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Saeed Kashani

2026-05-05T15:19:08Z

Averma: creating a data...

{{Short description|Pakistani male field hockey players}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Saeed Kashani سعید کاشانی
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 26 January 1947
| birth_place = [[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = 27 June 2025
| death_place = [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]] Nationalities held: {{flagicon|Britain}} [[British Indian]] (1946-1947) {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistani]] (1947-2025)
| height =
| weight =
| position = Centre-forward
| currentclub =
| years1 = 1963-64
| clubs1 = [[Pakistan International Airlines|PIA]]
| years2 = 1964-76
| clubs2 = [[Pakistan Customs]]
| nationalyears1 = 1967-69
<ref>{{Cite book|title=Glory & Agony of Pakistan Hockey|last=Khan|first=Sardar|publisher=Hasanzai Publications, F-106, Block No.2, Khalid bin Waleed Road, PECHS, Karachi|year=|isbn=|edition=1st|location=Karachi, Pakistan|language=English|page=175}}</ref>| nationalteam1 = [[Pakistan men's national field hockey team|Pakistan]]
| nationalcaps1 = 10
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| updated = 10 December 2025
}}
'''Saeed Kashani''' (Urdu: سعید کاشانی ) (26 January 1946 – 27 June 2025) was a Pakistani former international field hockey player.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phf.com.pk/int_record.php |title=279 Players who represented Pakistan national team in international hockey |publisher=Pakistan Hockey Federation website |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030206033223/http://www.phf.com.pk/int_record.php |archivedate=6 February 2003|accessdate=27 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=پاکستان ہاکی: 20 ویں صدی میں|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=znbaAAAAMAAJ&q=Sardar+Khan+%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86+%DB%81%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C:+20+%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%BA+%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C+%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA|last=Khan|first=Sardar|publisher=Hasanzai Publications, F-106, Block No.2, Khalid bin Waleed Road, PECHS, Karachi|date=15 February 2000|isbn=|edition=1st|location=Karachi, Pakistan|language=Urdu|page=134}}</ref> He played 10 international field hockey matches for Pakistan during 1960s. He was younger brother of former Pakistan field hockey centre-forward Olympian [[Abdul Waheed (field hockey)|Abdul Waheed]].<ref>https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/936927-a-hockey-genius-departs</ref>

==Start of hockey==
After migration from [[India]], his family settled in [[Karachi]]'s Pir Ilahi Bakhsh Colony. He got his early education at the Model School of [[Karachi]]'s Pakistan Chowk. He got opportunity to play from the school team. Later, he also captained the school team. He also continued playing from the Model Hockey Club. After school, he took admission in city's Islamia College. He became captain of the Islamia College hockey team in 1963. Soon, he started playing for Karachi Zone. He brought a number of successes for the college team. Later, he joined two top field hockey teams of the country one after another namely [[Pakistan International Airlines|PIA]] (1963) and [[Pakistan Customs]] (1964). He continued to play for the Pakistan Customs till 1976.

==Selection to Pakistan hockey team==
Kashani was first called to the national training camp in 1964. He was included in the Multan Zone field hockey team to play against the visiting [[Japan men's national field hockey team|Japan]] in [[Multan]] in April 1964. He also scored a goal in this match. His selection to [[Pakistan men's national field hockey team]] only came after the retirement of his elder brother [[Abdul Waheed (field hockey)|Abdul Waheed]] since both of them played on the same position (centre-forward). He was first selected to the national team to play against the visiting teams of [[Netherlands men's national field hockey team|Netherlands]] in February 1967 and [[Australia men's national field hockey team|Australia]] in October 1967. Then he played in pre-Olympics festival in [[London]] in October 1967.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Twenty Years of Sports in Pakistan|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yExXAAAAMAAJ&q=twenty+years+of+sports+in+pakistan|last=Bhatti|first=Mukhtar|publisher=Pakistan Publications|year=1967|isbn=|edition=1st|location=Karachi, Pakistan|language=English|pages=307–308}}</ref> He was also member of Pakistan hockey team which played in pre-Olympics hockey festival in [[Lahore]], Pakistan in January 1968. Two months later, he was member of the Pakistan team which took part in the Nairobi International Tournament in [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Twenty Years of Sports in Pakistan|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yExXAAAAMAAJ&q=twenty+years+of+sports+in+pakistan|last=Bhatti|first=Mukhtar|publisher=Pakistan Publications|year=1967|isbn=|edition=1st|location=Karachi, Pakistan|language=English|page=309}}</ref><ref>https://jeeveypakistan.com/archives/218808</ref> He was replaced as centre-forward in the Pakistan field hockey team by [[Abdul Rashid (field hockey, born 1947)|Rashid Junior]]. Still, Kashani was included in the Pakistan team for Lahore International Tournament held in March 1969 and to play against the visiting [[Argentina men's national field hockey team|Argentina]] field hockey team later in the year.

==Memorable match==
The memorable match of his life came at
[[Lord's]], [[London]] on 21 October 1967. This was a match between India and Pakistan during the Pre-Olympic Hockey Tournament in London. Pakistan beat India by one goal to zero. The goal was scored by left-fullback [[Tariq Aziz (field hockey, born 1938)|Tariq Aziz]] on a penalty corner. This was Pakistan's first victory against India after the 1962 Asian Games hockey final. Pakistan team consisted of these players: [[Zakir Hussain (field hockey)|Zakir Hussain]], [[Riaz ud-Din (field hockey)|Riazuddin]], [[Tariq Aziz (field hockey, born 1938)|Tariq Aziz]], [[Muhammad Rashid (field hockey, born 1941)|Rashid Senior]], [[Saeed Anwar (field hockey)|Saeed Anwar]], [[Fazalur Rehman (field hockey)|Fazalur Rehman]], [[Khalid Mahmood (field hockey)|Khalid Mahmood]], [[Tariq Niazi]] (he played right-in in this match), Saeed Kashani, [[Muhammad Asad Malik]] and [[Jahangir Butt]].<ref>
https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/field-hockey-match-between-indian-and-pakistan-at-stock-video-footage/mr_00103145</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashani, Saeed}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Karachi]]
[[Category:Pakistani men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:People from Barwani district]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani sportsmen]]

Living Smile Vidya

2026-04-26T22:44:37Z

Averma: Put Up Pg...

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Living Smile Vidya
| image = Living_smile_Vidya_Profile.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|03|25}}
| occupation = Actor, writer, transgender rights activist
}}

'''Living Smile Vidya''', or '''Smiley''', is an Indian actress, assistant director, writer, and trans and Dalit rights activist<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/Despair-before-hope/article16448484.ece|title=Despair before hope|last=Rao|first=Subha J.|date=2016-11-15|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-17|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> from [[Chennai]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://orinam.net/living-smile-vidya-wins-charles-wallace-2013-scholarship/|title=Living Smile Vidya wins Charles Wallace 2013 scholarship|date=2013-05-06|website=Orinam|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/transgender-woman-opens-home-chennai-flood-affected-36561|title=Transgender woman opens up home for Chennai flood-affected|last=Das|first=Monalisa|date=December 4, 2015|website=The News Minute|access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref> Her autobiography 'I am Vidya' has been translated into seven languages and made into a feature film that won several National Film Awards.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> She also made history as the first trans woman in India to have her chosen gender identity reflected in her passport.<ref name=":3" />

== Early life ==
She described her family as belonging to the [[Arunthatiyar]] caste in Andhra Pradesh, migrating to Chennai several generations ago. Her mother, a [[Dalit]] woman, worked as a street cleaner, in addition to domestic work.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://sanhati.com/excerpted/6051/|title=(Trans)gender and caste lived experience – Transphobia as a form of Brahminism: An Interview of Living Smile Vidya|website=sanhati.com|access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref> As a child, she described herself as being "a woman in my heart…even as I was being given male privilege.…I was mistaken to be male and couldn’t yet articulate that I was a girl and so I was educated much more than my sisters." In a 2013 interview, Smiley traces the roots of her public art and activism to her realization that "since all women get oppressed under patriarchy, and trans women and dalit women through the combined might of patriarchy with casteism and transphobia, I might as well have a loud mouth and be assertive than take everything silently – to be a strong but silent woman was not enough."<ref name=":5" />

Vidya holds a master's degree<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bgdblog.org/2015/09/an-interview-with-panmai-a-trans-and-caste-oppressed-theatre-troupe-from-india/|title=An Interview with Panmai, A Trans and Mixed-Caste Theatre Troupe from India|last=Ahmad|first=Asam|date=2015-09-28|website=BGD|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref> from [[Tamil University|Tanjavur Tamil University]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/trans-indians-beg-for-mercy-killings-rather-than-lives-of-discrimination/|title=Trans Indians beg for mercy killings rather than lives of discrimination|date=2015-09-07|work=Gay Star News|access-date=2017-04-15|language=en-GB|archive-date=16 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416132521/http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/trans-indians-beg-for-mercy-killings-rather-than-lives-of-discrimination/|url-status=dead}}</ref> in applied linguistics. In a 2014 interview, she said "while doing my post-graduation at university, I spent most of the time in the Theater Department rather than my Linguistics Department…So I was able to do a couple of plays."<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://theheroines.blogspot.com/2014/03/interview-with-living-smile-vidya.html|title=The Heroines of My Life: Interview with Living Smile Vidya|last=Kowalska|first=Monika|date=2014-03-02|website=The Heroines of My Life|access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref>

After she moved away from [[Thanjavur]], she begged for a living.<ref name=":4" /> After [[Sex reassignment surgery|gender-reassignment surgery]], she settled in Tamil Nadu, where she began her career working for two years at a rural bank in [[Madurai]], and got involved with theatre.<ref name=":4" />

== Film and theatre ==
[[File:Living Smile Vidya in theater.jpg|thumb|Living Smile Vidya in a theatrical performance]]
Smiley has been described as the first full-time trans theater actress in India, participating in over twenty performances with at least nine directors.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://drambedkarbooks.com/2015/04/21/dalit-history-month-inspirational-living-smile-vidya/|title=Dalit History Month – Inspirational Living Smile Vidya|date=2015-04-21|website=Dr. B. R. Ambedkar's Caravan|language=en|access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref> According to ''Orinam'', Smiley known for her acting if Srijith Sundaram's Kattiyakkaari production ''Molagapodi''.<ref name=":0" />

She has acted in several short films, including ''Kandal Pookkal'' and ''500 & 5'', and in documentary films ''Aghrinaigal'' and ''Butterfly''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindulfl.com/living-smile-vidya|title=Living Smile Vidya — Artist|website=The Hindu Lit for Life|language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-15|archive-date=16 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416130159/http://www.thehindulfl.com/living-smile-vidya|url-status=dead}}</ref> She acted in [[Leena Manimekalai]]'s 2017 film ''Is it Too Much to Ask?'', where she plays a trans woman seeking housing in Chennai, but facing discrimination; the film, a mix of fiction and documentary, was based in part on her own extensive experiences with housing discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/859489/two-transwomen-in-chennai-go-looking-for-a-house-to-rent-is-it-too-much-to-ask-is-aptly-named|title=Two transwomen in Chennai go looking for a house to rent. 'Is it Too Much To Ask? is aptly named|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|website=Scroll.in|date=28 November 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/transwoman-and-activist-living-smile-vidya-talks-about-the-experience-of-watching-her-life-unfold-in-the-national-awardwinning-naan-avanalla-avalu/article7827107.ece|title=Her life on screen|last=Rao|first=Subha J.|date=2015-10-31|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-03-09|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In addition to theater, Smiley has worked as a clown,<ref name=":8" /> and described her experience as a dancer as being an important part of her journey as a trans woman.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/246235139|title=EF_FEMININITY - dancer profile: Living Smile Vidya|last1=Schwald|first1=Marcel|last2=Leuenberger|first2=Chris|website=Vimeo|date=7 December 2017}}</ref>

She has also worked as an [[Assistant director|Assistant Director]] in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam movies]].

In 2013, Smiley was awarded a scholarship by the Charles Wallace India Trust to pursue theatre in the UK.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/transcending-odds-she-is-set-to-study-theatre-in-london/article5463278.ece|title=Transcending odds, she is set to study theatre in London|last1=Sujatha|first1=R.|date=2013-12-16|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-03-09|last2=Sangameswaran|first2=K. T.|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She spent six months of theater training at the [[London International School of Performing Arts]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7" />

In 2014, Smiley co-founded the [[Panmai]] theatre troupe in [[Tamil Nadu]], along with fellow trans activists Angel Glady and Gee Imaan Semmalar, inspired in part by cultural groups she saw in London.<ref name=":2" /> Panmai's productions included ''Colour of Trans 2.0'', which has been performed in India and the United States.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150912/lifestyle-booksart/article/living-trans|title=Living in a trans|last=Sarkar|first=Shreya|date=2015-09-12|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref>

In 2019, she performed her piece, ''Scars'', in Switzerland. The piece touches on the mental and physical scars that associated with having her male body blend into her feminine identity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://derbund.ch/articles/22127277|title=Verdiene ich diese Narben?|last=Feuz|first=Gisela|date=January 30, 2019|work=[[Der Bund]]|access-date=2019-03-09|language=de|issn=0774-6156}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rabe.ch/2019/01/30/living-smile-vidya-bei-schamlos/|title=Living Smile Vidya bei "Schamlos"|website=Radio Bern RaBe|date=30 January 2019 |language=de-DE|access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref>

== Activism ==
The [[Dalit History Month]] project describes Living Smile Vidya as "the first trans person [in India] to have her chosen gender identity reflected in her passport."<ref name=":3" /> She burned her hard-earned identity cards in protest against the Trans Bill 2026.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHQ-k1BjDcs |title=I am burning my indian IDs to Reject Trans Bill 2026 |date=2026-03-26 |last=Living Smile She sie elle |access-date=2026-04-01 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

Smiley has engaged in activism rooted in Dalit and trans communities, and has been critical of [[Varna (Hinduism)|savarna]] transgender people who claim to represent her entire community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/lgbtqia/caste-religion-hijra-community|title=Caste and Religion Create Barriers Within the Hijra Community|website=The Wire|access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref>

She was one of several trans people who approached the Madras High Court asking for a 3% reservation under a new category. “When parents see a transgender child," she said, "they think of begging or sex work as their future. How will they accept their own children if these are their only options?”<ref name=":3" /> In a 2013 interview, she said "We need reservation on the basis of gender, not caste. But it has to be more complex. But I definitely do not want to be OBC. And you will understand why as a Dalit, I do not want to come under the OBC category of all things! Puttings transgenders under a oppressed caste category erases the caste privileges that savarna transgenders have. It is better for us to have caste and gender based reservation so that Dalit women and Dalit transgenders get representation. Otherwise reservation will only benefit savarna transgenders and dalit men."

Smiley reports receiving death threats for her activism around caste starting in 2014 or 2015; her subsequent application for asylum in Switzerland was denied.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/you-re-educated-safe-india-swiss-officials-reject-chennai-trans-woman-s-asylum-86074|title='You're educated, safe in India': Swiss officials reject Chennai trans woman's asylum|last=Mantri|first=Geetika|date=August 6, 2018|website=The News Minute|access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jansatta.com/trending-news/transgender-theatre-activist-living-smile-vidya-application-rejected-by-an-asylum-in-switzerland-after-getting-threats-for-her-views-on-caste-and-brahminism/731765/|title=भारत छोड़ना चाहती है यह किन्नर एक्टिविस्ट, पर स्विजरलैंड ने नहीं दी शरण|date=2018-08-07|website=Jansatta|language=hi|access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref>

== Autobiography and film ==
Smiley's autobiography ''I Am Vidya''<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adSfAAAAQBAJ&q=i+am+vidya|title=I Am Vidya: A Transgender's Journey|last=Vidya|first=Living Smile|date=2014-11-01|publisher=Rupa Publications|isbn=9788129123985|language=en}}</ref> was written in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and translated into seven languages, including [[English language|English]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and [[Kannada]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> She was the subject of the award-winning [[Kannada]] film ''[[Naanu Avanalla...Avalu]]'', based on her autobiography of the same name.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/transwoman-and-activist-living-smile-vidya-talks-about-the-experience-of-watching-her-life-unfold-in-the-national-awardwinning-naan-avanalla-avalu/article7827107.ece|title=Her life on screen|last=Rao|first=Subha J|date=31 October 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=13 February 2019|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vidya, Living Smile}}
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Transgender women writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian transgender actresses]]
[[Category:Indian transgender rights activists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian transgender writers]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Women autobiographers]]

2017 ICC Champions Trophy final

2026-04-22T08:18:54Z

Averma: created a pg w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox limited overs final
| title = 2017 ICC Champions Trophy Final
| image =File:2017 ICC Champions Trophy final official programme.png
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Match programme cover
| event = [[2017 ICC Champions Trophy]]
| team1 = [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]]
| team1flag = {{flagicon|PAK|size=40px}}
| team1score = 338/4
| team1overs = 50
| team2 = [[India national cricket team|India]]
| team2flag = {{flagicon|IND|size=40px}}
| team2score = 158
| team2overs = 30.3
| rain =
| details = Pakistan won by 180 runs
| date = 18 June 2017
| stadium = [[The Oval]]
| city = [[London]]
| man_of_the_match = [[Fakhar Zaman (cricketer)|Fakhar Zaman]] (Pak)
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| attendance = 26,000
| previous = [[2013 ICC Champions Trophy final|2013]]
| next = [[2025 ICC Champions Trophy final|2025]]
}}
The final of the [[2017 ICC Champions Trophy]] was played on 18 June 2017 between [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] and [[India national cricket team|India]] at [[The Oval]] in [[London]], to determine the winner of the eighth edition of the [[ICC Champions Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-vs-bangladesh-flawless-india-set-up-champions-trophy-2017-final-against-pakistan-4706010/|title=Flawless India set up Champions Trophy 2017 final against Pakistan|work=The Indian Express|author1=Aditya Ramesh|date=15 June 2017|access-date=15 June 2017}}</ref> Pakistan qualified for the final by defeating the hosts [[England cricket team|England]] by 8 wickets in the first semi-final at [[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Cardiff]] in [[Wales]] on 14 June, and reached their maiden Champions Trophy final.<ref name=ESPN>{{cite web|title=Hasan Ali stars as Pakistan crush England to reach final|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1103388.html|access-date=15 June 2017|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=14 June 2017|author1=David Hopps}}</ref> India, the [[2013 ICC Champions Trophy final|defending champions]], came into the final by defeating [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] by 9 wickets in the second semi-final at [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Birmingham]] on 15 June, to reach their fourth Champions Trophy final, a record.<ref name=SF>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1103898.html|title=Dominant India march into yet another final|author1=Siddharth Monga|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=15 June 2017|access-date=15 June 2017}}</ref>

Pakistan won by 180 [[Run (cricket)|runs]], which was the largest margin of victory in the final of an ICC ODI tournament.<ref name="highest">{{cite news|title=Openers' dominance, and a new high for Pakistan |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-champions-trophy-2017/content/story/1104544.html |access-date=18 June 2017|work=ESPNcricinfo |date=18 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="pakwin">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2017/jun/18/pakistan-v-india-icc-champions-trophy-2017-final-live| title=Pakistan beat India by 180 runs to win ICC Champions Trophy 2017 final|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=18 June 2017|access-date=18 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1340320|title=Pakistan romp to historic win over arch-rivals India in thrilling Champions Trophy final|date=18 June 2017|work=Dawn|access-date=18 October 2017|language=en}}</ref> Pakistan, who were underdogs entering as the lowest-ranked team in the competition,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/icc-champions-trophy-2017/england-favourites-for-icc-champions-trophy-pakistan-underdogs-waqar-younis/story-3U0nm4SjrW5l2uH5SUjQZL.html|title=England favourites, Pakistan underdogs: Waqar Younis|date=6 June 2017|access-date=17 June 2017|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> became the seventh nation to win the Champions Trophy, and it was their first ICC [[One Day International|ODI]] tournament title since the [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992 World Cup]], as well as their latest ICC title in any format since the [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009 World Twenty20]]. [[Fakhar Zaman (cricketer)|Fakhar Zaman]] of Pakistan received the Man of the Match award for scoring 114.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/zaman-the-fauji-who-is-now-the-fakhar-of-pakistan-icc-champions-trophy-4710730/|title=Fakhar Zaman, the fauji who is now the pride of Pakistan|work=The Indian Express|date=18 June 2017}}</ref> [[Shikhar Dhawan]] of India received the Golden Bat award for scoring 338 runs in the tournament<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/icc-champions-trophy-2017-shikhar-dhawans-dazzling-run-wins-him-golden-bat-4710559/|title=Shikhar Dhawan's dazzling run gets him Golden Bat|work=The Indian Express|date=18 June 2017}}</ref> while [[Hasan Ali (cricketer)|Hasan Ali]] of Pakistan received the Golden Ball award for taking 13 [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|wickets]]; he was also adjudged the Man of the Series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/146284-hasan-ali-receives-player-of-the-tournament-golden-ball-on-outstanding-performance|title=Hasan Ali bags Golden Ball, Man of the Series for outstanding performances|date=18 June 2017|work=Geo TV}}</ref>

The match is estimated to have been watched by 400 million viewers, becoming the third most-watched game in cricketing history.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/19660717/billion-people-watch-champions-trophy-final|title=Will a billion people watch the Champions Trophy final?|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=17 June 2017|access-date=18 October 2017|first=Tim|last=Wigmore}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{See also|India–Pakistan cricket rivalry}}
Pakistan and India share a historical rivalry in [[cricket]]. Prior to this match, the two sides had played 128 times against each other in [[One Day International|ODIs]], where Pakistan won 72 matches, India won 52 matches and four matches ended with no result.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;opposition=7;team=6;template=results;type=team|title=Statistics/Statsguru/One-Day Internationals/Team records|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref> While Pakistan have had the upper hand bilaterally, India enjoyed an edge in global ICC tournaments where they won 13 times against Pakistan, and Pakistan won twice against India.<ref name="Rajesh"/> The two sides met only twice before in the finals of global tournaments: the non-ICC [[World Championship of Cricket#Final|World Championship of Cricket Final]] in 1985 and the [[2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final]], both won by India.<ref name="Rajesh"/>

Prior to this match, the teams had met four times in the Champions Trophy and had two victories each. Pakistan's [[2009 ICC Champions Trophy#Group A|last win was in 2009]]; since then, India won seven games against Pakistan across all ICC tournaments consecutively although India lost the home series in 2012<ref name="Rajesh">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-champions-trophy-2017/content/story/1104280.html|title=India's top three v Pakistan's pace|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=17 June 2017|access-date=26 June 2017|first=S.|last=Rajesh}}</ref> Their most recent clash was on 4 June 2017, during the group stages of the ongoing Champions Trophy where India won by 124 runs (D/L method).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1022353.html|title=ICC Champions Trophy, Group B: India v Pakistan at Birmingham, Jun 4, 2017|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=4 June 2017|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref> Much of the pre-match analysis envisioned a strong contest between India's [[Batting (cricket)|batting]] lineup and Pakistan's [[Bowling (cricket)|bowling]] side, both of which were considered the strengths of their respective teams and remained formidable in this tournament.<ref name="Rajesh"/>

== Road to the final ==
{{Further|2017 ICC Champions Trophy#Group B}}

=== Pakistan ===
Ranked eighth in the [[ICC ODI Championship]] at the start of the tournament, Pakistan started poorly, before improving progressively in each game. They lost to India in the first game by 124 runs,<ref name=INDvPak>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1101080.html |title=India thrash sloppy Pakistan by 124 runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=4 June 2017}}</ref> but then defeated top-ranked [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] by 19 runs by virtue of [[Duckworth–Lewis method]] in their next game.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1101745.html |title=Pakistan trip up South Africa to revive campaign |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 June 2017}}</ref> They gained momentum and beat [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] by 3 wickets in their final group game, a thrilling must-win encounter, and qualified for the semi-finals placed second in [[2017 ICC Champions Trophy#Group B|Group B]], behind India on [[net run rate]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1102966.html |title=Sarfraz sees shaky Pakistan into semi-finals |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=12 June 2017|date=12 June 2017}}</ref> In the semi-final, England with their undefeated run and home advantage were tipped firm favourites. However, Pakistan won comprehensively by 8 wickets with almost 13 [[Over (cricket)|overs]] to spare. This paved the road for Pakistan's first qualification to a Champions Trophy final.<ref name=ESPN/>

=== India ===
India came into the tournament as defending champions and favourites along with England, and were ranked third in the ICC ODI Championship. They beat arch-rivals Pakistan convincingly in their first group face-off, winning by 124 runs.<ref name=INDvPak /> They lost their second match to Sri Lanka by 7 wickets, despite posting a total of 321, in what turned out to be the highest successful run-chase in Champions Trophy history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1101967.html |title=Mendis, Gunathilaka anchor highest Champions Trophy chase to keep SL alive |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 June 2017}}</ref> India won their final group game, a must-win encounter against South Africa, comfortably by 8 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1102727.html |title=Disciplined India run dysfunctional South Africa out |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=11 June 2017}}</ref> They finished on top of [[2017 ICC Champions Trophy#Group B|Group B]] with two wins and a net run rate ahead of Pakistan. In the semi-final, India faced Bangladesh, and put in yet another dominating display, winning comfortably by 9 wickets and sealing a final with Pakistan.<ref name=SF/>

== Match details ==
=== Match officials ===
[[Marais Erasmus]] of South Africa and [[Richard Kettleborough]] of England were named as the [[Umpire (cricket)|on-field umpires]] for the final. They had both previously officiated in the semi-final matches of the tournament; Erasmus, in the England–Pakistan match, and Kettleborough, in the Bangladesh–India match.<ref>{{cite news|title=ICC Champions Trophy: Match officials for India vs Pakistan final announced|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/icc-champions-trophy-2017/icc-champions-trophy-match-officials-for-india-vs-pakistan-final-announced/story-kraYroDFNajyipugPm740O.html|access-date=17 June 2017|work=Hindustan Times|date=17 June 2017}}</ref> [[Rod Tucker]] of Australia and [[Kumar Dharmasena]] of Sri Lanka, who also officiated in the semi-finals as on-field umpires, were appointed as the [[Third umpire|TV umpire]] and reserve umpire respectively. [[David Boon]] of Australia was the [[match referee]], completing the five-member match official team.<ref>{{cite news|title=Erasmus, Kettleborough to umpire final|url=https://www.supersport.com/Cricket/champions-trophy/news/170616/Erasmus_Kettleborough_to_umpire_final|access-date=16 June 2017|publisher=supersport.com|date=16 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616162356/https://www.supersport.com/Cricket/champions-trophy/news/170616/Erasmus_Kettleborough_to_umpire_final|archivedate=16 June 2017}}</ref>

* On-field [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]]: [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
* [[Third umpire]]: [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
* [[Fourth umpire|Reserve umpire]]: [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL)
* [[Match referee]]: [[David Boon]] (Aus)

=== Toss ===
India remained unchanged from the side that played the semi-final, while Pakistan brought back their leading pacer [[Mohammad Amir]], who was ruled out of the semi-final against England due to back spasm and replaced [[Rumman Raees]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohammad Amir set to return for final|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1104201.html|access-date=19 June 2017|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=16 June 2017}}</ref> Indian captain [[Virat Kohli]] won the [[Toss (cricket)|toss]] and elected his side to field first, sending Pakistan in to bat.<ref name=CRICBUZZ>{{cite news|title=Fakhar Zaman, Mohammad Amir orchestrate Pakistan's Champions Trophy triumph|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/95296/fakhar-zaman-mohammad-amir-orchestrate-pakistans-champions-trophy-triumph|access-date=18 June 2017|work=Cricbuzz|date=18 June 2017}}</ref>

===Pakistan's innings===
The Pakistani [[Batting order (cricket)|opening]] pair, [[Azhar Ali]] and [[Fakhar Zaman (cricketer)|Fakhar Zaman]], put on 128 runs before Ali was [[run out]] for 59 runs off the last ball of the 22nd over. Zaman, who seemed to have been out for 3 runs, only for a [[no-ball]] by [[Jasprit Bumrah]] to save him, continued on his way to a 92-ball [[Century (cricket)|century]] – his first at ODI level – eventually falling to [[Hardik Pandya]] on the first ball of the 33rd over. He made 114 runs from 106 balls, which included twelve [[Boundary (cricket)|fours]] and three sixes. After his dismissal, the other Pakistani batsmen kept the score ticking over. [[Mohammad Hafeez]] plundered 57 not out from 37 balls, including four fours and three sixes. Pakistan eventually finished on 338/4 – their second-highest ODI score against India – after 50 overs. [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] was the pick of the Indian bowlers, finishing with 1/44 from 10 overs (including two maidens).<ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 June 2017 |title=Zaman's maiden ton propels Pakistan to 338 |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/95293/zamans-maiden-ton-propels-pakistan-to-338 |website=Cricbuzz}}</ref><ref name=CRICBUZZ/>

===India's innings===
India started poorly, losing two early wickets to [[Mohammad Amir]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/icc-champions-trophy-2017/mohammad-amir-times-virat-kohli-s-dismissal-perfectly-in-champions-trophy-final/story-lxu2nT75PvTS8ZBF5asTGL.html|title=Mohammad Amir times Virat Kohli's dismissal perfectly in Champions Trophy final|work=Hindustan Times|date=19 June 2017|access-date=24 July 2017|first=Soumitra|last=Bose}}</ref> Off the third ball of the game, [[Rohit Sharma]] was out [[leg before wicket]] for a three-ball [[Duck (cricket)|duck]]. In the third over, Virat Kohli was dropped in the slips for just five runs but caught on the next ball by [[Shadab Khan]] at [[Point (cricket)|point]].<ref name=CRICBUZZ/> Their poor form continued until, in the middle of the innings, [[Hardik Pandya]] and [[Ravindra Jadeja]] managed a rapid 80-run partnership prior to Pandya being run-out. However this was India's only batting highlight as the tail was quickly dismissed and India were all out after 30.3 overs, not even managing half of Pakistan's total.<ref name="Fernando">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-champions-trophy-2017/content/story/1104414.html|title=New champions: Zaman, Amir and Pakistan raze India for title|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=18 June 2017|access-date=20 June 2017|first=Andrew Fidel|last=Fernando}}</ref> India lost by a massive 180 runs.

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 18 June
| time = 10:30
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 338/4 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Fakhar Zaman (cricketer)|Fakhar Zaman]] 114 (106)
| wickets1 = [[Kedar Jadhav]] 1/27 (3 overs)
| score2 = 158 (30.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 76 (43)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Amir]] 3/16 (6 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 180 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1022375.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[The Oval]], [[London]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Fakhar Zaman (cricketer)|Fakhar Zaman]] (Pak)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Fakhar Zaman (cricketer)|Fakhar Zaman]] (Pak) scored his first century in an ODI.<ref name="highest"/>
*''Pakistan won the ICC Champions Trophy for the first time.''<ref name="highest"/>
*''Pakistan's total was their highest in any ICC tournament final.''<ref name="highest"/>
*''The margin of victory was the largest in any ICC ODI tournament final in terms of runs.''<ref name="highest"/>
}}

===Scorecard===

'''Source:<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 June 2017 |title=IND vs PAK Cricket Scorecard, Final at London, June 18, 2017 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2017-1022345/india-vs-pakistan-final-1022375/full-scorecard |work=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref>'''

{{Cricket match batting box begin|title={{cr|Pakistan}} innings}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Azhar Ali]]|status= run out (†Dhoni/Bumrah)|runs=59|balls=71|4s=6|6s=1|strike_rate=83.09}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Fakhar Zaman (cricketer)|Fakhar Zaman]]|status=c Jadeja b Pandya |runs=114|balls=106|4s=12|6s=3|strike_rate=107.54}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Babar Azam]]|status=c Yuvraj b Jadhav|runs=46|balls=52|4s=4|6s=0|strike_rate=88.46}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shoaib Malik]]|status=c Jadhav b Kumar|runs=12|balls=16|4s=0|6s=1|strike_rate=75.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Mohammad Hafeez]]|status=not out|runs=57|balls=37|4s=4|6s=3|strike_rate=154.05}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Imad Wasim]]|status=not out|runs=25|balls=21|4s=1|6s=1|strike_rate=119.04}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Sarfraz Ahmed]] *{{dagger}}|status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Mohammad Amir]]|status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shadab Khan]]|status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Hasan Ali (cricketer)|Hasan Ali]]|status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Junaid Khan (cricketer)|Junaid Khan]]|status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=Extras|status=(lb 9; w 13; nb 3)|runs=25|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player='''Total'''|status=('''4 wickets'''; 50 overs)|runs='''338'''|balls=|4s=27|6s=9|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

'''Fall of wickets:''' 1/128 (Azhar, 22.6 ov), 2/200 (Fakhar, 33.1 ov), 3/247 (Malik, 39.4 ov), 4/267 (Babar, 42.3 ov)

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title={{cr|India}} bowling}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]|overs=10|maiden=2|runs=44|wickets=1|econ=4.40|wides=1|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Jasprit Bumrah]]|overs=9|maiden=0|runs=68|wickets=0|econ=7.55|wides=5|no-balls=3}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Ravichandran Ashwin]]|overs=10|maiden=0|runs=70|wickets=0|econ=7.00|wides=4|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Hardik Pandya]]|overs=10|maiden=0|runs=53|wickets=1|econ=5.30|wides=1|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Ravindra Jadeja]]|overs=8|maiden=0|runs=67|wickets=0|econ=8.37|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Kedar Jadhav]]|overs=3|maiden=0|runs=27|wickets=1|econ=9.00|wides=2|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

{{Cricket match batting box begin|title={{cr|India}} innings}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Rohit Sharma]]|status= lbw b Amir|runs=0|balls=3|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shikhar Dhawan]]|status= c †Sarfraz b Amir|runs=21|balls=22|4s=4|6s=0|strike_rate=95.45}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Virat Kohli]] *|status= c Shadab b Amir|runs=5|balls=9|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=55.55}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Yuvraj Singh]]|status= lbw b Shadab|runs=22|balls=31|4s=4|6s=0|strike_rate=70.96}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[MS Dhoni]] {{dagger}}|status= c Wasim b Hasan|runs=4|balls=16|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=25.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Kedar Jadhav]]|status= c †Sarfraz b Shadab|runs=9|balls=13|4s=2|6s=0|strike_rate=69.23}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Hardik Pandya]]|status= run out (Hafeez/Hasan)|runs=76|balls=43|4s=4|6s=6|strike_rate=176.74}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Ravindra Jadeja]]|status= c Babar b Junaid|runs=15|balls=26|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=57.69}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Ravichandran Ashwin]]|status= c †Sarfraz b Hasan|runs=1|balls=3|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=33.33}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]|status= not out|runs=1|balls=8|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=12.50}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Jasprit Bumrah]]|status= c †Sarfraz b Hasan|runs=1|balls=9|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=11.11}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=Extras|status=(lb 2; w 1)|runs=3|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player='''Total'''|status=('''all out'''; 30.3 overs)|runs='''158'''|balls=|4s=14|6s=6|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

'''Fall of wickets:''' 1/0 (Sharma, 0.3 ov), 2/6 (Kohli, 2.4 ov), 3/33 (Dhawan, 8.6 ov), 4/54 (Yuvraj, 12.6 ov), 5/54 (Dhoni, 13.3 ov), 6/72 (Jadhav, 16.6 ov), 7/152 (Pandya, 26.3 ov), 8/156 (Jadeja, 27.3 ov), 9/156 (Ashwin, 28.1 ov), 10/158 (Bumrah, 30.3 ov)

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title={{cr|Pakistan}} bowling}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Mohammad Amir]]|overs=6|maiden=2|runs=16|wickets=3|econ=2.66|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Junaid Khan (cricketer)|Junaid Khan]]|overs=6|maiden=1|runs=20|wickets=1|econ=3.33|wides=1|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Mohammad Hafeez]]|overs=1|maiden=0|runs=13|wickets=0|econ=13.00|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Hasan Ali (cricketer)|Hasan Ali]]|overs=6.3|maiden=1|runs=19|wickets=3|econ=2.92|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Shadab Khan]]|overs=7|maiden=0|runs=60|wickets=2|econ=8.57|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Imad Wasim]]|overs=0.3|maiden=0|runs=3|wickets=0|econ=6.00|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Fakhar Zaman (cricketer)|Fakhar Zaman]]|overs=3.3|maiden=0|runs=25|wickets=0|econ=7.14|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

'''Key'''
* * [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
* {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]]
* c ''Fielder'' – Indicates that the batsman was dismissed by a catch by the named [[Fielding (cricket)|fielder]]
* b ''Bowler'' – Indicates which [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]] gains credit for the dismissal

==Aftermath==
The Pakistani team were greeted with a heroic welcome by fans upon their return home.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/content/story/1104845.html|title=Rapturous Pakistan greets its champions|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=20 June 2017|access-date=21 June 2017|first=Umar|last=Farooq}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] posted a congratulatory message on social media,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/393379-PM-President-felicitate-team-for-Champions-Trophy|title=PM, President felicitate team for Champions Trophy 2017 win|work=Dunya News|date=18 June 2017|access-date=21 June 2017}}</ref> and announced a cash reward of {{PKRConvert|1|c|nolink=y}} for each player.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/211830-PM-Nawaz-announces-Rs10mn-for-each-player-of-cricket-team|title=PM Nawaz announces Rs 10mn for each player of cricket team|work=The News|date=20 June 2017|access-date=21 June 2017}}</ref> A ceremony was held for the players at the [[Prime Minister's Secretariat (Pakistan)|Prime Minister's Secretariat]] on 4 July.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2017/07/nawaz-showers-praise-on-cricket-team-in-ceremony-held-at-pm-house/|title=Nawaz showers praise on cricket team in ceremony held at PM House|work=Samaa News|date=4 July 2017|access-date=5 July 2017}}</ref> The property developer [[Bahria Town]] presented a sum of {{PKRConvert|10|l}} for every player, and awarded a one [[Kanal (unit)|kanal]] plot to Fakhar Zaman for his performance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1438987/champions-trophy-final-bahria-town-give-10-kanal-plot-fakhar-zaman/|title=Champions Trophy final: Bahria Town to give one kanal plot to Fakhar Zaman|work=The Express Tribune|date=19 June 2017|access-date=21 June 2017}}</ref>

In India, the loss was met with agitation by several fans.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/sports/agitated-fans-break-tv-sets-burn-posters-at-india-s-loss-to-pakistan/video-BdT1bqbtKb0mtbHzMmfH4K.html|title=Agitated fans break TV sets, burn posters at India's loss to Pakistan|work=Hindustan Times|date=19 June 2017|access-date=21 June 2017}}</ref> However, many Indians also commended Pakistan's performance and expressed solidarity with the Indian team regardless of the result.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/india-vs-pakistan-how-bollywood-stars-and-team-india-fans-reacted-to-pakistans-win/articleshow/59212371.cms|title=India vs Pakistan: How Bollywood stars and team India fans reacted to Pakistan's win|work=Times of India|date=19 June 2017|access-date=21 June 2017}}</ref> In [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Kashmir]], widespread pro-Pakistan celebrations were reported amongst locals.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/icc-champions-trophy-2017/widespread-celebration-in-kashmir-after-pakistan-beats-india/story-1xL9RLS2o9WshVGBBcBzzO.html|title=Widespread celebration in Kashmir after Pakistan beats India|work=Hindustan Times|date=19 June 2017|access-date=21 June 2017|first=Toufiq|last=Rashid}}</ref> Twenty-one Indian men who were allegedly celebrating Pakistan's victory were charged under India's sedition laws, and remanded in custody.<ref>{{cite news|title=India's raucous democracy is becoming more subdued|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21723888-narendra-modis-government-extremely-sensitive-criticism-indias-raucous-democracy-becoming|access-date=23 June 2017|work=[[The Economist]]|date=23 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/21/world/asia/cricket-pakistan-india.html?mcubz=0|title=Police in India Arrest Fans Celebrating Pakistan's Victory|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 June 2017|access-date=26 June 2017|first=Hari|last=Kumar|first2=Nida|last2=Najar}}</ref> The charges were dropped a few days later after the complainants accused the police of filing a "false case".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ghatwai|first1=Milind|title=Madhya Pradesh police drops sedition charges against 15 men held for cheering Pakistan|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/madhya-pradesh-police-drops-sedition-charges-against-15-men-held-for-cheering-pakistan-4716210/|access-date=26 June 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=21 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ghatwai|first1=Milind|title=MP: 15 men accused of cheering for Pak were framed, says 'complainant'|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mp-15-men-accused-of-cheering-for-pak-were-framed-says-complainant-4720638/|access-date=26 June 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=24 June 2017}}</ref>

Two days after the match, India coach [[Anil Kumble]] stepped down from his position, amid reports of a rift between him and some of the players including captain Virat Kohli.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gollapudi|first1=Nagraj|title=Kumble resigns as partnership with Kohli becomes 'untenable'|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/1104895.html|access-date=22 June 2017|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gollapudi|first1=Nagraj|title=Kumble left after giving 'dressing-down' to player|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/1105125.html|access-date=22 June 2017|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=21 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=After rift, Team India skipper Virat Kohli deletes 'welcome' tweet for Anil Kumble|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/220617/after-rift-team-india-skipper-virat-kohli-deletes-welcome-for-ex-coach-anil-kumble.html|access-date=22 June 2017|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=22 June 2017}}</ref>

Pakistan's ICC team ranking for ODIs improved from eighth to sixth position, jumping ahead of Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. In the bowlers' rankings, Hasan Ali climbed 12 spots to reach seventh, while Babar Azam rose by three ranks to fifth on the batting rankings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/pakistan-rise-up-icc-odi-rankings-sixth-champions-trophy-final-india-australia-south-africa/2017-06-19|title=Rankings reward for rising Pakistan|work=Cricket.com.au|date=19 June 2017|access-date=21 June 2017|first=Louis|last=Cameron}}</ref>

In November 2017, [[Pakistan Post]] issued Rs. 10 [[commemorative postage stamps]] and [[souvenir sheet]] priced at Rs. 50 to mark the victory.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan Post issues commemorative stamps to honour Champions Trophy victory |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1367698 |work=Dawn|date=1 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Going postal over Pakistan's Champions Trophy triumph |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21260090/ |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=2 November 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final]]
* [[India v Pakistan (2011 Cricket World Cup)]]
{{Portal bar|Cricket|India|Pakistan}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{official website|http://www.icc-cricket.com/champions-trophy}}
*[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/1022345.html ICC Champions Trophy 2017] at [[ESPNcricinfo]]

{{Pakistan Squad 2017 ICC Champions Trophy}}
{{ICC Champions Trophy}}
{{International cricket in 2017}}

[[Category:2017 ICC Champions Trophy]]
[[Category:ICC Champions Trophy finals]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan cricket rivalry]]
[[Category:India in international cricket]]
[[Category:Pakistan in international cricket]]

Najma Akhtar

2026-04-20T05:29:54Z

Averma: Put Up New Post...

{{short description|Indian academic administrator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Najma Akhtar
| image = The President, Shri. Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Padma Shri Award to Najma Akhtar (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Akhtar in 2022
| order =
| office = 15th Vice-Chancellor of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
| term_start = 12 April 2019
| term_end = 12 November 2023
| chancellor = [[Najma Heptulla]] [[Mufaddal Saifuddin]]
| predecessor = [[Professor|Prof]]. [[Talat Ahmad]]
| successor = [[Mazhar Asif]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1953|11|13}}
| birth_place =
| spouse =
| official_residence =
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]] [[Kurukshetra University]]
| profession =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Najma Akhtar''' (born 1953) is an Indian academic and academic administrator. She served as the Vice Chancellor of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] from 12 April 2019 until 12 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamia Millia: Eqbal Hussain named Acting V-C as Najma Akhtar retires |url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/news/news/jamia-millia-eqbal-hussain-named-acting-v-c-as-najma-akhtar-retires-227837 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.punjabnewsexpress.com}}</ref> She is also the first woman to hold the post in JMI.<ref name=hst>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/professor-najma-akhtar-appointed-jamia-millia-s-first-woman-vice-chancellor/story-GbOEPKTxtSiDUTxuzj9vGJ.html|title=Professor Najma Akhtar appointed Jamia Millia's first woman vice-chancellor|work=Hindustan Times|author=Amandeep Shukla|date=12 April 2019|accessdate=13 April 2019}}</ref> In 2022, she was awarded with [[Padma Shri]] by the Government of India.<ref name=":0" />

==Education==
Akhtar was born in 1953.<ref name=who>{{cite web|url=http://www.okhlatimes.com/jamia-first-woman-v-c/|title=Who is Najma Akhtar, Jamia's first woman V-C?|date=11 April 2019|accessdate=3 May 2019|publisher=Okhla Times}}</ref> She studied at [[Aligarh Muslim University]], where she was a gold medalist and earned a [[National Science Talent Contest|National Science Talent]] Scholarship.<ref name=nie/> She has a PhD in education from [[Kurukshetra University]].<ref name=hst/><ref name=who/><ref name=news18>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/academician-najma-akhtar-appointed-first-woman-vice-chancellor-of-jamia-millia-islamia-2099015.html|title=Academician Najma Akhtar Appointed First Woman Vice-Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia|publisher=News18.com|date=11 April 2019|accessdate=3 May 2019}}</ref> She received a [[Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan|Commonwealth Fellowship]] to study University administration at the [[University of Warwick]] in the UK<ref name=news18/> and also trained at the International Institute of Educational Planning at Paris (France).

==Career==
Akhtar worked for fifteen years at the [[National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration]], leading courses for senior officials from 130 countries.<ref name=nie>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2019/apr/11/jamia-gets-its-first-woman-vice-chancellor-1963139.html|title=Jamia gets its first woman vice-chancellor|date=11 April 2019|access-date=3 May 2019|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> She established the first state-level management institute at [[Allahabad]] and was the Controller of Examination and Director of Academic Programs at Aligarh Muslim University.<ref name=nie/> She has been a consultant to [[UNESCO]], [[UNICEF]] and [[DANIDA]].<ref name=nie/><ref name=ndtv/>

In April 2019, the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] received approval from the [[President of India]], [[Ram Nath Kovind]], to appoint Akhtar as vice chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia for a five-year term or till attaining the age of 70 whichever is earlier and served their till 12 November 2023.<ref name=hst/><ref name=ndtv>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/professor-najma-akhtar-jamia-millia-islamia-jmi-gets-its-first-woman-vice-chancellor-2021764|title=Jamia Gets Its First Woman Vice-Chancellor|publisher=NDTV|date=11 April 2019|accessdate=3 May 2019|first=Shihabudeen|last=Kunju}}</ref> Akhtar has been an advocate for [[gender equity]]<ref name=nie/> and is known for leading teams of diverse cultural backgrounds.<ref name=who/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theindianawaaz.com/prof-najma-akhtar-appointed-as-first-lady-vc-of-jamia-millia-islamia/|work=The Indian Awaaz|title=Prof. Najma Akhtar appointed as first lady VC of Jamia Millia Islamia|date=12 April 2019|accessdate=3 May 2019}}</ref> She said her goal is to establish a medical college at Jamia during her tenure.<ref name=glass>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/jamia-millia-s-first-woman-vc-najma-akhtar-didn-t-aim-to-break-glass-ceiling-but-was-against-its-very-existence/story-AEWFp7xqbf7koQhfNrlQEJ.html|title=amia Millia's first woman VC Najma Akhtar didn't aim to break glass ceiling but was against its very existence|work=Hindustan Timesdate=13 April 2019|accessdate=3 May 2019}}</ref> Of her appointment as the first female vice chancellor in the university's 99-year history, she said, "My aim was not to break the glass ceiling but I was definitely against the glass ceiling. Why is it even there, if you hold the same educational qualifications and experience?"<ref name=glass/>

In 2022, Akhtar was awarded with [[Padma Shri]] by the Government of India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-26 |title=Jamia's First Female VC Najma Akhtar Selected for Padma Shri |url=https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/jamias-first-female-vc-najma-akhtar-selected-for-padma-shri-4698719.html |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> On 19 January 2023, she was conferred with the honorary rank of [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]] and appointed "Colonel Commandant" of Jamia Millia Islamia.<ref>{{cite web |title=JMI Vice Chancellor Prof. Najma Akhtar conferred Honorary Colonel rank in NCC |url=https://www.jmi.ac.in/upload/publication/pr1_English_2023January19.pdf |website=jmi.ac.in |access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akhtar, Najma}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jamia Millia Islamia]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Women academic administrators]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Bandhavgarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:41:42Z

Averma: created some details w/ sources

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bandhavgarh
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 89
| map_image = 89-Bandhavgarh.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Umaria district|Umaria]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shahdol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shahdol]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Shivnarayan Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Gyan Singh (Indian politician)|Gyan Singh]]
}}
'''Bandhavgarh''' is one of the 230 constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. It is a segment of [[Shahdol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shahdol]] [[Lok Sabha]] constituency.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=235}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Chhotelal<ref name=election1957>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3728-madhya-pradesh-1957/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Mishrilal<ref name=election1962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3729-madhya-pradesh-1962/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
| colspan="4"| ''1967-2008 : Constituency dissolved''
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| [[Gyan Singh (Indian politician)|Gyan Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2017^
|rowspan=3| [[Shivnarayan Singh]]
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|}
^ bypoll

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bandhavgarh<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Shivnarayan Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:89954}}
|percentage = 49.51
|change = +12.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Savitri Singh Dhurve
|votes = {{formatnum:66243}}
|percentage = 36.46
|change = +2.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Bala Singh Tekam
|votes = {{formatnum:16940}}
|percentage = 9.32
|change = +3.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3243}}
|percentage = 1.78
|change = -1.34
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:23711}}
|percentage = 13.05
|change = +10.63
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:181700}}
|percentage = 79.3
|change = +1.33
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bandhavgarh<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Shivnarayan Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:59158}}
|percentage = 36.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dhyan Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:55255}}
|percentage = 34.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Satilal Bega
|votes = {{formatnum:18663}}
|percentage = 11.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Ram Milan Baiga
|votes = {{formatnum:9854}}
|percentage = 6.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shivprasad Kol
|votes = {{formatnum:6936}}
|percentage = 4.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sapaks Party
|candidate = Saraju Kol
|votes = {{formatnum:2981}}
|percentage = 1.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5037}}
|percentage = 3.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3903}}
|percentage = 2.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:161370}}
|percentage = 77.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Bandhavgarh]]
* [[Umaria district]]
* [[Shahdol (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Umaria district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}

{{coord|23.77|81.02|display=title}}

[[Category:Umaria district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Areekkal Waterfalls

2026-04-14T06:48:28Z

Averma: created basic data initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{short description|Waterfalls in Kerala, India}}
{{Infobox waterfall
|name=Areekkal Waterfalls
|photo=Areekkal Waterfalls Koothattukulam 112553.jpg
|photo_caption=December 27, 2012
|location=[[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]], India
|coords={{Coord|9|55|6.6|N|76|32|13.8|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|elevation=
|type=
|height=
|height_longest=100 ft
|average_width=
|number_drops=
|average_flow=
|watercourse=
}}
{{Commonscat}}

'''Areekkal Waterfalls''' is located in [[Pampakuda]] around 35 kilometers away from the [[Ernakulam|Ernakulam main city]] on the [[Thodupuzha]]- Ernakulam road.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Areekkal Waterfalls {{!}} Tourist Places in Ernakulam {{!}} Top Waterfalls in Kerala |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/photo-gallery/areekkal-waterfalls-ernakulam/2668 |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en}}</ref>

==Overview==
Areekkal Waterfalls located in Pampakuda Panchayat of Ernakulam district which was not known much to tourists until earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |title=എറണാകുളത്തുണ്ടൊരു വെള്ളച്ചാട്ടം; എവിടെയാണെന്ന് അറിയാമോ? |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/travel/weekend-getaways/waterfall-other-than-athirappilly-waterfalls-for-weekend-destination-for-kochi-natives/articleshow/71644752.cms |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> It received attraction in 2014, after the [[Government of Kerala|Kerala government]] launched the Areekkal tourism development project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ഡെസ്ക് |first=വെബ് |date=2022-06-07 |title=അരീക്കൽ ഉദ്യാനം പദ്ധതിക്ക് തുടക്കം |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/local-news/ernakulam/--1021036 |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}</ref> It is located on the Piramadam-Vettimudu route and is around 100 feet in height with forest and rubber plantations in its background.<ref>{{Cite web |title=So close, yet so surreal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/jul/08/so-close-yet-so-surreal-2474068.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> It is one of the major domestic tourist destination in [[Pampakuda]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Areekkal waterfalls, an untouched and pristine tourist destination |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/nov/29/areekkal-waterfalls-an-untouched-and-pristine-tourist-destination-1714152.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The waterfall originates from Mannathur Hills in Tirumaradi Panchayat. It comes down from a height of more than 70 feet over the rocks. It falls on all three levels and there is a barricaded area built below the third level for travelers to access.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ചാട്ടം അത്ര പോര; അരീക്കൽ വെള്ളച്ചാട്ടം ശോഷിച്ചു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/ernakulam/2020/03/06/ernakulam-areekkal-waterfalls.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> Other notable places and tourist destinations near Areekkal falls are Kochareekkal caves, Mandalam Mount, Mayeeladam Para, Shoolam waterfall, Pazhur Padipura, [[Pazhur]] Perumthrikovil Temple and [[Piravom|Piravam]] Valiya Palli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=അരീക്കൽ വിളിക്കുന്നു; സഞ്ചാരികളേ വരൂ.. |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/areekkal-waterfalls/969261 |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Waterfalls of Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ernakulam district]]

Dinesh Bhugra

2026-04-04T15:19:12Z

Averma: stub

{{short description|British psychiatrist}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
'''Dinesh Kumar Makhan Lal Bhugra ''' {{post-nominals|CBE}} is a professor of mental health and diversity at the [[Institute of Psychiatry]] at [[King's College London]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rg.kcl.ac.uk/staffprofiles/staffprofile.php?pid=873 |title=King's College London – Research Staff Profiles |publisher=Rg.kcl.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=9 June 2013}}</ref> He is an honorary consultant psychiatrist at the South London and Maudsley [[National Health Service|NHS]] Foundation Trust and is former president of the [[Royal College of Psychiatrists]].<ref name="national.slam">{{cite web |url=http://www.national.slam.nhs.uk/dineshbhugra/ |title=Professor Dinesh Bhugra | SLaM National Services |publisher=National.slam.nhs.uk |date=20 March 2013 |accessdate=9 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107174910/http://www.national.slam.nhs.uk/dineshbhugra/ |archive-date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="debretts">{{cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/b/19192/Dinesh%20Kumar+BHUGRA.aspx |title=Prof Dinesh Bhugra, CBE Authorised Biography – Debrett's People of Today, Prof Dinesh Bhugra, CBE Profile |publisher=Debretts.com |accessdate=9 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107134833/http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/b/19192/Dinesh%20Kumar+BHUGRA.aspx |archivedate=7 January 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> Bhugra was the president of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) between 2014 and 2017 and the President of the British Medical Association in 2018–2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Medicine's Social Contract |url=https://www.bma.org.uk/media/2606/bma-medicines-social-contract-oct-19.pdf |website=bma.org.uk |access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>

Bhugra became chair of the [[Mental Health Foundation]] in 2011,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/about-us/our-vision/our-trustees/dinesh-bhugra/ |title=Professor Dinesh Bhugra, Chair of Trustees |publisher=Mentalhealth.org.uk |date=1 July 2011 |accessdate=9 June 2013 |archive-date=24 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224041625/http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/about-us/our-vision/our-trustees/dinesh-bhugra/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was awarded his CBE in the [[2012 New Year Honours]] for services to psychiatry following three years as the president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/prod_consum_dg/groups/dg_digitalassets/@dg/@en/documents/digitalasset/dg_200711.pdf |title=New Years Honours List 2012 |publisher=UK Government |accessdate=9 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531023239/http://www.direct.gov.uk/prod_consum_dg/groups/dg_digitalassets/@dg/@en/documents/digitalasset/dg_200711.pdf |archive-date=31 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/discoverpsychiatry/presidentsblogarchive/congratulationsdinesh.aspx |title=Congratulations Dinesh! |publisher=Royal College of Psychiatrists |date=3 January 2012 |access-date=January 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310134930/http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/discoverpsychiatry/presidentsblogarchive/congratulationsdinesh.aspx |archive-date=March 10, 2013}}</ref>

He is a well-known commentator on mental health issues. He has contributed to ''[[The Guardian]]'',<ref>{{cite news |first=Amelia |last=Hill |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/jun/20/mental-health-services-in-crisis-over-staff-shortages |title=Mental health services in crisis over staff shortages |work=The Guardian |date=20 June 2011 |access-date=January 19, 2025 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303020220/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/jun/20/mental-health-services-in-crisis-over-staff-shortages |archive-date=March 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/aug/06/shafilea-ahmed-tough-lessons-learned?newsfeed=true |title=Letters: Shafilea Ahmed and tough lessons to be learned | UK news |work=The Guardian |date= 6 August 2012|accessdate=9 June 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=David Brindle |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/jun/19/evidence-children-risk-mentally-ill-parents?newsfeed=true |title=Study links mental illness with killing | Society |work=The Guardian |date= 19 June 2012|accessdate=9 June 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2006/apr/12/publicfinances.politics6 |title=The struggle for 'cultural competence' | Money | The Guardian |publisher=Society.guardian.co.uk |date=12 April 2006 |access-date=9 June 2013 |location=London}}</ref> ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/8588242/Mental-health-services-understaffed-and-overcrowded.html |title=Mental health services 'understaffed and overcrowded' |last=Gosden |first=Emily |publisher=Telegraph |date= 21 June 2011 |access-date=January 19, 2025 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624063946/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/8588242/Mental-health-services-understaffed-and-overcrowded.html |archive-date=24 June 2011}}</ref> ''[[The Times]]'' (UK),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/letters/article3527202.ece |title=Liberal heads and internalised racism |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=4 September 2012 |access-date=January 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304010340/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/letters/article3527202.ece |archive-date=March 4, 2014}}</ref> the ''[[Financial Times]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/media/press-cuttings/viewarticlearchive.php |title=Press cuttings |publisher=Kcl.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=9 June 2013 |archive-date=9 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509125643/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/media/press-cuttings/viewarticlearchive.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[The Observer]]'',<ref>{{cite news|author=Amelia Hill |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2008/jun/29/mentalhealth.health |title=The mental health units that shame the NHS | Society | The Observer |publisher=Guardian |date= 29 June 2008|accessdate=9 June 2013 |location=London}}</ref> ''[[The Huffington Post]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/professor-dinesh-bhugra/tackling-the-stigma-relat_b_3180145.html |title=Professor Dinesh Bhugra: Tackling the Stigma Related to Mental Illnesses in South Asian Communities |publisher=Huffingtonpost.co.uk |date= 2013-04-30|accessdate=9 June 2013}}</ref> the ''[[BBC News Magazine]]'',<ref>{{cite news|last=Fidgen |first=Jo |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21788238 |title=BBC News – Richard O'Brien: 'I'm 70% man' |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=18 March 2013 |accessdate=9 June 2013}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' and ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vyawahare |first=Malavika |url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/01/a-conversation-with-psychiatrist-dinesh-bhugra-expert-on-sexual-behavior |title=A Conversation With: Psychiatrist Dinesh Bhugra, Expert on Deviant Sexual Behavior - NYTimes.com |location=Delhi (India);Great Britain;India |publisher=India.blogs.nytimes.com |date= 1 May 2013|accessdate=9 June 2013}}</ref>

His research interests include topics across social and public health psychiatry: [[cross-cultural psychiatry]], migrant mental health, professionalism in psychiatry, depression, psychosexual medicine, service provision and decision-making.<ref name="national.slam" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iop.kcl.ac.uk/staff/profile/default.aspx?go=10175 |title=IoP: staff: Bhugra, Dinesh K |publisher=Iop.kcl.ac.uk |date=18 July 2007 |accessdate=9 June 2013}}</ref> He has become an important authority on these issues, having published over 180 papers in [[Academic journal|peer-reviewed journals]], 100 editorials and invited papers, 90 book chapters and authored or edited 30 books.<ref name="fmlm">{{cite web |url=https://www.fmlm.ac.uk/professor-dinesh-bhugra |title=Professor Dinesh Bhugra | Faculty of Medical Leadership and Management |publisher=Fmlm.ac.uk |accessdate=9 June 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130706165037/https://www.fmlm.ac.uk/professor-dinesh-bhugra |archive-date=6 July 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Honours and degrees ==

In addition to his CBE in the 2012 New Years Honours, Bhugra has received honours from the American Psychiatry Association, the American College of Psychiatrists, the Academy of Medical Sciences (Singapore), the British Association of Physicians of Indian Origin, the Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists and the International Medical Sciences Academy. He is on the Council of the [[Academy of Medical Educators, United Kingdom|Academy of Medical Educators]] and is a founding member of the Faculty of Medical Leadership and Management.

