu-bharosa-kendras-getting-ready-in-the-first-phase/article30952002.ece |date=19 February 2020 |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301152031/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/195-rythu-bharosa-kendras-getting-ready-in-the-first-phase/article30952002.ece|archive-date=1 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Deekshitula |first1=Subrahmanyam |title=RBKs renamed as Rythu Seva Kendras |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/rbks-renamed-as-rythu-seva-kendras-888407 |access-date=12 August 2024 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=1 July 2024}}</ref> Banking services through banking correspondent are also integrated. {{As of |2023|post=,}} 10,778 RSKs are functioning.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rythu Bharosa Kendras a big success, says A.P. Agriculture Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rythu-bharosa-kendras-a-big-success-says-ap-agriculture-minister/article66556800.ece |date=26 February 2023 |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228040257/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rythu-bharosa-kendras-a-big-success-says-ap-agriculture-minister/article66556800.ece|archive-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> AP land titling act 2023 was brought in to change from presumptive land ownership system based on possession, registration or inheritance documents to conclusive land ownership system, with government standing as surety for the ownership. Lands in 6000 villages were surveyed with drones and land title certificates were issued to owners, with [[georeferencing]] of their land parcels. The benefits of the act include a reduction in land disputes and easier acquisition of lands for public requirements.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Hindu Explains {{!}} Why does India need conclusive land titling? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-hindu-explains-why-does-india-need-conclusive-land-titling/article33891718.ece |last=Jebaraj |first=Priscilla |date=21 February 2021 |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221022017/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-hindu-explains-why-does-india-need-conclusive-land-titling/article33891718.ece|archive-date=21 February 2021}}</ref> The newly formed TDP led NDA alliance government decided to repeal the act citing the scope for misuse of authority and deviation from the centre's draft bill.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cabinet gives its nod for repeal of AP Land Titling Act, ratifies new free sand policy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/cabinet-gives-its-nod-for-repeal-of-ap-land-titling-act-ratifies-new-free-sand-policy/article68410871.ece |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 July 2024}}</ref>

The Commission on Inclusive and Sustainable Agricultural Development of Andhra Pradesh, chaired by Prof. R. Radhakrishna, estimated the number of tenant farmers at 24.25 lakh in 2014. This consists of 6.29 lakh landless tenants and the rest owning some land. Out of 60.73 lakh hectares under cultivation, 27.15 lakh hectares or 44% was cultivated by tenants. Departmental estimates for 2021 put the number of tenant farmers at about 16 lakh. To identify and serve the needs of tenants, the Crop Cultivator Rights Act (CCRA) of 2019 was brought out. Only 26% of tenants obtained the CCRA or loan eligibility cards as per 2022 data.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Tenant Farmers Study Report 2022 Andhra Pradesh |publisher=Rythy Swarajya Vedika |year=2022 |url=https://www.im4change.org/upload/files/Report-AP-TenantFarmersStudy-English-Final%281%29.pdf |access-date=19 July 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329075909/https://im4change.org/upload/files/Report-AP-TenantFarmersStudy-English-Final(1).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Industries ===
[[File:Isuzu manufacturing plant India.jpg|thumb|[[Isuzu Motors India]] manufacturing plant aerial view, [[Sri City]]]]
[[File:LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota 03.webp|thumb|upright| Chandrayaan-3 – Launch vehicle lifting off from the second launch pad of [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC]]-SHAR, Sriharikota]]
As per the annual survey of industries 2019–20, the number of factories was 12,582 with 681,224 employees. The top four employment providers are food products (25.48%), non-metallic minerals (11.26%), textiles (9.35%), and pharmaceuticals (8.68%). Gross value added (GVA) contributed by the industrial sector is {{INRConvert|55035|c}}, of which food products (18.95%), pharmaceuticals (17.01%), and non-metallic minerals (16.25%) are the top three contributors. From a district perspective, the top three districts were Visakhapatnam, Tirupati and undivided Krishna.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Annual survey of industries |publisher=DES, GOAP |year=2020 |url=https://des.ap.gov.in/jsp/social/ASI2019-20.pdf |access-date=26 May 2023 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Andhra Pradesh hosts over 50 notified SEZs, spanning sectors like IT/ITES, pharmaceuticals, multi-product, biotechnology, and textiles, with a focus on export-oriented growth. Key operational examples include: [[Visakhapatnam Special Economic Zone]], [[Sri City]], [[Andhra Pradesh Special Economic Zone]] and several others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SEZ policy |url=https://vsez.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/goms151-sez-policy.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250501004310/https://vsez.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/goms151-sez-policy.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2025 |access-date=24 November 2025 |website=vsez.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SEZs in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://apiic.in/sezs-in-andhra-pradesh/ |access-date=24 November 2025 |website=APIIC |language=en}}</ref>

The defence administered Hindustan Shipyard Limited built the first ship in [[India]] in 1948.<ref name=hsl>{{Cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Sumit |title=Sailing through the 75-year history of shipbuilding in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/sailing-through-the-75-year-history-of-shipbuilding-in-india/article66614566.ece |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 March 2023|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The state has 36 big auto players, such as [[Ashok Leyland]], [[Hero Motors]], [[Isuzu Motors India]], and [[Kia Motors India|Kia Motors]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apedb.gov.in/automobile-industry.html |title=Auto, automobiles & EV |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=APEDB |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526050349/https://apedb.gov.in/automobile-industry.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The mining sector contributed {{INRConvert|3390|c}} in revenue to the state during 2021–22.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=9}} Nearly 225 million barrels of crude oil was produced from [[Ravva oil field|Ravva block]], in the shallow offshore area of the Krishna Godavari basin during 1994–2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravva Oil and Gas Field |url=https://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/ravva-field/?cf-view |website=Offshore technology |access-date=22 August 2024 |date=18 August 2011}}</ref> The state accounted for 0.6% of had and codensate production, and 2.9% of natural gas production of India in 2020–21.{{Sfn|MOPNG|2023|p=30-33}}

{{As of|2023|06|20|post=,}} there are 190 science and technology organisations in Andhra Pradesh, including 12 central labs and research institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/organisations/state-st-organisations/all-st-institution?field_institute_state_tid=4449 |title=List of S&T organisations |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=India science, technology and innovation |publisher=Vigyan Prasar, Department of science and technology, Government of India |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620044153/https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/organisations/state-st-organisations/all-st-institution?field_institute_state_tid=4449 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (SDSC), known as Sriharikota range (SHAR), on the barrier island of [[Sriharikota]] in [[Tirupati district]], is the primary satellite launching station operated by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/SDSC.html |title=SHAR |access-date=15 May 2024 |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809113906/https://www.isro.gov.in/SDSC.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Services ===
Trade, hotels & restaurants registered the highest growth rate of 16.64%, while public administration, the lowest growth rate of 4.24% for the year 2022–23 at constant 2011–12 prices among the services category.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=29}} The state is ranked third in domestic tourist footfalls for the year 2021, with 93.2 million domestic tourists, which amounts to 13.8% of all domestic tourists in India. A major share of the tourists visit temples in Tirupati, Vijayawada, and Srisailam.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/travel/051222/ap-ranked-3rd-telangana-6th-in-domestic-tourist-footfalls.html |title=AP ranked 3rd, Telangana 6th in domestic tourist footfalls |date=5 December 2022 |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=Deccan Chronicle |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526090559/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/travel/051222/ap-ranked-3rd-telangana-6th-in-domestic-tourist-footfalls.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The value of [[Information technology in India|information technology]] exports from the state in 2021–22 was {{INRConvert|926|c}}, which is 0.14% of the IT exports from India. Exports have remained below 0.2% in the past five years.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradeshs-share-in-it-exports-is-below-02-says-union-minister/article66702647.ece |title=Andhra Pradesh's share in IT exports is below 0.2%, says union minister |date=5 April 2023 |access-date=24 May 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=24 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524120917/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradeshs-share-in-it-exports-is-below-02-says-union-minister/article66702647.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Andhra Pradesh}}

==== Roads ====
[[File:Crowd at PNBS, Vijayawada 01.jpg| thumb|Passengers at [[Pandit Nehru Bus Station]], Vijayawada]]
{{As of|2023|post=,}} the state has a total major road network of {{Convert|47244.83|km|mi|abbr=on}}. This comprises {{Convert|8163.72|km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[National highways of India|national highways]], {{Convert|12595.60|km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[State highways in India|state highways]], and {{convert|26485.51|km|mi|abbr=on}} of major district roads.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=168}} In the category of national highways, [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH 16]], with a highway network of around {{convert|1000|km|mi|abbr=on}} in the state, is a part of the [[Golden Quadrilateral|Golden Quadrilateral project]]. Vehicles on the register consist of 1.828 million transport vehicles and 13.7 million non-transport vehicles. In the transport category, goods carriages constitute 53.61%, auto rickshaws 36.21%, and stage carriages 1.14% constitute the top 3 categories. In the non-transport category, motorcycles constitute 89.5%, four-wheelers 7.29%, and cabs 5.96% occupy the top 3 ranks.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=173}} The state government-owned [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|Andhra Pradesh state road transport organisation]] is the public bus transport provider. It is split into 129 depots across four zones. It has a fleet strength of 11,098 buses and a staff count of 49,544. It operates 1.11 billion kilometres and serves 3.68 million passengers daily as per the socio-economic survey of 2023.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=176}} {{As of|2023|post=,}}

==== Railways ====
[[Renigunta Junction railway station|Renigunta]] was the first among major stations to appear on the railway map of Andhra Pradesh when [[Madras Railway]] connected it to [[Madras]] in 1862.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Goyal |first1=Shikha |title=History of Indian railways from 1853 to present |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/history-of-indian-railways-1644394598-1 |website=Jagranjosh |access-date=22 August 2024 |date=10 February 2022}}</ref> [[Rajahmundry]]-[[Vizag]] and [[Vijayawada]]-[[Kovvur]] sections were opened in 1893. Vijayawada-Madras section was started in 1899. It was extended to [[Howrah]] in 1900.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijayawada – Historical Background |url=https://digitalscr.in/books/4.pdf |website=Digitalscr |access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref> {{As of|2022|post=,}} the state has a total [[broad-gauge railway|broad-gauge]] route of {{cvt|3969|km}} with rail density of {{convert|24.36|km|abbr=on}} per {{convert|1000|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Indian railways year book 2021–22 |publisher=Indian Railways |year=2022 |pages=62 |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/2023/PDF%20Year%20Book%202021-22-English.pdf |access-date=19 May 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418130808/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/2023/PDF%20Year%20Book%202021-22-English.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/index/index.html |title=Indian Railway map (searchable) |access-date=30 April 2024 |website=[[Indian Railway]] |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430005043/https://indianrailways.gov.in/index/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The railway network in Andhra Pradesh is under the [[South Central Railway zone|South Central railway]],<ref name="scr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507070031/https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|url-status=live|archive-date=7 May 2017|title=State-wise route kilometerage|website=South Central Railway|access-date=23 April 2017}}</ref> [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast railway]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,1290 |title=East coast railway divisions |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=East coast railway |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328171216/https://eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,1290 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[South Western Railway zone|South Western railway]] zones.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,261 |title=South Western Railway – divisions |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=South Western railway |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424131825/https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,261 |url-status=live }}</ref> During 2014–2022, {{convert|350|km|abbr=on}} of new lines were constructed at a rate of {{convert|44|km|abbr=on}} per year in Andhra Pradesh under the South Central railway division. The rate of construction was only {{convert|2|km|abbr=on}} per year in the preceding five years.{{Sfn|IR|2022|p=5}} The [[Nadikudi–Srikalahasti section|Nadikudi–Srikalahasti line]] with a length of {{convert|308.70|km|abbr=on}}, which was sanctioned at a budget of {{INRConvert|22.89|b}} in 2011–12 as a joint project of the centre and state, is progressing slowly, with only phase one of {{convert|46|km|abbr=on}} between [[Piduguralla|New Piduguralla]] and [[Savalyapuram]] completed by 2021–22.{{Sfn|IR|2022|p=29}} There are three A1 and 23 A-category railway stations in the state, as per the assessment in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statement showing category-wise no. of stations|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf|website=South Central Railway|access-date=23 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128044328/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI%26ACategoryStns.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}} was declared [[List of cleanest railway stations in India|the cleanest railway station]] in the country, as per the assessment in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/vizag-billed-the-cleanest-rail-station/article18478254.ece|title=Vizag billed the cleanest rail station|date=18 May 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=4 January 2018|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104133007/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/vizag-billed-the-cleanest-rail-station/article18478254.ece|archive-date=4 January 2018|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> The railway station in [[Shimiliguda]] is the second broad gauge railway station at high altitude in the country next to [[Qazigund railway station|Qazigund]] in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bhattacharjee|first1=Sumit|title=Hidden 100 – 58 tunnels. 84 bridges. Welcome to Araku Valley|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/hidden-100-58-tunnels-84-bridges-welcome-to-araku-valley/article2594651.ece|access-date=23 April 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609115011/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/hidden-100-58-tunnels-84-bridges-welcome-to-araku-valley/article2594651.ece|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> A new railway zone [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast railway]] (SCoR), with headquarters in Visakhapatnam, was announced in 2019, but is yet to be implemented.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=189105|title=Cabinet approves South Coast railway zone|website=Press Information Bureau|access-date=12 February 2022|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402144738/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=189105|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Delays dog new railway zone |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/delays-dog-new-railway-zone/article38051643.ece |last=B |first=Madhu Gopal |date=28 December 2021 |access-date=30 April 2024|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228045510/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/delays-dog-new-railway-zone/article38051643.ece |archive-date=28 December 2021}}</ref>

==== Airports ====
{{See also|List of airports in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Map/Airports in Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Tirupati Airport]] was established in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tirupati International Airport |url=https://www.tudaap.in/activity.php?category=Tirupati%20International%20Airport |website=Tirupati urban development authority |access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref> [[Visakhapatnam Airport|Visakhapatnam]] became a part of civil aviation in 1981.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visakhapatnam Airport Advertising |url=https://www.gingermediagroup.com/visakhapatnam-airport-advertising/ |website=Gingermediagroup |date=22 May 2024 |access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref> Daily flights to [[Vijayawada Airport|Vijayawada]] were started in 2003.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Air Deccan takes off finally |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/air-deccan-takes-off-finally/articleshow/227312.cms |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 October 2003}}</ref> Apart from these three which are international airports, the state has three [[domestic airport]]s, namely [[Rajahmundry Airport|Rajahmundry]], [[Kadapa Airport|Kadapa]], and [[Kurnool Airport|Kurnool]].{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=180-183}} A privately owned airport for emergency flights and chartered flights is at [[Sri Sathya Sai Airport|Puttaparthi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Puttaparthi airport to facilitate emergency landings; security to be beefed up |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/250721/puttaparthi-airport-to-facilitate-emergency-landings-security-to-be-b.html |access-date=10 August 2021 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=25 July 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810133924/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/250721/puttaparthi-airport-to-facilitate-emergency-landings-security-to-be-b.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Bhogapuram international airport is being constructed with a budget of ₹4,750 crore on an area of 2,300 acres near Visakhapatnam. It is expected to be completed by 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhogapuram international airport will be ready by 2025, says Andhra Pradesh Industries Minister Gudivada Amarnath |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bhogapuram-international-airport-will-be-ready-by-2025-says-andhra-pradesh-industries-minister-gudivada-amarnath/article67645263.ece |date=16 December 2023 |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217015305/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bhogapuram-international-airport-will-be-ready-by-2025-says-andhra-pradesh-industries-minister-gudivada-amarnath/article67645263.ece|archive-date=17 December 2023}}</ref> Andhra Pradesh saw a 60% increase in domestic air passenger traffic, with 24.74 lakh visitors at its five airports during the 2021–22 fiscal year (up to January 2022), compared to 15.48 lakh in the same period the previous fiscal year.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A.P. airports see 60% jump in domestic passenger footfall |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-airports-see-60-jump-in-domestic-passenger-footfall/article65246193.ece |last=Boda |first=Tarun |date=21 March 2022 |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401101206/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-airports-see-60-jump-in-domestic-passenger-footfall/article65246193.ece|archive-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>

==== Sea ports ====
{{See also|List of ports and harbours of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Map/Seaports in Andhra Pradesh}}[[File:Vizag seaport.jpg|thumb|Vizag seaport]]
The state has one major port at [[Visakhapatnam Port|Visakhapatnam]] under the administrative control of the central government and 15 notified ports, including three captive ports, under the control of the state government.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|page=183}} Visakhapatnam port was the earliest port to be commissioned in 1933.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Visakhapatnam Port turning 90 on October 7 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/visakhapatnam-port-turning-90-on-october-7/article67388936.ece |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 October 2023}}</ref> Gangavaram port is a deep seaport that can accommodate ocean liners up to 200,000–250,000 [[Deadweight tonnage|DWT]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Patnaik |first1=Santosh |title=Gangavaram port to double capacity soon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/gangavaram-port-to-double-capacity-soon/article7242475.ece |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 May 2015}}</ref> Cargo of 189.21 million tonnes was handled by Gangavaram, Kakinada deepwater, Krishnapatnam, Ravva, Kakinada anchorage, and Visakhapatnam during 2023–34, with a growth of 7.9% over the previous year.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh invests in port-led growth |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/andhra-pradesh-invests-in-port-led-growth/article68115119.ece |last=G |first=Naga Sreedhar |date=28 April 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=[[Business Line]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429054625/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/andhra-pradesh-invests-in-port-led-growth/article68115119.ece|archive-date=29 April 2024}}</ref> New sea ports are under construction at Ramayapatnam, Machilipatnam, Mulapeta, and Kakinada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Works apace at seaports and fishing harbours being constructed in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/works-apace-at-seaports-and-fishing-harbours-being-constructed-in-andhra-pradesh/article67205843.ece |last=V. |first=Raghavendra |date=17 August 2023 |access-date=6 May 2024|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824042832/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/works-apace-at-seaports-and-fishing-harbours-being-constructed-in-andhra-pradesh/article67205843.ece|archive-date=24 August 2023}}</ref>

===Communication===
As per socio-economic survey released in January 2023, Andhra Pradesh has {{formatnum:10605}} post offices.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=189}} Bharat sanchar nigam limited (BSNL) operates {{formatnum:1310}} telephone exchanges with 20.6 million landline connections and also has 5.4 million wireless subscribers.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=186}} Airtel, Jio, Vodaphone Idea, and BSNL provide mobile services in the state.<ref name="trai-54/2024"/> {{As of |2023|post=,}} the number of mobile phone users reached 82 million, while the number of internet subscribers reached 67.1 million in Andhra Pradesh. Mobile network services are available in 15,322 out of 17,328 villages. 5G network connectivity is provided by 16,714 base transfer stations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mobile towers in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.rsdebate.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/746437/1/PQ_262_08122023_U704_p275_p276.pdf |publisher=Rajya Sabha |access-date=19 August 2024 |date=8 December 2023}}</ref> Several providers including state government owned [[Andhra Pradesh State FiberNet Limited|Andhra Pradesh state fibre net limited]] operate wireline services supporting internet connectivity, telephony, and [[Internet Protocol television]].<ref name="trai-54/2024">{{Cite book |title=Press Release No.54/2024 |date=20 August 2024 |publisher=Telecom regulatory authority of India |location=New Delhi |pages=16–17 |url=https://trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/PR_No.54of2024_0.pdf |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh state fiberNet limited is poised for growth, says Goutham Reddy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/andhra-pradesh-state-fibernet-limited-is-poised-for-growth-says-goutham-reddy/article65381371.ece |access-date=20 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 May 2022}}</ref> The AP statewide area network connects 2,164 offices of state administration at 668 locations down to the level of mandal headquarters.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=204}} The network supports both data and video communications. BSNL and the National Knowledge Network multi-purposeCricket link district headquarters with state headquarters with a bandwidth of 34 Mbit/s. Mandal headquarters are connected with a bandwidth of 8 Mbit/s.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=195}}

=== Water ===
The state has 40 major and medium rivers and 40,000 minor irrigation sources. Godavari, Krishna, and Penna are major rivers. The total cultivable area is 19.904 million acres.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/home |title=Home page |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=Water resources department, Government of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref> Major, medium, and minor irrigation projects irrigate 10.172 million acres or 51.1% {{As of |2015|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/projects |title=Andhra Pradesh projects information |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=Water resources department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223203420/https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/projects |url-status=live }}</ref>{{cbignore}} Several water projects in the state are facing issues. The [[Polavaram Project]] is a multi purpose terminal reservoir project located 42 km upstream of Davaleswaram barrage. It is a national project as per the AP Reorganisation Act of 2014. It has a reservoir capacity of 194.6 TMC and is expected to utilise 322.73 TMC of water in a year.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=136}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/static/approjects/polavaramnew.html |title=Polavaram Project |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=Water resources department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705102504/https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/static/approjects/polavaramnew.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{cbignore}} The under-construction project suffered setbacks with damage to its diaphragm wall during the 2022 floods.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/dam-design-review-panel-approves-repairs-to-polavaram-diaphragm-wall-damaged-in-godavari-floods/article66584237.ece |title=Dam design review panel approves repairs to Polavaram diaphragm wall damaged in Godavari floods |date=5 March 2023 |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530065426/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/dam-design-review-panel-approves-repairs-to-polavaram-diaphragm-wall-damaged-in-godavari-floods/article66584237.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Veligonda Project]], taken up to serve needs of Prakasam, Nellore, and YSR Kadapa districts is progressing slowly.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Excavation works of Poola Subbaiah Veligonda Project's tunnel two completed in Andhra Pradesh, says official |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/excavation-works-of-poola-subbaiah-veligonda-projects-tunnel-two-completed-in-andhra-pradesh-says-official/article67772746.ece |date=24 January 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326065108/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/excavation-works-of-poola-subbaiah-veligonda-projects-tunnel-two-completed-in-andhra-pradesh-says-official/article67772746.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref> The Annamayya project, washed away in the 2021 floods, is set to be redesigned for 787 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=S. |first1=Nagaraja Rao |title=Andhra Pradesh: Two years on, Annamayya project still awaits design approval |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/Nov/19/andhra-pradesh-two-yearson-annamayya-project-still-awaits-design-approval-2634294.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=19 August 2024 |date=19 November 2023}}</ref> Following the bifurcation, [[Disputes between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana|disputes with Telangana regarding the allocation of Krishna and Godavari]] waters continue to dog the state.<ref name="water-sharing">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/explained-the-telangana-andhra-pradesh-water-dispute/article66880971.ece |title=Explained : The Telangana- Andhra Pradesh water dispute |date=23 May 2023 |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529045556/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/explained-the-telangana-andhra-pradesh-water-dispute/article66880971.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Power ===
{{Main|Power sector of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[File:Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station]]]]

[[Thermal power station|Thermal]], [[Hydroelectricity|hydel]] and [[Renewable energy|renewable]] power plants supply power to the state. The installed capacity share of the state in the public sector generating stations was 7,245 MW. The private sector installed capacity was 9,370 MW, which includes an independent power producer capacity of 1,961 MW. The total installed capacity was 16,615 MW. Peak power demand for the state in 2021–22 was 12,032 MW and per capita consumption was 1,285 kilowatt hours. The energy consumed was 68,972 million units.<ref name="appower">{{Cite book |title=Power development in Andhra Pradesh (Statistics) 2021–22 |year=2022 |url=https://aptransco.co.in/pds-fy2021-22-final.pdf |access-date=29 April 2024 |pages=1–2 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> Energy consumption increased from 54,555 MU in 2018–19 to 69,113 MU in 2023–24, at a growth rate of 4.8% which is among the lowest in the country. The per capita electricity consumption of AP. Increased by only 123 kWh in the same period when there was an increase of 146 kWh at the national level. The reasons were because of steep tariff increases and re-imposing power cuts as there was a delay in commissioning of the Polavaram hydro-electric power project (960 MW), Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah thermal power station (Krishnapatnam) stage-II unit-3 (800 MW) and Dr. Narla Tata Rao thermal power station stage-V unit-8 (800 MW) stations.<ref>{{Cite news |title=White Paper on A.P. power sector reveals ₹1.29 lakh crore burden on govt. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/white-paper-on-ap-power-sector-reveals-129-lakh-crore-burden-on-govt/article68385541.ece |last=M. |first=Sambasiva Rao |date=9 July 2024 |access-date=18 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711015712/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/white-paper-on-ap-power-sector-reveals-129-lakh-crore-burden-on-govt/article68385541.ece|archive-date=11 July 2024}}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===
The health infrastructure consists of 13 district hospitals, 28 sub-district hospitals, and {{formatnum:6049}} urban and rural health centres as of 2019–20. Doorstep healthcare support services are provided through {{formatnum:42060}} Accredited social health activist(ASHA) workers as of July 2019.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Health dossier 2021 : Reflections on key health indicators – Andhra Pradesh |date=2021 |publisher=National health systems resource centre |location=New Delhi |pages=6–13 |url=https://nhsrcindia.org/sites/default/files/practice_image/HealthDossier2021/Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref> The 108 service provides fast emergency management services by shifting patients to a nearby healthcare facility. The 104 service provides health care services at the doorstep of villages through mobile medical units that visit at least once a month.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/opinion/news-analysis/108-104-totally-dissimilar-services-751732 |title=108 & 104 totally dissimilar services |date=4 July 2022 |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=[[The Hans India]] |last=Vanam |first=Jwala Narasimha Rao |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602063749/https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/opinion/news-analysis/108-104-totally-dissimilar-services-751732 |url-status=live }}</ref> All the poor families are covered by the free state health insurance scheme up to a limit of {{INRConvert|2500000}}. The scheme serves 42.5 million people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sridhar |first=G. Naga |date=18 December 2023 |title=AP increases YSR Aarogyasri free treatment limit to ₹25 lakh |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ap-increases-ysr-aarogyasri-free-treatment-limit-to-25-lakh/article67649885.ece |work=Business Line|location=Chennai |access-date=30 April 2024|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219012519/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ap-increases-ysr-aarogyasri-free-treatment-limit-to-25-lakh/article67649885.ece|archive-date=19 December 2023}}</ref> The services are provided in government and private hospitals under the network. During 2014–2018, though the nominal mean claim amount of beneficiaries went up significantly, it decreased after accounting for inflation. Mortality rates have significantly decreased, which indicates better outcomes are being achieved at a lower cost.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Utilization trends of a government-sponsored health insurance program in South India: 2014 to 2018 |journal=Value in Health Regional Issues |year=2022 |volume=27 |pages=82–89 |doi=10.1016/j.vhri.2021.02.007 |pmid=34844063 |last1=Singh |first1=P. |last2=Powell |first2=A. C. |s2cid=244706313 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Out of 2,700 private hospitals registered under the state health insurance scheme, 540 (20%) are speciality hospitals. The number of patients treated under the state health insurance scheme increased from 1.2 million in 2022–23 to 1.39 million in 2023–24. whereas the budget remained constant at ₹3,350 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |title=No free treatment for Arogyasari patients in Andhra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/no-free-treatment-for-arogyasari-patients-in-andhra-101716321391891.html |last=Apparasu |first=Srinivasa Rao |date=22 May 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=18 July 2024 |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809114023/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/no-free-treatment-for-arogyasari-patients-in-andhra-101716321391891.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The National family health survey-5 conducted in 2019–21 data provided an insight into the economic and health status of households. Housing, electricity, clean fuel, access to toilets, mobile phone usage, and bank account access were available for more than 85% of households. Piped water facilities were available for only 22% of households. The state health insurance scheme, the employee health scheme, the ''Rashtriya swasthya bima yojana'', the Employees' state insurance scheme, and the Central government health scheme covered 70% of households with at least one member covered.<ref>{{Cite book |title=National family health survey (NFHS-5), India, 2019–21: Andhra Pradesh |last=International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF |publisher=IIPS |year=2021 |location=Mumbai|url=http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-5Reports/Andhra_Pradesh.pdf |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602012114/http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-5Reports/Andhra_Pradesh.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Banking ===
{{As of |2023|03|31|post=,}} there are 33 private sector banks, 12 public sector banks, three rural banks, three small finance banks, three payment banks, one cooperative bank, and one state financial corporation operating in the state. The total number of branches is 7,881.<ref>{{Cite book |title=SLBC meeting 223 Data Sheets |year=2023 |url=https://www.slbcap.nic.in/pages/SLBC%20Meetings/Data%20Sheets_223.pdf}}</ref> {{As of |2022|09|post=,}} Banks have deposits amounting to {{INRConvert|435183.49|c}} and extended credit amounting to {{INRConvert|628134.9|c}}, with credit deposit ratio of 144% against Reserve Bank of India norm of 60%. Primary sector advances amounted to 60.13% of total bank credit.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=189}} Till March 2011, the microfinance industry flourished in united Andhra Pradesh with a share of 65% of pan India gross loans. Due to state regulation enacted in 2010, the loan portfolio shrank to 0.8% in Andhra Pradesh as of 31 March 2023. With the court deciding against state regulation, the industry is likely to pick up again.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Will the Telangana HC ruling change fortunes for Andhra microfinance sector? |url=https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/financial-services/will-the-telangana-hc-ruling-change-fortunes-for-andhra-microfinance-sector/104838751 |date=31 October 2023 |access-date=18 July 2024 |work=The Economic Times |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718145531/https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/financial-services/will-the-telangana-hc-ruling-change-fortunes-for-andhra-microfinance-sector/104838751 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Education==
{{Main|Education in Andhra Pradesh|List of institutions of higher education in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[File:Andhra University Visakhapatnam.jpg|thumb|[[Andhra University|Andhra University, Visakhapatnam]]]]
Primary and secondary school education is imparted by government and private schools, regulated by the school education department of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=School education department |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |website=Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan |publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319051231/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2016 |location=Hyderabad |date=26 March 2015}}</ref> The government decided to stop financial aid to aided schools with history dating to 1870s, forcing them to handover the schools with the aided staff to government or become private in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nandam |first=Naresh |date=28 September 2021 |title=Ongole : Future of poor students hangs in balance as govt absorbs aided staff |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ongole-future-of-poor-students-hangs-in-balance-as-govt-absorbs-aided-staff-708426 |work=[[The Hans India]] |access-date=22 March 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309091245/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ongole-future-of-poor-students-hangs-in-balance-as-govt-absorbs-aided-staff-708426 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Yallampalli |first1=Vaikuntham |title=Education and social change in South India: Andhra, 1880–1920 |date=1982 |publisher=New era publications |location=Madras |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_U5AAAAMAAJ&q=%22aided+schools%22 |access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref> As per Unified district information system for education plus (UDISE+) report of 2021–22, there were a total of {{formatnum:8244647}} students enrolled in {{formatnum:61948}} schools.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UDISE plus dashboard |url=https://src.udiseplus.gov.in/School/DataDashboard |website=Department of School education and literacy |access-date=9 August 2024}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> Performance of rural students on reading, arithmetic skills in grades 1–8 declined during 2018–2022 partly attributed to Covid outbreak. As an example, for the reading assessment in Class VIII students, it nosedived 67% in 2022 from over 78% in 2018. However, the student enrolment at government schools improved from 63.2% to 71%.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Umamaheswar |title=63% class V pupils can't read class II text in AP: ASER 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/63-class-v-pupils-cant-read-class-ii-text-in-ap-aser-2022/articleshow/102121592.cms |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 July 2023}}</ref> In the March 2024 secondary school certificate (SSC) exam {{Nowrap|616,615}} students appeared in the regular stream. Parvathipuram-Manyam district achieved the highest pass percentage of 96.37 among districts. The overall pass percentage was 86.69%, an increase of 14.43% over the previous year, with 100% in 2,803 schools.<ref name="ssc2024" >{{Cite news |title=86.69% students pass SSC examinations in Andhra Pradesh, 2,803 schools record 100% results |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/8669-of-students-pass-ssc-examinations-in-andhra-pradesh-2803-schools-record-100-results/article68094695.ece |last=Rajulapudi |first=Sreenivas |date=22 April 2024 |access-date=3 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809114016/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/8669-of-students-pass-ssc-examinations-in-andhra-pradesh-2803-schools-record-100-results/article68094695.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ssc2023">{{Cite news |title=Girls outperform boys by over 6% in SSC exams in Andhra Pradesh|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/girls-outperform-boys-by-over-6-in-ssc-exams-in-andhra-pradesh/article66819882.ece |access-date=17 June 2023 |date=6 May 2023 |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519233319/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/girls-outperform-boys-by-over-6-in-ssc-exams-in-andhra-pradesh/article66819882.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref>
In intermediate (higher secondary) examinations held in March 2024, 393,757 students appeared. The pass percentage was 78%, which is an increase of 7% over the previous year.<ref name="inter2024">{{Cite news |title=Girls outperform boys in Intermediate Public Examination in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/girls-outperform-boys-in-intermediate-public-examination-in-andhra-pradesh/article68057354.ece |last=P. |first=Sujatha Verma |date=12 April 2024 |access-date=3 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |archive-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503061122/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/girls-outperform-boys-in-intermediate-public-examination-in-andhra-pradesh/article68057354.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="inter2023">{{Cite news |title=Girls dominate boys in AP Intermediate 1 & 2 results |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/education/260423/girls-dominate-boys-in-ap-intermediate-1-2-results.html |date=27 April 2023 |access-date=17 June 2023 |work=Deccan Chronicle |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509233151/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/education/260423/girls-dominate-boys-in-ap-intermediate-1-2-results.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The state initiated education reforms in 2020 by creating six types of schools: satellite foundation schools (pre-primary), foundational schools (pre-primary – class II), foundational school plus (pre-primary – class V), pre-high school (class III – class VII/VIII), high school (class III – class X), and high school plus (class III – class XII).{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=12}} The transition to English-medium education in all government schools was started in the academic year 2020–2021. It is expected to reach completion by 2024–25. Affiliation of 1,000 government schools to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] in 2022–23 was done as an initial step.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=P. |first1=Sujatha Varma |title=New pattern of exam awaits students of CBSE-affiliated government schools in A.P. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/new-pattern-of-exam-awaits-students-of-cbse-affiliated-government-schools-in-ap/article67379529.ece |access-date=19 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 October 2023}}</ref> The state government went ahead with the English medium based on the parents survey despite protests and court cases.<ref name="english-medium-roots">{{Cite news |url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/andhra-pradesh/english-medium-schools-andhra-pradesh/ |title=Andhra schools' transition from Telugu to English medium has roots in the far past |date=19 May 2022 |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=The federal |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425120649/https://thefederal.com/states/south/andhra-pradesh/english-medium-schools-andhra-pradesh/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The state initiative is being funded in part by a loan from the World Bank to the tune of $250 million over 2021–2026 through the "Supporting Andhra's learning transformation" project to improve the learning outcomes of children up to class II level.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Program appriasal document -SALT |publisher=World Bank |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/149391624240914510/pdf/India-Supporting-Andhras-Learning-Transformation-Operation-Program-for-Results-Project.pdf |date=20 May 2021 |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425120651/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/149391624240914510/pdf/India-Supporting-Andhras-Learning-Transformation-Operation-Program-for-Results-Project.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{As of|2023|post=,}} there are 169 government-aided degree colleges and 55 private-aided degree colleges in the state. National assessment and accreditation council grades were awarded to 66 government colleges and 48 private-aided colleges. There are 85 government-aided and 175 private polytechnic colleges with a sanctioned strength of 75,906 students.{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=13-14}} In the category of technical education, there are 685 institutions offering diploma, undergraduate, and postgraduate Visakhapatnamthe courses, with an intake of 299,608.<ref>{{cite book |title=Annual report 2021-22 |date=2022 |publisher=AICTE |location=New Delhi |page=121 |url=https://www.aicte-india.org/sites/default/files/AR/AICTE_Annual%20Report_2022_English.pdf |access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref> The AP state council of higher education organises various entrance tests for different streams and conducts counselling for admissions.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh state council of higher education releases schedule of common entrance tests |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-state-council-of-higher-education-releases-schedule-of-common-entrance-tests/article68128933.ece |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 May 2024}}</ref> The AP state skill development corporation is set up to support skill development and placement for the educated.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Laxmi |first1=Pranathi |title=APSSDC empowers 1.35 lakh youth through skill training |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/241223/apssdc-empowers-135-lakh-youth-through-skill-training.html |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=23 December 2023}}</ref> {{As of|2021|post=,}} there are a total of 36 universities: three central universities, 23 state public universities, six state private universities, and four deemed universities.{{Sfn|UGC|2021|p=100}} [[Andhra University]] is the oldest of the universities in the state, established in 1926.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Old-timers recollect glorious days of AU|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/au-old-timers-recollect-glorious-days/article18237557.ece|access-date=2 May 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214134019/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/au-old-timers-recollect-glorious-days/article18237557.ece|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Statistical profile of universities in Andhra Pradesh|url=http://www.apsche.org/apsche/PDF/STATISTICAL%20PROFILE%20OF%20THE%20UNIVERSITIES.pdf|website=Andhra Pradesh State Council of Higher Education|access-date=13 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052107/http://www.apsche.org/apsche/PDF/STATISTICAL%20PROFILE%20OF%20THE%20UNIVERSITIES.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The government established [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, Nuzvid|Rajiv Gandhi university of knowledge technologies]] in 2008 to cater to the education needs of the rural youth of the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rgukt.in/home-aboutrgukt.html |title=Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies |publisher=Rgukt.in |access-date=8 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007142943/http://www.rgukt.in/home-aboutrgukt.html |archive-date=7 October 2011 }}</ref> NTR University of health sciences oversees medical education in 348 affiliated colleges spanning the entire range from traditional medicine to modern medicine.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hmfw.ap.gov.in/nuhs-org.aspx |title=Dr. N.T.R University of Health Sciences (NUHS) |access-date=9 August 2024 |website=Department of health, medical and family welfare, Government of Andhra Pradesh |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227135857/http://hmfw.ap.gov.in/nuhs-org.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The public universities, including the legacy universities such as Andhra, Sri Venkateswara, and Nagarjuna, are suffering from a severe fund crunch and staff shortage, managing with only 20% of sanctioned full-time staff.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/state-run-varsities-slow-descent-into-oblivion/article66917267.ece |title=A.P. Spotlight {{!}} The slow descent of state-run varsities into oblivion in Andhra Pradesh |date=2 June 2023 |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Sumit |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602032058/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/state-run-varsities-slow-descent-into-oblivion/article66917267.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref> [[Koneru Lakshmaiah College of Engineering|KL University]] bagged the 50th rank, while Andhra university bagged the 76th rank in the overall category of India rankings for 2023 as per the national institute ranking framework of the union ministry of education in which 2,478 institutions, including 242 institutions from the state, participated.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NIRF Rankings: only two institutions from Andhra Pradesh figure in top 100 educational institutions |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nirf-rankings-only-two-institutions-from-andhra-pradesh-figure-in-top-100-educational-institutions/article66934394.ece |date=5 June 2023 |access-date=17 June 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612055947/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nirf-rankings-only-two-institutions-from-andhra-pradesh-figure-in-top-100-educational-institutions/article66934394.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref> The gross enrolment ratio (GER) in higher education for the age group 18–23 for the state was at 35.2% for the year 2019–20, which comparing favourably with the GER for all of India at 27.1%. With a female GER of 35.3 and a male GER of 38.2, the [[Gender Parity Index]] was 0.84. The corresponding ratio for India was 1.01.{{Sfn|UGC|2021|p=93}}

