Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Off spin

2023-10-07T10:14:10Z

AvijitDas2003: Edit

{{Short description|Type of bowling in cricket}}
{{Bowling techniques sidebar |expanded=all}}
[[Image:Off break small.gif|thumb|right|Animation of a typical off spin delivery, bowled from [[wikt:over the wicket|over the wicket]].]]
'''Off spin''' is a type of [[finger spin]] bowling in [[cricket]]. A bowler who uses this technique is called an '''off spinner'''. Off spinners are [[right arm|right-handed]] [[spin bowling|spin bowlers]] who use their fingers to spin the ball. Their normal [[Delivery (cricket)|delivery]] is an '''off break''',<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.differencebetween.info/difference-between-off-break-and-off-spin| title = Difference between Off Break and Off Spin| date = 15 July 2013}}</ref> which spins from left to right (from the bowler's perspective) when the ball bounces on the [[cricket pitch|pitch]]. For a right-handed [[batsman]], this is from his [[off side]] to the [[leg side]] (that is, towards the right-handed batsman, or away from a left-handed batsman). The ball breaks ''away'' from the [[Fielding (cricket)#Off- and leg-side fields|off side]],<ref name=wikihow /> hence the name 'off break'.

Off spinners bowl mostly off breaks, varying them by adjusting the [[line and length]] of the deliveries. Off spinners also bowl other types of delivery, which spin differently. Aside from these variations in spin, varying the speed, [[line and length|length]] and flight of the ball are also important for the off spinner.

The bowler with the most [[Dismissal (cricket)|wickets]] in the history of both [[Test cricket|Test matches]] and ODIs, [[Muttiah Muralitharan]], was an off spinner.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muttiah Muralitharan's rise to the top of the world |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1656490 |website=ICC |access-date=28 July 2020 |date=17 April 2020 |quote=On the occasion of the legendary Sri Lankan off-spinner Muttiah Muralitharan's 48th birthday, we revisit his rise to the top of the international wicket-takers' charts through an animated graph.}}</ref>

==History==
Although rare now, in the past there were bowlers who used the off-break action who deliberately did not impart any considerable spin on the ball but relied on line and length (or even speed variations) to frustrate batsmen. They endeavoured to pitch the ball in an area that the batsman was unable to play a scoring shot, even making last moment adjustments to "follow" a batsman should they move within the crease to negate the bowlers tactics. Whilst this is primarily a defensive style, wickets were achieved by forcing a batsman to make a rash stroke or even bowling at the stumps instead of the retreating batsman. Another wicket taking method was to impart more spin on the ball than usual, and surprise the batsman. An exponent of this style of bowling was "Flat" [[Jack Simmons (cricketer)|Jack Simmons]] who played for Lancashire and Tasmania in the 1970s and 1980s. With the advent of limited overs cricket promoting more adventurous batting styles and the use of ever heavier bats this style of bowling has declined, although some off-spinners will still use this tactic when the pitch is offering very little or no ''turn''. It is a tactic often used by [[Kane Williamson]] when he bowls occasionally in limited overs format because his bowling style tends to be flatter and faster.

==Comparison with other types of spin bowling==
[[File:Nathan Lyon with Jonny Bairstow at the non-striker's end watching and umpire Joel Wilson also observing on day 4 of the 3rd Ashes Test between England and Australia at Headingley.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Nathan Lyon]] bowling off spin]]
Off spin contrasts with [[leg spin]], in which the ball spins from leg to off and which is bowled with a very different action (wrist spin).<ref name="bbcacad">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sportacademy/hi/sa/cricket/skills/newsid_3227000/3227307.stm |title=Off spin |work=BBC Sport |access-date=16 December 2012}}</ref> Off spin is generally considered less difficult to play than leg spin, as off breaks typically spin less than [[leg break]]s, and do not generally possess the same loopy, potentially deceptive flight. In addition, off spinners tend to have a smaller repertoire of deliveries to choose from. For a right-handed batsman, the ball moves in towards the batsman's body, meaning the batsman's legs are usually in the path of the ball if it misses the bat or takes an edge. This makes it difficult for the bowler to get the batsman out bowled or caught from an off break, but it does mean there is a chance of [[leg before wicket]], assuming the ball has not turned enough to miss the leg [[stump (cricket)|stump]]. However, the off spinner often bowls faster and more accurately than a leg spinner, and can therefore deceive the batsman with changes in the pace of the ball. A left-handed batsman has more difficulty facing off break bowling, because the ball moves away from his body. This means that any miscalculation can more easily result in an outside edge off the bat and a catch going to the [[wicket-keeper]] or [[slip (cricket)|slips]] fielders.

A [[left arm|left-handed]] [[bowler (cricket)|bowler]] who bowls with the same (finger spin) action as an off spinner is known as a [[left-arm orthodox spin]] bowler. While the orthodox spinner has the same action as an off-spinner, the ball itself spins in the opposite direction (akin to a right arm leg spinner).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sportacademy/hi/sa/cricket/skills/newsid_3207000/3207491.stm |title=How to bowl left-arm spin |work=BBC Sport |access-date=16 December 2012}}</ref> Such a ball is not normally called an off break, but a ''left-arm orthodox spinner''.

==Terminology==
'''Off spin:''' Sometimes the term off spin is used to mean the off break delivery.<ref>{{cite web |title=A glossary of cricket terms |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21322339/a-glossary-cricket-terms |website=ESPN |access-date=31 July 2020 |date=17 April 2007 |quote=Off-break/spin - A ball turning into the right hander- from off to leg (from left to right)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of offspin |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/offspin |website=Merriam-Webster |access-date=31 July 2020 |quote=spin imparted to a bowled ball in cricket that tends to cause it to break from the off side to the leg side.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The man behind Murali |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22946228/the-man-murali |website=ESPN |access-date=31 July 2020 |date=15 July 2007 |quote="A coach cannot change a bowler like Murali. If anyone tried to do that he will be lost. What made Murali so special was his off-spin. It was his main weapon. With his experience he added the doosra. But he got most of his wickets with off-spin," Fernando continued.}}</ref><ref name="Narine">{{cite web |title=Sunil Narine banned from bowling his off-spinner in IPL |url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/15815/9827864/sunil-narine-banned-from-bowling-his-off-spinner-in-ipl |website=skysports.com |access-date=8 August 2020 |date=29 April 2015 |quote=West Indies 'mystery spinner' Sunil Narine has been banned from bowling his off-spin delivery at the Indian Premier League... A statement from the IPL read: "...the committee has concluded that Mr. Narine’s bowling action for his off-spinner, contravenes Law 24.2 (as read with Law 24.3) of the Laws of Cricket. Therefore the player is now banned from bowling the off-spinner in matches organised by the BCCI, including the IPL."}}</ref> At other times the term off spin has a wider meaning, to include all deliveries bowled by an off spinner, including non-off break deliveries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Simple And Common Variations In Off Spin |author=Peter Such |author-link=Peter Such |url=https://www.teamtechnology.co.uk/metarasa/cricket/spin/simple-and-common-variations-in-off-spin/ |website=teamtechnology.co.uk |access-date=31 July 2020 |quote=Once the basics of bowling off spin have been mastered (the mechanics of finger spin bowling) to become a complete off spin bowler one must develop and have the ability to consistently deliver a range of variations... The Arm Ball, Swinger Or Floater}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From cow corner to Mankads - your cricket questions answered |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/52271285 |website=BBC |access-date=7 August 2020 |date=17 April 2020 |quote=When the ball spins the opposite way to how a batsman would expect, it is called a doosra (when an off-spin bowler turns it away from a right-hander)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Off Spin Variations: How to Bowl Off Spin |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6l0DUMc9Xb4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/6l0DUMc9Xb4| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|website=YouTube |access-date=1 August 2020 |date=19 August 2017 |quote=The one you've all been asking for, here's Kieran talking us through how to bowl the different off spin variations.}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

'''Off spinner:''' The term off spinner can be used to mean either the bowler<ref>{{cite web |title='Ashwin is the best off-spinner in the world' – Graeme Swann |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/835438 |website=ICC |access-date=7 August 2020 |date=28 August 2018 |quote=Former England off-spinner Graeme Swann has rated India's Ravichandran Ashwin as the best Test spinner in the world while picking Afghanistan's Rashid Khan as the best in Twenty20s. "Ashwin is easily the best off-spinner in the world."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=England's Graeme Swann maintains a rich Old Trafford off-spin tradition |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2013/aug/02/england-graeme-swann-old-trafford |website=The Guardian |access-date=7 August 2020 |date=2 August 2013 |quote=But there have been matches here that were not so memorable for off-spinners... Two fine English off-spinners, Fred Titmus and John Mortimore, bowled 93 overs between them in that match, yielding 222 runs without a wicket... Australia had one off-spinner, Tom Veivers}}</ref> or the off break delivery.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan v Australia |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152733.html |website=ESPN |access-date=4 August 2020 |quote=MacKay, bowling off-spinners on a perfect length}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Definitive: Michael Vaughan |url=https://wisden.com/stories/the-definitive-michael-vaughan |website=Wisden |access-date=4 August 2020 |date=26 June 2014 |quote="I was in the Yorkshire under 15 side and batting regularly at number seven and bowling off-spinners." |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928211909/https://wisden.com/stories/the-definitive-michael-vaughan |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ashes 2015: England and Australia's spinners prove a threat in a big-hitter's era |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2015/jul/15/ashes-2015-england-australia-spinners-cricket |website=The Guardian |access-date=4 August 2020 |date=15 July 2015 |quote=Bowling off-spinners was a peaceful occupation then.}}</ref><ref name="Narine"/>

'''Offie:''' The term offie can also be used to mean either the bowler<ref>{{cite web |title=Three thrilling quicks and an offie with a seven-for |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28511121/debutant-year-nominees |website=ESPN |access-date=26 July 2020 |date=19 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top five: Most runs conceded by a bowler in an innings in IPL |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/top-five-most-runs-conceded-by-a-bowler-in-an-innings-in-ipl/articleshow/76338571.cms |website=Times of India |access-date=26 July 2020 |date=12 June 2020 |quote=The young offie from Afghanistan has often troubled the batsmen with his precise line and length and variations.}}</ref> or the off break delivery.<ref>{{cite web |title=The doosra ain't the only game in town |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/18771982/ashley-mallett-offspinner-variations |website=ESPN |access-date=26 July 2020 |date=27 February 2017 |quote=In Perth grade cricket I bowled offies and would keep bowling that way until inevitably the day would come when offbreaks didn't bring enough wickets... So if Laker was brought on, I would bowl offies, but if "Tich" Freeman was in action, I would bowl legspin.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ponting gets a BBL wicket, bowling offies |url=https://www.facebook.com/cricketcomau/videos/ponting-gets-a-bbl-wicket-bowling-offies/2527580790824136/ |website=cricket.com.au |access-date=26 July 2020 }}</ref>

==Technique==
An off break is bowled by holding the [[cricket ball]] in the palm of the hand with the seam running across under all the fingers.<ref name=wikihow>{{cite web| url = http://www.wikihow.com/Grip-the-Ball-to-Bowl-Offspin| title = How to Grip the Ball to Bowl Offspin}}</ref> As the ball is released, the fingers roll down the right side of the ball (for a right-handed bowler), giving the ball a clockwise spin as seen from behind.

== Notable off spinners ==
Notable off spinners include:
*[[Muttiah Muralitharan]] of [[Sri Lanka]], who has the most wickets in both ODIs and Test matches,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/93276.html|title=Records / Test matches / Bowling records / Most wickets in career|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283193.html|title=Records / One-Day Internationals / Bowling records / Most wickets in career|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 December 2012}}</ref>
*[[E. A. S. Prasanna]] and [[Srinivas Venkataraghavan]], two of the legendary [[Indian spin quartet]]
*[[Harbhajan Singh]] and [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] of [[India]]
*[[Saqlain Mushtaq]] and [[Saeed Ajmal]] of Pakistan. [[Saqlain Mushtaq]] was credited with the invention of the "[[doosra]]", which is bowled with a similar-looking action to the off break but spins the opposite way, just as the leg spinner's [[googly]] turns the opposite way from his stock ball.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakvaus2009/content/story/401970.html|title=I can teach Australians the doosra - Saqlain|date=29 April 2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|author=Cricinfo staff|access-date=16 December 2012}}</ref>
*[[Jim Laker]] and [[Graeme Swann]] of England
*[[Nathan Lyon]] of Australia.
*[[Egan Steven Dantis]] of Costa del Sol Cricket Spain.
*[[Ajantha Mendis]]: inventor of the carrom ball
*[[Lance Gibbs]]: first spinner to pass 300 wickets

==Other deliveries bowled by off spin bowlers==
Another common weapon of the off spinner is the [[arm ball]], which does not spin but goes straight on "with the arm".<ref>{{cite book|title=What is a googly?|last=Eastaway|first=Rob|publisher=Robson Books|year=2003|isbn=1-86105-629-X|page=[https://archive.org/details/whatisgoogly00robe/page/118 118]|url=https://archive.org/details/whatisgoogly00robe/page/118}}</ref> More skilled offspinners also have the [[topspinner]].<ref>{{cite book|title=What is a googly?|last=Eastaway|first=Rob|publisher=Robson Books|year=2003|isbn=1-86105-629-X|page=[https://archive.org/details/whatisgoogly00robe/page/141 141]|url=https://archive.org/details/whatisgoogly00robe/page/141}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Cricket terminology]]
*[[Arm ball]]
*[[Doosra]]
*[[Leg break]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.teamtechnology.co.uk/metarasa/cricket/spin/the-complete-guide-to-bowling-off-spin/ The Complete Guide to Bowling Off Spin - teamtechnology]
* [https://wisdomtalkies.com/Sports/video-book/Cricket/Bowling/Spin/video/120/Off-spin-in-Cricket Off Spin Basics video - wisdomtalkies]
* [http://cricketcoachingblog.co.uk/2016/01/18/off-spin-bowling/ Off Spin Bowling - cricketcoachingblog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216195932/http://cricketcoachingblog.co.uk/2016/01/18/off-spin-bowling/ |date=2020-02-16 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Off Spin}}
[[Category:Cricket terminology]]
[[Category:Bowling (cricket)]]

Bashiruddin Babukhan

2023-10-05T19:52:00Z

AvijitDas2003: Created page with '{{Infobox officeholder | office = Member of Legislative Assembly }} '''Bashiruddin Babukhan''' was an Indian politician. == Biography == He was elected as a Member of Legislative Assembly from Bodhan in 1989, and again in 1994. He was a cabinet minister in t...'

{{orphan|date=October 2023}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bodhan Assembly constituency|Bodhan]]
| birth_date = 1941
| death_date = 2013
| term_start = 1985
| term_end = 1989
| termstart2 = 1994
| termend2 = 1999
| nationality = [[India]]n
| relations = Anjum Babukhan (daughter-in-law)
}}{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1941)}}
'''Bashiruddin Babukhan''' (1941 – 2013) was an Indian politician.

== Political career ==
He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bodhan Assembly constituency|Bodhan]] in [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]], and again in [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]. He was a cabinet minister in the [[Third N. T. Rama Rao ministry]], holding the portfolios of education, major industries, tourism and minorities welfare.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-16 |title=Ex-minister Babukhan passes away |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ex-minister-babukhan-passes-away/articleshow/22612918.cms |access-date=2023-10-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

After the [[Telugu Desam Party]] joined the [[National Democratic Alliance]] in 1998, he resigned from his ministerial positions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-15 |title=Former Minister Babukhan dead |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/former-minister-babukhan-dead/article5132225.ece |access-date=2023-10-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was married and had two daughters and a son.

His daughter-in-law is Anjum Babukhan, who was the founder of [[Glendale Academy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The School Fleece, Oops, Fees Scam |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-school-fleece-oops-fees-scam/297077}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1994–1999]]

Ahmedabad–Jamnagar Vande Bharat Express

2023-10-05T01:30:40Z

AvijitDas2003:

{{short description|Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox rail service
|color=28457D
|name=Ahmedabad Junction - Jamnagar ''Vande Bharat Express''
|logo=
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|image=
|image_width=300px
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|type=[[Vande Bharat Express]]
|locale=[[Gujarat]]
|first={{start date|24 September 2023}} (Inaugural run) {{start date and age|25 September 2023}} (Commercial run)
|last=
|operator=[[Western Railway zone|Western Railways (WR)]]
|ridership=
|start={{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}} '''(ADI)'''
|stops=5
|end={{stnlnk|Jamnagar}} '''(JAM)'''
|distance={{convert|331|km|0|abbr=on}}
|journeytime=04 hrs 40 mins
|frequency=Six days a week {{efn|Except Tuesdays for ''22925'' and Wednesdays for ''22926''}}
|trainnumber=22925 / 22926
|line_used= [[Ahmedabad–Viramgam section]] [[Viramgam–Okha line|Viramgam-Okha line (till Jamnagar)]]
|class=AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
|seating={{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
|sleeping=No
|autorack=
|catering=On board Catering
|observation=Large windows in all coaches
|entertainment={{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
|baggage=Overhead racks
|otherfacilities=[[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
|stock=[[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat services|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]]
|gauge=[[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
|el=
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The 22925/22926 '''Ahmedabad - Jamnagar Vande Bharat Express''' is India's 34th [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express train]], connecting the city of [[Ahmedabad]] with [[Jamnagar]] in [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2023-09-20 |title=Jamnagar may get Vande Bharat Express train; PM Modi likely to flag it off on Sept 24 |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2023/09/20/jamnagar-may-get-vande-bharat-express-train-pm-modi-likely-to-flag-it-off-on-sept-24/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref> This train was inaugurated on 24 September 2023 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] via [[Videotelephony|video conference]] from [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-20 |title=Vande Bharat Train : ગુજરાતમાં અમદાવાદ-જામનગર વંદે ભારત ટ્રેન 24 સપ્ટેમ્બરથી શરૂ થશે, જાણો નવી ટ્રેનનો રૂટ – સ્ટોપેજ અને ટાઇમ ટેબલ સહિતની તમામ વિગતો |url=https://gujarati.indianexpress.com/gujarat/gujarat-ahmedabad-jamnagar-vande-bharat-train-route-time-table-pm-modi-nine-vande-bharat-express-know-all-details-here-as/197351/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=Indian Express Gujarati |language=gu}}</ref>

== Overview ==
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|Ahmedabad Jn]], [[Sabarmati Junction railway station|Sabarmati Jn]], [[Viramgam Junction railway station|Viramgam Jn]], [[Surendranagar Junction railway station|Surendranagar Jn]], [[Wankaner Junction railway station|Wankaner Jn]], [[Rajkot Junction railway station|Rajkot Jn]] and [[Jamnagar railway station|Jamnagar]]. It is currently operated with train numbers 22925/22926 on 6 days a week basis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi to Inaugurate 4th Vande Bharat Express in Western Railway's Impressive Fleet |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-4th-vande-bharat-express-in-western-railways-impressive-fleet |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-20 |title=Jamnagar-Ahmedabad Vande Bharat Train: ગુજરાતને મળી વધુ એક વંદે ભારત ટ્રેન, જાણો ટાઇમટેબલ સહિત ક્યાં-ક્યાં સ્ટોપેજ આપ્યું |url=https://gujarati.news18.com/photogallery/ahmedabad/jamnagar-to-ahmedabad-vande-bharat-train-24-september-pm-narendra-modi-inaugrate-vc-1560217.html |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=News18 Gujarati |language=gu}}</ref>