He has a PhD from the [[King's College London]], an MPhil from [[Leicester University]], an MSc (sociology) from [[South Bank University]] and an MA (social anthropology) from the University of London in addition to his [[MBBS]] from the Armed Forces Medical College at Poona University in India<ref name="wpanet_a">{{cite web |url=http://www.wpanet.org/uploads/About_WPA/Executive_Committee/dinesh-bhugra-biosketch.pdf |title=Dinesh Bhugra |access-date=May 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601011950/http://www.wpanet.org/uploads/About_WPA/Executive_Committee/dinesh-bhugra-biosketch.pdf |archive-date=June 1, 2012}}</ref> and the Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery from the [[Worshipful Society of Apothecaries|Society of Apothecaries]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Doctors' attitudes to male homosexuality: A survey | doi=10.1080/02674659008408014 |volume=5 |issue=2 |journal=Sexual and Marital Therapy |pages=167–174 |year=1990 |author=Bhugra Dinesh}}</ref>

He is a fellow of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, the Royal Society of Medicine, the Royal College of Physicians, the Faculty of Public Health and the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.<ref name="debretts" /><ref name="wpanet_a" /> On 12 November 2013, the Von Tauber Institute for Global Psychiatry at the [[Nassau University Medical Center]] at East Meadow, New York presented its annual Von Tauber Global Psychiatry Award to Bhugra, in recognition of his outstanding service and accomplishments in world psychiatry.<ref name="[26]">{{cite web |url=http://www.nuhealth.net/pressreleasedetail.asp?ID=1357 |title=NuHealth Psychiatry Department's Von Tauber Institute Honors Eminent UK Psychiatrist Dinesh Bhugra |date=November 18, 2003 |website=NuHealth |access-date=May 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203082045/http://www.nuhealth.net/pressreleasedetail.asp?ID=1357 |archive-date=December 3, 2013}}</ref>

He is a former President of the British Medical Association.<ref name="BMA">{{cite web |url=https://www.bma.org.uk/-/media/files/pdfs/collective%20voice/committees/arm/2017/arm1%20agenda-part-1-2017.pdf |title=Annual Representative Meeting 2017 Agenda |date=June 2017 |publisher=British Medical Association |access-date=May 12, 2021 |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823162142/https://www.bma.org.uk/-/media/files/pdfs/collective%20voice/committees/arm/2017/arm1%20agenda-part-1-2017.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Academic work ==

He is the editor of the ''[[International Journal of Psychiatry]]'', the ''[[International Review of Psychiatry]]'' and the ''[[International Journal of Culture and Mental Health]]''<ref name="wpanet_a" /> and on the editorial board of 11 other journals including the ''[[British Journal of Psychiatry]]'', the ''[[Indian Journal of Psychiatry]]'' and ''Global Mental Health''. He is a prolific author/editor of over 30 books, 90 book chapters, 100 editorials and over 180 papers.<ref name="fmlm" /> These have included papers in ''[[The Lancet]]'',<ref>{{cite journal|author=Original TextDinesh Bhugra a, Iraklis Harry Minas b |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(07)61249-5/fulltext |title=Mental health and global movement of people |journal=The Lancet |accessdate=9 June 2013 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61249-5 |volume=370 |issue=9593 |pages=1109–1111 |year=2007|pmid=17804053 |s2cid=8414601 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PII0140-6736(92)90120-R/fulltext |title=Begging eunuchs of Bombay |journal=The Lancet |date=15 February 1992 |accessdate=9 June 2013 |doi=10.1016/0140-6736(92)90120-R |volume=339 |issue=8790 |page=432 |author=Bhugra Dinesh|s2cid=54285038 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> ''[[British Medical Journal]]'',<ref>{{cite journal|author=Dinesh Bhugra |url= |title=Indian "psycho" |journal=BMJ |volume=329 |issue=7475 |pages=1191 |doi=10.1136/bmj.329.7475.1191|year=2004 |pmc=527718 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | pmc=1906667 | year=2007 | last1=Lydall | first1=GJ | last2=Malik | first2=A | last3=Bhugra | first3=D | title=Mental health of applicants seems to be deteriorating | volume=334 | issue=7608 | page=1335 | doi=10.1136/bmj.39254.905764.1F | journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal | pmid=17599984}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Dinesh Bhugra |url= |title=Commentary: Promiscuity is acceptable only for men |journal=BMJ |volume=316 |issue=7129 |pages=460–461 |doi=10.1136/bmj.316.7129.460a|pmid=9492679 |year=1998 |pmc=2665614 }}</ref> ''British Journal of Psychiatry'',<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bjp.rcpsych.org/search?fulltext=bhugra+dinesh&submit=yes&x=0&y=0 | title=The British Journal of Psychiatry }}</ref> ''[[American Journal of Psychiatry]]'',<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=97335 |title=PsychiatryOnline | American Journal of Psychiatry | Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Prevalence, Comorbidity, Impact, and Help-Seeking in the British National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey of 2000 |doi=10.1176/appi.pn.2013.2b39 |accessdate=9 June 2013 |volume=48 |issue=4 |journal=Psychiatric News |pages=22–43 |year=2013 |author=Moran Mark|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ''Indian Journal of Psychiatry'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianjpsychiatry.org/searchresult.asp?search=bhugra+dinesh&btn_search.x=0&btn_search.y=0&btn_search=Search&journal=X&entries=10&pg=1 |title=bhugra dinesh – Indian Journal of Psychiatry |publisher=Indianjpsychiatry.org |date=15 April 2007 |accessdate=9 June 2013}}</ref> ''[[Canadian Journal of Psychiatry]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/1933768/Training_residents_in_human_sexuality_ |title=Unbound MEDLINE : Training residents in human sexualit |publisher=Unboundmedicine.com |date= |accessdate=9 June 2013}}</ref> and ''[[World Psychiatry (journal)|World Psychiatry]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00002.x | pmc=3048516 | volume=10 | title=WPA guidance on mental health and mental health care in migrants | year=2011 | journal=World Psychiatry | pages=2–10 | author=Bhugra Dinesh | issue=1 | pmid=21379345}}</ref><ref name="onlinelibrary.wiley">{{cite journal|title= The International Study on Career Choice in Psychiatry: A preliminary report|doi=10.1002/wps.20044 |pmid = 23744631|date=4 June 2013 |volume=12 |issue=2 |journal=World Psychiatry |page=181 |author=Bhugra Dinesh|pmc=3683275 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=What makes a good psychiatrist? A survey of clinical tutors responsible for psychiatric training in the UK and Eire |date=12 March 2013 |doi=10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00226.x |pmid = 19516937|volume=8 |issue=2 |journal=World Psychiatry |pages=119–120 |author=Bhugra Dinesh|pmc=2691170 }}</ref>

He has been awarded research grants/position with the World Psychiatric Association, where he leads a 23-nation study regarding recruitment into psychiatry,<ref name="onlinelibrary.wiley" /> the [[Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)|Medical Research Council]], where he worked on a study assessing care of ethnic minorities<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dineshbhugra.net/dbcareer.html |title=Academic Psychiatrist – Career |publisher=Dinesh Bhugra |date=1 October 1992 |accessdate=9 June 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130706165051/http://www.dineshbhugra.net/dbcareer.html |archive-date=6 July 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and the [[Wellcome Trust]], which funded research into the portrayal of mental illness in [[Hindi cinema]] through their history of medicine fellowships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/discoverpsychiatry/studentassociates/newsandevents/sablogs/madtalesfrombollywood.aspx |title=Mad Tales from Bollywood: Portrayal of Mental Illness in conventional Hindi Cinema |publisher=Rcpsych.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=9 June 2013}}</ref> He has presented the latter at the famous [[Gresham College]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/bollywood-and-mental-illness |title=Bollywood and Mental Illness | Gresham College |publisher=Gresham.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=9 June 2013}}</ref>

== Education work ==

Bhugra sits on the Education Committee of the European Psychiatric Association<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.europsy.net/who-we-are/committees/committee-on-education/ |title=WHO WE ARE Committees Committee on Education | European Psychiatric Association |publisher=Europsy.net |accessdate=6 July 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130706165100/http://www.europsy.net/who-we-are/committees/committee-on-education/ |archive-date=6 July 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and is currently leading an international research project covering recruitment of medical students into psychiatry across 23 countries funded by the World Psychiatric Association.<ref name="onlinelibrary.wiley"/>

As vice-chair of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges for Education from 2008 to 2011 he represented all UK doctors producing policy, strategies and reforms to improve medical education and training.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aomrc.org.uk/component/docman/doc_view/199-7-december-2009.html?Itemid=33 |title=Summary of the meeting of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges Monday 7th December 2009 at the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health |date=December 7, 2009 |publisher=Academy of Medical Royal Colleges |access-date=May 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227201122/http://www.aomrc.org.uk/component/docman/doc_view/199-7-december-2009.html?Itemid=33 |archive-date=27 February 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> This included reviewing current training programmes, including the Medical Education England Review of the Foundation Programme, medical professionalism, curricula and assessments. For the UK government, he co-chaired the Medical Programme Board alongside Dr Patricia Hamilton – the director for medical education at the [[Department of Health (United Kingdom)|Department of Health]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mee.nhs.uk/pdf/MPB_Minutes_130411.pdf |title=Medical Programme Board Paper 39-1 |publisher=Medical Education England |date=April 13, 2011 |access-date=May 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225182737/http://www.mee.nhs.uk/pdf/MPB_Minutes_130411.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

His published work includes many articles and books relating to medical and psychiatric training, with books including ''Management for Psychiatrists''<ref>{{cite book|title=Management for Psychiatrists: Amazon.co.uk: Dinesh Bhugra, Stuart Bell, Alistair Burns: Books |date=1 September 2007 |id= {{ASIN|1904671497|country=uk}} }}</ref> and ''Workplace-Based Assessments in Psychiatry ''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/publications/books/rcpp/9781908020062.aspx |title=978 1 908020 06 2 |publisher=Rcpsych.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=9 June 2013}}</ref> His books have received several commendations in recent years. His ''Textbook of Cultural Psychiatry'' won the 2012 Creative Scholarship Award from the Society for the Study of Psychiatry and Culture and was commended in the 2008 [[British Medical Association|BMA]] Book Awards. His ''Mental Health of Refugees and Asylum Seekers'' book was highly commended in the 2011 BMA Awards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/professor-dinesh-bhugra/ |title=Professor Dinesh Bhugra |publisher=Huffingtonpost.co.uk |date= |accessdate=9 June 2013}}</ref>

As president (2008–2011) and dean (2003–2008) of the Royal College of Psychiatrists he led on education issues and introduced new curricula, new assessment schemes and made the [[MRCPsych]] examination accessible to psychiatry trainees across the globe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/pdf/Annuial%20_Review%202011.pdf |title=Annual Review 2011 |publisher=Royal College of Psychiatrists |access-date=May 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104104506/https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/pdf/Annuial%20_Review%202011.pdf |archive-date=January 4, 2012}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Bhugra was born in [[Yamunanagar]] in India,<ref name="debretts" /> where he won the [[National Science Talent Search]] Scholarship to attend medical school at the [[Armed Forces Medical College]] at [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|Poona University]].
He studied at [[Mukand Lal National College|Mukand Lal National Higher Secondary School]], Yamunanagar.

Bhugra is openly gay. He has been with his partner Mike for more than 30 years.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/nov/27/dinesh-bhugra-psychiatry-mental-illness | title=Dinesh Bhugra: Psychiatry needs a broader focus| newspaper=The Guardian| date=2013-11-27| last1=Strudwick| first1=Patrick}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.bilerico.com/2013/12/incoming_world_psychiatric_association_head_comes_.php | title=Incoming World Psychiatric Association Head Comes Out as Gay | access-date=31 December 2013 | archive-date=1 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101034406/http://www.bilerico.com/2013/12/incoming_world_psychiatric_association_head_comes_.php | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.dineshbhugra.net/ Dinesh Bhugra's website]
* [https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/dinesh.bhugra.html Professor Dinesh Bhugra's page at King's College London] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224115648/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/dinesh.bhugra.html |date=24 February 2014 }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-npo|pro}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Sheila Hollins]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=President of the [[Royal College of Psychiatrists]] |years=2008 to 2011}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Susan Bailey|Dame Susan Bailey]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhugra, Dinesh}}
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Leicester]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]
[[Category:21st-century British medical doctors]]
[[Category:British psychiatrists]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:People from Yamunanagar]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:British LGBTQ scientists]]
[[Category:Indian gay men]]
[[Category:British gay men]]
[[Category:Academics of King's College London]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Gay academics]]
[[Category:Gay scientists]]
[[Category:Fellows of King's College London]]
[[Category:Presidents of the British Medical Association]]
[[Category:20th-century British LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:21st-century British LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sumit Wankhede

2026-03-30T11:42:58Z

Averma: creating article...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Arvi Assembly constituency|Arvi]]
| term_start = 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Dadarao Keche]]
| birth_name = Sumit Kishor Wankhede
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| profession = Politician
| spouse = Adv Kshitija Wadatkar Wankhede
| children = Sarth Sumit Wankhede
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Sumit Kishor Wankhede''' is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He is a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from [[Arvi Assembly constituency|Arvi constituency]] in [[Wardha district]]. He won the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-24 |title=ना भाजप ना कमळ, ओन्ली सुमित… भाजपच्या विक्रमी विजयाचा मंत्र |url=https://www.loksatta.com/nagpur/arvi-assembly-constituency-sumit-wankhede-win-pmd-64-ssb-93-4730359/ |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

== Early life, education and family ==
Wankhede is from Arvi, Wardha district, Maharashtra. He is the son of Kishor Wankhede, an advocate. He completed his graduation in engineering at the [[MIT World Peace University]], Pune.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sumit Wankhede(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- ARVI(WARDHA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1925 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He also has post-graduate study in governance. He married his childhood friend and lawyer Kshitija G. Wadatkar in 2015. They have a son.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-11-27 |title=PA to MLA: The journey of Devendra Fadnavis's aide and peers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/from-personal-assistants-to-elected-mlas-the-inspiring-journey-of-sumit-wankhede/articleshow/115708260.cms |access-date=2024-12-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
A gold medalist in governance, Sumit worked as a personal assistant for 16 years to Maharashtra's Chief Minister [[Devendra Fadnavis]]. He made his electoral debut in the 2024 election, winning from the Arvi Assembly constituency, representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. He polled 101,397 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Mayura Amar Kale of the [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|Nationalist Congress Party (SP)]], by a margin of 39,574 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Arvi, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Sumit Wankhede wins Arvi with 101397 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/arvi-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638148-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sumit Wankhede, BJP Candidate from Arvi Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/maharashtra/sumit-wankhede-s13aed2008a044e2024c003/ |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> He was in charge of BJP's Lok Sabha elections in Wardha district.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wankhede, Sumit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Wardha district]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

National Investigation Agency

2026-03-29T19:24:33Z

Averma:

{{Short description|Federal investigation agency in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = National Investigation Agency
| logo = National Investigation Agency India Logo.svg
| logocaption = Seal of National Investigation Agency
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag = National Investigation Agency (India) flag.png
| flagcaption = Flag of National Investigation Agency
| imagesize =
| motto = {{lang|sa|rāṣṭrarakṣaṇam ādyakartavyam}}
| mottotranslated = Nation’s Protection is the First Duty
| mission =
| formed = {{start date and age|2009|df=y|p=y}}<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/nia-officer-mohammed-tanzil-shot-dead-as-children-watched-316145-2016-04-03 NIA officer Mohammed Tanzil shot dead as children watched] "Ahmad, who has been with the NIA ever since the organisation was formed in February 2009..."</ref>
| preceding1 =
| employees = 1360<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nia-has-28-staff-shortage-541-posts-vacant-key-ranks-included/articleshow/122981568.cms |title=NIA has 28% staff shortage: 541 posts vacant; key ranks included |date=29 Jul 2025 |access-date=20 Nov 2025 |newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
| volunteers =
| budget = {{INRConvert|420|c}} (2026–27 est.)<ref>{{cite web|title=Notes on Demands for Grants, 2023-2024
|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe50.pdf|website=indiabudget.gov.in}}</ref>
| country = India
| federal = Yes
| map =
| mapcaption =
| governingbody = Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2054?sam_handle=123456789/1362 National Investigation Agency Act, 2008]
| restriction =
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = CGO Complex, [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| hqlocmap = {{Coord|28.5884|77.2329|region:India_type:landmark}}
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype =
| sworn =
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| unsworn =
| electeetype =
| minister1name = [[Amit Shah]]
| minister1pfo = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| chief1name = Rakesh Aggarwal, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| chief1position = [[Director General of the National Investigation Agency|Director General]]
| child1agency =
| unittype =
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| officetype = Region
| officename =
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| website = {{Official URL}}
| footnotes =
}}
The '''National Investigation Agency''' ('''NIA''') is the principal [[Counterterrorism|counter-terrorism]] [[law enforcement agency]] in [[India]]. Established under the National Investigation Agency Act, 2008, it is tasked with investigating and combating offenses related to [[national security]], [[terrorism]], and other threats affecting the integrity and sovereignty of the nation. It operates under the administrative control of the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/nia-to-have-new-hq-complex-on-tuesday/articleshow/60993539.cms|title=NIA to have new HQ complex on Tuesday|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> The primary mandate of the agency is to investigate and prosecute offences that have national and cross-border implications, specifically focusing on [[Insurgency in India|insurgency]], terrorism, and other related matters. It is empowered to investigate cases that involve threats to the integrity, security, and sovereignty of India.

It has the authority to conduct searches, make seizures and arrests without warrant, as well as to collect evidence and maintain a database of [[terrorist organisations]] and their members. The NIA does not need any type of authorization or permission from any state government in order to carry out its activities, unlike other national-level agencies.<ref name="aboutus"/><ref name="Act"/>

The agency came into existence with the enactment of the ''National Investigation Agency Act 2008'' by the [[Parliament of India]] on 31st December 2008, which was passed after the deadly [[26/11]] terror attack in [[Mumbai]]. Such an attack revealed the failure of intelligence and ability to track such activities by existing agencies in India, hence the [[Government of India]] realised the need for a specific body to deal with terror related activities in [[India]], thereby establishing the NIA.<ref name="aboutus">{{cite web|title=National Investigation Agency: About Us|url=http://www.nia.gov.in/aboutus.aspx|publisher=National Investigation Agency|access-date=16 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708104808/http://www.nia.gov.in/aboutus.aspx|archive-date=8 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Finally-govt-clears-central-terror-agency-tougher-laws/articleshow/3842368.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022154006/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-16/india/27904311_1_special-anti-terror-law-nia-terror-related |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-10-22 |title=Finally, govt clears central terror agency, tougher laws |date=2008-12-16 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080076587&type=News |title=Cabinet clears bill to set up federal probe agency |publisher=Ndtv.com |access-date=2012-12-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508110740/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080076587&type=News |archive-date=8 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=PTI |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-16/india/27918792_1_terror-act-mumbai-terror-attacks-terror-related |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022154025/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-16/india/27918792_1_terror-act-mumbai-terror-attacks-terror-related |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-10-22 |title=Govt tables bill to set up National Investigation Agency |date=2008-12-16 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-09-28}}</ref> Headquartered in [[New Delhi]], the NIA has branches in [[Hyderabad]], [[Guwahati]], [[Kochi]], [[Lucknow]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Raipur]], [[Jammu]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Ranchi]], [[Chennai]] and [[Imphal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nia.gov.in/branch-office.htm |title=Branch Offices |publisher=National Investigation Agency}}</ref> It maintains the [[NIA Most Wanted]] list. Its functioning and effectiveness have also been subject to scrutiny, with debates regarding its jurisdiction, accountability, and coordination with other agencies.
[[File:NIA Headquarters in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|251x251px|NIA headquarters in New Delhi]]

== Organisation ==
NIA is headed by a director general (DG), who is an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer and has the rank of [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]]. NIA is headquartered in [[New Delhi]]. The director general of the NIA is assisted by special/additional directors general (ADGs) and inspectors general (IGs). There are branch offices across the country to ensure nationwide coverage and coordination in counterterrorism and other national security-related investigations. Senior officers are appointed through deputation from the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS), the Indian Revenue Service (IRS), the [[Central Armed Police Force]] (CAPF), and also from [[State Police Services]] (SPS). Conversely, subordinate personnel are selected directly via the [[Staff Selection Commission]] (SSC) or through deputation from the Central Armed Police Force (CAPF) and various [[State Police Services|State Police]] forces.<ref>{{Cite web |title= About Us | National Investigation Agency|url=https://www.nia.gov.in/about-us.htm}}</ref>
Officer Ranks in the NIA include DGs, ADGs, IGs, DIGs, SPs, and Add.SPs and DSPs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nia.gov.in/organisational-chart.htm|title = Ranks in NIA}}</ref>

== Rank structure ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Insignia !! Hierarchy in NIA !! Equivalent rank in IPS !! Grade/level on pay matrix !! Basic Pay
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[File:IPS_DG+ADG.png|30px]] || [[Director General of the National Investigation Agency|Director General of the NIA]] || [[Director General of Police]] || Apex Scale (Pay level 17) || {{INRConvert|225.0|k|lk=on}}
|-
| Special Director General || [[Special Director General of Police]] || HAG+ Scale (Pay level 16) || {{INRConvert|205.4|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|224.4|k|lk=on}}
|-
| Special Director General/ Additional Director General (ADG) || [[Additional Director General of Police]] || HAG Scale (Pay level 15) || {{INRConvert|182.2|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|224.1|k|lk=on}}
|-
| [[File:IPS_IG.png|30px]] || Inspector General (IG) || [[Inspector General of Police]] || SAG scale (Pay level 14) || {{INRConvert|144.2|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|218.2|k|lk=on}}
|-
| [[File:IPS_DIG.png|30px]] || Deputy Inspector General (DIG) || [[Deputy inspector general of police]] || Selection grade (Pay level 13A) || {{INRConvert|131.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|216.6|k|lk=on}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[File:IPS_SP_(SG).png|30px]] || rowspan=2 | Superintendent || [[Superintendent of police (India)|Senior Superintendent of Police]] || Selection Grade (Pay level 13) || {{INRConvert|123.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|215.9|k|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] || Junior Administrative Grade (Pay level 12) || {{INRConvert|78.8|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|209.2|k|lk=on}}
|-
| [[File:AddlSP.svg|30px]] || rowspan=2 | Addl Superintendent Deputy Superintendent || [[Addl Superintendent of Police]] || Senior time scale (Pay level 11) || {{INRConvert|67.7|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|208.7|k|lk=on}}
|-
| [[File:Assistant_Superintendent_of_Police.svg|30px]] || [[Deputy Superintendent of Police]] || Junior time scale (Pay level 10) || {{INRConvert|56.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|132|k|lk=on}}
|-
| [[File:Inspector.svg|30px]] || Inspector || [[Inspector|Inspector of Police]] || Group 'B' Non-gazetted (Pay level 7) || {{INRConvert|44.9|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|142.4|k|lk=on}}
|-
| [[File:Sub-Inspector.svg|30px]] || Sub-inspector || [[Sub-inspector of police]] || Group 'B' Non-gazetted (Pay level 6) || {{INRConvert|35.4|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|112.4|k|lk=on}}
|-
| [[File:Assistant_Sub-Inspector.svg|30px]] || Assistant sub-inspector || [[Assistant sub-inspector of police]] || Group 'C' Non-gazetted (Pay level 5) || {{INRConvert|29.2|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|92.3|k|lk=on}}
|-
| [[File:Police_Head_Constable.png|30px]] || Head constable || [[Head constable]] || Group 'C' Non-gazetted (Pay level 4) || {{INRConvert|25.5|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|81.1|k|lk=on}}
|-
| || Constable || [[Constable]] || Group 'C' Non-gazetted (Pay level 3) || {{INRConvert|21.7|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|69.1|k|lk=on}}
|}

== Director General ==
{{See also|Director General of the National Investigation Agency}}

== Legal basis ==
A bill for the formation of the National Investigation Agency was passed by Parliament in December 2008. As per the legislation, NIA has concurrent jurisdiction, which empowers the Central Agency to probe terror attacks in any part of the country, covering offences including challenges to the country's sovereignty and integrity, bomb blasts, hijacking of aircraft and ships, and attacks on nuclear installations. The amendments to the NIA Act have brought offences relating to the smuggling in high-quality counterfeit Indian currency under the definition of a terrorist act aimed at damaging the monetary stability of the country and therefore open to investigation by the NIA.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramkumar |first=Justice V. |title=Power of The "N.I.A. Special Court" To Tender Pardon to an Accomplice |url=https://www.livelaw.in/columns/power-of-nia-special-court-to-tender-pardon-to-an-accomplice-195668 |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 May 2024 |work=livelaw.in |date=3 April 2022}}</ref>

The National Investigative Agency Bill and Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Bill became law on 30 December 2008, as President [[Pratibha Patil]] gave her assent to the legislation, which was passed in the last session of the parliament.<ref>{{cite news |last=Naved |first=Sarim |title=Between the NIA Amendment and Now UAPA, the Squeeze on Human Rights is On |url=https://thewire.in/government/the-centre-wants-to-give-the-nia-more-powers-but-it-wont-explain-why |access-date=15 May 2024 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=24 July 2019}}</ref>

== NIA (Amendment) Act, 2019 ==
The NIA (Amendment) Bill 2019 was passed by the parliament on 17 July 2019. The Bill aims to give more teeth to the investigating powers of the NIA. It empowers the NIA to probe terror attacks targeting Indians and Indian interests abroad.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/parliament-approves-bill-to-give-nia-more-teeth-1570596-2019-07-17 |title=Parliament approves Bill to give NIA more teeth |agency=Press Trust of India New Delhi |date=17 July 2019 |newspaper=India Today|access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref> The amended legislation, which aims to primarily empower the anti-terror agency to investigate scheduled offences such as human trafficking; circulation of fake currency; manufacture and sale of prohibited arms; and cyber-terrorism, was passed with a majority of 278 votes in favour and six against in the [[Lok Sabha]]. It was also passed in the [[Rajya Sabha]] after those opposed to it staged a walkout.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theleaflet.in/the-nia-amendment-bill-2019-a-brief-explainer/|title=The NIA (Amendment) Bill 2019 – a brief explainer|date=2019-07-19|website=The Leaflet|access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref> This amendment will now also allow NIA to investigate the [[2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings|Sri Lanka Easter Bombings]] and [[Kabul gurdwara attack|Kabul Gurudwara bombing.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/apr/01/nia-to-probe-terror-attack-on-gurdwara-in-afghanistan-first-overseas-case-registered-by-agency-2124452.html|title=NIA to probe terror attack on gurdwara in Afghanistan; first overseas case registered by agency|date=2020-04-01|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref>

==Vision==
The organisation aims to be a thoroughly professional investigative agency, matching the best international standards. It aims to set the standards of excellence in counter terrorism and other national security-related investigations at the national level by developing into a highly trained, partnership-oriented workforce. It also aims at creating deterrence for existing and potential terrorist groups/individuals. It aims to develop as a storehouse of all terrorist related information.<ref name=vision-mission>{{cite web|title=Vision and Mission|url=http://www.nia.gov.in/mission.aspx|publisher=National Investigation Agency|access-date=2012-12-09}}</ref>

==Jurisdiction==
The Agency has been empowered to conduct investigation and prosecution of offences under the Acts specified in the Schedule of the NIA Act.<ref name="Act">{{cite web|title=National Investigation Agency Act 2008|url=http://www.nia.gov.in/acts/The_National_Investigation_Agency_Act_2008.pdf|publisher=National Investigation Agency|access-date=16 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504190202/http://www.nia.gov.in/acts/The_National_Investigation_Agency_Act_2008.pdf|archive-date=4 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> A State Government may request the Central Government to hand over the investigation of a case to the NIA, provided the case has been registered for the offences as contained in the schedule to the NIA Act. The Central Government can also order NIA to take over the investigation of any scheduled offence anywhere in India. Officers of the NIA who are drawn from the [[Indian Police Service]], [[Paramilitary forces of India|Paramilitary Forces]] and [[Indian Revenue Service]] have all powers, privileges and liabilities which police officers have in connection with the investigation of any offence.<ref name="faq">{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.nia.gov.in/faqs.aspx|publisher=National Investigation Agency|access-date=16 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704230323/http://www.nia.gov.in/faqs.aspx|archive-date=4 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2016, Home Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] wanted to end the central agency's dependence on approval from state police chiefs before confiscating or attaching assets of people accused of crime.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-wants-more-power-for-nia-move-could-eat-into-states-rights/story-KofQMGLgpWYfL2BHePO7SM.html|title=Govt wants more power for NIA, move could eat into states' rights |last=Tikku|first=Aloke|date=22 December 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=8 February 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190208170606/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-wants-more-power-for-nia-move-could-eat-into-states-rights/story-KofQMGLgpWYfL2BHePO7SM.html|archive-date=8 February 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The National Investigation Agency (Amendment) Act, 2019 states that officers of the NIA will have the power to investigate scheduled offences committed outside India, subject to international treaties and domestic laws of other countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the NIA Amendment Bill? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/what-is-the-nia-amendment-bill-747292.html |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The central government may direct the NIA to investigate such cases, as if the offence has been committed in India. The Special Court in New Delhi will have jurisdiction over these cases.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Amended NIA Act with powers to probe abroad comes into force|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/amended-nia-act-with-powers-to-probe-abroad-comes-into-force/articleshow/70498926.cms|access-date=2020-08-13}}</ref>

==Special NIA Courts==
Various Special Courts have been established by the Central Government of India for the trial of the cases registered at various police stations of NIA under Sections 11 and 22 of the NIA Act 2008. Any question as to the jurisdiction of these courts is decided by the Central Government. These are presided over by a judge appointed by the Central Government on the recommendation of the Chief Justice of the High Court with jurisdiction in that region. The [[Supreme Court of India]] has also been empowered to transfer the cases from one special court to any other special court within or outside the state if in the interest of justice, in light of the prevailing circumstances in any particular state. The NIA Special Courts are empowered with all powers of the court of sessions under [[Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973]] for the trial of any offence.<ref name=Act />

Trials by these courts are held on a day-to-day basis on all working days and have precedence over the trial of any other case against the accused in any other court (not being a Special Court) and have to be concluded in preference to the trial of such other case. An appeal from any judgment, sentence, or order, not being an interlocutory order, of a Special Court lies to the High Court both on [[Question of fact|facts]] and on [[Question of law|law]]. Such an appeal can be heard by a division bench of two Judges of the High Court. At present, there are 38 Special NIA Courts.<ref name=courts>{{cite web|title=National Investigation Agency – Courts|url=http://www.nia.gov.in/niasplcourts.aspx|access-date=16 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605153852/http://www.nia.gov.in/niasplcourts.aspx|archive-date=5 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> State Governments have also been empowered to appoint one or more such special courts in their states.<ref name=Act />

== Success of NIA ==

=== Individual terrorists ===
In 2012, NIA with the assistance of [[Interpol]] and [[Saudi Intelligence]] agencies, successfully arrested terrorists namely: [[Abu Jundal]] alias ''Abu Hamza'' (Indian national), ''Fasih Mohammad'' and [[Yaseen Bhatkal]] ([[Indian Mujahideen]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Terror-suspect-Fasih-Mohammed-extradited-arrested-reports/Article1-948380.aspx |title=Saudi sends IM terror suspect back to India |work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2013-09-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513154938/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Terror-suspect-Fasih-Mohammed-extradited-arrested-reports/Article1-948380.aspx |archive-date=13 May 2013 }}</ref>

In 2013, NIA was successful in arresting two senior members of Indian Mujahideen, namely Ahmed Siddibappa Zaraar alias Yasin Bhatkal and Asadullah Akhtar alias Haddi, at the Indo—Nepal border in Bihar on 29 August 2013.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} These two were instrumental in the commission of several terrorist attacks across the country for the past several years{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}, under the banner of Indian Mujahideen, a proscribed terrorist organisation.

On 8 April 2025, a team of NIA agents took custody of [[Tahawwur Rana]] from the [[United States Marshals Service]], a co-conspirator of the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|November 2008 terror attacks]] in Mumbai, after his plea to stop extradition was rejected by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/rana-loses-his-last-ditch-bid-to-thwart-extradition-to-india/ar-AA1CxUdQ|title= Rana loses his last ditch bid to thwart extradition to India|website= [[MSN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai terror attacks accused extradited by US arrives in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3v9w7yldk5o |access-date=10 April 2025 |work=BBC}}</ref> The plane carrying Rana reached the Palam Air base in New Delhi on 10 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai terror attacks accused extradited by US arrives in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3v9w7yldk5o |access-date=10 April 2025 |work=BBC}}</ref> He was immediately sent to an 18-day NIA custody by a special NIA court in Delhi, and is currently being interrogated for his involvement in the attack as well as face trial for the attack.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Shekhar |date=2025-04-11 |title=Delhi court sends 26/11 attack accused Tahawwur Hussain Rana to 18-day NIA custody |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/10/delhi-court-sends-2611-attack-accused-tahawwur-hussain-rana-to-18-day-nia-custody |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Terrorist organisations ===
==== Jammu and Kashmir war on terror ====
NIA has been active in the war against terror in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. On 18 January 2019, NIA filed a [[chargesheet]] against 12 people including [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] terror group chief [[Hafiz Muhammad Saeed|Hafiz Saeed]] and [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] chief [[Sayeed Salahudeen|Syed Salahuddin]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jan/19/national-investigation-agency-charges-let-chief-hafiz-saeed-with-sedition-1758231.html|title=National Investigation Agency charges LeT chief Hafiz Saeed with sedition|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/kashmir-terror-funding-nia-files-chargesheet-against-12-people-including-hafiz-saeed-and-syed-salahuddin-4308361.html|title=Kashmir terror funding: NIA files chargesheet against 12 people, including Hafiz Saeed and Syed Salahuddin – Firstpost|website=firstpost.com|date=18 January 2018|access-date=2018-01-28}}</ref> This chargesheet was filed after nearly eight months of investigations spanning six states in India during which over 300 witnesses were examined, 950 "incriminating documents" and 600 electronic devices were seized.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/nia-files-chargesheet-in-kashmir-terror-funding-case-shrinking-influence-of-separatists-opens-up-opportunity-for-dialogue-4310431.html|title=NIA files chargesheet in Kashmir terror funding case: Shrinking influence of separatists opens up opportunity for dialogue – Firstpost|website=firstpost.com|date=19 January 2018|access-date=2018-01-28}}</ref> NIA has also stated that the war against terror in Kashmir is not about terror funding alone, it's about a conspiracy to wage war against India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pakistan-embassy-officials-involved-in-kashmir-terror-funding-nia-1801904|title=Pakistan Embassy Officials Involved in Kashmir Terror Funding: NIA|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-01-28}}</ref> During the investigation the NIA has arrested people allegedly involved in stone-pelting incidents for the first time including Kashmiri photojournalist [[Kamran Yusuf]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/protests-erupt-in-kashmir-after-nia-arrests-journalist-4832359/|title=Journalists protest in Srinagar after Kamran Yousuf's arrest by NIA|date=2017-09-07|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/terror-funding-kashmir-photo-journalist-arrest-stone-pelting-1038605-2017-09-05|title=Terror funding case: Kashmir freelance photo-journalist amongst 2 arrested for stone-pelting|date=2017-09-05|website=India Today|access-date=2018-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cpj.org/2018/01/india-charges-photojournalist-arrested-in-kashmir-.php|title=India charges photojournalist arrested in Kashmir in September with sedition, other crimes|website=cpj.org|date=18 January 2018|access-date=2018-01-29}}</ref>

=== Naxals ===
It has identified two [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalite]] commanders in Bastar who were part of the ambush that killed almost the entire Congress's Chhattisgarh top brass.<ref>{{cite news|title=NIA cracks Bastar ambush case as Naxal Usendi Sings|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nia-cracks-bastar-ambush-case-as-naxal-usendi-sings/articleshow/29270245.cms|access-date=24 January 2014|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=24 January 2014}}</ref>

=== Foreign militant groups behind Manipur violence ===
On 30 September 2023, in a joint operation with [[Manipur Police]], NIA arrested a 51-year-old man, Seiminlun Gangte, from [[Churachandpur]], Manipur for ''<nowiki/>'transnational conspiracy by terror outfits in Myanmar and Bangladesh to wage war against the government of India by exploiting the [[2023 Manipur violence|ethnic unrest in Manipur]]'''. NIA announced that ''the mentioned militant outfits have been providing funds to procure arms, ammunition and other types of terrorist hardware, which are being sourced both from across the border, as well as from other terrorist outfits active in northeastern states of India.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIA_India/status/1708141536645710115 |url=https://twitter.com/NIA_India/status/1708141536645710115 |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Twitter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=Delhi court extends NIA custody of Manipur violence suspect Seiminlun Gangte |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-court-extends-nia-custody-of-manipur-violence-suspect-seiminlun-gangte-101696333227022.html |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Vijaita |date=2023-09-30 |title=NIA arrests one from Manipur's Churachandpur for 'waging war against India'|work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nia-arrests-one-from-manipurs-churachandpur-for-waging-war-against-india/article67366932.ece |access-date=2023-10-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-30 |title=Manipur News: NIA arrests two in transnational conspiracy case |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/manipur-news-nia-arrests-two-in-transnational-conspiracy-by-myanmar-and-bangladesh-terror-outfits-11696086383450.html |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-02 |title='Every arrest based on evidence': CBI, NIA refute allegations of high-handedness, partiality in Manipur cases |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/every-arrest-based-on-evidence-cbi-nia-refute-allegations-of-high-handedness-partiality-in-manipur-cases/articleshow/104109961.cms |access-date=2023-10-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

{{main|Matthew VanDyke#Arrest in India}}
On 17th March 2026, in [[Kolkata]], the NIA arrested [[Matthew VanDyke|Matthew Aaron Van Dyke]], an [[Americans|American]] [[mercenary]] and [[spy]], as an accused in a case involving an alleged conspiracy to carry out terrorist activities linked to drone operations during the [[Insurgency in Northeast India]]. According to documents submitted by the NIA before a court in [[Delhi]], Van Dyke was among seven foreign nationals arrested, including six [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] spies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-17 |title=Ukrainian, US nationals accused of ‘conspiring to carry out terror activities’ using ‘drones from Europe”: What the NIA has found |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/ukrainian-us-nationals-accused-of-conspiring-to-carry-out-terror-activities-using-drones-from-europe-what-the-nia-has-found-10586337/ |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===Constitutionality===
Under the constitution of India, law and order is a state subject. In 2020, Chhattisgarh state filed a case against the act in the Supreme Court that the said act violates the constitution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-moves-supreme-court-against-nia-act-enacted-by-cong-led-upa/story-HDlChKcZtonb0WnMe42kYO.html|title=Cong-ruled Chhattisgarh moves SC against NIA Act enacted by Cong-led UPA|date=15 January 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> A [[United States Embassy]] cable accessed by ''[[The Hindu]]'' says that Central home minister P Chidambaram, in his discussion with FBI Director [[Robert Mueller]], was coming 'perilously close to crossing constitutional limits' in empowering the NIA,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-03-19|title=Chidambaram was unsure of NIA's constitutionality|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/chidambaram-was-unsure-of-nia-s-constitutionality/story-cFZmQydPPbWZuqZ7TlupiJ.html|access-date=2021-05-10|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> and also that the National Investigation Agency's powers could be challenged in the courts as violating constitutional provisions on Centre-State relations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/chidambaram-was-unsure-of-nia-s-constitutionality/story-cFZmQydPPbWZuqZ7TlupiJ.html|title=Chidambaram was unsure of NIA's constitutionality|date=19 March 2011|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> These ambiguities that the states' privilege is being encroached upon by the Centre using this act are resolved using the 'doctrine of Pith and Substance'. The central government states that the NIA is a necessary body to fight threats to national security.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Garg|first=Varun|date=2021-01-03|title=Examining the legality of the NIA Act|url=https://lawandotherthings.com/2021/01/examining-the-legality-of-the-nia-act/|access-date=2021-05-10|website=Law and Other Things}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* NIA has been depicted in the [[Amazon Prime Video]]'s series [[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|''The Family Man'']] featuring [[Manoj Bajpayee]] in the role of an NIA officer named Srikant Tiwari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-08 |title=Before you watch 'The Family Man' on Amazon Prime, here's everything you might want to know about the NIA |url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/before-you-watch-the-family-man-amazon-prime-original-series-heres-everything-you-might-wanna-know-about-nia |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=GQ India}}</ref>
* [[L2: Empuraan]] is a 2025 Malayalam movie which shows a villain instructing the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] to direct the NIA to issue an arrest warrant for a non-bailable offense. Due to political pressure from the central government, the officials then arrested a politician. The NIA logo was also used in the movie without permission, leading to controversy and NIA Kochi taking action against the film regarding defamation. It was later removed, and the movie was re-released.<ref>{{Cite web |title=എമ്പുരാനിൽ എൻഐഎയുടെ ചിഹ്നം ദുരുപയോഗം ചെയ്തു |url=https://www.keralavisionnews.com/2025/03/31/empuraan-under-fire-for-unauthorized-use-of-nia-emblem-20178 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Keralavision News |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Re-edited version of Empuraan to release today, mastering done at actor Nagarjuna's studio |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1509160&u |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=IANS |date=2025-03-30 |title=Kerala BJP chief Rajeev Chandrasekhar to boycott controversial film 'Empuraan' |url=https://www.siasat.com/kerala-bjp-chief-rajeev-chandrasekhar-to-boycott-controversial-film-empuraan-3201124/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Re-edited Empuraan to hit theatres; Villain's name changed in 18 places |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1508857&u=re-edited-empuraan-to-hit-theatres-villains-name-changed-in-18-places-1508857 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>
* The NIA has been featured in the 2024 movie [[Article 370 (film)|Article 370]]. Actress [[Yami Gautam]] portrays NIA agent Zooni Haksar.

==See also==
* [[Anti-Terrorism Squad]] (ATS), special units under the state police forces for counter terrorism investigation and operations
* [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] investigates organised crime which is international, multi-state, or multi-agency
* [[Directorate of Revenue Intelligence]] investigates smuggling cases
* [[Enforcement Directorate]] investigates economic crimes
* [[Financial Intelligence Unit (India)|Financial Intelligence Unit]] investigates money laundering
* [[Narcotics Control Bureau]] investigates drug trafficking
* [[NIA Most Wanted]] investigates and takes down alleged terrorists
* [[List of Indian intelligence agencies]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://nia.gov.in/}}
* [http://164.100.24.219/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/PassedBothHouses/NIA%20-%20Houses.pdf NIA act]

{{Home Ministry (India)}}
{{Indian intelligence agencies}}
{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}
{{Fugitives wanted by India}}
{{2008 Mumbai attacks}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:2009 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Counterterrorism in India]]
[[Category:Executive branch of the government of India]]
[[Category:Indian intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2009]]
[[Category:Federal law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]
[[Category:Domestic intelligence agencies]]

Supermajority

2026-03-25T17:30:54Z

Averma: brief update structure after review and updated info

{{short description|Voting requirement above 50% for passage}}
{{redirect|Two-thirds rule|the railway safety rule|Two-thirds rule (railway safety)}}
{{use mdy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Electoral systems sidebar}}

A '''supermajority''' is a requirement for a proposal to gain a specified level of support which is greater than the threshold of one-half used for a simple [[majority]], the latter sometimes expressed as a {{nowrap|"50%{{tsp}}+{{hsp}}1}} vote". Supermajority rules in a [[democracy]] can help to prevent a majority from eroding fundamental rights of a minority, but can also hamper efforts to respond to problems and encourage corrupt compromises at times when action is taken. Changes to [[constitution]]s, especially those with [[entrenched clause]]s, commonly require supermajority support in a [[legislature]]. In [[consensus democracy]], the supermajority rule is applied in most cases.

__TOC__

==History==
The first known use of a supermajority rule was in [[Quaestio perpetua|juries]] during the 100s BC in [[ancient Rome]].<ref name="schwartzberg">{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Melissa |author-link1=Melissa Schwartzberg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=we80AgAAQBAJ |title=Counting the Many: The Origins and Limits of Supermajority Rule |chapter=Prelude: Acclamation and Aggregation in the Ancient World - The Origin of Supermajority Rules |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=we80AgAAQBAJ |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |pages=44-46 |isbn=978-0-521-19823-3 |access-date=2016-12-05 |quote=Although a supermajority was necessary to demonstrate the sufficiency of the case – the presence of adequate information to form a judgment – a majority sufficed to convict. (p. 46)}}</ref> In some{{which|date =May 2025}} cases, two thirds of jurors had to confirm they were ready to take a decision before the matter went to a simple majority vote.

[[Pope Alexander III]] introduced the use of supermajority rule for [[papal election]]s at the [[Third Lateran Council]] in 1179.<ref>{{harvp|Schwartzberg|2013|pp= 51, 58–59}}</ref>

In the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] of the United States, a rule requiring the determination of a [[presidential nominee]] by the votes of two-thirds of delegates to the [[Democratic National Convention]] was adopted at the party's first [[presidential nominating convention]] in [[1832 Democratic National Convention|1832]].<ref>{{cite book |first = Richard Franklin |last = Bensel |title =Passion and Preferences: William Jennings Bryan and the 1896 Democratic Convention |url = https://archive.org/details/passionpreferenc00bens |url-access = limited |publisher = Cambridge University Press |year = 2008 |page = [https://archive.org/details/passionpreferenc00bens/page/n150 131]}}</ref> The two-thirds rule gave [[southern Democrats]] a ''de facto'' veto over any presidential nominee after the Civil War, which lasted until the rule was abolished in [[1936 Democratic National Convention|1936]].<ref>{{cite book |first = Bruce J. |last = Schulman |title = From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt: Federal Policy, Economic Development, and the Transformation of the South, 1938–1980 |publisher = Duke University Press |year = 1994 |page = 45}}</ref>

In the [[Federalist Papers]], Alexander Hamilton and James Madison were critical of supermajority requirements. In Federalist 22, Hamilton wrote that while preventing harmful legislation from being passed, such requirements also prevented beneficial legislation from being passed, and "its real operation is to embarrass the administration, to destroy the energy of government, and to substitute the pleasure, caprice or artifices of an insignificant, turbulent or corrupt junto, to the regular deliberations and decisions of a respectable majority". Hamilton also wrote that such a requirement would encourage "contemptible compromises of the public good".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-04-02-0179 | title=Founders Online: The Federalist No. 22, [14 December 1787] }}</ref> In Federalist 58, Madison wrote that supermajority requirements might help impede the passage of "hasty and partial measures", but "[i]n all cases where justice or the general good might require new laws to be passed, or active measures to be pursued, the fundamental principle of free government would be reversed. It would be no longer the majority that would rule; the power would be transferred to the minority." Madison also wrote that such requirements would encourage [[secession]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-04-02-0207 | title=Founders Online: The Federalist No. 58, [20 February 1788] }}</ref>

==Common thresholds of supermajority==
{{Wiktionary|supermajority|qualified majority}}

A [[Majority#Majority vote|majority vote]], or more than half the votes cast, is a common [[Voting#Voting basis|voting basis]]. Instead of the basis of a majority, a supermajority can be specified using any [[fraction]] or [[percentage]] which is greater than [[one-half]].<ref>See dictionary definition of "supermajority" at [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/supermajority thefreedictionary.com]. "[http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Qualified+majority Qualified majority]" redirects to this definition.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Schermers |first1=Henry G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMXToQLp21UC&pg=PA562 |title=International Institutional Law: Unity Within Diversity |last2=Blokker |first2=Niels M. |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-04-18798-6 |edition=Fifth Revised |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |pages=561–563}}</ref> Common supermajorities include three-fifths (60%), two-thirds (66.666...%), and three-quarters (75%). In most cases, if the supermajority fraction or percentage of votes yields a non-[[whole number]], it is [[Rounding|rounded]] to the next higher whole number.

==={{anchor|Two-thirds}}Two-thirds===
A two-thirds vote, when unqualified, means two-thirds or more of the votes cast.<ref name="Robert2011402">{{harvp|Robert|2011|p = 402}}.p</ref><ref name="Robert2011401">{{Cite book |last=Robert |first=Henry M. |title=[[Robert's Rules of Order]] Newly Revised |publisher=[[Da Capo Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-306-82020-5 |edition=11th |location=Philadelphia |page=401 |language=zen |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.robertsrules.com/faq.html#5 |title = Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 5) |access-date = December 30, 2015 |website = The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site |publisher = The Robert's Rules Association |archive-date = December 24, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181224205021/http://www.robertsrules.com/faq.html#5 |url-status = dead }}</ref> This voting basis is equivalent to the number of votes in favor being at least twice the number of votes against.<ref>{{harvp|Robert|2011|p=406}}</ref> [[Abstention]]s and absences may be excluded when calculating a two-thirds vote.<ref name="Robert2011401" />

The two-thirds requirement can be qualified to include the entire membership of a body instead of only those present and voting, but such a requirement must be explicitly stated (such as "two-thirds of those members duly elected and sworn").<ref name="Robert2011402" /> In this case, abstentions and absences count as votes against the proposal. Alternatively, the voting requirement could be specified as "two-thirds of those present", which has the effect of counting abstentions but not absences as votes against the proposal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 6) |url=http://www.robertsrules.com/faq.html#6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224205021/http://www.robertsrules.com/faq.html#6 |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |access-date=December 30, 2015 |website=The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site |publisher=The Robert's Rules Association}}</ref>

For example, if there are 100 eligible voters, 67 votes are required for a supermajority (two-thirds of 100, rounded up). However, if two voters abstain or are absent, the total decreases to 98, and the required votes for a supermajority drops to 66 (two-thirds of 98, rounded up).<ref>{{harvp|Robert|2011|p=403}}</ref>

In Italy, between 1948 and 1993, the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate]] was divided into a number of single-seat constituencies, where, to get elected in a [[First-past-the-post_voting|FPTP]] vote, a two-thirds majority of votes was required. Usually, it was attainable only for the [[South Tyrolean People's Party]] senators representing the German-speaking minority of [[South Tyrol]], thus most other Senators were still elected proportionally in regional constituencies, after being grouped in party lists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Il sistema elettorale per il Senato |url=http://web2003.senato.it/funz/sistelet.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618084220/http://web2003.senato.it/funz/sistelet.htm |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=web2003.senato.it|lang=it}}</ref>

Two-thirds is the most common supermajority requirement in the US Constitution, as set out in: Article I with regard to veto overrides; Article II with regard to treaty ratification and to presidential conviction and removal after an impeachment; and Article V with regard to the proposal of constitutional amendments either by Congress or via petitions by the states.

Systems that exercise consensus based on a minimum threshold of two-thirds super-majority also some-what reflect the technical mathematical attributes of [[Byzantine Fault Tolerance]] which requires a super-majority consensus agreement greater than a minimum threshold of two-thirds of a group.

===Three-fifths, or 60 percent===
Another type of supermajority is three-fifths (60 percent). This requirement could also be qualified to include the entire membership or to include those present.

In 2006, the [[Constitution of Florida]] was amended to require a 60% majority to pass new constitutional amendments by popular vote.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Florida_Amendment_3,_Supermajority_Vote_Required_to_Approve_a_Constitutional_Amendment_(2006)&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop|title=Florida Amendment 3, 60% Majority Requirement for Constitutional Amendments Amendment (2006)|website=Ballotpedia}}</ref>

In [[Poland]], the [[Sejm]] ([[lower house]] of the [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[parliament of Poland]]) requires a three-fifths majority of MPs present to overturn a [[veto]] from the [[President of Poland]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Konwencja PO. Budka proponuje Koalicję 276. "Tyle głosów potrzebnych do przejęcia władzy" |url=https://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/7,114884,26762104,konwencja-po-276-glosow-potrzebnych-do-przejecia-wladzy.html |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=gazetapl |date=February 6, 2021 |language=pl}}</ref>

===55%===
For the [[2006 Montenegrin independence referendum|Montenegrin independence referendum held in 2006]] the European Union [[Diplomacy|envoy]] [[Miroslav Lajčák]] proposed independence if a 55% supermajority of votes are cast in favor with a minimum turnout of 50%. Such procedure, ultimately accepted by the [[government of Montenegro]], was somewhat criticized as overriding the traditional practice of requiring a two-thirds supermajority, as practiced in all former Yugoslav countries before (including the [[Montenegrin independence referendum, 1992|previous referendum in Montenegro]]).{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} The requirement for 50% turnout has also been criticized for causing [[Participation criterion|no-show paradoxes]].