There were 510 industrial training institutes (ITI) in 2020–21 in Andhra Pradesh, with 82 under government management and 417 under private management. The total available seats in 2021 were 93,280, out of which 48.90% were filled. In 2020, 10,053 students completed ITI.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Transforming industrial training institutes |publisher=Niti Ayog |year=2023 |pages=30|url=https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-02/ITI_Report_02022023.pdf |access-date=17 June 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420214506/https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-02/ITI_Report_02022023.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The state has 2,510 public libraries, including four regional libraries and 13 district central libraries under government management.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Public library system in Andhra Pradesh: An overview |journal=Library Philosophy and Practice |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=11045&context=libphilprac |last=B |first=Deenadhayalu |date=5 June 2021 |publisher=University of Nebraska – Lincoln |access-date=19 June 2023 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805082011/https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=11045&context=libphilprac |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Saraswata Niketanam]] at [[Vetapalem]] in [[Bapatla district]], one of the oldest libraries established under private management in 1918, is losing its attraction as the Internet spreads.<ref>{{Cite news |title=This 100-year-old library loses its patrons as Internet spreads reach |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2018/dec/31/this-100-year-old-library-loses-its-patrons-as-internet-spreads-reach-1918656.html |date=31 December 2018 |access-date=19 June 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619055648/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2018/dec/31/this-100-year-old-library-loses-its-patrons-as-internet-spreads-reach-1918656.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The government is planning to develop digital libraries at the village panchayat level.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Digital libraries yet to materialise despite funding |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/digital-libraries-yet-to-materialise-despite-funding-769781 |date=19 November 2022 |access-date=19 June 2023 |work=[[The Hans India]] |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619053620/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/digital-libraries-yet-to-materialise-despite-funding-769781 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Media ==

The total number of registered newspapers and periodicals in the state for the years 2020–21 was 5,798. There were 1,645 dailies, 817 weeklies, 2,431 monthlies, and 623 fortnightlies. Telugu dailies number 787 with a circulation of 9,911,005, while English dailies account for 103 with a circulation of 1,646,453.<ref name="pin202021-ch9">{{Cite book |title=Press in India 2020–21 Chapter 9: Press in states and union territories |publisher=RNI |year=2021 |url=https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2020_21/pin2020_21_eng/Chapter%209.pdf |access-date=27 May 2023 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528012037/https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2020_21/pin2020_21_eng/Chapter%209.pdf |url-status=live |page=524 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Telugu newspapers and periodicals in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states: A study |journal=International Journal of Library and Information Studies |url=https://www.ijlis.org/articles/telugu-newspapers-and-periodicals-in-andhra-pradesh-and-telangana-states-a-study.pdf |last1=Dudekula |first1=Dastagiri |last2=KVN |first2=Rajeswara Rao |last3=Kopparthi |first3=Adisesu |issue=4 |volume=8 |year=2018 |issn=2231-4911 |access-date=19 June 2023 |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619041411/https://www.ijlis.org/articles/telugu-newspapers-and-periodicals-in-andhra-pradesh-and-telangana-states-a-study.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Eenadu]]'', ''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]'', and ''[[Andhra Jyothi]]'' are the top three Telugu daily newspapers in terms of circulation in India and are also the top three Telugu news sites.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highest circulated dailies, weeklies & magazines amongst member publications (across languages) |url=http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JJ%202022%20Highest%20Circulated%20%28across%20languages%29.pdf?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te&_x_tr_pto=tc&_x_tr_sch=http |access-date=8 March 2023 |website=Auditbureau |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408045534/http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JJ%202022%20Highest%20Circulated%20(across%20languages).pdf?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te&_x_tr_pto=tc&_x_tr_sch=http |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Webometric analysis of Telugu news paper websites: An evaluative study using Alexa Internet |journal=International Journal of Digital Library Services |last1=KT |first1=Naheem |last2=M |first2=Saraswati Rao |issue=2 |volume=7 |year=2017 |issn=2250-1142}}</ref> BBC Telugu news was launched on 2 October 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |title=BBC to launch Telugu news website |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/BBC-to-launch-Telugu-news-website/article16863732.ece |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=19 June 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619043902/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/BBC-to-launch-Telugu-news-website/article16863732.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-45719172 |title=BBC News తెలుగు: ఒక ఏడాది.. కొన్ని అనుభవాలు |date=2 October 2018 |access-date=19 June 2023 |publisher=BBC |language=te |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619043902/https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-45719172 |url-status=live }}</ref> Several privately owned news media outlets are considered biased towards specific political parties in the state.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tussle-between-media-houses-turns-into-political-battle-in-andhra-pradesh-ahead-of-assembly-elections-jagan-govt-orders-probe-into-margadarsi-chit-fund-irregularities-targeting-eenadu-media-baron-ramoji-rao-101682535932951.html |title=Andhra Pradesh: Tussle between media houses takes political colour |date=27 April 2023 |access-date=27 May 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527113836/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tussle-between-media-houses-turns-into-political-battle-in-andhra-pradesh-ahead-of-assembly-elections-jagan-govt-orders-probe-into-margadarsi-chit-fund-irregularities-targeting-eenadu-media-baron-ramoji-rao-101682535932951.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/warning-to-media-by-andhra-pradesh-government-is-it-a-caste-rivalry/cid/1713295 |title=Warning to media by Andhra Pradesh government: Is it a caste rivalry? |date=21 October 2019 |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=The Telegraph |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527113836/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/warning-to-media-by-andhra-pradesh-government-is-it-a-caste-rivalry/cid/1713295 |url-status=live }}</ref>

There were 23 news channels, 10 general entertainment channels, two health channels, six religious channels, two other channels, and two cable distribution channels, for a total of 45 channels empanelled by the Andhra Pradesh information and public relations department.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ipr.ap.nic.in/tv-rates.html |title=I & PR approved rates towards telecast of TV spots and Scrolls|access-date=27 May 2023 |website=IPR, AP Government |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326000645/https://ipr.ap.nic.in/tv-rates.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{As of |2019|post=,}} [[All India Radio|Akashvani]] previously known as All India Radio, operates 3 MW, 17 FM transmitters from 14 locations in the state. It reaches 99% of the area and 99.5% of the population. Akashvani's FM coverage alone reaches 36% of the area and 45% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://akashvani.gov.in/air/custom-includes/stations.pdf |title=Existing AIR stations |date=1 April 2019 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=[[All India Radio]] |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222105423/https://akashvani.gov.in/air/custom-includes/stations.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Five private operators run 13 FM stations, with [[Red FM 93.5|Red FM]] operating from five locations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mib.gov.in/sites/default/files/388%20operational%20channels.pdf |title=Details of operational private FM radio stations as on 15.08.2022 |date=15 August 2022 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616065842/https://mib.gov.in/sites/default/files/388%20operational%20channels.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Sports ==
{{Main|Sports in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[File:ACA-VDCA stadium at Madhurawada 02.jpg|thumb|[[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]] in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Traditional games of Andhra Pradesh|Traditional games]] played during childhood include ''Dagudu Mootalu'' (Hide and seek), ''[[Tokkudu Billa]]'', ''[[Seven stones|Yedu Penkulata]]'', [[Pallanguzhi|''Vamanaguntalu'']], ''Chadarangam'' ([[Chess]]), ''[[Puli Joodam]]'', [[Ashta Chamma – Board Game|''Ashta Chamma'']], ''Vaikuntapali'' ([[Snakes and ladders]]), [[Nalugu Stambhalata (game)|''Nalugu Stambalata'']], and [[Nalugu Rallu Aata – Game of 4 stones|''Nalugu ralla aata'']].<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2 July 2018 |title=Meet on traditional games concludes |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-07-01/Meet-on-traditional-games-concludes/394219 |access-date=7 August 2023 |work=[[The Hans India]]|archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809111049/https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/null |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Karra Samu|Karra samu]]'' (stick fight) is a traditional martial art form of the state. It is a form of self-defence to prevent thefts and robbery in villages. It is a discipline in the national sports, though it is not recognised for the sports quota category of reservations in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Reviving tradition: Karrasamu returns to Andhra Pradesh's martial arts scene |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/reviving-tradition-karrasamu-returns-to-andhra-pradeshs-martial-arts-scene/article68104887.ece |last=Ganguly |first=Nivedita |date=26 April 2024 |access-date=17 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh is the governing body that looks after the infrastructure development, coaching, and administration of sports promotion schemes.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Boda |first1=Tharun |title=Aim is to make defunct sports arenas available for the public |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/aim-is-to-make-defunct-sports-arenas-available-for-the-public/article66171450.ece |access-date=21 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 November 2022}}</ref> Sports authority of India (SAI) operates three SAI Training centres in Andhra Pradesh {{as of| 2022|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Annual report and audited accounts – SAI |date=2022 |publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India |page=93 |url=https://sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in/sai/public/assets/pdfs/annualreports/2021-22/SAI_AR_English_2021-22.pdf |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> Dr. YSR Sports School, Putlampalli, Kadapa district was selected for upgradation as ''Khelo'' India centre of excellence in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Khelo India may upgrade the facilities in Kadapa's YSR Sports School |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/in-other-news/280621/khelo-india-may-upgrade-the-facilities-in-kadapas-ysr-sports-school.html |access-date=21 August 2024 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=28 June 2021}}</ref> [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium|Andhra Cricket Visakhapatnam District Association cricket Association (ACA-VDCA) stadium]] in Visakhapatnam is known for hosting international cricket matches.<ref>{{cite news |title=ACA-VDCA Stadium bolsters its reputation as a batters' paradise |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/aca-vdca-stadium-bolsters-its-reputation-as-a-batters-paradise/article68025850.ece |access-date=25 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 April 2024}}</ref>

[[Pullela Gopichand]] is a former Indian [[badminton]] player. He won the [[All England Open Badminton Championships]] in 2001, becoming the second Indian to win after [[Prakash Padukone]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=75 years of independence, 75 iconic moments from Indian sports: No 29 – March 11, 2001: Pullela Gopichand wins All-England Championships |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/75-years-independence-iconic-moments-indian-sports-pullela-gopichand-wins-all-england-championships-march-11-2001/article38506915.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 August 2024 |date=29 June 2022}}</ref> [[P. V. Sindhu]] is one of India's most successful athletes, having won medals in major tournaments like the [[Olympic Games|Olympics]] and the [[BWF World Tour|BWF circuit]], including a gold at the [[2019 BWF World Championships|2019 World Championships]]. She is the first Indian to become a badminton world champion and only the second to win two consecutive Olympic medals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 August 2021 |title=PV Sindhu joins select group of repeat medalists with Tokyo 2020 bronze |url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/pv-sindhu-joins-select-group-of-repeat-medalists-with-tokyo-2020-bronze |access-date=1 August 2021 |publisher=International Olympic Committee |archive-date=1 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801170847/https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/pv-sindhu-joins-select-group-of-repeat-medalists-with-tokyo-2020-bronze |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Karnam Malleswari]] is the first female Indian to win an [[Olympic medal]]. She won bronze medal in 69 kg weightlifting event at 2000 Olympics games.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ganguly|first=Meenakshi|date=27 December 2000 |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0%2C8599%2C2054437%2C00.html |access-date=5 January 2013|title= Conversations: 'I did what I could for my country'|magazine= Time|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105183659/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0%2C8599%2C2054437%2C00.html |archive-date=5 January 2013 }}</ref> Srikanth Kidambi, a badminton player, is the first Indian to reach the world championships final in 2021 in the men's singles and win a silver medal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srikanth Kidambi |url=https://olympics.com/en/athletes/srikanth-kidambi |publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=28 October 2022 |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028095843/https://olympics.com/en/athletes/srikanth-kidambi |url-status=live }}</ref> The state secured 16 medals at the 36th national games held in 2022. It was ranked 21st in the competition.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/national-games-ap-settles-with-16-medals-21st-rank/article66002671.ece |title=National games: AP settles with 16 medals, 21st rank |date=12 October 2022 |access-date=28 May 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528061533/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/national-games-ap-settles-with-16-medals-21st-rank/article66002671.ece |url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> The state sportpersons won 11 medals in Tennis, Archery, Badminton, Athletics, Chess and Cricket disciplines in the 19th Asian games held in China in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Asian Games medallists from Andhra Pradesh call on Chief Minister Jagan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/asian-games-medalists-from-andhra-pradesh-call-on-chief-minister-jagan/article67442583.ece |last=GVR |first=Subba Rao |date=20 October 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716102442/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/asian-games-medalists-from-andhra-pradesh-call-on-chief-minister-jagan/article67442583.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The state was ranked at 13th spot in the sixth edition of Khelo India youth games-2023, by winning 27 medals.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sportspersons from Andhra Pradesh win 27 medals, including 7 gold, in Khelo India Youth Games |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sportspersons-from-andhra-pradesh-win-27-medals-including-7-gold-in-khelo-india-youth-games/article67797042.ece |date=31 January 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716102441/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sportspersons-from-andhra-pradesh-win-27-medals-including-7-gold-in-khelo-india-youth-games/article67797042.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Outline of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Disputes between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana]]

{{Clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
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{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links}}

===Government===
* {{Official website}}

===General information===
* {{OSM relation|2022095}}

{{Andhra Pradesh topics}}
{{State agencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{States and union territories of India}}
{{subject bar|Geography|Asia|India|auto=1}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Andhra Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:South India|.]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in India]]

V. O. Chidambaram Pillai

2026-03-28T08:21:05Z

Axis: corrected section for consistency and added references

{{short description|Indian freedom fighter (1872–1919)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = V. O. Chidambaram Pillai
| image = V. O. Chidambaram Pillai.jpg
| birth_name = Vazuvur Olaganathan Chidambaram Pillai
| birth_date = 5 September 1872
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1936|11|18|1872|9|5|df=y}}
| caption = Chidambaram in 1919
| other_names = Kappal Ottiya Tamilzhan, Chekkilutta Chemmal
| birth_place = [[Ottapidaram]], [[Tirunelveli district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Thoothukudi district]], [[Tamil Nadu, India]])}}
| death_place = [[Thoothukudi]], British India
| movement = [[Indian Independence Movement]]
| website =
| organization = [[Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company]]
| spouse = Meenakshi
| children = 4 sons, 4 daughters
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Valliappan Olaganathan Chidambaram Pillai ''' (5 September 1872 - 18 November 1936) was an [[Indian freedom fighter]], lawyer, businessman, Tamil scholar, and politician. He founded the [[Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company]] in 1906 to compete against the monopoly of the [[British India Steam Navigation Company]] (BISNC).<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/swadeshi-ship-on-the-blue-waters-of-tuticorin/article4015532.ece | title=Swadeshi ship on the blue waters of Tuticorin | date=20 October 2012 | access-date=17 August 2014 | author=Manian, Ilasai}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/VOCs-descendants-found-in-dire-straits/articleshow/11236236.cms | title=VOC's descendants found in dire straits | date=25 December 2011 | agency=TNN | access-date=17 August 2014 | author=J, Arockiaraj | location=Madurai}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bharti |first=Sushant |title=Sagar Ke Senani |publisher=National Book Trust |year=2023 |isbn=978-93-549-1673-1 |edition=First |location=New Delhi |pages=38–42 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=VOC scion awaiting help to pursue higher studies|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/voc-scion-awaiting-help-to-pursue-higher-studies/article4763709.ec |work=The Hindu|date=7 June 2013|access-date=22 March 2026}}</ref> He launched the first indigenous Indian shipping service between Tuticorin in British India and Colombo in Ceylon. Once a member of the [[Indian National Congress]], he was later charged with sedition by the British government and sentenced to [[life imprisonment]], and his [[barrister]] license was revoked. He is known by the epithet ''Kappalottiya Tamizhan'' ("Tamil helmsman"). [[Tuticorin Port Trust]], one of India's thirteen major ports, is named after him.

==Early life==
V. O. Chidambaram Pillai was born into a [[Vellalar|Tamil Vellalar]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Patmanāpan̲ |first=Rā. A. |title=V. O. Chidambaram Pillai |publisher=National Book Trust, India |year=1977 |page=19 |language=English |orig-year= |location= |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BX-YY9MNKpoC&q=vellala}}</ref> family in [[Ottapidaram]], Tirunelveli District to Olaganathan Pillai and Paramayee Ammal.<ref name="Dorairaj">{{cite web| url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/09/22/stories/13221102.htm| title=Doyen of Swadeshi shipping| work=[[The Hindu]]| access-date=26 February 2017| author=S. Dorairaj| archive-url=https://archive.today/20141126050421/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/09/22/stories/13221102.htm| archive-date=26 November 2014| url-status=dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref> When Chidambaram was six years old, he learned Tamil from teacher Veeraperumal Annavi. He heard stories about [[Shiva]] from his grandmother and stories from the [[Ramayana]] from his grandfather. He heard stories from [[Mahabharatha]] told by Allikulam Subramanya Pillai etc. In his childhood, he learned horse riding, [[silambattam]], archery, sword fighting and played [[kabaddi]], swimming, [[stilt walking]], wrestling and chess.

He learned English from a Taluk officer named Krishnan Iyyengar in the evenings. When Iyyengar was transferred, Chidambaram Pillai's father built a school for him and appointed Aramvalarthanatha Pillai from [[Ettayapuram]] as the English teacher. The school was run by a priest at Pudhiamuthur. At fourteen, Chidambaram Pillai went to Thoothukudi to continue his studies. He studied at CEOA High School and Caldwell High School and in Thoothukudi at the Hindu College High School, Tirunelveli.

Chidambaram Pillai worked as Taluk office clerk for some time before his father sent him to [[Tiruchirappalli]] to study law. He passed his pleadership exam in 1894, returning to Ottapidaram to become a pleader in 1895.

In Madras, Chidambaram Pillai met Swami [[Ramakrishnananda]], a saint who belonged to [[Swami Vivekananda]] Ashram (monastery), who advised him to serve the nation.

==Political life==

===Background===
{{Main|Indian Independence Movement}}
In the 1890s and 1900s India's independence movement and the [[Swadeshi movement]], which confirms the politic parcel initiated by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] of the Indian National Congress (INC), were at their peak. From 1892 Chidambaram Pillai was influenced by Tilak Maharaj and became his disciple.<ref>''Awakening Indians to India''. Chinmaya Mission (2008). p. 68. {{ISBN|978-8175974340}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|author=Madan Gopal|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/200 200]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> Along with [[Subramanya Siva]] and [[Subramanya Bharathi]], he became a prominent spokesperson for the cause in the [[Madras Presidency]]. Following the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]] in 1905, Chidambaram entered politics, joining the [[Indian National Congress]] and taking a hardliner stance. He also presided at the [[Salem District]] Congress session.

===Companies and institutions===
Chidambaram Pillai established many institutions like Yuvanesh Prachar Sabha, Dharmasanga Nesavu Salai, National Godown, Madras Agro-Industrial Society ltd and Desabimana Sangam. In response to the [[British India Steam Navigation Company]]'s trade monopoly, Chidambaram started an Indian-owned shipping company. He registered the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company in October 1906.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120911231639/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070906/asp/nation/story_8281926.asp ''Karat's war against US''] ''The Telegraph'', Retrieved 2 March 2012</ref><ref name="Hindu">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Fitting-tribute-to-VOC/article15450751.ece | title=Fitting Tribute to V.O.C. | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=19 February 2011 | access-date=26 February 2017 | author=Praveen Paul Joseph | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125234428/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/19/stories/2011021951560300.htm | archive-date=25 January 2013 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The capital of the company was ten lakh rupees. The number of shares was 40,000 and the face value of each share was Rs. 25/-.<ref name=Hindu/> Any Asian could become a shareholder. The director of the company was [[Pandithurai Thevar|Pandi Thurai Thevar]], Zamindar of [[Palavanatham]] and the founder of "[[Madurai Tamil Sangam]]". Haji Pakkir Mohammed Rowther Sait paid {{INR}} 200,000 and purchased 8000 shares of the company, becoming its secretary.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/opinion/letters/22269-.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213182446/https://www.hindutamil.in/amp/news/opinion/letters/22269-.html | archive-date=13 February 2024 | title=வ.உ.சி-க்கு உதவிய இஸ்லாமிய அன்பர் | date=20 November 2014 }}</ref>

VOC travelled across Tamil Nadu to raise funds, and the [[Vanniyar]] Kshatriya community people contributed nearly 75% of the total funds raised. Many of their names are recorded in the old donor lists (as in the documents shown)

In the beginning, the Company owned no ships, instead leasing them from Shawline Steamers Company. The B.I.S.N.C. pressured Shawline Steamers to cancel the lease; in response, Chidambaram Pillai leased a single large freighter from Sri Lanka. Realizing the need for the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company to own its own vessels, Chidambaram Pillai travelled around India selling shares in the company to raise capital. He vowed, "I will come back with ships. Otherwise I will perish in the sea". He managed to secure sufficient funds to purchase the company's first ship, the [[SS Gallia|S.S. ''Gallia'']];<ref>M. Soundarapandian; ''Environment, Degradation And Rural Poverty'', Discovery Publishing House 2005, p44</ref> shortly afterwards, they were able to acquire the S.S. ''Lavo'' from France. In response to the new competition, the B.I.S.N.C. reduced the fare per trip to Re.1 (16 annas) per head. The S.S.N.C responded by offering a fare of Re.0.5 (8 Annas). The British company went further by offering a free trip to the passengers with a free umbrella; however, nationalist sentiment meant that the free service was underused. The B.I.S.N.C. attempted to buy out Chidambaram, but he refused the deal. The ships commenced regular service between [[Tuticorin]] and [[Colombo]] (Sri Lanka) against opposition from British traders and the [[British India|Imperial Government]].

===Coral Mill strike===
{{Main|Tinnevely Riot of 1908}}
On 23 February 1908 Chidambaram Pillai gave a speech at Thoothukudi, encouraging the workers at Coral Mill (now part of Madura Coats) to protest against their low wages and harsh working conditions. Four days later, the workers of the Coral Mill went on strike led by Subramanya Siva and Chidambaram himself. Their demands included incremental earnings, weekly holidays and other leave facilities.

Chidambaram ensured the strike was widely publicised, and it quickly gained popular support. On 6 March the head clerk Subramanya Pillai met Chidambaram and said that the management was ready to concede their demands. Chidambaram went with 50 workers and met the managers, who agreed to increase the wages, to reduce the working hours and to give leave on Sundays. The workers went back after a nine-day strike. The outcome of the strike encouraged the workers of other European companies, who also gained increased wages and better treatment. [[Sri Aurobindo]] appreciated Chidambaram and Siva for the unequalled skill and courage with which the fight was conducted in his Vande Mataram daily on 13 March 1908.

==Arrest and imprisonment==
[[File:Grinding mill VOC2.JPG|thumb|V. O. C. yoked oil press kept now at [[Gandhi Mandapam (Chennai)|Gandhi Mandapam]] [[Guindy]]]]

By 1908, Chidambaram's political involvement drew the attention of the British. Hearing of his intention to speak at a rally celebrating the release of Bengali leader [[Bipin Chandra Pal]], Winch, a British official invited Chidambaram to meet him in Thirunelveli with his political comrade Subramanya Siva. At the meeting, Winch expressed concern about Chidambaram's activities and asked him to give assurances that he would not participate in any political revolt. Chidambaram refused to accept his conditions, so he and Siva were arrested on 12 March 1908. The arrest was followed by widespread protest. In Thirunelveli shops, schools and colleges were closed in protest, and rioting broke out. The Thirunelveli municipal office, post offices, police stations and municipal courts were attacked. A general strike was declared in Thoothukudi, which was ''the first political strike in India''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sampath |first1=R. N. |last2=Mani |first2=Pe. Su. |title=V.O. Chidambaram Pillai |date=2017 |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=9788123025575 |url=https://archive.org/details/vochidambarampil00samp/page/69/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref> Public meetings and processions were held, and four people were killed by the police.

Although his supporters were able to raise sufficient funds for bail, Chidambaram refused to leave the jail without the release of Siva and his other comrades. Subramanya Bharathi and Subramanya Siva also appeared in the court for questioning for the case instituted against Chidambaram. He was charged under sections 123-A and 153-A of the [[Indian Penal Code]] for speaking against the British and giving shelter to Siva. Chidambaram refused to take part in the proceedings. He was charged with sedition, and a sentence of two life imprisonments (in effect forty years) was imposed. He was confined in the [[Central Prison, Coimbatore]] from 9 July 1908 to 1 December 1910. The judgement was widely condemned in the popular press, with even the British ''Statesmen'' magazine claiming that it was unjust. Chidambaram appealed the sentence in [[Madras High Court|High Court]], gaining a reduced punishment of four years imprisonment and six years in exile. An appeal to the Privy Council led to a further reduction in sentence.

Chidambaram was interned in Coimbatore and Kannanoor jail. He was not treated as a political prisoner, nor was the sentence ''de facto'' of simple imprisonment; rather, he was treated as a convict sentenced to life imprisonment and required to do hard labour, which caused his health to suffer.<ref name=heroes>{{cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/v-o-chidambaram-pillai.html|title=Famous Indians: V. O. Chidambaram Pillai|work=iloveindia.com|access-date=29 May 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126060507/http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/v-o-chidambaram-pillai.html|archive-date=26 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Historian and Tamil scholar R. A. Padmanabhan later noted in his works that Chidambaram was "yoked (in place of bulls) to the oil press like an animal and made to work it in the cruel hot sun....".<ref name="Dorairaj"/> From prison Chidambaram continued correspondence, maintaining a steady stream of legal petitions. He was finally released on 12 December 1912. To his dismay, the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company had already been liquidated in 1911, and the ships were auctioned to their competitors. The company's first ship, the ''SS Gallia,'' was sold to the British Shipping Company.

== Later life and death ==
Upon Chidambaram's release he was not permitted to return to Tirunelveli district. With his law license stripped from him, he moved to [[Chennai]] with his wife and two young sons. There he ran a provisions store and a kerosene store. Chidambaram had a long correspondence with Gandhi, not yet Mahatma, from 1915 to 1920. In 1915, when Gandhi visited [[Chennai]] (Madras then), both had met. Some people in South Africa of Indian origin had collected money to help Chidambaram and transmitted the amount through Gandhi. However, Chidambaram did not receive the money. He had some lengthy correspondence with Gandhi on the subject. In one instance Gandhi wrote a postcard to Chidambaram in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] with his own hand. Chidambaram was delighted on seeing the postcard and, for a moment, forgot about the money dispute.<ref name="A. R. Venkatachalapathy">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/01/26/stories/2003012600160200.htm|title=When Gandhi visited Madras|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 January 2003|author=A. R. Venkatachalapathy|access-date=26 February 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141127045450/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/01/26/stories/2003012600160200.htm|archive-date=27 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, on 4 February 1916, Chidamabaram wrote to a friend, "Rs. 347-12-0 has come from Sriman Gandhi."<ref name="A. R. Venkatachalapathy"/>

In 1920, Chidambaram quit the Indian National Congress, citing ideological differences with [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. He focused his efforts on establishing [[Trades union|labor unions]] in Madras and on writing. After moving to Coimbatore, Chidambaram worked as a bank manager. Dissatisfied with the income, he petitioned the court, seeking permission to practice law again. Judge E.H. Wallace gave permission to restore Chidambaram's pleadership license; to show his gratitude Chidambaram named his last son Valacewaran. Chidambaram moved to [[Kovilpatti]] and practiced as a lawyer. He rejoined the Congress Party in 1927 and presided over the third political conference held at Salem. He said that he wanted to join Congress again because he noticed a remarkable change in the policies of Congress and was happy to note that the policies of which he did not approve were withdrawn one by one. However, after the Salem conference Chidambaram again severed his contact with Congress. In 1929 he moved to Thoothukudi, where he spent his time writing and publishing Tamil books. By 1935, he had written commentary on the first book of the [[Tirukkural]] ([[Book of Aram|Book of Virtue]]) and was published under a different title. However, it was only in 2008 that the complete work of his commentary on the Kural was published. Chidambaram Pillai spent his final years in poverty. He died on 18 November 1936 at the Tuticorin office of the Indian National Congress.<ref name=heroes /><ref>{{Cite web|title=VALLINAYAGAM OLAGANATHAN CHIDAMBARAM PILLAI|url=http://indianculture.gov.in/node/2790437|access-date=2021-12-11|website=INDIAN CULTURE|language=en}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
* ''[[Meyyaram]]'' 1914
* ''Meyyarivu ''1915
* ''Anthology'' 1915
* ''Autobiography'' 1946
* ''Many articles in various magazines''
* ''Translation works''
* Literary notes (commentary) on the ''[[Tirukkural]]''
* ''[[Thirukural]]'' with literary notes of Manakudavar 1917
* ''[[Tolkappiam]]'' with literary notes of Ilampooranar 1928

== Legacy and honours ==
[[File:VO Chidambaram Pillai 1972 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Chidambaram Pillai on a 1972 stamp of India]]
Posthumously, Chidambaram is known by the titles ''[[Kappalottiya Thamizhan]]'' ("the Tamizhan who drove the ship") and "Chekkiluththa Chemmal" ("a great man who pulled the oil press in jail for the sake of his people"). His ship is situated near [[Marina Beach]]. The [[Indian Postal Service|Indian Posts & Telegraphs]] department of India issued a special postage stamp on 5 September 1972, on the occasion of his birth centenary.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://istampgallery.com/v-o-chidambaram-pillai/|title=Postage stamp of V. O. Chidambaram Pillai by India Post|website=istampgallery.com|date=5 September 1972 }}</ref>

Many statues of Chidambaram have been commissioned; some of the more notable are:
* At the entrance of the Congress committee office, [[Royapettah]], [[Chennai]] (1939).
* At the arch of [[Palayamkottai]], [[Tirunelveli]].
* At Marina beach, Chennai. (unveiled at the World Tamil Conference).
* At the port, Thoothukudi. (unveiled by [[Indira Gandhi]], the former Prime Minister).
* At the Entrance of Kattu Paramakudi (V.O.C. Mahal) unveiled at 18 November 2012. By Tamil Nadu V.O.C Peravai, Ramanathapuram District.
* At Simmakkal, Madurai (unveiled by [[M. G. Ramachandran]], former chief minister of Tamil Nadu).
* At the commemorative building of V.O.C., Tirunelveli. (unveiled by [[J. Jayalalithaa]], former chief minister of Tamil Nadu).
* The Tuticorin Port was rechristened as V.O. Chidambaranar Port Trust by [[Manmohan Singh]], former Prime Minister and [[G.K. Vasan]], Union Minister of Shipping. In 2022, it was again renamed as [[V.O. Chidambaranar Port Authority]] by [[Government of India]].
* At Theni district (Chinnamanur center place) & Bodi & (Chilamarathupatti-Bus stand) & (Putthipuram-Bus stand) & Vadipatti by the Saiva [[Vellalar]] Community to which V.O Chidambaram Pillai Belongs.