==Rakes==
It is the thirty-second [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation (Vande Bharat 2.0)|2nd Generation]] and twentieth [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat services|'''Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train''']] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Coach Composition ==
The 22925/22926 Ahmedabad - Jamnagar Vande Bharat Express has currently 7 AC Chair Car and 1 Executive Chair Car coaches. The coaches in Aqua color indicate AC Chair Cars and the coaches in Pink color indicate AC Executive Chair Cars.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:pink;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |8
|-
|'''22925'''
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|22x22px]] {{pipe}} C1
|C2
|C3
|C4
|C5
|E1
|C6
|C7 {{pipe}} [[File:Loco_Icon.png|22x22px]]
|-
!
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:pink;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |8
|-
|'''22926'''
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|22x22px]] {{pipe}} C7
|C6
|E1
|C5
|C4
|C3
|C2
|C1 {{pipe}} [[File:Loco_Icon.png|22x22px]]
|}

== Service ==
The 22925/22926 Ahmedabad - Jamnagar Vande Bharat Express will operate '''6 days''' a week, covering a distance of {{convert|331|km|0|abbr=on}} in a travel time of 4 hrs 40 mins with average speed of 71 km/h. The Maximum Permissible Speed (MPS) will be confirmed after commercial run.
<references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references>

== Schedule ==
The schedule of this 22925/22926 Ahmedabad - Jamnagar Vande Bharat Express is given below:-
{| class="wikitable" width="65%" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#28457D;" |''ADI - JAM - ADI Vande Bharat Express''
|-
! colspan="2" |22925 (except Tuesday)
! rowspan="2" |Stations
! colspan="2" |22926 (except Wednesday)
|-
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|-
|'''----'''
|17:55
|[[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|'''Ahmedabad Junction''']]
|10:10
|'''----'''
|-
|18:05
|18:07
|[[Sabarmati Junction railway station|Sabarmati Junction]]
|09:58
|10:00
|-
|18:42
|18:44
|[[Viramgam Junction railway station|Viramgam Junction]]
|09:20
|09:22
|-
|19:40
|19:42
|[[Surendranagar Junction railway station|Surendranagar Junction]]
|08:16
|08:18
|-
|20:33
|20:35
|[[Wankaner Junction railway station|Wankaner Junction]]
|07:15
|07:17
|-
|21:29
|21:34
|[[Rajkot Junction railway station|Rajkot Junction]]
|06:35
|06:40
|-
|22:35
|'''----'''
|[[Jamnagar railway station|'''Jamnagar''']]
|'''----'''
|05:30
|}

== Incidents ==
{{Empty section|date=September 2023}}

== See also ==

* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station]]
* [[Jamnagar railway station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmedabad - Jamnagar Vande Bharat Express}}
{{Vande Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Transport in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Transport in Jamnagar]]

Vaibhav Suri

2023-10-04T19:48:34Z

AvijitDas2003:

{{Short description|Indian chess player}}
{{Indian name|Vaibhav|Suri}}
{{Infobox chess player
|title=[[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2012)
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1997|02|08}}
|FideID = 5045185
|peakrating = 2610 (October 2022)
}}
'''Vaibhav Suri''' (born 8 February 1997) is an Indian chess player.

== Early life and education ==
He studied at the [[Modern School (New Delhi)|Modern School]] and joined the [[Shri Ram College of Commerce]], graduating in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathi |first=Devanshi |date=2018-06-08 |title=Vaibhav Suri: Chess and Education go hand-in-hand for this Grandmaster |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/chess/vaibhav-suri-chess-and-education-go-hand-in-hand-for-this-grandmaster |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2012, he earned his final grandmaster norm. At the age of fifteen, he became one of the youngest grandmasters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McClain |first=Dylan Loeb |date=2012-05-05 |title=Early Success Is No Guarantee of a Career Among the Elite |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/06/crosswords/chess/chess-vaibhav-suri-is-latest-teenage-grandmaster.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-02 |title=Vaibhav Suri, grandmaster at fifteen |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/vaibhav-suri-grandmaster-at-fifteen |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Chess News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-04 |title=Grandmaster at 15,Vaibhav makes rapid moves |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/grandmaster-at-15-vaibhav-makes-rapid-moves/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He won a bronze medal at the [[2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games]], teamed with [[Diptayan Ghosh]].

In 2018, he won the [[Biel Chess Festival]] in the masters category, winning five games and drawing four.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=Sports |date=2018-08-03 |title=Vaibhav Suri wins Biel Masters |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/vaibhav-suri-wins-biel-masters/article24595242.ece |access-date=2023-10-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Suri, Vaibhav}}
[[Category:Chess grandmasters]]
[[Category:Modern School (New Delhi) alumni]]
[[Category:Shri Ram College of Commerce alumni]]
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian chess players]]

Ranchi–Howrah Vande Bharat Express

2023-10-04T01:43:47Z

AvijitDas2003: Created page with 'The 20830/20829 '''Ranchi - Howrah Vande Bharat Express''' is India's upcoming Vande Bharat Express train, connecting the city of Ranchi in Jharkand with Howrah in West Bengal. The train is expected to be inaugurated by Narendra Modi on 24 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Sachin |date=2023-09-20 |title=Ranchi News: Vande Bharat Express to Howrah All Set to Roll Out on September 24 - Route and Schedule Inside! |url=https://www.dnpindia.in/st...'

{{short description|Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox rail service
|color=28457D
|name=Ranchi - Howrah ''Vande Bharat Express''
|logo=
|logo_width=
|image=
|image_width=300px
|image_alt=
|alt=
|caption=
|type=[[Vande Bharat Express]]
|locale=[[Jharkhand]] and [[West Bengal]]
|first={{start date|24 September 2023}} (Inaugural run) {{start date and age|27 September 2023}} (Commercial run)
|last=
|operator=[[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railways (SER)]]
|ridership=
|start={{stnlnk|Ranchi Junction}} '''(RNC)'''
|stops=6
|end={{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}} '''(HWH)'''
|distance={{convert|458|km|0|abbr=on}}
|journeytime=07 hrs 05 mins
|frequency=Six days a week {{efn|Except Tuesdays}}
|trainnumber=20898 / 20897
|line_used= [[Howrah–Kharagpur line]] [[Asansol–Tatanagar–Kharagpur line|Asansol-Tatanagar-Kharagpur line (Kharagpur-Kotshila)]] [[Netaji S.C.Bose Gomoh–Hatia line|Gomoh-Hatia line (Muri-Ranchi)]]
|class=AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
|seating={{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
|sleeping=No
|autorack=
|catering=On board Catering
|observation=Large windows in all coaches
|entertainment={{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
|baggage=Overhead racks
|otherfacilities=[[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
|stock=[[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat services|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]]
|gauge=[[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
|el=
|speed={{cvt|65|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
|trainlength={{convert|192|m|ft}} (08 coaches)
|owners=[[Indian Railways]]
|maintenance=[[South Eastern Railway zone|Ranchi Jn (RNC)]]
|map={{Ranchi-Howrah VB Express Route}}
|map_state=collapsed
|electrification=[[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 20898/20897 '''Ranchi - Howrah Vande Bharat Express''' is India's 31st Vande Bharat Express train, connecting the city of [[Ranchi]] in [[Jharkhand]] with [[Howrah]] in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-21 |title=रांची-हावड़ा वंदे भारत एक्स्प्रेस के उद्घाटन की तारीख तय,जानें टाइमटेबल और रूट |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/jharkhand/ranchi-ranchi-howrah-vande-bharat-express-to-be-inaugurated-on-24-september-by-pm-narendra-modi-know-howrah-ranchi-vande-bharat-timetable-route-7622585.html |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> This train was inaugurated on 24 September 2023 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] via [[Videotelephony|video conference]] from [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Sachin |date=2023-09-20 |title=Ranchi News: Vande Bharat Express to Howrah All Set to Roll Out on September 24 - Route and Schedule Inside! |url=https://www.dnpindia.in/states/ranchi-news-vande-bharat-express-to-howrah-all-set-to-roll-out-on-september-24-route-and-schedule-inside/306758/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=DNP INDIA |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Overview ==
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Ranchi Junction railway station|Ranchi Jn]], [[Muri Junction railway station|Muri Jn]], [[Kotshila Junction railway station|Kotshila Jn]], [[Purulia Junction railway station|Purulia Jn]], [[Chandil railway station|Chandil Jn]], [[Tatanagar Junction railway station|Tatanagar Jn]], [[Kharagpur Junction railway station|Kharagpur Jn]] and [[Howrah railway station|Howrah Jn]]. It is currently operated with train numbers 20898/20897 on 6 days a week basis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=रांची-हावड़ा वंदेभारत एक्सप्रेस का हुआ स्पीड ट्रायल |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-speed-trial-of-ranchi-howrah-vande-bharat-express-conducted-8742532.html |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=रांची-हावड़ा वंदे भारत एक्सप्रेस के परिचालन की तैयारियों में जुटा रेलवे, देखें रूट और टाइमिंग |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/ranchi/ranchi-howrah-vande-bharat-express-will-run-from-24-september-see-route-and-timing/1881755 |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref>

==Rakes==
It is the twenty-ninth [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation (Vande Bharat 2.0)|2nd Generation]] and seventeenth [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat services|'''Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train''']] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Coach Composition ==
The 20898/20897 Ranchi - Howrah Vande Bharat Express has currently 7 AC Chair Car and 1 Executive Chair Car coaches. The coaches in Aqua color indicate AC Chair Cars and the coaches in Pink color indicate AC Executive Chair Cars.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
!
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:pink;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |8
|-
|'''20898'''
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|22x22px]] {{pipe}} C7
|C6
|E1
|C5
|C4
|C3
|C2
|C1 {{pipe}} [[File:Loco_Icon.png|22x22px]]
|-
!
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:pink;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:aqua;" |8
|-
|'''20897'''
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|22x22px]] {{pipe}} C1
|C2
|C3
|C4
|C5
|E1
|C6
|C7 {{pipe}} [[File:Loco_Icon.png|22x22px]]
|}

== Service ==
The 20898/20897 Ranchi - Howrah Vande Bharat Express will operate '''6 days''' a week, covering a distance of {{convert|458|km|0|abbr=on}} in a travel time of 7 hrs 5 mins with average speed of 65 km/h. The Maximum Permissible Speed (MPS) will be confirmed after commercial run.
<references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references>

== Schedule ==
The schedule of this 20898/20897 Ranchi - Howrah Vande Bharat Express is given below:-
{| class="wikitable" width="65%" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#28457D;" |''RNC - HWH - RNC Vande Bharat Express''
|-
! colspan="2" |20898
! rowspan="2" |Stations
! colspan="2" |20897
|-
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|-
|'''----'''
|05:15
|[[Ranchi Junction railway station|'''Ranchi Junction''']]
|22:50
|'''----'''
|-
|06:15
|06:17
|[[Muri Junction railway station|Muri Junction]]
|21:38
|21:40
|-
|06:39
|06:40
|[[Kotshila Junction railway station|Kotshila Junction]]
|21:14
|21:15
|-
|07:15
|07:17
|[[Purulia Junction railway station|Purulia Junction]]
|20:33
|20:35
|-
|08:09
|08:10
|[[Chandil railway station|Chandil]]
|19:54
|19:55
|-
|08:40
|08:45
|[[Tatanagar Junction railway station|Tatanagar Junction]]
|19:05
|19:10
|-
|10:30
|10:32
|[[Kharagpur Junction railway station|Kharagpur Junction]]
|17:18
|17:20
|-
|12:20
|'''----'''
|[[Howrah railway station|'''Howrah Junction''']]
|'''----'''
|15:45
|}

== Incidents ==
{{Empty section|date=September 2023}}

== See also ==

* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Ranchi Junction railway station]]
* [[Howrah railway station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranchi - Howrah Vande Bharat Express}}
{{Vande Bharat Express}}
[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Transport in Ranchi]]
[[Category:Transport in Howrah]]

Cochin Bridge (India)

2023-10-02T22:43:25Z

AvijitDas2003: Created page with '{{expansion}} The '''Cochin Bridge''' is a bridge located in Palakkad district, Kerala, India. It lies across the Bharathapuzha and connects Shoranur with Cheruthuruthy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-20 |title=A bridge to Kochi’s past lies in ruins |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/a-bridge-to-kochis-past-lies-in-ruins/article5147089.ece |access-date=2023-10-02...'

{{short description|Bridge in Kerala, India}}
{{for|the Bridge with same name in Canada|Cochin Bridge (Canada)}}
{{distinguish|Mattancherry Bridge}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox bridge
|bridge_name = Cochin Bridge
|image = പഴയ‌-കൊച്ചിപ്പാലവും‌-പുതിയ-കൊച്ചിപ്പാലവും.JPG
|caption = Old Cochin Bridge and new Cochin Bridge in 2007
|official_name =
|carries = Rail (former) Road
|crosses = [[Bharathappuzha]]
|locale = [[Shoranur]], [[Palakkad district]], [[Kerala]]
|maint =
|id =
|designer =
|design =
|material =
|spans = 15
|pierswater =
|mainspan =
|length = 322 m
|width =
|height =
|load =
|clearance =
|below =
|traffic =
|begin =
|complete = 1902
|open = 2 June 1902
|closed = 1989
|collapsed = 2009
|website =
|toll =
|map_cue =
|map_image =
|map_text =
|map_width =
|coordinates =
}}

The '''Cochin Bridge''' is a collapsed historical bridge located in [[Palakkad district]], [[Kerala]], India. It was originally constructed as a rail bridge, that lies across the [[Bharathappuzha|Bharathapuzha river]], connecting [[Shoranur]] in Palakkad district with [[Cheruthuruthi|Cheruthuruthy]] in [[Thrissur district]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-20 |title=A bridge to Kochi's past lies in ruins |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/a-bridge-to-kochis-past-lies-in-ruins/article5147089.ece |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The bridge's construction was completed in 1902 at the cost of 84 lakh rupees by [[Rama Varma XV|Shri Rama Varma Thampuran]], the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Maharaja of Kochi]], who reigned from the year 1895 till 1914.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-11-13 |title=Rama Varma Thampuran, Last Maharaja of Cochin |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/13/archives/rama-varma-thampuran-last-maharaja-of-cochin.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> This was the only bridge built in that time to make [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] navigable to the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Kingdom of Kochi]]. The first freight train passed over the bridge on 2 June 1902 and a few days later on the 16 June, the first passenger train made the journey from [[Shoranur]] to [[Kochi]] through the bridge. Due to damage, it was closed in 1989, and a new bridge was built parallel to it. As of October 2023, the bridge is in a collapsed condition and the authorities are planning to completely dismantle it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-29 |title=The Cochin Bridge, Cheruthuruthy - Shornur |url=http://cochinbridge.com/Cochin%20Bridge.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129011820/http://cochinbridge.com/Cochin%20Bridge.html |archive-date=29 November 2014 }}</ref>

==History==
[[Rama Varma XV|Rama Varma Thampuran]], who ruled the [[Kingdom of Cochin]] from 1895 to 1914, constructed the bridge. The railway line that came up to [[Shoranur]] was intended to be extended all the way to [[Kochi|Cochin]] by the King, who was praised as a progressive leader. Two arterial train routes intersected in Shoranur, making it a significant location on the rail map. The Ernakulam-Shoranur railway line was constructed on the King's initiative, and the first train ran on it in June 1902.<ref name=":0" /> According to railway historian ''Devan Varma'', to fund the railway project, the King sold some of the royal family's prized possessions, including the elephant's [[Nettipattom|nettipattam]] (caparisons).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2019-09-16 |title=117-year-old Cochin bridge lies in ruins |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/117-year-old-cochin-bridge-lies-in-ruins/articleshow/71143223.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[Bullock cart]]s were allowed to traverse the bridge in its early days even though it was initially a narrow gauge rail bridge. It was converted to a broad gauge bridge in 1935. When the British built a brand-new rail bridge next to it, the old one was converted to a road bridge in 1945. The [[Government of Kerala|Kerala government]] built a new Cochin Bridge in 2003 to replace the old one. In 2009, a pillar of the bridge collapsed and in November 2011, the eighth and ninth spans of the bridge collapsed when the ninth pillar gave in.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naha |first=Abdul Latheef |date=2022-09-19 |title=Historic Cochin Bridge loses one more span |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/historic-cochin-bridge-loses-one-more-span/article65911149.ece |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of bridges in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bridges in Kerala]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1902]]
[[Category:1902 establishments in India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Cochin Bridge

2023-10-02T17:31:51Z

AvijitDas2003: Cochin Bridge (Canada)

'''Cochin Bridge''' may refer to

* [[Cochin Bridge (Canada)]], bridge in Cochin, Saskatchewan, Canada
* [[Cochin Bridge (India)]], bridge in Kerala, India

{{Disambig}}

Lulu International Shopping Mall, Hyderabad

2023-10-02T15:22:33Z

AvijitDas2003: Created page with ''''Lulu Mall Hyderabad''' is a shopping mall located in Hyderabad, the capital city of Telangana, India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LuLu Group set to unveil its 1st mall in Hyderabad on September 27 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2023/sep/27/lulu-group-set-to-unveil-its-1st-mall-in-hyderabad-on-september-27-2618591.html |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>'

{{Short description|Shopping mall in Telengana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = LuLu Mall Hyderabad
| image =
| caption =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| location =
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| coordinates =
| address =
| opening_date = 27 September 2023
| developer =
| owner = [[LuLu Group International]]
| architect =
| number_of_stores =
| number_of_anchors =
| floor_area =
| floors =
| parking =
| publictransit =
| website =
}}

'''Lulu Mall Hyderabad''' is a shopping mall located in [[Hyderabad]], the capital city of [[Telangana]], India. It is the first lulu mall in the state of Telangana, located in [[Kukatpally]], spanning at 5 lakh sq.ft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LuLu Group set to unveil its 1st mall in Hyderabad on September 27 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2023/sep/27/lulu-group-set-to-unveil-its-1st-mall-in-hyderabad-on-september-27-2618591.html |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The mall was inaugurated in September 2023 and houses shops for both domestic and international brands as well as a multi-cuisine food court, a theatre, and other amenities. The estimated cost for this project was more than ₹300 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-27 |title=LuLu Group enters Telangana with 1st mall, 2 million sq ft mega complex next |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lulu-enters-t-with-1st-mall-2m-sq-ft-mega-complex-next/articleshow/103975180.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The property is owned and managed by [[Abu Dhabi]] based [[LuLu Group International]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=KUMAR |first=N. RAVI |date=2023-09-27 |title=Lulu shopping mall opened in Hyderabad |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/lulu-shopping-mall-opened-in-hyderabad/article67352441.ece |access-date=2023-10-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[LuLu Group International]]

==References==

{{reflist}}
{{Shopping malls in India}}

[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2023]]
[[Category:Lulu Malls]]

{{Mall-stub}}
{{India-struct-stub}}

Someshwara Temple, Lakshmeshwara

2023-10-02T00:05:04Z

AvijitDas2003: Created page with '{{Infobox temple|image=Someshwara temple at Lakshmeshwara.jpg}} '''Someshwara Temple, Lakshmeshwara''' is a temple in Lakshmeshwara. It was restored between 2012 and 2015, with the restoration supervised by the Archaeological Survey of India and funded by the Infosys foundation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2015-12-25 |title=12th Century monument resurrected from ruins |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/...'