In 2016, the [[Constitution of Colorado]] was amended to require a 55% majority to pass new constitutional amendments by popular vote. It had previously been a simple majority.<ref>{{cite web|title=Colorado Imposition of Distribution and Supermajority Requirements for Citizen-Initiated Constitutional Amendments, Amendment 71 (2016)|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Colorado_Imposition_of_Distribution_and_Supermajority_Requirements_for_Citizen-Initiated_Constitutional_Amendments,_Amendment_71_(2016)|website=Ballotpedia|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref>

==Use in parliamentary procedure==
[[Parliamentary procedure]]s can utilize supermajority rules to avoid the [[tyranny of the majority]]<ref name="i057">{{cite journal | last1=Bradbury | first1=John Charles | last2=Johnson | first2=Joseph M. | title=Do Supermajority Rules Limit or Enhance Majority Tyranny? Evidence from the US States, 1960-1997 | journal=Public Choice | publisher=Springer | volume=127 | issue=3/4 | year=2006 | issn=00485829 | jstor=30026598 | pages=437–449 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/30026598 | access-date=2026-02-04}}</ref> and increase [[political stability]].<ref name="w487">{{cite web | last=Tsebelis | first=George | title=Veto Players | publisher=Princeton University Press | date=2011 | url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400831456/html | access-date=2026-02-04}}</ref> The [[Robert's Rules of Order]] states:<ref name="Robert2011401" />{{Blockquote|text = As a compromise between the rights of the individual and the rights of the assembly, the principle has been established that a two-thirds vote is required to adopt any motion that: (a) suspends or modifies a rule of order previously adopted; (b) prevents the introduction of a question for consideration; (c) closes, limits, or extends the limits of debate; (d) closes nominations or the polls, or otherwise limits the freedom of nominating or voting; or (e) takes away membership.|sign = |source =}}

Supermajority rules can contribute to [[Gridlock (politics)|gridlock]] and cause the tyranny of the supermajority.<ref name="s165">{{cite journal | last=McGann | first=A. J. | title=The Tyranny of the Supermajority: How Majority Rule Protects Minorities | journal=Journal of Theoretical Politics | volume=16 | issue=1 | date=2004 | issn=0951-6298 | doi=10.1177/0951629804038902 | pages=53–77 | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0951629804038902 | access-date=2026-02-04| url-access=subscription }}</ref> Supermajority pivot points<ref>{{cite book|last=Krehbiel|first=Keith|year=1998|title=Pivotal Politics: A Theory of U.S. Lawmaking|url=https://archive.org/details/pivotalpoliticst00kreh|url-access=registration|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press}}</ref> can show higher volatility than median pivot points in case of [[political polarization]].<ref name="q982">{{cite journal | last1=Brunell | first1=Thomas L. | last2=Grofman | first2=Bernard | last3=Merrill | first3=Samuel | title=The volatility of median and supermajoritarian pivots in the U.S. Congress and the effects of party polarization | journal=Public Choice | volume=166 | issue=1-2 | date=2016 | issn=0048-5829 | doi=10.1007/s11127-016-0320-0 | pages=183–204 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11127-016-0320-0 | access-date=2026-02-04| url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Use in governments around the world==
===Australia===
To pass an amendment to the [[Constitution of Australia|Australian Constitution]], a [[Referendums in Australia|referendum]] is required and must achieve a "[[double majority]]": a majority of those voting nationwide, as well as separate majorities in a majority of states (i.e., 4 out of 6 states).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-16 |title=Referendums and plebiscites |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/having-your-say/elections-and-voting/referendums-and-plebiscites/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808025616/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/having-your-say/elections-and-voting/referendums-and-plebiscites/ |archive-date=2023-08-08 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Parliamentary Education Office |language=en |quote=Section 128 of the Constitution says a referendum is passed if it is approved by a majority of voters across the nation and a majority of voters in a majority of states — a double majority.}}</ref> Furthermore, in circumstances where a specific state is affected by a referendum, a majority of voters in that state must also agree to the change<ref>{{Cite web |title=COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA CONSTITUTION ACT - SECT 128. Mode of altering the Constitution. |url=https://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s128.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624131818/https://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s128.html |archive-date=2023-06-24 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=[[Australasian Legal Information Institute]] |quote=No alteration diminishing the proportionate representation of any State in either House of the Parliament, or the minimum number of representatives of a State in the House of Representatives, or increasing, diminishing, or otherwise altering the limits of the State, or in any manner affecting the provisions of the Constitution in relation thereto, shall become law unless the majority of the electors voting in that State approve the proposed law.}}</ref>—referred to as a "triple majority".{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

===Bangladesh===
Article 142 of the [[Constitution of Bangladesh]] stipulates a bill in the [[Jatiya Sangsad]] must expressly state in its short title its purpose is to amend a provision of the constitution. Constitutional amendments require a two-thirds majority in the unicameral [[Jatiya Sangsad]] to become effective.

===Canada===
In Canada, most constitutional amendments can be passed only if identical resolutions are adopted by the House of Commons, the Senate, and two-thirds or more of the provincial legislative assemblies representing at least 50 percent of the national population.

===Czech republic===
Any change of [[Constitution of the Czech Republic]] or any other [[Constitutional act of the Czech Republic]] require a 3/5 majority of all [[Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic|Deputies in Chamber of Deputies]] and 3/5 of [[Senate of the Czech Republic|Senators]] present. Same supermajority is needed for ratification of the international treaty that transfers part of state sovereignty to some international organization.<ref name=Art39_CZ>Constitution of the Czech Republic, Art. 39</ref> Same majorities apply for start of impeachment procedure of the President of the republic.<ref name=Art65_CZ>Constitution of the Czech Republic, Art. 65</ref> Majority of all members in both chambers are needed for: declaration of war, deployment of Czech armed forces outside Czech republic, approval of foreign armed forces movement inside of the country, or for approval of Czech republic membership in defensive international organization.

[[Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic|Chamber of Deputies]] can order its own dissolution by 3/5 vote of all deputies.<ref name=Art35_CZ>Constitution of the Czech Republic, Art. 35</ref>

===Denmark===
Article 20 of the [[Constitution of Denmark]] states that if the government or parliament wants to cede parts of national sovereignty to an international body such as the [[European Union]] or the [[United Nations]], it has to get a five-sixths majority in the [[Folketing]] (150 out of 179 seats).<ref name="Min Grundlov p. 27">{{cite book |last1=Pedersen |first1=Susannah |last2=Christensen |first2=Jens Peter |author-link2=Jens Peter Christensen |url=http://www.ft.dk/Dokumenter/Publikationer/Grundloven/~/media/PDF/publikationer/Grundloven/Min_Grundlov.ashx |format=PDF |title=Min grundlov - Grundloven med forklaringer |chapter=03 - Regeringen |edition=13 |publisher=Folketingets Kommunikationsenhed |date=November 2015 |pages=27–28 |isbn=978-87-7982-172-9 |quote=Til vedtagelse af lovforslag herom kræves et flertal på fem sjettedele af Folketingets medlemmer. Opnås et sådant flertal ikke, men dog det til vedtagelse af almindelige lovforslag nødvendige flertal, og opretholder regeringen forslaget, forelægges det folketingsvælgerne til godkendelse eller forkastelse efter de for folkeafstemninger i §42 fastsatte regler. }}</ref> If there is only a simple majority, a [[referendum]] must be held on the subject.<ref name="Min Grundlov p. 27" />

===European Union===
====Council====
{{Main|Voting in the Council of the European Union}}

The [[Council of the European Union]] uses [[Voting in the Council of the European Union#Qualified majority voting|'Qualified majority voting']] for the majority of issues brought before the institution. However, for matters of extreme importance for individual member states, [[Unanimity#Voting|unanimous voting]] is implemented.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/atyourservice/en/displayFtu.html?ftuId=FTU_1.4.2.html|title=Intergovernmental decision-making procedures - EU fact sheets - European Parliament|website=www.europarl.europa.eu|access-date=May 9, 2017|archive-date=December 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201053950/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/atyourservice/en/displayFtu.html?ftuId=FTU_1.4.2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> An example of this is [[Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union]], whereby a member state can have its rights suspended with the unanimous approval of all other member states.

After the accession of Croatia, on 1{{nbsp}}July 2013, at least 260 votes out of a total of 352 by at least 15 member states were required for legislation to be adopted by qualified majority. From 1{{nbsp}}July 2013, the pass condition translated into:
# At least 15 (or 18, if proposal was not made by the commission) countries,
# At least 260 of the total 352 voting weights,
# At least 313.6 million people represented by the states that vote in favour.

====Parliament====
Requirements to reach an absolute majority is a common feature of voting in the [[European Parliament]] (EP) where under the [[European Union legislative procedure#Ordinary legislative procedure|ordinary legislative procedure]] the EP is required to act by an absolute majority if it is to either amend or reject proposed legislation.<ref>See Article 294(7) of the [[Treaty on the functioning of the European Union]].</ref>

===Finland===
According to [[Law of Finland|Finnish Law]], when a new legislative proposal would in some way add, alter or remove a part of the [[Constitution of Finland|Finnish constitution]], a bill requires a 2/3 majority approval (or 134 out of 200 representatives) in the [[Parliament of Finland]]. The voting takes place in the first session after the parliamentary elections following the original proposal. Alternatively, the proposition may be declared urgent, in which case the voting takes place before the next elections, requiring an approval of a 5/6 majority.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.finlex.fi/api/media/statute-foreign-language-translation/688686/mainPdf/main.pdf?timestamp=1999-06-10T21%3A00%3A00.000Z|title=The Constitution of Finland (731/1999, amendments up to 817/2018 included, English translation)|access-date=22 February 2026|at=Page 15, chapter 6, section 73}}</ref>

===India===
[[Amendment of the Constitution of India|Article 368]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] requires a supermajority of two-thirds of members present and voting in each house of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]], subject to at least by a majority of the total membership of each House of Parliament, to amend the constitution. In addition, in matters affecting the states and judiciary, at least above half of all the states need to ratify the amendment.

===Italy===
{{Main|President of Italy#Election}}

The [[President of Italy]] is elected by an electoral college consisting of both chambers of [[Italian Parliament|Parliament]] sitting in [[joint session]] with 58 electors from the [[Regions of Italy|country's 20 regions]]. In the first three rounds of voting, a candidate must get two-thirds of the votes to win, but from the fourth round onwards only an absolute majority is needed. Reforms to the [[Constitution]] need to achieve a supermajority of two-thirds of the votes both in the [[Camera dei Deputati|Chamber]] and in the [[Senate (Italy)|Senate]] to avoid the possibility of being sent to popular vote in order to be confirmed through a referendum.

===Japan===
Amendments to the [[Constitution of Japan|constitution]] require a two-thirds majority in both houses of the [[National Diet]] and a simple majority in a referendum.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://japan.kantei.go.jp/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.html |title = The Constitution of Japan |access-date = December 30, 2015 |website = japan.kantei.go.jp }}</ref>

===New Zealand===
Section 268 of the [[Electoral Act 1993|Electoral Act]] sets out a number of 'reserved provisions'. These provisions include section 17(1) of the [[Constitution Act 1986]] (regarding [[New Zealand Parliament|Parliament]]'s term length), section 35 of the Electoral Act (regarding the drawing of electoral boundaries), and section 74 of the Electoral Act (designating 18 as the minimum voting age). For a 'reserved provision' to be amended or repealed, a three-quarters majority is required in the [[New Zealand House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] or a majority is needed in a national [[referendum]].<ref>{{Cite web |title = Electoral Act 1993 |url = https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0087/latest/DLM310495.html |website = New Zealand Legislation |access-date = September 10, 2021}}</ref>

===Nigeria===
Under the [[Constitution of Nigeria]] a two-thirds majority is required in the [[National Assembly (Nigeria)|National Assembly]] to alter the Constitution, enact legislation in a few areas, or remove office holders from some positions, such as Speaker. Legislative override or impeachment of the executive at either the state or federal government level also requires a two-thirds majority of the corresponding legislative assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |title = Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria |url = http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm |website = Nigeria law |access-date = November 12, 2018}}</ref>

===Philippines===
Under the 1987 [[Constitution of the Philippines]], a two-thirds majority of both chambers of the [[Congress of the Philippines]] (the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]] and the [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]]) meeting in [[joint session]] is required to [[Declaration of war|declare war]].<ref name="Phil">[http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ 1987 Constitution of the Philippines], ''Official Gazette''.</ref> A two-thirds majority of both chambers is required to override a presidential [[veto]].<ref name="Phil"/><ref>Elliot Bulmer, [https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/presidential-veto-powers-primer.pdf International IDEA Constitution-Building Primer 14: Presidential Veto Powers Primer], [[International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance]], 2d ed. 2017, p. 14.</ref> A two-thirds vote of both chambers of Congress voting separately is required to designate the [[Vice President of the Philippines|vice president]] as [[acting president]] in the event that a majority of the Cabinet certifies that the president is "unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office" but the president declares that no such inability exists.<ref name="Phil"/> A two-thirds vote of either chamber is required to suspend or expel a member from that chamber.<ref name="Phil"/>

Under the 1987 Constitution, "The Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of all its Members, call a [[Constitutional Convention (Philippines)|constitutional convention]], or by a majority vote of all its Members, submit to the electorate the question of calling such a convention."<ref name="Phil"/> A three-quarters vote of all the members of the Congress is required to propose an amendment to the Constitution; the proposed amendment is submitted to the people for ratification (by a majority of the votes cast) in a [[plebiscite]].<ref name="Phil"/>

A two-thirds majority of the Senate is required to ratify treaties, and to remove an [[Impeachment in the Philippines|impeached]] official from office.<ref name="Phil"/> Impeachment by the House, which is the required first step in the removal process, only requires one-third of Representatives to sign a petition (specifically a verified complaint or resolution of impeachment).<ref name="Phil"/><ref>[https://www.economist.com/asia/2000/11/09/impeachment-in-the-philippines Impeachment in the Philippines: Joseph Estrada faces a tough fight to hold on to his presidency], ''The Economist'' (November 9, 2000).</ref><ref>Seth Mydans, [https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/14/world/philippine-congress-impeaches-president-on-graft-charges.html Philippine Congress Impeaches President on Graft Charges], ''New York Times'' (November 14, 2000).</ref>

===Poland===

To amend the Constitution the [[Sejm of the Republic of Poland|Sejm]] need to approve the change with at least two-thirds majority of votes in the presence of at least half of all Deputies, and then by the [[Senate of Poland|Senate]] by an absolute majority of votes in the presence of at least half of all Senators. Changes of the chapters 1, 2 and 12 of the Constitution have to be approved by majority of participating voters in referendum.<ref name=Art235_PL>Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 235</ref>
For ratification of the international treaty that transfers part of state sovereignty to some international organization two-thirds majority of votes in the presence of at least half of all Sejm Deputies and two-thirds majority of votes in the presence of at least half of all Senators is needed.<ref name=Art90_PL>Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 90</ref>

Sejm can order its own dissolution by two-thirds vote majority of all deputies (Senate is then also automatically dissolved).<ref name=Art98_PL>Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 98</ref>

The [[president of Poland|president]] may return the bill to the Sejm in a standard package veto, the Sejm can override the bill by a three-fifths majority of members present (at least half of all members have to be present).<ref name=Art122_PL>Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Art. 122</ref>

===Singapore===

Different amendment procedures apply to different parts of the Constitution. Most of the Articles of the Constitution may be amended by a bill enacted by Parliament if there is at least a supermajority of two-thirds of all elected MPs voting in favour of the bill during its Second and Third Readings in Parliament.<ref name="Art 5(2)">Constitution, Art. 5(2).</ref> This is in contrast to ordinary bills, which only need to be approved by at least a simple majority of all the MPs present and voting.<ref>Constitution, Art. 57(1).</ref>

However, the ruling [[People's Action Party]] (PAP) has commanded a majority of more than two-thirds of the seats in Parliament since 1968. Thus, the more stringent amendment requirement has not imposed any major limitation on Parliament's ability to amend the Constitution.<ref name="Neo & Lee 165">Neo & Lee, p. 165.</ref>{{failed verification|date=June 2022}}

===South Korea===
====Legislation====
A three-fifths majority of legislators is required for a bill to be put to a vote in the [[National Assembly (South Korea)|National Assembly]] in order to prevent the ruling party from passing laws without the support of opposition parties.<ref>{{Cite web |title = The Tyranny of the Minority in South Korea |url = https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/the-tyranny-of-the-minority-in-south-korea/ |website = The Diplomat |access-date = December 30, 2015}}</ref> However, if a bill does not achieve the required three-fifths majority at one session without also being rejected, it must then be voted on at the next session even if less than three-fifths of legislators agree to do so.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nknews.org/2020/12/controversial-south-korean-anti-leaflet-bill-delayed-after-filibuster-attempt/ | title=Controversial South Korean 'anti-leaflet' bill delayed after filibuster attempt | website=NK News | date=December 9, 2020 }}</ref> Additionally, if the [[President of South Korea|President]] vetoes a bill, the veto can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in congress, provided that an absolute majority of legislators are in attendance.<ref name="refworld.org">{{cite web | url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4dd14.html | website=Refworld | title=Constitution of the Republic of Korea }}</ref>

====Impeachment====
According to Article 65 of the [[Constitution of South Korea]], impeachment of the President requires a two-third majority of legislators to be effective.<ref name="refworld.org"/>

====Judicial review====
According to Article 113 of the Constitution of South Korea, the [[Constitutional Court of South Korea|Constitutional Court]] requires a two-thirds majority of its judges to issue rulings nullifying laws, removing impeached officials or dissolving a political party.<ref name="refworld.org"/>

====Constitutional amendments====
According to Article 130 of the Constitution of South Korea, amendments to the constitution must be passed by a two-thirds majority of legislators and then approved by voters at a referendum in order to become effective.<ref name="refworld.org"/>

===Spain===
====Constitutional reform====
The 1978 Constitution states that a three-fifths majority in both [[Congress of Deputies]] and [[Senate of Spain]] is needed to pass a constitutional reform, but if a two-thirds majority is reached in the Congress of Deputies, an [[absolute majority]] of senators is enough to pass the proposal.<ref>{{Cite web |title = Title X of the Constitution: Constitutional Reform (in Spanish) |url = http://www.congreso.es/consti/constitucion/indice/titulos/articulos.jsp?ini=166&fin=169&tipo=2 |website = Constitución.es |access-date = June 9, 2018}}</ref>

Nevertheless, when a new Constitution is proposed or the proposal's goal is to reform the Preliminary Title, the Chapter on Fundamental Rights and Freedoms or the Title on the Crown, the supermajority becomes significantly harder:
* A supermajority of two-thirds must be reached in both Congress of Deputies and Senate.
* Both chambers must be dissolved.
* The new elected chambers must approve the proposal by a new two-thirds supermajority.
* Finally, the proposal is passed by [[majority]] in [[referendum]].

The first way has been used twice (1992 and 2011), but the second has never been used.

====Other legal procedures====
The Spanish Constitution states other supermajorities:
* Members of the [[General Council of the Judiciary]] are appointed by the Congress of Deputies and Senate of Spain, and each appointment needs a three-fifths majority.<ref name="spanishconstitution">{{Cite web |title = The Constitution (in Spanish) |url = http://www.congreso.es/consti/constitucion/indice/titulos/articulos.jsp?ini=117&fin=127&tipo=2 |website = Constitución.es |access-date = June 9, 2018}}</ref>
* Members of the [[Constitutional Court of Spain|Constitutional Court]] are also appointed by both Congress of Deputies and Senate of Spain, and each appointment needs a three-fifths majority.<ref name="spanishconstitution"/>
* The president of the [[RTVE]], the public radio and television broadcaster, must be elected by two-thirds majority of the Congress of Deputies.<ref>{{Cite web |title = The Congress passes that the president RTVE will be appointed by consensus again (in Spanish) |url =https://www.eldiario.es/sociedad/Congreso-inmediatamente-presidente-RTVE-exigencia_0_657234417.html |website = eldiario.es |date =June 22, 2017 |access-date = June 9, 2018}}</ref>

====Autonomous communities====
Each Spanish [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]] has its own [[Statute of Autonomy]], working like a local constitution that is subject to the [[Spanish Constitution of 1978|1978 Constitution]] and national powers.

The Statute of Autonomy of the Canary Islands states that its economic and fiscal regime and electoral law need a two-thirds majority of the Parliament to be modified.<ref>{{Cite web |title = Statute of Autonomy of the Canary Islands (in Spanish) |url =http://www.parcan.es/pub/estatuto.pdf | access-date = June 9, 2018}}</ref> On its behalf, the [[Ombudsman]] needs a three-fifths majority to be appointed. Also, if a two-thirds majority votes against a law project, it must be proposed to the following session.

===Taiwan===
Before the [[Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China]] in 2005, constitutional amendments needed to be passed by the [[National Assembly (Republic of China)|National Assembly]]. Since the Additional Articles were ratified on June 7, 2005, the National Assembly was abolished. Amendments of the constitution need to be proposed by more than one-quarter of members of the Legislative Yuan, passed by three-quarters of those present in the meeting, the presence of which must surpass three-quarters of all members of the Legislative Yuan, followed by the approval of more than half (50%) of all eligible voters in a [[referendum]].

===Turkey===
In Turkey, [[constitutional amendment]]s need a three fifths majority (360 votes) to be put forward to a referendum and a two-thirds majority (400 votes) to be ratified directly.

===Ukraine===

====Legislative veto====
The [[president of Ukraine]] may refuse to sign a bill and return it to the [[Verkhovna Rada]] with proposed amendments. The Verkhovna Rada may override a veto by a two-thirds majority.

====Constitutional amendments====
According to Article 155 of the [[Constitution of Ukraine]], amendments to the constitution, except for Chapter I — "General Principles," Chapter III — "Elections. Referendum", and Chapter XIII — "Introducing Amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine", must be previously approved by a simple majority of the constitutional composition of the [[Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine]] and then passed by a two-thirds majority of the constitutional composition of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine at the succeeding regular session of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine.

According to Article 156 of the Constitution of Ukraine, amendments to Chapter I — "General Principles," Chapter III — "Elections. Referendum", and Chapter XIII — "Introducing Amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine" must be passed by a two-thirds majority of the constitutional composition of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and then approved by voters at a referendum in order to become effective.

===United Kingdom===

====UK Parliament====
A rare example of a supermajority requirement affecting the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] is the need for a two-thirds supermajority vote in both the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] and the [[House of Lords]] to amend or dissolve the [[Royal Charter on self-regulation of the press]], insofar as it applies in [[England and Wales]].<ref name="bbcpressregulation">{{cite news |author= |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36034956 |title=Press regulation: What you need to know |work=[[BBC News]] |date=13 April 2016 |access-date=7 July 2024 |quote=While an act of parliament can be amended with a simple majority, it was possible to insert a clause in the Royal Charter requiring any changes to be approved by a two-thirds majority.}}</ref><ref name="independentpressregulation">{{cite news |last=Burrell |first=Ian |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/press/press-regulation-judge-for-yourself-the-royal-charter-in-full-8910572.html |title=Press regulation: Judge for yourself - the Royal Charter in full |work=[[The Independent]] |date=29 October 2013 |access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref>

Before its repeal, the [[Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011]] provided that the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom House of Commons]] could be dissolved and an election held before the expiry of its 5-year term by a vote of two-thirds of the membership of the House of Commons. The Act also provided that Parliament could alternatively be dissolved if the House of Commons passed a motion of no-confidence in the government and no new government were to win a motion of confidence within two weeks of the original vote of no-confidence.

The two-thirds supermajority provision for an early dissolution and election was triggered only once, resulting in the [[2017 United Kingdom General Election]]. The previous election in [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015]] had occurred due to the natural expiry of the 5-year term of the House of Commons.

[[Parliamentary supremacy]] meant that theoretically the Act could be circumvented by a government with a majority that wanted to bypass the requirement for a two-thirds vote by passing an act that stated, "Notwithstanding the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, a general election will be called on DATE". This was precisely [[Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019|what was done]] to initiate the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|election in 2019]], the final election held whilst the Fixed-term Parliaments Act was in effect.

During the 2019 election, both the governing [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] and the opposition [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] expressed a desire to repeal the Fixed-term Parliaments Act and restore the traditional, centuries-old system under which elections could be held at any time, subject to the 5-year maximum term limit established by the [[Parliament Act 1911]]. Such a repeal would only require a simple majority.

Ultimately, the Fixed-term Parliaments Act was repealed by the [[Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022]], thereby removing any supermajority requirement and restoring the previous [[royal prerogative]] power to dissolve the House of Commons at any time during its 5-year term.

====Devolved parliaments====
The devolved legislatures in [[Northern Ireland Assembly|Northern Ireland]], [[Scottish Parliament|Scotland]] and [[Senedd Cymru|Wales]] all usually operate with [[Fixed-term election|fixed intervals]] between ordinary elections. However, the acts governing the operation of those legislatures all allow for an early election to take place if a motion to that effect is approved by two-thirds of the total number of members of the legislature in question.<ref>{{cite legislation UK |type=act |year=1998 |chapter=47 |act=Northern Ireland Act 1998 |section=32 |date=19 November 1998 |accessdate=7 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite legislation UK |type=act |year=1998 |chapter=46 |act=Scotland Act 1998 |section=3 |date=19 November 1998|accessdate=7 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite legislation UK |type=act |year=2006 |chapter=32 |act=Government of Wales Act 2006 |section=5 |date=25 July 2006|accessdate=7 July 2024}}</ref>

Section 31A of the [[Scotland Act 1998]]<ref>{{Cite legislation UK |type=act |year=1998 |chapter=46 |act=Scotland Act 1998 |section=31A |date=19 November 1998|accessdate=29 July 2023}}</ref> and Section 111A of the [[Government of Wales Act 2006]]<ref name=2006c.32>{{Cite legislation UK |type=act |year=2006 |chapter=32 |act=Government of Wales Act 2006 |section=111A |date=25 July 2006|accessdate=29 July 2023}}</ref> provide that certain provisions of those Acts relating to the functions of and elections to the respective Scottish and Welsh devolved legislatures are protected from amendment by those legislatures, unless a two-thirds supermajority of the total number of members votes in favour.

Regarding Scotland, the protected provisions are:<ref>{{Cite legislation UK |type=act |year=1998|chapter=46 |act=Scotland Act 1998|section=31 |date=19 November 1998|accessdate=29 July 2023}}</ref>
*Who may vote at Scottish Parliament elections
*The system of election for members of the Scottish Parliament
*The number of Scottish Parliament constituencies
*The number of members returned by each constituency

The protected provisions regarding Wales are the same as those in Scotland; in addition, there are two Wales-specific provisions:<ref name=2006c.32/>
*The name of the legislature
*The number of individuals permitted to be appointed Welsh Minister or Deputy Welsh Minister

A two-thirds supermajority vote is required in the Scottish Parliament in order to amend or dissolve the Royal Charter on self-regulation of the press, insofar as it applies in Scotland.<ref name="bbcpressregulation"/><ref name="independentpressregulation"/>

====Local authorities====
[[Principal council]]s in Wales are required to pass a resolution with a two-thirds supermajority vote in order to change the system by which they are elected, with the permitted choices being [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] and [[single transferable vote]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/asc/2021/1/part/1/crossheading/voting-systems-for-elections-to-principal-councils |title=Local Government and Elections (Wales) Act 2021 (2021 asc. 1): Voting systems for elections to principal councils |website=[[legislation.gov.uk]] |publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] |date=20 January 2021 |access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref>

[[Districts of England|District councils in England]] are required to pass a resolution with a two-thirds supermajority vote in order to change their 'electoral scheme,' i.e. what proportion of councillors is elected at each ordinary election, with permitted proportions being one-third, one-half or all councillors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/28/part/2/chapter/1 |title=Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 (2007 c. 28), part 2 chapter 1: Power of district councils in England to change electoral scheme |website=[[legislation.gov.uk]] |publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] |date=30 October 2007 |access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref>

The [[London Assembly]] may, by a two-thirds supermajority vote, veto the [[Mayor of London|mayor's]] draft strategies.<ref>{{cite legislation UK |type=act |year=1999 |chapter=29 |act=Greater London Authority Act 1999 |section=42B |date=11 November 1999 |accessdate=7 July 2024}}</ref>

===United Nations===
The [[United Nations Security Council]] requires a supermajority of the fixed membership on all matters. According to Article 27 of the [[United Nations Charter]], at least nine of the Security Council's 15 members (i.e., a three-fifths supermajority) must vote in favor of a draft [[United Nations Security Council resolution|resolution]] in order to achieve passage. Furthermore, on a substantive resolution, none of the [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent members]] (the [[People's Republic of China]], [[France]], the [[Russian Federation]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]]) can vote against the proposal, otherwise it fails, effectively giving them a [[United Nations Security Council veto power|veto]] which cannot be overridden. Abstentions do not count as votes against, allowing permanent members to express disapproval on a substantive resolution without vetoing it by abstaining from the vote. However, since the supermajority for passage specifies the votes must be for a resolution, abstentions and absences could be considered negative votes if the number of affirmative votes is below nine.

The [[United Nations General Assembly]] requires a supermajority of those present and voting on "very important questions" such as admitting new member-states to the [[United Nations]]. According to Article 18 of the Charter, this means two-thirds of votes cast must favor a resolution for it to be adopted. This means that abstentions and absences have no effect on a resolution provided the [[quorum]] is met. On all other votes in the [[United Nations System]] are done by simple majority of those present.

===United States===
====Federal government====
The [[Constitution of the United States]] requires supermajorities for certain significant actions to occur.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hudiburg |first1=Jane A. |title=Supermajority Votes in the House |date=July 24, 2018 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |location=Washington, DC |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/98-778.pdf |access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>

[[Constitutional amendment#United States|Amendments]] to the Constitution may be proposed in one of two ways: a two-thirds supermajority votes of each body of [[United States Congress]] or a [[Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution|convention]] called by Congress on application of two-thirds (currently 34) of the states. Once proposed, the amendment must be ratified by three-quarters (currently 38) of the states (either through the state legislatures, or ratification conventions, whichever "mode of ratification" Congress selects).

Congress may pass bills by simple majority votes. If the [[President of the United States|president]] [[Veto#United States|vetoes]] a bill, Congress may [[veto override|override]] the veto by a two-thirds supermajority of both houses.

A treaty must be ratified by a two-thirds supermajority of the Senate to [[Entry into force|enter into force and effect]].

Section 4 of the [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] gives Congress a role to play in the event of a presidential disability. If the vice president and a majority of the president's cabinet declare that the president is unable to serve in that role, the vice president becomes acting president. Within 21 days of such a declaration (or, if Congress is in recess when a president is disabled, 21 days after Congress reconvenes), Congress must vote by two-thirds supermajorities to continue the disability declaration; otherwise, such declaration expires after the 21 days and the president would at that time "resume" discharging all the powers and duties of the office. {{Asof|2025|January}}, Section 4 has never been invoked.

The House may, by a simple majority vote, [[Federal impeachment in the United States|impeach]] a federal official (such as, but not limited to, the president, vice president, or a federal judge). Removal from office requires a two-thirds supermajority of the Senate. In 1842, the House failed to impeach president [[John Tyler]]. In 1868, the Senate fell one vote short of removing president [[Andrew Johnson]] following his [[Impeachment of Andrew Johnson|impeachment]]. In 1999, efforts to remove [[Bill Clinton]] following [[Impeachment of Bill Clinton|his impeachment in 1998]] fell just short of a simple majority, and 17 votes short of the two-thirds supermajority. The impeachment procedure was last used in 2021, when president [[Donald Trump]] was [[Second impeachment of Donald Trump|impeached]] for a second time during his first term and subsequently acquitted. Each chamber may expel one of its own members by a two-thirds supermajority vote; this last happened when the House [[Expulsion from the United States Congress|expelled]] [[George Santos]] in 2023.

The [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|14th Amendment]] (section 3) bars a person from federal or state office if, after having previously taken an [[Oath of office#United States|oath to support the Constitution]] as a federal or state officer, "''shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof''". However, both the House and Senate may jointly override this restriction with a two-thirds supermajority vote each.

A two-thirds supermajority in the [[United States Senate|Senate]] is 67 out of 100 senators, while a two-thirds supermajority in the House is 290 out of 435 representatives. However, since many votes take place without every seat in the House filled and representatives participating, it does not often require 67 senators or 290 representatives to achieve this supermajority.

Apart from these constitutional requirements, [[Cloture#United States|a Senate rule]] (except in cases covered by the [[nuclear option]], or of a rule change) requires an absolute supermajority of three-fifths to move to a vote through a [[cloture]] motion, which closes debate on a bill or nomination, thus ending a [[filibuster]] by a minority of members. In current practice, the mere threat of a filibuster prevents passing almost any measure that has less than three-fifths agreement in the Senate, 60 of the 100 senators if every seat is filled.

====State government====
[[Image:US governors veto override majorities map.svg|thumb|Governor legislative veto override majority required: {{legend|#ffcc00ff|majority of all members}}{{legend|#5ed360ff|3/5 majority of members present}}{{legend|#008000ff|3/5 majority of all members}}{{legend|#2a7fffff|2/3 majority of members present}}{{legend|#0044aaff|2/3 majority of all members}}{{legend|#808080ff|2/3 majority of all legislature members combined}}]]
[[Image:US state legislatures by majoritarian operation.svg|thumb|Supermajority needed to raise taxes]]
For [[State legislature (United States)|state legislatures in the United States]], ''[[Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure|Mason's Manual]]'' says, "A deliberative body cannot by its own act or rule require a two-thirds vote to take any action where the constitution or controlling authority requires only a majority vote. To require a two-thirds vote, for example, to take any action would be to give to any number more than one-third of the members the power to defeat the action and amount to a delegation of the powers of the body to a minority."<ref>{{Parliamentary manuals|title=MAS |pages=353 |edition=2000 |year=2000}}</ref> Some states require a supermajority for passage of a constitutional amendment or statutory initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/supermajority-vote-requirements.aspx |title=Supermajority Vote Requirements |access-date=December 31, 2015 |website=www.ncsl.org |publisher=National Conference of State Legislatures}}</ref>

Many state constitutions allow or require amendments to their own constitutions to be proposed by supermajorities of the state legislature; these amendments must usually be approved by the voters at one or more subsequent elections. Michigan, for instance, allows the Legislature to propose an amendment to the Michigan Constitution; it must then be ratified by the voters at the next general election (unless a special election is called).<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Michigan Legislature |title=Article XII § 1 |url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(p22jjt45odksm455blth42nj))/mileg.aspx?page=getObject&objectName=mcl-Article-XII-1 |work=[[Constitution of Michigan]] of 1963 |access-date=December 30, 2015}}</ref>

In most states, the state legislature may override a [[Governor (United States)|governor]]'s veto of legislation. In most states, a two-thirds supermajority of both chambers is required (of all members or present).<ref>{{cite web |first=Karen |last= Shanton |url=http://www.ncsl.org/blog/2013/10/28/wrapup-of-veto-overrides-in-states-with-veto-proof-legislatures-and-divided-government.aspx |title=Wrapup of Veto Overrides in States with Veto-Proof Legislatures and Divided Government |work=NCSL Blog |publisher=National Conference of State Legislatures |date = October 28, 2013}}</ref> However, in some states (e.g., [[Delaware]], [[Illinois]], [[Kansas]], [[Maryland]], [[North Carolina]] and [[Rhode Island]]), only a three-fifths supermajority is required (of all members or present).<ref>{{cite book |first=Dan |last=Friedman |title=The Maryland State Constitution: A Reference Guide |series=Reference Guides to the State Constitutions of the United States, No. 41 |publisher=Praeger |year=2006 |page=75}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Ann M. |last=Lousin |title=The Illinois State Constitution |series=Oxford Commentaries on the State Constitutions of the United States |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |pages=119–21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/legislation/constitution/ncconstitution.html |title=North Carolina State Constitution |access-date = May 3, 2016}}</ref> Some of the states mainly east of the Mississippi River like Alabama, Kentucky and West Virginia only a normal majority of all members is needed.

One common provision of so-called "[[taxpayer bill of rights]]" laws (either in state statutes or [[State constitution (United States)|state constitutions]]) is requirement of a supermajority vote in the state legislature to increase taxes. The [[National Conference of State Legislatures]] reported in 2010 that fifteen states required a supermajority vote (either a three-fifths, two-thirds or three-quarters majority vote in both chambers) to pass some or all tax increases.<ref>{{cite web |first = Bert |last = Waisanen |url = http://www.ncsl.org/research/fiscal-policy/state-tax-and-expenditure-limits-2010.aspx |title = State Tax and Expenditure Limits—2010 |publisher = [[National Conference of State Legislatures]] |year = 2010}}</ref>

Supermajority requirements for tax increases have been criticized as "deeply flawed" by a report by the [[progressivism|progressive]] [[Center on Budget and Policy Priorities]] because such requirements empower a minority of legislators, making it difficult to close [[Tax break|tax loopholes]] or fund transportation [[infrastructure]], and also may encourage [[pork barrel|pork-barrel]] spending as a trade-off to ensure passage of a tax increase (see [[logrolling]]).<ref>{{cite web |first = Nicholas |last = Johnson |url = http://www.cbpp.org/research/a-super-bad-idea-requiring-a-two-thirds-legislative-supermajority-to-raise-taxes-protects |title = A Super Bad Idea: Requiring a Two-thirds Legislative Supermajority to Raise Taxes Protects Special Interest Tax Breaks and Gives Budget Veto Power to a Small Minority of Legislators |publisher = [[Center on Budget and Policy Priorities]] |date = April 25, 2006}}</ref>

==International agreements==
The [[Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court]] requires a seven-eighths majority of participating states to be amended.

==See also==
* [[Byzantine Fault Tolerance]] (mathematical proof for {{frac|2|3}} consensus threshold)
* [[Consensus decision-making]]
* [[Double majority]]
* [[Group decision-making]]
* [[Minoritarianism]]
* [[Unanimity]]
* [[Voting in the Council of the European Union]]—described the "qualified majority voting" requirement in that body

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Majorities}}
{{Parliamentary procedure}}

[[Category:Elections]]
[[Category:Voting theory]]
[[Category:Majority]]
[[Category:Power sharing]]

Veer Mhaskoba

2026-03-22T10:05:33Z

Averma: rework section and updated info

{{Short description|Avatar of the Hindu deity Shiva}}
[[File:Shrinath Mhaskoba.jpg|thumb]]
{{Hinduism}}
{{One source|date=May 2007}}
'''Shreenath Mhaskoba'''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ganguly |first1=Namrata |title=Shrinath Veer Mhaskoba Festival: Know Lord Shiva's Unique Marriage In Maharashtra |url=https://www.herzindagi.com/society-culture/shrinath-veer-mhaskoba-festival-lord-shiva-marriage-avatar-maharashtra-article-223878 |website=herzindagi.com |publisher=Her Zindagi |access-date=19 August 2023 |date=March 2, 2023}}</ref> is Kaal [[bhairava]] an [[Avatar]] of the [[Hindu]] deity [[Shiva]].

==Temple==
The temple of Veer Mhaskoba is in Veer village, on the banks of river Purnaganga.
[[File:Shrinath temple.jpg|thumb]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|18.15294|74.087457|type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Regional Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Forms of Shiva]]

India–Russia relations

2026-03-15T08:38:04Z

Averma: quick fix

{{Use British English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|India–Russia|India|Russia|mission1=[[Embassy of India, Moscow]]|mission2=Embassy of Russia, [[New Delhi]]|envoytitle1=[[List of ambassadors of India to Russia|Ambassador]]|envoy1=Vinay Kumar|envoytitle2=[[List of ambassadors of Russia to India|Ambassador]]|envoy2= Denis Alipov |filetype=png|map=India Russia Locator.png}}
[[File:Prime Minister Of Bharat Shri Narendra Damodardas Modi & President Of The Russian Federation Mr. Vladimir Putin At The Grand Kremlin Palace.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]] and President of Russia [[Vladimir Putin]] in Moscow, Russia, 9 July 2024]]
The [[Republic of India]] and the [[Russian Federation]] established bilateral relations in 1991 and remain close allies. Previously, during the [[Cold War]], [[India–Soviet Union relations|Indian–Soviet relations]] were considered a "strong strategic relationship". This diplomatic unity was further strengthened with both nations' shared military ideals, as well as their overall economic policies. After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], Russia kept the same close ties to India; in international terms, both nations Russia and India consider their mutual affinity to be a "strategic partnership". Their governments support the creation of a [[multipolar world|multipolar world order]] in which both nations are "poles".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2022 |title=India one of most important poles in multipolar world order, says Russia |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-important-poles-multipolar-world-united-nations-security-council-russia-2308054-2022-12-12 |access-date=24 December 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Traditionally, the Indian–Russian strategic partnership has been built on five major components: [[politics]], [[Military|defence]], [[nuclear power|civil nuclear energy]], [[counter terrorism|anti-terrorism co-operation]], as well as the advancement of and exploration of [[outer space]] travel.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Rajeev|date=28 November 2012|title=Top Indian diplomat explains Russia's importance to India|url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2012/11/28/top_indian_diplomat_explains_russias_importance_to_india_19391|access-date=8 February 2022|website=[[Russia Beyond]]}}</ref> These five major components were highlighted in a speech given by former [[Indian Foreign Secretary]] [[Ranjan Mathai]] in Russia.<ref name=":1" /> The IRIGC (India-Russia Intergovernmental Commission) is the main body that conducts affairs at the governmental level between both countries.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Rajeev|date=26 September 2012|title=Indo-Russian Inter-Governmental Commission to meet in mid-October|url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2012/09/26/indo-russian_inter-governmental_commission_to_meet_in_mid-october_17907|access-date=8 February 2022|publisher=[[Russia Beyond]]}}</ref> Both countries are members of international bodies including the [[UN]], [[BRICS]], [[G20]] and [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]].<ref name="newkerala.com">{{cite web|author=Kashani|first=Sarwar|date=9 June 2010|title=India has right to join SCO, not Pakistan: Russian envoy|url=http://www.newkerala.com/news/fullnews-124347.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402221443/http://www.newkerala.com/news/fullnews-124347.html|archive-date=2 April 2012|access-date=24 April 2016|website=NewKerala}}</ref> Russia has stated that it supports [[G4 nations|India receiving a permanent seat]] on the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/russian-envoy-advocates-permanent-seat-for-india-at-unsc/articleshow/107595031.cms?from=mdr|title=Russian envoy advocates permanent seat for India at UNSC|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=11 February 2024 |access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref> In addition, Russia has expressed interest in joining [[SAARC]] with observer status in which India is a founding member.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last1=Muni|first1=Sukh Deo|last2=Jetly|first2=Rajshree|date=2008|title=SAARC: The Changing Dimensions|url=http://www.cris.unu.edu/fileadmin/workingpapers/W-2008-8_01.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203095328/http://www.cris.unu.edu/fileadmin/workingpapers/W-2008-8_01.pdf|archive-date=3 February 2016|publisher=United Nations University - Comparative Regional Integration Studies}}</ref><ref name="news.oneindia.in">{{cite web|date=22 November 2006|title=Russia keen to join SAARC as observer|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/11/22/russia-keen-to-join-saarc-as-observer-1164200695.html|access-date=24 April 2016|work=OneIndia|archive-date=24 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424213547/http://news.oneindia.in/2006/11/22/russia-keen-to-join-saarc-as-observer-1164200695.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

India is the second largest market for the [[Defense industry of Russia|Russian defence industry]]. In 2017, approximately 68% of the [[Indian Military|Indian military]]'s hardware import came from Russia, making Russia the chief supplier of defence equipment.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 March 2023 |title=Russia is still India's largest arms supplier, says report |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64899489 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=BBC}}</ref> India has an [[Embassy of India in Moscow|embassy in Moscow]] and two consulate-generals (in [[Saint Petersburg]] and [[Vladivostok]]). Russia has an [[Embassy of Russia in New Delhi|embassy in New Delhi]] and six consulate-generals (in [[Chennai]], [[Goa]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Trivandrum]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian Embassy and Consulates in India|url=https://www.embassypages.com/russia-embassy-newdelhi-india|access-date=10 September 2020|website=EmbassyPages.com}}</ref>

According to a 2014 [[BBC World Service]] Poll, 85% of Russians view India positively, with only 9% expressing a negative view.<ref>[http://www.downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/country-rating-poll.pdf 2014 World Service Poll] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122232141/http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/country-rating-poll.pdf |date=22 January 2015 }} ''[[BBC]]''</ref> Similarly, a 2017 [[opinion poll]] by the [[Moscow]]-based [[Non-governmental organization|non-governmental]] think tank [[Levada Center|Levada-Center]] states that [[Russians]] identified India as one of their top five "friends", with the others being Belarus, China, Kazakhstan, and Syria.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/delhi-still-among-top-five-friends-of-moscow-says-poll-by-russian-think-tank/articleshow/64768148.cms|title=India in top 5 friends of Russia|last=Bagchi|first=Indrani|date=28 June 2018|work=The Times of India|access-date=13 July 2018}}</ref> A 2022 poll showed that 60% of Indians support the Indian government's handling of the Russian-Ukrainian war.<ref>{{cite web |title=6 in 10 support Indian govt's handling of the Russia-Ukraine crisis, says survey |date=3 March 2022 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/world/story/6-in-10-support-indian-govts-handling-of-the-russia-ukraine-crisis-says-survey-324601-2022-03-03 |publisher=Business today |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> A poll conducted in summer 2022 shows that Indians most frequently named Russia their most trusted partner, with 43% naming Russia as such compared to 27% who named the US.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mattoo |first=Aditya Gowdara Shivamurthy and Antara Ghosal Singh and Harsh V. Pant and Premesha Saha and Renita D’souza and Shashank Mattoo and Shashank |title=The ORF Foreign Policy Survey 2022: India @75 and the World |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-orf-foreign-policy-survey-2022/ |access-date=4 November 2022 |website=ORF |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Historical relations==
[[Image:The_Russian_Ambassador_arrives_at_New_Delhi_in_December_1947.jpg|thumb|[[List of ambassadors of Russia to India|Soviet Ambassador]] [[Kirill Vasiliyevich Novikov|Kirill Novikov]] arriving in [[New Delhi]] 1947 to establish formal [[Diplomacy|diplomatic relations]] with India]]
Goods uncovered from archaeological site such as [[Pazyryk burials|Pazyryk]] indicates that nomads inhabiting the area conducted trading activities with India during 4th-3rd century BCE.<ref name="atlas">{{cite book|last=Bahn|first=Paul G.|url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofworldarch00paul/page/128|title=The Atlas of World Geology|publisher=Checkmark Books|year=2000|isbn=0-8160-4051-6|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/atlasofworldarch00paul/page/128 128]|url-access=registration}}</ref> In 1468, Russian traveller [[Afanasy Nikitin]] began his journey to India for trade. Between 1468 and 1472, he travelled through [[Persia]], India and the [[Ottoman Empire]] but returned soon within three years from Indian subcontinent as he could not afford much to himself.

In the 18th century the Russian cities [[Astrakhan]], [[Moscow]] and [[St. Petersburg]] were frequently visited by Indian merchants when it was under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule. Russia and Iran were used as a transit trade between [[Western Europe]] and India, especially after [[Peter the Great]] requested from [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] the commencement of trade relations in 1696.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rubchenko|first=Maxim|date=9 September 2016|title=Russia and India: A civilisational friendship|url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/history/2016/09/09/russia-and-india-a-civilizational-friendship_628415|access-date=28 May 2019|publisher=[[Russia Beyond]]}}</ref> Decades later, the Russian czar personally granted Anbu-Ram Mulin's Indian trading company the right to resolve property rights issues in Astrakhan, thus allowing Indians to bring in caravans with their [[linen]] [[Textile|fabrics]], [[cotton]]s, [[silk]]s, and Indian, Persian and Uzbek cloth. The Astrakhan governor was ordered to show "kindness and goodwill" to the Indian merchants in Russia, who cherished their religious freedom and special trade privileges that they never had in other Eastern countries; until the middle of the 18th century, members of the community only paid 12 [[ruble]]s a year as rent for a shop in the Indian Trading Compound, and were exempted from taxes and duties by the Russian authorities. The value of goods exported by them from Astrakhan into the interior cities of Russia in 1724 exceeded 104,000 rubles, amounting to nearly a quarter of all Astrakhan trade, until [[British Empire|British occupation]] stopped independent Indian trade with Russia altogether.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Волков|first=Даниэль|date=2013|title=Хожение за три моря Афанасия Никитина|trans-title=Journey beyond three seas by Athanasius Nikitin|url=http://www.proza.ru/2013/09/01/1095|website=Проза.ру (Proza.ru)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rubchenko |first=Maxim |date=16 September 2016 |title=18th century Russia welcomed & cherished Indian merchants |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/history/2016/09/16/18th-century-russia-welcomed-cherished-indian-merchants_629927 |website=Russia Beyond}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamalakaran |first=Ajay |date=16 March 2020 |title=Astrakhan's India Connection |url=https://openthemagazine.com/columns/astrakhans-india-connection/ |website=openthemagazine.com}}</ref>

In 1801, [[Emperor of All Russia|Tsar]] [[Paul I of Russia|Paul]] ordered plans made for the invasion of British India by 22,000 [[Cossacks]], which never actually occurred due to poor handling of preparations. The intention was that Russia would form an alliance with [[French First Republic|France]], and attack the [[British Empire]] and its weak point using a French corps of 35,000 men and a Russian corps of 25,000 infantry and 10,000 mounted Cossacks. Some Cossacks had approached [[Orenburg]] when the tsar was assassinated. His successor [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]] immediately cancelled the plans.<ref>John W. Strong, "Russia's Plans for an Invasion of India in 1801." ''Canadian Slavonic Papers'' 7.1 (1965): 114-126.[https://www.questia.com/member-login?notify=SessionTimeout online]</ref> The Embassy of India in Moscow ({{Langx|hi|मॉस्को में भारत का दूतावास}}; {{langx|ru|Посольство Индии в России}}) was built in 1900, and transferred to the Indian government in 1952 to become an embassy building.<ref name=":o">{{Cite web |title=Indian Diplomatic Estate in Moscow |url=https://indianembassy-moscow.gov.in/indian-diplomatic-estate-in-moscow.php |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=indianembassy-moscow.gov.in}}</ref> The embassy consists of several buildings, including an aristocratic style "Chancery Building", a rational-modern style ambassador's residence, and a French style building known as "Napoleon's [[Dacha]]". The Chancery building was previously owned by an arts patron, a textile magnate, and the Soviet government, before being transferred to the Indian government in 1952 to become the embassy it is today.<ref name=":0" />

Embassy of Russia in New Delhi（{{Langx|ru|Посольство России в Индии}} ; {{langx|hi|रूस का दूतावास, नई दिल्ली}}）is the official diplomatic mission of the [[Russian Federation]] in the [[Republic of India]]. The Russian consulate in India was opened in [[Mumbai]] in 1900 and moved to [[Kolkata]] in 1910.<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2010/nov/27/110-years-of-indo-russian-diplomatic-ties-206201.html 110 years of Indo-Russian diplomatic ties], 16 May 2012, ''[[The New Indian Express]]''</ref> Initially it was housed in the [[Travancore House]] located at Curzon Street, now Kasturba Gandhi Marg. In several years India allocated previously undeveloped land to create a district of Chanakyapuri for diplomatic missions. The [[Soviet Union]] was assigned two lots of total acres of 22 acres, and in February 1956 a lease agreement was concluded between the two countries.<ref>[https://india.mid.ru/ru/embassy/embassy-and-its-history/ Посольство и его история], a Russian Ministry of Foreign relations page</ref> A declassified 1985 CIA report states that the Press Section of the Soviet Embassy "is a [[KGB]] operation that specializes in fast-breaking disinformation campaigns, principally targeted against the United States." In particular, the efforts of this operation were directed at the implication of the United States in the [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]] and at linking [[Jeane Kirkpatrick]] with a plan to [[Balkanize]] India.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP86T00586R000400490007-7.pdf The Soviets in India: Moscow's Major Penetration Program], 1985. CIA report declassified 9 December 2011</ref>{{primary source inline|date=January 2025}}

===India and the Soviet Union===
{{Main|India–Soviet Union relations}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|India–Soviet Union|India|USSR|map=Location_of_USSR_and_India.svg}}
India's official diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union were established in April 1947, shortly before it declared its independence from Britain. As [[Izvestia]] reported on 15 April 1947, “as a result of an exchange of letters between the Indian ambassador to China, Mr. [[K. P. S. Menon]] and the Soviet ambassador to China [[:ru:Петров, Аполлон Александрович|Apollon Petrov]], it was established that the Government of the USSR and the Government of India will publish simultaneously in [[Moscow]] and [[New Delhi]] the following official statement: “In an effort to preserve and further strengthen the friendly relations existing between the USSR and India, the Government of the USSR and the Government of India have decided to exchange diplomatic representations at the rank of Embassies”.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2010 |title=ИНДИЯ. ДЕЛА ПОСОЛЬСКИЕ |url=http://www.rusembassy.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1996%3A2010-12-09-03-29-06&catid=10%3A2010-01-21-11-06-46&lang=ru&Itemid=50 |archive-url=https://webcitation.org/6FgpeaKeC?url=http://www.rusembassy.in/index.php?option=com_content |archive-date=7 April 2013 |access-date=23 October 2023 |language=ru}}</ref>

In 1951, the USSR exercised its [[United Nations Security Council veto power|veto power]] on the Kashmir dispute in support of India.<ref name="Ahmar 1989">{{cite book | last=Ahmar | first=M. | title=The Soviet Role in South Asia, 1969-1987 | publisher=Area Study Centre for Europe, University of Karachi | year=1989 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpcLAAAAIAAJ| page=28}}</ref> In 1953, [[Joseph Stalin]] told [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] that, "Both you and Mr. Nehru are persons whom we do not consider our enemies. This will continue to be our policy and you can count on our help."<ref name="Addy">{{cite book | last=Addy | first=P. | title=TIBET : PAWN AND PIVOT OF THE GREAT GAME | publisher=Academic Publishers | year=2018 | isbn=978-93-87162-14-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AU9qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA245 | page=245}}</ref> The relationship strengthened by 1955 and represented the successful Soviet attempts to foster closer relations with countries belonging to the [[non-aligned movement]].<ref>Vojtech. Mastny, "The Soviet Union's Partnership with India." ''Journal of Cold War Studies'' 12.3 (2010): 50-90. [https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1162/JCWS_a_00006 Online]</ref> In 1955, Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] made his first visit to the [[Soviet Union]] in June 1955, and [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|First Secretary of the Communist Party]] [[Nikita Khrushchev]]'s return trip to India happened in the fall of 1955. In India, Khrushchev announced that the Soviet Union supported Indian sovereignty over the disputed territory of the [[Kashmir]] region and also over Portuguese coastal enclaves such as [[Goa]].

The Soviet Union's strong relations with India had a negative impact upon both Soviet relations with the [[China|People's Republic of China]] and Indian relations with the PRC during the Khrushchev period. The Soviet Union declared its neutrality during the 1959 border dispute and the [[Sino-Indian War]] of October 1962, although the Chinese strongly objected. The Soviet Union gave India substantial economic and military assistance during the Khrushchev period, and by 1960, India had received more Soviet assistance than China had.<ref>{{cite web |last=Manchanda |first=Divyabh |date=2020 |title=India–Russia relations–Then and Now |url=https://www.rgics.org/wp-content/uploads/India-Russia-relations-then-and-now-Divyabh.pdf |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies}}</ref> This disparity became another point of contention in Sino-Soviet relations. In 1962 the Soviet Union agreed to transfer technology to co-produce the [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21]] jet fighter in India, which the Soviet Union had earlier denied to China.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Donaldson|first=Robert H|title=India: The Soviet Stake in Stability|journal=Asian Survey|year=1972|volume=12|issue=6|pages=475–492|doi=10.2307/2643045|jstor=2643045}}</ref> In 1965, the Soviet Union successfully served as a peace broker between India and Pakistan after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. The Soviet [[Premier of the Soviet Union|chairman]] of the [[Council of Ministers (Soviet Union)|Council of Ministers]], literally Premier of the Soviet Union, [[Alexei Kosygin]], met with representatives of India and Pakistan and helped them negotiate an end to the military conflict over [[Kashmir]].