M.P. Sivagnanam, popularly known as [[Ma. Po. Si.]], wrote a biography of Chidambaram titled ''Kappalottiya Tamizhan''. Later Chidambaram was remembered as 'Kappalottiya Thamizhan'. Ma. Po. Si. brought the fame of Chidambaram to the limelight. Books written by Ma. Po. Si. on V.O. Chidambaram Pillai are ''Kappalottiya Thamizhan'' (1944), ''Kappalottiya Chidambaranar'' (1972) and ''Thalapathy Chidambaranar'' (1950). R.A. Padmanabhan, popularly known as Bharathi Aringnyar. He has written an authenticated biography of V.O. Chidambaram Pillai in English printed and published by the National Book Trust in 1977. R A P gives a greater insight into the life of Chidambaram Pillai focussing Chidambaram Pillai's achievement as the pioneer of Swadeshi Shipping company.

In 1961 Kannada film director B.R. Panthalu made a film of Chidambaram's life titled ''[[Kappalottiya Thamizhan]]''. Chidambaram was portrayed by [[Sivaji Ganesan]], Subramanya Siva by [[T. K. Shanmugam]] and Subramanya Barathi by [[S. V. Subbaiah]]. The story of this movie is based on [[Ma. Po. Si.]]'s biography 'Kappalottiya Tamizhan'. In [[Bharathi (2000 film)]] interactions between V.O.Chidambaram Pillai and Subramania Bharathiyar and life chronicles of V O Chidambaram Pillai is available. In [[RRR (film)|RRR]] film, he was featured and honoured in a song named Ettara Jenda (Koelae).<ref>{{cite news|title=RRR 'கோலே' பாடலில் கப்பலோட்டிய தமிழன். சுதந்திர போராட்ட வீரர்களை சூப்பரா பெருமைப்படுத்திய ராஜமெளலி!|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/amphtml/news/tamil-freedom-fighter-vo-chidambaram-pillai-also-honoured-in-rrr-koelae-video-song-093540.html}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|V. O. Chidambaram Pillai}}
* [http://tamilnation.org/hundredtamils/voc.htm V.O. Chidambaram Pillai – One Hundred Tamils of 20th Century]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070310212501/http://www.sanmargroup.com/Newsmain/Matrix/Dec2001/LegVOCD01.htm V.O. Chidambaram Pillai – Heroes of the South]
* [http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/V/V.%20O.%20CHIDAMBARAM%20PILLAI Stamp on V.O.C by Indian Postal Department]
* [http://www.saivaneri.org/images/great-pillais/Ship-Owner-V.O.Chidambaram-Pillai.jpg V.O.C.'S original photo]

{{Authority control}}

{{Indian Independence Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, V O Chidambaram}}
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[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Thoothukudi district]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in shipping]]
[[Category:Tamil lawyers]]
[[Category:Tamil trade unionists]]
[[Category:Swadeshi activists]]
[[Category:People convicted of sedition]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Tirukkural commentators]]

[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]

[[Category:Indian independence activists|*]]

Haimabati Sen

2026-03-17T06:52:13Z

Axis: basic rework citations to improve readability also

{{short description|Indian physician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Haimabati Sen
| image = HaimabatiSen.png
| alt = An older South Asian woman, wearing a sari.
| caption =
| other_names = Haimabati Ghosh Mitra Sen
| birth_name = Haimabati Ghosh
| birth_date = 1866
| birth_place = Kulna district, [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 5 August 1933
| death_place =
| occupation = Physician
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse(s) = Kunjabihari Sen (m.1890)
| relatives =
}}

'''Haimabati Sen''' (1866 – 5 August 1933)<ref name="Sansad">{{cite book | title=Sansad Bengali Charitabhidhan Vol.I| publisher= Sahitya Sansad,Kolkata | author= Subodh Kumar Sengupta & Anjali Bose | year=2016 | pages=883 | isbn=978-81-7955-135-6}}</ref> born '''Haimabati Ghosh''', was an Indian physician.

== Early life ==
Haimabati Ghosh was born in the [[Khulna District|Khulna district]], [[Bengal Presidency]] (now Bangladesh). Her father was a [[zamindar]], a wealthy member of the [[Kulin Kayastha]] caste.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Sen|first=Indrani|date=2012|title=Resisting Patriarchy: Complexities and Conflicts in the Memoir of Haimabati Sen|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23214502|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=47|issue=12|pages=55–62; quotes from pages 55 and 57|jstor=23214502|issn=0012-9976}}</ref> As a very young widow, she trained as a teacher in Benares. After her second marriage, she attended the [[Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital|Campbell Medical College]] in Calcutta,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Forbes|first=Geraldine Hancock|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ClNEJwXLNQIC&q=Haimabati+Sen&pg=PA146|title=Women in Colonial India: Essays on Politics, Medicine, and Historiography|date=2005|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-8028-017-7|pages=146|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Sujata|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199468225.001.0001/acprof-9780199468225|title=Gender, Medicine, and Society in Colonial India: Women's Health Care in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Bengal|date=2017-01-05|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-946822-5|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199468225.001.0001}}</ref> and graduated at the top of her class in 1894.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Chattopadhyay|first=Anjana|url=https://nbtindia.gov.in/writereaddata/freebooks/pdf/Women%20Scientists%20in%20India.pdf|title=Women Scientists in India: Lives, Struggles & Achievements|date=2018|publisher=National Book Trust, India|isbn=978-81-237-8144-0|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sen was a physician at the Lady Dufferin Women's Hospital in [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] from 1894 to 1910,<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-17|title=Book on India's premier women doctors|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/womenia/book-on-indias-premier-women-doctors-573289|access-date=2020-10-19|website=The Hans India|language=en}}</ref> and had a private practice in [[Hugli-Chuchura|Chinsurah]], until her death in the early 1930s.<ref name=":2" /> She wrote a "valuable"<ref name=":0" /> memoir in the 1920s, detailing her own struggles and her concerns for all young women: "Do I have to suffer all this simply because I am a woman? Would anyone have inflicted so much suffering on a man? Why are they so worried as to whose wife I am or whose daughter?"<ref name=":0" /> Her memoir was translated from [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and published in English many years later, in 2000.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Haimabati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-XaAAAAMAAJ|title=The Memoirs of Dr. Haimabati Sen: From Child Widow to Lady Doctor|date=2000|publisher=Roli Books|isbn=978-81-7436-090-8|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Haimabati Ghosh married twice. She was first married at age 9, to a widower with two daughters; a year later, she was a child widow. Without the support of her husband, parents, brothers, or in-laws, she sought assistance at a widows' house in Benares, and joined the [[Brahmo Samaj]] community.{{cn|date=December 2020}} In 1890, she married again, to Kunjabehari Sen. They had five children together. Haimabati Sen died in 1932 (or 1933),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Haimabati Ghosh Mitra Sen|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100454376|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Oxford Reference|language=en}}</ref> in her sixties.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Subject bar|portal1=Biography}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Haimabati}}
[[Category:Medical doctors from British India]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:People from Rupsa Upazila]]
[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1933 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian women memoirists]]
[[Category:Indian memoirists]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Khulna Division]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women medical doctors]]

Kambakkht Ishq

2026-03-03T11:52:49Z

Axis: enhance details and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|2009 film by Sabbir Khan}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kambakkht Ishq
| image = KambakkhtIshq.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sabbir Khan]]
| producer = [[Sajid Nadiadwala]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Sabbir Khan [[Ishita Moitra|Ishita Moitra]] Kiran Kotrial {{infobox | decat=yes | child=yes | label1=Dialogues by | data1=[[Anvita Dutt Guptan]]}}
| based_on = ''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]'' by Crazy Mohan
| story = [[Crazy Mohan]]
| starring = [[Akshay Kumar]] [[Kareena Kapoor]] [[Aftab Shivdasani]] [[Amrita Arora]] [[Javed Jaffrey]] [[Kirron Kher]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Anu Malik]] '''Bonus Track and Background Score:''' [[Salim–Sulaiman]] '''Guest Composers:''' [[RDB (Rhythm Dhol Bass)|RDB]]
| cinematography = Vikas Sivaraman
| editing = Nitin Rokade
| studio = [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|07|03|India}}
| runtime = 135 minutes<ref>{{cite news|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|title=Eat popcorn, forget logic: Akshay Kumar |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Eat-popcorn-forget-logic-Akshay-Kumar/articleshow/4706167.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=2009-07-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628150044/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Eat-popcorn-forget-logic-Akshay-Kumar/articleshow/4706167.cms |archive-date=28 June 2009 }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}650 million<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-40790620090703|title=Bollywood meets Hollywood in 'Kambakkht Ishq'|website=reuters.com|date=3 July 2009|author=Shilpa Jamkhandiker}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR}}840 million
}}

'''''Kambakkht Ishq''''' (originally released in the United States as '''''Incredible Love''''')<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.traileraddict.com/incredible-love/international-trailer|title = Incredible Love ( Kambakkht Ishq) International Trailer (2009)|date = 8 April 2009}}</ref> is a 2009 Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Sabbir Khan]] and produced by [[Sajid Nadiadwala]]. The film is based on the 2002 Tamil film ''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/11105/bollywood-borrows-southern-spice-kambakkht.html|title=Bollywood borrows southern spice for 'Kambakkht Ishq', 'Short Kut'|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kambakkht Ishq inspired by a Tamil movie?|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archives/kambakkht-ishq-inspired-by-a-tamil-movie/article1-427314.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141214095912/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archives/kambakkht-ishq-inspired-by-a-tamil-movie/article1-427314.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2014|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=1 July 2009}}</ref> which in turn was based on the 1999 film ''[[The Bachelor (1999 film)|The Bachelor]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/14-hollywood-inspired-kamal-haasan-movies/etphotostory/92260775.cms | title=19 International films Inspired Kamal Haasan movies…? | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=16 June 2022 }}</ref> The film stars [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]] in the lead roles, alongside [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Amrita Arora]], [[Jaaved Jaaferi|Jaaved Jaafrey]] and [[Kirron Kher]] in supporting roles. [[Sylvester Stallone]], [[Denise Richards]], [[Brandon Routh]], [[Whoopi Goldberg]], and [[Holly Valance]] appear as themselves in cameos.<ref name="Filming">{{cite news | author=Bollywood Hungama News Network | title=Sylvester Stallone shoots for Kambakht Ishq | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/slideshows/slideshow-all-that-will-happen-on-kbc-this-holi/2008/ | work=[[Bollywood Hungama|IndiaFM]] | access-date=2008-07-24 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204161328/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/slideshow/2008/07/24/263/ | archive-date=4 February 2009}}</ref>

Initially scheduled to release in December 2008,<ref>{{cite news | author=Adarsh, Taran | title=Eros' impressive line up for 2008 | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/2008-30-screens-in-u-k/ | work=[[Bollywood Hungama|IndiaFM]] | access-date=2008-02-16}}</ref> the film was postponed due to extensive production work and was released on 3 July 2009. It was a moderate success at the box-office.

A [[mobile video game]] based on the film was released by ASTPL.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kambakkht Ishq |url=https://phoneky.com/games/?id=j3j88614 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=phoneky.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
When stuntman Viraj Shergill and medical student Simrita Rai come across each other at his brother Lucky's and her best friend Kamini Sandhu's hastily planned wedding ceremony, they instantly develop a dislike for each other. Both have a very low opinion of the opposite sex, and staunchly believe marriage is not the way to go for the two newlyweds, whom they try to discourage from proceeding further.

Simrita convinces Kamini to test out her theory that men are after only one thing, by forcing Lucky to delay their marriage vows for three months. She is sure, Lucky will not be able to do so and this will prove to Kamini that Lucky was just another man, like all others, and her claims of him being different from most men are unfounded. Viraj, upon hearing about this new development, tries to do the exact opposite. This results in a hilarious scene at a local disco bar, where Viraj lures Kamini with the hope of her finding Lucky with a "girlfriend" that he has planted in the lap of Lucky in order to make Kamini jealous. The plan backfires because of a police raid and Kamini and Lucky end up in divorce court where the judge puts them on a three-month probation and marriage counselling. Simrita keeps on telling Kamini that all men are the same and that all they want is sex. Lucky tries to make love with Kamini but she never lets him come near her.

Meanwhile, Simrita and Viraj keep bumping into each other when they both travel to [[Italy]] independently; the former to make some quick cash as a model to pay her medical bills, and the latter, with Lucky, to chill out and take a vacation from all of the marital stress Lucky has been facing back home. Upon returning home, Simrita is given a watch pendant by her aunt Dolly to wear as a good luck charm. The pendant hangs from a bracelet on her wrist. Viraj gets seriously hurt in an accident at work and is brought for emergency surgery to the hospital where Simrita is an intern. Much to each other's irritation, Simrita is given the charge to perform surgery on Viraj. After the surgery, while looking at the X-rays, she is horrified to discover that the watch on her wrist has accidentally ended up in Viraj's stomach.

Simrita tries various ways of getting the watch out. During one such process, which fails, it becomes clear that Simrita is bitter about her perceived unfaithfulness of the two most prominent men from her childhood: her divorced father and her elder sister's ex-husband. By this time, Viraj is secretly beginning to fall in love with Simrita. Several days later, Simrita is successful in removing the watch from Viraj's stomach. Following the surgery, Viraj overhears the truth and leaves. Several days later, he proposes to [[Denise Richards]] in an attempt to forget about Simrita. Upon realising her mistake, Simrita helps Lucky and Kamini reconcile and decides to confess her love for Viraj at the wedding ceremony. At first, Denise is upset but then tells Viraj to go to Simrita. The two embrace and go off together in the car sharing a few passionate kisses.

== Cast ==
{{div col}}
* [[Akshay Kumar]] as Viraj Shergill
* [[Kareena Kapoor]] as Simrita "Sim" Rai a.k.a. Bebo
* [[Aftab Shivdasani]] as Lucky Shergill, Tiger’s and Viraj's brother
* [[Amrita Arora]] as Kamini Sandhu, Simrita's friend
* [[Javed Jaffrey]] as Keswani
* [[Kirron Kher]] as Dolly Bindra, Simrita and Nimrita's aunt
* [[Vindu Dara Singh]] as Gulshan "Tiger" Shergill, Viraj's and Lucky’s brother
* [[Rajesh Khera]] as Dr. Ali
* Kahkashan Patel as Nimrita "Nim" Rai, Simrita's sister
* [[Ashwin Mushran]] as Parmeet Sandhu, Kamini's brother

'''Cameos appearances'''
* [[Boman Irani]] as Dr. Sachin Mishra (ENT doctor)
* [[Whoopi Goldberg]] as Herself
* [[Brandon Routh]] as Himself
* [[Denise Richards]] as Herself
* [[Sylvester Stallone]] as Himself
* [[Holly Valance]] as Herself
{{div col end}}

==Production==
===Development and writing===
In November 2007, producer [[Sajid Nadiadwala]] signed on [[Akshay Kumar]] to play the lead role in his film.<ref>{{cite web | author = IndiaFM News Bureau | title = Sajid Nadiadwala's Kambakth Ishq stars Akshay | date = 5 January 2008 | url = https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/2007-30-screens-in-u-k/ | publisher = IndiaFM | access-date = 2008-06-26 }}</ref> Later that month [[Kareena Kapoor]] was signed on to play the female lead.<ref name="New">{{cite web | author = Bollywood Trade News Network | title = Kareena-Akshay in Sajid's KAMBAKTH ISHQ | url = http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/07/nov/19-akshay-kumar-kareena-kambakth-ishq-sabir-khan-sajid-jab-we-met-110706.asp | publisher=glamsham.com | access-date=2008-01-08 }}</ref> It is the seventh time Kumar and Kapoor are paired on-screen. Kumar plays a Hollywood stuntman in the film<ref name="Pre-production">{{cite web | author=IndiaFM News Bureau | title=Arnold Schwarzenegger and Beyoncé in Kambakth Ishq | url = https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/2008-30-screens-in-u-k/ | publisher = IndiaFM | access-date = 2008-01-08 }}</ref> and Kapoor plays a up-and-coming model.<ref>{{cite web | author=Screen Weekly | title="I play a high society girl in Kambhakht Ishq" – Kareena Kapoor | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/12/24/3384/index.html | publisher=IndiaFM | access-date=2007-12-24 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217114635/http://bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/12/24/3384/index.html | archive-date=17 February 2008}}</ref> According to Nadiadwala, "It will be an international love story on a lavish scale."<ref name="New" />

The project was originally expected to commence filming in January 2008 in Los Angeles with nine actors from Hollywood<ref name="New" /> but due to extensive pre-production work on the film, it was later shifted to May 2008.<ref name="Production">{{cite news | author=TNN | title=Sajid signs on Arnie & Beyoncé | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Sajid-signs-on-Arnie-Beyonce/articleshow/2680361.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021025926/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-08/news-interviews/27775621_1_sajid-nadiadwala-magnum-opus-filmfare-power-list | url-status=live | archive-date=21 October 2012 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=2008-01-08 | date=8 January 2008 | author-link=Times News Network}}</ref> Reports indicated that actor and politician [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] was signed on to do a cameo and that the film would feature a performance by singer and actress [[Beyoncé]].<ref name="Production" /> [[Prashant Shah]], line producer of ''Kambakkht Ishq'' in L.A. commented, "We are in talks with Beyoncé and we have also received a letter from Arnold's office...Things will be confirmed shortly and we will be making a formal announcement when that happens."<ref name="Pre-production" /> It was later reported that neither star would be appearing in the film.<ref name="Hollywood">{{cite web | author=Ramani, Nithya | title=Stallone was very impressed with Indians | url= http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/31sajid.htm | work=[[Rediff.com]] | access-date=2008-08-09 }}</ref>

In March 2008, Nadiadwala announced that "this would be the first Indian film to be shot within [[Universal Studios Hollywood|Universal Studios]]."<ref>{{cite web | author=Jha, Subhash K | title=Sajid Nadiadwala takes Akshay Kumar to Hollywood | url=http://www.indiafm.com/features/2008/03/14/3676/index.html | publisher=IndiaFM | access-date=2008-06-26 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618230726/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2008/03/14/3676/index.html | archive-date=18 June 2008}}</ref> However, when a [[Universal Studios Hollywood#Back lot fire|fire broke out on the backlot of Universal Studios]] on 1 June 2008, the shooting of the film was expected to be delayed. But the producer indicated, "so far the area where we are supposed to shoot remains unaffected. So for now, we are proceeding on schedule."<ref>{{cite web | author=Jha, Subhash K | title=Fire rages at Universal Studios, Akshay's Kambhakt Ishq gets Signed | url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/kambakkht-ishq-is-an-illogical-film-akshay-kumar_100209772.html | publisher=ThaIndian.com | access-date=2008-06-26 | archive-date=24 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124082357/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/kambakkht-ishq-is-an-illogical-film-akshay-kumar_100209772.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Later that month, the cast finally began filming for the project in Los Angeles, California, where pivotal scenes were shot at the [[Kodak Theatre]] and Universal Studios.<ref name="Filming" /> In August 2008, reports had indicated that the film was 50–60% complete and the cast would continue filming for the project in [[Venice]], Italy.<ref>{{cite web | author=Bhandari, Rohini | title=Kambakkht Ishq 50% complete by 5 Aug; next shoot in Italy | url=http://businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=9309 | publisher=BusinessofCinema.com | access-date=2008-08-09}}</ref> After completing their overseas schedule, the production team later headed to shoot in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref>{{cite news | author=Das, Chuman | title=Bebo's Bikini Obsession Continues | url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3703912.cms | publisher=Indiatimes | access-date=2008-11-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110150932/http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3703912.cms | archive-date=10 January 2009 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

During December 2008, reports surfaced indicating that Kumar and Kapoor would appear alongside [[Carmen Electra]] in a promotional music video for the film.<ref>{{cite news | author=Jha, Subhash K | title=Electric jugalbandi | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Electric-jugalbandi/articleshow/3776114.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025161306/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-01/news-interviews/27935180_1_music-video-kambakht-ishq-kareena-kapoor | url-status=live | archive-date=25 October 2012 | access-date=2008-12-04 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=1 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author=Sharma, Mandvi | title=It is still an Indian film | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Its-still-an-Indian-film/articleshow/3793075.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025161312/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-05/news-interviews/27946215_1_indian-film-sylvester-stallone-indian-audience | url-status=live | archive-date=25 October 2012 | access-date=2008-12-04 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=5 December 2008}}</ref> In February 2009, Nadiadwala announced that Electra wouldn't be appearing in the music video and was replaced by the music group [[RDB (Rhythm Dhol Bass)|RDB]]. According to Nadiadwala, "It is not a music video but a song that we will use as an integral part of the film. It will occur close to the film's interval. It will also be the first promotional song."<ref>{{cite web | author=Jha, Subhash K | title=Sajid Nadiadwala spends 1.5 Crores on a song in Kambakth Ishq | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2009-2/ | publisher=IndiaFM | access-date=2009-03-03 }}</ref> The first trailer of the film was shown alongside the release of Jehangir Surti's film ''[[Aa Dekhen Zara]]'' (2009).<ref>{{cite web | author=Adarsh, Taran | title='Kambakkht Ishq' promo rocks | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2009-2/ | publisher=IndiaFM | access-date=2009-03-27 }}</ref>

==Music==
===Soundtrack===
{{Infobox album
| name = Kambakkht Ishq: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anu Malik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption =
| released = 13 June 2009 (India)
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 41:03
| label = [[Sony Music]]
| producer = [[Anu Malik]]
| prev_title = [[Teree Sang]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title = [[Toonpur Ka Super Hero]]
| next_year = 2010
}}
The music was composed by [[Anu Malik]], with RDB and [[Salim–Sulaiman]] as guest composers.

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Om Mangalam
| extra1= [[RDB (Rhythm Dhol Bass)|RDB]] & Nindy Kaur
| length1 = 4:22
| music1 = RDB
| lyrics1=

| title2 = Lakh Lakh
| extra2 = [[Neeraj Shridhar]]
| length2 = 5:15
| music2 = [[Anu Malik]]
| lyrics2 =

| title3 = Bebo
| extra3 = [[Alisha Chinai]], [[Suzanne D'Mello]], [[Anushka Manchanda]]
| length3 = 4:19
| music3 = Anu Malik
| lyrics3 =

| title4 = Kambakkht Ishq
| extra4 = [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|KK]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length4 = 4:51
| music4 = Anu Malik
| lyrics4 =

| title5 = Kyun
| extra5 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] & [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length5 = 5:29
| music5= Anu Malik
| lyrics5=

| title6= Om Mangalam
| note6 = Reprise
| extra6= RDB, Nindy Kaur
| length6 = 4:35
| music6= RDB
| lyrics6 =

| title7 = Lakh Lakh
| note7 = Electro Dhol House Remix
| extra7 = Eric Pillai, [[Benny Dayal]]
| length7 = 4:02
| music7 = Anu Malik
| lyrics7 =

| title8 = Bebo
| note8 = Club Mix
| extra8 = Kilogram K & G
| length8 = 3:38
| music8 = Anu Malik
| lyrics8 =

| title9 = Kambakkht Ishq
| note9 = Remix
| extra9 = Kilogram K & G
| length9 = 4:00
| music9 = Anu Malik
| lyrics9 =

| title10 = Kyun
| note10 = Female – Reprise
| extra10 = Shreya Ghoshal
| length10 = 4:30
| music10 = Anu Malik
| lyrics10 =

| title11 = Welcome To Hollywood
| extra11 = Karsh Kale, Anushka Manchanda
| length11 = 2:11
| music11 = [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| lyrics11 =
}}

==Reception==
===Box office===
Before the film's worldwide release of 3 July 2009, advance bookings for ''Kambakkht Ishq'' officially commenced from 28 June onwards to positive response from the public.<ref>{{cite news | author=TNN | title=A 'kambakkht' hit! | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/A-kambakkht-hit/articleshow/4715516.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025161317/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-30/news-interviews/28201045_1_cinema-halls-booking-entertainer | url-status=live | archive-date=25 October 2012 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=2009-07-07 | date=30 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author=TNN | title=Kambakkht Ishq shatters all records! | url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Kambakkht-Ishq-shatters-all-records/articleshow/4740587.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025161342/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-06/news-interviews/28202130_1_kambakkht-ishq-shatters-ki | url-status=live | archive-date=25 October 2012 | access-date=2009-07-07 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=6 July 2009}}</ref> The film grossed over [[Indian rupee|Rs]] 10 million from its 125 advanced paid previews shown on Thursday [2 July 2009] night.<ref name="Preview">{{cite web | author=Boxofficeindia.Com Trade Network | title=Kambakkht Ishq Grosses 8.50 Crore on Day One | url=http://boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=991&nCat=news | publisher=BoxOffice India.com | access-date=2009-07-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708005138/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=991&nCat=news | archive-date=8 July 2009 | url-status=dead }}</ref> On 3 July 2009, ''Kambakkht Ishq'' opened to an average response of 50-60% all over India.<ref>{{cite web | author=Adarsh, Taran | title=B.O. update: 'Kambakkht Ishq' takes a hurricane-like start | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/boxoffice_update/136.html | publisher=IndiaFM | access-date=2009-07-07}}{{dead link|date=July 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Making a first day total of Rs 85.0 million,<ref name="Preview" /> the film emerged as the second biggest opening day gross of all time for a Bollywood film.<ref name="Opening">{{cite web|author=Boxofficeindia.Com Trade Network |title=Kambakkht Ishq Grosses 24.50 Crore Over Its First Weekend |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=996&nCat=news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708030746/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=996&nCat=news |url-status=dead |archive-date= 8 July 2009 |publisher=BoxOffice India.com |access-date=2009-07-07 }}</ref> For its opening weekend in India, ''Kambakkht Ishq'' accumulated a total of Rs 245.0 million<ref name="Opening" /> from 1,400 screens.<ref name="Release">{{cite web | author=Datta, Sudipta | title=Bollywood takes a gamble, to release Akshay film in 2,000 screens | date=26 June 2009 | url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/bollywood-takes-a-gamble-to-release-akshay-film-in-2-000-screens/481361/1 | publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] | access-date=2009-07-07}}</ref> The following Monday, it grossed another Rs 40 million,<ref>{{cite web | author=Boxofficeindia.Com Trade Network | title=Kambakkht Ishq Is Fairly Steady on Monday | url=http://boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=1001&nCat=news | publisher=BoxOffice India.com | access-date=2009-07-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708193210/http://boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=1001&nCat=news | archive-date=8 July 2009 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and the following Tuesday it grossed Rs 30 million.<ref>{{cite web | author=Boxofficeindia.Com Trade Network | title=Kambakkht Ishq Has A Decent Tuesday | url=http://boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=1004&nCat=news | publisher=BoxOffice India.com | access-date=2009-07-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710182159/https://boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=1004&nCat=news | archive-date=10 July 2009 | url-status=dead }}</ref> At the end of its first week, ''Kambakkht Ishq'' collected a total of Rs 359.5 million.<ref>{{cite web | author=Boxofficeindia.Com Trade Network | title=Kambakkht Ishq – First Week Circuit Billings | url=http://boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=1013&nCat=news | publisher=BoxOffice India.com | access-date=2009-07-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713021600/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=1013&nCat=news | archive-date=13 July 2009 | url-status=dead }}</ref> During its second week at the box office, the film showed a 70% drop in its collections; the movie was a semi-hit grosser overall at the box office.<ref>{{cite web | author=Boxofficeindia.Com Trade Network | title=Jashnn Is Very Poor; Kambakkht Ishq Drops | url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=1029&nCat=box_office_report | publisher=BoxOffice India.com | access-date=2009-07-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721002101/https://boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=1029&nCat=box_office_report | archive-date=21 July 2009 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Besides being released domestically in India, Eros International released the film in over 600 screens overseas in a combination of prints and digital format.<ref name="Release" /> For its opening weekend in the United Kingdom, the film debuted at number 8 and grossed [[Pound sterling|£]] 299,533 on 56 screens, for an average of £5,349 per screen.<ref name="Overseas">{{cite web | author=Adarsh, Taran | title=Overseas Box Office: Good start | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/overseas_boxoffice/270.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711161943/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/overseas_boxoffice/270.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 July 2009 | publisher=IndiaFM | access-date=2009-07-10}}</ref> ''Kambakkht Ishq'' debuted at number 14 in the United States and number 11 in Australia, accumulating US$768,542 from 100 screens in the former and [[Australian dollar|$]]152,626 from 17 screens in the latter.<ref name="Overseas" /><ref>{{cite web | author=Adarsh, Taran | title=Overseas Box Office: 'Short Kut' okay in U.K., dull in U.S. | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/overseas_boxoffice/271.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718042826/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/overseas_boxoffice/271.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=18 July 2009 | publisher=IndiaFM | access-date=2009-07-20}}</ref> As of 29 July 2009, ''Kambakkht Ishq'' has grossed a total of £681,154 in the U.K. and $1,445,739 in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web | author=Adarsh, Taran | title=Overseas Box Office: Mixed feedback | Overall it was declared an "Average" By box office india |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/overseas_boxoffice/273.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024062049/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/overseas_boxoffice/273.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 October 2009 | publisher=IndiaFM | access-date=2009-08-04 }}</ref>

===Critical response===
Noyon Jyoti Parasara from ''[[AOL]] India'' concluded, "The film has nothing going for it. It has a worryingly bad script, horrible screenplay, traumatising dialogues and unpleasant music."<ref name="AOL Review">{{cite web | author=Parasara, Noyon J | title=Kambakkht Ishq – Movie Review | url=http://www.aol.in/bollywood-story/kambakkht-ishq-movie-review/471033 | publisher=[[AOL]] India | access-date=2009-07-07}}</ref> Parasara further explained, "''Kambakkht Ishq'' is a shame when it comes to watching Indian films on the world stage."<ref name="AOL Review" /> [[Rajeev Masand]] from ''[[CNN-IBN]]'', who gave the film 1 star out of 5, noted that ''Kambakkht Ishq'' "is a loud, vulgar and seriously offensive film".<ref>{{cite web | author=Masand, Rajeev | title=Masand's Movie Review: Kambakkht Ishq vulgar, offensive | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-movie-review-kambakkht-ishq-vulgar-offensive/96303-8.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707114551/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-movie-review-kambakkht-ishq-vulgar-offensive/96303-8.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=2009-07-07 | publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] | access-date=2009-07-07}}</ref>

[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[indiaFM]]'' described ''Kambakkht Ishq'' as a film that would "strike a chord with the youth and those who relish zany and madcap entertainers".<ref name="IndiaFM Review">{{cite web | author=Adarsh, Taran | title=Kambakkht Ishq: Movie Review | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/13766/index.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829150920/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/13766/index.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 August 2008 | publisher=IndiaFM | access-date=2009-07-07}}</ref> He praised the performances, direction, and writing, noting that the film would "see an earth-shattering opening weekend and a historic Week 1."<ref name="IndiaFM Review" /> Rachel Saltz from ''[[The New York Times]]'' concluded that "[the film] has only one frantic desire: to entertain. It spottily succeeds, despite its frequently crude humor, relentless pace and a few unpalatable racial bits."<ref>{{cite news | author=Saltz, Rachel | title=Movie Review – Kambakkht Ishq – The Bollywood Sign | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2009/07/03/movies/03kamb.html?ref=arts | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | access-date=2009-07-07 | date=3 July 2009}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://kambakkhtishq.erosentertainment.com/}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Mojo movie}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|kambakkht-ishq}}

{{Sajid Nadiadwala}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2009 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2009 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2009 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]

[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Films about stunt performers]]
[[Category:Films shot in Venice]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films set in Los Angeles]]

[[Category:Films directed by Sabbir Khan]]

[[Category:Films set in Venice]]
[[Category:Films shot in California]]
[[Category:Films set in California]]
[[Category:Foreign films set in the United States]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]
[[Category:Films about Indian Americans]]
[[Category:Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment films]]

Filhaal

2026-03-03T11:49:11Z

Axis: made post

{{short description|2002 Indian film by Meghna Gulzar}}
{{about|the 2002 film|the 2019 song by B Praak|Filhall}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Filhaal
| image = Filhaal.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| writer = Meghna Gulzar
| starring = [[Sushmita Sen]] [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] [[Sanjay Suri]] [[Palash Sen]]
| director = [[Meghna Gulzar]]
| producer = [[Jhamu Sughand]]
| cinematography = [[Manmohan Singh (film director)|Manmohan Singh]]
| editing = [[Chandan Arora]]
| studio = Sughand Films
| released = {{Film date|2002|02|01|df=y}}
| runtime =
| language = Hindi
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Anu Malik]] '''Score:''' Anjan Biswas
| budget =
}}

'''''Filhaal''''' ({{Translation|Momentary}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[Romance film|romantic drama]] film directed by [[Meghna Gulzar]], in her directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1832430.stm|title=Women directors scale Bollywood|date=21 February 2002|via=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=13 November 2022|archive-date=6 June 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040606000021/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/entertainment/1832430.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> It stars [[Sanjay Suri]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Sushmita Sen]] and [[Palash Sen]]. The film received positive reviews from critics,<ref name="Sify">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/filhaal-review-bollywood-pcluoJbjdficf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718082403/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Ueor6kAVrCIJ:https://www.sify.com/movies/filhaal-review-bollywood-pcluoJbjdficf.html+&cd=29&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 July 2022|title=''Sify'' review|access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="Rediff">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/feb/01fil.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies: The Rediff Review: Filhaal|website=Rediff.com|access-date=13 November 2022|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113013652/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/feb/01fil.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hindu">{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/mumbai/reviews/mr-filhaal.html | title=Bollywood Best – hindi cinema movie reviews – Filhaal – Meghana Gulzar – Sushmita Sen, Sanjay Suri, Tabu – Anu Malik | access-date=18 July 2022 | archive-date=26 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526143904/http://idlebrain.com/mumbai/reviews/mr-filhaal.html | url-status=live }}</ref> who especially praised the performance of Sushmita Sen, who was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/48th-manikchand-filmfare-awards-2002-winners/articleshow/38074867.cms|title=48th Manikchand Filmfare Awards 2002 – Winners – Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=13 November 2022|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113145429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/48th-manikchand-filmfare-awards-2002-winners/articleshow/38074867.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Rewa Singh and Sia Sheth are best friends. Having grown up together, the pair is inseparable and always there for each other. However, they are very different when it comes to what they want from life. Rewa is family-oriented; she does not have a boyfriend and is committed to building her own stable family after marriage. Sia is a free spirit and lives life on her own terms. She has a boyfriend, Sahil, who has proposed marriage to her three times, but she has turned him down, saying that her career is more important at present and she will think of marriage later. Yet Sahil is determined to marry her and nobody else.

Through her family, Rewa meets Dhruv and marries him. Both of them want to start a family, but they soon find out that Rewa is unable to conceive. Rewa is devastated; Dhruv is very supportive but himself upset at the news. Indeed, Dhruv's stoicism and nobility make Rewa feel even more incomplete and empty, and she becomes depressed.

Sia cannot bear to see her friend like this and offers a solution – she offers to become a [[surrogate mother]] to their child. Dhruv is horrified at the idea and strongly opposes Sia bearing the child, pointing to various problems, including emotionally complicating all of their lives. But the girls' insistence finally manages to sway him as well as their respective parents. Sia's pregnancy's news is also too much for even the ever-docile Sahil, who learns of it only after she is already pregnant and hence breaks off the relationship with Sia.

Rewa and Dhruv do everything to make sure that Sia takes care of herself and the baby stays healthy. However, cracks between Rewa and Sia begin to surface. Rewa is jealous that Dhruv is spending more time with Sia and is frustrated as she is not able to experience the joy of carrying a child. Rewa begins to lash out at Sia as the pregnancy begins taking a toll on her personal and professional life. Things come to a head when Sia decorates the baby's room while Rewa yells at her, telling her that she no longer wants the baby as it does not feel hers.