{{Infobox temple|image=Someshwara temple at Lakshmeshwara.jpg|deity=[[Shiva]]}}

[[File:11th century Someshwara temple, Lakshmeswar, Karnataka India - 87.jpg|thumb|Interior]]'''Someshwara Temple, Lakshmeshwara''' is a temple in [[Lakshmeshwara]]. It was restored between 2012 and 2015, with the restoration supervised by the Archaeological Survey of India and funded by the [[Infosys Foundation|Infosys foundation]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2015-12-25 |title=12th Century monument resurrected from ruins |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/12th-century-monument-resurrected-from-ruins/article8030476.ece |access-date=2023-09-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Infosys contributes Rs 4.5 cr to restore temple complex |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/infosys-contributes-rs-4-5-cr-to-restore-temple-complex-115122800759_1.html}}</ref>

== History ==
The temple was built by the [[Western Chalukya Empire|Kalyani Chalukyas]].<ref name=":0" />

== Description ==
The deity worshipped is [[Shiva]], sitting atop [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=Ode to a Chalukyan monument |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/ode-chalukyan-monument-2053245 |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Karnataka]]

Badis limaakumi

2023-10-01T13:26:14Z

AvijitDas2003: created

{{Short description|Species of freshwater fish}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2023}}

{{Speciesbox
| image =
| taxon = Badis limaakumi
| authority = Praveenraj, 2023<ref name="New Sp">{{cite journal|author=Jayasimhan Praveenraj |year= 2023 |title= ''Badis limaakumi'', A New Species of badid fish from Nagaland, Northeast India (Teleostei: Percomorpha: Badidae)|journal=Zootaxa|volume=5351|issue=3|page=371-379|doi= 10.11646/zootaxa.5351.3.5}}</ref>
}}
'''''Badis limaakumi''''' is a [[species]] of freshwater [[ray-finned fish]] from the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Badidae]]. It is [[endemism|endemic]] to [[Milak river]] of [[Nagaland]], [[India]]. ''B. limaakumi'' is locally known as ''Tepdang'' or ''Akngashi'' or ''Aokngatsu'' or ''Sempi''.<ref name="New Sp"/><ref>{{cite news| title=What is Badis limaakumi? | website=vajiramias.com| url=https://vajiramias.com/current-affairs/what-is-badis-limaakumi/651926166ea810072a86447a/ |date=1 October 2023}}</ref> The fish has the ability to change its color when it is transferred to an aquarium from its natural habitat where it is black in color. The common name of this fish group, chameleon fish is due to this behavior of these fishes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/new-fish-species-found-in-milak-river/ | title=New fish species found in Milak river | accessdate=1 October 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q122852906}}

[[Category:Fish of India]]
[[Category:Badidae]]
[[Category:Fish described in 2023]]

{{Rayfinned-fish-stub}}

Ashish (rower)

2023-10-01T09:25:27Z

AvijitDas2003: Ashish Goliyan

#REDIRECT [[Ashish Goliyan]]

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Jishnu Raghavan (actor)

2023-09-29T05:13:55Z

AvijitDas2003: Jishnu Raghavan: There is only person with this name. No need of specification

#REDIRECT [[Jishnu Raghavan]]

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Binod Singh

2023-09-13T00:52:20Z

AvijitDas2003: Created page with 'Bhai Binod Singh was a Trehan Khatri and descendent of Guru Angad, was a armymen and disciple of Guru Gobind Singh and was among few Sikhs who accomp...'

{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Baba
| name = Binod Singh
| image = Binod Singh, Kahan Singh, Baj Singh, Daya Singh, and Ram Singh depicted as a Panj Piare group from a gilded panel from Takht Hazur Sahib, Nanded.jpeg
| office1 = [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)|1st Jathedar of Buddha Dal]]
| successor1 = [[Baba Darbara Singh]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1716 or 1721
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| nationality =
| known_for = * First Jathedar of [[Buddha Dal]]
* Fighting the Mughal Empire along with [[Banda Singh]]
| termstart1 = 1708
| termend1 = 1716
| military_blank1 = Commander
| military_data1 = [[File:Blue Putaran Nishan Sahib.png|20px]] [[Khalsa Fauj]]
| caption = Binod Singh, Kahan Singh, [[Baj Singh]], [[Daya Singh]], and Ram Singh depicted as a ''[[Panj Piare]]'' group from a gilded panel from Takht Hazur Sahib, Nanded
}}
'''Binod Singh''', (died 1716 or 1721)<ref>{{Cite web |title=ਬਿਨੋਦ ਸਿੰਘ, ਬਾਵਾ - ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਪੀਡੀਆ |trans-title=Binod Singh |url=https://punjabipedia.org/topic.aspx?txt=%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A6%20%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%98,%20%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=punjabipedia.org |language=Punjabi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Nihang |first=Nidar Singh |title=In the Master's Presence: The Sikhs of Hazoor Sahib |last2=Singh |first2=Parmjit |publisher=Kashi House |year=2008 |isbn=9780956016805 |volume=1 |quote=Binod Singh died in a skirmish with the Mughal forces in 1721. Akali Darbara Singh Nihang (1645-1735), a veteran warrior who had learnt shastar vidya from Guru Tegh Bahadur, succeeded him as the Buddha Dal's second jathedar.}}</ref> a Trehan Khatri and a descendant of [[Guru Angad]], was an army man and disciple of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] and was among few Sikhs who accompanied him to [[Nanded]] in 1706.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University |location=Patiala |year=2002 |isbn=81-7380-100-2 |edition=4th |volume=1: A-D |pages=374}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H.S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=9788170103011 |pages=38}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W.H. |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2014 |isbn=9781442236011 |edition=3rd |series=Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series |pages=70–71 |quote=BINOD SING (?-1716 trad.) - A disciple of the Tenth Sikh Master. Binod Singh, who accompanied Guru Gobind Singh to the Deccan in 1706, was (like Baj Singh) one of the five Sikhs who returned to the Punjab with Banda. Although he took part in many of Banda's campaigns, he eventually fell out with the Sikh warrior in 1714 because of the schism the so-called innovations of Banda had engendered. He nevertheless remained in Amritsar where apparently he was recruited by the Mughal army. Although he made his way to Gurdas-Nangal, it is claimed that he chose not to fight against Banda, after which he was attacked by the very imperial army of which he was a part. It seems that Bind Singh died in the fighting.}}</ref> In Budha Dal Chronicles, Guru Gobind Singh made Baba Binod Singh the head of the [[Khalsa]].

== Early life ==
Nothing is known of his early life, not even his year of birth.<ref name=":3" /> After Guru Gobind Singh died, Binod Singh became the principle ''[[ustad]]'' (teacher) of ''[[Shastar Vidya]]''.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kamalroop |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34369/chapter-abstract/291509332?redirectedFrom=fulltext |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Pashaura |series=Oxford Handbooks Online |pages=459–470 |chapter=38. Sikh Martial Art (Gatkā) |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199699308.013.022 |editor-last2=Fenech |editor-first2=Louis E.}}</ref>

== Alliance with Banda Singh Bahadur ==
Regarding Binod Singh, [[Kahn Singh Nabha]] states in Mahankosh:<ref>ਬਿਨੋਦ ਸਿੰਘ, Gur Shabad Ratnakar Mahankosh</ref>
{{center|''ਦਸ਼ਮੇਸ਼ ਦਾ ਹਜ਼ੂਰੀ ਤੇਹਣ ਸਾਹਿਬਜ਼ਾਦਾ, ਜਿਸ ਨੂੰ ਦਸ਼ਮੇਸ਼ ਨੇ ਅਬਿਚਲਨਗਰ ਤੋਂ ਬੰਦੇ ਬਹਾਦੁਰ ਦੀ ਸਹਾਇਤਾ ਲਈ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਭੇਜਿਆ ਸੀ, ਅਤੇ ਇਸ ਧਰਮਵੀਰ ਨੇ ਪੰਥ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਹੋਕੇ ਬਹੁਤ ਜੰਗ ਜਿੱਤੇ.'' 
''The Huzoor Sahibzada of Guru Gobind Singh, who was sent to help Banda Bahadur in Punjab and fought many battles for Religion like a Warrior.''}}

He was one of the five companions of [[Banda Singh|Banda Bahadur]] (1670-1716) sent by the Guru in 1708 from Nanded to the [[Punjab]] to punish [[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]], Nawab of [[Sirhind]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Sagoo |first=Harbans Kaur |title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |year=2001 |isbn=9788176293006 |pages=119}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> This ''[[Panj Pyare|Panj Piare]]'' quintet, in-which Binod Singh was a member of, was instructed to accompany Banda Singh Bahadur northwards from the Deccan on the mission he had been assigned by the Guru.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=21 July 2023 |title=ਮਹਾਨ ਸਿੱਖ ਜਰਨੈਲ ਬਾਬਾ ਬੰਦਾ ਸਿੰਘ ਬਹਾਦਰ |script-title= |language=pa |trans-title=The great Sikh general Baba Banda Singh Bahadur - A fascinating story of myth and folk recognition |work=Punjabi Tribune |url=https://www.punjabitribuneonline.com/news/features/the-great-sikh-general-baba-banda-singh-bahadur-237451/ |access-date=28 July 2023 |archive-url= |quote=English translation: "Following Guru Gobind Singh Ji's permission, when Baba Banda Singh came to Punjab in 1708 AD, he had five arrows, Khanda and Nagara given to him by Guru Ji. Guru Sahib called Panj Pyare Bhai Binod Singh, Bhai Kahan Singh, Bhai Baj Singh, Bhai Daya Singh and Bhai Ran Singh for consultation. Apart from these, 20 Singhs were sent with others. The caravan of these 25 Singhs marched towards Punjab like a storm. While crossing Delhi, orders were sent to the Sikh Sangat. Following the order, the Sangat came forward to welcome Baba Banda Singh Bahadur. The wounds of martyrdom of Guru Sahib's family were still fresh in the Sikh community. Within a short time they gathered under the banner of Baba Banda Singh Bahadur, they fixed their slogan 'Raj Karkea Khalsa' in the battlefield."}}</ref> The Panj Piare quintet was reinforced with a group of 20 Sikhs, they would all join Banda Singh on his military expedition.<ref name=":4" /> Binod Singh was Banda Singh's ally in the campaign he launched upon arrival in the Punjab.<ref name=":2" />

Binod Singh commanded the left wing of Khalsa Army in the [[Battle of Chappar Chiri]] fought in May 1710. After conquest of the province of Sirhind, the frontier district of Karnal, bordering on Delhi territory, was entrusted to Binod Singh.<ref name=":2" /> Soon thereafter, in October 1710, Binod Singh fought 4 battles at Tarori, second at Amin, 25 km north of Karnal, third at [[Thanesar]], 8 km farther north, and the fourth at Shahabad, 22 km north of Thanesar.

==Differences with Banda Bahadur==
Baba Binod Singh did not agree to some of the innovations of Banda Singh Bahadur.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> As ordered by a ''[[Hukamnama]]'' by [[Mata Sundari|Mata Sundri]], Binod Singh left Banda Bahadur with other Sikhs in October 1714 and declared themselves as [[Tat Khalsa|Tatt Khalsa]] and followers of Banda were called Bandai Khalsa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/binod.html |title=sikh-history.com - Regarding differences of Banda Bahadur and Khalsa |access-date=2014-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618040430/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/binod.html |archive-date=2014-06-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> After Binod Singh and other Sikhs left, Banda Bahadur was captured and prosecuted in Delhi.

Binod Singh came to Goindwal after dispute with Banda Bahadur at Gurdas Nanagal.

Binod Singh then stayed at Amritsar for a bit but after found employment with the Mughals and accompanied the Mughals when they besieged Banda Singh Bahadur's forces at Gurdas Nangal.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> However, Binod Singh did not wish to fight his co-religionists and tried to leave but the Mughals did not allow this to happen so they tried to eliminate Binod Singh and the retinue of a few thousand of Sikhs that accompanied him.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

==Death==
According to [[Khafi Khan]], three to four thousand of his men were killed.<ref name=":1" /> Binod Singh is believed to have lost his life in this massacre in 1716.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Other sources state Binod Singh was killed in a later clash with Mughal forces in 1721.<ref name=":0" />

==Battles fought by Baba Binod Singh==
* [[Battle of Sonipat]]
* [[Battle of Ambala]]
* [[Battle of Samana]]
* [[Battle of Sadhaura]]
* [[Battle of Chappar Chiri]]
* [[Battle of Rahon (1710)]]
* [[Battle of Kapuri]]
* [[Battle of Jammu]]
* [[Battle of Jalalabad (1710)]]
* [[Battle of Thanesar (1710)]]
* [[Battle of Lohgarh]]
* [[Battle of Gurdas Nangal]] or [[Siege of Gurdaspur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Budha Dal Jathedars|Guru Gobind Singh||Baba Binod Singh|Baba Darbara Singh|}}
{{Sikhism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Binod}}
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]

Raj Kaur

2023-08-24T04:58:35Z

AvijitDas2003: Created page with '{{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = Raj Kaur | image = | image_size = | succession = | title = | caption = | successor...'

{{for|the Indian archer|Raj Kaur (archer)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
| name = Raj Kaur
| image =
| image_size =
| succession = Sardarni of [[Sukerchakia Misl]]
| title = [[Rajmata]] of [[Sikh Empire]] Mai Malwain Sahiba
| pre-type2 = Monarch
| predecessor2 = [[Ranjit Singh]]
| succession2 = [[Regent]] of the [[Sukerchakia Misl]]
| reign = 1774- 1792
| successor = [[Mehtab Kaur]] [[Datar Kaur]]
| caption = Maha Singh and Raj Kaur, who is holding an infant Ranjit Singh, paying homage to an Udasi saint
| predecessor = [[Desan Kaur]]
| spouse = [[Maha Singh]] (m. 1774)
| house = [[Phulkian]] (by birth) [[Sukerchakia]] (by marriage)
| father = Raja Gajpat Singh Sidhu
| mother = Rani Gajpat Kaur
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1758
| birth_place = [[Badrukhan]], [[Phulkian Misl]], [[Sikh Confederacy]] (present-day [[Punjab]], [[India]]
| death_date = 1803
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Sikh Empire]] (present-day [[Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| issue = [[Ranjit Singh]]
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
}}

'''Rani Raj Kaur''' was the wife of [[Maha Singh]], the leader of the [[Sukerchakia Misl]] and the mother of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]], the founder of the [[Sikh Empire]]. She was affectionately known as ''Mai Malwain'' (Malwa Mother) after her marriage. She is also referred to as '''Sardarni Raj Kaur''' and was daughter of Raja Gajpat Singh Sidhu of [[Jind State|Jind]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Patwant|last2=Rai|first2=Jyoti M.|title=Empire of the Sikhs : the life and times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh|date=2008|publisher=Peter Owen|location=London|isbn=978-0720613230|page=69}}</ref>

==Family and marriage==
[[File:Miniature painting of Raja Gajpat Singh, founder of Jind State.jpg|thumb|Miniature painting of Raja Gajpat Singh, founder of Jind State and father of Raj Kaur]]
Raj Kaur was the daughter of [[Raja]] Gajpat Singh Sidhu, a scion of the [[Phulkian Misl]] of [[Jind]].<ref name=Mehta2005>{{cite book|last1=Mehta|first1=J. L.|title=Advanced study in the history of modern India, 1707-1813|date=2005|publisher=New Dawn Press, Inc.|location=Slough|isbn=9781932705546|page=681}}</ref> She was married in 1774 (at the age of fifteen) to the 17-year-old Maha Singh,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Hari Ram|title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh lion of Lahore, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799-1839|date=1991|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|page=5|isbn=9788121505154|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwFDAAAAYAAJ&q=mai+malwain+|language=en}}</ref> the heir of [[Charat Singh]], the founder and leader of the [[Sukerchakia Misl]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mahajan|first1=Vidya Dhar|author1-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan|title=Muslim Rule in India|date=1965|publisher=S. Chand|page=241|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sLo9AAAAMAAJ&q=charat+singh+founder|language=en}}</ref> The marriage was beneficial for Maha Singh as it strengthened his position amongst the [[Sikh]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jauhar|first1=Raj Pal Singh ; foreword by Bhupinder Singh|title=The Sikhs : their journey of five hundred years|date=2003|publisher=Bhavana Books & Prints|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788186505465|page=134}}</ref>

Six years after their marriage, Raj Kaur gave birth to Maha Singh's only son on 2 November 1780. He was named Buddh Singh at birth, but was later renamed Ranjit Singh. The birth of a son was celebrated with alms-giving, feeding of the poor, and giving rich offerings to temples and shrines.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Duggal|first1=Kartar Singh|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the last to lay arms|date=2001|publisher=Abhinav Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788170174103|page=49}}</ref> Maha Singh did not have time to devote to his son's upbringing, nor did the conventions of the time give opportunity to Raj Kaur, confined as she was to the seclusion of the ''[[zenana]]'' (a practice which the Sikh ruling classes had taken from the [[Muslim]]s) to see much of her son after he was old enough to be on his own.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Khushwant|title=Ranjit Singh|date=2008|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780143065432|pages=4, 270|language=en}}</ref>

==Regent to Ranjit Singh==
During the siege of [[Sodhra]], which was being occupied by the [[Bhangi Misl]], Maha Singh contracted [[dysentery]] and died in April 1790. Ranjit Singh was 9-years-old at the time of his father's death in 1790. Raj Kaur became Ranjit's regent during his minority and managed the affairs of the Sukerchakia Misl.<ref name="Mehta2005" /> She was assisted by Dewan Lakhpat Rai (the Dewan of her late husband) who is reputed to have acted with ability and enthusiasm.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Panjab Past and Present|journal=22|date=1 January 1988|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rw5DAAAAYAAJ&q=mai+malwain+maha+singh|accessdate=9 May 2017|publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University.|language=en}}</ref> The teenage Ranjit Singh took hardly any interest in the affairs of the state, making Raj Kaur anxious for his future. She felt that marriage might bring him around to the responsibilities of life.<ref name="Singh 2008 6">{{harvnb|Singh|2008|p=6}}</ref>

Ranjit had been betrothed (in Maha Singh's lifetime) to [[Mehtab Kaur]], the only daughter of [[Sada Kaur]] and granddaughter of [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya]], the chief of the powerful [[Kanhaiya Misl]]. Raj Kaur approached Sada Kaur to fix the nuptial date. Ranjit was fifteen years old when he left [[Gujranwala]] for [[Batala]], the chief town of the Kanhaiyas, for his muklawa to Mehtab Kaur in 1796, the marriage took place in 1789.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Atwal|first=Priya|date=2020-11-01|title=Royals and Rebels|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197548318.001.0001|doi=10.1093/oso/9780197548318.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-754831-8 }}</ref> This alliance between the two important [[Sikh]] families was a major event for [[Punjab]]. All the leading Sikh chiefs were present at the wedding.<ref name="Singh 2008 6"/>