[[File:The Soviet Union 1980 CPA 5145 stamp and label (Visit of President Leonid Brezhnev to India. Flags of India and USSR, President's House, New Delhi) 1200dpi.jpg|thumb|Soviet-Indian postage stamp]]In 1971, the former [[East Pakistan]] region initiated an effort to secede from its political union with [[West Pakistan]]. India supported the secession, and the U.S. considered the possible entrance of China to further destabilize India in its taking up a moral leadership in the area. However, China, after the [[Sino-Indian War]], did not want to participate in the United States' bid in supporting [[Yahya Khan]]'s [[Bangladesh genocide|atrocities]] in present-day Bangladesh. Meanwhile, India's relationship with the Soviet Union grew strategically and resulted in the [[Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation]] of August 1971. In December, it helped India halt American adventurism by using military power and end the conflict which ensured the victory of the secessionists in the establishment of the new state of [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Zorawar Daulet |date=18 December 2019 |title=Calling the U.S.'s bluff in 1971 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/calling-the-uss-bluff-in-1971/article30341831.ece |access-date=5 February 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2022 |title=When Russia Stunned US & UK Naval Forces And Helped India Win The 1971 War |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/when-russia-stunned-us-uk-naval-forces-helped-india-win-1971-war-563248.html |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Relations between the Soviet Union and India did not suffer much during the right-wing [[Janata Party]]'s coalition government in the late 1970s, although India did move to establish better economic and military relations with Western countries. To counter these efforts by India to diversify its relations, the Soviet Union proffered additional weaponry and economic assistance. During the 1980s, despite the 1984 assassination by [[Sikhs|Sikh]] separatists of Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], the mainstay of cordial Indian-Soviet relations, India maintained a close relationship with the Soviet Union. Indicating the high priority of relations with the Soviet Union in Indian foreign policy, the new Indian prime minister, [[Rajiv Gandhi]], visited the Soviet Union on his first state visit abroad in May 1985 and signed two long-term economic agreements with the Soviet Union. According to [[Rejaul Karim Laskar]], a scholar of [[Foreign relations of India|Indian foreign policy]], during this visit, Rajiv Gandhi developed a personal rapport with [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Laskar|first1=Rejaul|title=Rajiv Gandhi's Diplomacy: Historic Significance and Contemporary Relevance|journal=Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Diplomatist|date=September 2014|volume=2|issue=9|page=47|url=http://www.diplomatist.com/dipom09y2014/article015.html|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-date=21 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221161446/http://www.diplomatist.com/dipom09y2014/article015.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In turn, Gorbachev's first visit to a Third World state was his meeting with Rajiv Gandhi in New Delhi in late 1986. General Secretary Gorbachev unsuccessfully urged Rajiv Gandhi to help the Soviet Union set up an Asian collective security system. Gorbachev's advocacy of this proposal, which had also been made by [[Leonid Brezhnev]], was an indication of continuing Soviet interest in using close relations with India as a means of containing China. With the improvement of Sino-Soviet relations in the late 1980s, containing China had less of a priority, but close relations with India remained important as an example of Gorbachev's new Third World policy.

=== Modern political relations ===
[[File:Vladimir Putin in India 2-5 October 2000-11.jpg|thumb|right|Former prime minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] with Russia's president [[Vladimir Putin]] in October 2000.]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh meeting the President of the Russian Federation, Mr. Vladimir Putin, in New Delhi on December 24, 2012.jpg|thumb|The [[prime minister of India]], [[Manmohan Singh]] meeting the [[president of the Russian Federation]], [[Vladimir Putin|Mr. Vladimir Putin]], in [[New Delhi]] on 24 December 2012.]]
The first major political initiative, since the collapse of the Soviet Union, between India and Russia began with the Strategic Partnership signed between the two countries in 2000. President Vladimir Putin stated in an article written by him in ''[[The Hindu]]'', "The Declaration on Strategic Partnership between India and Russia signed in October 2000 became a truly historic step".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/for-russia-deepening-friendship-with-india-is-a-top-foreign-policy-priority/article4232857.ece|title=For Russia, deepening friendship with India is a top foreign policy priority|author=Vladimir Putin|work=The Hindu|date=24 December 2012|access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20834910|title=India, Russia sign new defence deals|work=BBC News|date=24 December 2012|access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref> Former prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]] also agreed with his counterpart by stating in a speech given during President Putin's 2012 visit to India, "President Putin is a valued friend of India and the original architect of the India-Russia strategic partnership".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Rajeev|date=24 December 2012|title=13th Indo-Russian Summit reaffirms time-tested ties|url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2012/12/24/13th_indo-russian_summit_reaffirms_time-tested_tie_21243|access-date=8 February 2022|publisher=[[Russia Beyond]]}}</ref> Both countries closely collaborate on matters of shared national interest these include at the [[UN]], [[BRICS]], [[G20]] and [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]]. Russia also supports India receiving a permanent seat on the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2024 |title=India Should Be On UN Security Council Permanently: Russia's Top Diplomat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/india-should-be-on-un-security-council-permanently-russias-top-diplomat-sergey-lavrov-6834363 |access-date=12 November 2024 |website=NDTV |language=en |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=29 September 2024 |title=Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov backs UNSC bid by India, Brazil at U.N. General Assembly |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/russian-foreign-minister-lavrov-backs-unsc-bid-by-india-brazil-at-un-general-assembly/article68697167.ece |access-date=12 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |agency=ANI}}</ref> In addition, Russia has vocally backed India joining the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group|NSG]]<ref>{{cite news|author=Dhasmana|first=Indivjal|date=21 June 2012|title=Russia supports India's membership in NSG|newspaper=Business Standard India|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/russia-supports-india%5Cs-membership-in-nsg/478057/|access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref> and [[APEC]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Volodin|first=Andrei|date=5 September 2012|title=India and APEC: Center of Mutual Gravitation|url=http://en.interaffairs.ru/read.php?item=351|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926041143/http://en.interaffairs.ru:80/read.php?item=351|archive-date=26 September 2012|publisher=International Affairs}}</ref> Moreover, it has also expressed interest in joining [[SAARC]] with observer status in which India is a founding member.<ref name="news.oneindia.in"/><ref name=":0" />

Russia currently is one of only two countries in the world (the other being Japan) that has a mechanism for annual ministerial-level defence reviews with India.<ref name=":1" /> The Indian–Russian Inter-Governmental Commission (IRIGC) is one of the largest and most comprehensive governmental mechanisms that India has had with any country internationally. Almost every department from the [[Government of India]] attends it.<ref name=":1" />

{{Blockquote|text=Relations with India have always been and I am sure will be one of the most important foreign policy priorities of our country. Our mutual ties of friendship are filled with sympathy, and trust, and openness. And we must say frankly that they were never overshadowed by disagreements or conflict. This understanding - this is indeed the common heritage of our peoples. It is valued and cherished in our country, in Russia, and in India. And we are rightfully proud of so close, so close relations between our countries.|author=[[Dmitry Medvedev]]|source=about relations with India<ref name="news.kremlin.ru">{{cite web|url=http://news.kremlin.ru/transcripts/5368|title=Торжественный вечер, посвящённый Году Индии в России|work=Президент России|date=3 September 2009 |access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref>}}

{{Blockquote|text=We are confident that India lives in the hearts of every Russian. In the same way, I can assure you that Russia also lives in our souls as a homeland, as people who share our emotions, our feelings of mutual respect and constant friendship. Long live our friendship!|author=[[Pratibha Patil]]||source=about relations with Russia<ref name="news.kremlin.ru"/>}}

{{Blockquote|text={{omission}} India-Russia relationship is one of deep friendship and mutual confidence that would not be affected by transient political trends. Russia has been a pillar of strength at difficult moments in India's history. India will always reciprocate this support. Russia is and will remain our most important defense partner and a key partner for our energy security, both on nuclear energy and hydrocarbons.|author=[[Pranab Mukherjee]]|source=about relations with Russia<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/russia-a-dependable-partner-of-india-president-pranab-mukherjee/545036-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513134938/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/russia-a-dependable-partner-of-india-president-pranab-mukherjee/545036-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 May 2015 |title=Russia a dependable partner of India: President Pranab Mukherjee |work=CNN-IBN |date=11 May 2015 |access-date=11 May 2015}}</ref>}}

[[File:Narendra Modi and Vladimir Putin (2022-09-16).jpg|thumb|Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] and Russian president Vladimir Putin on 16 September 2022]]

In May 2022, Russian political scientist [[Sergey Karaganov]], who is considered close to Vladimir Putin and [[Sergey Lavrov]], stated that India figured extremely high on the agenda of the Russian foreign policy and strong India-Russia ties will help to stabilise New Delhi's ties with Beijing besides bringing balance in Moscow's partnership with China.<ref name="tetmay">{{cite news |last1=Chaudhury |first1=Dipanjan Roy |title=India top priority in Russian foreign policy: Sergei A Karaganov |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/india-top-priority-in-russian-foreign-policy-sergey-a-karaganov/articleshow/91842020.cms |publisher=The Economic Times |date=28 May 2022}}</ref> In November 2022, India's External Affairs Minister [[S. Jaishankar]] praised Russia as "exceptionally steady" and "time-tested" partner.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ties with Russia are to India's advantage and we will keep it |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/ties-with-russia-are-to-indias-advantage-and-we-will-keep-it-going-says-jaishankar-on-oil-imports-top-quotes/articleshow/95381130.cms |work=The Times of India |date=8 November 2022}}</ref> In January 2023, Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman [[Maria Zakharova]] backed India in its dispute with British national broadcaster [[BBC]] over a documentary critical of Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], stating this was part of an “information war” against “global centers of power pursuing an independent policy”.<ref>{{cite news|work=Economic Times|title=Russia describes BBC documentary on PM Modi info war against global power with independent policy|date=31 January 2023|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/russia-describes-bbc-documentary-on-indian-pm-info-war-against-global-power-with-independent-policy/articleshow/97413830.cms}}</ref>

After the start of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] and because of [[International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|international sanctions against Russia]], it started to provide oil and chemical fertilisers at discounted rate to India, increasing India-Russia bilateral trade volume from $13 billion [2021-2022] to $27 billion within 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2022 |title=India-Russia trade up by $27 bn but 'too one sided', says Indian envoy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indiarussia-trade-up-by-27-bn-but-too-one-sided-says-indian-envoy-101671804285243.html |access-date=24 December 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> making it the largest oil and fertiliser supplier to India.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=7 November 2022 |title=Russia largest oil supplier to India in October, surpasses Iraq |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/russia-largest-oil-supplier-to-india-in-october-surpasses-iraq-448312 |access-date=24 December 2022 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> By 2023, their trade was expected to cross $30 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2022 |title=With $30 bn bilateral trade turnover, India, Russia plan big for 2023 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/with-30-bn-bilateral-trade-turnover-india-russia-plan-big-for-2023-122122400384_1.html |access-date=24 December 2022 |website=Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> India has also refused to accept the [[Russian oil price cap|price cap]] on Russian crude imposed by the [[Western world]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=Russia Welcomes India's Decision To Not Support G7's Price Cap On Oil |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/russia-welcomes-indias-decision-to-not-support-g7s-price-cap-on-oil-3596472 |access-date=24 December 2022 |website=NDTV.com |agency=ANI}}</ref> However, former CIA director [[William J. Burns (diplomat)|William J. Burns]] has said that Indian PM [[Narendra Modi|Narendra Modi's]] words with Russian president Vladimir Putin has helped averting the [[Nuclear threats during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|nuclear war threat]] from Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2022 |title=PM Modi's words on war had impact on Russians: CIA Chief |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/pm-modis-words-on-war-had-impact-on-russians-cia-chief-article-96411539 |access-date=24 December 2022 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

Russia's new foreign policy concept after the start of its invasion of Ukraine proposes to deepen its relations with India and China as a counterweight to the West,<ref name=":10" /> but Beijing and New Delhi have their own unique policies.<ref name=":11" /> In the first two decades of the 21st century, the balance of power in the China-Russia alliance has reversed, relations between China and India gradually deteriorated. China is now the senior partner, whereas Russia is further diminished by the quagmire in Ukraine,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2023 |title=How China-Russia alliance affects India |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/panorama/how-china-russia-alliance-affects-india-1208709.html |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> and Moscow even rejects the validity of the term [[Indo-Pacific]]. Some views believe that Putin's acceleration closer to China makes “[India-Russia] relationship is going down from being a very high-value strategic partnership to a transactional one”.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |title=India's ties with Russia remain steady. But Moscow's tighter embrace of China makes it wary |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/03/india-russia-ties-under-scrutiny-as-moscow-moves-closer-to-china.html |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=CNBC |date=3 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> India has also stepped up "Multi-Alignment Strategy" to mitigate the negative impact of the deepening of [[China-Russia relations]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2023 |title=India-Russia ties are facing a long-term conundrum |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/indiarussia-ties-are-facing-a-long-term-conundrum-101680789156693.html |access-date=8 April 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shekhar |author-link=Shekhar Gupta |date=11 March 2023 |title=Who are India's friends & foes? Modi govt is caught in a messy US-China-Russia-Pakistan jalebi |url=https://theprint.in/national-interest/who-are-indias-friends-foes-modi-govt-caught-in-a-us-china-russia-jalebi-of-its-own-making/1433677/ |access-date=8 April 2023 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:16th BRICS Summit family photograph (2024).jpg|thumb|Vladimir Putin and Narendra Modi at the [[16th BRICS summit]] in [[Kazan]], Russia, 23 October 2024]]
In June 2023, an event at India's embassy in Moscow called "Namaste Moscow" was held to facilitate cultural exchange between India and Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2023 |title=The national festival 'Namaste Moscow' was held at the residence of the Indian Embassy in Moscow |url=https://tvbrics.com/en/shows/the-national-festival-namaste-moscow-was-held-at-the-residence-of-the-indian-embassy-in-moscow/ |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=TV BRICS |language=en}}</ref> In August 2023, the embassy held celebrations commemorating 76 years since [[Independence Day (India)|Indian independence]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=15 August 2023 |title=Indian embassy in Russia celebrates 77th Independence Day in Moscow |url=https://theprint.in/world/indian-embassy-in-russia-celebrates-77th-independence-day-in-moscow/1715729/ |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

In December 2023, India's External Affairs Minister [[S. Jaishankar]] met Putin and Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] over a five-day visit, praising the two countries' "all-time high" trading volume, praising the trade as "balanced", "sustainable" and providing "fair market access".<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2023 |title=In Moscow to meet Putin and Lavrov, India's foreign minister praises growing trade |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-india-foreign-minister-ukraine-e39aabac4ca459cd11efac6b1027572a |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2024, Prime Minister Modi visited Moscow to meet Putin, his first visit to Russia in five years.<ref name="nyt-modi-putin">{{cite web |last1=Das |first1=Anupreeta |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |date=8 July 2024 |title=As Modi Meets Putin in Moscow, India Seeks to Chart Its Own Course |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/08/world/asia/modi-putin-russia-india.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> The two embraced as Modi climbed out of his car; this act was criticized by Ukrainian president [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] as it happened on the same day that [[8 July 2024 Ukraine missile strikes#Okhmatdyt children's hospital|Russian missiles struck a children's hospital in Kyiv]].<ref name="politico-modi-putin">{{cite web |last1=Giordano |first1=Elena |date=9 July 2024 |title=Zelenskyy: Modi is a 'huge disappointment' for hugging Putin |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/volodymyr-zelenskyy-narendra-modi-is-a-huge-disappointment-for-hugging-vladimir-putin-ukraine-russia-india/ |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=politico.eu |publisher=Politico}}</ref> During the visit, the two countries discussed nine strategic areas for closer economic cooperation, including nuclear energy and medicine, with a goal to significantly improve bilateral trade by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leaders' Joint Statement on the development of strategic areas of Russia-India economic cooperation for the period up to 2030 |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/37939/Leaders+Joint+Statement+on+the+development+of+strategic+areas+of+RussiaIndia+economic+cooperation+for+the+period+up+to+2030 |website=mea.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |access-date=10 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="reuters-modi-putin">{{cite web |last1=Soldatkin |first1=Vladimir |date=9 July 2024 |title=India's Modi tells Putin that 'heart bleeds' over deaths of children in war |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/modi-tells-putin-that-death-innocent-children-is-very-painful-2024-07-09/ |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=reuters.com |publisher=Reuters}}</ref>

In 2025, several top U.S. officials and political figures have accused India of effectively financing Russia’s war in Ukraine by serving as a major buyer of Russian energy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump aide accuses India of financing Russia's war in Ukraine |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/4/top-trump-aide-accuses-india-of-financing-russias-ukraine-war-through-oil |work=Al Jazeera |date=4 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kimball |first1=Spencer |title=U.S. accuses India of profiteering from Russian oil during Ukraine war |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/08/19/us-accuses-india-of-profiteering-from-russian-oil.html |work=CNBC |date=19 August 2025}}</ref> In late 2025, the United States, European Union, and United Kingdom significantly escalated [[International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|sanctions]] against Russia's two largest oil producers, [[Rosneft]] and [[Lukoil]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shamim |first1=Sarah |title=How India plans to continue buying Russian oil despite sanctions |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/9/how-india-plans-to-continue-buying-russian-oil-despite-sanctions |work=Al Jazeera |date=9 December 2025}}</ref> to curtail the financing of the war in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shan |first1=Lee Ying |title=China and India to face supply jolt as U.S. targets Russia's oil giants |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/10/23/china-india-us-russia-oil-sanctions-rosneft-lukoil.html |work=CNBC |date=23 October 2025}}</ref> These measures have significantly disrupted India's oil trade, leading to a sharp decline in imports from these specific entities.<ref>{{cite news |title=India poised to sharply cut Russian oil imports after sanctions, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/indian-refiners-review-russian-oil-contracts-after-us-sanctions-source-says-2025-10-23/ |work=Reuters |date=23 October 2025}}</ref> Putin visited New Delhi on 4–5 December 2025 for the 23rd India-Russia Annual Summit, hosted by Modi.<ref>{{cite news |title='Modi's hypocrisy is off the charts': Ukrainian analyst fumes at New Delhi for 'publicly siding with evil' |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2025/12/04/modi-s-hypocrisy-is-off-the-charts-ukrainian-analyst-fumes-at-new-delhi-for-publicly-siding-with-evil.html |work=The Week |date=4 December 2025}}</ref>

===IRIGC===
[[File:Session_of_the_Russian-Indian_intergovernmental_commission_on_military_and_technical_cooperation_-_2_November_2015_-_(09).jpg|thumb|A meeting of the Russian-Indian intergovernmental commission on military and technical cooperation]]
The Indo-Russian Inter-Governmental Commission (IRIGC) is the main body that conducts affairs at the governmental level between both countries.<ref name=":3" /> Some have described it as the [[steering committee]] of India–Russia relations.<ref name=":3" /> It is divided into two parts, the first covering Trade, Economic, Scientific, Technological and Cultural Cooperation. This is normally co-chaired by the [[First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia|Russian Deputy Prime Minister]] and the [[Indian External Affairs Minister]]. The second part of the commission covers Military Technical Cooperation; this is co-chaired by the two countries respective Defence Ministers. Both parts of IRIGC meet annually.<ref name=":3" />

In addition, to the IRIGC there are other bodies that conduct economic relations between the two countries. These include, the India-Russia Forum on Trade and Investment, the India-Russia Business Council, the India-Russia Trade, Investment and Technology Promotion Council and the India-Russia Chamber of Commerce.<ref name=":3" /> An article penned by Vladimir Putin was published in ''[[The Times of India]]'' on 30 May 2017, a day before Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to Russia, to mark the 70th anniversary of the establishment of relations between India and the Russia on 13 April 1947.<ref>{{cite web|author=Vladimir Putin|date=30 May 2017|title=Russia and India: 70 years together|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-edit-page/russia-and-india-70-years-together/|access-date=31 May 2017|website=Times of India Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=30 May 2017|title=Vladimir's article, Russia and India: 70 years together, has been published|url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/54633|access-date=31 May 2017|website=President of Russia|language=en}}</ref>

==Diplomatic missions==

India has an embassy at [[Moscow]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Integrated Government Online Directory | url=https://igod.gov.in/int/184/missions_abroad }}</ref> and 4 consulates (listed west to east) at [[Saint Petersburg]],<ref>[https://cgispburg.gov.in/consulate-officials.php Saint Petersburg Consulate], Gov.in, accessed 20 November 2025.</ref> [[Kazan]] (opened in November 2025),<ref Name=rusind1>[https://www.msn.com/hi-in/autos/news/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-2-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F-%E0%A4%AD-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%9C-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B9/ar-AA1QKiFx?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=691e0cd8945b4e05b32d3f7a32f244e3&ei=8 रूस में 2 नए भारतीय वाणिज्य दूतावास, जानें विदेश मंत्री जयशंकर ने क्या कहा?], MSN News, accessed 20 November 2025.</ref> [[Yekaterinburg]] (opened in November 2025),<ref Name=rusind1/> and Vladivostok.<ref>[https://www.cgivladi.gov.in/ Vladivostok Consulate], Gov.in, accessed 20 November 2025.</ref>

Russia has an embassy at [[New Delhi]]; 3 consulates at [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], and [[Chennai]]; and 2
honorary consulates at [[Hyderabad]] and [[Goa]],<ref>[https://www.visahouse.com/en/information/russianconsulate/india Russian consulates in India], VisaHouse, accessed 20 November 2025.</ref>

==Military relations==
[[File:Practical action training during the Indra-2015 joint exercise (01).jpg|thumb|Indian and Russian soldiers training during the Indra 2015 counter-terrorism exercise.]]

The Soviet Union was an important supplier of defence equipment for several decades, and this role has been inherited by the Russian Federation. Between 2012 and 2016, Russia accounts for 68% of India's defense imports, and India and Russia have deepened their [[Make in India]] defence manufacturing cooperation by signing agreements for the construction of naval [[List of frigates of India|frigate]]s, [[Kamov Ka-226|KA-226T twin-engine utility helicopters]] (joint venture (JV) to make 60 in Russia and 140 in India), [[BrahMos|Brahmos cruise missile]] (JV with 50.5% India and 49.5% Russia).<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 December 2017|title=Deeper defence & security cooperation with Russia enhances India's strategic choices|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/deeper-defence-security-cooperation-with-russia-enhances-indias-strategic-choices/articleshow/62200689.cms|access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref> Between 2013 and 2018, Russia accounted for 62% of arms sales to India.<ref name="nyt400">{{cite news|last=Abi-Habib|first=Maria|date=5 April 2018|title=India Is Close to Buying a Russian Missile System, Despite U.S. Sanctions|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/05/world/asia/india-russia-s-400-missiles.html|url-access=subscription}}</ref> According to the [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|SIPRI]], Russia was the largest supplier of arms to India in both 2013–17 and 2018–22, but its share of total Indian arms imports fell from 64% to 45% while France emerged as the second largest supplier between 2018 and 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=13 March 2023 |title=India remains biggest arms importer between 2018-22 despite drop in overall imports |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-remains-biggest-arms-importer-between-2018-22-despite-drop-in-overall-imports/article66614120.ece |access-date=30 April 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 1997, Russia and India signed a ten-year agreement for further military-technical cooperation encompassing a wide range of activities, including the purchase of completed weaponry, joint development and production, and joint marketing of armaments and military technologies.<ref>Rahul Bedi, "India to Sign New 10-Year Defence Deal with Russia", Jane’s Defence Weekly, 1 July 1998, p. 16.</ref> The cooperation is not limited to a buyer-seller relationship, but includes joint research and development, training, service to service contacts, including joint exercises. The last joint naval exercises took place in April 2007 in the [[Sea of Japan]] and joint airborne exercises were held in September 2007 in Russia. An Inter-Governmental commission on military-technical cooperation is co-chaired by the defence ministers of the two countries. The seventh session of this Inter-Governmental Commission was held in October 2007 in Moscow. During the visit, an agreement on joint development and production of prospective multi-role fighters was signed between the two countries. In 2009, India and Russia renewed a defence cooperation pact started in the Soviet era, which resulted in the sale of a multitude of defence equipment to India and also the emergence of the countries as development partners as opposed to purely a buyer-seller relationship, including the joint ventures projects to develop and produce the [[Sukhoi/HAL FGFA|Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft]] (FGFA) and the [[Il-214|Multirole Transport Aircraft]] (MTA).<ref name="janes-irties">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdi/jdi091014_1_n.shtml|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126231720/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdi/jdi091014_1_n.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|title=Global Defence News and Defence Headlines - IHS Jane's 360|access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref> In 2012, both countries signed a defence deal worth $2.9 billion during President Putin's visit to India for the 42 new Sukhois to be produced under license by defence PSU Hindustan Aeronautics, which will add to the 230 Sukhois earlier contracted from Russia.<ref name="bbc.co.uk" /> However, India finally withdrew from the joint stealth fighter project with Russia's Sukhoi in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=India Pulls out of Joint Stealth Fighter Project With Russia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/india-pulls-out-of-joint-stealth-fighter-project-with-russia/ |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |date=23 April 2018 |title=It's No Surprise India Finally Ditched Its Stealth Fighter Program With Russia |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/20347/its-no-surprise-india-finally-ditched-its-stealth-fighter-program-with-russia |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=The Drive |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2018, India signed a historic agreement worth US$5.43 billion with Russia to procure five units of the [[S-400 Triumf]] surface-to-air missile defence systems, one of the best [[Missile defence|missile defence system]] in the world ignoring America's [[Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act|CAATSA act]]. The [[United States]] threatened India with sanctions over India's decision to buy the S-400 missile defence system from Russia.<ref>{{cite news|last=Macias|first=Amanda|date=23 May 2019|title=India, facing sanctions for Russian arms deals, says it wants to pivot spending to the US|work=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/23/india-to-pivot-spending-to-the-us-amid-russia-arms-deals-sanctions.html}}</ref>

India and Russia have several major joint military programmes including:
* [[BrahMos]] cruise missile programme
* [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]] programme (230+ to be built by [[Hindustan Aeronautics]])
* [[Kamov Ka-226|KA-226T twin-engine utility helicopters]]
* Numerous [[List of frigates of India|frigates]]

Additionally, India has purchased/leased various military hardware from Russia:
* [[S-400|S-400 Triumf]]
* [[Ka-226|Kamov Ka-226]] 200 to be made in India under the Make in India initiative.
* [[T-90|T-90S Bhishma]] with over 1000 to be built in India
* [[Akula class submarine|Akula-II]] nuclear submarine (2 to be leased with an option to buy when the lease expires)
* [[INS Vikramaditya]] aircraft carrier programme
* [[Tu-160]] bombers (planned, not delivered)<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2023 |title=What is TU 160? The bomber India wants, Russia owns and US is likely to have |url=https://www.siasat.com/what-is-tu-160-the-bomber-india-wants-russia-owns-and-us-is-likely-to-have-2530892/ |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>
* US$900 million upgrade of [[MiG-29]]
* [[Mil Mi-17]] (80 ordered) more in Service.
* [[Ilyushin Il-76]] Candid (6 ordered to fit [[Israel]]i [[EL/M-2075|Phalcon radar]])
* The [[Farkhor Air Base]] in [[Tajikistan]] is currently jointly operated by Indian Air Force and Tajikistan Air Force.

[[File:Narendra Modi and Nikolai Patrushev (2023-03-29).jpg|thumb|200px|The secretary of Russia's Security Council, [[Nikolai Patrushev]], and Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] in New Delhi on 29 March 2023]]

=== Russia-Ukraine War ===
{{See also|India and the Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
Russia said that despite the ongoing conflict with Ukraine, which caused international sanctions, it fulfilled its contractual obligations and delivered all weapon systems, including the S-400 air defense system, according to schedule. Also, Moscow said that they expect that serial production of AK-203 assault rifles in India will begin in late 2022-early 2023.
Dmitry Shugaev, head of the Federal Service for Military Technical Cooperation (FSMTC), said that the Russian side was ready for cooperation and had already submitted proposals on the joint development and production of modern types of military equipment and actively uses the principle of "Make In India". At the Army-2022 forum, the Russian side declared its readiness for cooperation and presented proposals for the joint development and production of modern types of military equipment, namely, "the main battle tank of the future, infantry fighting vehicle, fifth-generation aircraft, diesel-electric submarines and other types of modern weapons."<ref>{{cite news|last=Snehesh|first=Alex Philip|date=18 August 2022|title=Russia wants to build next generation tanks, submarines with India|newspaper=[[The Print]]|url=https://theprint.in/defence/russia-wants-to-build-next-generation-tanks-submarines-with-india/1088438/}}</ref> Russian president Vladimir Putin attended the {{ill|Vostok-2022|ru|Восток-2022}} military exercise in the [[Russian Far East]]. Beyond Russian troops, the exercises also included military forces from India, among others.<ref>{{cite news |title=Explainers Explained: What does India's participation in Russia's military drills Vostok-2022 mean? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/explained-what-does-indias-participation-in-russias-military-drills-vostok-2022-mean-11167031.html |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=2 September 2022}}</ref>
In 2023, Russia and India planned to hold several joint military exercises. Exercises were held in the Southern Military District as part of the Indra military project, which was first implemented back in 2003. For the coming year, the countries have also planned to hold an event "AviaIndra".<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://indianembassy-moscow.gov.in/india-russia-defence-cooperation.php|title=India-Russia Defence Cooperation|website=Embassy of India}}</ref>

On 18 October 2022, the Director-General of the Indian-Russian organisation BrahMos informed Russian journalists about the timing of the test of the BrahMos NG missile being developed as part of a joint project. According to him, "missile tests are scheduled for 2024." At the moment, design engineers are working on a scheme of weapons. The defence of the project, as the chief director expects, should take place in Moscow at the site of the NPO Mashinostroeniya.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://tass.com/defense/1524353?ysclid=l9i46s2le5455191296|title=Trials of new generation of BrahMos cruise missile to begin in early 2024 — CEO|website=«TASS»|access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref>

In 2023, Russia planned to supply India with the frigate "Tushil" and the frigate "Tamala" of project 11356, created at the Baltic shipyard "Yantar". Initially, they were built for the Russian Navy, but due to Ukraine's refusal to provide engines, the ships are being prepared for the Indian side. The frigate "Tushil" was launched in October 2021, "Tamala", according to the plan will be launched at the end of 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/16350965?ysclid=lam51k1s9n269289184|title=Фрегат "Тушил" для ВМС Индии планируют сдать на заводе "Янтарь" в 2023 году|website=ТАСС}}</ref> In a deal signed on 7 March 2025, India acquired advanced 1,000 [[H engine|HP engines]] for its Soviet-era [[T-72|T-72 tanks]], enhancing its battlefield capabilities. The deal also included technology transfer to India for domestic production. Despite the ongoing Ukraine war, Russia remained a key defence supplier to India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Shivam |date=7 March 2025 |title=India signs $248 million deal with Russia for advanced battle tank engines |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/india-signs-248-million-deal-with-russia-advanced-battle-tank-engines-2025-03-07/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref>

==Economic relations==
[[File:9YAN 5350 (52766002359).jpg|thumb|Meeting of [[BRICS]] (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) foreign ministers in [[New York City]] on 22 September 2022]]

Bilateral bodies that conduct economic relations between the two countries include IRIGC, the Indo-Russian Forum on Trade and Investment, the India-Russia Business Council, the India-Russia Trade, Investment and Technology Promotion Council, the India-Russia CEOs' Council and the India-Russia Chamber of Commerce.<ref name="Embassy of India Moscow">{{cite news |date=December 2014 |title=Bilateral Relations: India-Russia Relations |url=http://indianembassy.ru/index.php/bilateral-relations/bilateral-relations-india-russia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727103251/http://www.indianembassy.ru/index.php/bilateral-relations/bilateral-relations-india-russia |archive-date=27 July 2018 |access-date=8 February 2015 |work=Embassy of India Moscow}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://indrus.in/articles/2012/09/26/indo-russian_intergovernmental_commission_to_meet_in_mid-october_17907.html |title=Indo-Russian Inter-Governmental Commission to meet in mid-October |work=Russia & India Report |date=26 September 2012 |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref>

Both governments have jointly developed an economic strategy that involves using a number of economic components to increase future bilateral trade. These include development of an FTA between India and the [[Eurasian Economic Union|EEU]], a bilateral treaty on the promotion and protection of investments, a new economic planning mechanism built into IRIGC, simplification of customs procedures, new long-term agreements in the expansion of energy trade including nuclear, oil and gas.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/24486/Joint_Statement_on_the_visit_of_President_of_the_Russian_Federation_to_India_for_15th_Annual_IndiaRussia_Summit |title=Druzhba-Dosti: A Vision for strengthening the Indian-Russian Partnership over the next decade' - Joint Statement during the visit of President of the Russian Federation to India |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=11 December 2014 |access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite news |url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/2015/01/28/sanctions_have_spurred_russia-india_cooperation_-_russian_official_41057 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925051324/https://www.rbth.com/economics/2015/01/28/sanctions_have_spurred_russia-india_cooperation_-_russian_official_41057 |url-status=live |archive-date=25 September 2020 |title=Sanctions have spurred Russia-India cooperation - Russian official |work=Russia & India Report |date=28 January 2015 |access-date=8 February 2015 }}</ref> Finally, long-term supplier contracts in key sectors such as oil, gas and rough diamonds. Companies such as [[Rosneft]], [[Gazprom]], [[Essar]] and [[Alrosa]] will act as long term suppliers respectively.<ref name="auto1" />

Russia and India are successfully cooperating in the banking sector. In 2010, the Russian Federation opened an office of Sberbank in New Delhi. Last year, the branch was capitalized and by now the equity of the branch has reached $100 million. In 2022, Russia received permission from the banking regulator in India to open a second office in Mumbai. On 2 August 2022, the Russian ambassador to India announced the Indian side's interest in presence in the Russian market, in particular, Indian pharmaceutical products, leather goods, textiles and agricultural goods.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2022 |title=Indian business interested in Russian market — Russia's ambassador |url=https://tass.com/economy/1488167 |website=TASS}}</ref> The countries plan to implement the project in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SBERBANK HAS RECEIVED PERMISSION TO OPEN A SECOND BRANCH IN INDIA |url=https://bigasia.ru/en/content/news/business/sberbank-poluchil-razreshenie-na-otkrytie-vtorogo-filiala-v-indii/?ysclid=lbagkkywq3208523399 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205074054/https://bigasia.ru/en/content/news/business/sberbank-poluchil-razreshenie-na-otkrytie-vtorogo-filiala-v-indii/?ysclid=lbagkkywq3208523399 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=Greater Asia |language=en}}</ref>

Both the countries set the investment target of $30 billion by 2025. Since they met the target by 2018, India and Russia expect to enhance the figure to $50 billion. India also proposed to set up a [[special economic zone]] for Russian companies.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 July 2024 |title=Joint Statement following the 22nd India-Russia Annual Summit |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/37940/Joint+Statement+following+the+22nd+IndiaRussia+Annual+Summit |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>[[File:Vladimir Putin (2023-08-24) 01.jpg|thumb|200px|Putin addresses participants of the [[15th BRICS summit]] held in South Africa via a video link in Moscow, 24 August 2023]]In March 2022, when Western nations imposed economic sanctions on Russia in the aftermath of its [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]], India and Russia explored alternative payment systems due to exclusion of most Russian banks from [[SWIFT]] and Visa/Mastercard. Officials from both countries were discussing accepting RuPay and MIR cards. The [[Reserve Bank of India]] and the [[Bank of Russia]] seek to facilitate financial transactions through an independent rupee-ruble exchange system, particularly for the purchase of [[sunflower oil]] by India, and the export of petroleum products and fertilizers by the Russian Federation. India also depends crucially on Russia for its defence equipment and parts. Additionally, [[Indian Oil]] Corp. had reportedly reached a deal to buy 3 million barrels of oil from Russia's [[Rosneft]] at a 20% discount to global prices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haq |first=Zia |date=10 March 2010 |title=Panel to scrutinise impact of Russia sanctions on India's economy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/interministerial-panel-to-scrutinise-impact-of-russia-sanctions-on-india-s-economy-101646851059940.html |access-date=12 November 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Mihir |date=18 March 2022 |title=Hurting from sanctions on Russia, India is losing faith in the West |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/hurting-from-sanctions-on-russia-india-is-losing-faith-in-the-west-122031800125_1.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=12 November 2024 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

Due to India simplifying recent [[Visa (document)|visa]] rule changes for Russians travelling to India, the number of tourists increased by over 22%.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Radyuhin |first=Vladimir |date=26 January 2013 |title=Indo-Russian trade posts impressive growth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/Indo-Russian-trade-posts-impressive-growth/article12319806.ece |access-date=8 February 2022 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2011 the Indian consulates in [[Moscow]], [[Vladivostok]] and [[St. Petersburg]] issued 160,000 visas, an increase of over 50% compared to 2010.<ref name=":8" /> Officials from both countries have discussed how to increase cooperation between their countries respective IT industries. Russian Minister of Communication [[Nikolay Nikiforov|Nikolai Nikiforov]] stated in an interview, "The development of IT products and software has traditionally been a strong point of India. We welcome possible joint projects in the field and closer contacts between Russian and Indian companies."<ref>{{cite news |date=22 October 2014 |title=India, Russia discuss IT cooperation |url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/2014/10/22/india_russia_discuss_it_cooperation_39215 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425175849/https://www.rbth.com/economics/2014/10/22/india_russia_discuss_it_cooperation_39215 |archive-date=25 April 2024 |access-date=8 February 2015 |work=Russia & India Report}}</ref>

In 2024 as Russia needed more human resources, Russia's First Deputy PM [[Denis Manturov]] announced at the 25th [[India-Russia Intergovernmental Commission session]], that India and Russia are in discussion to prepare Indian workers with skills through Russian vocational training programs to facilitate their future employment in Russian companies. “India is now the second country among all the foreign economic partners of Russia. The positive tendency is maintained this year as well,” he said.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nisha Anand |date=12 November 2024 |title=India, Russia discuss training Indians for employment in Russian companies |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/india-russia-discuss-training-indians-for-employment-in-russian-companies-124111200922_1.html |website=New Delhi}}</ref>

=== Russian cooperation and Make In India Initiative ===
[[File:Putin and Modi at the World Diamond Conference 2014.jpeg|thumb|Prime Minister Modi and President Putin at the World Diamond Conference in [[New Delhi]] in 2014]]India is currently the [[Bharat Diamond Bourse|world's largest cutting & polishing centre]] for [[diamonds]]. Both countries have agreed to streamline their bilateral trade in diamonds through reductions in regulations and tariffs. Indian Prime Minister Modi stated in an interview, "I made three proposals to President Putin. First, I would like [[Alrosa]] to have direct long-term contracts with more Indian companies. I am pleased to know that they are moving in this direction. Second, I want Alrosa and others to trade directly on our diamond bourse. We have decided to create a Special Notified Zone where mining companies can trade diamonds on consignment basis and re-export unsold ones. Third, I asked to reform regulation so that Russia can send rough diamonds to India and re-import polished diamonds without extra duties".<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2014 |title=PM invites Russian diamond miners to trade, make in India |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/pm-invites-russian-diamond-miners-to-trade-make-in-india/ |access-date=8 February 2015 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Katz |first=Alexandra |date=12 December 2014 |title=Diamond sparkle for India-Russia ties |url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/2014/12/12/diamond_sparkle_for_india-russia_ties_40315 |access-date=8 February 2022 |website= |publisher=[[Russia Beyond]]}}</ref> Analysts predict through streamlined procedures and initiatives bilateral trade in this area will significantly increase.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |last1=Busvine |first1=Douglas |last2=Sharma |first2=Meenakshi |date=10 December 2014 |title=Russia's Alrosa to sell more diamonds direct to India |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-russia-diamonds-idUSL3N0TU3FZ20141210 |access-date=8 February 2015 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

Russia has stated it will cooperate with India on its "[[Make in India]]" initiative by engagement in the development of "[[Smart Cities Mission|Smart Cites]]", the DMIC, the aerospace sector, the commercial nuclear sector and enhancement in manufacturing of Russian military products through co-development and co-production.<ref name="The Financial Express">{{cite news |date=12 December 2014 |title=Narendra Modi-Vladimir Putin meet: India, Russia to explore oil and gas; aim for US$ 30 bn trade |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/economy/russian-indian-funds-to-invest-1-billion-in-infrastructure/18126/ |access-date=8 February 2015 |work=The Financial Express |agency=PTI}}</ref><ref name="World Nuclear News">{{cite news |date=11 December 2014 |title=Putin: Russia ready to build 'more than' 20 reactors in India |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NP-Putin-Russia-ready-to-build-more-than-20-reactors-in-India-11121401.html |access-date=8 February 2015 |work=World Nuclear News}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |date=13 March 2012 |title=Russia to foray into India's civil aviation market |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/russia-to-foray-into-indias-civil-aviation-market/article2990643.ece |access-date=8 February 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="Reuters" /> Russia agreed to participate in the vast, over $100 billion, [[Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project|DMIC infrastructure project]] which will eventually connect [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]] with [[railway]]s, [[highway]]s, [[port]]s, interconnecting [[Smart city|smart cities]] and [[industrial park]]s.<ref name="The Financial Express" /> Russian President Vladimir Putin stated in an interview that one of his government's priorities was of building a smart city in India, "a smart city on the basis of Russian technologies."<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2014 |title=India is a reliable and time-tested partner - Vladimir Putin |url=https://www.rbth.com/world/2014/12/10/india_is_a_reliable_and_time-tested_partner_-_vladimir_putin_40259 |access-date=8 February 2022 |website= |publisher=[[Russia Beyond]]}}</ref> AFK [[Sistema]] will likely be the primary Russian company involved in the project due to its previous experience in smart city projects in [[Ufa]], [[Kazan]] and [[Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast|Rostov]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahapatra |first=Debidatta Aurobinda |date=19 November 2014 |title=A 'smart item' in India-Russia cooperation |url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/2014/11/19/a_smart_item_in_india-russia_cooperation_39835 |access-date=8 February 2022 |publisher=[[Russia Beyond]]}}</ref>

Both countries have also agreed to work together in the aerospace sector to co-develop and co-produce aircraft, examples include the [[Sukhoi Superjet 100]], [[MS-21]], [[FGFA]], [[UAC/HAL Il-214|MTA]] and [[Kamov Ka-226]].<ref name="The Hindu" /> Some of the co-developed aircraft will be jointly commercially exported to third countries and foreign markets e.g. FGFA and Kamov Ka-226. President of Russia's [[United Aircraft Corporation|UAC]] [[Mikhail Pogosyan]] stated in an interview, "We are planning to sell in India about 100 passenger aircraft by 2030, which will account for 10 percent of the Indian market of airliners in the segment" and further stated, "The unprecedented scope of Russian-Indian cooperation in military aviation has created a scientific and engineering basis for undertaking joint projects in civil aviation."<ref name="The Hindu" />

=== Cooperation in the energy sector ===
[[File:Ĉajanda minejo 13.jpg|thumb|In 2023, Russia was the [[List of countries by oil imports|largest oil supplier]] to India with a 40% share.<ref>{{cite news |title=India is acting as a hub for Russian oil |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/05/06/india-is-acting-as-a-hub-for-russian-oil_6025598_4.html# |work=Le Monde |date=6 May 2023}}</ref>]]
The energy sector is an important area in Indian–Russian bilateral relations. In 2001, [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC-Videsh]] acquired 20% stake in the [[Sakhalin-I]] oil and gas project in the Russian Federation, and invested about US$1.7 billion in the project. [[Gazprom]], the Russian company, and [[GAIL|Gas Authority of India]] have collaborated in joint development of a block in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant|Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project]] with two units of 1000 MW each is a good example of Indian–Russian [[Nuclear power|nuclear energy]] cooperation. Both sides have expressed interest in expanding cooperation in the energy sector. In December 2008, Russia and India signed an agreement to build civilian nuclear reactors in India during a visit by the Russian president to New Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pasricha |first=Anjana |date=5 December 2008 |title=Russia, India Sign Agreement to Build Civil Nuclear Reactors |url=http://voanews.com/english/2008-12-05-voa18.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208104137/http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-12-05-voa18.cfm |archive-date=8 December 2008 |access-date=25 December 2008 |publisher=Voice of America}}</ref>

In 2012 [[Gazprom|Gazprom Group]] and India's [[GAIL]] agreed to [[LNG]] shipments to India of 2.5 million tons a year for the period of 20 years. LNG shipments for this contract are expected to begin anytime between 2017 and 2021.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 December 2014 |title=Russia to secure its role of reliable energy supplier to Asian markets - Putin |url=http://itar-tass.com/en/economy/766040 |access-date=8 February 2015 |work=TASS}}</ref> Indian oil companies have invested in Russia's oil sector, a notable example is [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC-Videsh]] which has invested over $8 billion with major stakes in oil fields such as [[Sakhalin-1]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanzhiev |first=Artem |date=11 December 2014 |title=Indian companies eye sizable investments in Russian energy sector- Dharmendra Pradhan |url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/2014/12/11/indian_companies_want_to_make_sizable_investments_in_russian_oil_an_40283 |access-date=8 February 2022 |website= |publisher=[[Russia Beyond]]}}</ref> In a joint statement released by both governments they stated, "It is expected that Indian companies will strongly participate in projects related to new oil and gas fields in the territory of the Russian Federation. The sides will study the possibilities of building a hydrocarbon pipeline system, connecting the Russian Federation with India."<ref name="The Financial Express" />

During the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], India imported a lot of discounted Russian oil, Russia rose to become India's second biggest supplier of oil in May, pushing Saudi Arabia into third place but still behind Iraq which remains No. 1, data from trade sources showed,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Nidhi |date=13 June 2022 |title=Russia becomes India's second biggest oil exporter, trade sources' data show |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/russia-becomes-indias-second-biggest-oil-exporter-trade-sources-2022-06-13/ |work=Reuters}}</ref> accounts for 18% of India's crude imports.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 June 2022 |title=Russia now accounts for 18% of India's crude imports; up from 1% |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/macro/indias-crude-oil-imports-from-russia-rise-to-18-from-1-before-ukraine-war/108574 |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=Fortune India}}</ref> Indian energy reliance on Russia increased, as imports of Russian liquid gas, crude oil and coal tripled to almost US$5 billion in the first half of 2022.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/7/6/russia-pockets-24b-from-selling-energy-to-china-india "Russia pockets $24bn from selling energy to China, India"] ''aljazeera.com''. Retrieved 7 July 2022.</ref> After January 2023, Russia has become India's top oil supplier, replacing Iraq. India's oil imports from Russia rose for the 5th straight month in November, accounting for 23% of India's overall import of 4 million bpd oil. This was 4% higher than imports from Russia in October.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Choudhary |first1=Sanjeev |date=6 December 2022 |title=Russia remain biggest oil supplier to India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/russia-biggest-oil-supplier-to-india-for-2nd-month-running/articleshow/96015439.cms?from=mdr |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Russia has agreed to build more than 20 [[nuclear reactor]]s over the next 20 years.<ref name="World Nuclear News" /><ref>{{cite news |date=26 January 2015 |title=Will the India-US nuclear deal work? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-30978152 |access-date=8 February 2015 |work=BBC News}}</ref> The Russian president stated in an interview, "It contains plans to build over 20 nuclear power units in India, as well as cooperation in building Russia-designed nuclear power stations in third countries, in the joint extraction of natural uranium, production of nuclear fuel and waste elimination."<ref name="World Nuclear News" /> In June 2025, a majority of [[119th United States Congress|U.S. senators]] supported [[secondary sanctions]] against Russia that would impose 500% [[Tariffs in the second Trump administration|tariffs]] on countries that buy [[Petroleum industry in Russia|Russian oil]], [[Natural gas in Russia|natural gas]], [[Mining industry of Russia|uranium]] and other exports. India is one of the main consumers of Russian energy.<ref>{{cite news |title=US Senate may work on Russia sanctions bill this month |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-senate-may-work-russia-sanctions-bill-this-month-2025-06-02/ |work=Reuters |date=2 June 2025}}</ref>

In early 2026, ''Reuters'' reported that several of India’s largest oil refineries had halted purchases of Russian crude scheduled for loading in March and April, according to sources familiar with the matter. The report said the move coincided with New Delhi’s efforts to move closer to a trade agreement with the United States. During the same period, Indian refiners reportedly increased crude imports from the Middle East, Africa, and South America.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian refiners avoid Russian oil in push for US trade deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/indian-refiners-avoid-russian-oil-push-us-trade-deal-2026-02-08/}}</ref>

=== Bilateral trade ===
[[File:Signing of Russian-Indian documents in 2015 (03).jpg|thumb|Signing of Indian-Russian documents at the 2015 Indian–Russian summit in [[Moscow]].]]
Bilateral trade between both countries is concentrated in key [[value chain|value chain sectors]]. These sectors include highly diversified segments such as [[machinery]], [[electronics]], [[aerospace]], [[automobile]], [[Freight transport|commercial shipping]], [[chemical industry|chemicals]], [[pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceuticals]], [[fertilisers]], [[Clothing|apparels]], [[precious stones]], [[metals|industrial metals]], [[petroleum industry|petroleum products]], [[Coal mining|coal]], high-end tea and coffee products.<ref name="Embassy of India Moscow" />

Bilateral trade in 2002 stood at $1.5 billion<ref>{{cite news |date=7 February 2002 |title=India, Russia to develop aircraft |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020208/biz.htm#1 |access-date=8 February 2015 |work=The Tribune India}}</ref> and increased by over 7 times to $11 billion in 2012,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Dadan |date=3 April 2013 |title=India, Russia to negotiate on CECA with Customs Union |url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/2013/04/03/india_russia_to_negotiate_on_ceca_with_customs_union_23479 |access-date=8 February 2022 |publisher=[[Russia Beyond]]}}</ref> in just five months after 2022 impact, bilateral trade between Russia and India reached a record growth of $18.229 billion. For comparison, last year this figure amounted to $13.124 billion, and the year before that – $8.141 billion during pandemic. Now Russia has become India's seventh largest trading partner, having risen to this place from the 25th position it occupied last year. Russia's share in India's total trade volume increased to 3.54% compared to 1.27% in 2021–2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Harikishan |date=21 October 2022 |title=India-Russia trade soars to record high as imports of oil and fertiliser drive surge |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-russia-trade-soars-to-record-high-as-imports-of-oil-and-fertiliser-drive-surge-8221831/ |access-date=12 November 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and with this strong trend, both governments setting a bilateral money target of over $30 billion by 2025.<ref name="The Financial Express" /><ref name="The Dollar Business">{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=A.K. Sen |date=5 January 2015 |title=India-Russia trade relations back in Spotlight |url=https://www.thedollarbusiness.com/india-russia-relations-back-in-spotlight/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318140747/https://www.thedollarbusiness.com/india-russia-relations-back-in-spotlight/ |archive-date=18 March 2015 |access-date=8 February 2015 |work=The Dollar Business}}</ref><ref name="Embassy of India Moscow" />

=== Chennai–Vladivostok Maritime Corridor ===
{{Main|Chennai–Vladivostok Maritime Corridor}}

India is looking in the Arctic and discussed wide-ranging cooperation in the Northern and Eastern parts between the two countries. "The Eastern Maritime Corridor between Vladivostok and Chennai is operational now. Container ships carrying crude oil, metal and textile have started coming to Indian ports," Sonowal told reporters in 2024. The time taken will come down to 16–24 days compared to more than 40 to transport goods.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=18 November 2024 |title=Chennai-Vladivostok eastern maritime corridor operational: Sonowal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chennai-vladivostok-eastern-maritime-corridor-operational-sonowal/article68882958.ece |access-date=21 December 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=UtkarshClasses |title=Russia Prepares Indian Sailors for Polar & Arctic Waters |url=https://utkarsh.com/current-affairs/russia-to-train-indian-sailors-in-polar-and-arctic-waters-and-deepen-maritime-cooperation-with-india |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=Utkarsh Classes |language=en}}</ref>

===North–South Transport Corridor===
{{Main|North–South Transport Corridor}}

The North–South Transport Corridor is the [[ship transport|ship]], [[railways|rail]], and [[road transport|road]] route for moving freight between India, Russia, Iran, [[Europe]] and [[Central Asia]]. The route primarily involves moving [[freight]] from India, Iran, Azerbaijan and Russia via ship, rail and road.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dikshit |first=Sandeep |date=31 May 2012 |title=Despite U.S. opposition, Iran to be transport hub for North-South Corridor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/despite-us-opposition-iran-to-be-transport-hub-for-northsouth-corridor/article3473943.ece |access-date=8 February 2022 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The objective of the corridor is to increase [[Trade|trade connectivity]] between major cities such as [[Mumbai]], [[Moscow]], [[Tehran]], [[Baku]], [[Bandar Abbas]], [[Astrakhan]], [[Bandar Anzali]] etc.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Rajeev |date=29 November 2012 |title=Transport Corridor offers many opportunities for Indo-Russian trade |url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2012/11/29/north-south_transport_corridor_offers_many_opportunities_for_indo-ru_19421 |access-date=8 February 2022 |website= |publisher=[[Russia Beyond]] |language=}}</ref> [[Dry run (testing)|Dry runs]] of two routes were conducted in 2014, the first was Mumbai to Baku via Bandar Abbas and the second was Mumbai to Astrakhan via Bandar Abbas, [[Tehran]] and Bandar Anzali. The objective of the study was to identify and address key [[Traffic bottleneck|bottlenecks]].<ref>{{cite news |date=20 March 2015 |title=Dry Run Study of INSTC Trade Route |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/dry-run-study-of-instc-trade-route-115032000589_1.html |access-date=11 April 2015 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite news |date=10 April 2015 |title=Iran deal spells good tidings for India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/lead-article-iran-deal-spells-good-tidings-for-india/article7085906.ece |access-date=11 April 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The results showed [[Cost of transport|transport costs]] were reduced by "$2,500 per 15 tons of cargo".<ref name="auto2" /> Other routes under consideration include via [[Armenia]], [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Turkmenistan]]. On 5 September 2019, India pledged a [[United States dollar|USD]] 1 billion [[line of credit]] ([[concessional loan]]s) for the development of Russia's far east.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2019 |title=India goes from taking to giving loans to Russia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-goes-from-taking-to-giving-loans-to-russia/articleshow/71006873.cms |access-date=6 September 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Russian imports from India amounted to $3.1 billion or 1% of its overall imports, and 0.7% of India's overall exports in 2014. The 10 major commodities exported from India to Russia were:<ref name="worldsrichestcountries.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top-russia-imports.html|title=Top Russia Imports|access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="worldsrichestcountries.com1">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top-india-exports.html|title=Top India Exports|access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=November 2024}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Indian commodities exports to Russia (2014)<ref name="worldsrichestcountries.com" /><ref name="worldsrichestcountries.com1" />{{Update inline|date=November 2024}}
|-
! Product category !! Quantity ($ million)
|-
| Pharmaceuticals || $819.1
|-
| Electronic equipment || $382.3
|-
| Machines, engines, pumps || $159.4
|-
| Iron and steel || $149.1
|-
| Clothing (not knit or crochet) || $135.7
|-
| Coffee, tea and spices || $131.7
|-
| Tobacco || $113.9
|-
| Vehicles || $111.1
|-
| Knit or crochet clothing || $97.9
|-
| Other food preparations || $77.7
|}

Russian exports to India amounted to $6.2 billion or 1.3% of its overall exports, and 0.9% of India's overall imports in 2014. The 10 major commodities exported from Russia to India were:<ref name="worldsrichestcountries.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top-russia-exports.html|title=Top Russia Exports|access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="worldsrichestcountries.com3">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top-india-imports.html|title=Top India Imports|access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Russian commodities exports to India (2014)<ref name="worldsrichestcountries.com2" /><ref name="worldsrichestcountries.com3" />{{Update inline|date=November 2024}}
|-
! Product category !! Quantity ($ million)
|-
| Gems, precious metals, coins || $1100.0
|-
| Machines, engines, pumps || $707.4
|-
| Electronic equipment || $472.7
|-
| Fertilizers || $366.8
|-
| Medical, technical equipment || $302.7
|-
| Oil || $223.8
|-
| Iron and steel || $167.4
|-
| Paper || $136.8
|-
| Inorganic chemicals || $127.4
|-
| Salt, sulphur, stone, cement || $105.1
|}

===Free trade agreement===
[[File:Indian and Russian officials hold talks in New Delhi in 2014.jpeg|thumb|The formal process for the free trade agreement between India and the [[Eurasian Economic Union]] was begun at the 2014 Indian–Russian summit in [[New Delhi]].]]Both governments have long viewed their bilateral trade well below its optimal potential, with the only long term way of rectifying this through having a [[free trade agreement]] (FTA).<ref name="Russia & India Report">{{cite news |url=https://www.rbth.com/world/2013/11/18/the_case_for_an_fta_with_india_and_the_customs_union_30935 |title=The case for an FTA with India and the Customs Union |work=Russia & India Report |date=18 November 2013 |access-date=8 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lal|first=Neeta|date=28 February 2014|title=Rogozin sets ball rolling for bilateral trade and investment|url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/2014/02/28/rogozin_sets_ball_rolling_for_bilateral_trade_and_investment_33399|access-date=8 February 2022|website=|publisher=[[Russia Beyond]]}}</ref> Both governments have set up a joint study group (JSG) to negotiate the specifications of an agreement, a final agreement would be signed between India and [[Eurasian Economic Union]] of which Russia is a part of (also including [[Kazakhstan]], [[Armenia]], [[Kyrgyzstan]] & [[Belarus]]).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/india-russia-to-set-up-study-group-to-push-fta/article6126553.ece |title=India, Russia to set up study group to push FTA |work=The Hindu |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=8 November 2014}}</ref> Thereby, the Indian–Russian FTA would result in a much bigger free trade agreement including India, Russia, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan & Belarus.<ref name="Russia & India Report"/> It is predicted once an FTA is in place bilateral trade will increase manifold, thereby significantly increasing the importance of economics in bilateral ties.<ref name="Russia & India Report"/><ref>{{Cite news|date=22 October 2013|title=India agrees for FTA with Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/india-agrees-for-fta-with-belarus-kazakhstan-russia/article5259247.ece|access-date=8 February 2022|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Belli|first=Alessandro|date=8 November 2014|title=Several new Indo-Russian projects to come under "strategic vision" agreement - Dmitry Rogozin|url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/2014/11/07/several_new_indo-russian_projects_to_come_under_strategic_vision_ag_39587|access-date=8 February 2022|website=|publisher=[[Russia Beyond]]|language=}}</ref>