After a few complications, Sia gives birth to a baby girl and, as promised, hands her over to Rewa, repairing their relationship. Rewa accepts that both women's roles in her child's life are equally important, as she puts on a necklace with both Sia and Rewa's names around her baby's neck, similar to the ones both of them have been wearing for years.

The story ends on a happy note. Sahil rekindles his relationship with Sia and again proposes marriage. This time, she accepts.

== Cast ==
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Rewa Singh
* [[Sushmita Sen]] as Sia Sheth
* [[Sanjay Suri]] as Dhruv Malhotra
* [[Palash Sen]] as Sahil
* [[Akash Khurana]] as Mr. Sheth
* [[Shivaji Satam]] as Dr. Surve

==Soundtrack==

The Music and Background score was composed by [[Anu Malik]]. The background score was composed by Anjan Biswas. All the lyrics were penned by [[Gulzar]]. The album opened to positive reviews and Planet Bollywood rated 9/10.<ref name="Filhaal">{{cite web|last=Review|first=Music|title=Planet-Bolltywood – Music Review|url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/Music/Filhaal//|access-date=6 June 2017|archive-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930032700/http://www.planetbollywood.com/Music/Filhaal/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track Listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Filhaal
| extra1 = [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length1 = 5:27
| title2 = Dil Ke Sannate
| extra2 = [[Palash Sen]]
| length2 = 5:30
| title3 = Kyun Baar Baar
| extra3 = [[K.S.Chithra]]
| length3 = 5:48
| title4 = Le Chale Doliyon Mein
| extra4 = [[Roop Kumar Rathod]] and K.S.Chithra
| length4 = 7:00
| title5 = Sola Singaar Kar
| extra5 = Palash Sen and [[Jaspinder Narula]]
| length5 = 4:28
| title6 = Naya Naya
| extra6 = [[KK (singer)|KK]] and K.S.Chithra
| length6 = 6:30
| title7 = Filhaal
| extra7 = Instrumental
| length7 = 4:43
}}

==Reception==
Dinesh Raheja of [[Rediff.com]] wrote, "As I shuffled my feet while making way out of the theatre, the first thought after watching Filhaal was: It would be interesting to see what Meghna Gulzar could do with a fresher subject. She has promise. All she needs is a more original premise."<ref name=Rediff/> Radhika Rajamani of [[The Hindu]] wrote "he feel is modern- production wise it is slick. Anu Malik's music is good but too many songs detract the narrative. Manmohan Singh's camera is able to capture the myriad hues of life and color well. Performances on the mainstay of the film. The casting is certainly appropriate. It goes without saying that Tabu has done well. But it is the sterling performance (best up to date) of Sushmita Sen, which endears. Sanjay Suri and Palash Sen fit in well. An earnest attempt."<ref name=Hindu/> Manish Gajjar of [[BBC.com]] wrote "This is one of the very few classy movies from Bollywood which has been made with great intellect, style and conviction! It is a definite must-see!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/coventry/films/reviews/a_f/filhaal-review.shtml|title=BBC - Coventry and Warwickshire Films - Filhaal Review|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=13 November 2022|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113013315/https://www.bbc.co.uk/coventry/films/reviews/a_f/filhaal-review.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tiasa Bhowal in her retrospective review for [[India Today]] wrote, ″Filhaal was a breath of fresh air, but the audience of almost two decades ago was not ready to accept a film that tried to normalise surrogacy, something that was considered taboo. Despite the film garnering appreciation from the critics, the response at the box office was lukewarm.″<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/why-meghna-gulzar-s-filhaal-was-a-film-way-ahead-of-its-time-on-monday-masala-1764845-2021-02-01|title=Why Meghna Gulzar’s Filhaal was a film way ahead of its time. On Monday Masala|website=India Today|access-date=13 November 2022|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113013310/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/why-meghna-gulzar-s-filhaal-was-a-film-way-ahead-of-its-time-on-monday-masala-1764845-2021-02-01|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0307866}}

{{Meghna Gulzar filmography}}

[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:2002 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Meghna Gulzar]]

Surya (2008 film)

2026-03-03T04:23:42Z

Axis: put up a info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Surya
| starring = Vijaya Chiranjeevi [[Keerthi Chawla]]
| director = [[Jaguar Thangam]]
| writer =Jaguar Thangam
| producer =Santhi Jaguar Thangam
| music =Jerome Pushparaj
| cinematography = R. H. Ashok
| studio = JVR Film Makers
| released = {{Film date|2008|12|05|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Surya''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]], written and directed by stunt master [[Jaguar Thangam]], in his directorial debut. The film stars his son debutant Vijaya Chiranjeevi and [[Keerthi Chawla]]. The film received extremely negative reviews from critics. This movie was dubbed in [[Hindi]] as ''Surakshaa - One Challenger Hero'' and it was distributed by [[Shemaroo Entertainment]].

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*Vijaya Chiranjeevi as Surya
*[[Keerthi Chawla]]
* Neepa
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Surya's father
*[[Bose Venkat]]
*[[Meera Krishnan]] as Surya's mother
*[[Mayilsamy]]
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]]
*[[Karate Raja]] as Police Officer
*[[Muthukaalai]] as Surya's friend
*[[T. P. Gajendran]] as himself
*[[Ganesh Babu]]
*[[Bava Lakshmanan]]
*Meesai Rajendranath as Police Officer
*[[Siva Narayana Murthy]] as Police Officer
*Vijay Ganesh as Thief
}}

==Production==
The film was launched on 10 February 2006 at AVM Studios.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/10022006-4.shtml|date=10 February 2006|website=Cinesouth|access-date=14 October 2024|title='Surya' film pooja and visiting luminaries / with pics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018071408/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/10022006-4.shtml|archive-date=18 October 2006}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack was composed by Jerome Pushparaj.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/29sss.htm|title=Music review: Surya|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
*"Veeradhi Veeranada" — Tippu
*"Vettaiyaada Vaada" — Girish, Vinaya
*"Sammadhama" — Shalini, Karthi
*"Padaiyedu" — Tippu, Mervin
*"Theme Music"

== Reception ==
Kanmani of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called Vijaya Chiranjeevi's stunts, stunt choreography, Vadivelu Ganesh's humour as positive points but called Vijaya Chiranjeevi's acting, editing, music, loop holes in screenplay as negatives.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=கண்மணி |title=சூரியன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2008-12-28/page/80/mode/2up|page=80|date=28 December 2008|access-date=30 August 2024|magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]|language=ta|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.movies.nanbargal.com/tamil/suryaa Suryaa - Tamil Movie at Nanbargal.Com]

[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2008 action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{2000s-Tamil-film-stub}}

Meluhha

2026-02-27T00:15:15Z

Axis: general refined information and fixed typos

{{short description|Prominent trading partner of Sumer during the Middle Bronze Age}}
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =vertical
| header=Meluhha {{cuneiform|𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠}}
| image1 = Moyen_Orient_3mil_aC.svg
| caption1 = Location of foreign lands for the Mesopotamians, including Meluhha.
| image2 = Impression of a cylinder seal of The Divine Sharkalisharri Prince of Akkad Ibni-Sharrum the Scribe his servant.jpg
| caption2 = Impression of a cylinder seal of the [[Akkadian Empire]], with label: "The Divine [[Sharkalisharri]] Prince of Akkad, Ibni-Sharrum the Scribe his servant". The [[Indian Buffalo|long-horned buffalo]] is thought to have come from the [[Indus Valley]], and testifies to exchanges with Meluhha, the [[Indus Valley civilization]]. Circa 2217–2193 BC. [[Louvre Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cylinder Seal of Ibni-Sharrum |url=https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/cylinder-seal-ibni-sharrum |website=Louvre Museum}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Site officiel du musée du Louvre |url=http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=12067 |website=cartelfr.louvre.fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Brian A. |last2=Feldman |first2=Marian H. |title=Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art |date=2013 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=9781614510352 |page=187 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F4DoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA187 |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''{{transliteration|sux|Meluḫḫa}}''' or '''{{transliteration|sux|Melukhkha}}''' ({{langx|sux|{{cuneiform|𒈨𒈛𒄩[[𒆠]]}}}} {{transliteration|sux|Me-luḫ-ḫaKI}}) is the [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] name of a prominent trading partner of [[Sumer]] during the [[Middle Bronze Age]]. Its identification remains an open question, but most scholars associate it with the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]].{{sfn|McIntosh|2008|page=46}}

==Etymology==
{{see also|Balochistan#Etymology}}

[[Asko Parpola]] identifies [[Proto-Dravidian language|Proto-Dravidians]] with the [[Indus Valley civilization|Harappan Culture]] and the Meluhhan people mentioned in [[Sumer]]ian records. In his book ''Deciphering the Indus Script.'' Parpola states that the [[Brahui people]] of [[Pakistan]] are remnants of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Harappan culture]].<ref>Asko Parpola (1994), ''Deciphering the Indus script'', Cambridge University Press</ref> According to him, the word "Meluhha" derives from the Dravidian words ''mel'' ("elevated") and ''akam'' ("place"). Parpola also relates Meluhha with [[Balochistan]], which he calls the "[[Elamo-Dravidian_languages|Proto-Dravidian]] homeland". He also relates Meluhha with the transient word [[Mleccha]], a [[Vedic sanskrit|Vedic]] word used to mean "barbarian" and used by the incoming [[Indo-Aryan_peoples|Aryan speaking]] population for the native Harappan population.<ref>{{citation |last1=Parpola |first1=Asko |first2=Simo |last2=Parpola |title=On the relationship of the Sumerian toponym Meluhha and Sanskrit mleccha |journal=Studia Orientalia |volume=46 |year=1975 |pages=205–238 |url=http://ojs.tsv.fi/index.php/StOrE/article/view/49874/14912}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Witzel |first=Michael |year=1999 |author-link=Michael E. J. Witzel |title=Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Ṛgvedic, Middle and Late Vedic) |periodical=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |volume=5 |issue=1 |url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0501/ejvs0501article.pdf |page=25 |access-date=2018-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206073939/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0501/ejvs0501article.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Another piece of possible evidence that points to the people of Meluhha as being Proto-Dravidian is the fact that [[sesame oil]] believed to be exported to [[Mesopotamia]] by the Harappans, was known as ''ilu'' in [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] and ''eḷḷu'' in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]. One theory is that these words derive from the [[Dravidian languages#Classification|Dravidian]] word for sesame (''eḷḷ '' or ''eḷḷu'').<ref>{{Cite book |first=Franklin |last=Southworth |title=Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia |year=2005}} (See Appendix C.)</ref> However, [[Michael Witzel]], who associates IVC with the ancestors of [[Munda languages|Munda]] speakers, suggests an alternative etymology from the [[Munda languages|para-Munda]] word for wild sesame: ''jar-tila''.{{clarify|date=October 2019}} Munda is an [[Austroasiatic language]].{{sfn|McIntosh|2008|p=354}}

==Trade with Sumer==
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=400|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Mesopotamian "Meluhha" seal
| image1 = Akkadian cylinder seal with inscription Shu-ilishu, interpreter of the Meluhhan language, Louvre Museum AO 22310.jpg
| image2 = Meluhha-ki on a cylinder seal.jpg
| footer=[[Akkadian Empire]] cylinder seal with inscription: ''"Šu-ilišu, interpreter of the Meluhhan language"'': "Meluhha" appears with the standard [[cuneiform]] as {{cuneiform|𒈨𒈛𒄩[[𒆠]]}} ({{transliteration|sux|Me-luḫ-ḫaKI}}, "KI" standing for "country").<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parpola |first1=Asko |title=The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190226930 |page=353 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DagXCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT353 |language=en}}</ref> [[Louvre Museum]], reference AO 22310.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meluhha interpreter seal. Site officiel du musée du Louvre |url=http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=12071 |website=cartelfr.louvre.fr}}</ref>
}}

{{See also|Indus–Mesopotamia relations|Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Trade_and_transportation|l2=Indus Valley civilization trade||Indian maritime history|Indian Ocean trade}}

[[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] texts repeatedly refer to three important centers with which they traded: [[Magan (civilization)|Magan]], [[Dilmun]], and Meluhha.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moorey |first1=Peter Roger Stuart |title=Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence |date=1999 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=978-1-57506-042-2 |page=352 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC&pg=PA352 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Eisenbrauns">{{cite book |last1=Moorey |first1=Peter Roger Stuart |title=Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence |date=1999 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=978-1-57506-042-2 |page=87 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC&pg=PA87 |language=en}}</ref> The Sumerian location of Magan is now accepted to be the area currently encompassing the [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Oman]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=United Arab Emirates: a new perspective|date=2001|publisher=Trident Press|last1=Abed|first1=Ibrahim|last2=Hellyer|first2=Peter|isbn=978-1900724470|location=London|pages=40|oclc=47140175}}</ref> Dilmun was a [[Persian Gulf]] [[civilization]] which traded with Mesopotamian civilizations. The current scholarly consensus is that Dilmun encompassed [[Bahrain]], [[Failaka Island]] and the adjacent coast of [[Eastern Arabia]] in the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwBuAAAAMAAJ|chapter=Prehistory and Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula: Bahrain|title=M. A. Nayeem|year=1990|page=32|isbn=9788185492025|last1=Nayeem|first1=M. A.|publisher=Hyderabad Publishers }}</ref><ref name=saed>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5800/|title=Sa'ad and Sae'ed Area in Failaka Island|work=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=21 July 2013}}</ref>

===Inscriptions===
[[File:Gudea cylinder A (IX 19) Magan Meluha with transcription.jpg|thumb|[[Gudea cylinders]] inscription A IX:19, Gudea mentions of the devotions to his Temple: "Magan and Meluhha will come down from their mountains to attend".<ref>"I will spread in the world respect for my Temple, under my name the whole universe will gather in it, and Magan and Meluhha will come down from their mountains to attend" "{{lang|fr|J'étendrai sur le monde le respect de mon temple, sous mon nom l'univers depuis l'horizon s'y rassemblera, et [même les pays lointains] Magan et Meluhha, sortant de leurs montagnes, y descendront}}" (cylinder A, IX:19)" in {{cite web |title=Louvre Museum |url=https://www.louvre.fr/oeuvre-notices/cylindres-de-gudea}}</ref> The words [[Magan (civilization)|Magan]] ({{cuneiform|𒈣𒃶}}) and Meluhha ({{cuneiform|𒈨𒈛𒄩}}) appear vertically in the first column on the right.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature |url=http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=c.2.1.7&display=Crit&charenc=gcirc&lineid=c217.815#c217.815 |website=etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk}}</ref>]]

In an inscription, [[Sargon of Akkad]] (2334–2279 BCE) referred to ships coming from Meluhha, [[Magan (civilization)|Magan]] and [[Dilmun]].<ref name="SCHO"/> His grandson [[Naram-Sin of Akkad|Naram-Sin]] (2254–2218 BCE) listing the rebel kings to his rule, mentioned "[[(..)ibra]], man of Melukha".<ref name="SCHO"/> In an inscription, [[Gudea]] of [[Lagash]] ({{circa|21st century BCE}}) referred to the Meluhhans who came to Sumer to sell gold dust, [[carnelian]], etc.<ref name="SCHO"/><ref name="Eisenbrauns"/> In the [[Gudea cylinders]], Gudea mentions that:

{{Blockquote|"I will spread in the world respect for my Temple, under my name the whole universe will gather in it, and Magan and Meluhha will come down from their mountains to attend."|Inscription of cylinder A, IX:19<ref>"{{lang|fr|J'étendrai sur le monde le respect de mon temple, sous mon nom l'univers depuis l'horizon s'y rassemblera, et [même les pays lointains] Magan et Meluhha, sortant de leurs montagnes, y descendront}}" (cylinder A, IX:19)" in {{cite web |title=Louvre Museum |url=https://www.louvre.fr/oeuvre-notices/cylindres-de-gudea}}</ref>}}

In [[Gudea cylinders|cylinder B]], XIV, he mentions his procurement of "blocks of [[lapis lazuli]] and bright [[carnelian]] from Meluhha".<ref name="Eisenbrauns"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Moorey |first1=Peter Roger Stuart |title=Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence |date=1999 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=978-1-57506-042-2 |page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC&pg=PA97 |language=en}}</ref>

Meluhha is also mentioned in mythological legends such as ''[[Enki and Ninhursag]]'':

{{Blockquote| "May the foreign land of Meluhha load precious desirable cornelian, perfect ''mes'' wood and beautiful ''aba'' wood into large ships for you"|''Enki and Ninhursag''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Michalowski |first1=Piotr |title=The correspondance of the Kings of Ur |date=2011 |page=257, note 28 |url=http://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Ur-Michalowski2011.pdf}}</ref>}}

There are no known mentions of Meluhha after 1760 BCE.<ref name="SCHO"/>

===="Meluhha dog"====
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=400|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header="Meluhha dog"
| image1 = Dhole_(Asiatic_wild_dog)_cropped.jpg
| image2 = Cuon-alpinus-map.png
| footer=The "red dog from Meluhha", received by [[Ibbi-Sin]] as a tribute of the people of [[Marhashi]], could be a [[dhole]], also called "Asiatic red dog", a type of red-colored dog native to southern and Eastern Asia. The [[Ethiopian wolf]] (also called the red jackal) is another candidate.<ref name="JMC"/>
}}

In one of his inscriptions, [[Ibbi-Sin]] mentions that he received as a tribute from [[Marhasi]] a Meluhha red dog:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gelb |first1=I. J. |title=Makkan and Meluḫḫa in Early Mesopotamian Sources |journal=Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie Orientale |date=1970 |volume=64 |issue=1 |page=4 |jstor=23294921}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kohl |first1=Philip L. |title=The Bronze Age Civilization of Central Asia: Recent Soviet Discoveries |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-28225-9 |page=389 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85Y0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA389 |language=en}}</ref>

{{blockquote|"Ibbi-Sîn, the god of his country, the mighty king, king of Ur and king of the four world quarters, his speckled Meluḫḫa 'dog', from [[Marḫaši]] brought by them as tribute, a replica of it he fashioned, and for his life he dedicated it to him ([[Sin (mythology)|Nanna]])."|Meluhha dog inscription of Inni-Sin.<ref>{{cite web |title=CDLI-Archival View |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P432309 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref>}}

The qualifier used to describe the dog is {{cuneiform|𒁱}}, which can be read either {{transliteration|sux|dar}} "red" as an adjective,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sumerian Dictionary "Dar" entry |url=http://oracc.iaas.upenn.edu/epsd2/cbd/sux/D.html |website=oracc.iaas.upenn.edu}}</ref> or {{transliteration|sux|gun3}} "speckled" as an intransitive verb,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sumerian Dictionary "Gunu" entry |url=http://oracc.iaas.upenn.edu/epsd2/cbd/sux/G.html |website=oracc.iaas.upenn.edu}}</ref> and interpretations vary based on these two possible meanings.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawler |first1=Andrew |title=Why Did the Chicken Cross the World?: The Epic Saga of the Bird that Powers Civilization |date=2016 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4767-2990-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LE8ADAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38}}</ref>

It is thought that this "red dog" could be a [[dhole]], also called "Asiatic red dog", a type of red-colored dog native to southern and eastern Asia.<ref name="JMC">{{harvnb|McIntosh|2008|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA187 187]}}</ref>

====Meluhhan trading colony in Sumer====
Towards the end of the Sumerian period, there are numerous mentions in inscriptions of a Meluhha settlement in southern Sumer near the city-state of [[Girsu]].<ref name="VF"/> Most of the references seem to date to the [[Akkadian Empire]] and especially the [[Ur III]] period.<ref name="VF">{{cite journal |last1=Vermaak |first1=Fanie |title=Guabba, the Meluhhan village in Mesopotamia |journal=Journal for Semitics |date=2008 |volume=17/2 |pages=454–471 |url=https://www.academia.edu/1228519 |language=en}}</ref> The location of the settlement has been tentatively identified with the city of [[Gu'abba]].<ref name="VF"/> The references to "large boats" in Guabba suggests that it may have functioned as a trading colony which initially had direct contact with Meluhha.<ref name="VF"/>

It seems that direct trade with Meluhha subsided during the [[Ur III]] period, and was replaced by trade with [[Dilmun]], possibly corresponding to the end of urban systems in the Indus Valley around that time.<ref name="VF"/>

{{Gallery
|align=center|width=200|height=200|perrow=4
|File:Meluhha village tablet - BM17751 (horizontal).jpg|A tablet from the period of [[Shulgi]], mentioning the "Meluhha" village in Sumer. British Museum, BM 17751.<ref name="SP">Simo Parpola, Asko Parpola and Robert H. Brunswig, Jr [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274936748_The_Meluhha_Village_Evidence_of_Acculturation_of_Harappan_Traders_in_Late_Third_Millennium_Mesopotamia "The Meluḫḫa Village: Evidence of Acculturation of Harappan Traders in Late Third Millennium Mesopotamia?"] in Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient Vol. 20, No. 2, 1977, p. 136-137</ref> "Meluhha" ({{cuneiform|𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠}}) actually appears on the beginning of the other side (column II, 1) in the sentence "The granary of the village of Meluhha".<ref>{{cite web |title=Collections Online British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1894-1015-11 |website=www.britishmuseum.org}}</ref><ref name="SP"/>
|File:BM17751 Meluhha.jpg|Transcription of tablet BM 17751, with the word "Meluhha" ({{cuneiform|𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠}}).<ref name="SP"/> Column II continues Column I on the reverse.
}}

===Artifacts===
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=240|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header="Animal figurines"
| image1 = Gold monkey of Meskalamdug (grave PG 755 at Ur).jpg
| caption1=Gold monkey on a pin, from the tomb of [[Meskalamdug]], [[Royal Cemetery at Ur]], circa 2600 BCE.
| image2 = Asia monkey statuette in red limestone found in Susa in 2340 - 2100 BCE disovered in the Tel of the Acropolis at Susa LOUVRE Sb5884.jpg
|caption2=Asian monkey statuette in red limestone found in Susa, dated to 2340–2100 BCE, discovered in the Tel of the Acropolis at Susa. Louvre Museum, Sb5884.<ref name="AMS">{{cite web |title=Asian monkey statuette from Susa |url=https://www.louvre.fr/oeuvre-notices/statuette-de-singe}}</ref>
}}

Several Indus seals with [[Harappan script]] have been found in Mesopotamia, particularly in [[Ur]], [[Babylon]] and [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]].<ref>For a full list of discoveries of Indus seals in Mesopotamia, see {{cite book |last1=Reade |first1=Julian |title=Indian Ocean In Antiquity |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136155314 |pages=148–152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PtzWAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA148 |language=en}}</ref><ref>For another list of Mesopotamian finds of Indus seals: {{cite book |last1=Possehl |first1=Gregory L. |title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=9780759101722 |page=221 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&pg=PA221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gadd |first1=G. J. |title=Seals of Ancient Indian style found at Ur |date=1958 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.33779/page/n11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East|page=49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JTvRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|first=Amanda H.|last=Podany|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-19-971829-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC&pg=PA246|quote=Square-shaped Indus seals of fired steatite have been found at a few sites in Mesopotamia.|author1=Joan Aruz|author2=Ronald Wallenfels|page=246|isbn=978-1-58839-043-1|year=2003| publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art }}</ref> Still, the archeological record for the existence of the trade with the Indus civilization in Mesopotamia is meager. According to [[W. Andrew Robinson|Andrew Robinson]]:

{{blockquote|On the other hand, there is not nearly so much incontrovertible evidence for the Indus–Mesopotamia trade as archaeologists might wish. Nissen refers to a ‘meagre archaeological record’. There is only one Indus weight from Ur, for example, out of a total of just fourteen Indus weights found in Mesopotamia, neighbouring Iran (Susa) and the Persian Gulf area. Only some twenty Indus seals have turned up in Mesopotamia since the earliest discoveries, of which nine have been dated to the Akkadian period (2334–2154 BC) and two to the Isin and Larsa dynasties (2000–1800 BC).<ref name=robinson93>{{citation|last=Robinson|first=Andrew|title=The Indus: Lost Civilizations|location=London|publisher=Reakton Books|page=93|isbn=9781780235417|year=2015}}</ref>}}

====Animal figurines====
Various figurines of exotic animals in gold or carnelian are thought to have been imported from Meluhha. Many such statuettes have been found in Mesopotamian excavations.<ref name="JMC"/> The carnelian statuette of an Asian monkey was found in the excavation of the Acropolis of [[Susa]], and dated to circa 2340–2100 BCE. It is thought that it may have been imported from India. It is now in the Louvre Museum, reference Sb5884.<ref name="AMS">{{cite web |title=Asian monkey statuette from Susa |url=https://www.louvre.fr/oeuvre-notices/statuette-de-singe}}</ref>

===Maritime materials trade===
[[File:Disha Kaka Boat with Direction Finding Birds, model of Mohenjo-Daro seal, 3000 BCE.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Model of a [[Mohenjo-daro]] tablet, 2500–1750 BCE ([[National Museum, New Delhi]]),{{sfnp|McIntosh|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA158 158]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA159 159]}}<ref>{{cite book |last2=Allchin |first2=Bridget |last1=Allchin |first1=Raymond |title=The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan |date=29 July 1982 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-28550-6 |pages=188-189, listing of figures [https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PR10 p.x]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PA189 |language=en}}</ref> depicting a boat with a central cabin, possibly carrying land-seeking birds for navigation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kenoyer |first1=Jonathan M. |last2=Heuston |first2=Kimberley Burton |title=The Ancient South Asian World |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-522243-2 |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CjvF88iEE8C&pg=PA66 |language=en|quote="The molded terra-cotta tablet shows a flat-bottomed Indus boat with a central cabin. Branches tied to the roof may have been used for protection from bad luck, and travelers took a pet bird along to help them guide them to land."}}</ref>{{sfnp|Mathew|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=u0IwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 32]}} Flat-bottomed river row-boats appear in two Indus seals, but their seaworthiness is debatable.<ref name=robinson>{{citation|last=Robinson|first=Andrew|title=The Indus: Lost Civilizations|location=London|publisher=Reakton Books|pages=89–91|isbn=9781780235417|year=2015|quote=To what extent such a reed-made river vessel would have been seaworthy is debatable. ... Did the flat-bottomed Indus river boats mutate into the crescent-shaped hull of Heyerdahl’s reed boat before taking to the Arabian Sea? Did they reach as far as the coast of East Africa, as the Tigris did? No one knows.}}</ref>]]

Specific items of high volume trade are timber and specialty wood such as ebony, for which large ships were used. Luxury items also appear, such as [[lapis lazuli]] mined at a Harappan colony at [[Shortugai]] (modern [[Badakhshan]] in northern [[Afghanistan]]).{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} In the 1980s, important archaeological discoveries{{which|date=July 2022}} were made at [[Ras al-Jinz]] (Oman), located at the easternmost point of the [[Arabian Peninsula]], demonstrating maritime Indus Valley connections with Oman, and the Middle East in general.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |first=Maurizio |last=Tosi |title=Die Indus-Zivilisation jenseits des indischen Subkontinents |editor-last=Ardeleanu-Jansen |editor-first=Alexandra |editor2-last=Urban |editor2-first=Urban |encyclopedia=Vergessene Städte am Indus, Frühe Kulturen in Pakistan vom 8. bis 2. Jahrtausend |location=Mainz am Rhein |year=1987 |publisher=P. von Zabern |isbn=3805309570 |oclc=925200287 |pages=132–133 |language=German}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.visitoman.nl/pdf/RAJ%20English%20brochure%20copy.pdf |title=Ras Al Jinz Visitor Center Brochure |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910032138/http://www.visitoman.nl/pdf/RAJ%20English%20brochure%20copy.pdf |archive-date=10 September 2016 |publisher=Ras Al Jinz Visitor Center}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2022}}

==Conflict with the Akkadians and Neo-Sumerians==
[[File:AO 5476 (front, with transcription).jpg|thumb|Account of the victories of [[Rimush]], ruler of the [[Akkadian Empire]], over [[Abalgamash]], king of [[Marhashi]]. In his inscriptions, Rimush mentioned the army led by Abalgamash included troops from Meluhha. [[Louvre Museum]] AO5476.<ref>{{cite web |title=CDLI-Found Texts |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&ObjectID=P220618 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Frayne |first1=Douglas |title=Sargonic and Gutian Periods |pages=55–56 |url=https://www.academia.edu/29704423 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="WLH93"/><ref name="CDLI-Archival View">{{cite web |title=CDLI-Archival View |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P461954 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Frayne |first1=Douglas |title=Sargonic and Gutian Periods |pages=57–58 |url=https://www.academia.edu/29704423 |language=en}}</ref>]]
According to some accounts of the [[Akkadian Empire|Akkadian]] king [[Rimush]], he fought against the troops of Meluhha, in the area of [[Elam]]:<ref name="WLH93">{{cite book |last1=Hamblin |first1=William J. |title=Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn of History |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-52062-6 |pages=93–94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=biyDDd0uKGMC&pg=PT93 |language=en}}</ref>

{{blockquote|"Rimuš, the king of the world, in battle over [[Abalgamash]], king of [[Parahshum]], was victorious. And Zahara<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bryce |first1=Trevor |title=The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire |date=2009 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-39485-7 |page=784 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QD9GrxiILH8C&pg=PA784 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Elam]] and Gupin and Meluḫḫa within Paraḫšum assembled for battle, but he (Rimush) was victorious and struck down 16,212 men and took 4,216 captives. Further, he captured Ehmahsini, King of Elam, and all the nobles of Elam. Further he captured Sidaga'u the general of Paraḫšum and Sargapi, general of Zahara, in between the cities of [[Awan (ancient city)|Awan]] and [[Susa]], by the "Middle River". Further a burial mound at the site of the town he heaped up over them. Furthermore, the foundations of Paraḫšum from the country of Elam he tore out, and so Rimuš, king of the world, rules Elam, (as) the god [[Enlil]] had shown..."|Inscription of Rimush<ref name="WLH93"/><ref name="CDLI-Archival View">{{cite web |title=CDLI-Archival View |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P461954 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref>}}

[[Gudea]] too, in one of his inscriptions, mentioned his victory over the territories of [[Magan (civilization)|Magan]], Meluhha, [[Elam]] and [[Amurru kingdom|Amurru]].<ref name="SCHO">{{cite web |title=MS 2814 - The Schoyen Collection |url=https://www.schoyencollection.com/history-collection-introduction/sumerian-history-collection/cuneiform-indus-valley-ms-2814 |website=www.schoyencollection.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>

==Identification with the Indus Valley==
Most scholars suggest that ''Meluhha'' was the Sumerian name for the [[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus Valley Civilisation]].<ref>{{citation |last=Possehl |first=Gregory L. |author-link=Gregory Possehl |title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&pg=PA219 |year=2002 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0-7591-0172-2 |page=219}}</ref> Finnish scholars [[Asko Parpola|Asko]] and [[Simo Parpola]] identify ''Meluhha'' (earlier variant ''Me-lah-ha'') from earlier Sumerian documents with [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] ''mel akam'' "high abode" or "high country". Many items of trade such as wood, minerals, and gemstones were indeed extracted from the hilly regions near the Indus settlements. They further claim that ''Meluhha'' is the origin of the [[Sanskrit]] word ''[[mleccha]]'', meaning "foreigner or person who's outside of the Vedic realm".<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Parpola |first1= Asko |last2=Parpola |first2=Simo |title=On the relationship of the Sumerian Toponym Meluhha and Sanskrit Mleccha|journal=Studia Orientalia|volume=46|year=1975|pages=205–238}}</ref>

[[File:British Museum Middle East 14022019 Gold and carnelian beads 2600-2300 BC Royal cemetery of Ur (composite).jpg|thumb|left|The [[etched carnelian beads]] in this necklace from the [[Royal Cemetery of Ur]] dating to the [[First Dynasty of Ur]] (2600-2500 BCE) were probably imported from the Indus Valley.<ref name="BM Carnelian">British Museum notice: "Gold and carnelians beads. The two beads etched with patterns in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley. They were made by a technique developed by the Harappan civilization" [[:File:Ur Grave gold and carnelian beads necklace.jpg|Photograph of the necklace in question]]</ref>]]
Early texts, such as the Rimush inscription describing combat against Meluhha troops in the area of [[Elam]] circa 2200 BC, seem to indicate that Meluhha is to the east, suggesting either the [[Indus valley]] or India.<ref name="WLH93"/> However, much later texts, such as the ''[[Rassam cylinder]]'' documenting the military exploits of King [[Assurbanipal]] of [[Assyria]] (668–627 BC), long after the Indus Valley civilization had ceased to exist, seem to imply that ''Meluhha'' is to be found in Africa, in the area of Egypt.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Hansman |first1= John |title=A "Periplus" of Magan and Meluhha|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=36|issue=3|year=1973|pages=554–587 |doi=10.1017/s0041977x00119858|s2cid= 140709175 }}</ref><ref name="WLH93"/>

There is sufficient archaeological evidence for the trade between Mesopotamia and the Indian subcontinent. Impressions of clay seals from the Indus Valley city of [[Harappa]] were evidently used to seal bundles of merchandise, as clay seal impressions with cord or sack marks on the reverse side testify. A number of these Indian seals have been found at [[Ur]] and other Mesopotamian sites.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/sarasvati/html/urseals.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001211210600/http://hindunet.org/hindu_history/sarasvati/html/urseals.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2000-12-11|title=urseals|work=hindunet.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India: A History|url=https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay|url-access=registration|year=2000|author=John Keay|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/16 16]|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press |isbn=9780871138002}}</ref>

The Persian-Gulf style of [[stamp seal|circular stamp]]ed rather than rolled seals, also known from Dilmun, that appear at [[Lothal]] in [[Gujarat]], India, and [[Failaka Island]] ([[Kuwait]]), as well as in Mesopotamia, are convincing corroboration of the long-distance sea trade network, which G.L. Possehl has called a "Middle Asian Interaction Sphere".<ref>Possehl, G.L. (2007), “The Middle Asian Interaction Sphere”, ''Expedition'' '''49'''/1</ref> What the commerce consisted of is less sure: timber and precious woods, [[ivory]], [[lapis lazuli]], [[gold]], and luxury goods such as [[carnelian]] and glazed stone beads, [[pearl]]s from the Persian Gulf, and shell and bone inlays, were among the goods sent to Mesopotamia in exchange for [[silver]], [[tin]], woolen textiles, perhaps oil and grains and other foods. [[Copper]] ingots, certainly, [[bitumen]], which occurred naturally in Mesopotamia, may have been exchanged for cotton textiles and chickens, major products of the Indus region that are not native to Mesopotamia—all these have been instanced.

=="Meluhha" as Meroe, in the 14th–2nd centuries BCE==

''Meluhha'' appears in EL-AMARNA letters, as a place at Kush/Nubia, near Egypt (EA70, EA95, EA108 ,EA112, EA117, EA132, EA133).