Raj Kaur also oversaw Ranjit's nuptials with [[Datar Kaur|Raj Kaur Nakai]], daughter of Sardar Ran Singh Nakai in 1792.<ref>{{Citation|last1=von Hugel|first1=Karl Alexander|title=Dedication|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139198622.016|work=Travels in Kashmir and the Panjab|pages=429–430|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|access-date=2021-12-22|last2=Jervis|first2=T. B.|year=2012 |doi=10.1017/cbo9781139198622.016 |isbn=9781108046497 }}</ref> They were betrothed when she was just an infant and he was merely 4 years old. The alliance was fixed by Maha Singh and Ran Singh Nakai's widow, [[Karmo Kaur|Sardarni Karmo Kaur]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Siṅgha|first=Bhagata|url=http://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhMisals|title=History Of The Sikh Misals|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University.|year=1993|location=Patiala|pages=161–166|language=English}}</ref> His second marriage brought him a strategic military alliance just like his first wedding.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Khushwant |last=Singh |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/799280171|title=Ranjit Singh : Maharajah of the Punjab|date=1985|publisher=Orient Longman|oclc=799280171}}</ref> Raj Kaur Nakai was renamed Datar Kaur, was affectionately spoken of as Mai Nakain and remained his most loved and respected queen.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vaḥīduddīn|first=Faqīr Sayyid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uaQGAQAAIAAJ&q=renamed+datar+kaur|title=The Real Ranjit Singh|date=1965|publisher=Lion Art Press|pages=58|language=en}}</ref> This wife of Ranjit Singh was also the favorite of Mai Malwain and in 1801 she bore [[Kharak Singh]], the first grandchild of Mai Malwain.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Suri|first1=Sohan |last2=Lal|first2=Lala|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/977344536|title=An outstanding original source of Panjab history : Umdat-ut-tawarikh, daftar 4, parts i-iii ; Chronicles of reign of Maharaja Kharak Singh, Kanwar Nau Nihal Singh, Maharaja Sher Singh and Maharaja Dalip Sing, 1839-1845 A.M.|publisher=Punjab Itihas Prakashan, $1972|oclc=977344536}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
*Raj Kaur was a portrayed by Tasreen in the TV series titled ''[[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (TV series)|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]'' which aired on [[DD National]]. The series was produced by [[Raj Babbar]].
*Raj Kaur was portrayed by [[Sneha Wagh]] in [[Life OK]]'s historical drama ''[[Sher-e-Punjab: Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Want to try my hand at direction: Sneha Wagh|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/want-to-try-my-hand-at-direction-sneha-wagh/articleshow/57801156.cms|date=March 24, 2017|accessdate=11 May 2017|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Maha Singh]]
*[[Ranjit Singh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sikh Empire}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Women of the Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:1758 births]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]

Kahan Singh Nakai

2023-08-06T22:39:51Z

AvijitDas2003: Created page with '{{Short description|Sikh Chief}} {{Use British English}} {{Use dmy dates}} {{Infobox royalty | succession = Chief of Nakai Misl | reign = 1807-1811 | predecessor = Gyan Singh | successor = ''Misl merged into Sikh Empire'' | birth_date = | birth_place = Baherwal Kalan, Nakai Misl,Sikh Confederacy | death_date = 1873 | death_place = Baherwal Kalan, Kasur, British India | s...'

{{Short description|Sikh Chief}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2022}}

{{Use British English}}

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = Chief of [[Nakai Misl]]
| reign = 1807-1811
| predecessor = Gyan Singh
| successor = ''Misl merged into [[Sikh Empire]]'' Chatar Singh (as Head of the Nakai Misl)
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Baherwal Kalan]], [[Nakai Misl]], [[Sikh Confederacy]]
| death_date = 1873
| death_place = [[Baherwal Kalan]], [[Kasur]], [[British India]]
| spouse =
| issue = Hukum Singh Chatar Singh Attar Singh Ishar singh
| house = [[Nakai Misl|Nakai]]
| father = Gyan Singh
| mother = Rai Kaur
}}
'''Sardar Kahan Singh Nakai''' (died 1873) was the sixth and the last chief of the [[Nakai Misl]].<ref name=bh>{{Cite book|website=www.DiscoverSikhism.com|url=http://archive.org/details/BriefHistoryOfSikhMisls|title=Brief History Of Sikh Misls|language=English}}</ref> He was the grandson of the famous Sikh chief, [[Ran Singh Nakai]] and Sardarni Karmo Kaur. His aunt, [[Maharani Datar Kaur]] was the wife of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], founder of the [[Sikh Empire]]; thus making him the nephew of the [[Sher-e-Punjab]]. From an early age he assisted his father in campaigns and even commanded campaigns assigned to him by his uncle, Maharaja Ranjit Singh.<ref name=bh/> His cousin, [[Kharak Singh]] went to become the second [[Maharaja]] of the [[Sikh Empire]]. He was the uncle of the third Maharaja, [[Nau Nihal Singh]].

== Family history and early life ==
Kahan Singh was born to Sardar Gyan Singh Nakai, the ruling chief of the Nakai Misl. His grandfather, Ran Singh Nakai was the most powerful ruler of the [[Nakai Misl]], a fierce warrior and under his leadership the misl was at its highest. He was an ambitious man and had exceeded his rule to the taluqas of Bucheke, [[Changa Manga]], 69 km from [[Lahore]], Chhichha, Devsal, Fatahpur, [[Jethpur]], [[Kasur]], Kharral fort of [[Kot kamalia]], [[Sharakpur]], Gugera pargana, 5 km to the west of the Ravi, and Shergarh. He had fought repeatedly against Kamar Singh, the ruler of [[Syedwala]]. Sometime before his death, he defeated him and captured Syedwala.<ref name=bh/>

Ran Singh was succeeded by his eldest son Bhagwan Singh, who was unable to hold his territory against the ambitious Wazir Singh.<ref name=lhg1>{{Cite book|author=Griffin, Lepel Henry|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/15033743|title=The Panjab chiefs. Historical and biographical notices of the principal families in the territories under the Panjab government.|date=1865|publisher=T.C. McCarthy|oclc=15033743}}</ref> In 1785, [[Maha Singh|Sardar Maha Singh]] of [[Sukerchakia Misl]] was facing attacks from Sardar [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya]] of the [[Kanhaiya Misl]] and called on Bhagwan Singh and Wazir Singh to aid him. Bhagwan Singh who had previous faced attacks from Jai Singh willingly aided Maha Singh. Despite Maha Singh trying to reconcile the differences between Wazir Singh and Bhagwan Singh, but in vain and in 1789 the latter was slain. Bhagwan Singh was succeeded by his brother, Gyan Singh who had a relatively peaceful reign.<ref>{{Citation|title=Sikh History|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3044-4_6|work=International Bibliography of Sikh Studies|year=2005|pages=183–233|place=Berlin/Heidelberg|publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/1-4020-3044-4_6|isbn=1-4020-3043-6|access-date=2021-10-21}}</ref> With his father as the chief, Kahan Singh became the [[heir apparent]] of the Nakai Misldar. He had an older sister, Bibi Rattan Kaur who was married to Sardar Ram Singh Taragarhia and younger sister, Bibi Daya Kaur who married Sardar Amar Singh Veglia.<ref name=lhg118>{{Cite book|last=Griffin|first=Lepel Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0ABAAAAQAAJ&q=nakka%20misl&pg=PA118|title=The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Territories Under the Panjab Government|date=1865|publisher=T.C. McCarthy|language=en}}</ref>

In 1797, Nakais assisted the then Sardar Ranjit Singh of the Sukerchakia Misl who had been betrothed to his aunt, Bibi Raj Kaur by Bhagwan and Singh in the mid 1780s<ref name=lhg118/> to expel the attempts of Shah Zaman to annex Punjab region into his control through his general Shahanchi Khan and 12,000 soldiers.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Khushwant Singh|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/49498238|title=Ranjit Singh : Maharajah of the Punjab|date=2001|publisher=Penguin|isbn=0-14-100684-6|oclc=49498238}}</ref> Next year his aunt, Raj Kaur was married to Ranjit Singh who then renamed her 'Datar Kaur' as many ladies in the Sukerchakia Misl bore the name "Raj Kaur", like Ranjit Singh mother and his aunt (daughter of [[Charat Singh|Sardar Charat Singh]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lafont|first=Jean-Marie|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/490138210|title=French administrators of Maharaja Ranjit Singh|date=1988|publisher=National book shop|oclc=490138210}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lafont|first=Jean-Marie|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/473564273|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: lord of the five rivers|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-566111-7|oclc=473564273}}</ref> Later that same year when Shah Zaman invaded Punjab again, the sardars united under Ranjit Singh and let his army enter [[Lahore]] only blocked off all food and supplies which lead to his army retreating.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Khushwant Singh|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/49498238|title=Ranjit Singh: Maharajah of the Punjab|date=2001|publisher=Penguin|isbn=0-14-100684-6|oclc=49498238}}</ref> While they were busy fighting in Lahore, Muzaffar Khan, Shah's relative and governor of [[Multan]] province, took advantage of the situation and took [[Syedwala]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IvTheSikhCommonwealthOrRiseAndFallOfSikh_648|title=History Of The Sikhs Vol. IV The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls|language=English}}</ref> In 1799, his father sent him along with his uncle, Khazan Singh to aid Ranjit Singh liberate Lahore from the [[Bhangi Misl|Bhangi Sardars]]. In 1801 after Datar Kaur gave birth to Ranjit Singh's first son and heir apparent, Kharak Singh, he proclaimed himself the "Maharaja of Punjab".

Kahan Singh would often aid his cousin, Kharak Singh in campaigns.

== Chief of the Nakai Misl ==
After his father's death in 1807, he was assisted by his uncle, Khazan Singh in affair of the states. One of the first tasks he did was to re-conquer [[Pakpattan]].<ref name=bs>Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Patiala, India: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 166.</ref>

After Ranjit Singh had declared himself the Maharaja of Punjab in 1801 he had kept consolidating majority of the Misls. The ambitious Maharaja had been eyeing the Nakai territory, but had spared it till the death of Sardar Gyan Singh in 1807. But soon after suggested '''Sardar Kahan Singh''', who succeeded his father as the sixth chief of the [[Nakai Misl|Nakais]] to join the [[Lahore]] [[Durbar (court)|Darbar]], which the proud newly crowned Nakai chief steadily refused to obligate. The Nakai territory situated between [[Multan]] and [[Kasur]] and not wanting to lose territory to the Afghan [[Nawab Muzaffar Khan]], Ranjit Singh was adamant on acquiring the Nakai territory.

Despite being the [[Sardar]] of the Nakais, Sardar Kahn Singh carried out tasks given to him by his uncle, Ranjit Singh. In 1811, he was sent to Multan to obtain tribute(taxes) from Muzaffar Khan on behalf of the Lahore Durbar. Meanwhile, Ranjit Singh sent Kharak Singh, then the Crown Prince, to annex all the Nakai territories; Sardar Kahan Singh came back from Multan to find Kharak Singh has taken over his misl. Diwan Hakim Rai, the administer of the Nakai Chief, immediately approached Ranjit Singh with the request that it was not proper for the Lahore forces to take military action against his nephew's misl. Sohan Lai Suri notes that the Maharaja, very poliety, said <blockquote>''"I have nothing to do in this matter, Kunwar Kharak Singh is the maternal grandson of the Nakais and only he knows as to what is to be done."''<ref name=bs/></blockquote>Sardar Kahan Singh didn't protest and power was successfully transited to Kharak Singh.

== Life after annexation ==
Ranjit Singh granted Kahan Singh jagir at [[Baherwal Kalan|Baherwal]] which yielded twenty thousand rupees annually. Khazan Singh was also given a jagir at Nawankot which was situated in Doaba Rachna, adjoining Sharakpur, his jagir yielded an annual income of twelve thousand rupees. Sardar Kahan Singh continued to live in Baharwal and the Nakais remained loyal to Maharaja Ranjit Singh and later to Maharaja Kharak Singh.

In 1846, his army commander by his son Attar Singh joined the rebellion in Multan against the British. Sardar Kahan Singh was later appointed Jagirdar Magistrate in 1860, an office he held till his death.<ref name=lhg118/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Sikh Empire|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Misls]]
[[Category:1873 deaths]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]

Kharku

2023-07-29T18:42:06Z

AvijitDas2003: Kharku

{{Short description|Sikh militants of the Punjab insurgency of the 1980's and 1990's}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

'''Kharku''' (Punjabi: ਖਾੜਕੂ {{Small|([[Gurmukhi]])}}, {{Nastaliq|کھاڑکو}} {{Small|([[Shahmukhi]])}}; ''khāṛakū, khaarakoo''; literally meaning courageous, bold, brave, dreaded, feared, or domineering; alternatively spelt as '''Kharaku''')<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shabdkosh.com |title=ਖਾੜਕੂ - Meaning in English - ਖਾੜਕੂ Translation in English |url=https://www.shabdkosh.com/dictionary/punjabi-english/ਖਾੜਕੂ/ਖਾੜਕੂ-meaning-in-english |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=SHABDKOSH |language=en}}</ref> is a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] term used as a self-designation by [[Sikhs|Sikh]] militants of the [[Punjab insurgency]] who were followers of the [[Khalistan movement]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stepan |first=Alfred C. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/793202946 |title=Crafting State-Nations : India and other multinational democracies |date=2011 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |others=Yogendra Yadav, Juan J. Linz |isbn=978-0-8018-9942-3 |location=Baltimore |pages=97 |oclc=793202946}}</ref>

== History ==
During the later years of [[British Raj|British India]] and early decades following [[History of India (1947–present)|Indian independence]], some slogans were coined during those times which invoked the word Kharku to serve a political message, an example being ''"[[Khanda (sword)|Khanda]] Kharku, Nehru Bhajju"'', meaning: "when Sikh swords begin to clatter, [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] shall flee".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narang |first=Gokul Chand |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/221848030 |title=Transformation of Sikhism |date=1960 |publisher=Kalyani Publishers |isbn=81-7096-330-3 |edition=5th ed., rev. & enl |location=New Delhi |pages=203 |oclc=221848030}}</ref> The Kharkus fought an insurgency primarily between the years of 1978–1993, sparked by the [[1978 Sikh–Nirankari clash|1978 Sikh-Nirankari clash]], which led to the deaths of 13 orthodox Sikhs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Birinder Pal |date=September 2016 |title=Sikh militants' terms of discourse: Religion, Khalistan/nation and violence |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17448727.2017.1289679 |journal=Sikh Formations |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2–3 |pages=191–206 |doi=10.1080/17448727.2017.1289679 |s2cid=151568594 |issn=1744-8727}}</ref>

Their ultimate goal was the establishment of a sovereign Sikh state (''Khalsa Raj'') based upon political justice.<ref name=":0" /> The movement gained further strength in the 1980's after [[Operation Blue Star]], [[Operation Woodrose]], and [[Operation Black Thunder]], and fallout from the [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]], which sparked country-wide [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|anti-Sikh pogroms]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grewal |first1=Inderpal |last2=Sabherwal |first2=Sasha |date=2019-10-02 |title=Slow violence in post-1984 Punjab: Remembering, forgetting and refusals |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17448727.2019.1703079 |journal=Sikh Formations |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3–4 |pages=343–360 |doi=10.1080/17448727.2019.1703079 |s2cid=214001941 |issn=1744-8727}}</ref> The Kharkus of the 1980's and 1990's were associated with [[Martyrdom in Sikhism|martyrdom]] and respected as ''[[Shaheed]]s'' (martyrs for a religious cause).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/944382499 |title=Migration, mobility and multiple affiliations : Punjabis in a transnational world |date=2015 |others=S. Irudaya Rajan, V. J. Varghese, A. K. Nanda |isbn=978-1-316-33795-0 |location=Cambridge |pages=143 |oclc=944382499}}</ref> The Kharku movement was especially strong in rural areas of Punjab.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/sitefiles/4-Sekhon%20%26%20Singh%20FINAL%2022.1.pdf |title=Rise, Dynamics, and Decline of Violence in Punjab: A Critical Reassessment of Existing Explanations |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |others=Jagrup Singh Sekhon & Nirmal Singh |year=2021 |series=Sekhon & Singh: Violence in Punjab |location=Amritsar |pages=61 }}</ref> The ranks of militants drew primarily from the [[Majha]] region from those belonging to a lower socio-economic status and [[Jat Sikh|Jat]] background.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandhu |first=Harmeet Singh |url=https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=sociology_masrp |title=Beyond the Land of Five Rivers: Social Inequality and Class Consciousness in the Canadian Sikh Diaspora |publisher=Sociology Department of the University of Western Ontario |year=2016 |series=MA Research Paper. 9. |location=London, Ontario, Canada |pages=37 |format=PDF |quote=Whereas Bhindranwale originated from the prosperous province of Malwa, Telford (1992: 976) maintains that his band of armed militants predominantly came from large, and relatively impoverished, Jat families in the Majha region.}}</ref>

They were generally supported by the Sikh masses, especially during the beginning of the insurgency. Support waned during the latter years until the movement faded, eventually relegated to the underground.<ref name=":1" /> The reasons for their decline are a lack of common vision, lack of a commitment to a worthwhile cause, and losing trust of the common folk.<ref name=":1" /> Hundreds of Kharkus were killed by police and military forces during the insurgency.<ref name=":1" /> Many of those who survive remain in hiding or have [[Sikh diaspora|escaped abroad]].<ref name=":1" />

== Terminology ==

=== Etymology ===
Kharku is etymologically derived from the word ''<nowiki/>'kharag''' (honed), which originally referred to an iron [[scimitar]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Chopra |first=Radhika |title=Commemorating Hurt: Memorializing Operation Bluestar |date=December 2010 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17448727.2010.530509 |journal=Sikh Formations |language=en |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=119–152 |doi=10.1080/17448727.2010.530509 |s2cid=144432496 |issn=1744-8727 |quote=Uggarwadi was the official term used freely in government statements and in the English-language media, state television and radio broadcasts. The official term stands in opposition to the more popular term Kharku, or freedom fighter. Both terms refer to masculine bodily styles – ugar or ferocious, kharag – honed; its etymological roots drawn from the weaponry – kharag – an iron scimitar.}}</ref>