The table below shows the recent Indian–Russian bilateral trade performance:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="3" | Indian–Russian trade (2009–12)
|-
! Year !! Trade Volume (Billion $) !! Annual Change
|-
| 2009 || $7.46<ref name=":2" />||
|-
| 2010 || $8.53<ref name=":2" />|| +14.34%
|-
| 2011 || $8.87<ref name=":2" />|| +3.98%
|-
| 2012 || $11.04<ref name=":2" />|| +24.50%
|}

==Scientific relations==
[[File:Russian Navigation Spacecraft Glonass K1 at CeBIT.jpg|thumb|India and Russia have both signed agreements for the cooperation and use of GLONASS]]
The ongoing collaboration in the field of science & technology, under the Integrated Long-Term Programme of Co-operation (ILTP) is the largest cooperation programme in this sphere for both India and Russia. ILTP is coordinated by the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] from the Indian side and by the [[Russian Academy of Sciences|Academy of Sciences]], [[Ministry of Science and Education (Russia)|Ministry of Science and Education]], and [[Ministry of Industry and Trade (Russia)|Ministry of Industry and Trade]] from the Russian side. Development of SARAS Duet aircraft, semiconductor products, super computers, poly-vaccines, laser science and technology, seismology, high-purity materials, software & IT and Ayurveda have been some of the priority areas of co-operation under the ILTP. Under this programme, eight joint Indian–Russian centres have been established to focus on joint research and development work. Two other Joint Centres on Non-Ferrous Metals and Accelerators and Lasers are being set up in India. A Joint Technology Centre based in Moscow to bring cutting-edge technologies to the market is also under processing. An ILTP Joint Council met in Moscow on 11–12 October 2007 to review co-operation and give it further direction. In August 2007, an MoU was signed between Department of Science and Technology and Russian Foundation of Basic Research, Moscow to pursue scientific co-operation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cgivladi.gov.in/page/indo-russian-s-and-t-cooperation/|title=Indo-Russian S&T Cooperation}}</ref>

In June 2010, the Russian-Indian Science and Technology Center (RISTC) was established in Moscow as a structure of effective innovative interaction in order to find forms of commercialization of the results of joint scientific and technical research. In April 2012, the official opening of the Delhi branch of the RISTC took place.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://india.mid.ru/en/countries/bilateral-relations/scientific_and_technical_cooperation/|title=Scientific and technical cooperation|website=The Embassy of the Russian Federation in the Republic of India}}</ref>

===Space cooperation===
[[File:Aryabhata Satellite.jpg|thumb|India's first Satellite [[Aryabhata (satellite)|Aryabhata]] was launched into space with the cooperation of the Soviet Union]]

There has been a long history of cooperation between the Soviet Union and India in space. Examples include [[Aryabhata (satellite)|Aryabhata]], India's first [[satellite]],<ref name=Brit>"Aryabhata" in ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica|The New Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Chicago: [[Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.]], 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 611.</ref> named after an Indian [[astronomer]] of the [[Aryabhatta|same name]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.org/satellites/aryabhata.aspx |title=Aryabhata - The first indigenously built satellite}}</ref> It was launched by the Soviet Union on 19 April 1975<ref name=Brit/> from [[Kapustin Yar]] using a [[Kosmos-3M]] launch vehicle. The only Indian to visit space, [[Rakesh Sharma]], was also launched by the Soviet Union under [[Interkosmos]] space program. During President Vladimir Putin's visit to India in December 2004, two space-related bilateral agreements were signed viz. Intergovernmental umbrella Agreement on cooperation in the outer space for peaceful purposes and the Inter-Space Agency Agreement on cooperation in the Russian satellite navigation system [[GLONASS]]. Subsequently, a number of follow-up agreements on GLONASS have been signed. In November 2007, the two countries have signed an agreement on joint lunar exploration. These space cooperation programmes are under implementation.
[[Chandrayaan-2]] was a joint lunar exploration mission proposed by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) and the [[Russian Federal Space Agency]] (RKA) and had a projected cost of ₹4.25 billion (US$90 million). The mission, proposed to be launched in 2017 by a [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (GSLV), included a lunar orbiter and a rover made in India as well as one lander built by Russia. But due to the repeated delays in the joint venture, the Indian side ultimately decided to develop its own lander and borne all costs of the mission by itself. Later [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]] developed its own lander named Vikram and launched [[Chandrayaan-2]] mission successfully on 22 July 2019, from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad|SDSC SHAR]], Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 July 2019|title=GSLV MkIII-M1 Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192082|access-date=8 February 2022|website=|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref>

In December 2021, Russia and India signed an agreement on measures to protect technologies in the field of space. The two countries agreed to expand and strengthen partnership relations between the Russian Roscosmos and the Indian Space Research Organization, as well as cooperation in the field of crewed space programs and satellite navigation. In addition, Russia and India planned to explore the prospects for developing cooperation in the field of launch vehicle development and planetary exploration.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://ria.ru/20211206/kosmos-1762445331.html?ysclid=l95bh6taqt256766742|title=Russia and India signed an agreement on the protection of technologies in the field of space|website=RIA News| date=6 December 2021 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref>

On 10 February 2020, Glavkosmos JSC and the Manned Space Flight Center of the Indian Space Research Organisation, within the framework of an agreement to provide India with assistance in preparing for the launch of astronauts, began training Indian Air Force pilots. Indian astronaut candidates have undergone physical and medical training, studied the Russian language, designs, layouts and systems of the Soyuz crewed transport spacecraft. On 22 March 2021, the head of Roscosmos, Dmitry Rogozin, announced the completion of the Indian cosmonaut training program.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/four-indian-cosmonauts-complete-training-in-russia-for-gaganyaan-mission-3566531.html|title=Four Indian Cosmonauts Complete Training in Russia for Gaganyaan Mission|website=News18|date=23 March 2021 |access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref>

In October 2022, Glavkosmos JSC supplied the Indian side with systems and equipment for the Gaganyaan crewed transport spacecraft, as well as individual equipment (spacesuits, armchairs and lodgments produced by the Russian JSC Zvezda Scientific and Production Enterprise) for Indian cosmonauts.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://www.roscosmos.ru/38437/|title=Россия и Индия являются примером взаимовыгодного сотрудничества в космосе|website=Роскосмос|access-date=27 October 2021}}</ref>

===Nuclear deals===
[[File:Kudankulam NPP.jpg|thumb|Construction of the [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant]] in 2009]]
On 7 November 2009, India signed a new nuclear deal with Russia apart from the deals that were agreed upon by the two countries earlier.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 December 2009|title=India, Russia sign nuclear deal|newspaper=Times of India|agency=PTI|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-Russia-sign-nuclear-deal/articleshow/5311267.cms|access-date=11 September 2014}}</ref> India and Russia are in discussion for construction of two more nuclear power units at Kudankulam. Two units of the [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant]] are already operational. During Russian president Vladimir Putin's visit to India for the 13th annual summit, a cooperative civilian nuclear energy road map was agreed to. Running until 2030, sixteen to eighteen new reactors will be constructed, with installed capacity of 1,000 [[Megawatt|MW]] each. A 1,000 MW reactor costs around $2.5 billion so the deal may touch $45 billion in worth.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Rajeev|date=25 December 2012|title=Kudankulam and more: Why Putin's India visit was a hit|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/kudankulam-and-more-why-putins-india-visit-was-a-hit-568504.html|access-date=8 February 2022|website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

In November 2011, Russia and Bangladesh signed an inter-governmental agreement on cooperation in the construction of the first Bangladeshi NPP "Ruppur", consisting of two power units with Russian VVER type reactors with an electric capacity of 1200 MW each, the life cycle of which is 60 years, with the possibility of extension for another 20 years. On 23 December 2015, during the visit of Rosatom CEO [[Sergey Kiriyenko]] to Bangladesh, a general contract for the construction of the first Bangladeshi nuclear power plant was signed. At the beginning of 2017 Russia has provided India with a loan of $11.38 billion to finance the main stage of the NPP construction. The construction of the nuclear power plant began in 2021. Currently, work is underway on the first and second power units. Based on the latest schedule, the power units will be put into operation in February 2024 and at the end of the same year, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://neftegaz.ru/news/nuclear/755100-rosatom-planiruet-v-2023-g-zavezti-yadernoe-toplivo-na-stroyashchuyusya-v-bangladesh-aes-ruppur/?ysclid=l9s0b8j48f932181022|title=Росатом планирует завезти ядерное топливо на строящуюся в Бангладеш АЭС Руппур в 2023 г.|website=Neftegaz.ru| date=19 October 2022 |access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref>

==Cultural relations==
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi and Nicholas Roerich.jpeg|left|thumb|220x220px|[[Nicholas Roerich]] with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Indira Gandhi]].]]Indo–Russian relations in the field of culture are historical to limited extent. One of the first Russian visitors to India was [[Afanasiy Nikitin]] a merchant from [[Tver]] in Russia.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Kamalakaran|first=Ajay|date=5 August 2016|title=From Tver to the Deccan: Retracing Afanasy Nikitin's life in India|url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/history/2016/08/06/from-tver-to-calicut-retracing-afanasy-nikitins-life-in-india_618137|access-date=8 February 2022|publisher=[[Russia Beyond]]}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Rubchenko|first=Maxim|date=9 September 2016|title=Russia and India: A civilisational friendship|url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/history/2016/09/09/russia-and-india-a-civilizational-friendship_628415|access-date=8 February 2022|publisher=[[Russia Beyond]]}}</ref> His famous journey (1466–1472) was documented in the book ''[[A Journey Beyond the Three Seas]]''. Nikitin spent three years in India (1469–1472) travelling to its many regions and documenting its people, economy, trade, agriculture and customs. Nikitin's journey was portrayed by Soviet actor [[Oleg Strizhenov]] alongside Hindi screen legend [[Nargis Dutt]] in the 1950s film ''[[Journey Beyond Three Seas]]''.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

[[Astrakhan]] in Russia has historically been a trading centre for Indian merchants since the 16th century.<ref name=":5" /> In 1722 [[Peter the Great]] met with Anbu Ram the leader of the Indians [[merchant]]s in Astrakhan. In the meeting Peter the Great agreed to Anbu Ram's request for full [[free trade]] including transit rights.<ref name=":5" /> Russian pioneers who travelled to India and studied Indian culture include [[Gerasim Lebedev]] who studied ancient Indian languages in the 1780s<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Kamalakaran|first=Ajay|date=12 April 2014|title=St Petersburg's illustrious Sanskrit connections|url=https://www.rbth.com/blogs/2014/04/12/st_petersburgs_illustrious_sanskrit_connections_34481|access-date=8 February 2022|website=|publisher=[[Russia Beyond]]|language=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://in.rbth.com/arts/2013/11/05/the_russian_travelling_musician_who_created_a_magic_theatre_in_india_30581.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141117011305/http://in.rbth.com/arts/2013/11/05/the_russian_travelling_musician_who_created_a_magic_theatre_in_india_30581.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 November 2014 |title=The Russian travelling musician who created a "magic theatre" in India |date=5 November 2013 |access-date=17 November 2014 }}</ref> and later [[Nicholas Roerich]] who studied Indian philosophy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/2014/07/16/we_are_proud_of_the_roerich_legacy_himachal_cm_36725 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930200553/https://www.rbth.com/arts/2014/07/16/we_are_proud_of_the_roerich_legacy_himachal_cm_36725 |url-status=live |archive-date=30 September 2020 |title=We are proud of the Roerich legacy - Himachal CM |date=16 July 2014 |access-date=17 November 2014 }}</ref> Roerich was influenced by the philosophy of Ramakrishna and Vivekananda, the poetry of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], and the Bhagavad Gita. The 130th birth anniversary of [[Nicholas Roerich]] and 100th birth anniversary of [[Svetoslav Roerich]] were celebrated in India in October 2004.

Leading Russian [[Indology|Indiologist]] such as [[Ivan Minayev]], [[Sergey Oldenburg]], [[Fyodor Shcherbatskoy]], [[Yuri Knorozov]], [[Alexandr Mikhailovych Kondratov|Alexandr Kondratov]], Nikita Gurov and [[Eugene Chelyshev]] focused their research in understanding the [[Indus Script]], [[Sanskrit]] and [[Indian literature]].<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kamalakaran|first=Ajay|date=15 March 2014|title=Russian scholars and the Indus Valley script|url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/2014/03/15/russian_scholars_and_the_indus_valley_script_33759|access-date=8 February 2022|website=|publisher=[[Russia Beyond]]|language=}}</ref>

[[File:Радж Капур- встреча в Индии с делегацией узбекских писателей- Самиг Абдукаххар и др, 1950-ые.jpg|thumb|[[Raj Kapoor]] alongside a delegation of writers from the [[Soviet Union]], 1950s, India]]
Traditionally, there has been strong collaboration in the field of [[Film|cinema]] between India and the USSR. Several generations of Russians grew up watching subtitled [[Cinema of India|Indian films]] (mainly [[Bollywood]]) and vice versa for Indians watching Russian films.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite news |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/2014/11/07/joint_russia-india_filmmaking_on_the_cards_39563 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425180343/https://www.rbth.com/arts/2014/11/07/joint_russia-india_filmmaking_on_the_cards_39563 |url-status=live |archive-date=25 April 2024 |title=Joint Russia-India filmmaking on the cards |work=Russia & India Report |date=7 November 2014 |access-date=16 November 2014 }}</ref> Popular Indian films in the USSR included ''[[Awara (1951 film)|Awara]]'', ''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]'', ''[[Barood (1976 film)|Barood]]'', ''[[Mamta (1966 film)|Mamta]]''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://in.rbth.com/arts/2013/05/10/russias_all-time_favourite_bollywood_films_24749.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141116103033/http://in.rbth.com/arts/2013/05/10/russias_all-time_favourite_bollywood_films_24749.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 November 2014 |title=Russia's all-time favourite Bollywood films |work=Russia & India Report |date=10 May 2013 |access-date=16 November 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Russia Beyond">{{cite news|last=Naralenkova|first=Oxana|date=10 September 2009|title=Bollywood returns to Russian screens|work=Russia Beyond|url=http://rbth.co.uk/articles/2009/09/10/100909_bollywood.html|access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref> and ''[[Disco Dancer]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nagvenkar|first1=Mayabhushan|title=Bollywood seen as part of Russian strategy to woo Indian tourists|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bollywood-seen-as-part-of-russian-strategy-to-woo-indian-tourists-116050500488_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=22 August 2016|date=5 May 2016}}</ref> Recent contemporary films entirely shot in Russia include ''[[Lucky: No Time for Love]]''. However, after the collapse of the USSR Bollywood's market share decreased in Russia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Naraykin|first=Sergey|date=23 December 2011|title=Russians get a hang of Bollywood' starry dreams|url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2011/12/23/russians_get_a_hang_of_bollywood_starry_dreams_14085|access-date=8 February 2022|website=|publisher=[[Russia Beyond]]|language=}}</ref> Recently, however, there has been increase due to viewers having access through cable and satellite channels.<ref name="Russia Beyond" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-russias-love-affair-with-bollywood-goes-beyond-raj-kapoor-1892385 |title=Russia's love affair with Bollywood goes beyond Raj Kapoor |work=dna India|date=22 September 2013 |access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Culture (Russia)|Russian Deputy Minister of Culture]], Elena Milovzorova, stated in an interview that an Indian-Russian joint working group (JWG) would discuss procedures to allow for both countries film industries to collaborate in film production together.<ref name="ReferenceB" /> The [[Krasnodar Region]] has been discussed among officials as a possible area for shooting future Bollywood films.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indian.ruvr.ru/2013_05_20/Bollywood-earmarks-the-South-of-Russia-as-a-possible-site-for-shooting-of-movies/ |title=Bollywood earmarks the South of Russia as a possible site for shooting of movies |work=Russia Radio |date=20 May 2013 |access-date=16 November 2014 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129030045/http://indian.ruvr.ru/2013_05_20/Bollywood-earmarks-the-South-of-Russia-as-a-possible-site-for-shooting-of-movies/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2010, former Russian president Dmitry Medvedev, known to be an admirer of Bollywood films, visited the film set of [[Yash Raj Studios]] and met prominent Indian film personalities such as [[Yash Chopra]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]] during his state visit to India.<ref name="The Wall Street Journal">{{cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/12/22/medvedev-rekindles-russias-cold-war-bollywood-affair/ |title=Medvedev Rekindles Russia's Cold War Bollywood Affair |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=22 December 2010 |access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=23 December 2010|title=SRK, Kareena find a Presidential admirer in Medvedev|work=The Indian Express|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/srk-kareena-find-a-presidential-admirer-in-medvedev/|access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref> He stated in an interview, "Our country is one of the places where Indian culture is most admired" in addition stated, "Russia and India are the only countries where satellite channels broadcast Indian movies 24/7."<ref name="The Wall Street Journal" />

[[Yoga]] in Russia has been growing and becoming increasingly popular since the 1980s, particularly in majors cities and urban centres, mainly due to its reputation for health benefits.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Kazak|first=Olga|date=10 August 2013|title=Russia's age-old passion for yoga|url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/2013/08/10/russias_age-old_passion_for_yoga_28805.html|access-date=8 February 2022|website=|publisher=[[Russia Beyond]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Boroznova|first1=Anisia|last2=Korablinov|first2=Alexander|date=10 October 2012|title=Yogafest held in Moscow|url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2012/10/10/yogafest_held_in_moscow_18259|access-date=8 February 2022|website=|publisher=[[Russia Beyond]]|language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Korablinov|first=Alexander|date=20 August 2014|title=B.K.S. Iyengar was the pioneer of yoga revival in Russia|url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/2014/08/20/bks_iyengar_was_the_pioneer_of_yoga_revival_in_russia_37697|access-date=8 February 2022|website=|publisher=[[Russia Beyond]]|language=}}</ref> However, it has its roots much earlier in Russia during the time of noted Russian actor and trainer [[Constantin Stanislavski]] who was significantly influenced by [[Yoga]] and Indian philosophy.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Fets|first=Konstantin|date=4 August 2014|title=Stanislavsky's tryst with yoga|url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/2014/08/04/stanislavskys_tryst_with_yoga_37163|access-date=8 February 2022|website=|publisher=[[Russia Beyond]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Fets|first=Konstantin|date=7 August 2014|title=Yoga as an essential part of Stanislavsky's studios|url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/2014/08/07/yoga_as_an_essential_part_of_stanislavskys_studios_37259|access-date=8 February 2022|website=|publisher=[[Russia Beyond]]}}</ref>[[File:Dmitry Medvedev in India 4-5 December 2008-11.jpg|thumb|[[Russian president]] [[Dmitry Medvedev]] making his speech at the closing ceremony of The "Year of Russia in India" in 2008.]]

Russia's Rossotrudnichestvo Representative Office (RRO) established in 1965 has five Russian Centres of Science and Culture (RCSC) in India they include [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]] and [[Trivandrum]].<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite news |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/2014/07/04/cultural_ties_set_to_grow_between_russia_and_india_in_2014_36435 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918163402/https://www.rbth.com/arts/2014/07/04/cultural_ties_set_to_grow_between_russia_and_india_in_2014_36435 |url-status=live |archive-date=18 September 2020 |title=Cultural ties set to grow between Russia and India in 2014 |work=Russia & India Report |date=4 July 2014 |access-date=17 November 2014 }}</ref> The head of RRO and director of RCSC, Fyodor Rozovsky, expects cultural ties to grow between both countries.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> He and other officials also expects the number of Indian students studying in Russia to increase once both countries sign an agreement on joint recognition of higher education [[diploma]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rbth.com/society/2014/03/04/india_russia_to_recognize_each_others_higher_education_diplomas_33473 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928004023/https://www.rbth.com/society/2014/03/04/india_russia_to_recognize_each_others_higher_education_diplomas_33473 |url-status=live |archive-date=28 September 2020 |title=India, Russia to recognize each other's higher education diplomas |work=Russia & India Report |date=4 March 2014 |access-date=17 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/2014/10/24/mutual_degree_recognition_agreement_with_india_to_be_signed_by_dece_39239 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425180548/https://www.rbth.com/economics/2014/10/24/mutual_degree_recognition_agreement_with_india_to_be_signed_by_dece_39239 |url-status=live |archive-date=25 April 2024 |title=Mutual degree recognition agreement with India to be signed by December |work=Russia & India Report |date=24 October 2014 |access-date=17 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rbth.com/world/2014/11/10/new_phase_in_russia-india_relations_must_be_serious_long_lasting_-_lead_39603 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425180640/https://www.rbth.com/world/2014/11/10/new_phase_in_russia-india_relations_must_be_serious_long_lasting_-_lead_39603 |url-status=live |archive-date=25 April 2024 |title=New phase in Russia-India relations must be serious, long lasting |work=Russia & India Report |date=10 November 2014 |access-date=17 November 2014 }}</ref> There is a [[Hindi]] Department, in the [[University of Moscow]] along with five Chairs relating to Indology in [[Moscow]], [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Kazan]] and [[Vladivostok]].

Days of Russian Culture were held in India in November 2003, in Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai. "Days of Indian Culture" in Russia were organised from September to October 2005 in Russia. Chief Minister of National Capital Territory of Delhi led a delegation for participating in the event "Days of Delhi in Moscow" from 28 May to 1 June 2006. The "Year of Russia in India" was held in 2008. It was followed by the "Year of India in Russia" in 2009. In the period from 2018 to 2019, the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Russian organization ROSSCONCERT. The document opened the possibility for troupes of artists from both countries to visit India and Russia alternately. In 2019, four groups from India – "Kathak", "Hindustani Kalari", "Bollywood" and "Shehnai" visited a number of regions of the Russian Federation. In addition, Indian-Russian working groups and a cultural exchange program have been established, which also meet the cultural and tourist needs of both countries.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://indianembassy-moscow.gov.in/india-russia-cultural-relations.php|title=India-Russia Cultural Relations|website=Embassy of India}}</ref>

== Country comparison ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Common name
![[India]]
![[Russia]]
|-
!Official name
!Republic of India
!Russian Federation
|-
|Coat of arms
|[[File:Emblem of India.svg|center|207x207px]]
|[[File:Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg|center|154x154px]]
|-
|Flag
|[[File:Flag of India.svg|center|130x130px]]
|[[File:Flag of Russia.svg|center|130x130px]]
|-
|Capital
|[[New Delhi]]
|[[Moscow]]
|-
|Largest city
|[[Delhi]]
|[[Moscow]]
|-
|Government
|[[Federal republic|Federal]] [[parliamentary republic]]
|[[Federalism in Russia|Federal]] [[semi-presidential republic]]
|-
|Population
|1,428,627,663
|146,150,789
|-
|Official language
|[[Hindi]] , [[Indian English|English]]
|[[Russian language|Russian]]
|-
|Current leader
|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]
|President [[Vladimir Putin]]
|-
|Religion
|[[Secular state|State secularism]]
|[[Secular state|State secularism]]
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Russia|Politics}}
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[Foreign relations of Russia]]
* [[List of ambassadors of India to Russia|Ambassadors of India to Russia]]
* [[List of ambassadors of Russia to India|Ambassadors of Russia to India]]
* [[India–Soviet Union relations]]
* [[The Great Game]]
* [[Indians in Russia]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Azizian, Rouben. ''Russia-India Relations: Stability Amidst Strategic Uncertainty'' (ASIA-PACIFIC CENTER FOR SECURITY STUDIES, 2004) [https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA591913 online].
* Bakshi, Jyotsna. "Russian Policy towards South Asia." ''Strategic Analysis'' 23.8 (1999): 1367–1398.
* Budhwar, Prem K. "India-Russia relations: Past, Present and the future." ''India Quarterly'' 63.3 (2007): 51–83.
* Chavda, V. K. ''India, Britain, Russia; a study in British opinion, 1838-1878'' (1967) [https://archive.org/details/indiabritainruss0000chav online]
* Choudhury, G.W. ''India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the Major Powers: Politics of a Divided Subcontinent'' (1975), relations with US, USSR and China.
* Chufrin, Gennady, ed. ''Russia and Asia: The Emerging Security Agenda'' (Sweden: SIPRI, 1999),
* Clark, Ian. "Soviet policy towards India and Pakistan, 1965-71." (PhD dissertation. Australian National U. 2013), with long bibliography p 290–303; [https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/10642/2/02Whole_Clark.pdf online].
* Clarkson, Stephen. “Non-Impact of Soviet Writing on Indian Thinking and Policy.” ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 8#15 1973, pp. 715–724. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4362535 online]; says Indian intellectuals ignored Russian propaganda
* Dash, P. L. and Andrei Nazarkin, eds. ''Indo-Russian Diplomatic Relations: Sixty Years of Enduring Legacy'' (New Delhi: Academic Excellence Publishers, 2008), essays by experts.
* Donaldson, Robert H. "The Soviet Union in South Asia: A Friend to Rely On?" '' Journal of International Affairs'' (1981) 34#2 pp 235–58.
* Donaldson, Robert H. ''Soviet Policy Toward India: Ideology and Strategy'' (Harvard UP, 1974) [https://archive.org/details/sovietpolicytowa0000dona/page/n13/mode/2up online]
* Hilger, Andreas. "The Soviet Union and India: the Khrushchev era and its aftermath until 1966." (2009) [http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/lory1.ethz.ch/collections/coll_india/documents/IntroII_final_001.pdf online].
* Hilali, A. Z. "Cold war politics of superpowers in South Asia." ''The Dialogue'' 1.2 (2006): 68–108. [http://qurtuba.edu.pk/thedialogue/The%20Dialogue/1_2/4_Mr.%20Hilali.pdf online]
* Hirsch, Michal Ben‑Josef, and Manjari Chatterjee Miller. "Otherness and resilience in bilateral relations: the cases of Israel‒Germany, India‒Russia, and India‒Israel." ''Journal Of International Relations and Development'' (2020) [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057%2Fs41268-020-00194-9 online].
* Joshi, Nirmala, and Raj Kumar Sharma. "India–Russia relations in a changing Eurasian perspective." ''India Quarterly'' 73.1 (2017): 36–52.
* Khan, Muhammad Nawaz. "Pakistan-Russia Relations Redux: From Estrangement to Pragmatism." ''IPRI Journal'' 19.1 (2019).
* Mastny, Vojtech. "The Soviet Union's Partnership with India." ''Journal of Cold War Studies'' (2010) 12#3 pp 50–90.
* Menon, Rajan. "India and Russia." in David M. Malone, et al. eds. ''The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy'' (2015) [https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063/ excerpt] pp 509–523.
* Mollick, Enamul Haque. "India–Russia Relations After The Cold War." in ''Impact Of Pandemic On India's International Relations'' (2021): 93+.
* Nadkarni, Vidya. "India and Russia: The End of a Special Relationship?." ''Naval War College Review'' 48.4 (1995): 19–33. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/44637653.pdf online]
* Naik, J. A. ''Russia's policy towards India: from Stalin to Yeltsin'' (1995).
* Pant, Harsh V. "India-Russia Ties and India's Strategic Culture: Dominance of a Realist Worldview." ''India Review'' 12.1 (2013): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/14736489.2013.759464
* Rekha, Chandra. ''India-Russia Post Cold War Relations: A New Epoch of Cooperation'' (London: Taylor & Francis, 2017).
* Rothermund, Dietmar. "India and the Soviet Union." ''The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' 386.1 (1969): 78–88.
* Samra, Chattar Singh. ''India and Anglo-Soviet Relations (1917-1947)'' (Asia Publishing House, 1959).
* Singh, Anita Inder. "India's relations with Russia and Central Asia." ''International Affairs'' 71.1 (1995): 69–81.
* Soherwordi, Hussain Shaheed, and Uzma Munshi. "China-Russia-Pakistan Strategic Triangle: Imperative Factors." ''South Asian Studies'' (1026-678X) 35.1 (2020) [http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/1_35_1_20.pdf online].
* Stein, Arthur. ''India and the Soviet Union: The Nehru Era'' (U of Chicago Press, 1969). [https://archive.org/details/indiasovietunion0000stei online]
* Stein, Arthur. "India and the USSR: The post-Nehru period." ''Asian Survey'' (1967): 165–175. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2642235 online]
* Tsan, Katherine Foshko. "Re-Energizing the Indian-Russian Relationship: Opportunities and Challenges for the 21st Century." ''Jindal Journal of International Affairs'' 2.1 (2012): 141–184. [https://jgu.edu.in/jsia/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/katherine-re-energizing_0.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824003606/https://jgu.edu.in/jsia/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/katherine-re-energizing_0.pdf |date=24 August 2021 }}
* Unnikrishnan, Nandan. "The enduring relevance of India-Russia relations." ''Observer Research Foundation'' 25 (2017). [http://cf.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ORF_IssueBrief_179_India-Russia_Nandan_FinalForUpload.pdf online]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

===Economics===
* Datar, Asha L. ''India's Economic Relations with the USSR and Eastern Europe 1953 to 1969'' (Cambridge University Press, 1972).
* Kapoor, Nivedita. "India-Russia ties in a changing world order: In pursuit of a special strategic partnership." ''ORF Occasional Paper 218'' (2019): 1-33. [https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/ORF_OccasionalPaper_218_India-Russia.pdf online]
* Lyalina, Pauline Albertovna, et al. "Interaction between Russia and India in the field of hydrocarbon logistics." ''Journal of Social Sciences Research'' (2018): 440–447.
* Manshin, Roman V., and Abdul Latif Ghafari. "Investment cooperation between Russia and India." ''RUDN Journal of Economics'' 29.3 (2021): 490–501.
* Singh, Mayengbam Lalit, and Chingshubam Manimohon Singh. "Has EU's Sanctions on Russia Led to Greater Bilateral Trade between India and Russia? A Simulation Analysis." ''FOCUS: Journal of International Business'' 8.2 (2021): 112–128.
* Wani, Nassir Ul Haq, Jasdeep Kaur Dhami, and Neeru Sidana. "Indo-Russia Trade: An Evaluation of Symmetry, Complementarity, Intensity and Similarity." ''Management'' 3.1 (2020): 14–33.

===Primary sources===
* Naik, J. A, ed. ''India and the communist countries : documents, 1976-1978'' (1981) [https://archive.org/details/indiacommunistco00naik online]
* Prasad, Bimal, ed. ''Indo-Soviet Relations, 1947–1972: A Documentary Study'' (Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1973)

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Russia_unclassified_bilateral_brief_January_2013.pdf Brief on India-Russia Relations by Ministry of External Affairs, India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080406150950/http://www.indianembassy.ru/en/en_index.html Indian embassy in Moscow]
* [http://www.india.mid.ru/ Russian embassy in New Delhi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323032122/http://www.india.mid.ru/ |date=23 March 2008 }}
* [https://www.rbth.com/ India Russia Report]
* [http://book.in.rbth.com/ A New Era: India-Russia ties in 21st century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817120107/http://book.in.rbth.com/ |date=17 August 2020 }}. ISBN NO:9780988841932 Publisher:Russia Beyond The Headlines
* [http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=532 Challenges and Opportunities: Russia and the Rise of China and India] by Dmitri Trenin, ''Strategic Asia 2011–12: Asia Responds to Its Rising Powers - China and India'' (September 2011)
* [http://www.theworldreporter.com/2011/10/1971-india-pakistan-war-role-of-russia.html 1971 Indo-Pakistan War: Role of Russia] by Sanskar Shrivastava, "The World Reporter" (October 2011)
* [https://abclive.in/2025/10/13/explained-india-russia-relations-in-the-new-world-order/ Explained: India Russia Relations in the New World Order] by "ABC Live" (October 2025)

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of Russia}}
{{BRICS}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Russia relations}}
[[Category:India–Russia relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Russia]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Russia]]

Nari Contractor

2026-03-15T04:44:08Z

Averma: Article updated with improved flow

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Nari Contractor
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Nariman Jamshedji Contractor
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium
| columns = 2
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1934|3|7|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Godhra]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 31
| runs1 = 1,611
| bat avg1 = 31.58
| 100s/50s1 = 1/11
| top score1 = 108
| deliveries1 = 186
| wickets1 = 1
| bowl avg1 = 80.00
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 1/9
| catches/stumpings1= 18/–
| column2 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches2 = 138
| runs2 = 8,611
| bat avg2 = 39.86
| 100s/50s2 = 22/40
| top score2 = 176
| deliveries2 = 2,026
| wickets2 = 26
| bowl avg2 = 40.00
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 4/85
| catches/stumpings2= 72/–
| international = true
| country = India
| testcap = 77
| testdebutagainst = New Zealand
| testdebutdate = 2 December
| testdebutyear = 1955
| lasttestdate = 7 March
| lasttestagainst = West Indies
| lasttestyear = 1962
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/27667.html ESPNcricinfo
| date = 10 January
| year = 2013
}}
'''Nariman Jamshedji "Nari" Contractor''' ({{audio|Nari_Contractor.ogg|pronunciation}}; born 7 March 1934) is a former Indian [[cricket]]er, who was a left-handed opening [[batsman]]. Contractor made his debut in 1955. A serious injury cut short his Test career in 1962, but he played first class cricket until 1971. <ref>https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/nari-contractor-27667</ref> He was the youngest Indian captain at the age of 26.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2021-05-09 |title=In pictures. Parsi cricketers who have played for India |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/in-pictures-parsi-cricketers-who-have-played-for-india/article34519324.ece |access-date=2023-04-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2007, he received the [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award]], the highest honour [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|Indian board]] can bestow on a former player.<ref name=":1" />

==Cricket career==
Contractor began his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] career, playing for the [[Gujarat]]. The captain of Gujarat Phiroz Khambata saw how Nari played in the selection trial matches for MCA's Silver Jubilee matches in 1955. He did well in the trials and expected to be selected for the matches against Pakistan Services & Bhawalpur Cricket Association. He got to the team because Captain Kambatha had dropped out. Contractor scored hundreds in both innings of his debut, becoming the second man after [[Arthur Morris]] to do so.<ref name="toi">{{cite web |last1=Waingankar |first1=Makarand |author-link1=Makarand Waingankar |title=Nari Contractor: The man who laughed at his own misfortune |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/new-zealand-in-india-2016/top-stories/Nari-Contractor-The-man-who-laughed-at-his-own-misfortune/articleshow/12697426.cms |website=The Times of India|date=17 April 2012}}</ref>

Later he was chosen to play for India. Nari became an opener after one of the players [[Vinoo Mankad]] couldn't take part in a Test match against New Zealand at [[Delhi]] in 1955.<ref name="toi"/> Later he became an Indian captain.

At [[Lord's]] in 1959, he broke two ribs in the first innings by [[Brian Statham]], despite which he scored 81. Later in the year, his 74 in the second innings at Kanpur was crucial in India winning its first Test against Australia. This innings ended when he pulled [[Alan Keith Davidson|Alan Davidson]], who was bowling left-arm spin at the time. [[Neil Harvey]] at short leg ducked and turned, but the ball got stuck between his legs.

==Injury and consequences==

Contractor led India to a [[English cricket team in India in 1961–62|series win against England]] in 1961–62 and captained the side to the [[Indian cricket team in West Indies in 1961–62|Caribbean the same season]]. After two Tests, the Indian team traveled to Barbados. There, in a tour match against [[Barbados national cricket team|Barbados]] at the [[Kensington Oval]] in [[Bridgetown]], in March 1962, he was 2 [[not out]] while opening the batting with [[Dilip Sardesai]] during his side's first innings,<ref>{{cite web |title=Barbados v Indians, India in West Indies 1961/62 |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/25/25347.html |website=CricketArchive |access-date=31 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215823/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/25/25347.html |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> when facing [[Charlie Griffith]] for the fourth ball of the second over, he saw somebody open a window in the [[Cricket pavilion|pavilion]] and consequently was unable to concentrate on the ball following its delivery by Griffith, seeing the ball "just inches away before it hit" him.<ref name="ParsiKhabar">{{cite web |title=Nari Contractor: 'I don't mind living it all over again' |url=http://parsikhabar.net/individuals/nari-contractor-i-dont-mind-living-it-all-over-again/1443 |website=Parsi Khabar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623100513/http://parsikhabar.net/individuals/nari-contractor-i-dont-mind-living-it-all-over-again/1443/ |archive-date=23 June 2010 |date=7 March 2009 |access-date=23 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Contractor took a blow at the back of his skull,<ref name=mid-nari>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/sports/2012/mar/200312-sports-50-years-on-Nari-recalls-near-fatal-blow.htm |author=Murzello, Clayton |title=50 years on, Nari recalls near fatal blow |work=Mid-Day |date=20 March 2012 |access-date=28 November 2014}}</ref> fracturing it. A blood clot had developed inside his skull and pressing against the brain, paralyzing him from the waist down. Two surgeries were performed to remove the clot, which required [[blood transfusion]]. West Indies captain [[Frank Worrell]] donated blood<ref>{{cite web |last1=de Silva |first1=A. C. |title=Frank Worrell donated blood to save Indian Nari Contractor's life |url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2010/01/03/spo36.asp |publisher=[[Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka)|Sunday Observer]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106050942/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2010/01/03/spo36.asp |archive-date=6 January 2010 |url-status=live |date=3 January 2010}}</ref> alongside Contractor's teammates [[Chandu Borde]], [[Bapu Nadkarni]] and [[Polly Umrigar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Contractor has 2nd Operation By Brain Specialist |newspaper=The Indian Express |agency=Press Trust of India |date=20 March 1962 |page=20}}</ref> Contractor's life was saved but his international career was abruptly ended as a result. Mansoor Ali Khan of Pataudi took over the captaincy from the third test. In an interview, Contractor mentioned as his only regret that he wanted to play just ''one'' Test after the injury, but people did not want him to.<ref name="ParsiKhabar"/> He resumed his career after recovering from the injury and even captained Gujarat during the 1970-71 Ranji Trophy<ref>{{cite web | url=https://i.imgci.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1970-71/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/WEST/BOM_GUJ_RJI-W_14-16NOV1970.html | title=Bombay v Gujarat at Bombay, 14-16 Nov 1970 }}</ref> but never played a Test after his injury in 1962.

During his playing days, Contractor was considered a glamour boy of Indian cricket. In an interview with [[Simi Garewal]] in 1999, former Tamil Nadu chief minister [[Jayalalithaa]] stated that as a schoolgirl she had a crush on Contractor.

==Present time==

Nari Contractor belongs to the [[Parsis|Parsi]] community.<ref name=":0" /> He now lives in [[Mumbai]] where he coaches at the [[Cricket Club of India]] Academy. He received the [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award]] in 2007.<ref name=":1">[http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/article2054130.ece C.K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award for Durrani] Retrieved 26 March 2014.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=27667}}
* [http://themullygrubber.blogspot.com.au/2012/07/i-would-love-to-play-ipl-nari.html "I would love to play the IPL": Nari Contractor] Interview in 2012
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzqLo_1SPZg "Simi Gatewal Rendezvous with Jayalalithaa"]

{{Indian Test Cricket Captains}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Contractor, Nari}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarat cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricket captains]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Railways cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian Universities cricketers]]
[[Category:West Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:North Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Parsi sportsmen]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]
[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Panchmahal district]]
[[Category:Parsi cricketers]]

Sameer Anjaan

2026-03-15T03:32:17Z

Averma: corrected content also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian lyricist}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sameer Anjan
| image = Lyricist Sameer (2).jpg
| caption = Sameer Anjaan in 2006
| birth_name = Shitala Pandey
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Lyricist
| years_active = 1983–present
| spouse = Anita Pandey
| children = 3
| father = [[Lalji Pandey]]
| othername =
}}

'''Shitala Pandey''', better known as '''Sameer''' or '''Sameer Anjaan''', is an Indian lyricist, known for writing songs predominantly for [[Bollywood]] films. He is a [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] holder for writing the most songs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2016/2/renowned-bollywood-lyricist-sameer-pandey-receives-guinness-world-records-certifi-417383|title=Bollywood lyricist Sameer Anjaan receives Guinness World Records certificate for writing a staggering 3,524 songs|website=Guinness world records|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227072259/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2016/2/renowned-bollywood-lyricist-sameer-pandey-receives-guinness-world-records-certifi-417383|archive-date=2016-02-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has won three [[Filmfare Awards]].<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite web|author=Siddiqui, Rana|title=Writing it right|date=5 April 2007|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/04/05/stories/2007040501230100.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 March 2008|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608014036/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/04/05/stories/2007040501230100.htm|archive-date=8 June 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Biography==

Sameer, officially named Shitala Pandey, but commonly known by his nickname Rajan, was born near [[Banaras]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He earned a [[Master of Commerce]] degree at the [[Banaras Hindu University]] in [[Varanasi]], and started a new position as a [[bank officer]] at the [[Central Bank of India]].<ref name="TheHindu"/> However, a few days after joining, he left the job because he "knew the bank was not my world".<ref name="rediff">{{cite web|author=Nadar, A Ganesh|title=Every song has a story|date=21 March 2005|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/21minter.htm|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=11 March 2008}}</ref> To pursue a career as a lyricist, he moved to [[Mumbai]] in 1987.<ref name="rediff"/>

==Career==
Sameer started his career as a lyricist in 1983 with the film ''Bekhabar'' (1983).<ref name=official>{{cite web|url=https://lyricsraag.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Filmfare-Awards-Winners-From-1953-to-2018.pdf|access-date=27 April 2023|website=lyricsraag.com|title=Filmfare Awards Winners From 1953 to 2018}}</ref> The first film song he recorded was "Maar Ke Kataaree Mar Jaibe" for the Bhojpuri film ''Bairi Saawan'' (1984) sung by [[Suresh Wadkar]] and [[Preeti Sagar]]. In 1990, he came into prominence with songs in films such as ''[[Dil (1990 film)|Dil]]'' and ''[[Aashiqui]]''. He won his first [[Filmfare Award]] in the year 1991 for the song "Nazar Ke Saamne" in the latter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Winners From 1953 to 2024 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> In the following decades he wrote the lyrics for over 4,000 songs in more than 500 films.<ref name="TheHindu"/><ref name="rediff"/><ref name="indiafm"/>

According to Sameer, his inspirations have been lyricists [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]] and [[Anand Bakshi]], and his father, [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]]. He has often said, "Whatever I am today is only because of my father."<ref name="rediff"/><ref name="indiafm">{{cite web|author=Kelkar, Reshma|title=Saregama's birthday gift to lyricist Sameer|date=24 February 2007|url=http://www.indiafm.com/news/2007/02/24/8976/index.html|publisher=[[indiaFM]]|access-date=11 March 2008}}</ref>

Sameer won two additional [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Filmfare Awards]] in 1993 and 1994; one for the song "Teri Umeed Tera Intezaar" from the movie ''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]'', and the second for the song "Ghunghat Ki Aad" from ''[[Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke]]''. In 1998, he won [[Zee Cine Award for Best Lyricist|Zee Cine Award]] for "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai" from ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''. Some of his most successful songs include songs in films like ''[[Beta (film)|Beta]]'', ''[[Saajan]]'', ''[[Raja Babu (film)|Raja Babu]]'', ''[[Coolie No. 1 (1995 film)|Coolie No. 1]]'', ''[[Raja Hindustani]]'', ''[[Anjaam]]'', ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'', ''[[Fiza]]'', ''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]'', ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'', ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'', ''[[Raaz (2002 film)|Raaz]]'', ''[[Dil Hai Tumhaara]]'', ''[[Ishq Vishk]]'', ''[[Dil Maange More]]'', ''[[Tere Naam]]'', ''[[Asambhav]]'', ''[[Fida]]'', ''[[No Entry]]'', ''[[Aksar]]'', ''[[Dhoom 2]]'', ''[[Saawariya]]'', ''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]'', ''[[Damadamm!]]'', ''[[Housefull 2]]'', ''[[Rowdy Rathore]]'', ''[[Son of Sardaar]]'', ''[[Dabangg 2]]'', ''[[Balmaa]]'', and more.

==Personal life==
Sameer's father, [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Lalji "Anjaan" Pandey]], also a well known Hindi lyricist.

Sameer is married to Anita Pandey and the couple have three children: daughters Sanchita and Suchita, and son Siddhesh.<ref name=official/> His mother, Indira Pandey, lived with them.<ref name=rediff/>

A biography, ''Sameer – A Way with Words'' by [[Derek Bose]], was released by [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in 2007.<ref name="TheHindu"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Adarsh, Taran|title=Amitabh to release Sameer's biography|date=19 October 2006|url=http://www.indiafm.com/news/2006/10/19/8064/index.html|publisher=[[indiaFM]]|access-date=11 March 2008}}</ref>

== Filmography as lyricist ==
Due to Sameer's large number of works, this is an incomplete list.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Notes
|-
| rowspan=2| 1983
|''[[Ek Baar Chale Aao]]''
|"Phir Dil Ne Pukara", "Ek Baar Chale Aao", "Mai Hu Tere Liye"
|-
|''Bekhabar''
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Tan-Badan]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1987
|''[[Jalwa]]''
|
|-
|''[[Kudrat Ka Kanoon]]'' || All songs except "Mukhda Chand Ka Tukda"
|-
|rowspan="6"|1990
|''[[Swarg]]''
|All songs
|-
|''[[Khatarnaak]]''
|along with [[Indeevar]]
|-
|''[[Dil (1990 film)|Dil]]''
|
|-
|''[[Aashiqui]]''
|along with [[Rani Malik]], [[Surinder Sethi]]
|-
|''[[Thanedaar]]''
|along with [[Indeevar]], [[Raj Sippy]], and [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]]
|-
|''[[Baaghi: A Rebel for Love]]''
|all songs
|-
| rowspan="6" |1991
|''Saathi''
| "Zindagi Ki Talaash Mein Ham", "Aaj Ham Tum O Sanam", "Har Ghadee Bekhudee", "Mohabbat Ko Duniya", "Tera Naam Sabke Lab Pe".
|-
|''[[Afsana Pyar Ka]]''
|"Yaad Teri Aati Hai Mujhe"
|-
|''[[Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin]]''
|along with Rani Malik, [[Faaiz Anwar]], Aziz Khan
|-
|''[[Phool Aur Kaante]]''
|along with Rani Malik
|-
|''[[Sadak]]''
|along with [[Surinder Sethi]], [[Rani Malik]]
|-
|''[[Saajan]]''
|along with [[Faaiz Anwar]]
|-
| rowspan="8" |1992
|''[[Sapne Sajan Ke]]''
|All songs
|-
|[[Beta (film)|''Beta'']]
|All songs, except "Nach Mundeya", "Yeh Do Dil Hai Chanchal"
|-
|''[[Aaj Ka Goonda Raaj|Aaj Ka Goonda Raj]]''
| rowspan="28" |All songs
|-
|''[[Jigar]]''
|-
|[[Deewana (1992 film)|''Deewana'']]
|-
|''[[Junoon (1992 film)|Junoon]]''
|-
|''[[Bol Radha Bol]]''
|-
|''[[Inteha Pyar Ki]]''
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1993
|''[[Rang (1993 film)|Rang]]''
|-
|''[[Dil Tera Aashiq]]''
|-
|''[[Anari (1993 film)|Anari]]''
|-
|''[[Tadipaar]]''
|-
|''[[Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke]]''
|-
|''[[Damini]]''
|-
| rowspan="10" |1994
|''[[Salaami]]''
|-
|''[[Suhaag (1994 film)|Suhaag]]''
|-
|''[[Gopi Kishan]]''
|-
|[[Dilwale (1994 film)|''Dilwale'']]
|-
|''[[Yeh Dillagi]]''
|-
|''[[Anjaam]]''
|-
|''[[Raja Babu (film)|Raja Babu]]''
|-
|''[[Aatish: Feel the Fire]]''
|-
| ''[[Krantiveer]]''
|-
|[[Laadla (1994 film)|''Laadla'']]
|-
| rowspan="7" |1995
|''[[Raja (1995 film)|Raja]]''
|-
|[[Barsaat (1995 film)|''Barsaat'']]
|-
|''[[Jai Vikraanta]]''
|-
|''[[Coolie No. 1 (1995 film)|Coolie No 1]]''
|-
|''[[Andolan (1995 film)|Andolan]]''
|-
|''[[Zamaana Deewana]]''
|-
|''[[Taqdeerwala]]''
|-
| rowspan="5" |1996
|''[[Jeet (1996 film)|Jeet]]''
| rowspan="5" |All songs
|-
|''[[Saajan Chale Sasural]]''
|-
|''[[Agni Sakshi (1996 film)|Agni Sakshi]]''
|-
|''[[Majhdhaar]]''
|-
|''[[Raja Hindustani]]''
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1997
|[[Ziddi (1997 film)|''Ziddi'']]
|
|-
|[[Dus (1997 film)|''Dus'']]
|Unreleased film
|-
|[[Naseeb (1997 film)|''Naseeb'']]
| rowspan="12" |All songs
|-
|[[Mohabbat (1997 film)|''Mohabbat'']]
|-
|''[[Hero No. 1|Hero No 1]]''
|-
|''[[Judaai (1997 film)|Judaai]]''
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1998
|''[[Saat Rang Ke Sapne]]''
|-
|''[[Aunty No. 1]]''
|-
|''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]''
|-
|[[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)|''Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya'']]
|-
|''[[Dulhe Raja]]''
|-
|''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''
|-
|''[[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|Soldier]]''
|-
|''[[Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha]]''
|-
|''[[Ghulam (film)|Ghulam]]''
|along with [[Indeevar]]
|-
| rowspan="13" |1999
|''[[Baadshah (1999 film)|Baadshah]]''
|along with [[Javed Akhtar]]
|-
|''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]''
|along with [[Indeevar]], [[Nida Fazli]], Israr Ansari
|-
|[[Jaanwar (1999 film)|''Jaanwar'']]
|"Paas Bulati Hai", "Mausam Kee Tarah", "Mere Sapno Ke Raj Kumar", "Tujhako Naa Dekhun", "Kasam Se", "Chhamak Chham Chhamake", "Janewale O Janewala", "Maathe Pe Chamake Isake"
|-
|''[[Sirf Tum]]''
| rowspan="9" |All songs
|-
|''[[Aa Ab Laut Chalen]]''
|-
|''[[Vaastav: The Reality]]''
|-
|''[[Gair (film)|Gair]]''
|-
|''[[Daag (1999 film)|Daag The Fire]]''
|-
|''[[Aa Ab Laut Chalen]]''
|-
|''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]''
|-
|[[Mann (1999 film)|''Mann'']]
|-
|[[Sangharsh (1999 film)|''Sangharsh'']]
|-
|''[[Biwi No.1]]''
| "Mujhe Maaf Karna Om Sai Ram", "Aaja Na Chhu Le Meri Chunari", "Jungle Hai Aadhi Raat Hai", "Koi Bole Mujhe Aa Jaa", "Jabse Tumhe", "Aan Milo Yaa e Se", "Ishq Chandi Hai"
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2000
|''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]''
| rowspan="9" |All songs
|-
|''[[Deewane]]''
|-
|''[[Tera Jadoo Chal Gayaa]]''
|-
|''[[Kunwara]]''
|-
|''[[Dhaai Akshar Prem Ke]]''
|-
|''[[Badal]]''
|-
|''[[Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega]]''
|-
|''[[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|Hera Pheri]]''
|-
|''[[Bichhoo]]''
|-
|''[[Shikari (2000 film)|Shikari]] ''
|"Bahut Khubsurat Gazal", "Chunari Ude To Aankh", "Goraa Pareshaan Hai", "Kudi Badi Hai Soni", "Chali Chali Ri Gori"
|-
| rowspan="12" | 2001
|''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''
|All songs, except "Suraj Huaa Maddham Chaand Jalane Lagaa"
|-
|''[[Chori Chori Chupke Chupke]]''
| rowspan="10" |All songs
|-
|''[[Kasoor]]''
|-
|''[[Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein]]''
|-
|''[[Ek Rishtaa: The Bond of Love]]''
|-
|''[[Hum Ho Gaye Aapke]]''
|-
|''[[Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai]]''
|-
|''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]''
|-
|[[Aashiq (2001 film)|''Aashiq'']]
|-
|[[Lajja (2001 film)|''Lajja'']]
|-
|[[Albela (2001 film)|''Albela'']]
|-
|''[[Jodi No.1 (film)|Jodi No.1]]''
|"Yeh Pal Hame Yad Aayenge", "Karu Kya Dekhu Rasta Teraa", "Hero Ban Gaya Mai Toh Hero", "Meree Mehbuba Hain Sabse Hasin Sabse Juda"
|-
| rowspan=8| 2002
|''[[Tum Se Achcha Kaun Hai]]''
|"Ankh Hai Bhari Bhari", "Dil Gaya", "Aap Jaisa Yaar Mujhe", "Ek Duje Par Marate", "Door Waadiyo Se", "Maikade Ki Gali Mein"
|-
|''[[Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam]]''
|"Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam", "Taaron Ka Chamakta", "Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam (Sad)", "Aa Gaya Aa Gaya"
|-
|[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|''Devdas'']]
|"More Piya"
|-
|''[[Haan Maine Bhi Pyaar Kiya]]''
| rowspan="8" |All songs
|-
|''[[Jeena Sirf Merre Liye]]''
|-
|''[[Dil Hai Tumhaara]]''
|-
|''[[Om Jai Jagadish]]''
|-
|[[Raaz (2002 film)|''Raaz'']]
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2003
|''[[Tere Naam]]''
|-
|''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]''
|-
|''[[Andaaz]]''
|-
|''[[Dil Ka Rishta]]''
|-
|''[[Aapko Pehle Bhi Kahin Dekha Hai]]''
|"Baba Ki Rani", "Aapki Yaad Aaye To", "Aap Ko Pehle Bhi Kahi Dekha Hai", "Aisi Aankhe Nahi Dekhi", "Kuchh Bhi Na Kaha", "Dil Gaya Kam Se", "Ishq Toh Jadu Hai", "Kal Bade Jor Ki", "Chhote"; co-lyricists [[Anand Bakshi]], Nitin Raikwar
|-
|''[[Ishq Vishk]]''
| rowspan="3" |All songs
|-
|''[[Qayamat: City Under Threat|Qayamat]]''
|-
|''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]''
|-
|[[Raja Bhaiya (film)|''Raja Bhaiya'']]
|"Janam Janam Jo Saath", "Tu Jo Hans Ke Sanam", "Kehta Hai Mera Jiya", "Sunday Manao"
|-
| rowspan="11" | 2004
|''[[Tumsa Nahin Dekha: A Love Story]]''
| rowspan="13" |All songs
|-
|''[[Khakee (film)|Khakee]]''
|-
|''[[Fida]]''
|-
|''[[Aitraaz]]''
|-
|''[[Dhoom]]''
|-
|''[[Asambhav]]''
|-
|''[[Bardaasht]]''
|-
|[[Julie (2004 film)|''Julie'']]
|-
|''[[Aan: Men at Work]]''
|-
|''[[Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo]]''
|-
|[[Hulchul (2004 film)|''Hulchul'']]
|-
| rowspan="13" | 2005
|[[Barsaat (2005 film)|''Barsaat'']]
|-
|[[Aashiq Banaya Aapne]]
|-
|[[Waqt: The Race Against Time]]
|All songs except one written by Aatish Kapadia
|-
|''[[No Entry]]''
| rowspan="9" |All songs
|-
|''[[Koi Aap Sa]]''
|-
|''[[Dosti: Friends Forever]]''
|-
|''[[Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?]]''
|-
|''[[Blackmail (2005 film)|Blackmail]]''
|-
|''[[Main Aisa Hi Hoon]]''
|-
|''[[Kyon Ki]]''
|-
|''Garam Masala (2005 film)''
|-
|[[Bewafaa (2005 film)|''Bewafaa'']]
|-
|''[[Ek Ajnabee]]''
|"Soniye", "Stranger On The Prowl", "Tere Liye Meri", "Soniye (Mix N Match Remix)", "Tere Liye Meri (Part 2)"
|-
| rowspan="15" | 2006
|''[[Dhoom 2]]''
| "Crazy Kiya Re", "Dil Lagaa Naa", "Touch Me Don't Touch Me Soniya", "My Name Is Alee"
|-
|''[[Aksar]]''
|rowspan=2|All songs
|-
|''[[Aap Ki Khatir (2006 film)|Aap Ki Khatir]]''
|-
|[[Naksha]]
| All songs except one "U n I" and the other part written by [[Mayur Puri]]
|-
| [[Dil Diya Hai]]
|rowspan=3|All songs
|-
| [[Tom, Dick, and Harry (2006 film)|Tom, Dick, and Harry]]
|-
| [[Adharm (2006 film)|''Adharm'']]
|-
| [[Ankhahee (2006 film)|''Ankahee'']]
|co-lyricist Amitabh Verma and Subrat Sinha
|-
|[[Banaras (2006 film)|''Banaras'']]
| rowspan="11" |All songs
|-
|''[[Mere Jeevan Saathi (2006 film)|Mere Jeevan Saathi]]''
|-
|[[Humko Deewana Kar Gaye]]
|-
|''[[36 China Town]]''
|-
| ''[[Phir Hera Pheri]]''
|-
| [[Family (2006 film)|Family]]
|-
| ''[[Bhagam Bhag]]''
|-
| rowspan=7| 2007
|''[[Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love]]''
|-
|''[[Aap Kaa Surroor]]''
|-
|''[[Saawariya]]''
|-
| [[Naqaab (2007 film)|Naqaab]]
|-
| [[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]
| Two songs; co-lyricists [[Anand Raj Anand]], [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]], Anjaan Sagiri, and Ibrahim Ashq
|-
|''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]''
|All songs except one written by [[Sayeed Quadri]]
|-
|''[[Fear (2007 film)|Fear]]''
|All songs
|-
| rowspan=3| 2008
|[[Race (2008 film)|''Race'']]
|All songs; co-lyricist Taz, T S. Jarnail
|-
|''[[Gumnaam – The Mystery]]''
| rowspan="3" |All songs
|-
|''[[Golmaal Returns]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009
|''[[Do Knot Disturb]]''
|-
|''[[De Dana Dan]]''
|-
|''[[Dasavathaaram]]''
| All songs (Hindi Dubbed version)
|-
| 2010
|''[[Shaapit]]''
| "Chahata Dil Tumko", "Kabhi Na Kabhi", "Tu Hai Meri Zindagi", "Ajnabi Hawaayein Bekraar"
|-
| 2011
|''[[F.A.L.T.U]]''
|All songs
|-
| rowspan=5| 2012
|''[[Dabangg 2]]''
| "Dagabaaz Re"
|-
|''[[Khiladi 786]]''
| "Balma", "Long Drive"
|-
|''[[Son of Sardaar]]''
| "Rani Tu Mein Raja", "Tu Bichdan Kahndi Ai"
|-
|''[[Housefull 2]]''
|"Papa Toh Band Bajaye"
"Anarkali Disco Chali"
"Right Now Now"
|-
|''[[Rowdy Rathore]]''
| "Chinta Ta Ta Chita Chita", "Chikni Kamar Pe Teri Mera Dil Fisal Gaya", "Aa Re Pritam Pyare", "Chamak Challo Chel Chabeli", "Chandaniya", "Tera Ishq Bada Teekha"; co-lyricist [[Faaiz Anwar]]
|-
| rowspan=3| 2013
|''[[Krrish 3]]''
|All songs
|-
|''[[Dhoom 3]]''
| "Malang Malang", "Dhoom Machale Dhoom"
|-
|[[Himmatwala (2013 film)|''Himmatwala'']]
| "Bum Pe Laat", "Dokha Dokha", co-lyricist [[Indeevar]], [[Mayur Puri]]
|-
| rowspan=4| 2014
|[[Action Jackson (2014 film)|''Action Jackson'']]
| "Dhoom Dhaam", "Gangster Baby", "Punjabi Mast", "Chichora Piya"
|-
|''[[Humshakals]]''
| "Caller Tune", "Look Into My Eyes"
|-
|''[[The Xposé]]''
| "Dard Dilo Ke", "Hai Apna Dil Toh Awaara", "Surroor", "Sheeshe Ka Samundar"
|-
|[[Jai Ho (film)|''Jai Ho'']]
| "Tere Naina Maar Hi Daalenge"
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|''[[Ishq Forever]]''
|All songs
|-
|''[[Teraa Surroor]]''
| "Main Woh Chaand", "Bekhudi", "Wafa Ne Bewafai"
|-
|[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film)|''Sanam Teri Kasam'']]
| "Sanam Teri Kasam", "Kheech Meri Photo", "Bewajah", "Haal-E-Dil"
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017
|''[[Irada (2017 film)|Irada]]''
|rowspan=2| All songs
|-
| ''The Rally''
|-
|2018
|''[[Marudhar Express (film)|Marudhar Express]]''
|"Balma Aise Na Nikhle"
|-
| rowspan="3"|2019
| ''[[Housefull 4]]''
| "[[Ek Chumma]]"
|-
| ''[[Dabangg 3]]''
| ''Awaara'' Along with Sajid Khan
|-
| ''[[The Body (2019 film)|The Body]]''
|''Main Janta Hoon'', ''Rom Rom'', ''Rom Rom Version 2'', ''Jhalak Dikhlaja Reloaded'' (Recreated version of the song of the same titles written by Sameer from ''[[Aksar]]'')
|-
| rowspan="3"|2020
| ''[[Sab Kushal Mangal]]''
|rowspan=2|All songs
|-
| ''[[Guns of Banaras]]''
|-
| ''[[Coolie No. 1 (2020 film)|Coolie No. 1]]''
|"Husnn Hai Suhana", "Main Toh Raste Se Ja Raha Tha" (Recreated versions of the songs of the same titles written by Sameer from ''[[Coolie No. 1 (1995 film)|Coolie No. 1]]'')
|-
|2021
|''[[Hungama 2]]''
|All songs except for "Chura Ke Dil Mera"
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022
| ''[[Valimai]]'' (D) - Hindi
| All songs
|-
|''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2]]''
|rowspan=2|"Title Song" and "Ami Je Tomar" (Recreated versions of the songs of the same titles written by Sameer from ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]'')
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3]]''
|-
|''[[Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video]]''
|"Tumhe Apna Banane"; co-lyrics with Surendra Sathi, Rani Mallik
|-
|[[Naam (2024 film)|Naam]]
|All songs except for "Dum Dum Maaro"
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
|''[[Sikandar (2025 film)|Sikandar]]''
|All songs except "Taikhaane Mein" ; "Zohra Jabeen" co-written with Danish Sabri, Mellow D
|-
|[[Badass Ravi Kumar]]
|"Barsaat", "Laila o Laila", "Aaja Aaja Pardesi"
|-
|[[Baaghi 4]]
|"Yeh Mera Husn", "Marjaana", "Tera Khayal"
|-
| ''[[Andaaz 2]]''
| All songs
|-
| ''[[Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat]]''
| "Bol Kaffara Kya Hoga"
|-
|2026
| {{Pending film | Untitled Anurag Basu film}}
| "Tu Meri Zindagi Hai"
|}