[[File:Meroe 9 October 2020.jpg|thumb|A modern satellite view of the region of [[Meroe]].]]
In the Assyrian and Hellenistic eras, cuneiform texts continued to use (or revive) old place names, giving a perhaps artificial sense of continuity between contemporary events and events of the distant past.<ref>{{cite book|last=Van De Mieroop|first=Marc|title=The Ancient Mesopotamian City|year=1997|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|pages=44}}</ref> For example, [[Median kingdom|Media]] is referred to as "the land of the [[Gutians]]",<ref>{{cite book|last=Sachs & Hunger|title=Astronomical Diaries & Related Texts from Babylonia, vol.1|year=1988|publisher=Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften|location=Vienna|pages=–330 Obv.18}}</ref> a people who had been prominent around 2000 BC.

''Meluhha'' also appears in these texts, in contexts suggesting that "Meluhha" and "Magan" were kingdoms adjacent to Egypt. In the [[Rassam cylinder]], [[Ashurbanipal]] writes about his first march against Egypt: "In my first campaign I marched against ''[[Magan (civilization)|Magan]]'' and ''Meluhha'', and [[Taharqa]], king of [[Ancient Egypt|''Musur'']] (Egypt) and ''[[Kingdom of Kush#Name|Kûsu]]'' ("[[Kingdom of Kush]]", ie Nubia), whom [[Esarhaddon]], king of Assyria, the father who begot me, had defeated, and whose land he brought under his sway."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pritchard |first1=James B. |title=Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament with Supplement |date=2016 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-8276-2 |page=294 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEWWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA294 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Original text and translation: [[:File:Ashurbanipal The First Egyptian War.jpg|lines 51 and 52 of the Rassam cylinder]]</ref> In this context, "Magan" has been interpreted as "Muṣur" (ancient name of Egypt) and "Meluhha" as "[[Meroe]]" (capital of [[Nubia]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Assurbanipall, Translated from the Cuneiform Inscriptions by George Smith |date=1871 |publisher=Williams and Norgate |pages=15 and 48 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pFk53uejMjcC/page/n25/mode/2up |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Meluhha as mentioned by Ashurbanipal in the Rassam cylinder in 643 BCE.jpg|center|upright=1|thumb|{{center|Meluhha ({{cuneiform|𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠}}) as mentioned by [[Ashurbanipal]] in the [[Rassam cylinder]] in 643 BCE, as a territory associated with Egypt, probably [[Meroe]] (column 1 line 52)}}]]

In the [[Hellenistic period]], the term was used archaically to refer to [[Ptolemaic Egypt]], as in an account of a festival celebrating the conclusion of the [[Sixth Syrian War]], or in reference to the campaigns of [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]] in Egypt (''"Antiochus the King marched triumphantly through the cities of Meluhha"'').<ref>{{cite book|last=Sachs & Hunger|title=Astronomical Diaries & Related Texts from Babylonia, vol.2|year=1988|publisher=Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften|location=Vienna|pages=–168 A Obv.14–15}}</ref><ref name="The Land of the Elephant Kings">{{cite book |last1=Kosmin |first1=Paul J. |title=The Land of the Elephant Kings |date=21 April 2014 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72882-0 |page=321 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA321 |language=en}}</ref>

These references do not necessarily mean that early references to ''Meluhha'' also referred to Egypt. Direct contacts between Sumer and the Indus Valley had ceased even during the [[Mature Harappan]] phase when Oman and Bahrain (Magan and Dilmun) became intermediaries. After the sack of Ur by the [[Elamites]] and subsequent invasions in Sumer, its trade and contacts shifted west and Meluhha passed almost into mythological memory. The resurfacing of the name could simply reflect cultural memory of a rich and distant land, its use in records of [[Achaemenid]] and [[Seleucid]] military expeditions serving to aggrandize those kings. This kind of re-attribution of archaic geographical terms was a regular occurrence during the 1st millennium BCE.<ref name="The Land of the Elephant Kings"/>

==Rulers==
* '''[[(..)ibra]]''' (between 2300 BC – 2200 BC), possibly contemporary to [[Naram-Sin of Akkad]].

==See also==
* [[Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations]]
* [[Buddhism and the Roman world]]
* [[Dilmun]]
* [[Economic history of India]]
* [[Indus–Mesopotamia relations]]
* [[Indo-Roman trade relations]]
* [[Indian maritime history]]
* [[Magan (civilization)]]
* [[Names for India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mathew |first=K. S. |title=Shipbuilding, Navigation and the Portuguese in Pre-modern India |year=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-58833-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=McIntosh |first=Jane R. |title=The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=9781576079072 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Reade |editor-first=Julian |title=The Indian Ocean in Antiquity |location=London |publisher=Kegan Paul Intl. |year=1996 |oclc=875303686}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110607212814/http://www.harappa.com/arrow/meluhha_and_agastya_2009.pdf Meluhha and Agastya: Alpha and Omega of the Indus Script] by Iravatham Mahadevan

{{Ancient seafaring}}

[[Category:Sumer]]
[[Category:Bronze Age Asia]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of India]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Prehistoric India]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation]]
[[Category:Archaeology of India]]
[[Category:Archaeology of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indian Ocean trade]]

Birla Mandir

2026-02-05T03:53:41Z

Axis:

{{Short description|Hindu Temples}}[[File:Laxminarayan Temple in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg|thumb|[[Birla Mandir, Delhi|Birla Mandir, New Delhi]]]]
[[File:Birla Mandir astounding Beauty.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Birla Mandir, Kolkata]]]]
[[File:Sun_Temple_-_GWL_-_F3101_Wiki_Veethi.JPG|thumb|Sun Temple, [[Gwalior]], inspired by the [[Konark Sun Temple]]]]
[[File:Birla Mandir in Hyderabad, 2015.JPG|thumb|[[Birla Mandir, Hyderabad|Birla Mandir]] in Hyderabad]]
[[File:Lakshmi Narayan Temple 01.jpg|thumb|Birla Temple at Arera Hills, [[Bhopal]]]]
[[File:New Vishwanath Temple at BHU 2007.jpg|right|thumb|upright|[[Shri Vishwanath Mandir]] also known as ''Birla Mandir'' in the [[Banaras Hindu University]] campus, [[Varanasi]]]]
The '''Birla Mandirs (Birla Temples)''' refer to different [[Hindu temple]]s or [[Mandir]]s built by the [[Birla family]] in different cities across India. All these temples are magnificently built, some in white marble or sandstone. The temples are generally located in a prominent location, carefully designed to accommodate a large number of visitors. The worship and discourses are well organized. The first one was built in 1939 in Delhi collectively by [[Jugal Kishore Birla]] and his brothers and their father. Later temples were built by and managed by different branches of the family. For both of the temples in Varanasi, the Birlas joined other donors to support the cost.

== History and design ==
The Birla temples in Delhi and Bhopal were constructed to fulfill a cultural void in these cities. As these cities were ruled for centuries by Muslim dynasties, these cities did not have any notable temples since the Islamic ruler did not permit the construction of grand Hindu temples with [[shikhara]]s. Delhi, even though it was the capital of India, did not have any outstanding Hindu temples left. During the Mughal period, temples with a shikhara were prohibited until the late Mughal period. The first temple to be built by the Birla family is the Laxminarayan Temple in Delhi, which was opened in 1939. Located at a prominent site,<ref>Backdrop of the Struggle in India; American's impressions of a teeming land. Amid romance, reality, fabulous wealth and dire poverty, there is a yearning for independence. The backdrop of the Freedom Struggle in India, Herbert L. Matthews, New York Times Magazine, September 27, 1942</ref> The temple was designed to be lofty and spacious, suitable for congregational worship or discourses. Although built using modern technology, it very loosely conformed to the [[Hindu temple architecture#Nagara (नागर) architecture|Nagara]] style. The Birlas also built the adjoining Buddhist temple and donated it to the [[Mahabodhi Society]].{{cn|date=August 2021}}

The Birla temples in Delhi, Banaras and Bhopal use modern construction materials and techniques. Later temples are built of marble or sandstone and are constructed usually in the classical style of [[Māru-Gurjara architecture]] (from the [[Chandela]] or [[Chaulukya dynasty]]) of the 10-12th century, with some elements of local, regional styles, such as the [[gopuram]] of the [[Birla Mandir, Hyderabad]], otherwise in the northern Māru-Gurjara style. The Saraswati temple, in the BITS Pilani campus, is one of the very few Sarasvati temples built in modern times (see [[Maihar#Places to visit at Maihar|Sharda Temple, Maihar]]). It is said to be a replica of the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] of [[Khajuraho]]; however, it is built of white marble and adorned with not only images of Gods but also of philosophers and scientists.<ref>[http://www.gutenberg-e.org/haa01/frames/fhaa03.html Community and Public Culture: The Marwaris in Calcutta 1897-1997, Anne Hardgrove, Philanthropy and Mapping the Kul: Industrialists and Temple Building]</ref> The Gwalior Sun temple is a replica (much reduced in size) of the famous [[Konark Sun Temple]],<ref>Pilgrimage Centres of India, Brajesh Kumar, A.H.W. Sameer series, Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd., 2003 p. 103</ref> as it would have appeared before the collapse of the main tower. Anne Hardgrove states:

:A national chain of the "Birla temples," temples of grandiose scale and design, have become major landmarks and part of the cityscapes of Indian urban life in the late twentieth century. The Birla temples exist in conjunction with other large industrial and philanthropic ventures of the wealthy Birla family, including major institutions of technology, medicine, and education. Birla temples have redefined religion to conform to modern ideals of philanthropy and humanitarianism, combining the worship of a deity with a public institution that contributes to civil society. The architectural forms of the two newest Birla temples (''Jaipur and Kolkata'') incorporate innovative, dual-purpose structures into the temple design that alter temple practices to reflect the concerns of modern public culture in a religious site.<ref>[http://www.gutenberg-e.org/haa01/frames/fhaa03.html Community and Public Culture: The Marwaris in Calcutta 1897-1997, Anne Hardgrove, Philanthropy and Mapping the Kul: Industrialists and Temple Building]</ref>

==Birla Mandirs across India==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Birla Temples in India
!Sl.No.
!Image
! Temple
! Year
! Location
! Deity
|-
| 1
|[[File:New Vishwanath Temple at BHU.jpg|100px]]
|[[Shri Vishwanath Mandir|Birla Mandir]]
| 1931-1966
|BHU, [[Varanasi]]
|[[Shiva]] (Shri Vishwanath)
|-
| 2
|[[File:Birla Mandir Delhi.jpg|100px]]
| [[Laxminarayan Temple]]<ref name=makht>{{cite news |title=Making history with brick and mortar |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Making-history-with-brick-and-mortar/Article1-745801.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205200651/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Making-history-with-brick-and-mortar/Article1-745801.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 5, 2012 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=September 15, 2011 }}</ref>
| 1939
| [[Delhi]]
| [[Lakshmi Narayan]]
|-
| 3
|[[File:Budha statue in a Budha Vihar near Birla Mandir Delhi1.JPG|100px]]
| Buddhist Temple (Delhi Center)
|1939
| [[Delhi]]
| [[Dharmachakra Pravartana Buddha at Sarnath|Dharmachakra Pravartana Buddha]]
|-
| 4
|
| Birla Mandir
| 1941 - 1961
| [[Kanpur, India|Kanpur]]
| [[Lakshmi Narayan]]
|-
|5
|
|Birla Mandir (Gita Mandir)
|1946
|[[Mathura]]
|[[Radha Krishna]]
|-
| 6
|
|Birla Mandir<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kurukshetra.nic.in/tour/Religious/tirath/Kurukshetra/birlamandir/index.htm |title=Birla Mandir, Kurukushetra |access-date=2018-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524100232/http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/tour/Religious/tirath/Kurukshetra/birlamandir/index.htm |archive-date=2018-05-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 1955
|[[Kurukshetra]]
|[[Krishna]]
|-
| 7
|[[File:BITS SaraswatiTemple.jpg|100px]]
| Birla Mandir (Sharda Peeth)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.templenet.com/Articles/Pilani.html |title=Birla Mandir |accessdate=2009-10-27 |author=Temple Net |date=}}</ref>
| 1956-1960
| [[BITS Pilani]]
| [[Saraswati]]
|-
| 8
|
|Birla Mandir<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sajnani |first1=Dr. Manohar |title=Encyclopedia of Tourism Resources In India (Volume II) |volume=II |isbn=81-7835-018-1 |date=2001 |publisher=Kalpaz Publications, Delhi |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxtnsT8CdZ4C&q=birla+temple+kurnool&pg=PA23}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book|editor1-last=Bhatt|editor1-first=S.C.|editor2-last=Bhargava |editor2-first=Gopal K .|title=LAND AND PEOPLE of Indian State and Union Territories (In 36 Volumes), Andhra Pradesh, Volume - 2|volume=2|date=2006|isbn=81-7835-358-X|publisher=Kalpaz Publications, Delhi|page=490|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4pvVOd2L0cC&q=birla+temple+kurnool&pg=PA490}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.satyanarayanaswamydevasthanam.in | title = Sri Lakshmi Satya Narayana Swamy Devasthanam, Kurnool}}</ref>
| 1957
|[[Kurnool]]
|[[Lakshmi Narayan]]
|-
| 9
|[[File:Lakshmi Narayan Temple 01.jpg|100px]]
|[[Lakshmi Narayan Temple, Bhopal]]<ref>
{{cite web | url =http://www.indiavideo.org/madhyapradesh/travel/birla-mandir-bhopal-4984.php | title = Birla Mandir, Lakshmi Narayan Temple, Bhopal }} </ref>
| 1960
|[[Bhopal]]
|[[Lakshmi Narayan]]
|-
| 10
|
| [[Birla Mandir, Shahad|Birla Mandir]]
| 1965
| [[Shahad]]
| [[Vithoba]]
|-
| 11
|[[File:Hindu God Shiva Temple.jpg|100px]]
|[[Renukeshwar Mahadev Temple |Renukeshaw Mahadev Temple]]
| 1972
|[[Renukoot]]
|[[Shiva]]
|-
| 12
|[[File:Birla Mandir in Hyderabad, 2015.JPG|100px]]
| [[Birla Mandir, Hyderabad|Birla Mandir]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ckbirlagroup.com/art-and-culture.php |title=Lord Venkateshwara Temple(Birla Mandir), Hyderabad}}</ref>
| 1966-1976
| [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| [[Venkateswara]]
|-
| 13
|[[File:Birla Mandir astounding Beauty.jpg|alt=|133x133px]]
| [[Birla Mandir, Kolkata|Birla Mandir]]<ref>[http://kolkata.clickindia.com/travel/birlamandir.html Birla Mandir in Kolkata – Lakshmi Narayan Temple – Birla Temple in Kolkata – Kolkata] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615133129/http://kolkata.clickindia.com/travel/birlamandir.html |date=June 15, 2008 }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=eUq9heKpjEIC&dq=Birla+Mandir+in+Kolkata&pg=PA103 Kolkata: City Guide, Goodearth Publications, 2011 - Calcutta, p. 103]</ref>
| 1976-1996
| [[Kolkata]]
| [[Radha Krishna]]
|-
| 14
|[[File:Sun Temple - GWL - F3101 Wiki Veethi.JPG|100px]]
|Birla Mandir<ref>Gwalior Sun Temple: https://www.bhaktibharat.com/en/mandir/gwalior-sun-temple</ref>
| 1984-1988
|[[Gwalior]]
|[[Surya]]
|-
| 15
|[[File:Birla mandir jaipur.JPG|100px]]
|[[Birla Mandir, Jaipur|Birla Mandir]]
| 1988
|[[Jaipur]]
|[[Lakshmi Narayan]]
|-
| 16
|
|Birla Mandir
|
|[[Patna]]
|[[Lakshmi Narayan]]
|-
| 17
|
|Birla Mandir
|
|[[Akola]]
|[[Rama]]
|-
| 18
|
|Birla Mandir
|
|[[Nagda]]
|[[Vishnu]]
|-
| 19
|
|Birla Mandir<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kokansearch.com/temples/english/temples_in_raigad/birla_mandir/ |title=Birla Ganesh Mandir |access-date=2018-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918221710/http://www.kokansearch.com/temples/english/temples_in_raigad/birla_mandir/ |archive-date=2018-09-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
|[[Alibaug]]
|[[Ganesha]]
|-
| 20
|
|Birla Mandir<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mysambalpur.in/brajarajnagar/ | title = Birla Temple, near Lamtibahal, Brajrajnagar}}</ref>
|
|[[Brajarajnagar]]
| [[Vishnu |Laxmi Narayanan]]
|-
| 21
|
|Birla Mandir
|
|[[Veraval]]
|[[Lakshmi Narayan]]
|-
| 22
|[[File:Birla Mandir Goa, India.jpg|100px]]
|[[Birla Radha Krishna Mandir]]
|2023
|[[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Goa Campus|BITS Pilani Goa]]
|[[Radha Krishna]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Hindu temple architecture]]
*[[Shri Vishwanath Mandir]]
* {{intitle|Birla Mandir}}

==References==
<references/>
{{Birla Mandirs}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in India]]
[[Category:Birla Mandir]]

Charles Henry Blake

2026-01-29T18:55:13Z

Axis: made data

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
'''Charles Henry Blake''' (1794–1872) was a British [[Indigofera tinctoria|indigo]] planter and [[industrialist]] in India, who became a [[property developer]] and railway company director in London.

==Early life==
He was the son of Benjamin Blake, a sea captain turned indigo planter in [[Bengal]]. He spent time in the United Kingdom in the 1820s. From around 1830 to the early 1840s, he prospered as a sugar and [[rum]] manufacturer in India.<ref name="ODNB">{{cite ODNB|id=|first=F. H. W.|last=Sheppard|title=Blake, Charles Henry}}</ref>

==Property developer==
During the 1850s, Blake was involved in developing the [[Ladbroke Estate]], where he bought speculatively into land holdings from 1850, later acquiring other land on [[Lansdowne Hill]].<ref name="ODNB"/> In 1852 he was living at 15 [[Devonshire Place]], and was a director of the Portsmouth Railway Company.<ref>{{cite book |title=Railway Times |date=1852 |page=1343 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWM3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1343 |language=en}}</ref>

The solicitor Richard Roy was active in legal work on the Estate. Blake had Samuel Walker as partner.<ref>{{cite book|last=Olsen|first=Donald J.|title=The Growth of Victorian London|year=1979|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=0140551824|page=174}}</ref> Employing capital from his Indian ventures, Blake bought land in London's [[Notting Hill]] neighbourhood. He survived financial overstretch to build extensively there, in the Kensington Park area.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kuchta |first1=Todd |title=Semi-Detached Empire: Suburbia and the Colonization of Britain, 1880 to the Present |date=2010 |publisher=University of Virginia Press |isbn=9780813929255 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Dn8uyOWKjgC&pg=PA19 |language=en}}</ref> Over the period 1850 to 1853, the area east of [[Ladbroke Grove]] was developed quickly for housing by a group including Blake and Walker, Roy acting for them, [[Felix Ladbroke]] and the architect [[Thomas Allom]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Ladbroke estate: The 1850s, British History Online |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol37/pp220-235#h2-0002 |website=www.british-history.ac.uk}}</ref> Blake and Allom were responsible for the houses (now consecutive nos. 24 to 33) on the north side of [[Kensington Park Gardens]], Blake himself living at no. 24 during most of the 1850s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kensington Park Gardens |url=http://www.ladbrokeassociation.info/KensingtonParkGardens.htm |website=www.ladbrokeassociation.info}}</ref>

Blake made little or nothing on his initial property investments, handled to begin with through his solicitor; and he took losses on railway speculation in 1854–5.<ref>H. J. Dyos, ''The Speculative Builders and Developers of Victorian London'', Victorian Studies Vol. 11, Supplement: Symposium on the Victorian City (2) (Summer, 1968), pp. 641–690, at p. 646. Published by: Indiana University Press. {{JSTOR|3825462}}</ref> He survived the property market upheavals of the late 1850s, though selling his Kensington Park Gardens house to tide himself over. He ultimately prospered in the 1860s by exploiting the opportunity of the new [[Hammersmith & City line]], in which he invested and acted as a director. Questionable land dealings saw him pushed out of the railway company, but from 1864 his developer activities between the railway and [[Kensal Green]] thrived.<ref name="ODNB"/>

==Family==
Blake's widow Frances ran the Estate for some years after his death, to her own death in 1876. They had two sons and two daughters:<ref name="ODNB"/>

*Charles Henry Blake (1835–1895), the elder son, a barrister, married in 1862 Josephine, daughter of Edward Amos Chaplin, and lived at Glendelvine, [[Dunkeld]]. He took over the management of the Estate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/winchestercolleg00wincuoft#page/118/mode/1up|title=Winchester College, 1836–1906: a register|last=Wainewright|first=John Bannerman|year=1907|work=[[Internet Archive]]|publisher=P. and G. Wells|page=118|access-date=3 June 2018|location=Winchester}}</ref><ref name="ODNB"/>
*George Denis Blake (born 1839).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hunter |first1=Andrew Alexander |title=Cheltenham College register, 1841-1889. Ed. by A.A. Hunter. |url=https://archive.org/details/cheltenhamcolleg00chel/page/132 |page=132 |publisher=London : Bell |date=1890}}</ref>
*Fanny Georgina, who married in 1852 [[Thomas Pearce (priest)|Thomas Pearce]].<ref name="Chandler-2009">{{cite journal|last=Chandler|first=Peter J.|year=2009|title=Ethel Katharine Pearce (1856–1940) and her contribution to dipterology|journal=[[Dipterists Digest]]|volume=16|issue=2|page=122}}</ref>
*[[Emma Macpherson|Emma]], the younger daughter, married in 1853 [[Allan Macpherson]] of [[Blairgowrie and Rattray|Blairgowrie]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Marriages|date=7 May 1853|work=Illustrated London News|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Walford|first=Edward|title=The County Families of the United Kingdom Or, Royal Manual of the Titled and Untitled Aristocracy of Great Britain and Ireland ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9EkzFlBgz0C&pg=PA645|access-date=30 May 2018|year=1869|publisher=R. Hardwicke|page=645}}</ref> She is known as a watercolour artist, for landscapes painted in Australia during a year-long visit by the couple, some three years after the marriage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.daao.org.au/bio/emma-macpherson/|title=Emma Macpherson :: biography at Design and Art Australia Online|accessdate=30 May 2018}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Blake, Charles Henry}}
[[Category:1794 births]]
[[Category:1872 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century British businesspeople]]
[[Category:British industrialists]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

Rajpara State (Gohelwar)

2026-01-09T19:33:42Z

Axis: minor updated references as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Village in Gujarat, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{princely states topics}}
'''Rajpara''' is a village and former non-[[salute state|salute]] Rajput [[princely state]] on [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] peninsula in [[Gujarat]], western India.

==History==
The petty princely state, in [[Gohelwar]] ''[[prant]]'', was ruled by [[Sarvaiya]] [[Rajput]] Chieftains. In 1901 it comprised a single village, with a population of 552, yielding 2,150 Rupees state revenue (1903–4, nearly all from land), paying 274 Rupees tribute, to the Gaikwar [[Baroda State]] and [[Junagadh State]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_172.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 15, page 166 -- Digital South Asia Library|website=Dsal.uchicago.edu|access-date=2017-01-17}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Rajpara State (Halar)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}

Jintimani Kalita

2026-01-05T22:12:51Z

Axis: Started new biography.

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Jintimani Kalita
| female = true
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Jintimani Nakul Kalita
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|12|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]
| international =

| oneodi =
| odidebutdate =
| odidebutyear =
| odidebutagainst =
| odicap =
| lastodidate =
| lastodiyear =
| lastodiagainst =

| T20Idebutdate =
| T20Idebutyear =
| T20Idebutagainst =
| T20Icap =
| lastT20Idate =
| lastT20Iyear =
| lastT20Iagainst =

| club1 = [[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]]
| year1 = 2019/20–present
| club2 = [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
| year2 = 2023–present

| columns = 2

| column1 = [[List A cricket|WLA]]
| matches1 = 9
| runs1 = 136
| bat avg1 = 17.00
| 100s/50s1 = 0/1
| top score1 = 78
| deliveries1 = 306
| wickets1 = 4
| bowl avg1 = 59.25
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 1/17
| catches/stumpings1 = 3/–

| column2 = [[Women's Twenty20|WT20]]
| matches2 = 16
| runs2 = 8
| bat avg2 = 8.00
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 3[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 78
| wickets2 = 2
| bowl avg2 = 53.00
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 1/2
| catches/stumpings2 = 4/–

| date = 4 May 2023
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2288/2288267/2288267.html CricketArchive
}}
'''Jintimani Kalita''' (born 25 December 2003) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays for [[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]] and [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jintimani Kalita Profile |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/jintimani-kalita-1255387 |access-date=28 March 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Living The Dream: WPL Player Jintimani Kalita Once Thought Women Could Not Play Cricket |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/shesport/cricketer-jintimani-kalita-wpl/ |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=She the people}}</ref> She plays as a right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]] and left-handed [[Batting (cricket)|batter]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jintimani Kalita Profile |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/jintimani-kalita-1255387 |access-date=28 March 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

In the inaugural [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] auction in February 2023, Kalita was purchased by the [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]] for 10 lakhs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WPL Auction 2023 |url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/ipl-2023/auction/players/40640 |access-date=28 March 2023|website=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jintimani Kalita Profile |url=https://hindi.news18.com/cricket/profile/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE/89193.html |access-date= 4 April 2023|website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kalita was born in [[Mangaldai]], [[Assam]]. As a child, she never used to like any new clothes or jewellery. She was fascinated with cricket bats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jintimani Kalita: Girl who refused to dress up makes Assam proud in WPL
|url= https://thebridge.in/women-cricket/jintimani-kalita-wpl-refused-dress-makes-assam-proud-40342 | date = 9 March 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=The Bridge|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1255387}}
* {{cricketarchive|id=2288267}}

{{Mumbai Indians WPL squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalita, Jintimani}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women cricketers]]
[[Category:Assam women cricketers]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Assam]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Guwahati]]
[[Category:Mumbai Indians (WPL) cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Sam Jones (actor)

2026-01-04T07:17:56Z

Axis: put up new post

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sam Jones
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Chennai, [[Tamil Nadu]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor, producer
| years_active = 2018–present
| imagesize =
| homepage =
}}

'''Sam Jones''' is an Indian actor and film producer who has appeared in [[Tamil language]] films. After making his film debut in the Tamil film ''[[Yemaali]]'' (2018), He has been in films including ''[[Lisaa]]'' (2019) and ''[[Nadhi]]'' (2022).

==Career==
Born into a family of businesspeople, Sam developed an interest in acting after watching several Tamil films. He took up acting lessons, trained in dance under Jayanthi, and took up stunt lessons from action choreographer Pandian. Sam's family friends were into film production and had given him the contact details of [[V. Z. Durai]], who selected him to star in ''[[Yemaali]]'' (2018) after a successful screen test.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/my-character-is-opposite-to-what-i-am-in-real-life-athulya/articleshow/61807046.cms|title=My character is opposite to what I am in real life: Athulya|author=M. Suganth|publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2017-11-27|accessdate=2022-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sam-jones-lost-13-kilos-for-a-fun-film-set-against-the-backdrop-of-madurai/articleshow/77539865.cms |title=Sam Jones lost 13 kilos for a fun film set against the backdrop of Madurai |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2020-08-14 |accessdate=2022-07-22}}</ref> He then appeared in films including the horror drama ''[[Lisaa]]'' (2019) and the fantasy comedy ''[[Dharmaprabhu]]'' (2022).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/lisaa/movie-review/69479703.cms |title=Lisaa Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Lisaa by Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2019-05-24 |accessdate=2022-07-22}}</ref>

In 2022, Sam Jones produced and starred in the drama film ''[[Nadhi]]'', on an inter-caste relationship. For his role in the film, he lost 13 kilograms and learnt Madurai slang.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sam-jones-hopes-nadhi-will-give-him-a-new-identity/articleshow/81351652.cms |title=Sam Jones hopes 'Nadhi' will give him a new identity |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2021-03-06 |accessdate=2022-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/nadhi/movie-review/93048607.cms |title=Nadhi Movie Review: An anti-caste love story that could have been more powerful |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date= |accessdate=2022-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/i-am-so-glad-that-thamarai-maam-came-on-board-says-sam-jones/articleshow/89503467.cms |title=I am so glad that Thamarai ma'am came on board, says Sam Jones |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2022-02-12 |accessdate=2022-07-22}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
||2018 || ''[[Yemaali]]'' || Mali ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019 || ''[[Lisaa]]'' || Jagadeesh ||
|-
| ''[[Dharmaprabhu]]'' || Bala ||
|-
||2022 || ''[[Nadhi]]'' || Thamizh ||Also producer
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|10720348}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jones, Sam}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Nitin Dubey

2025-12-30T01:09:49Z

Axis: new a stub...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian Singer and composer (born 1981)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Nitin Dubey
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|3 July 1981}}<ref name="raigarhtopnews 1">{{cite web | url=https://raigarhtopnews.com/chhattisgarhs-singing-superstar-nitin-dubey-became-the-most-subscribed-singer-on-youtube-in-chhattisgarh-lets-know-about-his-musical-journey-so-far/ | title=छत्तीसगढ़ के सिंगिंग सुपरस्टार नितिन दुबे बने छत्तीसगढ़ में यूट्यूब पर सबसे ज़्यादा सब्सक्राइबर वाले गायक आइए जानते हैं उनके अब तक के संगीत सफर के बारे में | date=16 August 2022 | access-date=20 April 2024 | archive-date=17 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217165517/https://raigarhtopnews.com/chhattisgarhs-singing-superstar-nitin-dubey-became-the-most-subscribed-singer-on-youtube-in-chhattisgarh-lets-know-about-his-musical-journey-so-far/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| birth_place = Raigarh, Chhattisgarh, India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre = Indian music, [[Chhattisgarhi]] music
| occupation = Singer, composer, actor, lyricist
| resting_place =
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| education =
| alma_mater = 
| notable_works =
| style =
| movement =
| spouse = Sanju Dubey
| elected =
| patrons =
| memorials =
| website = {{URL|nitindubeyofficial.com/}}
| module = 
| years_active = 2001–present
| label = [[Ultra Media & Entertainment]], [[Shemaroo Entertainment]], [[Saregama]]
}}

'''Nitin Dubey''' (born 3 July 1981) is an Indian singer, composer, actor, and lyricist. Born in Raigarh, Chhattisgarh. Dubey is known for his work as a composer, vocalist, music director, and [[playback singer]] in [[Chhattisgarhi cinema|Chhattisgarh cinema]] and as a performer at various national level music festivals and [[bhajan]] programs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nitin Dubey, The Most Subscribed Singer of C'Garh on Youtube |url=https://www.ehitavada.com/article.php?id=RCpage_2022-07-25_5439b9fc8ebe5456963a1e2434198727 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217165516/https://www.ehitavada.com/article.php?id=RCpage_2022-07-25_5439b9fc8ebe5456963a1e2434198727 |archive-date=2022-12-17 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=The Hitavada |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=hi:राष्ट्रीय स्तर में प्रस्तुति देकर छत्तीसगढ़ का मान बढ़ा रहे हैं सिंगर नितिन दुबे, संगीत के क्षेत्र में मिल चुके हैं कई सम्मान {{!}} |url=https://www.ibc24.in/chhattisgarh/singer-nitin-dubey-is-increasing-the-value-of-chhattisgarh-by-performing-at-the-national-level-1065775.html |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=www.ibc24.in |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=A Musical Journey of Singer Nitin Dubey Inspiring Now All Youth |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/india/a-musical-journey-of-singer-nitin-dubey-inspiring-now-all-youth |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=firstindia.co.in |language=en}}</ref>

Dubey's best-selling albums include ''Hay Mor Chandni'' and ''Tain Deewani Main Deewana,'' while his best-selling songs include "Raigarh Wala Raja" "Hay Re Mor Kochaipan," and "Ka Tai Rup Nikhare Chandani."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Clipping of delhistatesman – Delhi – The Statesman |url=https://epaper.thestatesman.com/c/69403759 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=epaper.thestatesman.com}}</ref><ref name=":10" /> Dubey's awards include a Best Playback Singer Award for his work on the film [[Mr. Majnu]]'','' and several folk music awards including the Matni Ratna Award, the Kala Amnol Ratna Award, the Sai Aradhana Samman Award, and the Chhattisgarh Melody King Award.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nitin Dubey becomes most streamed Chhattisgarhi singer on YouTube |url=https://newsriveting.com/nitin-dubey-becomes-most-streamed-chhattisgarhi-singer-on-youtube/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217165516/https://www.ehitavada.com/article.php?id=RCpage_2022-07-25_5439b9fc8ebe5456963a1e2434198727 |archive-date=2022-12-17 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=News Riveting |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nitin Dubey becomes role model of young artists |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2022/10/18/Nitin-Dubey-becomes-role-model-of-young-artists.html |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=www.thehitavada.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, he also received the Chhattisgarh Ratna award for his contributions to [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] music.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=2023-02-16 |title=Folk festival Mainpat Mahotsav kicks off |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/folk-festival-mainpat-mahotsav-kicks-off/articleshow/97965762.cms |access-date=2023-06-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="raigarhtopnews.com">{{cite web | url=https://raigarhtopnews.com/chhattisgarhs-singing-superstar-nitin-dubey-became-the-most-subscribed-singer-on-youtube-in-chhattisgarh-lets-know-about-his-musical-journey-so-far/ | title=छत्तीसगढ़ के सिंगिंग सुपरस्टार नितिन दुबे बने छत्तीसगढ़ में यूट्यूब पर सबसे ज़्यादा सब्सक्राइबर वाले गायक आइए जानते हैं उनके अब तक के संगीत सफर के बारे में | date=16 August 2022 | access-date=17 December 2022 | archive-date=17 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217165517/https://raigarhtopnews.com/chhattisgarhs-singing-superstar-nitin-dubey-became-the-most-subscribed-singer-on-youtube-in-chhattisgarh-lets-know-about-his-musical-journey-so-far/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-13 |title=Dubey Receives "Chhattisgarh Ratna" Award |url=https://www.thehitavada.com//Encyc/2023/12/21/Dubey-receives-Chhattisgarh-Ratna-award.html |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=The Hitavada |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Nitin Dubey was born on 3 July 1981, in [[Raigarh]], Chhattisgarh, India, to Parmhans and Kalindi Dubey.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Vikash |date=2022-12-08 |title=Singer Nitin Dubey : युवा कलाकारों के लिए एक रोल मॉडल बन चुके हैं सिंगर नितिन दुबे |url=https://bansalnews.com/singer-nitin-dubey-has-become-a-role-model-for-young-artists-vkj/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |language=hi |archive-date=2022-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218162052/https://bansalnews.com/singer-nitin-dubey-has-become-a-role-model-for-young-artists-vkj/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He began singing when he was 7 years old by performing a patriotic song at his school.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=बहुत प्रेरणादायक है सिंगर नितिन दुबे के संघर्ष की कहानी {{!}} |url=https://www.ibc24.in/entertainment/success-story-of-singer-nitin-dubey-1076357.html |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=www.ibc24.in |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Jagdalpur: चित्रकोट में आज छत्तीसगढ़ी गीतों की प्रस्तुति देंगे नितिन दुबे, कई अवार्ड से हो चुके हैं सम्मानित |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chhattisgarh/jagdalpur/nitin-dubey-will-present-chhattisgarhi-songs-in-chitrakot-today-2023-02-16 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> Subsequently, he began competing in school music contests and state-level music competitions.<ref name=":1" />