=== Other names ===
They were also referred to as ''<nowiki/>'Kharku [[Singh]]s''<nowiki/>' or simply as ''<nowiki/>'Mundey'<nowiki/>'' (boys).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Puri |first=Harish K. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42780241 |title=Terrorism in Punjab : understanding grassroots reality |date=1999 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |others=Paramjit S. Judge, Jagrup Singh Sekhon |isbn=81-241-0619-3 |location=New Delhi |pages=54 |oclc=42780241}}</ref> Other terms for them were ''<nowiki/>'Jujharu''<nowiki/>' (hardworker), ''<nowiki/>'Jangju Sikhs'<nowiki/>'' (fighter), 'freedom fighters', and even ''<nowiki/>'Khalistani [[mujahideen]]s'<nowiki/>''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Subramanyam lakshmi |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1113233901 |title=Culture behaviour and personality |date=2001 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=81-7099-815-8 |location=New Delhi |pages=150–151 |oclc=1113233901}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Contemporary Affairs: A Quarterly Journal on Contemporary Issues in India and the Third World in a Global Context, Vol. 2, Issue 1 |publisher=Patriot Publishers |year=1988 |volume=2 |pages=53 }}</ref> Controversially, the term is also used by some to describe Sikh terrorists who indiscriminately massacred local [[Punjabi Hindus|Hindus]] and other innocent civilians.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinhā |first=Mṛdulā |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/314318584 |title=A home at last |date=2001 |publisher=Ocean Books |isbn=81-87100-51-6 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi |pages=14–15 |oclc=314318584}}</ref> Kharkus viewed themselves as revolutionaries rather than as terrorists.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39986167 |title=Punjab in prosperity and violence : administration, politics, and social change, 1947-1997 |date=1998 |publisher=Published for K.K. Publishers for Institute of Punjab Studies, Chandigarh |others=J. S. Grewal, Indu Banga |isbn=81-86912-01-0 |location=New Delhi |pages=142 |oclc=39986167}}</ref> The English-language media outlets and the government referred to the militants as ''<nowiki/>'Uggarwadi''' (ferocious).<ref name=":2" />

=== Titles ===
Kharkus took titles and names quite seriously and it was risky for media outlets to report on individual Kharkus without using their preferred terminology and honorifics.<ref name=":3" /> They were against being labelled as "militants" or "terrorists" ('dehshatpasand', 'dehshatgard, or 'atankawadi') and demanded that [[Sikh titles|Sikh honorifical terms]], such as "Bhai", "[[Sant (religion)|Sant]]", and "[[Sardar]]", be appended as prefixes when reporting their names.<ref name=":3" /> Journalists and editors who dared to not heed these demands put their life in danger.<ref name=":3" />

== See also ==
* [[List of terrorist incidents in Punjab, India]]
* [[Timeline of the Punjab insurgency]]
* [[Khalistani groups]]
* [[Martyrdom in Sikhism]]
* [[Punjabi Suba movement]]
* [[Dharam Yudh Morcha]]
* [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]]
* [[Sutlej Yamuna link canal]]
* [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]]
* [[National Security Guard]], commonly known as 'Black Cats'
* [[Khalsa bole]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Cynthia Keppley |title=Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2010 |isbn=9780812200171}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dhillon |first=Kirpal |title=Identity and Survival: Sikh Militancy in India 1978-1993 |publisher=Penguin UK |year=2006 |isbn=9789385890383}}

{{Khalistan movement}}
{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Khalistan movement| ]]
[[Category:Nationalism in India]]
[[Category:History of Punjab, India (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Sikh politics]]
[[Category:Religiously motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:Sikh terrorism]]
[[Category:Pro-Khalistan militant outfits]]

Fort of Daman

2023-07-18T22:56:27Z

AvijitDas2003: Contributed a new entry to the platform.

{{Short description|Historycal fort in India}}

The '''Fort of Daman''' (informally called ''Moti Daman Fort'') is located in the Damão Grande part of the town of [[Daman district, India|Daman]], in the Union territory of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|DNDD]] on the west coast of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Fort of Moti Daman {{!}} UT of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu {{!}} India |url=https://ddd.gov.in/centers/the-fort-of-moti-daman/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Infobox military installation
| name = Fort of Daman
| ensign =
| native_name = Fortim do Damão
| partof = [[Portuguese India]]
| location = [[Moti Daman|Damão Grandé]]
| nearest_town =
| country = India
| image = Gateway of Moti Daman.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Daman Fort
| image2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| type = Coastal Fort
| coordinates = {{coord|20|24|47|N|72|49|56|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| image_map =
| image_mapsize =
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India3
| pushpin_mapsize = 200px
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Fort of Daman
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_image =
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_mark =
| pushpin_marksize =
| open_to_public = Yes
| site_other =
| site_area =
| code =
| built = 1559 AD (groundbreaking) 1581 AD (completed)
| used = Civilian use
| builder =
| materials = Laterite stone and mud
| height = 40m
| fate =
| condition = mostly intact
| battles = [[Siege of Daman (1581)]]
| events =
| current_commander = none
| past_commanders = Martim Afonso de Melo
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Daman, Fort}}

{{India-stub}}

[[Category:Portuguese forts in India]]
[[Category:Forts in India]]

Max Arthur Macauliffe

2023-05-29T02:57:46Z

AvijitDas2003: Max Arthur Macauliffe

{{Short description|British administrator, prolific scholar and author}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Max Arthur MacAuliffe
| image = Max Arthur Macauliffe Portrait.jpg
| alt = Max Arthur Macauliffe Portrait
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 11 September 1838<ref name="DIB-bio">{{cite web |last1=Foley |first1=Tadhg |title=Macauliffe, Max |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/macauliffe-max-a5558 |website=Dictionary of Irish Biography |publisher=Royal Irish Academy |access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref>
| birth_place = Glenmore, Monagea, [[County Limerick]], [[Ireland]]<ref name="DIB-bio" />
| death_date = 15 March 1913
| death_place = [[West Kensington]], [[London]] [[United Kingdom]]
| other_names =
| known_for = *English translator of the Sikh Scriptures and historian of Sikhism
*Prominent [[List of writers on Sikhism|scholar of Sikhism]] of the early 20th century
| children =
| spouse =
| parents =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| image_size = 150px
}}

'''Michael MacAuliffe''', also known as '''Max Arthur MacAuliffe''' (11 September 1838 − 15 March 1913) was a senior British administrator, prolific scholar and author. MacAuliffe is renowned for his partial translation of [[Sikh]] scripture [[Guru Granth Sahib]] and history into English.<ref>[http://www.mocavo.com/Studies-in-the-History-of-Religions-Presented-to-Crawford-Howell-Toy-by-Pupils-Colleagues-and-Friends/103921/180 "Studies in the History of Religions" Page 170, 1912]</ref>

==Early life and education==
MacAuliffe was born in Ireland at [[Newcastle West]], [[County Limerick]], on 10 September 1841. He was educated at Newcastle School, Limerick, and Springfield College. He attended [[Queen's College Galway]] between 1857 and 1863, being awarded junior scholarships in the Literary Division of the Arts Faculty for 1857–58, 1858–59, and 1859–60. He was awarded a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A. degree]] with first class honours in Modern Languages in 1860. He obtained a senior scholarship in Ancient Classics for 1860-1, and a senior scholarship in Modern Languages and History for 1861-62. He also served as Secretary of the college's [[Literary and Debating Society (NUI, Galway)|Literary and Debating Society]] for the 1860–61 session.

==Career==
MacAuliffe entered the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1862, and arrived in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] in February 1864. He was appointed Deputy Commissioner of the Punjab in 1882, and a Divisional Judge in 1884. He retired from the Indian Civil Service in 1893.

MacAuliffe also wrote a rendition, English translation of the Sacred scriptures of the Sikh religion, the ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]''. He also wrote ''The Sikh Religion: its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors'' (six volumes, Oxford University Press, 1909). He was assisted in his works by [[Pratap Singh Giani]], a Sikh scholar.[[File:Photograph of Max Arthur Macauliffe wearing a turban.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Max Arthur Macauliffe wearing a turban]]

MacAuliffe converted to [[Sikhism]] in the 1860s<ref>[http://www.nuigalway.ie/english/tadhg_foley.html University of Ireland] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207082413/http://www.nuigalway.ie/english/tadhg_foley.html |date=2012-02-07 }}</ref> and was even derided by his employers for having "turned a Sikh".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Limerick man unknown in Ireland but revered by millions worldwide |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/abroad/the-limerick-man-unknown-in-ireland-but-revered-by-millions-worldwide-1.4052622 |website=The Irish Times |access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref>

His personal assistant remarked in his memoirs that on his death bed, MacAuliffe could be heard reciting the Sikh morning prayer, [[Japji Sahib]], ten minutes before he died.<ref name="SikhChic">[http://www.sikhchic.com/article-detail.php?id=207&cat=18 SikhChic]</ref>

MacAuliffe is held in high esteem amongst Sikh communion, for his translation into English of the Sikh Scriptures, the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. At a lecture at the annual session of the Lahore [[Singh Sabha]] Macauliffe proclaimed that the Guru Granth was matchless as a book of holy teachings.<ref name="SikhChic"/>

He was awarded the degree of M.A. (honoris causa) by his alma mater in 1882. MacAuliffe died in the United Kingdom at his home in [[London]] on 15 March 1913.

==Publications==
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/03/the-sikh-religion-its-gurus-sacred.html The Sikh Religion Vol I (1909])
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/01/the-sikh-religion-its-gurus-sacred.html The Sikh Religion Vol II (1909)]
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/03/the-sikh-religion-its-gurus-sacred_1.html The Sikh Religion Vol III (1909)]
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/03/the-sikh-religion-its-gurus-sacred_13.html The Sikh Religion Vol IV (1909)]
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/03/the-sikh-religion-its-gurus-sacred_76.html The Sikh Religion Vol V (1909)]
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/03/the-sikh-religion-its-gurus-sacred_59.html The Sikh Religion Vol VI (1909)]
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/12/translation-of-japji-m-macauliffe.html Translation of the Japji - M. Macauliffe]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/skh/tsr1/index.htm The Sikh Religion, Volume 1]
* [http://www.sikhfoundation.org/sikh-punjabi-language-studies/max-arthur-macauliffe-first-western-gateway-to-study-of-sikhism/ Max Arthur Macauliffe : First Western Gateway To Study of Sikhism]
* [http://www.sikhchic.com/history/max_arthur_macauliffe_he_introduced_sikhi_to_the_englishspeaking_west Max Arthur Macauliffe – He Introduced Sikhi to the English-Speaking West]
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Max Arthur Macauliffe}}
* {{Librivox author |id=5907}}

{{Modern Sikh writers}}
{{Sikhism}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Macauliffe, Max Arthur}}
[[Category:1841 births]]
[[Category:1913 deaths]]
[[Category:British people in colonial India]]
[[Category:People from Newcastle West]]
[[Category:Converts to Sikhism]]
[[Category:Irish Sikhs]]
[[Category:Sikh writers]]

Fauja Singh (Sikh leader)

2023-05-21T21:36:10Z

AvijitDas2003: Created page with '{{ActiveDiscuss}} {{Infobox Person |name = Bhai Fauja Singh |image = |image_size = |caption = |birth_name = Fauja Singh |birth_date...'

{{For multi|Punjab MLA|Fauja Singh Sarari|marathon runner|Fauja Singh}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Fauja Singh
| image = Photograph of Fauja Singh giving a speech to American Sikhs at the Gurdaspur jail.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Photograph of Fauja Singh giving a speech to American Sikhs at the Gurdaspur jail
| birth_name = Fauja Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1936|05|17}}
| birth_place = [[Gurdaspur]], [[Punjab (British India)]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1978|04|13|1936|05|17}}
| death_place =
| death_cause = Killed in protest{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} against Nirankari
| nationality = Indian
| occupation =
| spouse = Amarjit Kaur
| children =
| parents = Surain Singh
| signature = Signature of martyr Fauja Singh.gif
| footnotes =
}}
'''Fauja Singh''' ([[Gurdaspur]], [[Punjab (British India)]], May 17, 1936 – [[Amritsar]], April 13, 1978) was one of 13 [[Sikh]]s killed at [[1978 Sikh–Nirankari clash|violence during a protest]] against the [[Sant Nirankari Mission|Sant Nirankaris]] in 1978.<ref>[http://www.mrsikhnet.com/BhaiFaujaSingh/2005/07/baisakhi-day-1978-and-martyrs-of.html Bhai Fauja Singh: Baisakhi Day, 1978 and the Martyrs of Amritsar]</ref>

==Early life==
Singh was born in District Gurdaspur. His father, Surain Singh, was a middle class farmer.<ref>"Bhai Fauja Singh (1936-1978)". khalsaspirit.com. http://www.khalsaspirit.com/files/ShaheedBhaiFaujaSinghJee.pdf.</ref> After the formation of [[Pakistan]] they moved to the village of Gazneepur, which is 6 miles on the Gurdaspur Dera Baba Nanak road.

In 1964, he got [[baptism|baptised]] by taking Khande di Pahul (also called [[Amrit Sanchar]]) at a smagam organised by the Akhand Kirtani Jatha. On Vaisakhi 1965 his marriage took place with Amarjit Kaur.

Professionally, he was an agriculture inspector.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&dq=fauja+singh+1978&pg=PA216 The Sikhs of the Punjab - Google Books]</ref>

==Baisakhi Day, 1978 ==
On the day of Vaisakhi 13 April 1978 Sikhs led by Fauja Singh went to protest against the Nirankari procession and against [[Nirankari]] [[Gurbachan Singh]]'s apparent insults against the Gurus. 16 people including 13 Sikhs were killed in the ensuing clashes.

==Cremation==
The cremation of the 13 Sikhs took place on 15/4/78 in front of Gurdwara Siri Ramsar Sahib and in the presence of a large congregation of about 25-30,000 people. All these Sikhs were cremated together. [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] also attended the cremation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sikhcybermuseum.org.uk/history/amritsarmassacre1978.htm |title=Sikh Cyber Museum - History |access-date=2010-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504223646/http://www.sikhcybermuseum.org.uk/history/amritsarmassacre1978.htm |archive-date=2010-05-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Afterwards==
In the year 1989, Shaheed Bhai Fauja Singh Charitable Trust was established in city of Amritsar to take care of orphan children of Sikh martyrs and any other orphan children irrespective of their caste and creed. This trust is being run by Fauja Singh's widow Amarjit Kaur.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/41304172.cms Shelter home now orphanage - The Times of India]</ref>

In April 2003, A Sikh gathering held at village [[Pheruman]], 40 kilometers from city of Amritsar paid tributes to Fauja Singh and other 12 Sikhs who died in April 1978. Chief of supreme Sikh authority [[Akal Takhat]] addressed this event.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030410/punjab1.htm#12 The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab]</ref>

In April 2009, in the city of [[Amritsar]], Khalsa Action Committee and Dal Khalsa activists declared Fauja Singh and other 12 Sikhs "martyrs of faith".<ref>[http://worldsikhnews.com/15%20April%202009/KAC%20Dal%20Khalsa%20march%20for%201978%20Martyrs.htm WSN-Religio-Political news-KAC, Dal Khalsa march for 1978 Martyrs]</ref> Dal Khalsa separately paid homage to Fauja Singh.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090408/punjab.htm#13 The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab]</ref><ref>[http://www.thetimesofpunjab.net/news.aspx?newsid=7318&dt=8/8/2009 The Times of Punjab - The Site of Exclusive News, Daily Newspaper in Punjabi and English]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sikhism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bhai Fauja}}
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]

G. B. Singh

2023-05-11T17:48:28Z

AvijitDas2003: Created page with ''''G.B.Singh''' is the author of Gandhi Behind the Mask of Divinity a critical and path breaking biography of Mahatma Gandhi<ref>[http://www.sikhspectrum.co...'

{{Infobox writer 
| name = G. B. Singh
| image =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date =
| birth_name =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* [[Historian]]
* [[biographer]]
* [[columnist]]
* [[periodontist]]
}}
| genre = [[History]], [[Political Science]]
| movement = [[Literary realism|Realism]]
| notableworks = ''[[Gandhi Behind the Mask of Divinity]]'', ''[[Gandhi Under Cross Examination]]''
| website =
| spouse =
| children =
| signature =
}}

'''G. B. Singh''' is the author of ''[[Gandhi Behind the Mask of Divinity]]'', a biography of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]<ref name="kansas1">
{{cite news
|newspaper=The Kansas City Star
|date=January 2, 2005
|title=Gandhi as a racist doesn't add up
|first=Katie
|last=Volin
|page=1
}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sikhspectrum.com/082004/gandhi_mask.htm Issue No.17, August 2004] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228114504/http://www.sikhspectrum.com/082004/gandhi_mask.htm |date=2007-12-28 }}</ref> and ''[[Gandhi Under Cross Examination]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.conspiracyculture.com/events_Gandhi.html |title=Conspiracy Culture - Reviewing Gandhi Under Cross Examination |access-date=2010-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718083437/http://www.conspiracyculture.com/events_Gandhi.html |archive-date=2010-07-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
Singh, shortly after immigrating from India, applied to serve in the U.S. Army in 1979. Although there had been Sikhs who had enlisted in the U.S. Military previously, Singh was the first to go the officer route with his turban and beard intact. A [[periodontist]], Singh served in the [[U.S. Army]] as a [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]], one of a small number of [[Sikh]]s allowed to retain articles of faith, grandfathered in after a change in policy in 1984 forbidding soldiers from exhibiting their religion with "conspicuous" clothing or style of hair or beard. He is the highest-ranking Sikh to have served active duty with a turban in the U.S. Army, alongside Colonel Sekhon who served in the U.S. Army Reserves.

Although Singh retired from the U.S. Army in 2007, he is still actively involved in supporting rights for future Sikhs to keep their articles of faith in the military.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.army.mil/-news/2010/03/25/36339-sikh-soldiers-allowed-to-serve-retain-their-articles-of-faith/
|title=Sikh Soldiers allowed to serve, retain their articles of faith
|accessdate=2011-01-18
}}</ref>

In an interview Singh said that he became interested in studying [[Hinduism]] while a student of [[political science]] at the [[University of Oklahoma]].<ref name="sikhspectrum">
{{cite web
|url = http://www.sikhspectrum.com/082004/gbsingh_int.htm
|title = Interview by Manbir Singh Chowdhary
|access-date = 2011-01-18
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100725192848/http://www.sikhspectrum.com/082004/gbsingh_int.htm
|archive-date = 2010-07-25
}}</ref> In 1983, while watching the film ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' and after reading an article "The Gandhi Nobody Knows" by [[Richard Grenier (newspaper columnist)|Richard Grenier]], he began his investigation into Gandhi's life, which led to the book ''[[Gandhi Behind the Mask of Divinity]]''.<ref name="sikhspectrum"/>

==Selected writings==
*''[[Gandhi Behind the Mask of Divinity]]''
*''[[Gandhi Under Cross Examination]]''

==Personal life==
Singh has two daughters and a son. His family currently resides in Colorado. One of his daughters, Serene Singh, is a [[Rhodes Scholar]] at [[the University of Oxford]], the founder of the National Sikh Youth Program, and former Miss Teen Colorado. In 2020, his other daughter, Naureen Singh, joined the [[United States Air Force]], making headlines as one of the first second-generation of [[Sikhism in the United States|Sikh-Americans]] to join the [[United States Armed Forces]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaur |first=Sona |date=6 July 2020 |title=Lieutenant Daughter & Colonel Father: Two Generations of Sikh Americans Serving in the US Armed Forces |work=Sikh24 |url=https://www.sikh24.com/2020/07/06/lieutenant-daughter-colonel-father-two-generations-of-sikh-americans-serving-in-the-us-armed-forces/}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Modern Sikh writers}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, G. B.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American biographers]]
[[Category:Periodontists]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American Sikhs]]
[[Category:Sikh writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:United States Army colonels]]
[[Category:University of Oklahoma alumni]]
[[Category:American male writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]

Harbans Singh

2023-05-03T22:53:46Z

AvijitDas2003: new page

{{EngvarB|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
[[File:Photograph of professor Harbans Singh.jpg|thumb|Harbans Singh]]
'''Harbans Singh''' (6 March 1921 – 30 May 1998) was an educationist, administrator, scholar and the editor-in-chief of the ''Encyclopaedia of Sikhism''. He was respected for his contributions to Sikh scholarship and Punjabi literary studies and had a vital and pervasive influence in the field of religious studies, with special reference to Sikhism.<ref name="Singh1992">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Dharam|title=Souvenir Professor Harbans Singh|year=1992|publisher=Shromani Gurdwara Prabhandak Committee|location=Amritsar}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Harbans Singh was born on 6 March 1921 in the village of Kotha Guru in the [[Bathinda]] district of the [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]]. His mother, Roop Kaur, belonged to the Sodhi family and traced her ancestry to the [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] clan. She deeply influenced his religious sensibilities. He received his schooling at Khalsa Secondary School at [[Muktsar]]. Thereafter, much to the disappointment of his parents, he refused to attend Medical School, and joined the [[Khalsa College, Amritsar|Khalsa College]] in [[Amritsar]], where he became president of the Khalsa College Students Association, Editor of the Darbar, and president of the Khalsa College Hockey Club. He received both his undergraduate and graduate degrees from this premier Sikh institute. The college authorities were so familiar with his academic potential that they offered him his first academic position even before his exam results were out. Harbans Singh started his career as a lecturer of English at the Khalsa College in Amritsar in 1943.<ref name="Singh1992" /> His daughter, Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh, is Crawford Professor of Religious Studies at [[Colby College]] in Maine, USA.