=== Albums ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Album
!Artist
!Notes
|-
|2002
| ''[[Tera Chehra]]''
|[[Adnan Sami]]
|All songs
|-
|2004
| ''[[Kabhi Aisa Lagta Hai]]''
|[[Lucky Ali]] ||
|-
|2006
| ''[[Aap Kaa Surroor (album)|Aap Kaa Surroor]]''
| [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| All songs
|-
|rowspan=3|2021
| ''[[Moods with Melodies]]''
| Music by Himesh Reshammiya, sung by Various artists
| Tere Bagairr
|-
| ''[[Himesh Ke Dil Se]]''
| Music by Himesh Reshammiya, sung by Various artists
| Dagaa, Agar Tumm Na Hote, Jab Se Tumko Dekha
|-
| ''[[Super Sitaara]]''
| Music by Himesh Reshammiya, sung by [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| Humnava Humsafar<ref>{{cite news |title=Alka Yagnik, Kumar Sanu come together for Himesh Reshammiya's 'Super Sitaara' |url=https://www.orissapost.com/alka-yagnik-kumar-sanu-come-together-for-himesh-reshammiyas-super-sitaara/ |access-date=27 August 2021 |work=OrissaPOST |date=25 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{|class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ebf5ff;"
!Year
!Category
!Song/nomination
!Result
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Filmfare Awards]]'''
|-
|'''2008'''
|Best Lyrics
|"Jab Se Tere Naina" – ''[[Saawariya]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|'''2006'''
| Best Lyrics
|"Aashiq Banaya Aapne" – ''[[Aashiq Banaya Aapne]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''2004'''
|Best Lyrics
|"Tere Naam"– ''[[Tere Naam]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Lyrics
| "Kissi Se Tum pyar Karo" – ''[[Andaaz]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|'''2003'''
| Best Lyrics
|"Aapke Pyaar Mein"– ''[[Raaz (2002 film)|Raaz]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|'''2002'''
| Best Lyrics
|"Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham" – ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|'''2001'''
| Best Lyrics
|"Tum Dil Ki Dhadkan Mein" – ''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''1999'''
| Best Lyrics
|"Kuch Kuch Hota Hai" – ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Lyrics
|"Ladki Badi Anjaani Hai" – ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
| '''1997'''
| Best Lyrics
| "Pardesi Pardesi" – ''[[Raja Hindustani]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
| '''1995'''
| Best Lyrics
|"Ole Ole" – ''[[Yeh Dillagi]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|'''1994'''
| Best Lyrics
|"Ghungat Ki Aad Se" – ''[[Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="2" | '''1993'''
| Best Lyrics
|"Teri Umeed Tera Intezar" – ''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]''
|{{won}}
|-
| Best Lyrics
| "Aisi Deewangi" – ''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|'''1992'''
| Best Lyrics
|"Mera Dil Bhi" – ''[[Saajan]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2" | '''1991'''
| Best Lyrics
|"Nazar Ke Saamne" – ''[[Aashiqui]]''
|{{won}}
|-
| Best Lyrics
| "Mujhe Neend Na Aaye" – ''[[Dil (1990 film)|Dil]]''
|{{nom}}
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[IIFA Awards]]'''
|-
|'''2009'''
|Best Lyrics
|"Pehli Nazar Mein" –''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|'''2008'''
| Best Lyrics
|"Jab Se Tere Naina" – ''[[Saawariya]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|'''2007'''
| Best Lyrics
|"Crazy Kiya Re" – ''[[Dhoom 2]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|'''2006'''
| Best Lyrics
|"Aashiq Banaya Apne"– ''[[Aashiq Banaya Apne]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|'''2005'''
| Best Lyrics
|"Woh Tassvur Ka Aalam" – ''[[Aitraaz]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''2004'''
|Best Lyrics
|"Kyun Kisi Ko" – ''[[Tere Naam]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Lyrics
| "Main Yahan Tu Wahan" – ''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
| '''2002'''
| Best Lyrics
|"Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham" – ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2" | '''2001'''
| Best Lyrics
|"Dil Ne Ye Kaha Hai" – ''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
| Best Lyrics
|''Tum Dil Ki Dhadkan Me – [[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]''
|{{nom}}
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Screen Awards'''
|-
|'''2013'''
|Best Lyrics
| "Dagabaaz Re" – ''[[Dabangg 2]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|'''2001'''
| Best Lyrics
|"Dil Ne Ye Kaha Hai" – ''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]''
|{{nom}}
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Zee Cine Awards]]'''
|-
|'''2011'''
|Best Lyrics
| "Mora Piya" – ''[[Raajneeti|Rajneeti]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|'''2005'''
| Best LyricS
|"Woh Tassvur Ka Aalam" – ''[[Aitraaz]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| '''1999'''
| Best Lyrics
|"Kuch Kuch Hota Hai" – ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''
| {{won}}
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards'''
|-
|'''2011'''
|Best Lyrics
| "Mora Piya" – ''[[Raajneeti|Rajneeti]]''
|{{nom}}
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Mirchi Music Awards]]'''
|-
|'''[[5th Mirchi Music Awards|2012]]'''
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Lyricist of The Year|Lyricist of The Year]]
|"Dagabaaz Re" - ''[[Dabangg 2]]''
|{{nom}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/hindi/nomination.html|title=Nominations - Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2012|website=www.radiomirchi.com|access-date=2018-04-27}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{FilmfareAwardBestLyricist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anjaan, Sameer}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Varanasi]]

Sharada script

2026-03-14T04:05:00Z

Averma: corrected layout further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Abugida}}
{{About|a writing system|other meanings of "Sharada"|Sharada (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Writing system
|name=Sharada script
|altname=Śāradā 
{{Script|Shrd|𑆯𑆳𑆫𑆢𑆳}}
|sample=Shukla Sharada.svg
|caption=The word ''śāradā'' in Sharada script
|type=[[Abugida]]
|languages=[[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
|time= 700 CE –present (almost extinct)<ref name=singh/>
|region=[[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Central Asia]]
|fam1=[[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Egyptian]]
|fam2=[[Proto-Sinaitic]]
|fam3=[[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]
|fam4=[[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]
|fam5=[[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]
|fam6=[[Gupta script|Gupta]]
|sisters=[[Siddham script|Siddham]], [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]],<ref name=daniels>{{cite book |last1=Daniels |first1=P.T. |chapter=Writing systems of major and minor languages |editor-last1=Kachru |editor-first1=Braj B. |editor-last2=Kachru |editor-first2=Yamuna |editor-last3=Sridhar |editor-first3=S. N. |title=Language in South Asia |date=27 March 2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-46550-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC |language=en}}</ref><ref name="masica">{{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |date=1993 |page=143}}</ref> [[Kalinga script|Kalinga]], [[Bhaiksuki script|Bhaiksuki]]
|children=[[Takri script|Takri]] [[Laṇḍā|Landa]]
| unicode = {{Plainlist|
* [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11180.pdf U+11180–U+111DF] Sharada,
* [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11B60.pdf U+11B60–U+11B7F] Sharada Supplement
}}
|iso15924=Shrd
|note=none
|footnotes=
}}
{{Contains special characters
| special = uncommon [[Unicode]] characters
| fix = Help:Multilingual support#Sharada
| image = Replacement character.svg
| link = Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character
| alt = <?>
| compact = yes
}}

{{brahmic|state=uncollapsed}}

The '''Śāradā''' (also spelled '''Sarada''' or '''Sharada''') script is an [[abugida]] writing system of the [[Brahmic family]] of scripts. The script was widespread between the 8th and 12th centuries in the northwestern parts of Indian Subcontinent (in [[Kashmir]] and neighbouring areas), for writing [[Sanskrit]] and [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]].<ref name=Selin>{{cite book |last1=Selin |first1=Helaine |title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures |date=2008 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402045592 |page=Bakhshali Manuscript entry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kt9DIY1g9HYC&pg=RA1-PA1 |language=en|bibcode=2008ehst.book.....S }}</ref><ref name=singh>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=9788131711200 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA43 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Sir George Grierson. (1916). "[https://archive.org/details/244194891OnTheSharadaAlphabetJournalOfTheRoyalAsiaticSociety171916SirGeorgeGriersonKCIEMRAS/page/n17 On the Sharada Alphabet]". ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 17''.</ref> Although originally a signature [[Brahminical]] script created in the valley, it was more widespread throughout northwestern Indian subcontinent, and later became restricted to Kashmir, and is now rarely used, except by the [[Kashmiri Pandit]] community for religious purposes.<ref name=singh/>

[[File:Gardesh Ganesha dedicated by Khingila, Kabul, 7-8th century CE.jpg|thumb|150px|The ''[[Gardez Ganesha]]'', a 6th-century marble [[Ganesha]] found in [[Gardez]], [[Afghanistan]], now at Dargah Pir Rattan Nath, [[Kabul]]. The Sharada inscription says that this "great and beautiful image of {{IAST|Mahāvināyaka}}" was consecrated by the [[Hindu Shahi|Shahi]] King Khingala of Khatriya Country Modern Part of Punjab Pakistan and Afghanistan.<ref>For photograph of statue and details of inscription, see: Dhavalikar, M. K., "{{IAST|Gaņeśa}}: Myth and Reality", in: {{Harvnb|Brown|1991|pp=50,63}}.</ref>]]

It is a native script of Kashmir and is named after the goddess Śāradā or [[Saraswati]], the goddess of learning and the main [[Hindu deity]] of the [[Sharada Peeth]] temple.<ref name=hindu2>{{cite news|title=Pandits to visit Sharda temple|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/17/stories/2006051704920900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204050822/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/17/stories/2006051704920900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 May 2006 |access-date=13 August 2012}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Bakhshali_manuscript.jpg|thumb|Bakhshali manuscript]]
[[File:Om_in_Sharada_script.svg|thumb|100px|Om in Sharada script]]
[[File:Śāradāstotra.png|thumb|The first half stanza of the Śāradāstotra rendered in Śāradā script.]]
Sharda script is named after the Hindu goddess Śāradā, also known as [[Saraswati]], the goddess of learning and the main [[Hindu deity]] of the [[Sharada Peeth]] temple.<ref name=hindu2 />

Although originally a script restricted to only [[Brahmins]], Sharda was later spread throughout the larger Hindu population in Northwestern Indian subcontinent, as [[Hinduism]] became the dominant religion in the region again.<ref name=hindu2 /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://eduindex.org/2020/06/12/the-indigenous-script-of-kashmir-the-sharda-script/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 24, 2023 |title=The Indigenous Script of Kashmir – The Sharda Script |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230924195939/https://eduindex.org/2020/06/12/the-indigenous-script-of-kashmir-the-sharda-script/ |archive-date=September 24, 2023 |date=June 12, 2020 |language=en-IN }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book |year=2015 |last=Fogelin |first=Lars |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPZzBgAAQBAJ&q=Decline+buddhism+gupta |access-date=September 24, 2023 |isbn=9780199948239 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=149 |title=An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism |quote=...the emergence and spread of Hinduism through Indian society helped lead to Buddhism's gradual decline in India. |language=en-UK }}</ref>

The [[Bakhshali manuscript]] uses an early stage of the Sharada script.<ref name=Selin/> The Sharada script was used in Afghanistan as well as in the [[Himachal Pradesh|Himachal]] region in India. In Afghanistan, the [[Gardez Ganesha#Inscription|Kabul Ganesh]] has a 6th to 8th century Proto-Sharada{{clarify|date=April 2019|reason="Proto-Sharada" unclear}} inscription mentioning the, [[Turk Shahis]], king [[Khingala]] of [[Oddiyana]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2cuAQAAIAAJ&q=khingala+ganesha+sarAda From Persepolis to the Punjab: Exploring Ancient Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, Elizabeth Errington, Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, British Museum Press, 2007 p. 96]</ref> At the historic temple of Mirkula Devi (also Mrikula Devi) in Lahaul, [Himachal Pradesh], the goddess Mahishamardini has a Sharada inscription of 1569 CE.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757141 Observations on the Architecture and on a Carved Wooden Door of the Temple of Mirkulā Devī at Udaipur, Himachal Pradesh, Francesco Noci, East and West, Vol. 44, No. 1 (March 1994), pp. 99-114]</ref>

From the 10th century onwards, regional differences started to appear between the Sharada script used in Punjab, the Hill States (partly [[Himachal Pradesh]]) and [[Kashmir]]. Sharada proper was eventually restricted to very limited ceremonial use in Kashmir, as it grew increasingly unsuitable for writing the [[Kashmiri language]].<ref name=sharada/> With the last known inscription dating to 1204 C.E., the early 13th century marks a milestone in the development of Sharada.<ref name=sharada>{{cite web | url=https://unicode.org/L2/L2009/09074r-n3595-sharada.pdf| title=N3545: Proposal to Encode the Sharada Script in ISO/IEC 10646 | first1=Anshuman | last1=Pandey | publisher=Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 | date=2009-03-25}}</ref> The regional variety in [[Punjab]] continued to evolve from this stage through the 14th century; during this period it starts to appear in forms closely resembling [[Gurmukhī]] and other [[Landa scripts]]. By the 15th century, Sharada had evolved so considerably that [[epigraphist]]s denote the script at this point by a special name, ''Devāśeṣa''.<ref name=sharada/>

==Letters==
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Letter
!Diacritic on {{Angbr|𑆥}}
!Special forms
|-
|{{letter|ch1=𑆃|ch2=-|s=Shrd|ipa=[ɐ]|iso=a}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥}} ''pa''
|
|-
|{{letter|ch1=𑆄|ch2=𑆳|s=Shrd|ipa=[aː]|iso=ā}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆳}} ''pā''
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆕}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆕𑆳}}; {{Script|Shrd|𑆘}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆘𑆳}}; {{Script|Shrd|𑆛}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆛𑆳}}; {{Script|Shrd|𑆟}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆟𑆳}}
|-
|{{letter|ch1=𑆅|ch2=𑆴|s=Shrd|ipa=[ɪ]|iso=i}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆴}} ''pi''
|
|-
|{{letter|ch1=𑆆|ch2=𑆵|s=Shrd|ipa=[iː]|iso=ī}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆵}} ''pī''
|
|-
|{{letter|ch1=𑆇|ch2=𑆶|s=Shrd|ipa=[ʊ]|iso=u}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆶}} ''pu''
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆑}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆑𑆶}}; {{Script|Shrd|𑆓}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆓𑆶}}; {{Script|Shrd|𑆙}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆙𑆶}}; {{Script|Shrd|𑆚}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆚𑆶}}; {{Script|Shrd|𑆝}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆝𑆶}}; {{Script|Shrd|𑆠}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆠𑆶}}; {{Script|Shrd|𑆨}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆨𑆶}}; {{Script|Shrd|𑆫}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆫𑆶}}; {{Script|Shrd|𑆯}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆯𑆶}}
|-
|{{letter|ch1=𑆈|ch2=𑆷|s=Shrd|ipa=[uː]|iso=ū}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆷}} ''pū''
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆑}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆑𑆷}}; {{Script|Shrd|𑆓}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆓𑆷}}; {{Script|Shrd|𑆙}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆙𑆷}}; {{Script|Shrd|𑆚}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆚𑆷}}; {{Script|Shrd|𑆝}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆝𑆷}}; {{Script|Shrd|𑆠}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆠𑆷}}; {{Script|Shrd|𑆨}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆨𑆷}}; {{Script|Shrd|𑆫}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆫𑆷}}; {{Script|Shrd|𑆯}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆯𑆷}}
|-
|{{letter|ch1=𑆉|ch2=𑆸|s=Shrd|ipa=[r̩]|iso=r̥}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆸}} ''pr̥''
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆑}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆑𑆸}}
|-
|{{letter|ch1=𑆊|ch2=𑆹|s=Shrd|ipa=[r̩ː]|iso=r̥̄}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆹}} ''pr̥̄''
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆑}} → {{Script|Shrd|𑆑𑆹}}
|-
|{{letter|ch1=𑆋|ch2=𑆺|s=Shrd|ipa=[l̩]|iso=l̥}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆺}} ''pl̥''
|
|-
|{{letter|ch1=𑆌|ch2=𑆻|s=Shrd|ipa=[l̩ː]|iso=l̥̄}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆻}} ''pl̥̄''
|
|-
|{{letter|ch1=𑆍|ch2=𑆼|s=Shrd|ipa=[eː]|iso=ē}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆼}} ''pē''
|
|-
|{{letter|ch1=𑆎|ch2=𑆽|s=Shrd|ipa=[aːi̯], [ai], [ɐi], [ɛi]|iso=ai}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆽}} ''pai''
|
|-
|{{letter|ch1=𑆏|ch2=𑆾|s=Shrd|ipa=[oː]|iso=ō}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆾}} ''pō''
|
|-
|{{letter|ch1=𑆐|ch2=𑆿|s=Shrd|ipa=[aːu̯], [au], [ɐu], [ɔu]|iso=au}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆿}} ''pau''
|
|-
|{{letter|ch1=𑆃𑆀|ch2=𑆀|s=Shrd|ipa=[◌̃]|iso=am̐}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆀}} ''pam̐''
|
|-
|{{letter|ch1=𑆃𑆁|ch2=𑆁|s=Shrd|ipa=[n], [m]|iso=aṃ}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆁}} ''paṃ''
|
|-
|{{letter|ch1=𑆃𑆂|ch2=𑆂|s=Shrd|ipa=[h]|iso=aḥ}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆂}} ''paḥ''
|
|}

===Consonants===

{| class="wikitable"
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆑 | iso = ka | ipa = [kɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆒 | iso = kha | ipa = [kʰɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆓 | iso = ga | ipa = [ɡɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆔 | iso = gha | ipa = [ɡʱɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆕 | iso = ṅa | ipa = [ŋɐ] }}
|-
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆖 | iso = ca | ipa = [tɕɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆗 | iso = cha | ipa = [tɕʰɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆘 | iso = ja | ipa = [dʑɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆙 | iso = jha | ipa = [dʑʱɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆚 | iso = ña | ipa = [ɲɐ] }}
|-
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆛 | iso = ṭa | ipa = [ʈɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆜 | iso = ṭha | ipa = [ʈʰɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆝 | iso = ḍa | ipa = [ɖɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆞 | iso = ḍha | ipa = [ɖʱɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆟 | iso = ṇa | ipa = [ɳɐ] }}
|-
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆠 | iso = ta | ipa = [tɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆡 | iso = tha | ipa = [tʰɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆢 | iso = da | ipa = [dɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆣 | iso = dha | ipa = [dʱɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆤 | iso = na | ipa = [nɐ] }}
|-
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆥 | iso = pa | ipa = [pɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆦 | iso = pha | ipa = [pʰɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆧 | iso = ba | ipa = [bɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆨 | iso = bha | ipa = [bʱɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆩 | iso = ma | ipa = [mɐ] }}
|-
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆪 | iso = ya | ipa = [jɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆫 | iso = ra | ipa = [rɐ], [ɾɐ], [ɽɐ], [ɾ̪ɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆬 | iso = la | ipa = [lɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆭 | iso = ḷa | ipa = [ɭɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆮 | iso = va | ipa = [ʋɐ] }}
|-
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆯 | iso = śa | ipa = [ɕɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆰 | iso = ṣa | ipa = [ʂɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆱 | iso = sa | ipa = [sɐ] }}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑆲 | iso = ha | ipa = [ɦɐ] }}
|}

==Numerals==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑇐 | top = 0}}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑇑 | top = 1}}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑇒 | top = 2}}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑇓 | top = 3}}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑇔 | top = 4}}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑇕 | top = 5}}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑇖 | top = 6}}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑇗 | top = 7}}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑇘 | top = 8}}
| {{letter | s = Shrd | ch = 𑇙 | top = 9}}
|}

Sharada script uses its own signs for the [[Positional notation|positional]] [[Decimal|decimal numeral system]].

==Image gallery==
<gallery>
File:Sharada-Vowels.jpg|Sharada vowels
File:Sharada-Consonants.jpg|Sharada consonant signs
File:Die Sprachenhalle 1.jpg|Sanskrit (above; devanagari script) and Kashmiri language (below; sharada script)
File:Sarada Script of Kashmir.jpg|Old manuscript using Sharada script
File:Sharadastotrafull.png|The Sharadastotra rendered in the style of handwritten manuscripts from the 17th to 19th century
File:Kashmiri miniature painting of Brahma, Vishnu, Mahesh, and other Indic deities figuratively within the Sharada script Omkar glyph.jpg|Kashmiri miniature painting of [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva|Mahesh]], and other [[Hindu deities|Indic deities]] figuratively within the Sharada script [[Om]]kar glyph
File:Sanskrit manuscript 1219 Wellcome L0043910.jpg|Folio of the ''Citrabhânuçataka'' by Ratnakantha Rajanaka written in Sharada script, circa 17th century
</gallery>

== Unicode ==
{{Main|Sharada (Unicode block)|Sharada Supplement|l2=Sharada Supplement (Unicode block)}}

Śāradā script was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in January, 2012 with the release of version 6.1.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09074r2-n3595-sharada.pdf|title=L2/09-074R2: Proposal to encode the Sharada Script in ISO/IEC 10646|date=2009-08-05|first=Anshuman|last=Pandey}}</ref>

The Unicode block for Śāradā script, called Sharada, is U+11180–U+111DF:
{{Unicode chart Sharada}}

[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]-specific vowels for contemporary use with Śāradā script were added in September 2025 with the release of version 17.0.

They are in the Sharada Supplement block, which is U+11B60–U+11B7F:
{{Unicode chart Sharada Supplement}}

==See also==
* [[Lipi (script)|Lipi]] – writing scripts in Buddhist, Hindu and Jaina texts
* [[Sharada Peeth]] in Kashmir

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{Citation |last=Brown |first=Robert |year=1991 |title=Ganesh: Studies of an Asian God |location=Albany |publisher=State University of New York |isbn=978-0791406571 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oF-Hqih3pBAC}}

==External links==
*[https://aksharamukha.appspot.com/describe/Sharada Aksharamukha: Sharada script]
*Saerji. (2009). ''[http://www.fanfoyan.com/resour/pale/abhidharm.pdf Śāradā script: Akṣara List of the Manuscript of Abhidharmadīpa (ca. the 11th Century)]''. Research Institute of Sanskrit Manuscripts & Buddhist Literature, Peking University.
*[http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/20010105/iin05014.html Prevalence of the Śāradā Script in Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920034518/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/20010105/iin05014.html |date=2010-09-20 }}

{{list of writing systems}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarada Script}}
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Sarada scripts]]
[[Category:History of Kashmir]]
[[Category:8th-century introductions]]
[[Category:Writing systems introduced in the 1st millennium]]

List of Tamil films of 2013

2026-03-10T15:27:38Z

Averma: brief corrected page per sources further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
This is a list of [[Tamil language]] films produced in the [[Tamil cinema]] in India that were released in 2013.

Post-amendment to the Tamil Nadu Entertainment Tax Act 1939 on 27 September 2011, gross jumped to 130 per cent of net for films with non-Tamil titles and U certificates as well.<ref>[http://www.stationeryprinting.tn.gov.in/extraordinary/2011/368-Ex-IV-2.pdf Entertainment tax doubled to 30% (from 15%) for non-Tamil titles and U certificates]</ref> Commercial Taxes Department disclosed {{INR}}68 crore in entertainment tax revenue for the year.<ref>[https://ctd.tn.gov.in/documents/10184/20741/ADMINISTRATIVE+REPORT+2017-2018/748773c3-2f25-4192-a416-268eb4931cd9?version=1.1 CTD reports {{INR}}68 crore ET collection in 2013–14]</ref>

{{Tamil films}}

==Box office collection==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto"
|-
!Rank
!Film
!Worldwide gross
|-
|1
|''[[Vishwaroopam]]''
|₹220 crore
|-
|2
|''[[Singam 2]]''
|₹136 crore
|-
|3
|''[[Arrambam]]''
|₹129 crore
|-
|4
|[[Thalaivaa]]
|₹78 crore
|-
|5
|[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]
|₹52 crore
|}

==Released films==

===January – March===

{| class="wikitable" id="wikitable-20130301"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Opening
! style="width:20%;"|Title
! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes !! Ref
|- January!
| rowspan="13" style="text-align:center; background:#db7093; textcolor:#000;"| '''J A N'''
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#edb7c9;"| '''4'''
| ''[[Kalla Thuppakki]]'' || Logiyas || Kutty Anand, [[Sampath Ram]], Viccy, Prabhakaran, Sravanthika || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by Thithir Film ||<ref name="Jan4">{{cite web |title=Friday Fury – January 4 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-january-4-news-tamil-nbelyPchacf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108113923/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-january-4-news-tamil-nbelyPchacf.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2013 |website=[[Sify]] |date=4 January 2013 |access-date=8 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kanavu Kadhalan'' || Thiruna Annan || Udhay, Saritha Yadav, [[Meera Krishnan]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Dream Merchant Films ||<ref name="Jan4"/>
|-
| ''[[Kurumbukara Pasanga]]'' || T. Samydurai || [[Sanjeev (Tamil actor, born 1989)|Sanjeev]], [[Monica (actress)|Monica]], [[Manobala]], [[Pandiarajan]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Sri Periyayi Pictures ||<ref name="Jan4"/>
|-
| ''Mayil Paarai'' || P. Siva Kumar || Arasa Kumaran, Devika Nambiar|| [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Om Shree Lakshmi Films ||<ref name="Jan4"/>
|-
| ''Nanbargal Gavanathirkku'' || K. Jayakumar || [[Sanjeev (Tamil actor, born 1989)|Sanjeev]], [[Manishajith]], Varshan || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Green Channel Entertainment ||<ref name="Jan4"/>
|-
| ''[[Nimidangal]]'' || [[Geetha Krishna]] || [[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]], [[Bianca Desai|Priyanka]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Atul Kulkarni]] || [[Crime film|Crime]] || Produced by Blue Fox Cinema ||<ref name="Jan4"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#edb7c9;"| '''11'''
| ''[[Alex Pandian]]'' || [[Suraj (director)|Suraj]] || [[Karthi]], [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Nikita Thukral]], [[Milind Soman]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] || [[Action film|Action]] || Produced by [[Studio Green]] ||<ref name="Jan14"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#edb7c9;"| '''13'''
| ''[[Kanna Laddu Thinna Aasaiya]]'' || K. S. Manikandan || [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Srinivasan (actor)|Srinivasan]], [[Vishakha Singh|Sethu, Vishakha Singh]]|| [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by Hand Made Films & [[Rama Narayanan|Sri Thenandal Films]] ||<ref name="Jan14">{{cite web|title=2013 – Pongalo Pongal|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/2013-pongalo-pongal-news-tamil-nbmtVFiihfg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115040806/http://www.sify.com/movies/2013-pongalo-pongal-news-tamil-nbmtVFiihfg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 January 2013|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=12 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Samar (2013 film)|Samar]]'' || [[Thiru (director)|Thiru]] || [[Vishal Krishna|Vishal]], [[Trisha Krishnan]], [[Sunaina]] || [[Thriller film|Action]] || Produced by Balaji Real Media ||<ref name="Jan14"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#edb7c9;"| '''14'''
| ''[[Puthagam]]'' || [[Vijay Adhiraj]] || [[Sathya (Tamil actor)|Sathya]], [[Jagapati Babu]], [[Rakul Preet Singh]], Sanjay Bharathi, [[Rachana Maurya]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Ram Pictures Private Limited ||<ref name="Jan14"/>
|-
| ''Vijayanagaram'' || Tanveer || Sivan, Hasini, [[Bhanu Chander]], Aryan || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by SMK ||<ref name="Jan14"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#edb7c9;"| '''25'''
| ''Kadhal Kilukiluppu'' || S. Kasi || Kabileshwar, Murugan Mandhiram, A. M. Abdulha || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Hitech Movie ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdsNa4vV3Ik|title=Kadhal Kilukiluppu Tamil Full Movie HD || Tamil Movies || New Release Tamil movies || Oru Ticket|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pathayeram Kodi]]'' || Srinivasan Sundar || [[Dhruv Bhandari]], [[Madalasa Sharma]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Kanishka Soni]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by Maya Creations ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Friday Fury — Jan 25|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-jan-25-news-tamil-nbzkx1fdjhb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819083638/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-jan-25-news-tamil-nbzkx1fdjhb.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2015|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=1 February 2013}}</ref>

|- February!
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:skyBlue; textcolor:#000;" | '''F E B'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#b7e1f3;"| '''1'''
|''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]'' || [[Mani Ratnam]] || [[Gautham Karthik]], [[Thulasi Nair]], [[Arvind Swamy]], [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Lakshmi Manchu]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by [[Madras Talkies]] ||<ref name="Feb1">{{cite web|title=Friday Fury – February 1|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-february-1-news-tamil-ncbh2chebga.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202154620/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-february-1-news-tamil-ncbh2chebga.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2013|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=1 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|''[[David (2013 Tamil film)|David]]'' || [[Bejoy Nambiar]] || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Jiiva]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Isha Sharvani]], [[Lara Dutta]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by [[Reliance MediaWorks]] ||<ref name="Feb1"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#b7e1f3;"| '''7'''
| ''[[Vishwaroopam]]'' || [[Kamal Haasan]] || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Pooja Kumar]], [[Rahul Bose]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]] || [[Spy thriller]] || Produced by [[Rajkamal International]] Released worldwide on 25 January 2013 ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Vishwaroopam to get a gigantic release in TN |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vishwaroopam-to-get-a-gigantic-release-in-tn-news-tamil-ncgsswiicij.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209211102/http://www.sify.com/movies/vishwaroopam-to-get-a-gigantic-release-in-tn-news-tamil-ncgsswiicij.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 February 2013 |website=[[Sify]] |date=6 February 2013 |access-date=16 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#b7e1f3;"| '''14'''
| ''Nesam Nesapaduthe'' || Rajasuriyan || Vendhan, Arasi, Ragava ||[[Romance film|Romance]] || ||<ref name="Feb14">{{cite web|title=Feb 14 – Kadhalar Dhinam specials |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/feb-14-kadhalar-dhinam-specials-news-tamil-ncolUfjabja.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216173948/http://www.sify.com/movies/feb-14-kadhalar-dhinam-specials-news-tamil-ncolUfjabja.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 February 2013 |website=[[Sify]] |date=14 February 2013 |access-date=16 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sillunu Oru Sandhippu]]'' || Ravi Lallin || [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], [[Dipa Shah]], [[Oviya]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Madras Enterprises ||<ref name="Feb14"/>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#b7e1f3;"| '''22'''
| ''[[Ameerin Aadhi-Bhagavan]]'' || [[Ameer Sultan]] || [[Jayam Ravi]], [[Neetu Chandra]], [[Sudha Chandran]] || [[Action film|Action]] || Produced by Anbu Pictures ||<ref name="Feb22">{{cite web|title=Friday Fury — February 22 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-22-news-tamil-ncwl3qhbfhi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222234150/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-22-news-tamil-ncwl3qhbfhi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2013 |website=[[Sify]] |date=22 February 2013 |access-date=22 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ariyathavan Puriyathavan'' || J. K. || J. K., Unnimaya || [[Drama film|Drama]]|| Produced by JK Productions ||<ref name="Feb22"/>
|-
| ''[[Haridas (2013 film)|Haridas]]'' || [[G. N. R. Kumaravelan]]|| [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], Prithviraj Das || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by DR V RAM Production Private Limited ||<ref name="Feb22"/>
|-
| ''Paatti'' || Ramesh ||Ranganayaki, Nagina, Mahalakshmi, Baby Nandhini, Naveen Rajan || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Sureshkumar ||<ref name="Feb22"/>
|- March!
| rowspan="22" style="text-align:center; background:#50c878; textcolor:#000;"| '''M A R'''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"| '''1'''
| ''[[Aandava Perumal]]'' || Sathish Kumar || Sivan, Sasi, Idhaya, Jeeva || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by R. Jana ||<ref name="Mar1">{{cite web|title=Friday Fury — March 1 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-1-news-tamil-ndbih9igead.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305121706/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-1-news-tamil-ndbih9igead.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2013 |website=[[Sify]] |date=1 March 2013 |access-date=3 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''Chuda Chuda'' || Idhayan || Idhayan, Sri Iraa, Leema, Shobina, Durga || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Yazhine Creations ||<ref name="Mar1"/>
|-
| ''[[Chandhamama]]'' || Radhakrishnan || [[Karunas]], [[Shweta Basu Prasad]], [[Harish Kalyan]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by Classic Cinemas ||<ref name="Mar1"/>
|-
| ''Lollu Dhadha Parak Parak'' || K. Viyasan || [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]], Shilpha || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by Vijayamuralee ||<ref name="Mar1"/>
|-
| ''[[Vellachi]]'' || Velu Viswanath || Pintu, Suchitra Unni, [[Ganja Karuppu]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by K. Ananthan ||<ref name="Mar1"/>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"| '''8'''
| ''[[Mathil Mel Poonai]]'' || Barani Jayapal || [[Vijay Vasanth]], Vibha Natarajan || [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] || Produced by Peenics Creations ||<ref name="Friday Fury – March 8">{{cite web|title=Friday Fury – March 8|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-8-news-tamil-ndijhWcffhd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310004806/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-8-news-tamil-ndijhWcffhd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 March 2013|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=9 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Onbadhule Guru]]'' || P. T. Selvakumar || [[Vinay Rai]], [[Aravind Akash]], [[Premgi Amaren]], [[Lakshmi Rai]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by Cosmo and Boss Film Company||<ref name="Friday Fury – March 8"/>
|-
| ''Pesamal Pesinaal'' || Sivamanoharan || Santhosh, Gayathri, [[Nizhalgal Ravi]]|| [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Rainbow Productions ||<ref name="Friday Fury – March 8"/>
|-
| ''[[Sundaattam]]'' || Brahma G. Dev || [[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]], [[Arundhati (actress)|Arundhathi]], Madhu || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Film Fame Production ||<ref name="Friday Fury – March 8"/>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"| '''15'''
| ''Garuda Paarvai'' || Vivehanandan || Vivehanandan, Puja Vijayan, Ramamurthi Yadav, Sheela, Gandhi, Ravi || [[Drama film|Drama]] || ||<ref name="Friday Fury – March 15">{{cite web|title=Friday Fury – March 15|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-15-news-tamil-ndpjFrjfgab.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318102406/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-15-news-tamil-ndpjFrjfgab.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 March 2013|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''Karumpuli'' || [[Sakthi Paramesh|Parameshwar]] || Mahesh, [[Rathan Mouli]], Varsha Pandey, Prachee Adhikari, Soorya Kiran, Arul Azhagan || || Produced by Madras Film Academy(MFA) ||<ref name="Friday Fury – March 15"/>
|-
| ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]'' || [[Bala (director)|Bala]] || [[Adharvaa]], [[Vedhicka]], [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by B Studios ||<ref name="Friday Fury – March 15"/>
|-
| ''[[Vathikuchi]]'' || H.nowfal riswan|| Dhileban, [[Anjali (actress born 1986)|Anjali]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], [[Sampath Raj]] || [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] || Produced by Murugadoss Productions & [[Fox Star Studios]] ||<ref name="Friday Fury – March 15"/>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"| '''22'''
| ''[[Kan Pesum Vaarthaigal]]'' || R. Balaji || [[Mirchi Senthil]], [[Ineya|Iniya]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Balaji Cine Creations ||<ref name="sify.com">{{cite web |title=Friday Fury – March 22 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-22-news-tamil-ndwjdTdhigf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323144904/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-22-news-tamil-ndwjdTdhigf.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 March 2013 |website=[[Sify]] |date= 22 March 2013 |access-date=21 April 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kantha (film)|Kantha]]'' || Babu Vishwanath|| [[Karan (actor)|Karan]], [[Mithra Kurian]] || [[Action film|Action]] || Produced by VP Films||<ref name="sify.com"/>
|-
| ''[[Karuppampatti]]'' || Tha. Prabhu Raja Cholan || [[Ajmal Ameer]], [[Aparnaa Bajpai]], Alice Tantardini || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Sundar Pictures||<ref name="sify.com"/>
|-
| ''Naanum En Jamunavum'' || Guruaja-Jayatamil || Jayant, Poulami || [[Adult film|Adult romance]] || Produced by Gururaja International ||<ref name="sify.com"/>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"| '''29'''
| ''[[Azhagan Azhagi]]'' || Nandha Periyasaamy || Jack, Aarushi, [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || ||<ref name="sify_b">{{cite web |title=Friday Fury – March 29 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-29-kbkr-vs-con-news-tamil-nd3kWUjifff.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330122913/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-29-kbkr-vs-con-news-tamil-nd3kWUjifff.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 March 2013 |website=[[Sify]] |date= 29 March 2013 |access-date=21 April 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal]]'' || Shaheed Kader || [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]], [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Ineya|Iniya]], Parvathi Menon || [[Drama film|Drama]]-[[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] || Produced by I Pictures & Magic Frames ||<ref name="sify_b"/>
|-
| ''February 31'' || S.S. Prem Kumar|| Sriram, Niranjana || [[Thriller film|Thriller]] || ||<ref name="sify.com"/>
|-
| ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'' || [[Pandiraj]] || [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], [[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Bindu Madhavi]], [[Regina Cassandra]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by Pasanga Productions & Escape Artists Motion Pictures ||<ref name="sify_b"/>
|-
| ''[[Keeripulla]]'' || [[Firose Khan]]|| [[Yuvan (actor)|Yuvan]], [[Disha Pandey]], [[Ganja Karuppu]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Angels Film International ||<ref name="sify_b"/>
|}

===April – June===
{| class="wikitable" id="wikitable-20130604"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Opening
! style="width:20%;"|Title
! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes !! Ref
|- April!
| rowspan="15" style="text-align:center; background:#b4cae3; textcolor:#000;"| '''A P R'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"| '''5'''
| ''4'' || Bhagavathi Bala || Balladic, Chakravarthi || || ||<ref name="FridayFuryApril5">{{cite web |title=Friday Fury – April 5 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-5-news-tamil-nefkmmedebe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407054929/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-5-news-tamil-nefkmmedebe.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2013 |website=[[Sify]] |date= 5 April 2013 |access-date=21 April 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Settai (2013 film)|Settai]]'' || [[R. Kannan]] || [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Anjali (actress born 1986)|Anjali]], [[Hansika Motwani]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Premgi Amaren]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by [[UTV Motion Pictures]] ||<ref name="FridayFuryApril5"/>
|-
| ''Vetkathai Kettal Enna Tharuvai'' || Thabu Sankar || [[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok]], Kiruthika || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Silver Jubilee Movies||<ref name="FridayFuryApril5"/>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"| '''12'''
| ''Maruvisaranai'' || Vijayagopal|| V. S. Vijayagopal, Vishnu Priya || [[Action film|Action]] || Produced by Senthil Andavar Cinemas ||<ref name="FridayFuryApril12">{{cite web |title=Friday Fury – April 12 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-12-news-tamil-nemkCGahdgc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415122546/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-12-news-tamil-nemkCGahdgc.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 April 2013 |website=[[Sify]] |date= 12 April 2013 |access-date=25 April 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''Maiyam Konden'' || K. Arjunaraja || Dilip Kumar Salvadi, Shobana Nayudu, [[Ganja Karuppu]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] ||
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maiyam Konden |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/maiyam-konden/movieshow/61971048.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ninaivugal Azhivathillai'' || Bhagatsingh Kannan || Arun, Gayathri || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Agni Kalaikoodam ||<ref name="FridayFuryApril12"/>
|-
| ''Maman Machan'' || M. Jeyraj || Vijay Thirumoolam || [[Comedy]] || ||<ref name="sify.com"/>
|-
| ''Unaku 20 Enaku 40'' || KPS Akshay || Singam Puli, [[Vaiyapuri]], [[Vadivukkarasi]], Karishma || [[Comedy]] || Produced by Sri Bannariamman Productions||<ref name="sify.com"/>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"| '''19'''
| ''[[Gouravam (2013 film)|Gouravam]]'' || [[Radha Mohan]] || [[Allu Sirish]], [[Yami Gautam]], [[Prakash Raj]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by [[Duet Movies]] ||<ref name="FridayFuryApril19"/>
|-
| ''Iru Killadigal'' || Mark Landsman || Byass, Swathi, [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] || || ||<ref name="FridayFuryApril19"/>
|-
| ''[[Thirumathi Thamizh]]'' || Rajakumaran || Rajakumaran, [[Keerthi Chawla]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Ra Dhe Creations ||<ref name="FridayFuryApril19"/>
|-
| ''[[Udhayam NH4]]'' || Manikandan || [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Ashrita Shetty]], [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] || [[Romantic thriller]] || Produced by Meeka Entertainment & [[Grass Root Film Company]] ||<ref name="FridayFuryApril19">
{{cite web |title=Friday Fury – April 19 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-19-news-tamil-netjJejcagi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422113930/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-19-news-tamil-netjJejcagi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 April 2013 |website=[[Sify]] |date= 19 April 2013 |access-date=21 April 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"| '''26'''
| ''[[Naan Rajavaga Pogiren]]'' || Prithvi Rajkumar || [[Nakul (actor)|Nakul]], [[Chandini Tamilarasan|Chandini]], [[Avani Modi]] || [[Action film|Action]] || Produced by Udhayam VLS Cine Media ||<ref name="FridayFuryApril26">{{cite web|title=Friday Fury – April 26|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-26-news-tamil-ne0jtQigeeh.html|access-date=10 May 2013|website=[[Sify]]|date=26 April 2013}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oruvar Meethu Iruvar Sainthu]]'' || [[Balasekaran]] || Laguparan, Swathi, [[Sanyathara]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Edriya Tech Films ||<ref name="FridayFuryApril26"/>
|-
| ''[[Yaaruda Mahesh]]'' || R. Madhan Kumar || [[Sundeep Kishan]], [[Dimple Chopade]] || [[Adult comedy film|Adult comedy]] || Produced by Colour Frames Red Studios ||<ref name="FridayFuryApril26"/>
|- May!
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:hotPink; textcolor:#000;" | '''M A Y'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"| '''1'''
| ''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'' || Durai Senthil Kumar || [[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Priya Anand]] || [[Comedy drama]] || Produced by Wunderbar Films ||<ref name="MayDayReleases">{{cite web |title=May Day releases! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/may-day-releases-news-tamil-ne4qwlgdehd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501155816/http://www.sify.com/movies/may-day-releases-news-tamil-ne4qwlgdehd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 May 2013 |website=[[Sify]] |date= 1 May 2013 |access-date=3 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Moondru Per Moondru Kadal]]'' || [[Vasanth]] || [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]], [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], [[Muktha (actress)|Muktha Bhanu]], [[Surveen Chawla]], Lasika || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Mahendra Talkies ||<ref name="MayDayReleases" />
|-
| ''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]'' || Nalan Kumarasamy || [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Sanchita Shetty]], [[Bobby Simha]], [[Ashok Selvan]], [[Ramesh Thilak]], [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]]-[[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] || Produced by Thirukumaran Entertainment ||<ref name="MayDayReleases" />
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb5da;"| '''10'''
| ''[[Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA]]'' || [[Manivannan]] || [[Sathyaraj]], Manivannan, [[Seeman]], [[Mrudula Murali]], [[Komal Sharma]], [[Varsha Ashwathi]] || [[Political satire]] || Produced by V House Production ||<ref name="FridayFuryMay10">{{cite web|title=Friday Fury – May 10|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-10-news-tamil-nfkkLEfjihd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511120432/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-10-news-tamil-nfkkLEfjihd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 May 2013|access-date=10 May 2013|website=[[Sify]]|date=10 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb5da;"| '''17'''
| ''[[Neram]]'' || [[Alphonse Putharen]] || [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Nazriya Nazim]], [[Bobby Simha]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Thambi Ramaiah]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]]-[[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] || Produced by Winner Bulls Films ||<ref name="FridayFuryMay17">{{cite web|title=Friday Fury – May 17|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-17-news-tamil-nfrhCcfcfda.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609014707/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-17-news-tamil-nfrhCcfcfda.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 June 2013|access-date=23 May 2013|website=[[Sify]]|date=17 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"| '''24'''
| ''[[Masani (film)|Masani]]'' || Padmaraj & LGR || [[Akhil (Tamil actor)|Akhil]], [[Ineya|Iniya]], [[Sija Rose]], [[Ramki]] || [[Action film|Action]] [[thriller film|thriller]]|| Produced by Sree Kiran Productions ||<ref name="FridayFuryMay24">{{cite web|title=Friday Fury – May 24|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-24-news-tamil-nfyj05jeeia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611235457/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-24-news-tamil-nfyj05jeeia.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2013|access-date=26 May 2013|website=[[Sify]]|date=24 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''Galapetti'' || || || || ||<ref name="FridayFuryMay24" />
|-
| ''Sokkali'' || A Charan || Chaithanya, [[Swasika]], [[Sona Heiden]], [[Ganja Karuppu]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || ||<ref name="FridayFuryMay24" />
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb5da;"| '''30'''
| ''[[Kutti Puli]]'' || Muthaiah || [[M. Sasikumar]], [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]], [[Saranya Ponvannan]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Village Theaters ||<ref name="FridayFuryMay31">{{cite web|title=Friday Fury – May 31|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-31-news-tamil-nf5kLAbjgjg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625165245/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-31-news-tamil-nf5kLAbjgjg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 June 2013|access-date=1 June 2013|website=[[Sify]]|date=31 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"| '''31'''
| ''[[Isakki (film)|Isakki]]'' || M. Ganeshan || [[Sharran Kumar]], [[Aashritha]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || ||<ref name="FridayFuryMay31"/>
|-
| ''Kandathum Kadhal Antharangam'' || J. V. Ruckmangdhan || Ramu, Kamalika || [[Drama film|Drama]] || ||<ref name="FridayFuryMay31"/>
|- June!
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#B2C248; textcolor:#000;"| '''J U N'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#D1DA98;"| '''7'''
| ''[[Yamuna (film)|Yamuna]]'' || E. V. Ganeshbabu || Sathya, Sri Ramya || [[Drama film|Drama]]-[[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] || Produced by Sri HariBalaji Movies ||<ref name="FridayFuryJune7">{{cite web|title=Friday Fury – June 7 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-7-news-tamil-nghjx4fagaj.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615072356/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-7-news-tamil-nghjx4fagaj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|access-date=8 June 2013|website=[[Sify]]|date=7 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''Solla Matten'' || N. P. Ismail || Sakthi Chidambaram, Jesmy || [[Romance film|Romance]]-[[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] || ||<ref name="FridayFuryJune7" />
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#D1DA98;"| '''14'''
| ''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]'' || [[Sundar C]] || [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Hansika Motwani]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Ganesh Venkatraman]] || [[Romantic comedy]] || Produced by [[UTV Motion Pictures]] and [[Kushboo|Avni Cinemax]] ||<ref name="FridayFuryJune14">{{cite web|title=Friday Fury – June 14 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-14-news-tamil-ngokaoaajff.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012110007/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-14-news-tamil-ngokaoaajff.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2013|access-date=14 June 2013|website=[[Sify]]|date=14 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thillu Mullu (2013 film)|Thillu Mullu]]'' || Badri || [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]], [[Isha Talwar]], [[Prakash Raj]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by Vendhar Movies ||<ref name="FridayFuryJune14"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#D1DA98;"| '''21'''
| ''[[Thee Kulikkum Pachai Maram]]'' || Vineesh-Prabheesh|| [[Prajin]], [[Sarayu (actress)|Sarayu]], Sasha, [[M. S. Bhaskar]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Friday Fury – June 21!!!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-21-news-tamil-ngvkFIfbffi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621222704/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-21-news-tamil-ngvkFIfbffi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 June 2013|access-date=28 June 2013|website=[[Sify]]|date=21 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#D1DA98;"| '''28'''
| ''[[Annakodi]]'' || [[Bharathiraja]] || Lakshman Narayan, [[Karthika Nair]], [[Manoj Bharathiraja]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Manoj Creations ||<ref name="FridayFuryJune28">{{cite web|title=Friday Fury – June 28 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-28-news-tamil-ng2kMKdbajc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630224707/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-28-news-tamil-ng2kMKdbajc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2013|access-date=28 June 2013|website=[[Sify]]|date=28 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thulli Vilayadu]]'' ||[[Vincent Selva]] || Yuvaraj, [[Prakash Raj]], Deepthi Nambiar || [[Comedy film|Comedy]]-[[thriller (genre)|thriller]] || Produced by RB Studios ||<ref name="FridayFuryJune28"/>
|}