As a child, his musical influences were the bhajans sung by his mother, the folk music performed by his father, and the songs of playback singer Kishor Kumar.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-03 |title=किशोर कुमार के 200 गीत सुनकर नितिन ने बनाई धुन: गाना बनाने कई रात सोए नहीं छत्तीसगढ़ी सिंगर, अब सोशल मीडिया में धूम मचा रहा सॉन्ग |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/raipur/news/barbad-2-went-viral-singer-nitin-dubey-chhattisgarh-best-singer-130636490.html |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-20 |title=नितिन दुबे का जीवन परिचय lBiography of Nitin Dubey – hitesh kumar hk |url=https://hiteshkumarhk.in/2021/07/biography-of-nitin-dubey.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603072100/https://hiteshkumarhk.in/2021/07/biography-of-nitin-dubey.html |archive-date=2023-06-03 |access-date=2023-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> He learned classical [[raga]]s from his elementary school teacher Gulabram Chauhan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singer Nitin Dubey is raising the honor of Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.ibc24.in/chhattisgarh/singer-nitin-dubey-is-raising-the-honor-of-chhattisgarh-1065776.html |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=www.ibc24.in |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Uma |date=2022-08-23 |title=Singer Nitin Dubey :कभी चेहरा छुपाकर अपने ही पोस्टर चिपकाते थे,आज सिंगर नितिन दुबे की एक झलक पाने को लगती है भीड़ |url=https://aajkijandhara.com/singer-nitin-dubey-pasting-posters/ |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=aajkijandhara |language=en-US}}</ref>

He went to the Maa Sarveshwari High School [[Raigarh]] for elementary and high school, and then to the Natwar Higher Secondary School Raigarh for intermediate school. Dubey graduated from the Degree College Raigarh at [[Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya|Guru Ghasidas University]], Chhattisgarh.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Musical Journey of Singer Nitin Dubey Inspiring Now All Youth |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/lifeStyle/a-musical-journey-of-singer-nitin-dubey-inspiring-now-all-youth |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=firstindia.co.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dubey released his debut album, ''Tain Deewani Main Deewana,'' in 2001.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> His first single on the album was "Manmohini He Gaon Ke Goriya."<ref name=":1" /> Subsequently, Dubey released several albums including ''Hay Mor Chandni'' in 2005.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-10 |title=Nitin Dubey- The Face of Independent Artist in CG |url=https://en.lalluram.com/nitin-dubey-the-face-of-independent-artist-in-cg/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217165529/https://en.lalluram.com/nitin-dubey-the-face-of-independent-artist-in-cg/ |archive-date=2022-12-17 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=Lalluram.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Dubey received the Mati Ratna Award from the Chhattisgarh Institute of Folk Art in 2008.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |date=17 August 2022 |title=राष्ट्रीय स्तर के संगीत महोत्सवों में प्रस्तुति देकर छत्तीसगढ़ का मान बढ़ा रहे हैं सिंगर नितिन दुबे, संगीत के क्षेत्र में मिल चुके हैं कई सम्मान |url=https://raigarhtopnews.com/singer-nitin-dubey-is-increasing-the-value-of-chhattisgarh-by-performing-in-national-level-music-festivals-has-received-many-honors-in-the-field-of-music/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217165520/https://raigarhtopnews.com/singer-nitin-dubey-is-increasing-the-value-of-chhattisgarh-by-performing-in-national-level-music-festivals-has-received-many-honors-in-the-field-of-music/ |archive-date=2022-12-17 |website=raigarhtopnews.com/}}</ref> The following year, he received the Kala Amnol Ratna Award from the Chhattisgarh Institute of Folk Art.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-13 |title=लोगों को भा रहा छत्तीसगढ़ी सिंगर नितिन दुबे का गाना, सबसे ज़्यादा सब्सक्राइबर वाले एकलौते इंडिपेंडेंट आर्टिस्ट {{!}} Chhattisgarhi singer Nitin Dubey, artist with 7.25 lakh subscribers |url=https://www.patrika.com/raipur-news/chhattisgarhi-singer-nitin-dubey-artist-with-7-25-lakh-subscribers-7919160/ |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

Dubey is also known as a [[bhajan]] singer. He released the Hindi bhajan albums ''Chalo Shirdi Dham'' and ''Sancha Hai Maa Ka Darbar''.<ref name=":1" /> In 2013, Dubey collaborated with [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] singers [[Suresh Wadkar|Suresh Wadekar]] and [[Sadhana Sargam|Sadhna Sargam]] on the bhajan album ''Sai Ka Sajda.''<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> After the release of this album, Dubey began performing as a Sai Bhajan singer at live performances and bhajan programs across India. Dubey's other bhajan works include "[[Hanuman Chalisa]]."<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=Hanuman Jayanti: तेजी से वायरल हो रहा छत्तीसगढ़ के सिंगर नितिन दुबे का 'हनुमान चालीसा', ये है खासियत |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-singer-nitin-dubey-hanuman-chalisa-viral-2023-04-06 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

Dubey received the Sai Aradhana Samman Award from the Orisa Sai Trust in 2017.<ref name=":3" />

In 2022, Dubey released the album ''Hay Re Mor Neelpari'', which featured Chhattisgarhi singer [[Sharmila Biswas]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=छत्तीसगढ़ी एलबम, हाय रे मोर नील परी, 3 जुलाई को होगी रिलीज |url=https://www.deshdigital.in/research-zone/language/chhattisgarhi-album-hi-re-more-neil-pari-to-release-on-july-3/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=Desh Digital |date=30 June 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> In November of the same year, he also released the single "Barbad 2," which was a sequel to his earlier single, "Barbad Kar Dehe Mola."<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-10 |title=Barbaad 2 Cg Album Viral: सिंगर नितिन दुबे का नया एलबम "बर्बाद 2" हुआ वायरल |url=https://lalluram.com/barbaad-2-cg-album-viral-singer-nitin-dubeys-new-album-barbaad-2-went-vira/ |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=Lalluram Hindi news, हिंदी न्यूज़, Hindi Samachar - Lalluram.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=रायपुर |first=रवि मिरी |date=2022-12-12 |title=छत्तीसगढ़ी सिंगर नितिन दुबे ऐसे बनाते हैं सुपरहिट गानों की धुन, इस तरह तैयार हुआ बर्बाद-2 |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-singer-nitin-dubey-composes-superhit-songs-know-what-is-formula-ann-2280001 |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> Dubey also received the Chhattisgarh Melody King Award from the Indian Pharmacists Association in 2022.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=छत्तीसगढ़ के फेमस सिंगर नितिन दुबे को मिला 'छत्तीसगढ़ मेलोडी किंग' का अवॉर्ड {{!}} |url=https://www.ibc24.in/photo-gallery/chhattisgarhs-famous-singer-nitin-dubey-got-the-chhattisgarh-melody-king-award-1171494.html |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=www.ibc24.in |language=hi}}</ref>

Dubey has worked as a music director in the [[Chhattisgarhi cinema|Chhattisgarh film industry]] for movies including ''[[Mr. Majnu]]'', and ''Dil Pardesi Hoge Re''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In 2023, he received the Best Playback Singer Award for his song "Ka Tain Nikhare Chadhaini" in the film ''Mr. Majnu.''<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=Singer Nitin Dubey Honored |url=https://epaper.thehindu.com/ccidist-ws/th/th_delhi/issues/26795/OPS/G3MAUA2TJ.1.png?cropFromPage=true |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=hehindu.com}}</ref> He also served as a playback singer in the film ''Chal Hat Konho Dekh Lihi'', directed by [[Satish Jain]].<ref name=":6" />

Dubey has also appeared as an actor in music videos for his songs such as "Raigarh Wala Raja."<ref>{{Cite web |title=छत्तीसगढ़ी सिंगर नितिन दुबे का नया एलबम 'रायगढ़ वाला राजा 2' ने तोड़े रिकॉर्ड: तेजी से वायरल हो रहा ये सॉन्ग |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarhi-singer-nitin-dubey-new-album-raigarh-wala-raja-2-viral-on-social-media-2023-05-06 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> His songs have been streamed in multiple countries.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" />

Dubey has also performed at various state-level music festivals such as Chakradhar Samaroh in 2011, 2012, and 2016,<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-09-07 |title=Singer Nitin Dubey is increasing the value of Chhattisgarh by performing in national level music festivals.. |url=https://sarvochyachhattisgarhnews.in/?p=25690 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218162052/https://sarvochyachhattisgarhnews.in/?p=25690 |archive-date=2022-12-18 |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=sarvochyachhattisgarhnews.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Bhoramdev Mahotsav in 2018 and 2019,<ref name=":10" /> Jajwalyadev Mahotsav in 2018,<ref name=":13" /> and Rajyotsava Mahotsav in 2022. In 2023, Dubey performed at the closing ceremony of the Chitrakote Mahotsav festival,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh govt announces host of irrigation projects, 'Chitrakote Mahotsav' closing ceremony |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/chhattisgarh-chief-minister-bhupesh-baghel-led-government-announces-host-of-irrigation-projects-chitrakote-mahotsav-closing-ceremony/cid/1916884 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> the Pali Festival,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-21 |title=Singer Nitin Dubey : सिंगर नितिन दुबे की आवाज से झूमी पाली महोत्सव की अंतिम शाम |url=https://bansalnews.com/singer-nitin-dubey-performed-pali-mahotsav-vkj/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |language=hi |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603081040/https://bansalnews.com/singer-nitin-dubey-performed-pali-mahotsav-vkj/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lok Madai Dongargaon,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Melody king singer Nitin Dubey will spread the magic |url=https://www.ibc24.in/chhattisgarh/raipur/melody-king-singer-nitin-dubey-will-spread-the-magic-of-his-voice-at-mainpat-mahotsav-and-lok-madai-dongargaon-1399940.html |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=www.ibc24.in |language=hi}}</ref> Naranyanpur Mavli Mata,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nitin Dubey live presentation in "Chitrakot Festival |url=https://www.ibc24.in/chhattisgarh/narayanpur/bastar-danced-with-the-songs-of-nitin-dubey-live-presentation-in-chitrakot-festival-and-narayanpur-mata-mavli-mela-1414408.html |access-date=2023-06-03 |newspaper=Ibc24 News : Chhattisgarh News, Madhya Pradesh News, Chhattisgarh News Live , Madhya Pradesh News Live, Chhattisgarh News in Hindi, Madhya Pradesh in Hindi |date=18 February 2023 |language=hi |last1=Shukla |first1=Anil Kumar }}</ref> the Kelo Mahotsav festival,<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2023 |title=सिंगर नितिन दुबे केलो धरोहर सम्मान:7 साल की उम्र में शुरू किया था परफॉर्म करना, 30 करोड़ बार देखे जा चुके हैं इनके गाने |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/raigarh/news/singer-nitin-dubey-of-chhattisgarh-got-kelo-dharohar-samman-130824178.html |website=bhaskar.com}}</ref> and the Mainpat Mahotsav festival.<ref name=":12" /> In the same year, Dubey also gave a free live performance of bhajans at the Navadha Ramayana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: छत्तीसगढ़ के सबसे महंगे सिंगर नितिन ने नवधा रामायण में फ्री में दी प्रस्तुति, वायरल हो रहा वीडियो |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chhattisgarh/raipur/most-expensive-singer-of-chhattisgarh-nitin-gave-free-performance-in-navadha-ramayana-2023-03-02 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-03 |title=Singer Nitin Dubey : स्वरों के सरताज, महंगे गायक नितिन दुबे ने दी फ्री रामायण की प्रस्तुति |url=https://bansalnews.com/expensive-chhattisgarh-singer-nitin-dubey-gave-free-performance-in-navadha-ramayana-vkj/ |website=bansalnews.com |access-date=2023-06-03 |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603081040/https://bansalnews.com/expensive-chhattisgarh-singer-nitin-dubey-gave-free-performance-in-navadha-ramayana-vkj/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Overall, he has been credited with performing more than 2,000 stage shows.<ref name=":16">{{Cite news |date=2023-01-16 |title=Chhattisgarh's singer Nitin Dubey honoured with Kelo Dharohar Award |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/chhattisgarhs-singer-nitin-dubey-honoured-with-kelo-dharohar-award/articleshow/97032285.cms |access-date=2023-06-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Dubey also received the Kelo Dharohar Samman and Chhattisgarh Ratna awards in 2023.<ref name=":10" /> In 2023, Dubey also became the first Chhattisgarhi artist to receive the Sai Shri Samman award.<ref name=":19" /> Dubey released the song "Gonda Tola Re," which he performed with Sharmila Biswas, in 2023.<ref name=":20" /> He also released the bhajan "Mere Man Mein Haim Ram" to coincide with Ram Navami 2023.<ref name=":21" />

== Controversy ==
In 2022, Nitin Dubey's name was misused by a local artist who made false claims saying he would appear at a musical event to gather larger crowds at a musical event in Tamnar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBC24 News : Chhattisgarh News, Madhya Pradesh News, Chhattisgarh News Live , Madhya Pradesh News Live, Chhattisgarh News In Hindi, Madhya Pradesh In Hindi |url=https://www.ibc24.in/chhattisgarh/rumors-being-spread-in-the-name-of-singer-nitin-dubeys-program-demanding-strict-legal-action-against-fraud-1115286.html |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=www.ibc24.in |language=hi}}</ref>

Dubey made a report to the Raigarh SP after criminals used false IDs bearing Dubey's name and image to defraud people and collect money.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2022 |title=छत्तीसगढ़ी सिंगर के नाम पर ब्लैकमेलिंग:नितिन दुबे की फेक ID बनाकर ठगी की कोशिश; लड़कियों को झांसा देकर मांगे रुपए और तस्वीरें |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/raipur/news/blackmailing-fake-id-in-the-name-of-raigad-singer-nitin-dubey-and-messaging-girls-130205677.html |website=bhaskar.com}}</ref>

== Discography ==

=== Albums ===

* ''Tain Deewani Main Deewana'' (2001)<ref name=":0" />
* ''Hay Tore Bindiya'' (2002)
* ''Padosin Turi'' (2003)
* ''Tain Mor Prem Deewani'' (2004)
* ''Hay Mor Chandni'' (2005)<ref name=":1" />
* ''Chandraseni Amar Katha 1'' (2006)
* ''Chandraseni Amar Katha 2'' (2007)
* ''Nitin Dubey Ganesh Bhajans'' (2008)
* ''Chalo Shirdi Dham'' (2009)<ref name=":1" />
* ''Sancha Hai Maa Ka Darbar'' (2010)<ref name=":1" />
* ''Sai Ka Sajda'' (2013)<ref name=":1" />
* ''Nitin Dubey Hindi Deshbhakti Geet'' (2020)

== Bhajans ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Title
! Year
! Ref.
|-
|"Chandraseni Amar Katha"
|2006
|
|-
|"Tu Bhaj Le Sai Praabu Ka Naam"
|2009
|
|-
|"Tu Sai Sai Bol Re"
|2013
|
|-
|"Sai Ka Sadja"
|2013
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|"Pratham Vandana"
|2020
|
|-
|"Hanuman Chalisa"
|2021
|<ref name=":17" />
|-
|"Sancha Hai Ek Tera Hi Daarbar Maa"
|2021
|
|-
|"Gauri Ke Lala Ho"
|2021
|
|-
|"Ganpati Ganraj"
|2021
|
|-
|"Chhattisgarh Ke Chhattis Devi"
|2021
|
|-
|"Bhole Ka Jogi"
|2021
|
|-
|"Kanwar Wala"
|2022
|
|-
|"Tola Sumar Sumar Ke Manavanv"
|2022
|
|-
|"Darbar Jana He"
|2022
|
|-
|"Mere Man Mein Hain Ram"
|2023
|<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Pratik |date=2023-03-28 |title=Ram Navami 2023: सिंगर नितिन दुबे का नया हिंदी भजन 'Mere Man Me Hain Ram' रिलिज़ |url=https://lalluram.com/ram-navami-2023-mere-man-me-hain-ram/ |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=Lalluram |language=hi}}</ref>
|}

== Singles ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Title
! Year
! Album
! Ref.
|-
|"Manmohini He Gaon Ke Goriya"
|2001
|''Tain Deewani Main Deewana''
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|"Hay Mor Chandni"
|2005
|Non-album single
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|"Hay Re Mor Kochaipan"
|2019
|Non-album single
|<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
|"Tor Bar Mor Dil Bekraar"
|2019
|Non-album single
|
|-
|"Ka Tai Roop Nikhare Chandaini"
|2019
|Non-album single
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|"O Jaaneman O Dilruba"
|2020
|Non-album single
|
|-
|"Hay Tor Bindiya"
|2020
|''Hay Tor Bindiya''
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|"Dhire Dhire"
|2020
|Non-album single
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-02 |title=सिंगर नितिन दुबे बने सबसे ज़्यादा देखे जाने वाले छत्तीसगढ़ी गायक, 18 से ज़्यादा देशों में देखे जा रहे हैं इनके गीत |url=https://www.ibc24.in/world/singer-nitin-dubey-became-the-most-viewed-chhattisgarhi-singer-in-the-world-1390409.html |website=ibc24.in}}</ref>
|-
|"Hay Re Tor Kasam"
|2020
|Non-album single
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|"Raigarh Wala Raja"
|2021
|Non-album single
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|"Bachpan Ka Pyar"
|2021
|Non-album single
|
|-
|"Chanda Re"
|2021
|Non-album single
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|"Chandni 2"
|2021
|Non-album single
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|"Gulmohar"
|2021
|Non-album single
|<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
|"Dhadkan Ke Saaj"
|2021
|Non-album single
|
|-
|"Barbad Kar Dehe Mola"
|2021
|Non-album single
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|"Mata De Turi"
|2022
|Non-album single
|
|-
|"Hay Re Mor Mungakadi"
|2022
|Non-album single
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|"Dil Ke Dhadkan"
|2022
|Non-album single
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|"Naach Mor Jaan"
|2022
|Non-album single
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kushwaha |first=Dipesh |date=2022-05-20 |title=छॉलीवुड स्टार गौरव सिन्हा एवं सिंगर नितिन दुबे की जोड़ी का धमाल "नाच मोर जान" इस दिन होगी रिलीज…video |url=https://www.cgmp.co.in/chollywood-star-gaurav-sinha-and-singer-nitin-dubeys-pair-of-dhamaal-nach-more-jaan-video/27332/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=CG MP News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|"Tor Barat Lahun"
|2022
|Non-album single
|
|-
|"Hay Re Mor Neelpari"
|2022
|Non-album single
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|"Dil De De Durugwali"
|2022
|Non-album single
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=नितिन दुबे का छत्तीसगढ़ी वीडियो सांग दिल दे दे दुर्गवाली हुआ रिलीज, तीन राज्यों के खूबसूरत वादियों में हुआ फिल्मांकन.......पढ़िये पूरी खबर |url=https://munaadi.com/news-details/Nitin-Dubeys-Chhattisgarhi-video-song-Dil-De-De-Durgwali-released,-filming-took-place-in-beautiful-plains |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=News Portal |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Barbad 2 Tain Mola Bhul Ja"
|2022
|Non-album single
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
|"Gonda Tola Re"
|2023
|Non-album single
|<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-08 |title=नया छत्तीसगढ़ी गीत 'गोंदा तोला रे' यूट्यूब पर रिलिज होते ही हुआ वायरल |url=https://lalluram.com/gonda-tola-re-new-cg-song-2023/ |website=lalluram.com}}</ref>
|-
|"Mere Man Me Hain Ram"
|2023
|Non-album single
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=छत्तीसगढ़: सिंगर नितिन दुबे का नया हिंदी भजन 'मेरे मन में हैं राम...' रिलीज, जमकर वायरल हो रहा ये VIDEO |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chhattisgarh/singer-nitin-dubey-new-hindi-bhajan-mere-man-mein-hai-ram-released-2023-03-28 |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|"Dil Ma Feeling"
|2023
|Non-album single
|<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=छत्तीसगढ़ी सिंगर नितिन ने मचाया धमाल: मानसून से पहले उड़ाया गर्दा, जमकर वायरल हो रहा SONG, खूब बन रहे रील्स |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarhi-singer-nitin-new-song-rimjhim-pani-barkha-rani-viral-2023-06-16 |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|"Raigarh Wala Raja 2"
|2023
|Non-album single
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-05 |title=सिंगर नितिन दुबे के नए गीत रायगढ़ वाला राजा-2 ने तोड़े कई रिकॉर्ड, तेजी से हो रहा वायरल, सुनकर झूमने उठेंगे आप {{!}} Singer Nitin Dubey's new song Raigarh Wala Raja-2 broke many records |url=https://www.patrika.com/raigarh-news/singer-nitin-dubey-s-new-song-raigarh-wala-raja-2-broke-many-records-8219286/ |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref>
|-
|"Rimjhim Pani Barkha Rani"
|2023
|Non-album single
|<ref name=":18" />
|-
|"Hay Re Mor Mandakini"
|2023
|Non-album single
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=agarwal |first=Ayush kumar |date=2023-07-05 |title=छत्तीसगढ़ी लोक संगीत के सुपरस्टार सिंगर नितिन दुबे का नया छत्तीसगढ़ी कर्मा गीत "हाय रे मोर मंदाकिनी" हुआ वायरल, यू ट्यूब पर मचाई धूम {{!}} Hari Bhoomi |url=https://www.haribhoomi.com/local/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarhi-folk-music-superstar-singer-nitin-dubeys-new-chhattisgarhi-karma-song-hi-re-mor-mandakini-went-viral-created-a-buzz-on-youtube-520386 |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=www.haribhoomi.com |language=hi}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==

* Mati Ratna Award (2008)<ref name=":3" />
* Kala Anmol Ratna Award (2009)<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />
* Sai Aradhna Samman Award (2017)<ref name=":3" />
* Chhattisgarh Melody King Award (2022)<ref name=":14" />
* Sai Shri Samman (2023)<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=Raipur:सिंगर नितिन दुबे ने बढ़ाया छत्तीसगढ़ का मान, साईं श्रीसम्मान पाने वाले राज्य के पहले कलाकार |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chhattisgarh/singer-nitin-dubey-honored-with-sai-shreesamman-2023-award-2023-04-01 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
* Kelo Dhahrohar Samman (2023)<ref name=":10" />
* Best Playback Singer (2023)<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":15" />
* Chhattisgarh Ratna (2023)<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":12" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}} 

*
*
*

== External links ==


* [https://www.nitindubeyofficial.com/ Official website]
* {{IMDb name|13864968|Nitin Dubey}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dubey, Nitin}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:People from Raigarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarhi-language singers]]
[[Category:Bhajan singers]]
[[Category:Indian music directors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chhattisgarh]]

Suruchi Adarkar

2025-12-24T09:48:23Z

Axis: put up a page!

{{short description|Indian Marathi actress|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suruchi Adarkar
| image =
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|04|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thane]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| alma_mater =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2007–present
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Piyush Ranade]]|2023}}
| occupation = [[Actress]]
}}

'''Suruchi Adarkar''' (born 25 April 1988)<ref>{{Cite web |title=See the birthday story of Suruchi Adarkar |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-iftm-marathi-actress-suruchi-adarkar-birthday-story-5859547-pho.html}}</ref> is an Indian [[Marathi people|Marathi]] actress who has featured in Marathi television serials. She started her career with an ad play ''Avagha Rang Ekachi Zala''. She known for her portrayal in [[Zee Marathi]]'s ''[[Ka Re Durava]]'' as Aditi Khanolkar.

== Life and career ==
Adarkar appeared as Aditi in ''[[Ka Re Durava]]''. She also acted a small role in the Hindi film ''[[Tathastu]]'', wherein [[Sanjay Dutt]] was the hero. Apart from this, she supports women empowerment, an initiative by [[Zee Marathi]] Jagruti.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zeemarathijagruti.com/ |title=Zee Marathi Jagruti |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801125454/http://www.zeemarathijagruti.com/ |archivedate=1 August 2016}}</ref> In December 2023, She married Marathi actor [[Piyush Ranade]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: It Is A Surreal Feeling To Get Married To A Great Human Being Like Piyush Ranade, Says Actress Suruchi Adarkar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-it-is-a-surreal-feeling-to-get-married-to-a-great-human-being-like-piyush-ranade-says-actress-suruchi-adarkar/articleshow/105786051.cms|date=6 December 2023|work=The Times of India|access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Marathi actress Suruchi Adarkar calls herself 'luckiest' as she ties the knot with Piyush Ranade|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/marathi-actress-suruchi-adarkar-calls-herself-luckiest-as-she-ties-the-knot-with-piyush-ranade-23323627|date=6 December 2023|work=Mid Day|access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
!Ref.
|-
|2006
|''[[Pehchaan (2009 TV series)|Pehchaan]]''
|Vidya
|[[DD National|DD1 Channel]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvkiduniya.com/anjali-new-upcoming-serial-on-zee-yuva-starring-suruchi-adarkar/ |title=Anjali new upcoming serial on Zee Yuva starring Suruchi Adarkar — TVKiDuniya |date=25 April 2017 |website=tvkiduniya.com |access-date=4 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606013822/http://tvkiduniya.com/anjali-new-upcoming-serial-on-zee-yuva-starring-suruchi-adarkar/ |archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2007-2008
|''[[Avaghachi Sansar]]''
|Harsh's receptionist
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|-
|2010-2011
|''Olakh''
|Anusha Inamdar
|[[Star Pravah]]
|
|-
|2011
|''Ek Taas Bhutacha''
|Episodic role
|[[Mi Marathi]]
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Unch Majha Zoka]]''
|Muktabai Sathe
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|-
|2013
|''Aapla Buva Asa Aahe''
|Resident member
|[[ETV Marathi]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://citygossiper.com/suruchi-adarkar-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0-marathi-actress-biography-hot-pics/ |title=Suruchi Adarkar (सुरुची आडारकर) Marathi Actress Biography, Pics |date=3 March 2016 |website=citygossiper |access-date=4 March 2018 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030151305/https://citygossiper.com/suruchi-adarkar-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%9a%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%86%e0%a4%a1%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%b0-marathi-actress-biography-hot-pics/ |archive-date=30 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Swapnanchya Palikadle]]''
|Veena
|[[Star pravah]]
|
|-
|2014-2016
|''[[Ka Re Durava]]''
|Aditi Khanolkar
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|-
|2017-2018
|''Anjali - Jhep Swapnanchi''
|Dr. Anjali
|[[Zee Yuva]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=अदिती आता अंजलीच्या भूमिकेत {{!}} Loksatta |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/suruchi-adarkar-starring-anjali-role-in-new-upcoming-serial-on-zee-yuva-1476727/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=www.loksatta.com |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Ek Ghar Mantarlela''
|Gargee
|[[Zee Yuva]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lavangimirchi.com/en/suruchi-adarkar-marathi-actress-photos-wallpaper-bio-hd/ |title=lavangimirchi |website=lavangimirchi |access-date=4 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628061339/http://lavangimirchi.com/en/suruchi-adarkar-marathi-actress-photos-wallpaper-bio-hd/ |archive-date=28 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Suruchi Adarkar to play a reporter in the show Ek Ghar Mantarlel - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/actress-suruchi-adarkar-to-play-a-reporter-in-the-show-ek-ghar-mantarlel/articleshow/68151143.cms |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020-2021
|''[[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya]] - Ladies Jindabad''
|Contestant
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ladies Zindabad: Chala Hawa Yeu Dya to launch a special season featuring Marathi actresses - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/ladies-zindabad-chala-hawa-yeu-dya-to-launch-a-special-season-featuring-marathi-actresses/articleshow/77460096.cms |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022–2023
|''[[Woh Toh Hai Albelaa]]''
|Kusum Chaudhary / Kusum Yash Jindal
|[[Star Bharat]]
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Chotya Bayochi Mothi Swapna]]''
|Anu Desai
|[[Sony Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-27 |title=Ka Re Durava fame Suruchi Adarkar to feature in Chotya Bayochi Motthi Swapna |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/ka-re-durava-fame-suruchi-adarkar-to-feature-in-chotya-bayochi-motthi-swapna/articleshow/101313397.cms |access-date=2023-10-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Satvya Mulichi Satavi Mulgi]]''
|Astika Jathar
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|}

=== Films ===
* ''Tathastu'' (2006)
* ''Maat'' (2013)
* ''[[Narbachi Wadi]]''
* ''Ata Batli Futli''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://snword.in/biography-marathi-actress-suruchi-adarkar/ |title=snword |website=snword |access-date=4 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304142436/http://snword.in/biography-marathi-actress-suruchi-adarkar/ |archive-date=4 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiamega.com/2017/02/suruchi-adarkar.html |title=Suruchi Adarkar Marathi Actress Biography Photos |website=indiamega |access-date=4 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304142436/http://www.indiamega.com/2017/02/suruchi-adarkar.html |archive-date=4 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://glamworld.org/marathi/actress/suruchi-adarkar/ |title=Suruchi Adarkar - Glam World |date=2 January 2016 |website=glamworld |access-date=4 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304142436/http://glamworld.org/marathi/actress/suruchi-adarkar/ |archive-date=4 March 2018}}</ref>
* ''[[Ghaath (2023 film)|Gaath]]''
* ''[[Baipan Bhaari Deva]]''

=== Play ===
* ''Avagha Rang Ek Zala''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marathiworld.co.in/2015/09/suruchi-adarkar.html |title=Suruchi Adarkar |website=marathiworld |access-date=4 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304142436/http://www.marathiworld.co.in/2015/09/suruchi-adarkar.html |archive-date=4 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/dont-use-crckers-in-diwali-says-suruchi-adarkar-1159141/ |title=फराळ खाऊन मजा करा पण फटाके फोडू नका- सुरुची अडारकर |date=13 November 2015 |website=[[Loksatta]] |access-date=4 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717084930/http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/dont-use-crckers-in-diwali-says-suruchi-adarkar-1159141/ |archive-date=17 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afternoondc.in/television/the-wife-in-suruchi-adarkar/article_11676 |title=The Wife in Suruchi Adarkar |website=afternoondc |access-date=4 March 2018 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004850/http://www.afternoondc.in/television/the-wife-in-suruchi-adarkar/article_11676 |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marathivishva.com/entertainment/artist/item/suruchi-adarkar |title=कलाकार-Marathivishva-2017 |website=marathivishva |access-date=4 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304142436/http://www.marathivishva.com/entertainment/artist/item/suruchi-adarkar |archive-date=4 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-the-reason-why-actress-suruchi-adarkar-fight-with-ganpati-bappa-5120213-PHO.html |title=Celebrity Ganesha: जय-आदितीची परिक्षा घेणा-या बाप्पावर का चिडली होती सुरूची? जाणून घ्या |date=22 September 2015 |website=Divya Marathi |access-date=4 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304142441/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-the-reason-why-actress-suruchi-adarkar-fight-with-ganpati-bappa-5120213-PHO.html |archive-date=4 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marathidhamaal.com/news/wishing-our-beautiful-actress-suruchi-adarkar-a-very-happy-birthday |title=Wishing our Beautiful actress Suruchi Adarkar a very Happy Birthday! - Marathi Dhamaal |website=marathidhamaal |access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm10644855}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adarkar, Suruchi}}
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Pune]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:1988 births]]

Barrackpore Racecourse railway station

2025-12-20T10:38:42Z

Axis: adding new details

{{Short description|Abandoned railway station in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Barrackpore Racecourse
| symbol = s
| symbol_location = kolkata
| system = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| image = Barrackpore Racecourse railway station 02.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = [[Barrackpur Cantonment]], [[Barrackpore]], [[North 24 Parganas district]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.769474|88.353523|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation =
| line = [[Sealdah–Ranaghat line]]
| other =
| connections =
| structure = For Military only
| platform = 2
| tracks = 3
| parking = Available {{rint|park}}
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|1928}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BPPS
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Sealdah}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| status = Non functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label =
| map_size =
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway|line=Eastern|left=Barrackpore|right=|to-left=Sealdah|to-right=Ranaghat Junction|type=[[Sealdah–Ranaghat line|Main line]]}}
| route_map = {{Sealdah–Ranaghat line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Barrackpore Racecourse railway station''' is a railway station at [[Barrackpur Cantonment]], [[Barrackpore]] in [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=State|first=India Legislature Council of|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0Ycn2g5Xy8C&q=Barrackpore+Racecourse+Railway+Station|title=The Council of State Debates|date=1934|language=en}}</ref> It is a part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system and is under the jurisdiction of [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]. This railway station is presently abandoned and used by the [[Indian Army]] exclusively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FOR MILITARY ONLY Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/barrackpore-racecourse-sdg-for-military-only-bpps/12829|access-date=2021-11-30|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==History==
The railway station was built on a branch line originating from [[Barrackpore railway station]] in 1928 that served the Barrackpore Cantonment area. Barrackpore had a race course established by [[Royal Calcutta Turf Club]] and a special single rail track took steam engine-driven trains there, carrying British passengers who would attend the race. The line has been depreciated since and this is used by the [[Indian Army]] only.<ref>{{Citation|last=Ganguly|first=Biswarup|title=English: The Barrackpore Racecourse Railway Station (station code:BPPS) constructed in 1927 adjacent to the racecourse so that people from Calcutta could came to Barrackpore by a race special train from Sealdah direct to race. This railway station is now used by the Indian army.|date=2012-05-27|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Barrackpore_Racecourse_Railway_Station_-_Barrackpore_Cantonment_-_North_24_Parganas_2012-05-27_01212.jpg|access-date=2021-11-30}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Barrackpore_Racecourse_Railway_Station_-_Barrackpore_Cantonment_-_North_24_Parganas_2012-05-27_01216.jpg|Barrackpore Racecourse railway station
File:Barrackpore Racecourse railway station 07.jpg|Barrackpore Racecourse railway station platform
File:Barrackpore Racecourse railway station 04.jpg|Cantonment road beside Barrackpore Racecourse railway station
File:Racecourse_Signage_-_Barrackpore_Racecourse_Railway_Station_-_Barrackpore_Cantonment_-_North_24_Parganas_2012-05-27_01213.jpg|Barrackpore Racecourse railway station signage
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Barrackpore Racecourse railway station}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1928]]
[[Category:Railway stations in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Barrackpore]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Former railway stations in India]]

Pet Fed India

2025-12-05T03:41:35Z

Axis: new a details...

{{Short description|Indian pet festival}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Convention
|name=Pet Fed India
|image=
|caption=
|status=Active
|location=[[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]]
|country=India
|first=2014
|organizer=Mydea Ventures Pvt Ltd
|website=http://www.petfed.org}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE: Pet Fed India}}

'''Pet Fed''' is the biggest pet festival held in [[India]], with its main editions held annually at [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]. The first ever edition was organised on 1 November 2014 at [[Dilli Haat]] INA in New Delhi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/when-chihuahuas-and-labradors-rubbed-shoulders-at-a-pet-convention/article6557345.ece|title=When Chihuahuas and Labradors rubbed shoulders at a pet convention|last=Nath|first=Damini|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUqnCFSUlHs|title=NDTV}}</ref>

It has consistently witnessed a footfall of over 60,000+ visitors and 9,000+ pets cumulatively in all cities. Pet Fed also holds the title for ‘Biggest Dog Carnival’<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dogspot.in/pet-fed-finds-a-place-as-the-biggest-dog-carnival-in-the-prestigious-limca-book-of-records-2019/|title=Biggest Dog Carnival|work=Dogspot.in}}</ref> in the [[Limca Book of Records]].