== Early career ==
In 1944 he joined the Brijindra College at [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]] as head of the department of English.<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Roopinder|title=Prof. Harbans Singh: A Gentleman Scholar|url=http://www.roopinder.com/prof-harbans-singh-a-gentleman-scholar/|accessdate=11 July 2013|newspaper=The Tribune|year=1994}}</ref> Soon thereafter the Maharaja of Faridkot took him on lien from the Punjab State Education department. He wrote his first book on the history of the State of Faridkot depicting its rulers’ sponsorship and enshrinement of Sikh traditions. During that initial phase he also wrote a history of the Sikh rule under Maharaja Ranjit Singh – the first major book on the Maharaja and his times by a scholar other than the European travelers and political observers. In 1958 he rejoined his position with the Punjab State Education Department and became Principal of Government College, Muktsar. During his tenure he wrote his book on Aspects of Punjabi Literature.

== Creation of the Punjabi University ==
In 1960 he became the Member-Secretary of the Punjabi University Commission with Maharaja Yadvindra Singh of Patiala as the president. The commission was instrumental for creating the Punjabi University to advance Punjabi language, literature, and culture. The Hebrew University in Israel is the only other University founded on language. Though extremely busy with the administrative demands of the growing University, he kept up with his scholarship, writing important books, including ''Guru Gobind Singh'' (which was translated into 14 Indian languages)<ref>{{cite news|last=Talib|first=G. S.|title=book review of Harbans Singh's biography of Guru Gobind Singh|newspaper=The Spokesman|date=3 July 1967}}</ref> and ''The Heritage of the Sikhs'' (one of the most popular of his titles, which went to several editions with significant additions and revisions). In 1964 he was invited by the United States Government to study the administrative functioning and educational system of universities in the US. He compiled his impressions of this visit in the form of a book ''Higher Education in America'' (1966), which has been appreciated for its informative and educative value and its insights on continuing education – this last became the cornerstone of the Evening Studies program at the Punjabi University.

== Pioneer for the academic study of religion ==
Harbans Singh spent the 1968–69 academic year at the Center for World Religions at Harvard. It was here that he prepared a biography of Guru Nanak entitled ''Guru Nanak and Origins of the Sikh Faith'' (1969) to mark the five hundredth anniversary of the birth of the Guru.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Harbans|title=Guru Nanak and Origins of the Sikh Faith|url=https://archive.org/details/gurunanakorigins0000sing|url-access=registration|year=1969|publisher=Asia Publishing House|location=Bombay}}</ref> Upon his return to the Punjabi University, he played a vital role in the establishment of a full-fledged department of the academic study of religion. He became the founder chair of the first department of religious studies in India that offered courses at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. It reflected the best modalities of this kind of study in American and European universities. Called the Guru Gobind Singh Department of Religious Studies, it was established by the Punjabi University to commemorate the quincentenary of the Guru's birth.<ref name="Singh1992" />

For the celebrations Harbans Singh arranged an international seminar on Guru Nanak (September 1969). He then published the proceedings of the seminar in a volume entitled ''Perspectives on Guru Nanak'' (1975). In collaboration with Dr. L.M. Joshi he published ''An Introduction to Indian Religions'' (1973) to serve as a textbook for the first-year undergraduate students. In 1969 he also launched a biannual Journal of Religious Studies and became its founder-Editor.

During his tenure as Professor of Sikh Studies and Head of the Department of Religious Studies, he hosted many international conferences and brought distinguished scholars to the Punjabi University. He also travelled extensively, lecturing on different facets of Sikhism in Japan, Belgium, the Netherlands, England, Ireland, and the US. The series of lectures that he delivered at Berkeley at the invitation of its university in May 1984 were published in a book, ''The Berkeley Lectures on Sikhism.'' He was an active member of the [[Religions for Peace|World Conference on Religion and Peace]], and he also joined the International Consultation in Search of Non-Violent Alternatives in Derry, Northern Ireland.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Nikky-Guninder Kaur|title=Birth of the Khalsa: A Feminist Re-Memory of Sikh Identity|year=2005|publisher=SUNY|location=Albany|page=xii-xv}}</ref> All through he kept up with his scholarship in Sikh history and literature by writing books, contributing articles to journals and newspapers, translating Punjabi authors like Bhai Vir Singh, Amrita Pritam, and Ajeet Cour into English, and editing collections of short-stories, essays, and conference papers.<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Nikky-Guninder Kaur|title=Remembering Professor Harbans Singh|newspaper=The Tribune|year=2008}}</ref> His book on [[Bhai Vir Singh]], which first appeared in "[[Makers of Indian Literature]]" series sponsored by the Sahitya Akademy, was republished posthumously in Punjabi by the Bhai Vir Singh Sadan in New Delhi. Harbans Singh wrote an autobiographical essay in Punjabi after losing his beloved wife Kailash Kaur.

== Finale ==
The culmination of his life was the momentous ''Encyclopaedia of Sikhism'', the first in the English language. This comprehensive work covers different aspects of Sikh history, literature, and philosophy.<ref name=eos/> The four-volume set was released by the Prime Minister of India on 5 March 1999 at New Delhi in a special function.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://punjabiuniversity.ac.in/pbiuniweb/pages/research/research1.html|title=Professor Harbans Singh Department|date=1999|publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala|accessdate=28 December 2016}}</ref> Though Harbans Singh suffered a paralytic stroke, he received an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters from [[Guru Nanak Dev University]], and continued working on his project until his death on 30 May 1998. He was also honored by the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|Shiromani Gurdwara Committee]] on 17 August 1992, at a function at his residence in Punjabi University where the SGPC president, Jathedar Gurcharan Singh Tohra, bestowed a siropa on him in the presence of Mr Parkash Singh Badal.<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Roopinder|title=Prof. Harbans Singh: A Gentleman Scholar|url=http://www.roopinder.com/prof-harbans-singh-a-gentleman-scholar/|accessdate=11 July 2013|newspaper=The Tribune}}</ref> During the Khalsa Tercentenary Celebrations in 1999, he was posthumously invested with the "Order of the Khalsa." The Punjabi University honored him by prefixing his name "Professor Harbans Singh" to the Department of the Encyclopedia of Sikhism to which he had totally dedicated himself during the last decades of his life. This full-fledged Department will continue to ensure that the Encyclopaedia of Sikhism is made available in Punjabi and is constantly revised and updated. An online version is published on the internet by Punjabi University.<ref name=eos>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |title=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |access-date=28 December 2016}}</ref> Essays in Honour of Professor Harbans Singh were published by Dr. Dharam Singh entitled Sikhism and Secularism.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Dharam|title=Sikhism and Secularism: Essays in Honour of Professor Harbans Singh|year=1994|publisher=Harman Publishing|location=New Delhi}}</ref> Harbans Singh was a sage-like figure who worked away from the limelight, selflessly pursuing his literary and scholarly interests.

== Publications ==
* Maharaja Ranjit Singh
* Aspects of Punjabi Literature
* Heritage of the Sikhs
* Higher Education in America
* Guru Gobind Singh (translated into 14 Indian languages)
* Guru Nanak and Origins of the Sikh Faith
* Perspectives on Guru Nanak
* Punjab Past and Present: Essays in Honour of Dr. Ganda Singh (with N.G. Barrier)
* Approaches to the Study of Religion
* Bhai Vir Singh ([[Makers of Indian Literature]] Series) (also translated into Punjabi)
* An Introduction to Indian Religions (with Dr. L.M. Joshi)
* Guru Tegh Bahadur
* Mahindi and Other Short Stories
* Sada Virsa
* Four Volume Encyclopedia of Sikhism

==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Harbans}}
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:People from Bathinda]]

Unicameralism

2023-03-13T12:23:31Z

AvijitDas2003: Constructed an original page.

{{Short description|Governmental practice of having a single legislative or parliamentary chamber}}
{{Redirect|Unicameral}}
{{Legislature}}
'''Unicameralism''' (from ''uni''- "one" + Latin ''camera'' "chamber") is a type of [[legislature]], which consists of one house or assembly, that legislates and votes as one.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lanham |first=Url (1918–1999) |title=The insects |url=https://worldcat.org/title/1003201754 |year=2018 |isbn=978-81-89729-42-4 |oclc=1003201754}}</ref> Unicameralism has become an increasingly common type of legislature, making up nearly 60% of all national legislatures<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPU PARLINE database: Structure of parliaments |url=https://data.ipu.org/compare?field=country%3A%3Afield_structure_of_parliament#pie |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> and an even greater share of subnational legislatures.

Sometimes, as in [[New Zealand]] and [[Denmark]], unicameralism comes about through the [[list of abolished upper houses|abolition of one of two bicameral chambers]], or, as in [[Sweden]], through the merger of the two chambers into a single one, while in others a second chamber has never existed from the beginning.

==Rationale for unicameralism and criticism==
The principal advantage of a unicameral system is more efficient lawmaking, as the legislative process is simpler and there is no possibility of [[gridlock (politics)|deadlock]] between two chambers. Proponents of unicameralism have also argued that it reduces costs, even if the number of legislators stays the same, since there are fewer institutions to maintain and support financially. More popular among modern-day democratic countries, unicameral, [[Proportional representation|proportional]] legislatures are widely seen as both more democratic and effective.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Wirls |first=Daniel |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51878651 |title=The invention of the United States Senate |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |others=Stephen Wirls |isbn=0-8018-7438-6 |location=Baltimore |oclc=51878651}}</ref>

Proponents of [[bicameral]] legislatures say that having two legislative chambers offers an additional restraint on the [[majority]], though critics note that there are other ways to restrain majorities, such as through non-partisan courts and a robust constitution.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Litt |first=David |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1120147424 |title=Democracy in one book or less : how it works, why it doesn't, and why fixing it is easier than you think |isbn=978-0-06-287936-3 |edition=First |location=New York, NY |oclc=1120147424}}</ref>

==List of unicameral legislatures==
[[File:Unibicameral Map.svg|upright=1.8|thumb|{{legend|#38b4d8|Countries with a bicameral legislature.{{refn|Classifications of Germany as a country with a bicameral legislature can be controversial.<ref>Reuter, Konrad (2003). "Zweite Kammer?". Bundesrat und Bundesstaat: Der Bundesrat der Bundesrepublik Deutschland(PDF) (in German) (12th ed.). Berlin: Direktor des Bundesrates. p. 50. ISBN 3-923706-22-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-28. Retrieved 2007-01-04. Im Ausland wird ein solches parlamentarisches System im Allgemeinen als Zweikammer- System bezeichnet. Für Bundestag und Bundesrat ist dagegen eine gemeinsame Bezeichnung nicht allgemein üblich, und es ist sogar umstritten, ob der Bundesrat eine Zweite Kammer ist. (English: Abroad, such a parliamentary system is in general called a bicameral one. For Bundestag and Bundesrat such a common designation is not usual and it is even contentious whether the Bundesrat is a second chamber at all.)</ref>}}}}{{legend|#f09c30|Countries with a unicameral legislature.}}{{legend|#b0e947|Countries with a unicameral legislature and an advisory body.}}{{legend|#333333|Countries with no legislature.}}]]

Approximately half of the world's [[sovereign state]]s are currently unicameral. The [[China|People's Republic of China]] is somewhat in-between, with a legislature and a formal advisory body. China has a [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]] which meets alongside the [[National People's Congress]], in many respects an advisory "upper house".

Many [[administrative division|subnational entities]] have unicameral legislatures. These include the state of [[Nebraska]] and territories of [[Guam]] and the [[United States Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands]] in the [[United States]], the Chinese [[special administrative regions of China|special administrative regions]] of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau|Macao]], the [[Australia]]n state of [[Queensland]] as well as the [[Northern Territory]] and the [[Australian Capital Territory]], a majority of the [[provinces of Argentina]], all of the [[provinces and territories of Canada|provinces and territories]] in [[Canada]], all of the [[regions of Italy]], all of the [[Spanish autonomous communities]], both the [[autonomous regions of Portugal]], most of the [[states and union territories of India]], and all of the states of [[federative units of Brazil|Brazil]] and [[States of Germany|Germany]]. In the [[United Kingdom]], the devolved [[Scottish Parliament]], the [[Senedd|Senedd Cymru]], the [[Northern Ireland Assembly]], and the [[London Assembly]] are also unicameral.

===National (UN member states and observers)===

====Federal====
* [[Assembly of the Union of the Comoros|Assembly of the Union]] of the Comoros
* [[Bundestag]] of Germany{{NoteTag|The Bundestag is technically the unicameral parliament of Germany, since the Bundesrat is not defined as a chamber of the legislature, but a completely separate legislative institution according to the Basic Law (German constitution).}}<ref>Reuter, Konrad (2003). "Zweite Kammer?". Bundesrat und Bundesstaat: Der Bundesrat der Bundesrepublik Deutschland(PDF) (in German) (12th ed.). Berlin: Direktor des Bundesrates. p. 50. ISBN 3-923706-22-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-28. Retrieved 2007-01-04. Im Ausland wird ein solches parlamentarisches System im Allgemeinen als Zweikammer- System bezeichnet. Für Bundestag und Bundesrat ist dagegen eine gemeinsame Bezeichnung nicht allgemein üblich, und es ist sogar umstritten, ob der Bundesrat eine Zweite Kammer ist. (English: Abroad, such a parliamentary system is in general called a bicameral one. For Bundestag and Bundesrat such a common designation is not usual and it is even contentious whether the Bundesrat is a second chamber at all.)</ref>
* [[Council of Representatives of Iraq|Council of Representatives]] of Iraq (provision exists for the founding of a "Council of Union", but no move to this effect has been initiated by the existing Council)
* [[Congress of the Federated States of Micronesia|Congress]] of the Federated States of Micronesia
* [[National Assembly of Saint Kitts and Nevis|National Assembly]] of Saint Kitts and Nevis
* [[Federal National Council]] of the United Arab Emirates
* [[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly]] of Venezuela

====Unitary====

=====Africa=====
* [[National Assembly of Angola|National Assembly]] of Angola
* [[National Assembly of Benin|National Assembly]] of Benin
* [[National Assembly of Botswana|National Assembly]] of Botswana
* [[National Assembly of Burkina Faso|National Assembly]] of Burkina Faso
* [[National Assembly of Cape Verde|National Assembly]] of Cape Verde
* [[National Assembly of the Central African Republic|National Assembly]] of the Central African Republic
* [[National Assembly of Chad|National Assembly]] of Chad
* [[National Assembly of Djibouti|National Assembly]] of Djibouti
* [[National Assembly of Eritrea|National Assembly]] of Eritrea
* [[National Assembly of the Gambia|National Assembly]] of The Gambia
* [[Parliament of Ghana|Parliament]] of Ghana
* [[National Assembly of Guinea|National Assembly]] of Guinea
* [[National People's Assembly of Guinea-Bissau|National People's Assembly]] of Guinea-Bissau
* [[House of Representatives (Libya)|House of Representatives]] of Libya
* [[National Assembly of Malawi|National Assembly]] of Malawi
* [[People's Majlis|Majlis]] of Maldives
* [[National Assembly (Mali)|National Assembly]] of Mali
* [[Mauritanian Parliament|Parliament]] of Mauritania
* [[National Assembly of Mauritius|National Assembly]] of Mauritius
* [[Assembly of the Republic of Mozambique|Assembly of the Republic]] of Mozambique
* [[National Assembly of Niger|National Assembly]] of Niger
* [[National Assembly of São Tomé and Príncipe|National Assembly]] of São Tomé and Príncipe
* [[National Assembly (Senegal)|National Assembly]] of Senegal
* [[National Assembly of Seychelles|National Assembly]] of Seychelles
* [[Parliament of Sierra Leone|Parliament]] of Sierra Leone
* [[National Assembly of Tanzania|National Assembly]] of Tanzania
* [[National Assembly of Togo|National Assembly]] of Togo
* [[Assembly of the Representatives of the People|National Assembly]] of Tunisia
* [[Parliament of Uganda|Parliament]] of Uganda
* [[National Assembly of Zambia|National Assembly]] of Zambia

=====Asia=====
* [[Leadership Council of Afghanistan|Leadership Council]] of Afghanistan<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Seth G. |title=Afghanistan's Future Emirate? The Taliban and the Struggle for Afghanistan |journal=CTC Sentinel |volume=13 |issue=11 |url=https://ctc.usma.edu/afghanistans-future-emirate-the-taliban-and-the-struggle-for-afghanistan/ |access-date=2 November 2022 |publisher=[[Combating Terrorism Center]]}}</ref>
* [[National Assembly of Armenia|National Assembly]] of Armenia{{NoteTag|Geographically a part of Asia but geopolitically a part of Europe.}}
* [[National Assembly of Azerbaijan|National Assembly]] of Azerbaijan{{NoteTag|Transcontinental country.|name="TC"}}
* [[Jatiya Sangsad]] of Bangladesh
* [[Legislative Council of Brunei|Legislative Council]] of Brunei
* [[National People's Congress]] of the People's Republic of China
* [[National Parliament of East Timor|National Parliament]] of East Timor
* [[Parliament of Georgia|Parliament]] of Georgia{{NoteTag|name="TC"}}
* [[Islamic Consultative Assembly (Iran)|Islamic Consultative Assembly]] of Iran
* [[Knesset]] of Israel
* [[Supreme People's Assembly]] of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)
* [[National Assembly of South Korea|National Assembly]] of the Republic of Korea (South Korea)
* [[National Assembly of Kuwait|National Assembly]] of Kuwait
* [[Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan|Supreme Council]] of Kyrgyzstan
* [[National Assembly of Laos|National Assembly]] of Laos
* [[Parliament of Lebanon|Parliament]] of Lebanon
* [[State Great Khural]] of Mongolia
* [[Palestinian Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] of Palestine
* [[Consultative Assembly of Qatar|Consultative Assembly]] of Qatar
* [[Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia|Consultative Assembly]] of Saudi Arabia (most powers are reserved for the [[King of Saudi Arabia|King]])
* [[Parliament of Singapore|Parliament]] of Singapore
* [[Parliament of Sri Lanka|Parliament]] of Sri Lanka
* [[Parliament of Syria|Parliament]] of Syria
* [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Grand National Assembly]] of Turkey{{NoteTag|name="TC"}}
* [[National Assembly of Vietnam|National Assembly]] of Vietnam