===July – September===
{| class="wikitable" id="wikitable-20130907"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | '''Opening'''
! style="width:20%;"|'''Title'''
! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes !! Ref
|- July!
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#4EE2EC; textcolor:#000;"| '''J U L'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;"| '''5'''
| ''[[Singam II]]'' || [[Hari (director)|Hari]] || [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]], [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Hansika Motwani]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Danny Sapani]] || [[Action film|Action]]-[[masala (film genre)|masala]] || Produced by Prince Pictures ||<ref name="Jul5">{{cite news|title=Friday Fury – July 5|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-july-5-news-tamil-nhfj9igahjh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707113850/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-july-5-news-tamil-nhfj9igahjh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2013|access-date=8 July 2013|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;"| '''12'''
| ''Anba Azhaga'' || S. Sivaraman || Akashprabhu, Preethi Sankar, Lavanya ||[[Romance film|Romance]] || ||<ref name="Jul12">{{cite news|title=Friday Fury – July 12|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-july-12-news-tamil-nhmkUMajafg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715080640/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-july-12-news-tamil-nhmkUMajafg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2013|access-date=12 Oct 2013|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kaadhale Ennai Kaadhali'' || Iam Shan || Santhosh, Anara Atanes || [[Romance film|Romance]] || ||<ref name="Jul12"/>
|-
| ''Sathiram Perundhu Nilayam'' || Ravipriyan || Roshan, Twinkle || [[Drama film|Drama]]|| ||<ref name="Jul12"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;"| '''19'''
| ''[[Maryan (film)|Maryan]]'' || [[Bharat Bala]] || [[Dhanush]], [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || ||<ref name="Jul19">{{cite news|title=Friday Fury – July 19|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-july-19-news-tamil-nhtj9sacfgg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721220542/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-july-19-news-tamil-nhtj9sacfgg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2013|access-date=12 Oct 2013|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;"| '''26'''
| ''[[Pattathu Yaanai]]'' || [[Boopathy Pandian]] || [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], [[Aishwarya Arjun]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] || Action masala || ||<ref name="Jul26">{{cite news|title=Friday Fury – July 26|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-july-26-news-tamil-nh0jH7addhc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728041323/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-july-26-news-tamil-nh0jH7addhc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 July 2013|access-date=12 Oct 2013|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sonna Puriyathu]]'' || Krishnan Jayaraj || [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]], [[Vasundhara Kashyap]] || Comedy || ||<ref name="Jul26"/>
|- August!
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:#FDD017; textcolor:#000;"| '''A U G'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FAE9A3;"| '''2'''
| ''Nenju Irukkum Varai Ninaivu Irukkum'' || S. O. Nabidaas || Ishaq Hussaini, Shilpa, [[Visu]], [[Vaiyapuri]] || Drama || ||<ref name="Aug2">{{cite news|title=Friday Fury – July 26|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-2-news-tamil-nicmOJighaf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207165634/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-2-news-tamil-nicmOJighaf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2013|access-date=12 Oct 2013|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Pullukatu Muthamma'' || C. R. Muthupandi || Meenu Kurian || Adult romance || ||<ref name="Aug2"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FAE9A3;"| '''10'''
| ''[[Ainthu Ainthu Ainthu]]'' || [[Sasi (director)|Sasi]] || [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], Mrithika, [[Erica Fernandes]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] || [[Action thriller]] || ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Bharath's 555 releases today!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bharath-s-555-releases-today-news-tamil-nikjhhcbeej.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811070146/http://www.sify.com/movies/bharath-s-555-releases-today-news-tamil-nikjhhcbeej.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2013|work=Sify|access-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FAE9A3;"| '''15'''
| ''[[Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer]]'' || [[Suseenthiran]] || Santhosh, [[Manisha Yadav]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || ||<ref>{{cite web|title='Aadhalal Kaadhal Seiveer' advance booking opens|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aadhalal-kaadhal-seiveer-advance-booking-opens-news-tamil-niohsTegija.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817082912/http://www.sify.com/movies/aadhalal-kaadhal-seiveer-advance-booking-opens-news-tamil-niohsTegija.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 August 2013|work=Sify|access-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FAE9A3;"| '''20'''
| ''[[Thalaivaa]]'' || [[A. L. Vijay]] || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Sathyaraj]], [[Amala Paul]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Abhimanyu Singh]], [[Rajiv Pillai]] || Action thriller || Produced by Mishri Enterprises Released worldwide on 9 August 2013 ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Thalaivaa releases worldwide except Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thalaivaa-releases-worldwide-except-tamil-nadu-news-kollywood-nijkMwjhcee.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810233357/http://www.sify.com/movies/thalaivaa-releases-worldwide-except-tamil-nadu-news-kollywood-nijkMwjhcee.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 August 2013|work=Sify|access-date=12 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Thalaivaa' releases big today|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thalaivaa-releases-big-today-news-tamil-niujlvigabh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823003913/http://www.sify.com/movies/thalaivaa-releases-big-today-news-tamil-niujlvigabh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2013|work=Sify|access-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FAE9A3;"| '''23'''
| ''[[Desingu Raja]]'' || [[Ezhil]] || [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], [[Bindu Madhavi]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Olympia Movies ||<ref name="Aug23">{{cite news|title=Friday Fury — August 23|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-23-news-tamil-nixjlEfacgc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011141549/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-23-news-tamil-nixjlEfacgc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2013|access-date=12 Oct 2013|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#FAE9A3;"| '''30'''
| ''[[Ponmaalai Pozhudhu]]'' || AC Durai || [[Aadhav Kannadasan]], [[Gayathrie]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by AG Creations ||<ref name="Aug30">{{cite news|title=Friday Fury – August 30|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-aug-30-news-tamil-ni4j0Rbeccf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209212959/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-aug-30-news-tamil-ni4j0Rbeccf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2013|access-date=12 Oct 2013|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Summa Nachunu Irukku]]'' || [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]] || [[Thaman Kumar]], Vibha Natarajan, Archana Vishwanath, [[Thambi Ramaiah]], [[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|Sreenivasan]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by Esthell Entertainers || <ref name="Aug30"/>
|-
| ''[[Suvadugal]]'' || Jay Bala || Jay Bala, [[Monica (actress)|Monica]], [[K. R. Vijaya]] || || ||<ref name="Aug30"/>
|-
| ''[[Thanga Meenkal]]'' || [[Ram (director)|Ram]] || Ram, Sadhana, Shelly Kishore || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by [[Photon Kathaas]] ||<ref name="Aug30"/>
|-
| ''Thiru Pugazh'' || Arjunaraja || [[Dilip Kumar Salvadi]], Divya Singh, Prabhuraj || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Real Screen || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-thiru-pugazh-soothing-strains/article4705906.ece|title=Audio Beat: Thiru Pugazh - Soothing strains|date=11 May 2013|url-access=subscription|first=S. R. Ashok|last=Kumar|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302061512/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-thiru-pugazh-soothing-strains/article4705906.ece|archive-date=2 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/title-change-for-a-reason/articleshow/19864477.cms | title=Title change for a reason | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
|- September!
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#000;"| '''S E P'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#fcf;"| '''6'''
| ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]'' || Ponnraam || [[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Sri Divya]], [[Sathyaraj]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] || Comedy || Produced by Escape Artist Motion Pictures ||<ref name="Sep6">{{cite news|title=Friday Fury – September 6|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-sep-6-news-tamil-njgkhacaghf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909031747/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-sep-6-news-tamil-njgkhacaghf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 September 2013|access-date=12 Oct 2013|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#fcf;"| '''7'''
| ''[[Arya Surya]]'' || [[Rama Narayanan]] || [[Srinivasan (actor)|Srinivasan]], Vishnupriyan, [[Nakshatra (actress)|Nakshathra]] || Comedy || Produced by Sri Thenandal films ||<ref name="Sep6"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#fcf;"| '''13'''
| ''[[Mathapoo]]'' || Dhinanthorum Nagaraj || Jeyan, [[Gayathrie]] || Romance || ||<ref name="Sep13">{{cite news|title=Friday Fury – September 13|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-september-13-news-tamil-njnjNcfadhb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916083000/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-september-13-news-tamil-njnjNcfadhb.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 September 2013|access-date=12 Oct 2013|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Moodar Koodam]]'' || Naveen || Sentrayan, Naveen, Rajaj, [[Oviya]] || Black comedy || ||<ref name="Sep13" />
|-
| ''[[Unnodu Oru Naal]]'' || Durai Karthikeyan || Arjun Vijayaraghavan, [[Neelam Upadhyay]], Gibran Osman || Romantic thriller || Produced by Jarci Production ||<ref name="Sep13" />
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#fcf;"| '''20'''
| ''[[6 (film)|6]]'' || [[V. Z. Durai]] || [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Poonam Kaur]] || Thriller || ||<ref name="Sep20">{{cite news|title=Friday Fury – September 20|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-sep-20-news-tamil-njuj44dgfeh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924052128/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-sep-20-news-tamil-njuj44dgfeh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2013|access-date=12 Oct 2013|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Adutha Kattam]]'' || Murali Krishnan || Ganthiban, Malar Meni Perumal, Aghonderan Sahadevan, Shashitaran Rajoo, D. Rajam || Suspense thriller || Produced by Navanithen Ganeson, NGP Film Sdn Bhd ||<ref name="Sep20" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Futuristic move|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 September 2013|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/futuristic-move/article5157793.ece|last1=Naig|first1=Udhav}}</ref>
|-
| ''Mouna Mazhai'' || Anand || Sasi, Nakshatra, Dilip || Romance || Produced by Prince Media ||<ref name="Sep20" />
|-
| ''[[Ya Ya (film)|Ya Ya]]'' || I Rajasekaran || [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]], [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]], [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]], [[Sandhya (actress)|Sandhya]] || Comedy || Produced by Sri Lakshmi Productions ||<ref name="Sep20" />
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#fcf;"| '''27'''
| ''[[Onaayum Aattukkuttiyum]]'' || [[Mysskin]] || Mysskin, [[Sri (actor)|Sri]] || Thriller || Produced by Lone Wolf Productions ||<ref name="Sep27">{{cite news|title=Friday Fury – September 27|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-september-27-news-tamil-nj1i2Dchhig.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001081856/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-september-27-news-tamil-nj1i2Dchhig.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 October 2013|access-date=12 Oct 2013|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]'' || Atlee Kumar || [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Nayantara]], [[Jai (actor)|Jai]], [[Nazriya Nazim]] || Romantic drama || Produced by Murugadoss Productions and [[Fox Star Studios]] ||<ref name="Sep27" />
|}

===October – December===

{| class="wikitable" id="wikitable-20131210"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Opening
! style="width:20%;"|Title
! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes !! Ref
|- October!
| rowspan="16" style="text-align:center; background:#E8A317; textcolor:#000;"| '''O C T'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead;"| '''2'''
| ''[[Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara]]'' || Gokul || [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Ashwin Kakumanu]], [[Swati Reddy]], [[Nandita Swetha]] || Comedy || Produced by Leo Vision and JSK Film Corporation ||<ref name="Oct4">{{cite news|title=Friday Fury – October 4|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-october-4-news-tamil-nkekVEbgbcc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007111121/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-october-4-news-tamil-nkekVEbgbcc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 October 2013|access-date=12 Oct 2013|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead;"| '''4'''
| ''Nila Meedhu Kadhal'' || Ilayakumar || Vijayaraj, Joshwa, Sri Priyanga, Sudha || Romance || Produced by Rajaram Movies ||<ref name="Oct4" />
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead;"| '''11'''
| ''Kayavan'' || Venky || Mithun || Romance || ||<ref name="Oct11">{{cite news|title=Friday Fury – October 11|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-oct-11-news-tamil-nklj97iihij.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014004532/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-oct-11-news-tamil-nklj97iihij.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 October 2013|access-date=12 Oct 2013|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Naiyaandi]]'' || [[A. Sarkunam]] || [[Dhanush]], [[Nazriya Nazim]] || Comedy || ||<ref name="Oct11" />
|-
| ''[[Vanakkam Chennai]]'' || Kiruthika Udhaynidhi || [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]], [[Priya Anand]] || Comedy || ||<ref name="Oct11" />
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead;"| '''18'''
| ''Anjal Thurai'' || A. R. Rafi || Mohan. C, Narayanan, Kushi, Senthil || Horror / thriller || Produced by Latha Cine Creations ||<ref name="Oct 18" />
|-
| ''[[Chithirayil Nilachoru]]'' || [[R. Sundarrajan]] || [[Sara Arjun]], Ashok Sundarrajan, [[Vasundhara Kashyap]], Prakash Nath || Drama || ||<ref name="Oct 18">{{cite news|title=Friday Fury – October 18|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-oct-18-news-tamil-nksjPDabbef.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021110342/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-oct-18-news-tamil-nksjPDabbef.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2013|access-date=18 Oct 2013|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ninaivugal Unnodu'' || T. Mahesh Babu || T. Mahesh Babu || Romance || ||<ref name="Oct 18" />
|-
| ''[[Nirnayam (2013 film)|Nirnayam]]'' || S. S. Srisaravanan || Vikram Anand, [[Regina Cassandra]], Baby Vedhika || Drama || ||<ref name="Oct 18" />
|-
| ''[[Nugam]]'' || Jeffy || Jeybala, [[Ineya|Iniya]], Suresh, Reeshkadir, Preethi || Drama || ||<ref name="Oct 18" />
|-
| ''[[Ragalaipuram]]'' || Mano || [[Karunas]], [[Angana Roy]], [[Sanjana Singh]] || Comedy || ||<ref name="Oct 18" />
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead;"| '''25'''
| ''Ingu Kadhal Katrutharapadum'' || M. Sreedharan || Sreenath, Darshana, Archana || Romance || ||<ref name="Oct 25">{{cite news|title=Friday Fury – October 25|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-october-25-news-tamil-nkzkhNjjjgj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028025359/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-october-25-news-tamil-nkzkhNjjjgj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2013|access-date=25 Oct 2013|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Muthu Nagaram'' || Ottapidaram K. Thirupathi || Vishvaa, Asrik Bhanu || Romance || ||<ref name="Oct 25" />
|-
| ''[[Sutta Kadhai]]'' || Subu || Balaji, Venkat, [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]] || Black comedy || ||<ref name="Oct 25" />
|-
| ''Vasanthasena'' || Raman || Ravi Prakash, Priyanka Tiwari || Romance || ||<ref name="Oct 25" />
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead;"| '''31'''
| ''[[Arrambam]]'' || [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]] || [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Nayantara]], [[Taapsee Pannu]] || Action thriller || Produced by Sri Satya Sai Movies ||<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-diwali-dhamaka-news-tamil-nlbjvXfjfde.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118184317/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-diwali-dhamaka-news-tamil-nlbjvXfjfde.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-01-18 |title=Friday Fury – Diwali Dhamaka|website=[[Sify]] |date=2013-11-01 |access-date=2013-12-14}}</ref>
|- November!
| rowspan="13" style="text-align:center; background:#5CB3FF; textcolor:#000;"| '''N O V'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#B6DDFF;"| '''2'''
| ''[[All in All Azhagu Raja]]'' || [[M. Rajesh]] || [[Karthi]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] || Comedy || ||<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
|-
| ''[[Pandiya Naadu]]'' || [[Suseenthiran]] || [[Vishal Krishna|Vishal]], [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]], [[Vikranth]] || Action drama || ||<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B6DDFF;"| '''14'''
| ''[[Apple Penne]]'' || [[R. K. Kalaimani]] || [[Vatsan Chakravarthy|Vatsan]], [[Aishwarya Menon]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]], || Drama || ||<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-15-news-tamil-nlpl3ididfa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117042808/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-15-news-tamil-nlpl3ididfa.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-11-17 |title=Friday Fury – November 15! |website=[[Sify]] |date=2013-11-15 |access-date=2013-12-14}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pizza II: Villa]]'' || Deepan Chakravarthy || [[Ashok Selvan]], [[Sanchita Shetty]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], Vegan Rajesh || Fantasy thriller || ||<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
|-
| ''[[Ravana Desam]]'' || Ajay Nuthakki || Ajay Nuthakki, Jennifer, Naveen, Konda, Ramkiran || War drama || ||<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B6DDFF;"| '''22'''
| ''[[Irandaam Ulagam]]'' || [[Selvaraghavan]] || [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Anushka Shetty]] || Fantasy || ||<ref name="sify">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-22-news-tamil-nlwkyzjbcji.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123143830/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-22-news-tamil-nlwkyzjbcji.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-11-23 |title=Friday Fury- November 22 |website=[[Sify]] |date=2013-11-22 |access-date=2013-12-14}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Maayai]]'' || Lakshmiram || Sanjay, [[Sanam Shetty]], [[Rajendran]] || Thriller || ||<ref name="sify" />
|-
| ''[[Meiyyazhagi]]'' || R. T. Jayavel || [[Yuthan Balaji|Balaji Balakrishnan]], Jai Quehaeni, Arjun, Arunmozhi Varman, Jenny Jasmine || Drama || ||<ref name="sify" />
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#B6DDFF;"| '''29'''
| ''Appavukku Kalyanam'' || Armugha Swamy || Padiyan, Rasikapriya || Adult comedy || ||<ref name="sify_a">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-29-news-tamil-nl3kj6ihchj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202180542/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-29-news-tamil-nl3kj6ihchj.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-12-02 |title=Friday Fury – November 29 |website=[[Sify]] |date=2013-11-29 |access-date=2013-12-14}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ennachu'' || Sri Mani || Mohammed Ismail, Vivinth, Jagan Balaji || Thriller || ||<ref name="sify_a" />
|-
| ''[[Jannal Oram]]'' || [[Karu Pazhaniappan]] || [[R. Parthiepan|Parthiban]], [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], [[Vidharth]], [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]], [[Manisha Yadav]] || Comedy drama || ||<ref name="sify_a" />
|-
| ''[[Naveena Saraswathi Sabatham]]'' || K. Chandru || [[Jai (actor)|Jai]], [[Niveda Thomas]] || Fantasy comedy || ||<ref name="sify_a" />
|-
| ''[[Vidiyum Munn]]'' || Balaji K. Kumar || [[Pooja Umashankar]], Malavika Manikuttan, [[Vinod Kishan]] || Thriller || ||<ref name="sify_a" />
|- December!
| rowspan="14" style="text-align:center; background:#85BB65;"| '''D E C'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#B6CBA9;"| '''6'''
| ''[[Ego (2013 film)|Ego]]'' || S. Sakthivel || Velu, [[Anaswara Kumar]], Bala || Comedy || ||<ref name="fridayfurydec6">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-december-6-news-tamil-nmgkuJbaahf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206190916/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-december-6-news-tamil-nmgkuJbaahf.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-12-06 |title=Friday Fury – December 6|website=[[Sify]] |date=2013-12-06 |access-date=2013-12-25}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kalyana Samayal Saadham]]'' || RS Prasanna || [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]], [[Lekha Washington]] || Romantic comedy || ||<ref name="fridayfurydec6"/>
|-
| ''[[Thagaraaru]]'' || Ganesh Vinayak || [[Arulnidhi]], [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]] || Action || ||<ref name="fridayfurydec6"/>
|-
| ''Vellai Desathin Idhayam'' || Jughein || Mithun Serai, Supra, [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] || Drama || ||<ref name="fridayfurydec6"/>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#B6CBA9;"| '''13'''
| ''[[Ivan Veramathiri]]'' || [[M. Saravanan (film director)|M. Saravanan]] || [[Vikram Prabhu]], [[Surabhi (actress)|Surabhi]], [[Ganesh Venkatraman]], [[Vamsi Krishna]] || Thriller || ||<ref name="fridayfurydec13">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-december-13-news-tamil-nmnlRaghcdi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216093835/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-december-13-news-tamil-nmnlRaghcdi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-12-16 |title=Friday Fury – December 13|website=[[Sify]] |date=2013-12-13 |access-date=2013-12-25}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kolagalam]]'' || P.G. Surendran|| Amal, [[Saranya Mohan]], Vishnupriya|| Drama || ||<ref name="fridayfurydec13"/>
|-
| ''[[Sandhithathum Sindhithathum]]'' || [[Balu Anand]] || Sathya, Yudasha, Kumarajan || Romance || ||<ref name="fridayfurydec13"/>
|-
| ''Thedi Pidi Adi'' || Aegan || Suresh || Thriller || ||<ref name="fridayfurydec13"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B6CBA9;"| '''20'''
| ''[[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]'' || [[Venkat Prabhu]] || [[Karthi]], [[Hansika Motwani]], [[Premgi Amaren]], [[Ramki]] || Comedy-thriller || Produced by [[Studio Green]] ||<ref name="fridayfurydec20">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-december-20-news-tamil-nmujeTfaebc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221010531/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-december-20-news-tamil-nmujeTfaebc.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-12-21 |title=Friday Fury – December 20 |website=[[Sify]] |date=2013-12-02 |access-date=2013-12-25}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]'' || [[I. Mueenuddin Ahmed|I. Ahmed]] || [[Jiiva]], [[Trisha Krishnan]], [[Vinay Rai]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] || Romance || ||<ref name="fridayfurydec20"/>
|-
| ''[[Thalaimuraigal]]'' || [[Balu Mahendra]] || [[Sashikumar Subramani|Sashikumar]], [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan|Vinodhini]], Ramya Shankar, [[Balu Mahendra]] || Drama || ||<ref name="fridayfurydec20"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#B6CBA9;"| '''25'''
| ''[[Madha Yaanai Koottam]]'' || Vikram Sugumaran || [[Kathir (actor)|Kathir]], [[Oviya]] || Thriller || ||<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-december-27-news-tamil-nm1jGycgaia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230015728/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-december-27-news-tamil-nm1jGycgaia.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 2013|title=Friday Fury – December 27|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#B6CBA9;"| '''27'''
| ''Bhuvanakadu'' || Mohan || [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]], Divya Nagesh || Romance || ||<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
|-
| ''[[Vizha]]'' || Bharathi Balakumaran || [[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]], [[Malavika Menon]] || Romance || Produced by Sri Thenandal Films, Azure Entertainment, JV Media Dreams ||<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
|}

==Overseas Tamil language films==
Below is the list of Tamil language movies produced outside India.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Genre !! Country !! Ref
|-
| ''Pickles'' || Comedy || [[Singapore]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tantrainc.sg/pickles/index.html |title=Pickles – Official Movie Site |publisher=Tantrainc.sg |access-date=2013-12-14}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Dubbed films==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; font-size:95%;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Opening
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Director(s)
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Original film
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Cast
! scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| {{tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Language
|-
| 1 March || ''Naangam Pirai 3D'' || [[Vinayan]] || ''[[Dracula 2012]]'' || Malayalam || Sudheer Sukumaran, [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Thilakan]], [[Monal Gajjar]], [[Shraddha Das]] ||
|-
| December
| ''Achcham Thavir'' || Omkar || ''[[Genius (2012 film)|Genius]]'' ||Telugu ||Havish, [[Sarath Kumar]], [[Sanusha]] ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/acham-thavir/acham-thavir-box-office-dec-15.html | title=Chennai Box Office - Acham Thavir | website=Behindwoods.com | access-date=16 December 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! rowspan="1" style="width:20px;"| Category/organization !! rowspan="1" style="width:200px;"| [[60th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]] 12 July 2014<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/61st-filmfare-awards-south-nominations-attarintiki-daredi-leads-complete-list-nominees-603521 | title=61st Filmfare Awards (South) Nominations: 'Attarintiki Daredi' Leads; Complete List of Nominees | newspaper=International Business Times | date=2 July 2014 | first=Ankita | last=Mehta | access-date=8 September 2020 }}</ref> !! rowspan="1" style="width:200px;"| [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]] 17 July 2014<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/And-the-SIIMA-Awards-go-to-/articleshow/42532423.cms | title=And the SIIMA Awards go to... | newspaper=The Times of India | date=16 September 2014 | access-date=8 September 2020 }}</ref> !! rowspan="1" style="width:200px;"| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] 14 July 2017<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-last-six-years-announced-news-tamil-rhonnMgjbdcib.html |title=Tamil Nadu State film awards for last six years announced |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714120636/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-last-six-years-announced-news-tamil-rhonnMgjbdcib.html |archive-date=14 July 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> !! rowspan="1" style="width:200px;"| [[7th Vijay Awards|Vijay Awards]] 5 July 2014<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/8th-Annual-Vijay-Awards-a-grand-success/articleshow/37960678.cms?|title = 8th Annual Vijay Awards a grand success| website=[[The Times of India]] | date=8 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| Best Film || ''[[Thanga Meenkal]]'' || ''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]'' || ''[[Ramanujan (film)|Ramanujan]]'' || ''[[Thanga Meenkal]]''
|-
| Best Director || [[Bala (director)|Bala]] ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]'' || [[Bala (director)|Bala]] ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]'' || [[Ram (director)|Ram]] ''[[Thanga Meenkal]]'' || [[Bala (director)|Bala]] ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]''
|-
| Best Actor || [[Atharvaa]] ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]''|| [[Sivakarthikeyan]] ''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'' || [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]'' || [[Kamal Haasan]] ''[[Vishwaroopam]]''
|-
| Best Actress || [[Nayanthara]] ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]'' || [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] ''[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]'' || [[Nayanthara]] ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]'' || [[Nayanthara]] ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]''
|-
| Best Music Director || [[A. R. Rahman]] ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]'' || [[Anirudh Ravichander]] ''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'' || [[Ramesh Vinayagam]] ''[[Ramanujan (film)|Ramanujan]]'' || [[A. R. Rahman]] ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]''
|}

==Notable deaths==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! '''Month'''
! '''Date'''
! '''Name'''
! '''Age'''
! '''Profession'''
! '''Notable films'''
! '''References'''
|- valign="top"
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in January 2013|January]]'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''17'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Sophiya Haque]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 41 || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Alaipayuthey]]'' • ''[[Udhaya (film)|Udhaya]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Former-VJ-Sophiya-Haque-passes-away/Article1-992392.aspx |title=Former VJ Sophiya Haque passes away |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2013-01-17 |access-date=2013-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224192433/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Former-VJ-Sophiya-Haque-passes-away/Article1-992392.aspx |archive-date=2013-12-24 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in March 2013|March]]'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''5'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Rajasulochana]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 77 || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''Thai Pirandhal Vazhi Pirakkum'' • ''[[Nallavan Vazhvan]]'' • ''Pennarasi'' • ''[[Kavalai Illaadha Manithan]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Veteran-actress-Rajasulochana-passes-away-in-Chennai/articleshow/18810103.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502103741/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-05/chennai/37469133_1_song-and-dance-film-historian-film-club |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-05-02 |title=Veteran actress Rajasulochana passes away in Chennai |date=2013-03-05 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-12-14}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''7'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''Venky Sambamoorthy''' || style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"| Graphics expert || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]'' • ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'' • ''[[Kaadhalan]]'' • ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'' • ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]'' • ''[[Manmadhan (film)|Manmadhan]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-08/news-interviews/37560872_1_national-award-film-graphics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213716/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-08/news-interviews/37560872_1_national-award-film-graphics |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-10-04 |title=Graphics expert Venki passes away |date=2013-03-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-12-14}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"| ''26'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"| '''[[Sukumari]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 74 || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Alaipayuthey]]'' • ''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]'' • ''[[Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (1977 film)|Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal]]'' • ''[[Veerapandiya Kattabomman]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/actor-sukumari-succumbs-to-burns/article4551759.ece |title=Actor Sukumari succumbs to burns |work=The Hindu |date=2013-03-26 |access-date=2013-12-14}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in April 2013|April]]'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''14'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[P. B. Sreenivas]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 82 || style="text-align:center;"| Singer || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Pasamalar]]'' • ''[[Pava Mannippu]]'' • ''[[Veera Thirumagan]]'' • ''[[Kaadhalikka Neramillai]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news|author=B. Kolappan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/veteran-singer-pbs-passes-away/article4617069.ece |title=Veteran singer PBS passes away |work=The Hindu |date=2013-04-14 |access-date=2013-12-14}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''17'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 91 || style="text-align:center;"| Music director || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Pasamalar]]'' • ''[[Kaadhalikka Neramillai]]'' • ''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'' • ''[[Padagotti]]'' • ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/veteran-tamil-film-music-composer-t-k-ramamurthy-is-no-more/1103748/ |title=Veteran Tamil film music composer T K Ramamurthy is no more |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=2013-04-17 |access-date=2013-12-14}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''22'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Lalgudi Jayaraman]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 82 || style="text-align:center;"| Music director || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Sringaram]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Carnatic-violinist-composer-Lalgudi-G-Jayaraman-passes-away-in-Chennai/articleshow/19680628.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425212526/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-22/india/38735494_1_carnatic-music-music-academy-semmangudi-srinivasa-iyer |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-04-25 |title=Carnatic violinist-composer Lalgudi G Jayaraman passes away in Chennai |date=2013-04-22 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-12-14}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in May 2013|May]]'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''25'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[T. M. Soundararajan]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 91 || style="text-align:center;"| Singer || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Aandavan Kattalai (1964 film)|Andavan Kattalai]]'' • ''[[Padagotti]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/playback-singer-tms-passes-away/article4750275.ece|title=Playback singer TMS passes away|first=B.|last=Kolappan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 May 2013|access-date=1 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in June 2013|June]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''15'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Manivannan]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 58 || style="text-align:center;"| Director, actor || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Gopurangal Saivathillai]]'' • ''[[Amaithipadai]]'' • ''[[Ullathai Allitha]]'' • ''[[Mudhalvan]]'' • ''[[Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/master-of-character-roles-manivannan-passes-away/article4817104.ece|title=Master of character roles Manivannan passes away|first=Karthik|last=Subramanian|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 June 2013|access-date=1 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in July 2013|July]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''7'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Santo Krishnan]] (Krishnan Nair)''' || style="text-align:center;"| 92 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Actor]] || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''Mahaveera Bheeman'' • ''Thalaivar'' ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Veteran-actor-Santo-Krishnan-passes-away-cremation-today/2013/07/07/article1671796.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712013801/http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Veteran-actor-Santo-Krishnan-passes-away-cremation-today/2013/07/07/article1671796.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 July 2013 |title=Veteran actor Santo Krishnan passes away; cremation today |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=2013-07-07 |access-date=2013-12-14}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''8'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''Agasthiya Bharathi''' || style="text-align:center;"| 48 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Film director|Director]] || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Ninaivil Nindraval (2014 film)|Ninaivil Nindraval]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-s-ve-shekhar-announces-rs-1-lakh-for-late-director-agasthiya-bharathis-family-s-ve-shekha-agasthiya-bharathi-09-07-135184.htm|title=S Ve Shekhar announces Rs 1 lakh for late director Agasthiya Bharathi's family|website=tamilstar.com|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''9'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Rasu Madhuravan]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 44 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Film director|Director]] || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Poomagal Oorvalam]]'' • ''[[Pandi (film)|Pandi]]'' • ''[[Mayandi Kudumbathar]]'' • ''[[Goripalayam]]'' • ''[[Muthukku Muthaaga]]'' • ''[[Pandi Oli Perukki Nilayam]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/rasu-madhuravan-passed-away-tamil-news-95305|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924184052/http://www.indiaglitz.com/rasu-madhuravan-passed-away-tamil-news-95305|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|title=- Tamil Movie News - IndiaGlitz.com|website=indiaglitz.com|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''12'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[M. Bhaskar]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 78 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Film director|Director]] || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Bairavi]]'' • ''Theerpugal Dandikkapadalaam'' • ''Pournami Alaigal'' • ''[[Chakravarthy (1995 film)|Chakravarthy]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/mbhaskar-no-more-tamil-news-95471|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223202549/http://www.indiaglitz.com/mbhaskar-no-more-tamil-news-95471|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 December 2014|title=- Tamil Movie News - IndiaGlitz.com|website=indiaglitz.com|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''13'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''Akkineni Ravi Shankar Prasad''' || style="text-align:center;"| 58 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Film producer|Producer]] || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]'' • ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'' • ''[[Madha Gaja Raja]]''||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/lv-prasads-grandson-found-dead/article4912759.ece|title=L.V. Prasad's grandson found dead|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 July 2013|access-date=1 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''15'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"| '''[[M. K. Athmanathan]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 88 || style="text-align:center;"| Lyricist, music director || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Pudhaiyal]]'' • ''[[Nallavan Vazhvan]]'' • ''[[Nadodi Mannan]]'' • ''[[Vikramaadhithan]]'' • ''Malliga'' • ''Vijayapuri Veeran'' • ''[[Tenali Ramakrishna (film)|Tenali Raman]]'' • ''[[Thirudadhe]]'' • ''Malliya Mangalam'' • ''Naalu Veli Nilam''• ''Rattha Paasam'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-veteran-music-composer--lyricist-athmanathan-passes-away-lyricist-athmanathan-passes-away-tamil-cinema-news-16-07-135239.htm|title=Veteran music composer – lyricist Athmanathan passes away|website=tamilstar.com|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''18'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"| '''[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 81 || style="text-align:center;"| Lyricist, actor, writer || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Karpagam]]'' • ''[[Anbe Vaa (1966 film)|Anbe Vaa]]'' • ''[[Enga Veettu Pillai]]'' • ''[[Punnagai Mannan]]'' • ''[[Agni Natchathiram]]'' • ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' • ''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'' • ''[[Paarthale Paravasam]]'' • ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'' • ''[[Mankatha]]''• ''[[Maryan (film)|Maryan •]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Vaali-famous-Tamil-poet-and-lyricist-dies/articleshow/21144849.cms|title=Vaali, famous Tamil poet and lyricist, dies|newspaper=The Times of India|date=18 July 2013 |access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''23'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"| '''[[Manjula Vijayakumar]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 59 || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Shanti Nilayam]]'' • ''[[Rickshawkaran]]'' • ''[[Ulagam Sutrum Valiban]]'' • ''[[Netru Indru Naalai (1974 film)|Netru Indru Naalai]]'' • ''[[Anbe Aaruyire (1975 film)|Anbe Aaruyire]]'' • ''[[Cheran Pandiyan]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/yesteryear-actor-manjula-dead/article4944754.ece|title=Yesteryear actor Manjula dead|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 July 2013|access-date=1 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in August 2013|August]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''19'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Periyar Dasan]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 63 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Actor]] || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Karuththamma]]'' • ''[[Kadhalar Dhinam]]'' • ''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' • ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]'' ||{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}
|-
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in October 2013|October]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''9'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Srihari]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 49 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Actor]] || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)|Vettaikkaaran]]'' • ''[[Markandeyan]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in November 2013|November]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''8'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Chitti Babu (actor)|Chitti Babu]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 49 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Actor]] || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Five Star (film)|Five Star]]'' • ''[[Dhool]]'' • ''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]'' • ''[[Dindigul Sarathy]]'' ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''17'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Thideer Kannaiah]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 76 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Actor]] || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Aval Oru Thodar Kathai]]'' • ''[[Apoorva Raagangal]]'' • ''Kannaathaal'' • ''[[Pokkiri]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/15542/cinema/Kollywood/Actor-Thideer-Kannaiah-Passes-away.htm |title=Actor Thideer Kannaiah Passes away|language=ta|publisher=[[Dinamalar]] |date=2013-11-17 |access-date=2013-12-14}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''30'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Raguram]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 64 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Choreographer]] || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/dance-choreographer-raghuram-passes-away.html |title=Dance choreographer Raghuram passes away |website=Behindwoods |date=2013-11-30 |access-date=2013-12-14}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in December 2013|December]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''11'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Master Sridhar]]''' || style="text-align:center;"| 60 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Actor]] || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Kandan Karunai]]'' • ''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'' • ''[[Kurathi Magan]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news|author=S. Shivpprasadh |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/versatile-talent/article5451454.ece |title=Versatile talent |work=The Hindu |date=2013-12-12 |access-date=2013-12-25}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''20'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''Karumari Kandhasamy''' || style="text-align:center;"| 73 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Film producer|Producer]] || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Karagattakaran]]'' • ''[[Villu Pattukaran]]'' • ''[[Ellam Avan Seyal]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaivision.com/news/2013/62319.php |title=Veteran producer passes away |publisher=Chennaivision.com |access-date=2013-12-25}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''25'' || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Kullamani]]'''|| style="text-align:center;"| 61 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Actor]] || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"|''[[Nawab Naarkali]]'' • ''[[Billa (1980 film)|Billa]]'' • ''[[Karagattakaran]]'' • ''[[Thoranai]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news|author=Express News Service – CHENNAI|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Kullamani-Passes-Away/2013/12/26/article1965703.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228233008/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Kullamani-Passes-Away/2013/12/26/article1965703.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 December 2013|title=Kullamani Passes Away|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=2013-12-26}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tamil cinema}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{2013 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Tamil films by year|2013]]
[[Category:2013 in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:Lists of 2013 films by language|Tamil]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films| ]]

Thalavara

2026-03-08T06:54:27Z

Averma: creating new data

{{Short description|2025 Indian-Malayalam language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thalavara
| image = Thalavara Film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Akhil Anilkumar
| writer = {{ubl|Akhil Anilkumar|Appu Aslam}}
| story = Akhil Anilkumar
| producer = {{ubl|Shebin Backer|[[Mahesh Narayanan]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Arjun Ashokan]]|Revathy Sarma}}
| cinematography = Anurudh Aneesh
| editing = Rahul Radhakrishnan
| music = {{ubl|Electronic Kili|Vijay Anand}}
| studio = {{ubl|Shebin Backer Productions|Moving Narratives}}
| distributor = Central Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2025|08|22|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam, Tamil
| budget =
| gross = 
}}
'''''Thalavara''''' ({{Translation|Fate line}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[coming of age]] [[drama film]] directed by Akhil Anilkumar and written by Akhil Anilkumar and Appu Aslam. The film stars [[Arjun Ashokan]] and Revathy Sarma in the lead roles. It is produced by Shebin Backer under Shebin Backer Productions and [[Mahesh Narayanan]] under his banner Moving Narratives. Anurudh Aneesh handles the cinematography and Rahul Radhakrishnan edits the film. Electronic Kili composes the songs and background score.

''Thalavara'' was released in India by Central Pictures on 22 August 2025. It received critical acclaim from critics.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Arjun Ashokan]] as Jyothish (Panda)
* Revathy Sarma as Sandhya
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Kannappan, Jyothish's and Jyothi's father
* [[Shebin Benson]]
* [[Devadarshini]] as Asha, Jyothish and Jyothi's mother
* Sarath Sabha as Ganesh aka double
* Athira Mariyam as Jyothi, Jyothish's sister
* [[Abhiram Radhakrishnan]] as Shine
* [[Prasant Murali]] as Vinayak Raj
* Sam Mohan as Vimal
* Harish Kumar
* [[Sohan Seenulal]]
* [[Shaju Sreedhar]] as Sandhya's father
* Vishnu Reghu as Sudheesh
* Muhammad Rafi as Kilavan
* Manoj Moses as Minnal
* Aswath Lal
* Amith Mohan Rajeswari as Navaneeth
* [[Nazrudeen Valiyaveettil|Naseer]] as Police Officer
}}

==Production==
[[Principal photography]] began on 3 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-10 |title=Arjun Ashokan teams up with 'Archana 31 Not Out' director Akhil Anilkumar for his next |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/arjun-ashokan-teams-up-with-archana-31-not-out-director-akhil-anilkumar-for-his-next/article67935278.ece |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Arjun Ashokan's next project commences shooting |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Jun/04/arjun-ashokans-next-project-commences-shooting |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Panikker |first=Rohit |date=2024-06-04 |title=Arjun Ashokan's New Film With Akhil Anilkumar Begins Shoot |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/arjun-ashokans-new-film-with-akhil-anilkumar-begins-shoot-article-110694633 |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> The filming wrapped on 24 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-11-25 |title=It's a wrap for Arjun Ashokan's next helmed by Akhil Anilkumar |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Nov/25/its-a-wrap-for-arjun-ashokans-next-helmed-by-akhil-anilkumar |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Thalavara
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = {{ubl|Electronic Kili|Vijayanand}}
| cover =
| alt =
| caption =
| released = 2025
| recorded = 2024
| venue =
| studio = {{ubl|SKR Studios, [[Ernakulam|EKM]]|Pop Media House, EKM}}
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|16:08}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Think Music]]
}}
The soundtrack album of the film is composed by Electronic Kili and Vijay Anand. [[Think Music]] procured the audio rights of the soundtrack. The first single ''Kand Kand'' was released on 30 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=First song from Arjun Ashokan's 'Thalavara' out: 'Kandu Kandu Poochendu...' strikes a romantic chord |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/arjun-ashokan-thalavara-new-song-release-t3liqwb3 |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref> The second single ''Ilakozhiye'' was released on 9 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-10 |title='Ilakozhiye' lyric video from Thalavara offers glimpse into Arjun Ashokan and Revathy Sharma's romance |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Aug/10/ilakozhiye-lyric-video-from-thalavara-offers-glimpse-into-arjun-ashokan-and-revathy-sharmas-romance |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The third single ''Nila Nila'' teaser was released on 17 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-18 |title=Song teaser of Arjun Ashokan-starrer 'Thalavara' out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/arjun-ashokan-starrer-thalavara-akhil-anilkumar-mahesh-narayanan-malayalam-movie/article69946587.ece |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 16:08
| title1 = Maare Maare
| extra1 = Vishnu Das, Electronic Kili & Vijayanand
| lyrics1 = Titto P Thankachen
| music1 = Electronic Kili & Vishnu Das
| length1 = 02:34
| title2 = Nila Nila
| extra2 = [[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]]
| lyrics2 = Titto P Thankachen
| music2 = Vijayanand
| length2 = 02:34
| title3 = Kand Kand
| extra3 = [[Manikandan Ayyappa]] & Electronic Kili
| lyrics3 = Muthu
| music3 = Electronic Kili
| length3 = 02:34
| title4 = Ilakozhiye
| extra4 = Rakhoo, Sai Prabha
| lyrics4 = Muthu
| music4 = Electronic Kili
| length4 = 03:48
| title5 = Kayamboo
| extra5 = Vijayanand & Dhaliya Navas
| lyrics5 = Muthu
| music5 = Electronic Kili
| length5 = 02:48
| title6 = Swargathil Ethi
| extra6 = Electronic Kilil
| lyrics6 = Muthu
| music6 = Electronic Kili
| length6 = 02:32
}}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
''Thalavara'' is released on 22 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-13 |title=Arjun Ashokan starrer 'Thalavara' to hit theatres on 22 August |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/arjun-ashokan-thalavara-movie-release-august-22-yuj9j1jb |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-13 |title=Arjun Ashokan-starrer Thalavara gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Aug/13/arjun-ashokan-starrer-thalavara-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-12 |title=Arjun Ashokan's film promises to be a heartfelt drama centred on a man with vitiligo |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Aug/12/thalavara-teaser-arjun-ashokans-film-promises-to-be-a-heartfelt-drama-centred-on-a-man-with-vitiligo |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

===Distribution===
Central Pictures distributed the film in India.

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''Thalavara'' received critical acclaim from both audience and critics.

Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' gave 4/5 stars and wrote "Thalavara is one of the rare films that manages to be sweet without overwhelming us with its saccharine nature. A fresh, contemporary take on Beauty and the Beast, Thalavara is an unconventional hero's journey, or rather, the unconventional journey to becoming a hero who trumps conventions."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=2025-08-22 |title=A warm hug of a film anchored by Arjun Ashokan's genuinely moving performance |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2025/08/22/thalavara-review-a-warm-hug-of-a-film-anchored-by-arjun-ashokans-genuinely-moving-performance.html |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref> Shilpa Nair Anand of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "''Thalavara'' tugs at the heartstrings in unexpected little ways, gives hope, and, by the end of the film, leaves you a little teary-eyed."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair Anand |first=Shilpa |date=2025-08-22 |title=Arjun Ashokan shines in an endearing story told with honesty |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalavara-movie-review-arjun-ashokan-akhil-anilkumar-malayalam-movie-vitiligo-mahesh-narayanan/article69964406.ece |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Vivek Santhosh of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 3.5/5 and wrote, "An earnest, family-friendly underdog drama elevated by Arjun Ashokan’s career-best performance as a man with vitiligo and Akhil Anilkumar’s sincere storytelling."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-08-22 |title=A heartwarming portrait of courage in the face of judgement |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2025/Aug/22/thalavara-movie-review-a-heartwarming-portrait-of-courage-in-the-face-of-judgement |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Gopika I. S. of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 and wrote, "''Thalavara'' is a slice-of-life film that explores personal growth, overcoming shame, building self-esteem, and more."<ref>{{Cite web |last=I. S. |first=Gopika |date=2025-08-23 |title=A film that exposes everyday cruelty through one man's journey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/thalavara/movie-review/123465755.cms |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2020s coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language drama films]]

Suryaa: An Awakening

2026-03-03T23:47:44Z

Averma: reworked article per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Suryaa: An Awakening
| image = Suryaa An Awakening.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Esmayeel Shroff]]
| producer = Vijay P. Mehta
| writer =
| starring = [[Raaj Kumar]] [[Vinod Khanna]] [[Bhanupriya]] [[Raj Babbar]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = Russi Billimoria
| editing = A. R. Rajendran
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1989|02|10|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
}}

'''''Suryaa: An Awakening''''' (Hindi: '''''सूर्या: एक जागृति''''', pronounced ''Soorya: Ek Jaagrti'') is a 1989 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Esmayeel Shroff]]. The film stars [[Raaj Kumar]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Bhanupriya]], [[Raj Babbar]] in lead roles. It was a financial success.

==Plot==
In the small community of Sargaon (Shikarpur) in rural India, Pt. Gangadhar Choudhary rules with an iron fist, forbidding anyone from speaking out against him. He owns most of the land surrounding his palatial home, save for a small patch of land owned by Veer Singh.

One day, he summons Veer to his house and offers to buy his land for a substantial sum of money, but Veer refuses. Pt. Gangadhar has him killed. Veer's wife then dies of shock, leaving behind their son, Suraj, to be brought up by a kindly widow called Mrs. Salma Khan.

Many years later, following a successful military career, Suraj returns to his home village to avenge his parents' death.Suraj later avenges his father's death.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Raaj Kumar]] as Collector Rajpal Chauhan
* [[Vinod Khanna]] as Suraj Singh "Suryaa"
* [[Bhanupriya]] as Shanno
* [[Raj Babbar]] as Inspector Iqbal Khan
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Ratan Chaudhary
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Gangadhar Chaudhary
* [[Sushma Seth]] as Salma Khan
* [[Alok Nath|Aloknath]] as Veer Singh
* [[Sudhir Dalvi]] as Army Senior Officer Mohan
* [[Johnny Lever]] as Jani
* [[Salim Ghouse]] as Ramu Gulzar
* [[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]] as Ramu's Mother
* [[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Bank Manager
* [[Rajesh Puri]] as Gangadhar's Munim
*[[Smita Talwalkar]] as Gangadhar Chaudhary's Wife (Guest Role)
{{div col end}}

==Music==

The music was composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]], with the lyrics being penned by [[Santosh Anand]].

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Aayega Suryaa"
| [[Mohammed Aziz]]
|-
| "Aa Bhagwan Ke Ghar Aa"
| [[Mohammed Aziz]]
|-
| "Maine Tujhse Pyar Kiya Hai, Is Mein Meri Khata Nahin"
| [[Mohammed Aziz]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| "Pyar Kahe Banaya"
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| "Allam Gallam Sajna, Main Kuch Kar Jaungi"
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Uttara Kelkar]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0360051|title=Suryaa: An Awakening}}

[[Category:1989 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Director Award (Hindi)

2026-03-03T02:16:07Z

Averma: created the bio needs work

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{one source|date=March 2026}}
This article presents a list of the winners of the Best Director Award given by [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association]] and the films for which they won.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|- bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year || Director || Film
|-
| 2007 ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2006 ||
|-
| 2005 ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2004 ||
|-
| 2003 ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2002 ||
|-
| 2001 ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2000 ||
|-
| 1999 ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1998 || ||
|-
| 1997 ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1996 || [[Govind Nihalani]] || [[Droh Kaal]]
|-
| 1995 ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1994 || ||
|-
| 1993 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1992 ||
|-
| 1991 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1990 || ||
|-
| 1989 ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1988 ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1975 || [[Shyam Benegal]] || [[Ankur (film)|Ankur]]
|-
| 1971 || [[Raj Kapoor]] || [[Mera Naam Joker]]
|-
| 1965 || [[Raj Kapoor]]<ref>{{cite news |title=BFJA Awards (1965) |url=http://www.gomolo.com/7/bfja-awards-awards-1965 |publisher=Gomolo.com |accessdate=14 June 2013 |archive-date=13 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113141241/http://www.gomolo.com/7/bfja-awards-awards-1965 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || [[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]]
|-
| 1964 || [[Bimal Roy]] || [[Bandini (film)|Bandini]]
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1963 || [[Abrar Alvi]] || Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam
|-
| 1962 || Nitin Bose || Ganga Jamuna
|-
| 1961 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1960 || ||
|-
| 1959 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1958 || ||
|-
| 1957 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1956 || ||
|-
| 1955 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1954 || ||
|-
| 1953 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1952 || ||
|-
| 1951 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1950 || ||
|-
| 1949 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1948 || ||
|-
| 1947 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1946 || [[V. Shantaram]] || [[Parvat Pe Apna Dera]]
|-
| 1945 || [[Gajanan Jagirdar]] || Ramshastri
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1944 || ||
|-
|1943 || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1942 || V. Shataram || [[Padosi]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==

* [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

==External links==
* {{Cite web |title=69th & 70th Annual Hero Honda BFJA Awards 2007 |url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229010408/http://www.bfjaawards.com/ |archive-date=2008-02-29 |website=bfjaawards.com}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengal Film Journalists' Association - Best Director Award (Hindi)}}
[[Category:Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|Best Director]]

Jalna, Maharashtra

2026-02-28T02:39:47Z

Averma: corrected content additionally and corrected details

{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jalna
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nicknames = City of Steel, Seed Capital of India
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| space = 2
| total_width = 275
| perrow = 1/2/1
| image1 =
| image2 =
| image3 =
| image4 =
| image5 =
| image6 =
| footer_align = center
| footer = ''From top, then left to right'':
[[Kali Masjid, Jalna|Kali Masjid]], [[Jalna railway station]], Cannon at [[Jalna Fort]]
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 6
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Jalna in Maharashtra
| coordinates = {{coord|19.8410|N|75.8864|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = [[Jan Muhammad of Jalna|Janullah Shah Baba (Miya Sahab)]] / Jalaha (Weaver)
| government_type = [[Municipal governance in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Jalna City Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = Superintendent of Police
| leader_name = Shri. Ajaykumar Bansal (IPS)
| leader_title1 = [[Member of parliament|MP]]
| leader_name1 = [[Kalyan Kale]] [[File:Indian_National_Congress_hand_logo.svg|20px]]
| leader_title2 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name2 = [[Arjun Khotkar]] [[File:Logo_of_Shiv_Sena.svg|20px]]
| leader_title3 = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name3 = Vandana Magre [[File:Logo_of_the_Bharatiya_Janata_Party.svg|20px]]
| leader_title4 = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader_name4 = Rajesh Raut [[File:Logo_of_the_Bharatiya_Janata_Party.svg|20px]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook – Jalna |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2718_PART_B_DCHB_JALNA.pdf |date=2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114113007/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2718_PART_B_DCHB_JALNA.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2019 |page=22 |website=Census of India |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner |access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 81.6
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="geo">{{cite web|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Jalna, India|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Jalna.html|website=fallingrain.com|access-date=8 April 2017}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 508
| population_total = 393000
| population_as_of = 2023
| population_rank = 127 in India
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Jalnekar, Jalnavi
| population_footnotes =
| demographics =
| blank_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank_info = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=29 March 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 431203, 431213
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02482
| registration_plate = MH-21
| website = {{URL|https://jalna.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jalna''' {{audio|Jalna.ogg|pronunciation}} is a city in [[Jalna district]], in the [[Aurangabad Division]], or [[Marathwada]] region, of the [[Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="census" /> It was part of [[Hyderabad State]] as a [[tehsil]] of [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]], before Jalna district was formed effective 1 May 1981.<ref>[https://www.newsclick.in/maharashtras-jalna-steel-industry-trapped-overall-market-slowdown Maharashtra's Jalna is one of the biggest hubs of steel industry in Central India.]</ref> Jalna became Maharashtra's 29th Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jalna, steel and mosambi hub, becomes Maha's 29th Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1078448 |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=daijiworld.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-17 |title=Maha: Jalna municipal council to become 29th corporation |url=https://urbanupdate.in/maha-jalna-municipal-council-to-become-29th-corporation/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Urban Update}}</ref>

== History ==
Jalna (formerly Jalnapur) is one example. Like [[Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar]]'s predecessor, Khirki, prior to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] conquests Jalna had been ruled by the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Nizam Shahs]] of Ahilyanagar, during whose reign their governor Jamshid Khan built a mosque [[Kali Masjid, Jalna|Kali Masjid]], travellers' sara’i, and a reservoir in around 1557.<ref name="Nile Green">{{Cite book |title=Making Space: Sufis and Settlers in Early Modern India |publisher=Nile Green |year=2012 |isbn=9780198077961 |location=New Delhi, India |page=154}}</ref> The town was
taken by the Mughals during the reign of [[Akbar]], and during the reigns of
[[Aurangzeb]] and [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizam al-Mulk]], it saw numerous improvements to its civic and military infrastructure, its fort ([[Jalna Fort]] or Mastgad) being constructed in 1725 in response to Maratha incursions.<ref name="Nile Green"/>
Jalna is home to many religions and people from different backgrounds. One of the main religions being Hinduism, there is also a large Muslim population. The other religions in Jalna include Buddhism, Jainism and Christianity.

== Geography ==
Jalna is located at {{Coord|19.8410|N|75.8864|E|}}. It has an average elevation of {{Convert|508|m|abbr=on}}, on the banks of the Kundalika River.<ref name="geo" />

== Climate ==
{{Weather box
|width = fix
|location = Jalna
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 29
|Feb high C = 32
|Mar high C = 36
|Apr high C = 39
|May high C = 39
|Jun high C = 34
|Jul high C = 30
|Aug high C = 29
|Sep high C = 30
|Oct high C = 32
|Nov high C = 30
|Dec high C = 29
|Jan low C = 10
|Feb low C = 14
|Mar low C = 19
|Apr low C = 23
|May low C = 25
|Jun low C = 24
|Jul low C = 22
|Aug low C = 22
|Sep low C = 21
|Oct low C = 19
|Nov low C = 15
|Dec low C = 12
|Jan precipitation mm = 1.8
|Feb precipitation mm = 1.1
|Mar precipitation mm = 6.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 3.1
|May precipitation mm = 28.6
|Jun precipitation mm = 150.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 152.5
|Aug precipitation mm = 182.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 156.8
|Oct precipitation mm = 75.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 13
|Dec precipitation mm = 12.5
|source = [http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Jalna-weather-averages/Maharashtra/IN.aspx Jalna Weather]
|date = June 2012
}}Jalna has been ranked 33rd best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 3 population under 3 lakhs cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
===Religion===
As of the 2011 [[Census of India|census]], Jalna had a population of 285,577. The total population constitute, 147,029 males and 138,485 females —a sex ratio of 942 females per 1000 males. 38,834 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 20,338 are boys and 18,496 are girls. The average literacy rate stands at 81.80% with 201,829 literates.<ref name="census" />
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Jalna
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|60.73}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|27.34}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhists]]|blue|6.75}}
{{bar percent|[[Christians]]|yellow|2.81}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jains]]|pink|1.67}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.05}}
|caption=Distribution of religions 
†Includes [[Sikhs]] (0.2%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (<0.2%).
}}

== Economy ==

In 1889 a [[Cotton mill|cotton-spinning and weaving mill]] was erected in [[Aurangabad]] city, which employed 700 people. With the opening of the [[Hyderabad–Godavari Valley Railways]] in the year 1900, several ginning factories were started. In Jalna alone, there were 9 cotton-ginning factories and 5 cotton presses, besides two ginning factories at Aurangabad and [[Kannad]], and one oil press at Aurangabad. The total number of people employed in the cotton presses and ginning factories in the year 1901 was 1,016.<ref name=Khan1909>{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Mirza Mehdy |title=Hyderabad |series=Imperial Gazetteer of India |year=1909 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Government Printing Press}}</ref>

== Transport ==
Jalna is primarily connected with the rest of India by railway and road.

===Air===
[[Aurangabad Airport]] is the closest airport to Jalna, it is about {{convert|55|km}} away from Jalna city center, about one hour travel time by road.

===High speed rail===
Jalna is going to be an important station in the middle of the bullet train project proposed between [[Mumbai]] and [[Nagpur]]. Jalna is going to get a boost of high speed transport connectivity.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/ngp-mum-bullet-train-dpr-to-be-ready-by-feb-end-danve/articleshow/89533877.cms|title=Mumbai-Nagpur Bullet Train Project: Overview|newspaper=The Times of India |date = 13 February 2022}}</ref>

=== Rail ===
{{stnlnk|Jalna}} is a station located on the [[Secunderabad–Manmad line]] of the newly created Nanded Division of [[South Central Railway]]. Formerly, it had been a part of [[Hyderabad railway division|Hyderabad Division]], before divisional adjustments in 2003, which saw HYB's bifurcation.

=== Road ===
Jalna is connected to major towns of the state by state highways. Road connectivity is excellent, roads connecting to [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Pune]], [[Ahmednagar]], [[Nagpur]], [[Nanded]], [[Parbhani]], [[Beed]], [[Khamgaon]], [[Jalgaon]] and [[Mumbai]] having been widened to four-lane highways. The new [[Mumbai-Nagpur Expressway]] (Samruddhi Mahamarg) passes through Jalna. The proposed [[Jalna-Nanded Expressway]] is also an important corridor that connects the rest of the [[Marathwada]] cities like [[Parbhani]] and [[Nanded]] to the Samruddhi Mahamarg.

=== Dry port ===
Recently, a [[Jalna Dry Port|new dry port project]] has been set up in the MIDC Phase 3 area near the city. This is the first [[dry port]] project in the country. A similar, smaller project is also in progress in [[Wardha]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dry port near Jalna to be ready by end of 2021: Danve |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/dry-port-near-jalna-to-be-ready-by-end-of-2021-danve/articleshow/80912373.cms |date=15 February 2021 |newspaper=The Times of India |agency=TNN |access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>
*

== Notable people ==
* [[Kailas Gorantyal]] Indian politician and (MLA) Member of the Legislative Assembly Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Representatives {{!}} District Jalna, Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India |url=https://jalna.gov.in/en/about-district/public-representatives/ |access-date=2023-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jalna (Maharashtra) Assembly Election Results 2022: Candidate List, Winner, Runner-Up, Latest News and Updates, Videos, Photos |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/jalna-election-results-in-maharashtra/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
* [[Arjun Khotkar]] Indian politician and Ex Minister of Maharashtra State.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-30 |title=Sena leader Arjun Khotkar joins Shinde camp, says 'compelled by circumstances'|work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sena-leader-arjun-khotkar-joins-shinde-camp-says-compelled-by-circumstances/article65702913.ece |access-date=2023-08-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Saif Tyabji]] was a [[solicitor]], [[mathematician]], an [[educationist]] & [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Jalna Lok Sabha constituency]].
* [[Kalyan Kale]] Indian politician and (MP) Member of Parliament from JALNA

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Jalna Dry Port]]
* [[Jalna Fort]]
* [[Jalna-Nanded Expressway]]
* [[Kali Masjid, Jalna]]
* [[Marathwada]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Jalna}}
* [http://www.jalnaonline.in/city-guide/about-jalna Jalna Online at India Online Network]

{{NSEW|[[Buldhana]]|[[Beed]] |[[Parbhani]]|[[Aurangabad]]||||}}
{{Jalna district topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jalna (City)}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Jalna district]]
[[Category:Cities in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Jalna, Maharashtra]]

Nag champa

2026-02-27T16:09:14Z

Averma: Put Up New Details...