== Pet Fed 2014 ==

=== Delhi Pet Fed 2014 ===
The first-ever Pet Fed was hosted by Mydea Ventures Private Limited on 1 November 2014 at Dilli Haat, New Delhi, India, as a full-day festival for pets and pet lovers. It was organized by three 22-year-old entrepreneurs, Akshay Gupta, Aishwarya Tandon, and Ravdeep Anand.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/Delhiites-attend-Pet-Fed-with-their-pets-at-Dilli-Haat-in-Delhi/articleshow/45148519.cms|title=Delhiites attend Pet Fed with their pets at Dilli Haat in Delhi - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oneworldnews.com/leaving-paw-marks-across-your-heart/|title=Pet Fed 2014 – One World News|access-date=2017-07-01}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

It showcased stalls by several Indian pet care brands, including but not restricted to, Choostix, Dogspot.in, PetSetGo, Heads Up For Tails, Pets Empire, and many others, and NGOs working for animal welfare like [[People for Animals|People For Animals]].

Pet Fed lasted a day and included several games, interactive sessions, workshops by dog trainers, a fashion show, and more. Around 5,000 people attended the event. This edition was hosted as a non-ticketed event and was open to all.

As traditionally associated with dog shows, several pet parents participated in the fest with their dogs and participated in various activities and games organized for them.<ref name=":0" />

Honourable Union Cabinet Minister for Women and Child Development and avid animal rights activist, Smt also was present at the convention. [[Maneka Gandhi]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dogspot.in/record-breaking-turnout-at-indias-first-pet-convention-held-in-delhi/|title=Record Breaking Turnout At India's First Pet Convention Held In Delhi|work=DogSpot|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en|archive-date=3 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003102809/http://www.dogspot.in/record-breaking-turnout-at-indias-first-pet-convention-held-in-delhi/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/petfedindia/photos/a.1509881632596947.1073741852.1448102868774824/1509911909260586/?type=3&theater|title=Pet Fed|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>

== Pet Fed 2015 ==

=== Kolkata Pet Fed 2015 ===
The first express edition of Pet Fed happened in [[Kolkata]] at [[Science City Kolkata]] from 28 February to 1 March 2015.<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.newswire.com/press-release/pet-fed-indias-first-pet-convention-comes-to-kolkata|title=Pet Fed, India's first Pet Convention comes to Kolkata|website=www.newswire.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> The Kolkata express edition saw participation from major pet care brands like [[Pedigree Petfoods]], Himalaya Wellness, Drools, and many more along with non-pet care brands like [[Daikin]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiablooms.com/ibns_new/life-details/L/652/pedigree-partners-with-pet-fed-in-kolkata.html|title=Pedigree partners with Pet Fed in Kolkata {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management|last=Indiablooms|work=Indiablooms.com|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Delhi Pet Fed 2015 ===
The second edition of Pet Fed was held in Delhi on 15 December 2015 at [[Garden of Five Senses]]. Like the first edition, Pet Fed 2015 remained a non-ticketed event and saw a record-breaking 9,500 visitors with more than 1,000 dogs. This edition also saw participation from brands like [[Grofers]], [[T.G.I. Friday's]] along with all the major pet care brands and even a book launch by the title Fluffy & Me.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/a-dogmeetdog-world/article7989186.ece|title=A dog-meet-dog world|last=Aslesha|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en}}</ref>

== Pet Fed 2016 ==

=== Delhi Pet Fed 2016 ===
The third of Pet Fed India was held in Delhi from 17 to 18 December 2016 at NSIC Grounds.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.festivalsherpa.com/pet-fed-indias-biggest-pet-festival-back-delhi-celebrate-human-animal-love/|title=Pet Fed - India's Biggest Pet Festival Is Back In Delhi To Celebrate Human-Animal Love! - Festival Sherpa {{!}} Online Guide to Festivals|date=2016-12-16|work=Festival Sherpa {{!}} Online Guide to Festivals|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> Pet Fed now qualified as a ticketed event and witnessed a huge surge in the turnout - with over 20,000 visitors and more than 2,500 pets flocked in to experience the making of what would soon be India's Biggest Pet Festival.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/25000-people-2500-pets-attend-Pet-festival-Pet-Fed-/20-12-2016-110062/|title=25000 people & 2500 pets attend Pet festival 'Pet Fed'|work=Everything Experiential|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sundayguardianlive.com/culture/7730-raining-cats-and-dogs-when-delhi-hosted-country-s-biggest-pet-festival|title=Raining cats and dogs: When Delhi hosted country's biggest pet festival|date=2016-12-24|work=Sunday Guardian|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en}}</ref> The fest had more than 100 stalls of pet care brands like [[Royal Canin]], Drools, Choostix, Dogspot.in, PetSetGo and many more which showcased their products and services; and several NGOs working for animal welfare.

Many non-pet care brands also showcased their products, like [[Tata Motors]], [[Mahou-San Miguel Group]], [[Panasonic]] and more. A dedicated off-leash zone & play area for pets was set up along with dog grooming, a fashion show, training workshops, and more.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/The-Day-Delhi-Was-The-Best-Place-On-Earth-For-Pet-Lovers-Awwdorable-Moments-From-Pet-Fed-2016/#.a426klon5|title=The Day Delhi Was The Best Place On Earth For Pet Lovers: Awwdorable Moments From Pet Fed 2016|last=ScoopWhoop|date=2016-12-19|work=ScoopWhoop|access-date=2017-07-01|language=En}}</ref> For the first time, an award ceremony was also conducted to recognize the work of companies and professionals in the pet care industry.

A Guinness World Record for most dogs wearing bandanas was also conducted at this edition of Pet Fed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/enter-guinness-world-record-with-your-dog-at-indias-biggest-pet-festival-pet-fed/|title=Enter 'Guinness World Record' with your dog at India's biggest pet festival 'Pet Fed'|date=2016-12-08|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Pet-Fed-2016-kicks-off-with-world-record-in-sight/article16897641.ece|title=Pet Fed 2016 kicks off with world record in sight|last=Singh|first=Shivani|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-07-01|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inshorts.com/news/pet-fed-delhi-2016-to-attempt-guinness-world-record-for-dogs-1481535045399|title=Pet Fed Delhi 2016 to attempt Guinness World Record for dogs|website=Inshorts - Stay Informed|language=en|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.aninews.in/newsdetail-NDE/MjkwNjMw/enter-039-guinness-world-record-039-with-your-dog-at-india-039-s-biggest-pet-festival-pet-fed-.html|title=ANI News|archive-date=19 February 2017|access-date=1 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219073811/http://www.aninews.in/newsdetail-NDE/MjkwNjMw/enter-039-guinness-world-record-039-with-your-dog-at-india-039-s-biggest-pet-festival-pet-fed-.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Pet Fed 2017 ==

=== Delhi Pet Fed 2017 ===
The fourth edition of Pet Fed was held on 2–3 December at NSIC Grounds and witnessed a footfall of over 20,000 visitors and 3,000 pets.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/features/pet-fed-comes-back-with-4th-edition-270306|title=4th Edition - Pet Fed Delhi|work=Millennium Post}}</ref>

There were a plethora of stage activities & shows like Temptation alley, Pet's Got Talent, Fashion Show, Security Dog Show by trained professionals that turned out to be a major hit among the visitors.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/pet-fed-2017-furry-fashionistas-hit-the-runway/articleshow/61963334.cms|title=Fashion Show & Activities|work=Times Of India}}</ref>

More than 120 brands, which are essential to the livelihood of pets and their humans, exhibited their products at the fest. Dogsee Chew, Orijen & Acana were some of the major brands that exhibited their products.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/Dogsee-sponsors-4th-edition-of-Pet-Festival-Pet-Fed-in-Delhi-Mumbai-debut-announced/09-11-2017-131097/|title=Dogsee Sponsor|work=Everything Experential}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/earn/how-startup-pet-fed-has-become-a-leading-pet-events-company/articleshow/61700192.cms|title=Brands Participation at Pet Fed|work=Economic Times}}</ref>

=== Mumbai Pet Fed 2017 ===
Pet Fed's first move to Mumbai happened on 16 & 17 December at MMRDA Grounds. The reception of the event was huge as the event saw 19,000+ humans and 2,500+ pets in attendance.

The excitement was galore with the presence of celebrities like [[Dino Morea]], [[Ashutosh Gowariker]], [[Chunky Pandey|Chunky Panday]] & [[Ananya Panday]], Aditya Thakrey, [[Minissha Lamba]], [[Pooja Chopra]] who had come with their dogs. Other celebrities like [[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Malaika Arora]], [[Karan Kundra]] & [[Anusha Dandekar|VJ Anusha]] gave this festival for pets a shout out on their Social Media.

Pet Fed was awarded the Limca Book of records in Mumbai the same year for being the biggest gathering of dogs at an event in India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/pets/pet-fed-to-create-a-world-record-for-the-biggest-dog-gathering/articleshow/61864772.cms|title=Times Of India|last=Limca Book Of Records}}</ref>

== Pet Fed 2018-19 ==
The 2018-19 editions of Pet Fed were all about dedicating those two days to your pets and encouraging people to adopt Indie breeds as pets. There was a huge inclination towards adoption drives, where a lot of Animal Welfare NGOs put up adoption booths. To encourage people with Indie pets, free entry was allowed for people who had Indie breeds as pets. For the rest of the crowd, the event was ticketed as usual.

=== Bengaluru Pet Fed 2018 ===
Pet Fed led its expansion to the city of Bengaluru for the first time in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/time-pets-705385.html|title=Pet Fed Entering Bengaluru|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> It was held on 1 & 2 December at Manpho Convention Center, with over 18,000 visitors & 2,500 pets attending the festival on both days.

There was a huge amount of participation and great reception towards various activities like Fashion Show & a Cat Show that was held in association with Alliance of Cat Fanciers & Royal Canin. There were international certified judges for the Cat Show in attendance as well.

Along with pet care brands like Just Dogs (India's biggest retail chain for pets) & Cessna Lifeline, popular beer brand Simba, automobile brand like Volvo, upcoming app-based brand like Dunzo & popular FMCG brand 'Dairy Day' had also participated in the same.

Dino Morea supported the expansion to Bengaluru as the new city, it being his hometown as well.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mensxp.com/social-hits/news/48865-dino-morea-on-being-a-part-of-india-s-biggest-pet-fest-his-no-holds-barred-love-for-animals.html|title=Dino Morea|work=MensXP}}</ref>

=== Delhi Pet Fed 2018 ===
The fifth & the biggest edition until date culminated on 15 & 16 December with over 25,000 visitors & 3,500 pets at NSIC Grounds in Okhla.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/you-may-find-a-new-best-friend-here-fur-real/articleshow/67083129.cms|title=5th Edition - Pet Fed Delhi|work=Times Of India}}</ref> It included a Paramilitary Dog Show organized by the Sashatra Seema Bal (Indian Army).

Over 150 pet care brands participated at the festival, and [[iguana]]s also made their first appearance in the Delhi Pet Fed this year.

== Pet Fed 2019-20 ==
The 2019-20 editions of Pet Fed focused on higher quality & booming roster of newer activities as well as play areas with an inclusion of a separate Agility Ring for dogs & a separate Play Zone for them as well. Agility Ring included weave poles, dog walks, tunnel slides, sand pits & various other agility hurdles including a wishing well hurdle. Play Zone had all things fun like ball pools, trampolines, run-through tunnels & sea saw swings for every sized dogs. This edition was also the most cat-inclusive edition of Pet Fed so far with International Cat Shows being held in association with [[World Cat Federation]] across Bengaluru, Delhi & Mumbai. There were Police & Security Dog Shows conducted by the Police Dog Squads, giving all the visitors a sneak peek on how these paramilitary dogs help safeguard & serve our nation.

=== Bengaluru Pet Fed 2019 ===
Pet Fed organised its second edition in [[Bangalore]] on 16 and 17 November at [[Jayamahal Palace Hotel|Jayamahal Palace]], a much bigger and better venue. This edition witnessed over 19,040 visitors & 3,050 pets attending the festival on both days.

The International Cat Show that was held in association with [[World Cat Federation]] & Alliance of Cat Fanciers observed the participation of over 85 cats. Two types of judging took place - Ring Judging by Sudhakar Katikineni and Traditional Judging by world-renowned international judges - Marina Zhuravleva & Olga Belyaeva from [[Russia]].

Over 75 brands participated in the exhibition, and among them, a few popular pet care brands being [[Nestlé Purina PetCare|Purina]], Farmina, [[Himalaya Wellness Company|Himalaya]], Lozalo, Heiniger, Just Dogs and other brands like Simba, Greater Than Gin and [[Isuzu]].

One of the major highlights at this Pet Fed was the skillful demonstration by the [[Karnataka Police]] Dog Squad. A live demonstration by [[Belgian Shepherd Malinois]] dogs was conducted to showcase to the audience how these police dogs safeguard and serve the country each day. The demonstration included tasks like [[Dog obedience|obedience]], [[explosive detection]] with human body search, narcotic detection with search from bags, and assault or attack work with and without a command.

=== Delhi Pet Fed 2019 ===
The sixth edition: A New Year special edition where pet parents were encouraged to gather at this festival as a tribute to bringing in the new year with their pets - culminated on 28 & 29 December with over 19,580 visitors & 3,104 pets at the NSIC Grounds in Okhla. A large flock of pet parents & pet lovers attended the festival despite [[Delhi]] being the coldest in over 100 years.

The [[Delhi Police]] Crime branch's dog squad plays a role of paramount importance in Crime Branch's day-to-day work & undertakes various important duties vis a vis Narcotic detection, [[explosive detection]], and solving cases of theft, decoity, and murder, etc. The same was demonstrated by 10 dogs & 22 police officers in front of a large audience.

Over 120 pet care brands participated at the festival, and [[iguana]]s reappeared in this edition. The International Cat Show, in association with [[World Cat Federation]] was also a major hit with cat parents & cat lovers, with international judges coming in from [[Russia]] & [[Belarus]].

=== Mumbai Pet Fed 2020 ===
The third edition in [[Mumbai]] was the biggest edition with 20,825 visitors & 3,156 pets in attendance on 11 & 12 January at JVPD Grounds, Juhu.

Apart from [[Dino Morea]], [[Minissha Lamba|Minnisha Lamba]], [[Kunal Kohli]], [[Omkar Kapoor]], [[Kunwar Amar]] as well as TV Actors and a real-life couple [[Siddharth Chandekar]] & Mitali Mayekar were spotted at the carnival.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [http://www.petfed.org Pet Fed Official Website]
* [https://www.facebook.com/petfedindia Facebook, Pet Fed India]
* [http://www.mydeaventures.com Mydea Ventures Private Limited, website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZ4C444XjfY India's Biggest Pet Festival] on [[NDTV Good Times]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojDFiZFSG3g Pet Fed on Aaj Tak]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zvtr8jHT3HA Pet Fed on News Nation]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pet Fed India}}
[[Category:Dogs]]
[[Category:Annual events in India]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in India]]

Jankoji Rao Scindia II

2025-11-13T12:38:08Z

Axis:

{{Short description|Maharaja of Gwalior from 1827 to 1843}}
{{one source|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Jankoji Rao Scindia II
| image = Jankoji Rao Scindia II of Gwalior.jpg
| image_size =
| reign = 21 March 1827 – 7 February 1843
| caption = Jankoji Rao Scindia II
| succession = 4th [[Maharaja]] Scindia of [[Gwalior]]
| predecessor = [[Daulat Rao Sindhia]]
| successor = [[Jayajirao Scindia]]
| birth_date = 1805
| birth_place = [[Gwalior]], [[Gwalior State]], [[Maratha Empire]]
| death_date = 7 February 1843 (aged 38)
| death_place = [[Gwalior]], [[Gwalior State]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| title = Maharajah of Gwalior
| spouse =
| father = Patloji Rao Scindia
| mother =
| issue =
}}

'''Jankoji Rao Scindia II''' (1805 – 7 February 1843), was [[Maharaja]] of [[Gwalior]] from 1827 to 1843.

==Life==
Jankoji Rao was born in 1805 as Mugat Rao Scindia, son of Patloji Rao Scindia, by his wife, the sister of Ihtiram-ud-Daula, Imarat Mahal, Sardar Krishnaji Rao Kadam (Mama Sahib), Muzaffar Jang Bahadur at that time was the Regent of Gwalior.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scindia |first=Jankojirao II |title= The Scindias|url=https://jaivilaspalace.in/the-scindias/ |publisher=Scindia Research Centre}}</ref>

[[Daulat Rao Scindia]] died in Lashkar, Gwalior, on 21 March 1827, without an heir (his only son Madhorao Scindia died when 8 months old, in Gwalior in 1812). On his death bed, he left the state and succession in the hands of the British Government, noting his desire that his widow [[Baiza Bai]] was to be treated with respect. Baiza Bai was the queen of Gwalior from 21 March 1827 to 17 June 1827. Jankoji was adopted by Baiza Bai, and ascended the throne on 18 June 1827.

Jankoji reigned under the regency of Baiza Bai until he came of age and was invested with full ruling powers in December 1832. Jankoji died at Lashkar, Gwalior on 7 February 1843.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Scindia|Scindia Dynasty]]||1805||1843}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Daulat Rao Scindia]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Gwalior State|Maharaja of Gwalior]]|years=1827–1843}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jayaji Rao Scindia]]}}
{{end}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jankoji Rao Scindia II}}
[[Category:Scindia dynasty]]
[[Category:1805 births]]
[[Category:1843 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Gwalior]]

Aatmiyudu

2025-10-23T16:12:17Z

Axis: cleaned up article for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aatmiyudu
| image = Aatmiyudu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Satyanand {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = T. Rama Rao
| screenplay = T. Rama Rao
| producer = Vadde Sobhanadri
| director = [[T. Rama Rao]]
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Jayachitra]]
| music = [[J. V. Raghavulu]]
| cinematography = P. S. Selvaraj
| editing = G. G. Krishna Rao
| studio = Vijaya Madhavi Pictures<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0259866/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_85 |title=Aatmiyudu (Overview) |work=IMDb}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1977||}}
| runtime = 142 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Aatmiyudu''''' ({{Translation|Soulmate}}) is a 1977 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by Vadde Sobhanadri under the Vijaya Madhavi Pictures banner and directed by [[T. Rama Rao]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/aatmiyudu-1977-telugu-movie |title=Aatmiyudu (Direction) |work=Filmiclub |access-date=12 February 2017 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024181408/https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/aatmiyudu-1977-telugu-movie |url-status=dead }}</ref> It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Jayachitra]] and music composed by [[J. V. Raghavulu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Aatmiyudu/22008 |title=Aatmiyudu (Cast & Crew) |work=Know Your Films}}</ref>

==Plot==
Ranga, an orphan, is raised by a millionaire Dharma Rao whom he endears more than his own, and they share a bond beyond. Ranga loves and knits a girl Mahalakshmi. Narasimham & Giri are the vicious Dharma Rao's relatives who ruse to usurp his wealth when Ranga shields him at every level. Meanwhile, Dharma Rao's son Vijay backs from abroad with his family when Dharma Rao entrusts the totality to him but cannot take the dominance and prioritization of Ranga. Moreover, the knaves snare him by knaves, and he affronts Ranga, which Dharma Rao is unable to tolerate. Hence, between two fires, he expels Ranga but turns melancholy to his detachment. Exploiting it, Narasimham & Giri slaughtering Vijay & his wife Sarada incriminates Ranga, and their child, who witnessed the crime, flees. Now the court sentences life Ranga. Plus, the barbaric addict slowly poisons Dharma Rao and acquires authority. Being aware of it, Ranga absconds and, in disguise, safeguards Dharma Rao & his grandson, proving non-guilty and ceasing the baddies. Finally, the movie ends happily with a family reunion.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Ranga
*[[Jayachitra]] as Mahalakshmi
*[[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Narasimham
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Dharma Rao
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Lingaiah
*[[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]] as Chinna Rao
*[[Mohan Babu]] as Giri
*[[Murali Mohan]] as Vijay
*[[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] as Bhadraiah
*[[P. J. Sarma]] as Dr. Jaganatham
*Kakaraala as Rajaiah
*Jagga Rao
*[[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] as Latha
*[[Chhaya Devi]] as Durga
*Halam as Chitti
*[[Jayamalini]] as [[item number]]
*[[Y. Vijaya]] as Sarada
{{colend}}

==Crew==
*'''Art''': G. V. Subba Rao
*'''Choreography''': Heeralal
*'''Dialogues''': Satyanand
*'''Lyrics''': [[Acharya Aatreya]], [[Veturi]], Gopi
*'''Playback''': [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
*'''Music''': [[J. V. Raghavulu]]
*'''Editing''': G. G. Krishna Rao
*'''Cinematography''': P. S. Selvaraj
*'''Producer''': Vadde Sobhanadri
*'''Story - Screenplay - Director''': [[T. Rama Rao]]
*'''Banner''': Vijaya Madhavi Pictures
*'''Release Date''': 1977

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aatmiyudu
| type = film
| artist = [[J. V. Raghavulu]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1977
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 23:54
| label =
| producer = [[J. V. Raghavulu]]
| prev_title = Mana Sakshi
| prev_year = 1977
| next_title = Bhale Alludu
| next_year = 1977
}}

Music composed by [[J. V. Raghavulu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/300/Aatmiyudu(1977)/ |title=Aatmiyudu (Songs) |work=Cineradham}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Allo Mallo"
|[[Acharya Aatreya]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|4:12
|-
|2
|"Binde Meeda"
|[[Veturi]]
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:09
|-
|3
|"Yem Soku"
|Veturi
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:00
|-
|4
|"Seenanundi Vachavu"
|Acharya Aatreya
|P. Susheela
|4:27
|-
|5
|"Eyraa"
|Gopi
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|3:40
|-
|6
|"Prathi Manishi"
|Veturi
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|3:26
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{T. Rama Rao}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. Rama Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by J. V. Raghavulu]]
[[Category:1977 drama films]]
[[Category:1977 films]]

Gajendra Thakur

2025-09-27T20:25:34Z

Axis: cleaned up intro to improve readability and added references

{{short description|Indian author (born 1971)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Gajendra Thakur
| image = GajendraThakur.jpg
| caption = Gajendra Thakur at [[Madhubani, Bihar|Madhubani]], [[India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1971|3|30}}
| birth_place = [[Bhagalpur]], Bihar, India
| occupation = Writer{{·}} Historian {{·}} Educationist
| nationality = Indian
| period = 20th–21st century
| genre = Literary critic, historian{{·}} Novelist, Dramatist, Poet{{·}} Lexicographer
| notableworks = ''Sahasrabadhani'' ''Sahasrashirsha'' ''Shabdashastram'' ''Sahasrabdik Chaupar Par'' ''Genome Mapping- 450 AD to 2009 AD- Mithilak Panji Prabandh'' ''Videha-(Edited) 127 volumes''
}}

'''Gajendra Thakur''' (born 1971) is an Indian author. He writes in the [[Maithili language]], a language spoken in Northern Bihar (of India) and South-Eastern [[Nepal]]. He is an author, lexicographer, historian (of [[History of Mithila|Mithila]]- ancient [[Videha]] and of ''Maithili''); and palaeographer, he has deciphered ancient and medieval palm leaf inscriptions in Tirhuta script of ''Maithili'' Language ([[Mithilakshar]] script). These [[panjis]] are genealogical records of [[Maithil Brahmin]] community of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] and contain details of around 100 inter-caste marriages. Besides it provides written historical records of people and personalities, hitherto considered mythical ones. Besides he deciphered scripts inscribed on temples/ dilapidated buildings throughout the length and breadth of ''Mithila''.

He has also compiled an English-Maithili Computer dictionary. He has helped in preparing Unicode application for Mithilakshar (Tirhuta) script. His ''English-Maithili'' Dictionary is only such dictionary.

He has also contributed in social development work.

== Literary activity ==

He wrote ''KuruKshetram Antarmanak'', a work in Maithili Language -in seven volumes (Vol.I- [[Literary Criticism]], Vol. II- a Novel- ''Sahasrabadhani''- translated into English by the name ''The Comet'', Vol.III Poetry collection- ''Sahasrabdik Chaupar Par'', Vol.IV- Short Story Collection- ''Galp Guchh'', Vol.V- Play- ''Sankarshan'', Vol.VI- two long [[epic (genre)|epic]]-verses ''(geet prabandh)'' ''Tvanchahanch'' and ''Asanjati Man'', Vol-VII- Children's literature- grown-ups literature- ''Balmandali-Kishor Jagat''). Thereafter his transcribed ''11000 palm-leaf inscriptions'' were published in a single volume with an explanatory introduction as “Genome Mapping −450 AD to 2009 AD- Mithilak Panji Prabandh”; later its sequel "Geneological Mapping-450 AD to 2009 AD- Mithilak Panji Prabandh vol.II" was released.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://samanvayindianlanguagesfestival.org/2012/gajendra-thakur |title=Speaker Profile| date= 2–4 November 2012 |publisher= [[Samanvay]] 2012, The second edition of the IHC Indian Languages Festival; Gaon (village) Kasba (town)–Sheher (city): Boli (tongue)-Bani (style)–Bhasha (language); India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110 003}}</ref><ref>Invited Speaker 2–4 November 2012, Occasion-The second edition of the IHC Indian Languages Festival, Samanvay 2012; Gaon (village) Kasba (town)–Sheher (city): Boli (tongue)-Bani (style)–Bhasha (language); India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110 003</ref> He also compiled "Maithili-English Dictionary" and "English Maithili Dictionary". The English-Maithili Dictionary was particularly notable as it included computer terminology, so far unavailable in any other dictionary.

He is editor of ''Videha'', a fortnightly Maithili e-journal.

Traditional [[Mithilakshar]], i.e., [[Tirhuta]] Script of [[Maithili language]]: He was pioneer in standardisation of Mithilakshar script. The Unicode encoding applicant (now the ISO has approved encoding of Tirhuta as Unicode) has acknowledged his contribution.<ref>ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3765; L2/09-329; 2009-09-30 Towards an Encoding for the Maithili Script in ISO/IEC 10646; Anshuman Pandey; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; 30 September 2009</ref> and has included in the references as well.<ref>Pandey, Anshuman, (2009) [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~pandey/ ''Towards an Encoding for the Maithili Script in ISO/IEC 10646; Anshuman Pandey'']. University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.;30 September 2009;ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3765; L2/09-329; 30 September 2009 "Gajendra Thakur of New Delhi graciously met with me and corresponded at length about Maithili, offered valuable specimens of Maithili manuscripts, printed books, and other records, and provided feedback regarding requirements for the encoding of Maithili in the UCS.- Anshuman Pandey"</ref><ref>Pandey, Anshuman, (2009) [http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n3765.pdf''Towards an Encoding for the Maithili Script in ISO/IEC 10646; Anshuman Pandey''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514002714/http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n3765.pdf |date=14 May 2011 }}. University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.;30 September 2009;ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3765; L2/09-329; 30 September 2009 "7.references/ acknowledgement; Thakur, Gajendra. 2009. "Videha", a fortnightly Maithili e-journal. http://www.videha.co.in/"</ref>

He has also translated from Maithili into English. He has translated poems and stories into Maithili from Kannada (Of Ashok Hegde), Telugu (of N. Aruna, Sheikh Muhammad Sharif, Annavaran Devender), Oriya (of Basudev Sunani, Bharat Majhi) and Gujarati (of Babu Suthar, Ajay Sarvaiyya, Rajendra Patel, Hemang Ashwin Kumar Desai) through English.

He is a member of Maithili Lekhak Sangh, the organisation of authors of Maithili.

==Major works==

; Edited Works

English-Maithili [[Dictionary]]

Maithili-English Dictionary

Genome Mapping- 450 AD to 2009 AD- Mithilak [[Panjis]] Prabandh: (11000 palm leaf manuscripts containing genealogical records)

Videha:sadeha:1 Devanagari

Videha:Sadeha:1: Tirhuta

Videha:Sadeha:2: Videha Prabandh-Nibandh-Samalochna

Videha:Sadeha:3: Videha Katha

Videha:Sadeha:4: Videha Padya

Videha:Sadeha:5: Videha Maithili Vihani katha (Videha Maithili Seed Stories)

Videha:Sadeha:6: Videha Maithili Laghu katha (Videha Maithili Short Stories)

Videha:Sadeha:7: Videha Maithili Padya (Videha Maithili Verse)

Videha:Sadeha:8: Videha Maithili Natya Utsav (Videha Maithili Stage and Drama)

Videha:Sadeha:9: Videha Maithili Shishu Utsav (Videha Maithili Children Literature)

Videha:Sadeha:10: Videha Maithili Prabandha-Nibandha-Samalochna (Videha Maithili Research Papers/Essays/Criticism)

Braille Maithili: (his novel Sahasrabadhani- Ist Maithili book in [[Braille]]).

222 issues of Videha Ist Maithili Fortnightly e Magazine- {{ISSN|2229-547X}}

; Authored

'''KurukShetram Antarmanak'''- a seven volume work in Maithili Language:-

; Work in Translation

His works are available in translation.

His works have been translated into English ( 1.Maithili Novel ''Sahasrabadhani'' as "The comet" and 2.Maithili collection of poems ''Sahasrabdik Chaupar Par'' as "On the Dice-board of the Millennium". The readers of English translations of Maithili Novel "sahasrabadhani" and verse collection "sahasrabdik chaupar par" has intimated that the English translation has not been able to grasp the nuances of original Maithili. Therefore, the Author has started translating his Maithili works in English himself. After these translations are complete these would be the official translations authorised by the Author of original work) and others (Some Maithili short-stories as "The Science of Words" by the author himself). His novel ''Sahasrabadhani'' has been translated into [[Konkani Language]] (by Seby Fernandes), [[Tulu language]], [[Kannada]] (Pramila B.J. Alva), [[Sanskrit]] and [[Marathi Language]]. His short-story collection "Galp Guchchh" has been translated into Sanskrit. Some of his stories have been translated into [[Hindi]] by Subhash Chandra Yadav and Vinit Utpal.

; Some of his recent works:
''Ulkamukh'', play about the caste system {{ISBN|97893-80538-50-1}}
''Prabandh-Nibandh-Samalochna'' vol.II, (a collection of research papers/ essays/ criticism {{ISBN|97893-80538-54-9}});
''Dhangi Baat Banebaak Daam Agoobaar Pene Chan'', (a collection of Maithili Ghazal/ Rubai/ Kata {{ISBN|97893-80538-51-8}});
Shabdshastram: (a collection of Maithili short-stories {{ISBN|97893-80538-52-5}});
Jalodip: (three Maithili Children Plays {{ISBN|97893-80538-50-1}});
Naarashanshi: (thought in verse {{ISBN|978-93-80538-58-7}});
Sahasrajit: (anthology of poems {{ISBN|978-93-80538-59-4}});
Aksharmushtika: (Children short stories {{ISBN|978-93-80538-60-0}});
Bangak Bangaura: (Children songs {{ISBN|978-93-80538-61-7}});
Genealogical Mapping:vol.II (transliteration/ decipherment of ancient age-old manuscripts {{ISBN|978-93-80538-62-4}});
Jagdish Prasad Mandal: Ekta Biography (Biography of Sh. Jagdish Prasad Mandal {{ISBN|978-93-80538-68-6}}).

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}
{{portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Gajendra}}
[[Category:Maithili-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Writers of Mithila]]
[[Category:Maithili poets]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Poets from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Madhubani, India]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bhagalpur]]

Diabetes in India

2025-09-24T22:32:34Z

Axis: small edit

{{Short description|none}}
[[File:India_Diabetes_Prevalence_in_2016.png|alt=|thumb|319x319px|Prevalence of diabetes in Indian states in 2016<ref name=":4" />]]
[[India]] has an estimated 212 million <ref name="the-hindu-2024">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/one-fourth-of-people-living-with-diabetes-in-india-lancet-study-estimates/article68866422.ece|title=World Diabetes Day 2024: One-fourth of people living with diabetes globally are in India, study estimates|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> people with [[diabetes]] out of 828 million globally. One in four people (26%) in the world with diabetes is from India, making it the most affected country in the world.<ref name="the-wire-2024">{{Cite news|url=https://thewire.in/health/one-third-diabetes-treatment-india-capital|title=Less Than a Third of People Suffering from Diabetes Get Treatment in India, World's Diabetes Capital|website=The Wire|date=14 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> (India's population as calculated in November 2024 was about 17.78% of the global total.<ref name="Worldometer">{{cite web |url= https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/india-population |title= Countries By Percentage Of World Population |author= Geoffrey Migiro |work= worldometers |access-date= 14 November 2024}}</ref>)

In India, [[type 1 diabetes]] is rarer than in western countries, and about 90 to 95% of Indians who were diagnosed had type 2 diabetes. Only about one-third of [[Type 2 diabetes|type 2 diabetics]] in India have a [[body mass index]] above 25.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-15 |title=Over 30 million have now been diagnosed with diabetes in India. The CPR (Crude prevalence rate) in the urban areas of India is thought to be 9 per cent. |url=https://www.diabetes.co.uk/global-diabetes/diabetes-in-india.html |access-date=2020-04-29 |website=Diabetes |language=en-GB}}</ref> A 2004 study suggests that the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Indians may be due to environmental and lifestyle changes resulting from industrialization and migration to urban environment from rural.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mohan|first=V.|date=June 2004|title=Why are Indians more prone to Diabetes?|journal=The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India|volume=52|pages=468–474|issn=0004-5772|pmid=15645957}}</ref> This lifestyle change has led to the increased consumption of energy intake from animal foods in Asian populations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last= |date=May 27, 2009 |title=Diabetes in Asia |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/183977 |journal=American Medical Association |volume=301 |issue=20 |via=JAMA Network}}</ref> This change has been seen in India where urban residents consumed 32% of energy from animal fats compared to 17% of rural residents.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prakash |first=Shetty |date=2002 |title=Nutrition transition in India |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/public-health-nutrition/article/nutrition-transition-in-india/8B3C4A71EE883791E4AF0828E43BD4B9 |journal=Cambridge University Press |volume=5 |issue=1A |pages=175–182 |via=Public Health Nutrition}}</ref> These changes also occur earlier in life, which means [[Chronic condition|chronic]] long-term complications are more common.