=====Europe=====
* [[Parliament of Albania|Kuvendi]] of Albania
* [[National Assembly of Bulgaria|National Assembly]] of Bulgaria
* [[Sabor]] of Croatia
* [[Folketing]] of Denmark
* [[Riigikogu]] of Estonia
* [[Parliament of Finland|Parliament]] of Finland
* [[Hellenic Parliament|Parliament]] of Greece
* [[National Assembly of Hungary|National Assembly]] of Hungary
* [[Althing]] of Iceland
* [[Saeima]] of Latvia
* [[Landtag of Liechtenstein|Landtag]] of Liechtenstein
* [[Seimas]] of Lithuania
* [[Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg|Chamber of Deputies]] of Luxembourg
* [[Parliament of Malta|Parliament]] of Malta
* [[Parliament of the Republic of Moldova|Parliament]] of Moldova
* [[National Council of Monaco|National Council]] of Monaco
* [[Parliament of Montenegro|Parliament]] of Montenegro
* [[Assembly of North Macedonia|Assembly]] of North Macedonia
* [[Storting]] of Norway
* [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]] of Portugal
* [[Grand and General Council]] of San Marino
* [[National Assembly of Serbia|National Assembly]] of Serbia
* [[National Council of the Slovak Republic|National Council]] of Slovakia
* [[Riksdag]] of Sweden
* [[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine
* [[Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State|Pontifical Commission]] for Vatican City

=====North America=====
* [[Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica|Legislative Assembly]] of Costa Rica
* [[National Assembly of People's Power]] of Cuba
* [[House of Assembly of Dominica|House of Assembly]] of Dominica
* [[Legislative Assembly of El Salvador|Legislative Assembly]] of El Salvador
* [[Congress of Guatemala|Congress]] of Guatemala
* [[National Congress of Honduras|National Congress]] of Honduras
* [[National Assembly of Nicaragua|National Assembly]] of Nicaragua
* [[National Assembly of Panama|National Assembly]] of Panama
* [[House of Assembly of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|House of Assembly]] of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

=====Oceania=====
* [[Parliament of the Cook Islands|Parliament]] of the Cook Islands
* [[Parliament of Fiji|Parliament]] of Fiji
* [[House of Assembly of Kiribati|House of Assembly]] of Kiribati
* [[Legislature of the Marshall Islands|Legislature]] of the Marshall Islands
* [[Parliament of Nauru|Parliament]] of Nauru
* [[New Zealand Parliament|Parliament]] of New Zealand
* [[Niue Assembly|Assembly]] of Niue
* [[National Parliament of Papua New Guinea|National Parliament]] of Papua New Guinea
* [[Legislative Assembly of Samoa|Legislative Assembly]] of Samoa
* [[National Parliament of Solomon Islands|National Parliament]] of Solomon Islands
* [[Legislative Assembly of Tonga|Legislative Assembly]] of Tonga
* [[Parliament of Tuvalu|Parliament]] of Tuvalu
* [[Parliament of Vanuatu|Parliament]] of Vanuatu

=====South America=====
* [[National Assembly (Ecuador)|National Assembly]] of Ecuador
* [[National Assembly of Guyana|National Assembly]] of Guyana
* [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress of the Republic]] of Peru
* [[National Assembly of Suriname|National Assembly]] of Suriname

===Territorial===
* [[House of Assembly of the British Virgin Islands|House of Assembly]] of the British Virgin Islands
* [[Legislative Assembly of the Cayman Islands|Legislative Assembly]] of the Cayman Islands
* [[Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands|Legislative Assembly]] of the Falkland Islands
* The [[Løgting]] of the Faroe Islands
* [[Gibraltar Parliament|Parliament]] of Gibraltar
* [[Inatsisartut]] of Greenland
* [[Legislature of Guam|Legislature]] of Guam
* [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] of Hong Kong
* [[Legislative Assembly of Macau|Legislative Assembly]] of Macao
* [[Tobago House of Assembly|House of Assembly]] of Tobago
* [[Legislature of the Virgin Islands|Legislature]] of the U.S. Virgin Islands

===State parliaments with limited recognition===
* [[People's Assembly of Abkhazia|People's Assembly]] of Abkhazia
* [[National Assembly (Artsakh)|National Assembly]] of the Republic of Artsakh
* [[Assembly of Kosovo|Assembly]] of Kosovo
* [[Assembly of the Republic (Northern Cyprus)|Assembly of the Republic]] of Northern Cyprus
* [[Sahrawi National Council|National Council]] of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
* [[Parliament of South Ossetia|Parliament]] of South Ossetia
* [[Legislative Yuan]] of the Republic of China (Taiwan){{NoteTag|The [[Constitution of the Republic of China|original constitution]] is partially superseded by the [[Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China|additional articles]] only on Taiwan which replaced the tricameral parliament into a unicameral one. A [[sunset clause]] in the additional articles will terminate them in the event of a hypothetical resumption of ROC rule in Mainland China.}}
* [[Supreme Council (Transnistria)|Supreme Council]] of Transnistria

===Subnational===

====Federations====
* All legislatures and legislative councils of the [[communities, regions, and language areas of Belgium|regions and communities]] of Belgium
* All legislative assemblies in all states of Brazil
* All [[Legislative Assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories|legislative assemblies]] of the [[provinces and territories of Canada|provinces and territories]] of Canada
* All [[Landtag]]e of the [[states of Germany|states]] of Germany
* All legislative assemblies of the [[states and federal territories of Malaysia|states]] of Malaysia
* All legislatures in all states of Mexico
* All legislatures of the [[Provinces of Nepal|provinces]] in Nepal
* All legislatures of the [[administrative units of Pakistan|provinces and territories]] in Pakistan
* The [[Nebraska Legislature|legislature]] of the [[U. S. state|state]] of Nebraska, and [[Council of the District of Columbia|council]] of the District of Columbia in the [[United States]]
* [[Parliament of Queensland|Parliament]] of Queensland and the [[parliaments of the Australian states and territories|legislative assemblies]] of the [[states and territories of Australia|territories]] of Australia (but not the other states)
* [[Provincial legislature (South Africa)|Provincial legislatures]] of the [[provinces of South Africa|provinces]] of South Africa
* [[National Assembly of the Republic of Srpska|Narodna skupština]] of Republika Srpska

[[File:Legislaturas provinciales de Argentina.png|upright|thumb|[[List of provincial legislatures in Argentina|Provincial legislatures in Argentina]]]]

* 15 of the [[provinces of Argentina|provinces]] of Argentina – Chaco, Chubut, Córdoba, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Misiones, Neuquén, Río Negro, San Juan, Santa Cruz, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego, Tucumán, and the autonomous city of Buenos Aires.
* 22 of the [[states and union territories of India|states]] of India – [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Goa]], [[Gujarat]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Kerala]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Odisha]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Sikkim]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Tripura]], [[Uttarakhand]], and [[West Bengal]]; and 3 of the [[union territories]] – [[Delhi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].

====Devolved governments====
* Iraqi Kurdistan [[Iraqi Kurdistan Parliament|Parliament]]
* [[Northern Ireland Assembly]]
* [[Scottish Parliament]]
* [[Senedd]] (Welsh Parliament)
* Parliaments of the [[autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous communities]] of Spain
* All [[regional council (France)|regional councils]] of France
* Bangsamoro [[Bangsamoro Parliament|Parliament]]
* All [[oblasts of Ukraine|Oblast Councils]] of Ukraine
* City and County Councils of the [[administrative divisions of Taiwan|special municipalities, provincial cities, and counties]] of the Republic of China (Taiwan)

====Others====
* [[Elections in China#Local People's Congresses|Local People's Congresses]] of all levels of provinces, regions, and municipalities of the People's Republic of China
* [[Palestinian National Council|National Council]] of the Palestine Liberation Organization

==List of historical unicameral legislatures==

===National===
* The [[First Protectorate Parliament]] and [[Second Protectorate Parliament]] of the [[Kingdom of England]], regulated by the [[Instrument of Government]] (dissolved)
* [[Parliament of Scotland|Parliament]] of the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] until 1707 (dissolved)
* [[Congress of the Confederation]] was unicameral before being replaced in 1789 by the current, bicameral United States Congress.
* [[Provisional Congress of the Confederate States|Provisional Congress]] of the Confederate States was unicameral before being replaced by the bicameral Confederate States Congress in 1862.
* [[Congress of Deputies (Spain)|Congress of Deputies]] of [[Second Spanish Republic]] was unicameral between 1931 and 1936. Dissolved at the end of [[Spanish Civil War]]
* The [[Parliament of Uzbekistan]] was unicameral before being replaced in 2005 by the current, bicameral [[Oliy Majlis]].
* [[National Assembly (Cameroon)|National Assembly]] of [[Cameroon]] was unicameral before being replaced in 2013 by the current, bicameral Parliament of Cameroon.
* [[Chamber of Deputies (Equatorial Guinea)|Chamber of People's Representative]] of [[Equatorial Guinea]] was unicameral before being replaced in 2013 by the current, bicameral Parliament of Equatorial Guinea.
* [[National Assembly (Kenya)|National Assembly]] of [[Kenya]] was the country's unicameral legislature before becoming the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Kenya in 2013.
* [[National Assembly (Ivory Coast)|National Assembly]] of [[Ivory Coast]] was the country's unicameral legislature before becoming the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Ivory Coast in 2016.
* [[Central Indonesian National Committee|Central National Committee]] and the [[Provisional People's Representative Council]] of [[Indonesia]] was the unicameral legislature of the Republic of Indonesia during the [[Indonesian National Revolution|War of Independence]] and the [[liberal democracy period in Indonesia|Liberal democracy era]].

===Subnational===
* [[Georgia General Assembly|General Assembly]] of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] until 1789
* [[Pennsylvania General Assembly|General Assembly]] of [[Pennsylvania]] until 1790
* [[Vermont General Assembly|General Assembly]] of [[Vermont]] until 1836

===Other===
* [[Assembly of Representatives (Mandatory Palestine)|Assembly of Representatives]] of [[Yishuv]] community in [[Mandatory Palestine]] from 1920 to 1949

==Unicameralism in the Philippines==
Though the current [[Congress of the Philippines]] is bicameral, the country experienced unicameralism in 1898 and 1899 (during the [[First Philippine Republic]]), from 1935 to 1941 (the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Commonwealth]] era) and from 1943 to 1944 (during the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines|Japanese occupation]]). Under the 1973 Constitution, the legislative body was called [[Batasang Pambansa]], which functioned also a unicameral legislature within a [[parliamentary system]] (1973-1981) and a [[semi-presidential system]] (1981-1986) form of government.

The ongoing process of amending or revising the [[1987 Constitution|current Constitution]] and form of government is popularly known as [[Charter Change]]. A shift to a unicameral parliament was included in the proposals of the constitutional commission created by President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.concom.ph/proposals/ |title=Constitutional Commission proposals |publisher=Concom.ph |access-date=2013-11-26}}</ref> Unlike in the United States, senators in the [[Senate of the Philippines]] are elected not per district and state but nationally; the [[Philippines]] is a [[unitary state]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Softrigger Interactive |url=http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/a6.asp |title=Philippines : Gov.Ph : About the Philippines |access-date=2013-11-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225020806/http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/a6.asp |archive-date=February 25, 2008}}</ref> The Philippine government's decision-making process, relative to the United States, is more rigid, highly centralised, much slower and susceptible to [[political gridlock]]. As a result, the trend for unicameralism as well as other political system reforms are more contentious in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.concom.ph/news/oct192005whychange.php |title=Why Change? |publisher=Concom.ph |access-date=2013-11-26 |archive-date=2006-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818155246/http://www.concom.ph/news/oct192005whychange.php |url-status=dead}}</ref>

While Congress is bicameral, all local legislatures are unicameral: the [[Bangsamoro Parliament]], the [[Sangguniang Panlalawigan]] (Provincial Boards), [[Sangguniang Panlungsod]] (City Councils), [[Sangguniang Bayan]] (Municipal Councils), [[Sangguniang Barangay]] ([[Barangay]] Councils), and the [[Sangguniang Kabataan]] (Youth Councils).

==Unicameralism in the United States==
The [[Nebraska Legislature]] (also called the Unicameral) is the supreme legislative body of the state of Nebraska and the only unicameral state legislature in the United States. Its members are called "senators", as it was originally the upper house of a bicameral legislature before the Nebraska House of Representatives dissolved in 1937. The legislature is also notable for being nonpartisan and officially recognizes no party affiliation, making Nebraska unique among U.S. states. With 49 members, it is also the smallest legislature of any U.S. state.

A 2018 study found that efforts to adopt unicameralism in Ohio and Missouri failed due to rural opposition.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Myers |first=Adam S. |title=The Failed Diffusion of the Unicameral State Legislature, 1934–1944 |journal=Studies in American Political Development |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=217–235 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X18000135 |s2cid=150363451 |issn=0898-588X}}</ref> There was a fear in rural communities that unicameralism would diminish their influence in state government.<ref name=":0" />

Local government legislatures of counties, cities, or other political subdivisions within states are usually unicameral and have limited lawmaking powers compared to their state and federal counterparts.

Some of the 13 colonies which became independent, such as [[Pennsylvania#Governance|Pennsylvania]], [[New Jersey#Government and politics|New Jersey]] and [[New Hampshire#Law and government|New Hampshire]] had initially introduced strong unicameral legislature and (relatively) less powerful governors with no veto power. Pennsylvania's constitution lasted only 14 years. In 1790, conservatives gained power in the state legislature, called a new constitutional convention, and rewrote the constitution. The new constitution substantially reduced universal male suffrage, gave the governor veto power and patronage appointment authority, and added an upper house with substantial wealth qualifications to the unicameral legislature. [[Thomas Paine]] called it a constitution unworthy of America.

In 1999, Governor [[Jesse Ventura]] proposed converting the [[Minnesota Legislature]] into a single chamber.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/199904/29_kastem_uni/ |title=One People – One House |publisher=News.minnesota.publicradio.org |access-date=2013-11-26}}</ref> Although debated, the idea was never adopted.

Seven U.S. states, [[Arizona Legislature|Arizona]], [[Idaho Legislature|Idaho]], [[Maryland General Assembly|Maryland]], [[New Jersey Legislature|New Jersey]], [[North Dakota Legislative Assembly|North Dakota]], [[South Dakota State Legislature|South Dakota]], and [[Washington State Legislature|Washington]], effectively have two-house unicamerals. In these states, districts in the upper house and the lower house are combined into a single constituency, a practice known as [[nesting (voting districts)|nesting]].

The [[territories of the United States|U.S. territory]] of [[Puerto Rico]] held a non-binding [[Puerto Rican unicameralism referendum|referendum in 2005]]. Voters approved changing its [[Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico|Legislative Assembly]] to a unicameral body by 456,267 votes in favor (83.7%) versus 88,720 against (16.3%).<ref>{{cite web |title=Referéndum sobre el Sistema Cameral |url=http://168.62.166.179/referendum2005/ |publisher=Comisión Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico}}</ref> If both the territory's [[Puerto Rico House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[Puerto Rico Senate|Senate]] had approved by a {{frac|2|3}} vote the specific amendments to the [[Puerto Rico Constitution]] that are required for the change to a unicameral legislature, another referendum would have been held in the territory to approve such amendments. If those constitutional changes had been approved, Puerto Rico could have switched to a unicameral legislature as early as 2015.

On June 9, 2009, the [[Maine House of Representatives]] voted to form a unicameral legislature, but the measure did not pass the Senate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/bills/bills_124th/billpdfs/HP100001.pdf |title=RESOLUTION, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of Maine To Establish a Unicameral Legislature |access-date=2013-11-26}}</ref>

Because of [[legislative gridlock]] in 2009, former Congressman [[Rick Lazio]], a prospective candidate for governor, has proposed that [[New York (state)|New York]] adopt unicameralism.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/14/opinion/14lazio.html One for All], [[Rick Lazio]], ''New York Times'', July 14, 2009</ref>

The United States as a whole was subject to a unicameral Congress during the years 1781–1788, when the [[Articles of Confederation]] were in effect. The [[Confederate States of America]], pursuant to its Provisional Constitution, in effect from February 8, 1861, to February 22, 1862, was governed by a unicameral Congress.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_csapro.asp |title=Avalon Project - Confederate States of America - Constitution for the Provisional Government |website=avalon.law.yale.edu}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{National unicameral legislatures}}
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{{National bicameral legislatures}}
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[[Category:Legislatures]]
[[Category:Unicameral legislatures| ]]

Pritilata Waddedar

2022-07-07T01:21:56Z

AvijitDas2003:

{{Short description|Indian revolutionary nationalist }}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pritilata Waddedar
| native_name = {{lang|bn|প্রীতিলতা ওয়াদ্দেদার}}
| image = Original Archived photo of Pritilata Waddedar.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1911|5|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Dhalghat, [[Patiya]], [[Chittagong]], [[Bengal Presidency]], {{nowrap|[[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Bangladesh]])}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1932|9|24|1911|5|5|df=yes}}<ref name="Kalpana Dutt 1979 53">{{cite book |author=Kalpana Dutt |year=1979 |title=Chittagong Armoury raiders: reminiscences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcoBAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Peoples' Pub. House |page=53}}</ref>
| death_place = Chittagong, Bengal Presidency, British India
| death_cause = Suicide by consuming [[potassium cyanide]]
| father = Jagabandhu Waddedar
| mother = Pratibha Devi
| relatives = [[Ash Sarkar]] (great-great-niece)
| known_for = Pahartali European Club attack (1932)
| alma_mater = [[Bethune College]]
| other_names = Rani (nickname)
| occupation = School teacher
| nationality = Indian (British India)
}}
{{Anushilan Samiti}}
'''Pritilata Waddedar''' (5 May 1911 – 24 September 1932)<ref name="Kalpana Dutt 1979 53">{{cite book |author=Kalpana Dutt |year=1979 |title=Chittagong Armoury raiders: reminiscences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcoBAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Peoples' Pub. House |page=53}}</ref><ref name="Pritilata's 100th birthday today">{{cite news |title=Pritilata's 100th birthday today |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=184343 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref> was an Indian [[Revolutionary nationalism|revolutionary nationalist]] from the [[Indian subcontinent]] who was influential in the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name="Pritilata Waddedar (1911-1932)">{{cite news|title=Pritilata Waddedar (1911–1932) |url=http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=51162&date=2012-01-25 |newspaper=News Today |access-date=18 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126141408/http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=51162&date=2012-01-25 |archive-date=26 January 2012 }}</ref><ref name="After 80 yrs, posthumous degrees for revolutionaries">{{cite news |title=After 80 yrs, posthumous degrees for revolutionaries |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/After-80-yrs-posthumous-degrees-for-revolutionaries/articleshow/12364819.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref> After completing her education in [[Chittagong]] and [[Dhaka]], she attended [[Bethune College]] in [[Kolkata]]. She graduated in [[philosophy]] with distinction and became a school teacher. She is praised as "Bengal's first woman martyr".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/8-reasons-it-s-time-bollywood-made-a-biopic-on-pritilata-waddedar-bengal-s-first-woman-martyr-250573.html |title= 8 Facts About Pritilata Waddedar - Bengal's First Woman Martyr|work= The Times of India|access-date=14 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangladeshpost.net/posts/pritilata-waddedar-bengal-s-first-woman-martyr-451 |title= Pritilata Waddedar: Bengal's First Woman Martyr |website=Bangladesh Post |access-date= 14 March 2022}}</ref>

Pritilata joined a revolutionary group headed by [[Surya Sen]]. She is known for leading fifteen revolutionaries in the 1932 armed attack<ref>{{cite book |author=Geraldine Forbes |author-link=Geraldine Forbes |year=1999 |title=Women in Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&pg=PA140 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |volume=IV.2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=140–141 |isbn=978-0-521-65377-0}}</ref> on the Pahartali European Club,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr98/fe0898/f1808989.html |title=Remembering the Legendary Heroes of Chittagong |publisher=NIC |access-date=6 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clatgyan.com/downloads/Independence-CLATGyan.pdf |title=Indian Independence |access-date=5 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119062342/http://www.clatgyan.com/downloads/Independence-CLATGyan.pdf |archive-date=19 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> during which one person was killed and eleven injured. The revolutionaries torched the club and were later caught by the [[Indian Imperial Police|colonial police]]. Pritilata committed suicide by [[Cyanide poisoning|cyanide]]. However, her suicide was preplanned and not to evade arrest.
{{Contradictory inline}} She had a suicide note or a letter with her, where she had penned down the objectives of the Indian Republican Army, Chittagong Branch. In the letter, along with the names of Masterda Surya Sen and Nirmal Sen, she had also mentioned about her experience of meeting Ramkrishna Biswas a number of times in the Alipore Central Jail. Ramkrishna Biswas was waiting his execution by hanging by the British and Pritilata used to meet him in the alias of his cousin sister. <ref>{{cite book |author=Craig A. Lockard |title=Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History: Since 1750 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVvnrsaIgA8C&pg=PA699 |publisher=Cengage Learning |pages=699– |isbn=978-1-4390-8534-9 |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref>

== Early life ==
[[File:MatriculationPritilata.jpg|thumb|left|Matriculation examination certificate of Pritilata]]

Pritilata was born in a middle-class [[Vaidya Brahmin]] family on 5 May 1911<ref>{{Cite web |title=8 Facts About Pritilata Waddedar - Bengal's First Woman Martyr |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/8-reasons-it-s-time-bollywood-made-a-biopic-on-pritilata-waddedar-bengal-s-first-woman-martyr-250573.html |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="A fearless female freedom-fighter">{{cite news |title=A fearless female freedom-fighter |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/rising/2004/09/05/switch.htm |work=Rising Stars |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref> in Dhalghat village in Patiya ''upazila'' of [[Chittagong]] (now in Bangladesh).<ref>{{cite news |title=Pritilata's birth anniversary observed at CU |url=http://www.newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2012-05-06http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newagebd.com%2Fdetail.php%3Fdate%3D2012-05-06&nid=9340%23.UQfx-33LdRx |url-status=dead |newspaper=New Age |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129160031/http://www.newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2012-05-06http://www.newagebd.com/detail.php%3Fdate=2012-05-06&nid=9340%23.UQfx-33LdRx |archive-date=29 January 2013 |access-date=19 December 2012}}</ref> ''Waddedar'' was a title conferred to an ancestor of the family who originally had the surname Dasgupta. Her father Jagabandhu Waddedar was a clerk in the Chittagong Municipality.<ref name="Pritilata Waddedar (1911-1932)" /> Her mother Pratibhamayi Devi was a housewife.<ref name="Agnijuger Agnikanya Pritilata">{{cite news |title=Agnijuger Agnikanya Pritilata |url=http://blog.bdnews24.com/ruman11/15681 |newspaper=BDNews |language=bn |access-date=19 December 2012}}</ref> The couple had six children – Madhusduan, Pritilata, Kanaklata, Shantilata, Ashalata and Santosh. Pritilata was nicknamed Rani.<ref name="Agnijuger Agnikanya Pritilata" /> Jagabandhu tried to arrange the best possible education for their children.<ref name="The Fire-Brand Woman Of Indian Freedom Struggle." /> He got Pritilata admitted in [[Dr. Khastagir Government Girls' School]] of Chittagong. Pritilata was a meritorious student.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pritilata|year=2008|publisher=Prometheus er pothe|page=15|language=bn}}</ref> A teacher in the school, whom students affectionately used called ''Usha Di'', used stories of [[Rani Lakshmibai]] to inspire nationalism in her students. [[Kalpana Datta]], a classmate of Pritilata, writes in the biography ''Chittagong Armoury Raiders''– "We had no clear idea in our school days about our future. Then the Rani of Jhansi fired our imagination with her example. Sometimes we used to think of ourselves as fearless...".<ref>{{cite book |author=Kalpana Dutt |year=1979 |title=Chittagong Armoury raiders: reminiscences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcoBAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Peoples' Pub. House |page=46}}</ref> Arts and literature were Pritilata's favourite subjects.<ref>{{cite book |author=Manini Chatterjee |year=1999 |title=Do and die: the Chittagong uprising, 1930–34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQhuAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Penguin Books |page=180 |isbn=978-0-14-029067-7}}</ref> She passed out of Dr. Khastagir Government Girls' School in 1928 and in 1929, got admitted to the [[Eden Girls' College, Bangladesh|Eden College]], [[Dhaka]]. In the Intermediate examinations, she stood first among all students who appeared in that year's examination from the Dhaka Board.<ref name=Banglapedia/><ref name="The Fire-Brand Woman Of Indian Freedom Struggle.">{{cite web |url=http://www.towardsfreedom.in/site/Pritilata_Waddedar |title=The Fire-Brand Woman Of Indian Freedom Struggle. |publisher=Towards Freedom |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref> As a student in Eden College, she participated in various social activities. She joined the group ''Sree Sangha'', headed by [[Leela Nag]], under the banner ''Deepali Sangha'' (''Dipali Sangha)''.<ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite book |last=Amin |first=Sonia |year=2012 |chapter=Waddedar, Pritilata |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Waddedar,_Pritilata |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

=== In Calcutta ===
To pursue higher education, Pritilata went to Calcutta (now Kolkata) and got admitted to the [[Bethune College]]. Two years later, she graduated in philosophy from the college with a distinction.<ref>{{cite book |author=S. S. Shashi |year=1996 |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wv0vAQAAIAAJ |publisher=Anmol Publications |page=135 |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7}}</ref> However, her degree was withheld by the [[Calcutta University]] administration. In 2012, she (and [[Bina Das]]) were conferred their certificates of merit posthumously.<ref name="After 80 yrs, posthumous degrees for revolutionaries" />

=== As a school teacher ===
After completing her education in Calcutta, Pritilata returned to Chittagong. In Chittagong, she took up the job of headmistress at a local English medium secondary school called Nandankanan Aparnacharan School.<ref name=Banglapedia/><ref name="The Fire-Brand Woman Of Indian Freedom Struggle." /><ref>{{cite news |title=CCC plans to house 2 girls' schools in commercial complex |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=73697 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref>

== Revolutionary activities ==

=== Joining Surjo Sen's revolutionary group ===
{{quote box |quote = "Pritilata was young and courageous. She would work with a lot of zeal and was determined to drive the British away."
|source ='''Binod Bihari Chowdhury''', a contemporary revolutionary<ref name="A Long Walk to Freedom" /> |align = right |width = 35% |border =
|fontsize = |bgcolor = #c6dbf7}}
Pritilata decided to join the Indian independence movement. Surjo Sen had heard about her and wanted her to join their revolutionary group.<ref name="A Long Walk to Freedom">{{cite news |title=A Long Walk to Freedom |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2010/02/03/cover.htm |work=Star Weekend Magazine |publisher=The Daily Star |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref> On 13 June 1932, Pritilata met Surjo Sen and Nirmal Sen in their Dhalghat camp.<ref name="Agnijuger Agnikanya Pritilata" /> A contemporary revolutionary, [[Binod Bihari Chowdhury]], objected that they did not allow women to join their group. However, Pritalata was allowed to join the group because the revolutionaries reasoned that women transporting weapons would not attract as much suspicious as men.<ref name="A Long Walk to Freedom" />

=== Inspiration from Ramkrishna Biswas ===
Surjo Sen and his revolutionary group decided to kill Mr. Craig, Inspector General of Chittagong. [[Ramakrishna Biswas]] and Kalipada Chakravarty were assigned for this task. But they mistakenly killed SP of Chandpur and Tarini Mukherjee instead of Craig. Ramakrishna Biswas and Kalipada Chakravarty were arrested on 2 December 1930.<ref>{{cite book |author=Reva Chatterjee |year=2000 |title=Netaji Subhas Bose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6Dw3W9ubLkC&pg=RA2-PT151 |publisher=Ocean Books |pages=2– |isbn=978-81-87100-27-0}}</ref> After the trial Biswas was ordered to be hanged until death and Chakravarty to be [[exile]]d to [[Cellular Jail]].<ref name="Sonali Swapno" />

The family and friends lacked the amount of money required to travel to Chittagong to Alipore Jail of Calcutta. Since at that time Pritilata was staying in Kolkata, she was asked to go to [[Alipore Jail]] and meet Ramkrishna Biswas.<ref name="Sonali Swapno" />

=== Activities in Surjo Sen's group ===
Along with the revolutionary group of Surjo Sen, Pritilata took part in many raids like attacks on the Telephone & Telegraph offices<ref name="A fearless female freedom-fighter" /> and the capture of the reserve police line. In the Jalalabad battle, she took the responsibility to supply explosives to the revolutionaries.<ref name="Pritilata Waddedar (1911-1932)" />

=== Pahartali European Club attack (1932) ===
[[File:Euclub.jpg|thumb|The Pahartali European Club (shown here in 2010) was torched by the group of revolutionaries]]
In 1932, Surjo Sen planned to attack the Pahartali European Club which had a signboard that read "Dogs and Indians not allowed".<ref>{{cite news |title=80th death anniversary of Pritilata observed |url=http://www.newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2012-09-25&nid=24889%23.UfIdvWfancc |url-status=dead |newspaper=New Age |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130725180819/http://www.newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2012-09-25&nid=24889%23.UfIdvWfancc |archive-date=25 July 2013 |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref> Surjo Sen decided to appoint a woman leader for this mission. Kalpana Datta was arrested seven days before the event. Because of this, Pritilata was assigned the leadership of the attack. Pritilata went to Kotowali Sea Side for arms training and made the plan of their attack there.<ref name="The Fire-Brand Woman Of Indian Freedom Struggle." />

They decided to attack the club on 24<ref name="Kalpana Dutt 1979 53">{{cite book |author=Kalpana Dutt |year=1979 |title=Chittagong Armoury raiders: reminiscences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcoBAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Peoples' Pub. House |page=53}}</ref> September 1932. The members of the group were given [[potassium cyanide]] and were told to swallow it if they were caught.<ref name=Banglapedia/>

On the day of the attack, Pritilata dressed herself as a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] male. Her associates Kalishankar Dey, Bireshwar Roy, Prafulla Das, Shanti Chakraborty wore ''[[dhoti]]'' and shirt. Mahendra Chowdhury, Sushil Dey and Panna Sen wore ''[[lungi]]'' and shirt.<ref name="Sonali Swapno" />

They reached the club at around 10:45 PM and launched their attack. There were around 40 people inside the club then. The revolutionaries divided themselves into three separate groups for the attack; the building was set alight before they started shooting into it. In the club, a few police officers who had revolvers started shooting. Pritilata incurred a single bullet wound. According to the police report, in this attack, one woman with a surname of Sullivan died and four men and seven women were injured.<ref name="Sonali Swapno" />
[[File:Sahid Srimati Pritilata Waddedar.jpg|thumb|Sahid Srimati Pritilata Waddedar]]

== Death ==
[[File:EuclubattackFolok.jpg|thumb|In this place Pritilata committed suicide. Now there is a plaque in her memory]]
An injured Pritilata was trapped by the [[Indian Imperial Police|colonial police]].<ref name="Pritilata Waddedar (1911-1932)" /> She swallowed cyanide to avoid getting arrested.<ref name="A Long Walk to Freedom" /> The next day, the police found her body and identified her. On searching her dead body, the police found a few leaflets, photograph of Ramkrishna Biswas, bullets, whistle and the draft of their plan of attack. During the [[post-mortem]] it was found that the bullet injury was not very serious and that cyanide poisoning was the cause of her death.<ref name="Sonali Swapno">{{cite book|last=Pal|first=Rupamay|title=Surjo Sener Sonali Swapno|year=1986|publisher=Deepayan|location=Kolkata|page=162}}</ref>

The chief secretary of Bengal sent a report to British authorities in London. In the report it was written that Pritilata:<ref>''Fortnightly Reports on Bengal'', for the second half of September 1932, GOI Home Poll F. No. 18/1932 as quoted in {{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Manini |year=1999 |title=Do and Die: the Chittagong uprising, 1930-34 |publisher=Penguin Books |page=284 |isbn=978-0-330-53629-5}}</ref>
{{blockquote|had been closely associated with, if not actually the mistress of, the terrorist Biswas who was hanged for the murder of Inspector Tarini Mukherjee, and some reports indicate that she was the wife of Nirmal Sen who was killed while attempting to evade arrest at Dhalghat, where Captain Cameron fell.}}

== Influence ==
[[File:Pritilata Half statue.jpg|thumb|200px|A bust of Waddedar at Pritilata Waddedar primary school, Chittagong]]
Bangladeshi writer [[Selina Hossain]] calls Pritilata an ideal for every woman.<ref>{{cite news |title=Contribution of Pritilata recalled |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=188097 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref> A trust named ''Birkannya Pritilata Trust'' (''Brave lady Pritilata Trust'') has been founded in her memory. Pritilata's birthday is celebrated by the trust in different places of Bangladesh and India every year. The trust considers her to be "a beacon of light for women".<ref>{{cite news |title=A beacon of light for women |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=251218 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref> The last end of Sahid Abdus Sabur Road to Mukunda Ram Hat of Boalkhali upazila in Chittagong has been named as Pritilata Waddedar Road.<ref>{{cite news |title=Road named after Pritilata in Ctg |url=http://www.thenewnationbd.com/newsdetails.aspx?newsid=4347 |newspaper=The New Nation |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203234257/http://www.thenewnationbd.com/newsdetails.aspx?newsid=4347 |archive-date=3 February 2013 |access-date=18 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2012, a bronze sculpture of Pritilata Waddedar was erected in front of the Pahartali Railway School, adjacent to the historical European Club.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pritilata's bronze sculpture to be installed in port city |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=252027 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=20 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pritilata's memorial sculpture unveiled in Ctg |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=252261 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=20 August 2015}}</ref>

Waddedar's great-grandniece is British journalist and activist, [[Ash Sarkar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/feb/05/relatives-terrorist-past-women-politic-british-bengal|title=My great-great-aunt was a terrorist: women's politics went beyond the vote|last=Sarkar|first=Ash|work=The Guardian|access-date=12 July 2018|language=en}}</ref>

===Legacy===
* [[Pritilata Waddedar Mahavidyalaya]], a degree college at [[Panikhali]] in [[Nadia district]].
* Pritilata Shaheed Minar
* Pritilata Hall, [[University of Chittagong]]
* Pritilata Hall, [[Jahangirnagar University]]
* Pritilata Waddedar Primary School, Chittagong
* Pritilata Chhatrinivas, a girl's hostel of [[Kalyani Government Engineering College]], Nadia, West Bengal
* Khantura Pritilata Shiksha Niketan (Boys' (H.S.), Girls' (H.S.) and Primary section), three schools, Gobardanga, West Bengal, India
* Pritilata Waddedar hall of residence (girls hostel) in [[National Institute of Technology, Durgapur]] , West Bengal, India

=== In popular media ===
* 2010 Bollywood movie ''[[Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey]]'' was based on Chittagong Uprising where [[Vishakha Singh]] played the character of Pritilata.<ref>{{cite news |title=Young rebels |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/young-rebels/451001/ |newspaper=Business Standard |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The veer Konna of Chittagong |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101201/jsp/entertainment/story_13240594.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131506/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101201/jsp/entertainment/story_13240594.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |newspaper=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota |access-date=19 December 2012}}</ref>
* In 2012, the Hindi film [[Chittagong (film)|Chittagong]] was released based on the uprising. [[Vega Tamotia]] played the role of Waddedar.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/manoj-bajpayee-back-in-the-limelight/640489/ |title=Manoj Bajpayee, back in the limelight |magazine=Screen India |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910203026/http://www.screenindia.com/news/manoj-bajpayee-back-in-the-limelight/640489/ |archive-date=10 September 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In 2018, [[Kiran Sonia Sawar]] delivered a monologue Waddedar in 'Pritilata', a short film in the BBC series "[[Snatches: Moment's From Women's Lives]]" to mark the hundredth anniversary of women's suffrage and as part of the 'Hear Her' season. The film was written by [[Tanika Gupta]]
* A Bangladeshi film is in production starring [[Pori Moni]] .

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Pritilata.jpg|Statue at Maidan, [[Kolkata]]
File:Bust of Pritilata Waddedar.JPG|Bust of Pritilata
File:Pritilata Shohid Minar.jpg|Pritilata Shohid Minar
File:Pritilata Hall at University of Chittagong (04).jpg|Pritilata Hall, [[University of Chittagong]]
File:Pritilata-hallju.jpg|Pritilata Hall, [[Jahangirnagar University]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Khudiram Bose]]
* [[Jatindra Nath Das]]
* [[Huangpu Park|Myth of "No dogs or Chinese allowed" plaque in Shanghai]]
* [[Algerian War#Algerian Nationalism|''No dogs or Muslims'' poster in Algeria]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book |author=Kalpana Dutt |year=1979 |title=Chittagong Armoury raiders: reminiscences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcoBAAAAMAAJ |publisher=People's Pub. House}}

{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Waddedar, Pritilata}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1932 suicides]]
[[Category:1932 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Bengali activists]]
[[Category:Bethune College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:People from Chittagong]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Suicides by cyanide poisoning]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Suicides in India]]
[[Category:Eden Mohila College alumni]]
[[Category:Surya Sen]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Female revolutionaries]]