== Epidemiology ==
[[File:Prevalence_of_Diabetes_by_Percent_of_Country_Population_(2014)_Gradient_Map.png|thumb|Rates of diabetes worldwide in 2014. The worldwide prevalence was 9.2%. In India it is 8.9% as of 2020.]]
In 2020, according to the [[International Diabetes Federation]] (IDF), 463 million people have diabetes in the world and 88 million people in the [[Southeast Asia]] region. Of this 88 million people, 77 million belong to India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://idf.org/our-network/regions-members/south-east-asia/members/94-india.html|title=Members|website=idf.org|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> The prevalence of diabetes in the population is 8.9%, according to the IDF. According to the IDF estimates, India has the second highest number of children with type 1 diabetes after the [[United States]]. It also contributes to the largest proportion of incident cases of type 1 diabetes in children in the SEA region.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ramachandran|first1=Ambady|last2=Snehalatha|first2=Chamukuttan|last3=Ma|first3=Ronald Ching Wan|date=2014-02-01|title=Diabetes in South-East Asia: An update|url=https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(13)00394-X/abstract|journal=Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice|language=en|volume=103|issue=2|pages=231–237|doi=10.1016/j.diabres.2013.11.011|issn=0168-8227|pmid=24300015|s2cid=33810939 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Per the World Health Organization, 2% of all deaths in India are due to diabetes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/diabetes/country-profiles/ind_en.pdf?ua=1|title=Diabetes country profiles - World Health Organization|website=who.int|access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref>

The number of people with diabetes in India has increased from 26 million in 1990 to 65 million in 2016.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Tandon|first1=Nikhil|last2=Anjana|first2=Ranjit M.|last3=Mohan|first3=Viswanathan|last4=Kaur|first4=Tanvir|last5=Afshin|first5=Ashkan|last6=Ong|first6=Kanyin|last7=Mukhopadhyay|first7=Satinath|last8=Thomas|first8=Nihal|last9=Bhatia|first9=Eesh|last10=Krishnan|first10=Anand|last11=Mathur|first11=Prashant|date=2018-12-01|title=The increasing burden of diabetes and variations among the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016|url= |journal=The Lancet Global Health|language=en|volume=6|issue=12|pages=e1352–e1362|doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30387-5|issn=2214-109X|pmid=30219315|pmc=6227383}}</ref> According to the 2019 National Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy Survey report released by the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], the prevalence was found to be 11.8% in people over the age of 50.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/science/health/government-survey-found-11-8-prevalence-of-diabetes-in-india-11570702665713.html|title=Government survey found 11.8% prevalence of diabetes in India|last=Sharma|first=Neetu Chandra|date=2019-10-10|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> The prevalence of diabetes is 6.5% and prediabetes 5.7% among the adults below the age of 50 years, according to the DHS survey.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chandrupatla|first1=Siddardha Gowtam|last2=Khalid|first2=Isma|last3=Muthuluri|first3=Tejdeep|last4=Dantala|first4=Satyanarayana|last5=Tavares|first5=Mary|date=2020-09-18|title=Diabetes and prediabetes Prevalence Among Young and Middle Aged Adults, And Geographic Differences In India- National Family Health Survey|journal=Epidemiology and Health|volume=42 |article-number=e2020065|pmid=32972049| doi=10.4178/epih.e2020065|pmc=7871157 |issn=2092-7193|doi-access=free}}</ref> The prevalence was similar in both male (12%) and female (11.7%) populations. It was higher in urban areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cadiresearch.org/topic/diabetes-indians/diabetes-in-india|title=Diabetes in India |language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-29|publisher=Cadi Research}}</ref> When surveyed for [[diabetic retinopathy]], which threatens [[Visual perception|eyesight]], 16.9% of the diabetic population aged up to 50 years were found to be affected. Per the report, diabetic retinopathy in the 60-69-years age group was 18.6%, in the 70-79-years age group it was 18.3%, and in those over 80 years of age it was 18.4%. A lower prevalence of 14.3% was observed in the 50-59-years age group.<ref name=":1" /> High prevalence of diabetes is reported in economically and epidemiologically advanced states such as [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]], where many research institutes which conduct prevalence studies are also present.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Atre|first=Sachin|date=2019-04-01|title=The burden of diabetes in India|journal=The Lancet Global Health|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=e418|doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30556-4|issn=2214-109X|pmid=30879507|doi-access=free}}</ref>

There are four sub-groups or [[Disease cluster|clusters]] of people with type 2 diabetes in India, two of which are unique to the country. These sub-groups have different risk levels of complications and might need different treatments.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2021-03-04 |title=New sub-groups of diabetes could lead to more targeted treatment for people in India |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/new-sub-groups-diabetes-targeted-treatment-india/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Plain English summary |language=en |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Research |doi=10.3310/alert_45105|s2cid=241327246 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anjana |first1=Ranjit Mohan |last2=Baskar |first2=Viswanathan |last3=Nair |first3=Anand Thakarakkattil Narayanan |last4=Jebarani |first4=Saravanan |last5=Siddiqui |first5=Moneeza Kalhan |last6=Pradeepa |first6=Rajendra |last7=Unnikrishnan |first7=Ranjit |last8=Palmer |first8=Colin |last9=Pearson |first9=Ewan |last10=Mohan |first10=Viswanathan |date=17 August 2020 |title=Novel subgroups of type 2 diabetes and their association with microvascular outcomes in an Asian Indian population: a data-driven cluster analysis: the INSPIRED study |journal=BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |article-number=e001506 |doi=10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001506 |issn=2052-4897 |pmc=7437708 |pmid=32816869}}</ref>

== Diabetes-related disease burden ==
Over the past three decades, the burden of diabetes in terms of deaths and [[Disability-adjusted life year]] (DALYs) has more than doubled in India. As per the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Data Visualizations, the recorded death rate and DALY rate of diabetes in 2019 were 19.64 per 100,000 and 919.02 per 100,000 population, respectively, including males and females.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ihmeuw.org/5kfr|title=Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation GBD compare data visualization|website=Healthdata.org|access-date=2021-09-12}}</ref> The GBD explore risk assessment framework estimated that diabetes-related DALYs attributable to high risk for [[Stroke]], [[Coronary artery disease]], [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], [[Chronic kidney disease]], [[Diarrhoeal diseases]], [[Lower respiratory tract infection]], Dietary iron deficiency, and Neonatal disorders.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ihmeuw.org/5kgr|title=Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation GBD compare data visualization|website=Healthdata.org|access-date=2021-09-12}}</ref>

According to a survey conducted in 2016, the High [[body mass index]] (BMI) appeared to be the major risk factor contributing to 36% of diabetes DALYs. Besides, other risk factors, such as dietary risk, tobacco consumption, occupational exposure to passive smoke, low physical activity, and alcohol consumption, played a significant role as contributing risk factors.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Tandon|first1=Nikhil|last2=Anjana|first2=Ranjit M.|last3=Mohan|first3=Viswanathan|last4=Kaur|first4=Tanvir|last5=Afshin|first5=Ashkan|last6=Ong|first6=Kanyin|last7=Mukhopadhyay|first7=Satinath|last8=Thomas|first8=Nihal|last9=Bhatia|first9=Eesh|last10=Krishnan|first10=Anand|last11=Mathur|first11=Prashant|date=2018-12-01|title=The increasing burden of diabetes and variations among the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016|url= |journal=The Lancet Global Health|language=en|volume=6|issue=12|pages=e1352–e1362|doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30387-5|issn=2214-109X|pmid=30219315|pmc=6227383}}</ref> [[File:Risk factors Diabetes.png|thumb|Percentage contribution of major risk factors to diabetes DALYs in India by gender]]

== Prevention ==
The majority of diabetes cases are of type 2 diabetes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Atre|first=Sachin|date=September 2015|title=Addressing policy needs for prevention and control of type 2 diabetes in India|journal=Perspectives in Public Health|volume=135|issue=5|pages=257–263|doi=10.1177/1757913914565197|issn=1757-9147|pmid=25585513|s2cid=32092695 }}</ref> In order to control diabetes in India, the [[Government of India]] initiated the National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Stroke (NPCDCS) in 2010.<ref name=":2" /> It aims to set up outreach camps for opportunistic screening at all levels in the health care delivery system for early detection of diabetes, among other illnesses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dghs.gov.in/content/1363_3_NationalProgrammePreventionControl.aspx|title=National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke|website=Directorate General Of Health Services|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>

Preventing diabetes in the developing nations is valued highly because of the high cost of treating it. In India, it is estimated that a diabetic person spends a median of {{INRConvert|10000||lk=yes}} for medical treatment. Pragmatic, cost-effective strategies for primary prevention of diabetes is necessary. Studies using [[information technology]] were tested. In one such program, [[SMS]] was used to motivate people with [[Prediabetes|impaired glucose tolerance]] (IGT) to follow [[Lifestyle medicine|lifestyle modification]] (LSM). This was found to be effective with a relative risk reduction of 36% compared to the participants who had only standard care.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ramachandran|first1=Ambady|last2=Snehalatha|first2=Chamukuttan|date=2014-05-01|title=Prevention of diabetes: How far have we gone?|journal=Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism|language=en|volume=18|issue=3|pages=252–3|doi=10.4103/2230-8210.131112|issn=2230-8210|pmid=24944915|pmc=4056119 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Indian Diabetes Prevention Program ===
The Indian Diabetes Prevention Program is a three-year [[Randomized controlled trial|randomized control trial]] that employed LSM and [[metformin]] (Met) to prevent type 2 diabetes in subjects with IGT. It concluded that LSM and Met were cost-effective interventions for preventing diabetes among high-risk individuals in India and other developing countries.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 August 2007|title=Cost effectiveness of prevention of diabetes|url=https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/diacare/early/2007/08/01/dc07-0150.full.pdf|journal=Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme|page=13}}</ref>

=== National Diabetes Control Program ===
The National Diabetes Control Program was initiated in 1987 in some districts of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and [[Karnataka]]. Its objectives included:<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Verma|first1=Ramesh|last2=Khanna|first2=Pardeep|last3=Mehta|first3=Bharti|date=2012-06-30|title=National programme on prevention and control of diabetes in India: Need to focus|journal=The Australasian Medical Journal|volume=5|issue=6|pages=310–315|doi=10.4066/AMJ.2012.1340|issn=1836-1935|pmc=3395295|pmid=22848329}}</ref>

* Identifying high-risk individuals
* Introducing [[health education]] for the purposes of [[Early childhood intervention|early intervention]]
* Aiming for early diagnosis and treatment of affected individuals
* Reducing morbidity and mortality in high-risk groups
* Preventing acute and chronic [[Metabolism|metabolic]], [[Circulatory system|cardiovascular]], [[Kidney|renal]], and [[Eye|ocular]] complications due to the disease
* Rehabilitating people who have been [[Disability|handicapped]] due to the disease

However, the program was not expanded to other states due to shortage of funds.<ref name=":5" />

== See also ==
* [[Health in India]]
*[[Tuberculosis in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Health in India}}

[[Category:Healthcare in India]]
[[Category:Diabetes]]
Dr.Dinesh Kacha https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_diabetes
Objective:- To Understand, Detect, Diagnose & Prevent Type 2 Diabetes To Understand The Root Cause of Type 2 Diabetes To Identify Insulin Resistance Mechanism Dr. Dinesh Kacha addresses the root cause of insulin resistance and lack of insulin, reversing diabetes through ayurvedic lifestyle & fixing the metabolic damage https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/_em_strong_Dr_Dinesh_Kacha_Presents_Diabetes_Reversal_Through_Ayurvedic_Lifestyle_strong_em_/23055494

Biju Bigha

2025-08-16T19:51:45Z

Axis: made new stub

{{short description|Gram panchayat in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}

'''Biju Bigha''' is a Gram Panchayat<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayat-biju-bigha-98345|title=Gram Panchayat (ग्राम पंचायत): BIJU BIGHA (बिजू बिगहा )|website=localbodydata.com}}</ref> located in Meskaur Block of [[Nawada]] District, [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/bihar/nawada/biju-bigha-pincode-805122.html|title=Biju Bigha Pin Code - 805122, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search nawada Post Office Address|website=news.abplive.com}}</ref> It is situated on the bank of river Telaiya. It is a part of [[Rajauli]] Vidhansabha constituency. Merhkuri is one of the prominent village of this Gram Panchayat. Paddy, Wheats are major crop grown in this area. Village consist of all the major caste having maximum population of [[Kushwaha]] in the area but [[Brahmin]] are the super intellectual caste present in this Panchayat.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=BIJU BIGHA BO Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code of BIJU BIGHA BO {{!}} Zip Code of BIJU BIGHA BO, NAWADA, BIHAR - News Nation |url=https://www.newsnationtv.com/pincodes/bihar/nawada/biju-bigha-bo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625110313/https://www.newsnationtv.com/pincodes/bihar/nawada/biju-bigha-bo |archive-date=2024-06-25 |access-date= |website=www.newsnationtv.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Nawada district]]

G.V. Prakash Kumar

2025-08-08T23:17:45Z

Axis:

#REDIRECT [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
{{R from mod}}

Zaniskari

2025-08-05T11:18:51Z

Axis: put up new post!

{{short description|Indian breed of horse}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{infobox horse breed
| name = Zaniskari
| image = 08IN1912 horse and Gamburanjun.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = In Ladakh
| image2 =
| image_size2 =
| image_alt2 =
| image_caption2 =
| status = {{ubl|{{nobreak|[[FAO]] (2007): not at risk{{r|barb|page=61}}}}|[[DAD-IS]] (2022): at risk{{r|dad}}}}
| altname = {{ubl|Zanskari{{r|ncre}}|Zaskari{{r|edwards|page=197}}|Zanaskari{{r|dad}}|Jhanskar}}
| country = India
| distribution = [[Zanskar]] valley of [[Ladakh]]
| standard = [https://web.archive.org/web/20180601000940/http://www.horseindian.com/Zanskari.htm Indigenous Horse Society of India]
| extinct =
| use = {{ubl|[[pack-horse]]|[[riding horse|riding]]|[[polo]]}}
| colour = {{ubl|[[grey (horse)|grey]]|[[bay (horse)|bay]]|brown|[[black (horse)|black]]|[[chestnut (coat)|chestnut]]}}
| height = {{ubl|Range: 110–140 cm|Average: 126 cm{{r|agr|page=53}}}}
| male_height =
| female_height =
| weight =
| male_weight =
| female_weight =
| note =
}}

The '''Zaniskari''' or '''Zanskari''' is an Indian [[list of horse breeds|breed]] of small mountain horse or [[pony]] from [[Ladakh]] in northern India.{{r|ihsi2}} It is named for the [[Zanskar]] valley or region in [[Kargil district]].{{r|guj}} It is similar to the [[Spiti Horse|Spiti]] breed of [[Himachal Pradesh]], but is better adapted to work at high altitude.{{r|ihsi}} Like the Spiti, it shows similarities to the [[Tibetan pony|Tibetan]] breeds living on the other side of the Himalayas in neighbouring Tibet.{{r|edwards|page=197}} It is of medium size, and is often [[grey (horse)|grey]] in colour. The breed is considered endangered, as there are only a few hundred alive today, and a conservation programme has been started at [[Padum, Zanskar]], in the [[Kargil (district)|Kargil]] district of Ladakh.

== History ==

In 1977 the population of Zaniskari horses was estimated at {{val|15,000|–|20,000}}.{{r|dad}} The breed was listed as "not at risk" by the [[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] in 2007.{{r|barb|page=61}} However, it has been endangered by indiscriminate [[cross-breeding]] with other horses and it is thought that only a few hundred [[pure-bred]] animals now remain, mainly in the valleys of Ladakh, including the [[Zanskar Gorge]] from which the breed takes its name.{{r|ncre}} The Animal Husbandry Department of Jammu and Kashmir operates a farm at [[Padum]], in Zanskar, for the [[selective breeding|breeding]] and [[conservation (ethic)|conservation]] of the breed.{{r|ncre}} The population has declined rapidly due to mechanisation and to increases in the number of roads in its native area. However, the population did not in 2006 show signs of any significant [[genetic bottleneck]].{{r|behl2|page=199}}

In 2013 there were approximately {{val|9700}} of the horses. In 2022 the [[conservation status]] of the breed was listed in [[DAD-IS]] as "at risk/critical maintained", based on a reported population of {{val|346}} animals.{{r|dad}}

A [[genetic analysis]] of five Indian horse breeds in 2007 found the Zaniskari to be [[genetic distance|close]] to the [[Manipuri pony|Manipuri]], [[Spiti Horse|Spiti]] and [[Bhutia Horse|Bhutia]] breeds, and more distant from the [[Marwari horse|Marwari]].{{r|behl|}} A study of all six Indian breeds in 2014 grouped the Zaniskari with the Bhutia, Manipuri and Spiti breeds, and found it to be most closely related to the Spiti.{{r|gupta}}

== Characteristics ==

The Zaniskari is strong, compact and well built, and is particularly adapted to work in the [[Hypoxia (environmental)|hypoxic]] environment of Ladakh.{{r|guj|page=60}} Height is usually between {{cvt|120|and|140|cm|hand|0}};{{r|ncre}} [[thorax|thoracic]] circumference is {{cvt|55|-|60|in|cm|order=flip|-1}} and body length about {{cvt|38|-|45|in|cm|order=flip|round=5}}. The most usual [[horse coat colour|coat colour]] is [[gray (horse)|grey]]; [[bay (horse)|bay]], brown, [[black (horse)|black]] and [[chestnut (coat)|chestnut]] also occur.{{r|ihsi2}}

== Use ==

The Zaniskari is particularly adapted to work as a [[pack animal]] in the high altitudes and challenging conditions of its native region, which lies between {{val|3,000|and|5,000|u=m}} above sea level, and where temperatures may reach {{val|-40|u=°C}}. It is strong and sure-footed, and has good stamina.{{r|agr|page=57}} The Indian army in Ladakh uses it as a [[pack-beast]]. It is also used for [[riding horse|riding]] and for [[polo]].{{r|agr|page=58}}

== References ==
{{commonscat}}
{{reflist|45em|refs=

<ref name=agr>A.K. Gupta, S.N. Tandon, Y. Pal, A. Bhardwaj, M. Chauhan (2012). [http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2673t/i2673t00.pdf Phenotypic characterization of Indian equine breeds: a comparative study]. ''Animal Genetic Resources'' (50): 49–58. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{doi|10.1017/S2078633612000094}}</ref>

<ref name=barb>Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200623201209/http://www.fao.org/3/a1250e/annexes/List%20of%20breeds%20documented%20in%20the%20Global%20Databank%20for%20Animal%20Genetic%20Resources/List_breeds.pdf List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources], annex to: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110125634/http://www.fao.org/3/a-a1250e.pdf ''The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture'']. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{isbn|9789251057629}}. Archived 23 June 2020.</ref>

<ref name=behl>Rahul Behl, Jyotsna Behl, Neelam Gupta, S.C. Gupta (2007). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/animal/article/div-classtitlegenetic-relationships-of-five-indian-horse-breeds-using-microsatellite-markersdiv/82859CBF5BDF016EE2BC48B6EA01909E Genetic relationships of five Indian horse breeds using microsatellite markers]. ''Animal'' '''1''' (4):483–488. {{doi|10.1017/S1751731107694178}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

<ref name=behl2>Rahul Behl, Jyotsna Behl, Neelam Gupta, S.C. Gupta, S.P.S. Ahlawat, Mahesh Ragnekar, Z. Ahmed (2006). [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.485.6056&rep=rep1&type=pdf Genetic characterization of Zanskari breed of horse]. ''Journal of Genetics'' '''85''' (3): 199–203. {{doi|10.1007/bf02935331}}.</ref>

<ref name=dad>[https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=IND&specie=Horse&breed=Zaniskari%20Pony&lang=en Breed data sheet: Zaniskari Pony / India (Horse)]. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed January 2023.</ref>

<ref name=edwards>Elwyn Hartley Edwards (1994). ''The Encyclopedia of the Horse''. London; New York; Stuttgart; Moscow: Dorling Kindersley. {{isbn|0751301159}}.</ref>

<ref name=guj>G. S. Gujral (1996). [https://books.google.it/books?&id=h93aAAAAMAAJ&hl=en ''Changing Perspectives Of Biodiversity Status In The Himalaya'']. New Delhi: British Council Division, British High Commission. {{isbn|9788190065108}}.</ref>

<ref name=gupta>A.K. Gupta, Mamta Chauhan, Anuradha Bhardwaj, Neelam Gupta, S.C. Gupta, Yash Pal, S.N. Tandon, R.K. Vijh (2014). [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871141314000821 Comparative genetic diversity analysis among six Indian breeds and English Thoroughbred horses]. ''Livestock Science'' '''163''' (May 2014): 1–11. {{doi|10.1016/j.livsci.2014.01.028}} {{subscription required}}.</ref>

<ref name=ihsi>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180803215727/http://horseindian.com/indianhorse.htm About Indian Horses]. Indigenous Horse Society of India. Archived 3 August 2018.</ref>

<ref name=ihsi2>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180601000940/http://www.horseindian.com/Zanskari.htm Brief on Zanskari Ponies]. Indigenous Horse Society of India. Archived 1 June 2018.</ref>

<ref name=ncre>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170805003553/http://nrce.nic.in/breeds.php Equines in India: Horses: Zanskari Horse]. Indian Council of Agricultural Research: National Research Centre on Equines. Archived 5 August 2017.</ref>

}}

{{Horse breeds of India|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Fauna of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Horse breeds]]
[[Category:Horse breeds originating in India]]

{{bots|deny=Citation bot}}

Dolby Walya

2025-08-04T17:25:15Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Dolby Walya
| cover = Dolby Walya song.jpg
| caption = Official song cover
| type = song
| artist = Nagesh Morwekar and Earl Edgar
| album = [[Jaundya Na Balasaheb]]
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|09|20}}
| genre = {{Hlist|[[Dance music|Dance]]|[[Indi-pop]]}}
| length = {{Duration|m=5|s=07}}
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| writer = [[Ajay-Atul]]
| composer = [[Ajay-Atul]]
| producer = Saarrthi Entertainment Arbhaat Films Ajay-Atul Productions
| tracks = # "'''Dolby Walya'''"
# "Gondhal"
# "[[Baby Bring It On]]"
# "Mona Darling"
# "Vaat Disu De"
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|Z6U3tVjHcUI|Dolby Walya}}|type=song}}
}}

"'''Dolby Walya'''" is the dance number from the 2016 film ''[[Jaundya Na Balasaheb]]'', directed by [[Girish Kulkarni]], who also featured in the song. Sung by Nagesh Morwekar and Earl Edgar (rap) and composed by [[Ajay-Atul]], who also penned the lyrics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dolbywalya Lyrics {{!}} Jaundya Na Balasaheb {{!}} Ajay-Atul |url=https://www.marathifilm.in/2016/10/dolbywalya-lyrics-jaundya-na-balasaheb.html |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Marathi Film}}</ref> The song later gained a cult following after it was reused as a [[background score]] in the action sequence just before the interval in the 2023 blockbuster, ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=7 Things You Missed In Ranbir Kapoor's Animal - From Kabir Singh Reference To AR Rahman's Roja Song |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/7-things-you-missed-in-ranbir-kapoors-animal-from-kabir-singh-reference-to-ar-rahmans-roja-song |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=[[Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Animal: We found Bobby Deol's catchy entry song Jamaal Jamaaloo. Details inside |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/animal-we-found-bobby-deols-catchy-entry-song-jamaal-jamaaloo-details-inside-62929.html |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
The song is written and composed by [[Ajay-Atul]] and sung by Nagesh Morwekar and Earl Edgar.<ref name=":0" />

== Release ==
The song was officially released on 20 September 2016 before the release of the film.

== Critical reception ==
Vipin Nair of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "matching the song’s craziness and energy perfectly, even as Ajay-Atul concocts a heady mix of percussion-heavy folk music and electronic elements in the backdrop. The accelerated electronic coda with the chipmunk-ish voice is an overkill though."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Vipin |date=2016-09-23 |title=Music reviews for Jaundya Na Balasaheb and Rock On!! 2 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/Riding-on-expectations/article14648716.ece |access-date=2024-03-11 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Manish Gaekwad of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' called it "alarming and addictive" and observed it sounds like one half of Ajay-Atul turned up the volume while the Gogavale brother ensured that the unhinged energy has a rhythm on which to rely.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaekwad |first=Manish |date=2016-10-01 |title=Soundtrack review: Ajay-Atul continue their hit parade with 'Jaundya Na Balasaheb' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/817766/soundtrack-review-ajay-atul-continue-their-hit-parade-with-jaundya-na-balasaheb |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
*[[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]] reused the song as a background score in the film ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/dolby-walya/GEVbdBN,f0U JioSaavn]
* [https://music.apple.com/in/album/jau-dya-na-balasaheb-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1529547171 iTunes]
* [https://www.hungama.com/song/dolby-walya/36499097/ Hungama Music]

[[Category:Songs written for Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:2016 songs]]
[[Category:Marathi music]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Ajay–Atul]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Ajay–Atul]]
[[Category:Dance music songs]]

Naranarayan Setu

2025-07-29T12:43:26Z

Axis: fix

{{Short description|Bridge in Bongaigaon, Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox bridge
| fetchwikidata = coordinates
| bridge_name = Naranarayan Setu
| image = File:Pancharatna bridge.jpg
| engineering = [[Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Company]]
| image_caption = Naranarayan Setu road deck NH-17
| carries = Road and Railway
| crosses = [[Brahmaputra River]]
| locale = [[Jogighopa]], [[Bongaigaon]], [[Assam]]
| upstream = [[Saraighat Bridge]]
| downstream = [[Dhubri-Phulbari bridge]]
| design = [[Truss Bridge]]
| length = {{convert|2.298|km|mi}}
| open = 15 April 1998
| coordinates =
}}

'''Naranarayan Setu''' (IPA - nərəˈna:ra:jənə ˈseɪtu:) is the third bridge to have been constructed over the [[Brahmaputra River]] in [[Assam]], [[India]]. It is a double-deck bridge with a double railway track (doubling recently done) on the lower deck and a 2 lane road on the upper deck. It has a length of 2.284 kilometres and connects [[Jogighopa]], a town of [[Bongaigaon District]] on the north with Pancharatna, a town of [[Goalpara District]] on the south. The bridge was inaugurated on 15 April 1998 by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], the [[Prime Minister of India]] at that time. Construction was carried out by the consortium of The Braithwaite Burn and Jessop Construction Company Limited(BBJ). The approximate cost of construction of this bridge is Rs. 301 crore(Current value Rs. 15050 Crore).<ref name="Naranarayana Setu In India">{{cite web|title=Naranarayan Setu In India|url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/Naranarayan-Setu-59154.htm|work=India9|publisher=India9|accessdate=5 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://wiki.iricen.gov.in/doku/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=812:12.pdf|title= Model project on Construction of Naranarayan Setu over river Brahmaputra at Jogihopa|accessdate= 8 May 2013|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140414201110/http://wiki.iricen.gov.in/doku/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=812:12.pdf|archivedate= 14 April 2014}}</ref> This bridge is located on route of [[National Highway 17 (India)|National Highway 17]], erstwhile route NH-37.

== Naming ==
The Naranarayan Setu is named after [[Nara Narayan]], a 16th-century [[Kamata Kingdom|Koch]]([[Coochbehar]]) king.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

== See also ==
* [[Brahmaputra River#Bridges|List of bridges on Brahmaputra River]]
*[[Godavari Bridge]]
*[[Saraighat Bridge]]
*[[List of longest bridges in the world]]
*[[List of longest bridges above water in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bridges in Assam]]
[[Category:Bridges over the Brahmaputra River]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1998]]
[[Category:Road-rail bridges in India]]
[[Category:Double-decker bridges]]
[[Category:Transport in Bongaigaon]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Dr. Gourmohan Roy College

2025-07-15T02:02:13Z

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{{Short description|College in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Dr. Gour Mohan Roy College
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| other_name = 
| former_name =
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| top_free_label =
| top_free =
| type = '''Undergraduate College'''
| established = {{start date and age|1986}}
| closed = 
| founder =
| parent =
| affiliation = [[University of Burdwan]]
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| chancellor =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| vice_chancellor =
| provost =
| rector =
| principal = Dr. Basanta Khamrui
| director =
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address =
| city = [[Monteswar]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| country = India
| postcode = 713145
| coordinates = {{coord|23.4153|N|88.1089|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| campus = Rural
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
|website = {{URL|www.monteswardrgmroycollege.com|Official Website}}
| logo = Dr._Gourmohan_Roy_College.jpg
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dr. Gourmohan Roy College''', established in 1986, is the general degree college in
'''Monteswar, Purba Bardhaman district, West Bengal''', India. It offers undergraduate (UG) courses in arts and commerce. It is affiliated to [[University of Burdwan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of University of Burdwan |url=http://www.buruniv.ac.in/CollegeDetails.php?col_code=111 |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929233231/http://www.buruniv.ac.in/CollegeDetails.php?col_code=111 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Departments==

===Arts and Commerce===
*[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
*[[Education]]
*English
*[[Sanskrit]]
*[[History]]
*Geography
*[[Political science]]
*[[Philosophy]]
*Commerce

==Accreditation==
In 2016 the college has been awarded B grade by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC). The college is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<ref>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal Colleges in WestBengal, University Grants Commission] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116042454/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal |date=16 November 2011 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.monteswardrgmroycollege.com/ Official Website]
*[http://www.buruniv.ac.in/ University of Burdwan]
{{University of Burdwan}}

[[Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Burdwan]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1986]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in West Bengal]]

Deputy chief minister of Tamil Nadu

2025-06-01T17:29:26Z

Axis: made first data needs work.

#REDIRECT [[List of deputy chief ministers of Tamil Nadu]]

Dilip Mane

2025-01-14T07:34:59Z

Axis:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Dilip Mane
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| office = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Maharashtra]]
| term_start = October 2009
| term_end = August 2014
| constituency = [[Solapur South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Solapur South]]
| nationality = {{flag|India}}n
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| otherparty = [[Shiv Sena]]
| birth_date =
| residence =
| occupation =
| website =
}}

'''Dilip Bramhadev Mane''' is a [[Shiv Sena]] politician from [[Solapur district]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnowmarathi.com/maharashtra-news/mumbai-news/article/shiv-sena-nationalist-congress-party-ncp-congress-dilip-sopal-dilip-mane-solapur-district-sharad-pawar/258960 | title= दिलीप माने, नागनाथ क्षीरसागर यांच्या हातात शिवबंधन |language=mr}}</ref> He was a member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Solapur South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Solapur South constituency]] from 2009 to 2014.<ref name=MLASS>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/solapur-south.html | title= Sitting and previous MLAs from Solapur South Assembly Constituency}}</ref><ref name="Former MLA Mane joins Cong">{{cite news |title=Former MLA Mane joins Cong |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/former-mla-mane-joins-cong-101711911799989.html |access-date=14 January 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=1 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114073318/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/former-mla-mane-joins-cong-101711911799989.html |archive-date=14 January 2025 |language=en-us}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* 2009: Elected as Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly <ref name=MLASS/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19981202100332/http://www.shivsena.org/ The Shivsena]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mane, Dilip}}
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Solapur district]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Aravantigepura

2024-12-04T22:10:28Z

Axis: adding new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aravantigepura
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = kn
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = place
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 247
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/613347-aravantigepura-karnataka.html|title=Census 2011, Aravantigepura typo village Data}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 562 106
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Aravantigepura''' is a place{{clarify|date=June 2023|reason=What kind of place?}} in the outskirts of Anekal town in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Anekal]] [[taluk]] of [[Bangalore Urban district]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bangalore Urban district}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Bengaluru Urban district]]

{{Bangalore-geo-stub}}

Anthony Swamy Thomasappa

2024-12-04T22:08:39Z

Axis: adding new data

{{Short description|Roman Catholic Bishop}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific-prefix = Most Reverend
| name = Thomasappa Anthony Swamy
| honorific-suffix =
| title = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chikmagalur|Bishop of Chikmagalur]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore|Bangalore]]
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chikmagalur|Chikmagalur]]
| appointed = 2 December 2006
| enthroned = 6 February 2007
| ended =
| predecessor = [[John Baptist Sequeira]]
| successor = ''Incumbent''
| ordination = 20 May 1984
| ordained_by =
| consecration = 6 February 2007
| consecrated_by = [[Bernard Moras]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951|2|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mariyannapalya]] [[Karnataka]] [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =
| nationality = Indian
| religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
| residence =
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation =
| previous_post =
| profession =
| alma_mater = [[Pontifical Gregorian University]]
| signature =
| coat_of_arms =
| motto = TO LOVE AND SERVE
}}
'''Thomasappa Anthony Swamy''' is the Bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chikmagalur]], India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/chik0.htm|title=Diocese of Chikmagalur, India|work=GCatholic|access-date=2018-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://directory.ucanews.com/bishops/bishop-thomasappa/84|title=Bishop Anthony Swamy Thomasappa {{!}} Bishop of Chikmagalur Diocese Anthony Swamy Thomasappa {{!}} Ucanews|website=directory.ucanews.com|access-date=2018-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829175604/http://directory.ucanews.com/bishops/bishop-thomasappa/84|archive-date=29 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fides.org/en/news/8498|title=The Pope accepts the resignation of the Bishop of Chikmagalur and appoints successor - Agenzia Fides|first=Agenzia|last=Fides|website=www.fides.org|accessdate=3 April 2018}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born in [[Mariyanna Palya]], a small village in [[Bangalore]] on 9 February 1951.

== Priesthood ==
He was ordained a priest for the [[Archdiocese of Bangalore]] on 20 May 1984.

He was a professor in [[St. Peter's Pontifical Seminary]], Bangalore. Thomasappa was in charge of [[Seminary]] Publications and Director of Kannada Sanga in [[St. Peter's Pontifical Seminary]], Bangalore.

== Education ==
Bishop Anthony Swamy Thomasappa did his doctorate in [[Missiology]] in [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] in [[Rome]].

== Episcopate ==
He was appointed Bishop of Chikmagalur on Dec. 2, 2006, and was ordained bishop on Feb. 6, 2007. The Karnataka state diocese belongs to the ecclesiastical province headed by the [[Archdiocese of Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/New-Bishop-for-Chikmagalur/article14717423.ece|title=New Bishop for Chikmagalur|date=2007-02-08|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He worked in various parishes of the [[Archdiocese]] before being elected as the [[Bishop of Chikkamagaluru]].

He was appointed the Bishop of Chikkamagaluru by [[Pope Benedict XVI]]. He was installed as bishop by [[Bernard Blasius Moras]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bthoas.html|title=Bishop Anthony Swamy Thomasappa [Catholic-Hierarchy]|last=Cheney|first=David M.|website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org|access-date=2018-08-29}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomasappa, Anthony}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Pontifical Gregorian University alumni]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Benedict XVI]]

Naxal (disambiguation)

2024-04-19T20:36:19Z

Axis: New New Pg More To Come

{{wikt|naxalite|Naxal|Naxalite|Naxalism|Naxalist|urban Naxal}}
'''[[Naxal]]s''' or Naxalites are members of any of the communist guerrilla groups in India.

'''Naxal''' or '''Naxalites''' may also refer to:

==Media==
*''[[The Naxalites]]'', a 1980 Bollywood film
*[[Naxal (film)|''Naxal'' (film)]], a 2015 Tollywood film
* "Naxalite", a 1997 single by Asian Dub Foundation from the album ''[[Rafi's Revenge]]''

==Other uses==
*[[Naxalbari]], village in the northern part of West Bengal, India where the communist movement originated
**[[Naxalbari (community development block)]], containing the village
**[[Naxalbari railway station]]
**[[Naxalbari uprising]] (1967), which started the movement
*[[Naxalbari (TV series)|''Naxalbari'' (TV series)]], an Indian web series
*[[Urban Naxal]], derogatory term for leftist activists in India, coined by filmmaker Vivek Agnihotri
**''[[Urban Naxals: The Making of Buddha in a Traffic Jam]]'', a 2018 book by Agnihotri, the origin of the term

{{disambig}}