{{Short description|Fragrance from India}}
{{For|the Common song|Like Water for Chocolate (album)}}
[[File:Nag Champa brands.jpg|300px|thumbnail|Various examples of nag champa [[incense]]]]

'''Nag champa''' is a commercial fragrance of [[India]]n origin. It is made from a combination of [[sandalwood]] and either [[magnolia champaca|champak]]<ref name="Rosebird">{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=O6y58n263fEC&pg=PA67|page=67|title=Four Seasons of Mojo: An Herbal Guide to Natural Living|last=Bird|first=Stephanie Rose|publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide|date= 2006|isbn=9780738706283}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LCcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT41|page=41|title=The Essential Guide to Aromatherapy and Vibrational Healing|last=Lembo|first=Margaret Ann|publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide|date= 2006|isbn=9780738747781}}</ref> or [[plumeria|frangipani]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Prower|first=Tomás|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECSLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT99|title=La Santa Muerte|date=1 Oct 2015|publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide|page=99|isbn = 9780738745510}}</ref> When frangipani is used, the fragrance is usually referred to simply as ''champa''.<ref name="Pagan">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XesMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA232|page=232|title=To Walk a Pagan Path|last=Albertsson|publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide|date= 8 November 2013|isbn=9780738739229|first=Alaric}}</ref>

Nag champa is commonly used in [[incense]], soap, perfume oil, candles, wax melts, and personal toiletries.<ref name="Indian"/> It is a popular and recognizable incense fragrance.<ref name="Pagan"/><ref name="equinox">{{cite web|url=https://naturalscents.net/incense/nag-champa-incense-sticks-34|title=Nag Champa Ingredients|access-date=2021-11-07|archive-date=2021-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107033309/https://naturalscents.net/incense/nag-champa-incense-sticks-34|url-status=dead|website=Natural Scents}}</ref>

== Composition ==
A number of flower species in India are known as ''champa'' or ''champak'':<ref name="Robert_1999">{{cite book |last=Beer |first=Robert |title=The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IvrAAAAMAAJ&q=Mesua+ferrea |year=1999 |publisher=Serindia |page=50 |isbn=9780906026489}}</ref>

* ''[[Magnolia champaca]]'', formerly classified as ''Michelia champaca'' (swarna champa or yellow champa)
* ''[[Plumeria rubra]]'' (frangipani)
* ''[[Mesua ferrea]]'' (nagkeshar or nagchampa)

Of these, ''Magnolia champaca'' is mostly used to prepare the nag champa scent,<ref name="equinox"/><ref name="Stephanie_2006">{{cite book |last=Bird |first=Stephanie Rose |title=Four Seasons of Mojo: An Herbal Guide to Natural Living |url=https://archive.org/details/fourseasonsofmoj0000bird |url-access=registration |year=2006 |publisher=Llewellyn |isbn=978-0-7387-0628-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fourseasonsofmoj0000bird/page/67 67] }}</ref> while ''Plumeria'' or ''Mesua ferrea'' may be used for scents termed ''champa'' and sometimes ''nag champa''.<ref name="Robert_1999"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Whitehurst |first=Tess |title=The Magic of Flowers: A Guide to Their Metaphysical Uses & Properties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8cVe2KEbyDIC&pg=PA295 |year=2013 |publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide |isbn=978-0-7387-3194-0 |pages=295–}}</ref>

Nag champa perfume ingredients vary with the manufacturer, though generally they include sandalwood and magnolia,<ref name=Rosebird/> which, as the plant is related to star anise, gives the scent a little spice. Other ingredients will depend on the finished product. Perfume-dipped incenses and soaps would use essential and/or fragrance oils or scents, while masala incenses might use finely ground fragrant ingredients and/or oils.<ref name="Indian">{{cite book|title= Indian plant perfumes|page=107|last=Mahindru|first=Som Nath|publisher=Metropolitan|date= 1992}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category inline|Nag Champa}}

[[Category:Incense material]]
[[Category:Incense in India]]
[[Category:Perfume ingredients]]

Sunyatphaa

2026-02-27T09:59:06Z

Averma: basic rework information for consistency and improved wording

{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sunyatphaa
| title = [[Chao Pha|Chaopha]] Swargadeo of [[Ahom Kingdom]]
| image = File:Siu-nyut-pha coin.jpg
| spouse =
| issue = Kalia Gohain
| full name = Swargadeo Udayaditya Singha
| religion = [[Ahom religion]] [[Hinduism]]
| successor = [[Suklamphaa]]
| birth_name = Maju Gohain
| birth_place = [[Ahom kingdom]]
| death_date = {{Circa|1672}}
| death_place = [[Charaideo]], [[Ahom kingdom]]
| dynasty = [[Ahom dynasty]]
| house = Charingia
| father = Namrupia Raja
| succession = [[Ahom dynasty|Ahom King]]
| reign = 1670 CE to 1672 CE
| predecessor = [[Supangmung]]
}}
{{Ahom Dynasty}}
'''Sunyatphaa''' also '''Udayaditya Singha''' was the king of [[Ahom Kingdom]] from 1670 CE to 1672 CE. After his elder brother Swargadeo [[Supangmung|Chakradhwaj Singha]] died in the middle of Ahom-Mughal war, Udayaditya Singha succeeded to the throne. His reign witnessed the end of Ahom-Mughal war, which started during the reign of [[Supangmung|Chakradhwaj Singha]], when the Mughal army led by Rajput prince, [[Ram Singh I]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]], was decisively defeated by the Ahom forces led by Ahom commander [[Lachit Borphukan]] in the [[Battle of Saraighat]]. The later part of his reign was characterized by the failure of military expedition against the Dafala tribes and the influence of Paramananda Sannyasi, a saintly figure from Brindaban, over Udayaditya Singha. Udayaditya's over exerted devotion towards Paramananda Sanyasi, aroused dissatisfaction among the nobles, which ultimately caused his deposition and execution. His reign was followed by a series of political anarchy and internal disturbances in the [[Ahom kingdom]] which continued till the accession of [[Supaatphaa|Gadadhar Singha]] in 1681 CE.

==Ancestry and early life==
Udayaditya Singha was the second son of ''Namrupia Raja'', the grandson of ''Sureng Deoraja'',<ref>The ''Deoraja'' (as called by the Hindus) was the second son of Suhungmung who is named as either ''Sureng'' or ''Suleng'' in the Buranjis and as ''Phichao'' in the Deodhai's manuscripts. He was the Charing Raja under Suhungmung and the Tipam Raja under Suklenmung. {{harv|Gogoi|1968|p=321}}</ref> great grandson of Ahom king [[Suhungmung]]. His grandfather Sureng Deo Raja was the founder of the ''Charingia'' branch of Royal [[Ahom Dynasty]].<ref>{{harv|Barbaruah|1981|p=46}}</ref> Sureng Deo Raja was a valliant warrior, who fought many battles in military expedition against [[Chutiya Kingdom]] and [[Kachari kingdom]] during the reign of his father [[Suhungmung]].<ref>{{harv|Barbaruah|1981|pp=49–51}}</ref> He also fought against the invading forces of [[Koch kingdom]] led by [[Chilarai]] during the reign of his elder brother [[Suklenmung]] and his nephew [[Sukhaamphaa]].<ref>{{harv|Barbaruah|1981|p=68}}</ref> The early name of Udayaditya Singha was ''Maju Gohain''. When his elder brother [[Supangmung|Chakradhwaj Singha]] ascended the throne, Maju Gohain was appointed as Charingia Raja, a post usually held by the heir apparent to the throne.<ref name=":0">{{harv|Gogoi|1968|p=470}}</ref>

==Accession==
Swargadeo [[Supangmung|Chakradhwaj Singha]] died of dropsy in April 1670 CE.<ref name="Bhuyan 1957 76">{{harv|Bhuyan|1957|p=76}}</ref> The heir apparent to the throne, Maju Gohain was proclaimed as the king of [[Ahom Kingdom]]. The Hindu priests and Brahmins named him as '''Swargadeo Udayaditya Singha''', while the Tai-Ahom priests conferred on him the title '''Sunyatphaa'''.<ref>{{harv|Gait|1926|p=156}}</ref> He took as his queen the chief queen of his deceased brother.<ref name=":0" />

==Reign==

===War with the Mughals===
Udayaditya Singha ascended the throne at a time when the Ahom-Mughal war that started during the reign of his elder brother Swargadeo [[Supangmung|Chakradhwaj Singha]] was at its climax. The Mughal army led by the Prince [[Ram Singh I]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]] was desperately trying to conquer the military outpost of [[Guwahati]], while the Ahom forces led by [[Lachit Borphukan]] and [[Atan Burhagohain]] was bravely defending it against all odds. [[Ram Singh I]] sent a proposal to the [[Lachit Borphukan]], that if the Ahoms surrender the garrison of [[Guwahati]] in favour of [[Mughals]], he gave his word that the Mughals will respect the boundary of Ahom kingdom which was set according to the treaty of Asura Ali in 1639 CE.<ref name="Gait 1926 157">{{harv|Gait|1926|p=157}}</ref> The long continuance of hostilities without any decisive result produced some discontent in the Ahom camp. The demand of [[Ram Singh I]] thus, received a more encouraging response from [[Lachit Borphukan]] and his lieutenants.<ref>{{harv|Bhuyan|1957|p=112}}</ref> The proposal was sent to Swargadeo Udayaditya Singha for final decision. The king held consultation with all the nobles. While most of them are in favour of the proposal, the Prime Minister of [[Ahom kingdom]], [[Atan Burhagohain]] opposed this proposal stating that the resistance which they had offered to the enemy and which caused such loss of men and provisions was absolutely meaningless if it was followed by their voluntary surrender of [[Guwahati]]. He also characterized the promises made by [[Ram Singh I]] as a ''highway made of ashes'' as they might not be accepted by the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], or by the next Mughal commander who will succeed [[Ram Singh I]]. [[Swargadeo]] Udayaditya Singha confirmed the views of the Premier [[Atan Burhagohain]] and directed the commanders to bring the war to a victorious conclusion.<ref name="Bhuyan 1957 76"/>

When the Ahom rejected the proposal of [[Ram Singh I]], the latter in desperation commanded a contingent of his cavalry to cross the [[Brahmaputra]] in boats and enter the plains of [[Guwahati]] by breaking through the opening at the ''Andharubali'' rampart.<ref name="Bhuyan 1957 77">{{harv|Bhuyan|1957|p=77}}</ref> The Ahom commander [[Lachit Borphukan]] was seriously ill at that time and the Ahom army was demoralized by the absence of their general. On the sight of Mughal boats sailing towards [[Guwahati]], the Ahom forces began to retreat without any fight. When the general [[Lachit Borphukan]] learnt about this he himself came to the battle scene and boarded his boat accompanied by six other war vessel and rushed towards the enemy with his seven boats. The appearance of [[Lachit Borphukan]] filled the soldiers with enthusiasm and courage. The retreating Ahom army and fleet joined their general and fell upon the invading Mughal forces. The Ahom war vessels entered into the thick of Mughal fleet and in the fight that ensued, the Mughals were completely defeated and the Ahoms gained a decisive victory. This battle is known in the history as the [[Battle of Saraighat]], which occurred in the middle of March, 1671 CE. The Mughal forces were chased till [[Manas River]] and the Ahoms retained their possessions of [[Guwahati]] and [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]].<ref name="Bhuyan 1957 77"/> '''Hadira''', opposite [[Goalpara]], now became the [[Ahom kingdom]]'s western frontier outpost. Swargadeo Udayaditya Singha was overjoyed by this victory and he offered handsome rewards to all the generals of the victorious Ahom army. For their support and services rendered to Ahom forces in driving out the Mughal invaders, the Koch princes, '''Chandra Narayan''', son of Mahendra Narayan, grandson of Bali Narayan, was installed as tributary ruler of [[Darrang district|Darrang]], and '''Gandharva Narayan''', was installed as the tributary ruler of [[Beltola]].<ref name="Gait 1926 157"/> Unfortunately [[Lachit Borphukan]] who was in high fever during the battle against Mughals died soon after his memorable triumph at Saraighat. His elder brother '''Laluk Sola''' was appointed as the new [[Borphukan]] at [[Guwahati]].<ref>{{harv|Bhuyan|1957|p=78}}</ref> Most of the prominent nobles like Atan [[Burhagohain]] remained in [[Guwahati]] in order to repel any possible [[Mughals]] invasion in Lower Assam

===Fire in the Royal Stores===
In 1671 CE, a treasure house at Hilikha, containing a great store of gold and silver, was burnt down. Enquiry showed that the ''Bharali Barua'', the officer in charge of the store-house was responsible for the fire, which was caused by his carelessly leaving a lighted pipe near some inflammable material. As a punishment for his carelessness, Bharali Barua was compelled to smoke elephant's dung.<ref name="Gait 1926 159">{{harv|Gait|1926|p=159}}</ref>

===Dafala expedition===
The '''Dafala''' tribe was living in the hills to the north of present-day [[Lakhimpur district]] and [[Sonitpur district]]. They use to come down to the plains on marauding excursions when they would capture Assamese people and properties. The Dafalas were however kept in check by the grant of blackmail from the Ahom rulers and by permission to use the services of the Dafala-Bahatias who were formed into a penal colony settled along the foot of the Dafala hills. The Dafalas now complained that they were on the verge of starvation owing to the long delay in the delivery of the stipulated blackmail and the payment of the taxes due from the Bahatias. Therefore, under the leadership of ''Bar Gam, Radha Gam, Tami Gam'' and ''Bakara Gam'' (the title Gam means leader or chief), the Dafalas raided a village called Gagaldubi and killed three Assamese persons, and carried off forty persons including women and children.<ref name="Bhuyan 1957 80">{{harv|Bhuyan|1957|p=80}}</ref> Swargadeo Udayaditya Singha immediately arranged an expedition under ''Ghorakonwar'' [[Borbarua]] to capture and punish the Dafala raiders. The Prime Minister Atan [[Burhagohain]] tried to dissuade the monarch stating reasons that the Dafalas lived in inaccessible villages situated in the midst of dense forest and steep mountain defiles, and the hill-men could always evade the pursuers by flying from one shelter to another. The Premier instructed Udayaditya Singha to use tact and diplomacy instead of military force. But the monarch ignored the advice of Atan [[Burhagohain]], and dispatched Ghorakonwar [[Borbarua]] against the Dafalas at the head of a considerable force.<ref name="Bhuyan 1957 80"/><ref name="Barbaruah 1981 189">{{harv|Barbaruah|1981|p=189}}</ref>

In May 1672 CE, the [[Borbarua]] crossed the [[Subansiri River]] and halted at Rangamati from where he shifted his camp to Dulungmukh. Two Assamese officers, '' Tua'' and '' Tita'' were dispatched to bring the Dafalas to submission. The agents of Dafala chief Bakara Gam met Tua and Tita and expressed regrets for having acted disloyally against the Ahom monarch. Tua and Tita offered to secure pardon for the Dafalas, first from the [[Borbarua]] and then from the Swargadeo, and asked them to proceed to the presence of the [[Borbarua]] to pay their respects to him. The Dafalas however hesitated to appear before the [[Borbarua]], fearing punishment under Royal orders. Their leader Bakara Gam now appeared on the scene with fifty-two followers and continued the parleys with Tua and Tita. Bakara Gam realized the insecurity of his position, and said, “The Borbarua has come to kill us. How will it be possible on the part of elephants to proceed by paths meant for the passage of dogs and jackals?” Tua and Tita sent a secret message through ''Ramdhan Ganak Hatkhowa'' to Ghorakonwar [[Borbarua]] asking him to fall upon the Dafalas during the continuance of the negotiations. The [[Borbarua]] sent a force who proceeded by boat, but the Dafalas had meanwhile left the venue on the pretext of coming back with the men and goods captured by them from the Assamese. The king accused Tua and Tita for having put the [[Borbarua]] on a wrong track and had them chained with iron fetters and imprisoned. The rains then set in, and the [[Borbarua]] was compelled to suspend operations which were made more difficult by inaccessible character of the terrain.<ref>{{harv|Bhuyan|1957|p=81}}</ref><ref name="Barbaruah 1981 189"/>

The king threatened to kill [[Borbarua]] if he returned to the capital without subduing the Dafalas. He even asked the [[Borbarua]] to wear the skirt of woman in the event of his further inaction. Having heard this the [[Borbarua]] came from Dulungmukh to Barchetia and then to Gangmukh, from where he sent a number of detachments under '' Khaga Chutia Hazarika, Kharagom, Chutia-kari Barua '' and '' Chungi Barua'' who proceeded by different routes against the Dafalas. But the Ahom troops could not make any headway for difficulties of communications aggravated by the torrential showers of the monsoon season. Finally when they reached the villages of the Dafalas, they found it empty, as the Dafalas had already evacuated them for safer destinations. As the Ahom soldiers were about to return, they were attacked by the Dafalas who had concealed themselves in the neighbouring jungles. The Ahom soldiers seized with panic dispersed down the slope of the mountains. Large numbers were massacred by the Dafalas, some were carried off as slaves, and the rest were chased down to the plains. The Ahom officers Khaga Hazarika and Khragom were among the slain. The [[Borbarua]] then returned to his camp at Barchetia.<ref name="Bhuyan 1957 82">{{harv|Bhuyan|1957|p=82}}</ref> The King attributed this reverse to neglect and mismanagement on the part of Ghorakonwar [[Borbarua]]. He instructed the chief of his personal body-guards, ''Papang Chaodang Barua'', to arrest the [[Borbarua]] and kept him as a prisoner in the Hatisal or Elephant stalls. The king accused the [[Borbarua]] of dereliction of duty and ordered him to be stripped naked and put to death, but on the intercession of the Queen-mother, the life of Ghorakonwar [[Borbarua]] was spared.<ref name="Gait 1926 158">{{harv|Gait|1926|p=158}}</ref> But the king had him dismissed and Charingia Pelan Phukan of Rangmahal fame was appointed as the new [[Borbarua]]. After some time, Ghorakonwar was readmitted into the good graces of the king, and was made ''Bhitarual Phukan'' or the Commander of the household troops. During the following dry season the Dafala leaders returned the goods and released the captured Assamese prisoners of their own accord.<ref name="Bhuyan 1957 82"/><ref>{{harv|Barbaruah|1981|p=190}}</ref>

===Influence of Paramananda Bairagi on Udayaditya===
The later part of Udayaditya's reign was marked by the entry of ''Paramananda Bairagi'' or Sannyasi and his influence over the king. Paramananda Sannyasi hailed from Gakulpur near Brindaban. He was also known as ''Gakulpuri Sannyasi'' among common Assamese people, owing to his origin from Gakulpur. He had first lived at Hajo with another hermit from Kalitakuchi in [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]]. He then stayed in [[Kamakhya]] for some time. It was believed that during his stay in [[Kamakhya]], he obtained the power to perform miracles. Charmed by his performances of miracles, a large number of people, both male and female, became disciples of the Sannyasi. He then set out on a pilgrimage to Brahmakunda in Eastern Assam, and stayed for sometime at Kalabari in the monastery of ''Banmali Gosain''. Here also the Sannyasi charmed the people by demonstrations of his occult power.<ref>{{harv|Bhuyan|1957|p=83}}</ref> The fame of Paramananda Sannyasi spread among the nobility in the capital Garhgaon. Udayaditya Singha also heard of the prowess of Paramananda Sannyasi and had him brought to the Royal Palace. Udayaditya was very much impressed with the miracles performed by the Sannyasi and also by his knowledge on religious topics. The king became greatly devoted to Paramananda, considered him as Guru or religious mentor and constructed for him a large monastery near the entrance of the Capital known as ''Chunpora-duar''. With the view to enhance his Guru's respect, he ordered all the Royal officers to become disciples of Paramananda Sannyasi. Forced by Royal orders, the three Dangarias or ministers, ''Atan'' [[Burhagohain]], ''Baghchowal'' [[Borpatrogohain]] and ''Langichang'' [[Borgohain]] and ''Laithepena Solal Gohain'' and many Phukans, Rajkhowas and Baruas became disciples of Paramananada Sannyasi. The Sannyasi claimed to know, while sitting at his own Chunpora residence, everything that the king said or did in his palace. Claims of this nature enabled the Sannyasi to exercise great sway over the mind of the king and his court.<ref>{{harv|Bhuyan|1957|pp=83–84}}</ref><ref name="Barbaruah 1981 191">{{harv|Barbaruah|1981|p=191}}</ref>

===Atrocities on the Vaishnava Mahantas===
Swargadeo Udayaditya Singha became greatly devoted to Paramananda Sannyasi, and in his eagerness to advance the prestige and influence of Paramananda summoned the twelve ''Vaishanava Mahantas'' or religious heads of the Thakuria denomination and asked them to become disciples of the Gakulpuri Sannyasi. The Mahantas protested in a body; and their leaders, the Mahantas of ''Mayamara, Makajan, Silikhatal'' and ''Sesamukh'' were thrown into prison from where, the king said, they would be released only if they could satisfy him about their spiritual prowess by performing some miracle. The Mahantas replied in one voice,- ''We are incapable of performing miracles. We pass our days in reciting and hearing the glory of the Great God, and in offering prayers for Your Majesty’s welfare. Except this everything else is beyond our ken''. The king reiterated his conviction of the omniscience of his Guru Paramananda and the consequent propriety on the part of the Mahantas to become the Sannyasi's disciples. The Thakuria Mahantas now stood as one man determined to oppose the king's design to convert them to the discipleship of the Paramananda. In this they received the tacit support of the three Gohains who thought that the time for their intervention had arrived.<ref>{{harv|Bhuyan|1957|pp=84–85}}</ref>

===Anti-Paramananda Movement led by Debera Hazarika===
'''Debera''' was a member of the Ahom Lukhurakhun clan, and he held the rank of a ''Hazarika'', commander of one thousand men. He was the son of Kharagom, the Ahom officer who had been killed in the Dafala campaign in 1672 CE. Debera was very much enraged by the atrocities committed on the Vaishnava Mahantas by Udayaditya Singha. He resolved to curb the influence of the Sannyasi and preserve the integrity and prestige of the Vaisnava monks of Assam. Being himself a disciple of Makajan Mahanta of the Thakuria denomination, he knelt down before the Mahantas and solicited their blessings for the success of his enterprise, saying,- “''Your Holinesses should only bestow upon me the dust of your feet, and I shall do whatever redress is necessary''.”<ref>{{harv|Bhuyan|1957|p=85}}</ref>

The king got scent of the mischief that was brewing against him and his protégé; and with the object of keeping Debera away from the capital for some time he ordered him to command an expedition against the '''Mishmi''' rebels living near [[Sadiya]]. Debera was witty enough to understand the real intention of the monarch, and informed the king that he would start on the expedition after three days as he was convalescent at that time having just recovered from polypus of the nose.<ref name="Bhuyan 1957 86">{{harv|Bhuyan|1957|p=86}}</ref>
On that very night, Debera met the three Dangarias and persuaded them to support [[Suklamphaa|Sarugohain]], the younger brother of Swargadeo Udayaditya Singha, in his attempt to seize the throne. Debera then broached the proposal to Sarugohain who readily accepted the offer. The prince gave vent to his resentment on the conduct of Udayaditya Singha,-“''The Bairagi has become to my brother, not a mere hermit, but an object of extreme veneration, the Saheb of his head. The Dangarias have also accepted initiation from the Bairagi, and the twelve Mahantas have been summoned. Justice cannot tolerate this impious situation''.” With the help of Debera and his brother Mohan Deka, Ratanpuria Hazarika, Namgila Hazarika and Tairai Dolakasharia Barua, Sarugohain collected one thousand armed followers to assail and surround the royal residence at '''Haithaguri''' and seized the person of the reigning monarch.<ref name="Bhuyan 1957 86"/><ref name="Barbaruah 1981 191"/> Meanwhile, Udayaditya got scent of the conspiracy and at once ordered the gates of the city closed and his brother to be arrested.<ref name="Gait 1926 158"/> The conspirators decided that they got no time to lose, and therefore decided to act quickly.

===Palace Coup and Udayaditya deposed===
In November 1672 CE, [[Suklamphaa|Sarugohain]] and his supporters fully armed approached the palace at mid night. They requested the Chief of the guards, guarding the entrance, ''Pacha-Simalu Hazarika'' of Dimaruguria unit to open the gate.<ref name="Gait 1926 158"/> But Pacha Simalu Hazarika refused to let the conspirators in. Debera asked ''Gajpuria Hatibarua'', the officer-in-charge of elephants and ''Parikshit Dhekeri Mahout'', the elephant rider, to employ elephants to break the gates of the Palace. The elephants broke open the gates and the conspirators entered inside the Palace compound. The entrance guards and their chief Pacha Simalu Hazarika, after offering some resistance, were killed by the conspirators. Sarugohain, accompanied by other conspirators marched towards the Royal Audience Hall. ''Charingia Pelan'' [[Borbarua]], ''Charingia Barua'' and ''Papang Chaodang Barua'', along with their men rushed forward to resist the conspirators led by Sarugohain, but they were over-powered, after offering some resistance.<ref name="Barbaruah 1981 192">{{harv|Barbaruah|1981|p=192}}</ref> Sarugohain hurled his spear at the [[Borbarua]] and pierced him at the thigh. The Prince then inflicted the finishing blows on the [[Borbarua]] and killed the Chaodang Barua as well. Swargadeo Udayaditya Singha, soundly asleep in his bed, heard faintly the uproar and commotion outside, but the body-guard on duty in the Royal bed-chamber, who had already been tutored by Debera, informed the monarch that the disturbance was due to the elephants coming out of their stalls, and the attempt made by the [[Borbarua]] to bring them round. The king was satisfied with the answer, and refrained from making further enquiries.<ref>{{harv|Bhuyan|1957|pp=86–87}}</ref>

Meanwhile, Sarugohain stationed himself at the king's audience-chamber, and dispatched men to guard the several gates of the palace compound. Debera and Mohan deka removed the ladder leading to the royal apartments. Those who opposed Sarugohain and Debera were instantly put to death. Having besieged Udayaditya Singha in his bed chamber and making it impossible for him to escape, [[Suklamphaa|Sarugohain]] seated in the audience hall, declared himself to be king. Ghorakonwar Bhitarual Phukan who had assisted Sarugohain in his bid for the throne was immediately re-elevated to the office of [[Borbarua]].<ref name="Bhuyan 1957 87">{{harv|Bhuyan|1957|p=87}}</ref> Many royal officers, except ''Hari'' [[Borpatrogohain]] came and offered their allegiance to the new king. Hari [[Borpatrogohain]] was dismissed from his office. Sarugohain appointed one of his loyal followers, ''Chapa'' as the new [[Borpatrogohain]].<ref name="Barbaruah 1981 192"/>

==Death of Udayaditya and Paramananda Sannyasi==
On the following day Udayaditya Singha was placed on a sedan and led to [[Charaideo]] Hill. His mother beseeched [[Suklamphaa|Sarugohain]] to spare the life of Udayaditya, or kill her along with the deposed monarch. Sarugohain consoled his mother saying that he and his brother would exercise joint domination, he from his headquarters at [[Garhgaon]] and Udayaditya from his capital [[Charaideo]]. Udayaditya was put to death soon after his arrival in [[Charaideo]]. Before he died he had put a handful of rice in his mouth and said,--“''An innocent is being killed! O, Great God, may retribution descend on him who is committing this crime!''” <ref name="Bhuyan 1957 87"/> Some sources states that the king was poisoned by Debera.<ref>{{harv|Barua|2008|p=69}}</ref> The three wives of Udayaditya were also put to death.<ref name="Gait 1926 159"/>
Udayaditya Singha's Guru, Paramananda Sannyasi, who had unwittingly caused the revolution, was arrested by Sarugohain and Debera. He was subjected to various tortures, insults and humiliations, and later put to death. His corpse was placed on a raft and set adrift on the Dikhow River, as a warning to others who ever schemed to set up a new order.<ref name="Bhuyan 1957 88">{{harv|Bhuyan|1957|p=88}}</ref><ref name="Gait 1926 159"/>

==Legacy==
[[Swargadeo]] Udayaditya Singha's reign was remarkable chiefly for the expulsion of invading Mughal forces from [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]] and the victory of Ahoms in the [[Battle of Saraighat]]. By this time, the Ahoms were able to make their own cannon, as cannons manufactured during his reign were found in [[Guwahati]].<ref name="Gait 1926 159"/> The Bairagi Ali or road in Upper Assam was constructed during his reign.<ref name="Barbaruah 1981 192"/> Contemporary historians remarked that he lacked the strength and intelligence of his elder brother Swargadeo [[Supangmung|Chakradhwaj Singha]],<ref name="Bhuyan 1957 76"/> yet one must not forget that he extended full supports and aids to the Ahom generals in [[Guwahati]] who were fighting against the Mughal invaders. While it reflected his fighting spirit and determination, but subsequent events also showed that he was stubborn and lacked the knowledge of political diplomacy and military skills. The military disaster in the campaign against the Dafalas proves it. His stubbornness to bring the old Vaishnava Mahantas or Monks of [[Assam]] under the influence of Paramananda Sannyasi was a political blunder of highest magnitude which ultimately cost him his throne and his life.<ref name="Bhuyan 1957 88"/> The political unrest and anarchy which began during his reign will continue for another few years, which will be considered as one of the dark chapters in the history of [[Ahom kingdom]], as kings became mere puppets in the hands of powerful ministers who will install and depose king at will. The period of ministerial supremacy will continue till 1681 CE, when [[Supaatphaa|Gadadhar Singha]] from Tungkhungia line of [[Ahom Dynasty]] ascended the throne and put an end to the domination of ministers over the monarch.

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Barbaruah |first=Hiteswar |title=Ahomar-Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms |language=Assamese |edition=1 |year=1981 |publisher=Publication Board of Assam |place=Guwahati}}
* {{cite book |last=Barua |first=Gunaviram |title=Assam Buranji or A History of Assam |edition=4 |year=2008 |publisher=Publication Board of Assam |place=Guwahati}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhuyan |first=S K |title=Atan Buragohain and His Times |edition=1 |year=1957 |publisher=Lawyers Book Stall |location=Guwahati}}
* {{cite book |first=E A |last=Gait |title=A History of Assam |publisher=Thackar, Spink and Co |place=Calcutta |edition=Revised 2nd |year=1926 |orig-year=1906 |url={{GBurl|M496q0kRd_4C}} }}
* {{Citation |surname=Gogoi | given=Padmeshwar | title=The Tai and the Tai kingdoms | publisher=Gauhati University, Guwahati | year=1968}}
{{refend}}

==See also==
[[Debera Borbarua]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunyatphaa}}
[[Category:Ahom kings]]
[[Category:1670s deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]

Assam Pani Meteka Craft

2026-02-21T01:06:29Z

Averma: created basic details w/ sources

{{Short description|Handicraft of India}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Assam Pani Meteka Craft
| color = Blue
| logo =
| image = আত্মসহায়ক গোটে তৈয়াৰ কৰা পানী মেটেকাৰ কলমদানি.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Pen holders made from water hyacinth by self-help groups
| alternative names =
| description =
| type = Handicraft
| area = [[Assam]]
| country =[[India]]
| registered =2024
| material =Dried [[Water hyacinth]]
| official website =
}}

'''Assam Pani Meteka Craft''', also known as '''Water hyacinth craft''', is an emerging cottage and handicraft industry in the Indian state of [[Assam]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Assam Bihu Dhol, Jaapi and more: All about All about the 19 Assam items that got GI tag - Assamese products get GI tag |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/assam-bihu-dhol-jaapi-and-more-all-about-all-about-the-19-assam-items-that-got-gi-tag/assam-pani-mateka-craft/slideshow/108944714.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> The craft uses ''Pani Meteka'' (water hyacinth), an invasive aquatic plant, as its primary raw material to produce a wide range of eco-friendly and biodegradable products such as handbags, yoga mats, baskets, furniture items,<ref name=":1" /> and household utilities. The craft has gained recognition for its role in sustainable livelihood generation, particularly among rural women and fishing communities.<ref name="Pib">{{cite web |title= From Weed to Wonder: Water Hyacinth a Swachh Green Resource |url= https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2067772&reg=3&lang=2 |website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref>

In 2024, Assam Pani Meteka Craft received [[Geographical Indication]] (GI) registration under the name Assam Pani Meteka Craft, recognizing its uniqueness and traditional association with the region.<ref name="HT">{{cite web |title= 16 items from Assam, including Assamese Dhol, Jaapi get GI tag |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/16-items-from-assam-including-assamese-dhol-jaapi-get-gi-tag-101711879730396.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref>

==Background==
[[File:Water Hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes) (28661786773).jpg|thumb|Water Hyacinth]]

Pani Meteka ([[Eichhornia crassipes]]), commonly known as water hyacinth, grows abundantly in Assam's rivers, wetlands, reservoirs, ponds, and household water bodies. For decades, the plant was considered an invasive weed due to its rapid growth, which obstructed waterways and affected aquatic ecosystems. Traditionally, it was either removed and discarded or left unused.

The transformation of Pani Meteka from an environmental nuisance into a valuable raw material began in the late 2000s, when declining availability of bamboo and cane encouraged exploration of alternative natural resources for handicrafts.

==Development==

[[File:Products of Pani Meteka craft 01.jpg|thumb|Exhibition of Products of Pani Meteka craft under CSR initiative of [[Oil India]]]]
In 2008, the [[North Eastern Development Finance Corporation]] (NEDFI) and the [[North Eastern Council]] (NEC) initiated efforts to promote water hyacinth as a handicraft raw material. The programme targeted around 1,000 artisans, focusing on skill development, capacity building, and market linkage support.<ref name="Sentinel">{{cite web | url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/editorial/water-hyacinth-prospects-of-a-thriving-rural-economy-in-the-context-of-assam-559114 | title=WATER HYACINTH: PROSPECTS OF A THRIVING RURAL ECONOMY IN THE CONTEXT OF ASSAM | publisher=Sentinel Assam | date=17 October 2021 | accessdate= 1 January 2026}}</ref>

Subsequently, the Assam State Rural Livelihood Mission (ASRLM) adopted Pani Meteka craft as a livelihood activity for self-help groups (SHGs). A pilot project trained approximately 600 artisans across six zones:

* East Mangaldai ([[Darrang district]])
* Kachugaon ([[Kokrajhar district]])
* Dalanghat ([[Nagaon district]])
* Guijan ([[Tinsukia district]])
* Majuli ([[Majuli district]])
* Dhemaji ([[Dhemaji district]]) <ref name="ASRLM">{{cite web | url=https://asrlms.assam.gov.in/frontimpotentdata/asomi-product-water-hyacinth#:~:text=Assam%20is%20rich%20in%20flora,often%20clogs%20slow%2Dflowing%20streams. | title=Water Hyacinth Craft Products under ASOMI® Brand developed by Assam State Rural Livelihoods Mission | publisher=ASRLM | accessdate= 1 January 2026 | archivedate=13 March 2024 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313020250/https://asrlms.assam.gov.in/frontimpotentdata/asomi-product-water-hyacinth#:~:text=Assam%20is%20rich%20in%20flora,often%20clogs%20slow%2Dflowing%20streams. }}</ref><ref name="Sentinel"/>

The initiative was initially introduced as a part-time income-generating activity. To ensure quality and scalability, ASRLM collaborated with NEDFI for technical training and capacity development, tailoring programmes to local artisan needs. Over time, many trainees transitioned into full-time production.

During the [[COVID-19]] pandemic, a group of six women known as Simang launched a project called Moorhen, which trained nine traditional communities to produce 100% biodegradable and compostable yoga mats from Pani Meteka. The initiative later expanded to include over 44 fishing communities, highlighting the craft's adaptability and social impact.<ref name="GI">{{cite web | url=https://globalinch.org/article/crafting-water-hyacinth-in-alimur-assam/ | title=Crafting Water Hyacinth in Alimur Assam | publisher=globalinch.con | accessdate=1 January 2026 | author=Richika Agarwalla}}</ref>

In 2021, entrepreneurs Rupankar Bhattacharya and Aniket Dhar from [[Guwahati]] gained recognition for producing printable handmade paper from water hyacinth through their venture ''Kumbhi Paper'', which specializes in chemical-free, biodegradable paper products.<ref name="TAT">{{cite web | url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/this-duo-from-assam-turned-a-troublesome-weed-into-biodegradable-paper-1470873 | title=This duo from Assam turned a troublesome weed into biodegradable paper | publisher=The Assam Tribune | date=8 April 2023 | accessdate=1 January 2026| author=Mumeninaz Zaman}}</ref>

[[File:Water Hyacinth products.jpg|thumb|Water Hyacinth products]]

==Material and Production Process==
The craft primarily uses mature Pani Meteka plants aged 3–4 months. The stems are harvested between July and November, washed thoroughly, and sun-dried for 7–10 days to reduce moisture and enhance flexibility. About 20 stems are tied together to form a bundle.

Once dried, the stems are flattened using a traditional hand-operated two-cylinder roller, although flattening is optional depending on the product. The processed stems are then braided, woven, knitted, or stitched into various forms.<ref name="craft">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZefebxro2o|title=how to make water hyacinth a basket plant|publisher=cọp ti|date=1 January 2021|accessdate=1 January 2021}}</ref>

Natural dyes sourced from forests are used for colouring. The stems are boiled in dye solutions prepared with water and salt, then dried for permanent coloration. Finished products are sometimes burnished with melamine to achieve a glossy appearance.

==Products==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2026}}
Common products made from Pani Meteka include:

* Handbags and money bags
* File covers and pen holders
* Table mats and baskets
* Furniture items
* Yoga mats and floor mats

The yoga mats, in particular, are valued for their comfort, durability, and biodegradability. Most products retain natural beige and earthy tones, reinforcing their identity as eco-friendly handicrafts.

==Socio-economic Impact==
[[File:Women creating products from dried water hyacinth.jpg|thumb|Women creating products from dried water hyacinth]]
The Pani Meteka craft has become a significant livelihood option in rural Assam, especially for women. It requires minimal physical labour, allows home-based work, and reduces dependence on daily wage labour and seasonal migration. The craft has also contributed to environmental management by controlling the spread of water hyacinth through sustainable utilization.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==Geographical indication==
Assam Pani Meteka craft was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], in 2024.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title= Assam's Bihu Dhol, along with six other traditional crafts, receives GI Tags |url= https://assamtribune.com/assam/assams-bihu-dhol-among-six-other-traditional-crafts-secure-gi-tag-1528266 |website=The Assam Tribune |access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> Assam Pani Meteka is a registered Geographical Indication handicraft of Assam filed on 26 October 2022 under GI Application Number 1003. It falls under Class 20 and covers handicraft products made from water hyacinth, with registration valid until 25 October 2032.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Assam]]

List of ministries of India

2026-02-20T12:00:50Z

Averma:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Distinguish|List of union Indian governments}}
{{See also|List of central agencies in India}}
The [[Government of India]] exercises its [[executive authority]] through several [[Ministry (government department)|government ministries]] or departments of state. A [[ministry (government department)|ministry]] is composed of employed officials, known as [[Civil Services|civil servants]], and is politically accountable through a [[Minister (government)|minister
]].
Most major ministries are headed by a Cabinet Minister, who sits in the Union Council of Ministers, and is typically supported by a team of junior ministers called the Ministers of State. A union minister is also known as a cabinet minister.

Some ministries have subdivisions called departments. For example, the [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Communications]] has two departments - the [[Department of Telecommunications]] and [[Department of Posts|the Department of Posts]].

== Current Ministries ==
There are {{wd|qualifier|edit|P360|Q192350|P1114}} Union ministries and {{wd|qualifier|edit|P360|Q643589|P1114}} departments in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2024 |title=Portfolios of the Union Council of Ministers |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/portfolios-of-the-union-council-of-ministers-2/?comment=disable |website=www.pmindia.gov.in/en/}}</ref>
{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}
{| class="sortable wikitable static-row-numbers" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background:#CCCC;"
!Ministry
!Established
!Cabinet Minister
|-
|[[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare]]
|1947
|[[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Ayush|Ayush]]
|2014
|[[Prataprao Jadhav]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
|1991
|[[J. P. Nadda]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Civil Aviation]]
|1947
|[[Kinjarapu Ram Mohan Naidu]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Coal (India)|Coal]]
|1973
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Commerce and Industry]]
|1947
|[[Piyush Goyal]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Communications (India)|Communications]]
|2016
|[[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]
|1946
|[[Pralhad Joshi]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Co-operation|Co-operation]]
|2021
|[[Amit Shah]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Corporate Affairs]]
|2003
|[[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Culture]]
|1999
|[[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence]]
|1947
|[[Rajnath Singh]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region|Development of North Eastern Region]]
|2003
|[[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Earth Sciences]]
|2006
|[[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Dr. Jitendra Singh]] (Independent Charge)
|-
|[[Ministry of Education (India)|Education]]
|1947
|[[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Electronics and Information Technology]]
|2016
|[[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Environment, Forests and Climate Change]]
|1985
|[[Bhupender Yadav]]
|-
|[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]]
|1946
|[[S. Jaishankar]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance]]
|1946
|[[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying|Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying]]
|2019
|[[Rajiv Ranjan Singh|Lalan Singh]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Food Processing Industries]]
|1988
|[[Chirag Paswan]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Health and Family Welfare]]
|1947
|[[J. P. Nadda]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Heavy Industries|Heavy Industries]]
|2021
|[[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs]]
|1947
|[[Amit Shah]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Housing and Urban Affairs]]
|2017
|[[Manohar Lal Khattar]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Information and Broadcasting]]
|1947
|[[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Jal Shakti|Jal Shakti]]
|2019
|[[C. R. Patil]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Labour and Employment]]
|1947
|[[Mansukh Mandaviya]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Law and Justice]]
|1947
|[[Arjun Ram Meghwal]] (Independent Charge)
|-
|[[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]
|2007
|[[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Mines (India)|Mines]]
|1957
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Minority Affairs|Minority Affairs]]
|2006
|[[Kiren Rijiju]]
|-
|[[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|New and Renewable Energy]]
|1992
|[[Pralhad Joshi]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Panchayati Raj|Panchayati Raj]]
|2004
|[[Lalan Singh]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Parliamentary Affairs]]
|1949
|[[Kiren Rijiju]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]
|1970
|[[Narendra Modi]] (Additional Charge)
|-
|[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
|1991
|[[Hardeep Singh Puri]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Planning (India)|Planning]]
|2014
|[[Rao Inderjit Singh]] (Independent Charge)
|-
|[[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways|Ports, Shipping and Waterways]]
|1947
|[[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Power (India)|Power]]
|1992
|[[Manohar Lal Khattar|Manohar Lal]]
|-
|[[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]]
|1977
|[[Narendra Modi]] (Additional Charge)
|-
|[[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railways]]
|1947
|[[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Road Transport and Highways]]
|1942
|[[Nitin Gadkari]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Rural Development]]
|1980
|[[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Science and Technology]]
|1971
|[[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Dr. Jitendra Singh]] (Independent Charge)
|-
|[[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship|Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]]
|2014
|[[Jayant Chaudhary]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Social Justice and Empowerment]]
|1985
|[[Virendra Kumar Khatik]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Statistics and Programme Implementation]]
|1999
|[[Rao Inderjit Singh]] (Independent Charge)
|-
|[[Ministry of Steel|Steel]]
|1957
|[[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Textiles]]
|1958
|[[Giriraj Singh]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Tourism]]
|1999
|[[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Tribal Affairs|Tribal Affairs]]
|1999
|[[Jual Oram]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Women and Child Development]]
|1985
|[[Annpurna Devi]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Youth Affairs and Sports]]
|2000
|[[Mansukh Mandaviya]]
|}

== Former ministries ==
The following ministries once functioned, but have since become defunct, generally because of a merger with another ministry or division into new ministries.
{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}
{| class="sortable wikitable static-row-numbers" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background:#CCCC;"
!Ministry name
!Established
!Defunct
!Fate
|-
|Agriculture
| August 1947
| rowspan="2" |1 February 1951
| rowspan="2" |Merged to constitute the Ministry of Food and Agriculture.<ref name="dfpd">{{cite web|title=History|url=http://dfpd.nic.in/history.htm#|website=dfpd.nic.in|access-date=6 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
|Food
|29 August 1947
|-
|Food and Agriculture
|1 February 1951
|October 1956
|Bifurcated into the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Food.
|-
|Agriculture
| rowspan="2" |October 1956
| rowspan="2" |17 April 1957
| rowspan="2" |Merged once again to form the Ministry of Food and Agriculture.<ref name="dfpd"/>
|-
|Food
|-
|Food and Agriculture
|17 April 1957
|January 1966
|Merged with the Ministry of Community Development and Cooperation to form the Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Community Development and Cooperation. The new ministry was renamed the Ministry of Agriculture in 1971, with four departments.<ref name="dfpd"/>
|-
|Agriculture
|January 1966
|1983
|The Department of Food was separated from the ministry and elevated to the new Ministry of Food and Civil Supplies.<ref name="dfpd"/>
|-
|Food and Civil Supplies
|1983
|June 1991
|Bifurcated into the Ministry of Food and the Ministry of Civil Supplies.<ref name="dfpd"/>
|-
|Food
| rowspan="2" |June 1991
| rowspan="2" |4 June 1997
| rowspan="2" |Merged to form Ministry of Food and Consumer Affairs with three departments - Department of Food & Civil Supplies, Department of Sugar and Edible Oils and Department of Consumer Affairs. On 15 October 1999, the new ministry was renamed as the Ministry of Consumer Affairs & Public Distribution, having the same three departments. On 17 July 2000, the Ministry of Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution was renamed as the [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]], with two departments - Department of Food & Public Distribution and Department of Consumer Affairs.<ref name="dfpd"/>
|-
|Civil Supplies
|-
|National Resources and Scientific Research
|1951
|
|<ref name = "wrmin"/>
|-
|Irrigation and Power
|1952
|November 1974
|Bifurcated into a separate Department of Irrigation under the reconstituted Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, and a separate ministry.<ref name = "wrmin"/>
|-
|Agriculture and Irrigation
|November 1974
|22 July 1980
|Following the formation of the Ministry of Irrigation in June 1980, three items of work were transferred from the ministry to the new ministry, and the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation was renamed the Ministry of Agriculture.<ref name = "wrmin"/>
|-
|Energy and Irrigation
|January 1980
|9 June 1980
|Bifurcated into the Ministry of Energy and the Department of Irrigation (which was brought under the ministry in January 1980) was elevated to the new Ministry of Irrigation.<ref name = "wrmin"/>
|-
|Irrigation
|9 June 1980
|January 1985
|Merged with the Ministry of Power to once again, form the Ministry of Irrigation and Power.<ref name = "wrmin"/>
|-
|Irrigation and Power
|January 1985
|September 1985
|Bifurcated into the Ministry of Power and the Department of Irrigation was re-constituted as the Ministry of Water Resources. On 31 July 2014, the Ministry of Water Resources was renamed as Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation.<ref name = "wrmin">{{Cite web|url=http://wrmin.nic.in/forms/list.aspx?lid=277|title=Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India|website=wrmin.nic.in|access-date=2016-06-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ministry of Surface Transport|Surface Transport]]
|22 October 1986
|17 November 2000
|Bifurcated into the [[Ministry of Shipping (India)|Ministry of Shipping]] and the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]].
|-
|Small Scale Industries and Agro and Rural Industries
|October 1999
|September 2001
|Bifurcated into the Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries and the Ministry of Small Scale Industries.
|-
|[[Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries|Agro and Rural Industries]]
|September 2001
|2007
|Merged with the Ministry of Small Scale Industries to form the [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]].
|-
|[[Ministry of Small Scale Industries|Small Scale Industries]]
|September 2001
|2007
|Merged with the Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries to form the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.
|-
|[[Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs|Overseas Indian Affairs]]
|May 2004
|7 January
2016
|Merged with the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Communications and Information Technology (India)]]
|August 1947
|5 July 2016
|Bifurcated into the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] and the [[Ministry of Communications (India)]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation|Drinking Water and Sanitation]]
|2011
|30 May 2019
|Merged with the [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation]] and formed [[Ministry of Jal Shakti]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation|Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation]]
|September 1985
|30 May 2019
|Merged with [[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation]] to form [[Ministry of Jal Shakti]] constituted with Department of Water Resources and Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation
|-
|Ministry of Urban Development
|
|7 July 2017
|[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]
|-
|Minister of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation
|7 July 2017
|7 July 2017
|[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry Of Housing and Urban Affairs]]
|}

== Independent departments ==
These are independent departments working under the direct supervision of the Prime Minister's Office.

* [[Department of Atomic Energy]]
* [[Department of Space]]

==See also==
* [[List of agencies of the government of India]]
* [[Union Council of Ministers]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Union ministries of India}}

[[Category:Government ministries of India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of government agencies in India|Ministries]]

Abhijit

2026-02-14T20:46:11Z

Averma: created first post v1

{{wikt|अभिजित्}}
'''Abhijit''' (sometimes spelled '''Abhijeet''') may refer to:

*[[Abhijit (name)]], an Indian male given name
*[[Abhijit (nakshatra)]], in Hindu astrology and Indian astronomy, the lunar mansion of Vega
*[[Abhijith (actor)]] (born 1963), Indian actor
*[[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], better known as Abhijeet, a Bollywood playback singer
*[[Abhijit Mal]], an Indian male given name

== See also ==
*{{In title|Abhijit}}
*{{In title|Abhijith}}
*{{In title|Abhijeet}}

{{dab}}

Natvar Bhavsar

2026-02-05T02:56:39Z

Averma: enhanced page additionally and corrected details for consistency

{{short description|Indian artist}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Natvar Bhavsar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1934
| birth_place = Gothava, [[Mehsana district|Mehsana]], [[Gujarat]] [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Indian-American artist
| years_active =
| spouse = Janet Brosious Bhavsar
| partner =
| children = 2
| website =
}}
'''Natvar Bhavsar''' (born 1934) is an [[India]]n-American artist, based in [[Soho]], [[New York City]] for nearly 50 years,<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhavsar, Natvar (American, born India 1934) |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hi/hi_bhavsarnatvar.htm |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=May 14, 2013}}</ref> noted as an [[abstract expressionist]] and [[color field]] artist.

Bhavsar's paintings appear in more than 800 private and public collections, including the collections of the [[Boston Museum of Fine Arts]], the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York, the [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]], the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]] in New York, the [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney|Museum of Contemporary Art]] in Sydney, Australia, the [[Library of Congress]], NYU's Grey Art Gallery, and the [[Australian National Gallery]]. In addition, his works have been purchased and displayed by corporations such as the American Express Company, AT&T, Chase Manhattan Bank, and NBC. Bhavsar and his works have been the subject of books, including: ''Natvar Bhavsar: The Sound of Color,'' ([[Robert C. Morgan]], 2002) and ''Natvar Bhavsar: Painting and the Reality of Color,'' ([[Irving Sandler]], 1999).

==Early life and education==
Bhavsar is a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YStfwHuo32A|title=Indian- American artist Natvar Bhavsar reveals the essence of his art|date=September 20, 2017|accessdate=January 1, 2021|website=YouTube}}</ref> Born 1934<ref name=zim/> in village [[Gothava]], near [[Visnagar]] in [[Gujarat]],<ref name=toi/> India to a wealthy family, he studied at the Seth CN College of Fine Arts in [[Ahmedabad]]. He also graduated in English literature from [[Gujarat University]]. Bhavsar earned a Master of Fine Arts degree from the [[University of Pennsylvania School of Design]] in 1965, and received a Rockefeller grant.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography |url=http://www.natvarbhavsar.com/?page_id=18 |publisher=Basvar website |access-date=May 14, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Guj painter too pricey for India!|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-05/ahmedabad/28367633_1_painting-art-world-zimmerli-art-museum |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629121826/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-05/ahmedabad/28367633_1_painting-art-world-zimmerli-art-museum |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2013 |date= January 5, 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=May 14, 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
Bhavsar attained prominence as an artist in India by age 19, working primarily in the [[Cubist]] vein. After moving to New York City, he became influenced by the freedom of abstract painting. His style evolved into [[abstract expressionism]] and color field painting, and his works often feature a hazy object (absent of direct lines or geometric shapes) in the center of a solid canvas, that projects an astral-like mass of color.

Employing some techniques from the Indian tradition of [[sand painting]], Bhavsar paints in an improvisational manner, "soaking the canvas with acrylic-based liquid binders that absorb and hold the fine pigment powder. He applies the base using a sifting technique with a screen, during which layers of fine, concentrated pigment are sprinkled and drizzled over the canvas (or paper), which is laid out on the floor so that the artist can walk around the painting and work on it from all sides."<ref>Genocchio, Benjamin, [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/06/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/06artsnj.html?fta=y ''The Details Are in the Beauty ''], Art Review, New York Times, May 6, 2007</ref>

Bhavsar primarily shows his work at Aicon, New York, and the ACP Viviane Ehrli Gallery in Zurich, Switzerland, along with Pundole Art Gallery in Bombay, India. He has been exhibiting his works in one-man shows since 1970. In 2007, the [[Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum]] at [[Rutgers University]] sponsored an exhibition of about 50 of Bhavsar's works. It was the first United States university to hold a one-man show of a South Asian artist.<ref name=zim>{{cite web |title=Natvar Bhavsar: The Dimensions of Color |url=http://www.zimmerlimuseum.rutgers.edu/exhibitions/natvar-bhavsar-dimensions-color#.UZGrKKJTCHg |date=July 2007 |publisher=Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum |access-date=May 14, 2013 |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923011802/http://www.zimmerlimuseum.rutgers.edu/exhibitions/natvar-bhavsar-dimensions-color#.UZGrKKJTCHg |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Earlier in his career, Bhavsar was a [[Asian Cultural Council|John D. Rockefeller III Fund]] Fellow (1965 –1966), a [[John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|Guggenheim Foundation]] Fellow (1975 – 1976), and an instructor of art at the [[University of Rhode Island]] (1967 – 1969). In 1980 and 1983, he participated in Executive Seminars at the Aspen Institute and, more recently, participated as a Cultural Leader at the World Economic Forums in Davos, Switzerland (2000) and New York (2002). Throughout his career, Bhavsar has associated with a number of acclaimed artists, most prominently, [[Mark Rothko]] (1903 – 1970) and [[Barnett Newman]] (1905 – 1970).

Bhasvar has been included in the [[Asian American Arts Centre]]'s artasiamerica digital archive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://artasiamerica.org/artist/detail/48|title=Bhavsar, Natvar|access-date=February 24, 2018}}</ref>

In 2011, a documentary on his life and works, ''The Poetics of Color: Natvar Bhavsar, a Painter's Journey'' was made by Sundaram Tagore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian colours on American soil |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-04/art-culture/29379357_1_art-world-natvar-bhavsar-documentary-film |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629121424/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-04/art-culture/29379357_1_art-world-natvar-bhavsar-documentary-film |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2013 |date= April 4, 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=May 14, 2013}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Bhavsar married American artist and photographer Janet Brosious Bhavsar in 1978, and they have twin sons.<ref name=toi>{{cite news |title=Monumental Love |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Monumental-Love/articleshow/10274401.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110091623/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-08/ahmedabad/30257522_1_ahmedabad-photographer-sites |url-status=live |archive-date=January 10, 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=October 8, 2011 }}</ref> The Bhavsars met in art class in the early 1960s, and she drove him to New York City on his first visit in 1963 to look at Picasso paintings at the [[Museum of Modern Art]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Ratcliff, C. ''Mutability and Metaphor Radiant clouds of color typify the work of abstract painter Natvar Bhavsar'', Art in America, 2003, Vol 91; Part 12, pages 80–83
*Sandler, Irving, ''Natvar Bhavsar: Painting and the Reality of Color'', Fine Art Publishing (March 1999), {{ISBN|90-5704-061-1}}

==External links==
* [http://www.natvarbhavsar.com/ Natvar Basvar, website]
*[http://www.artnet.com/artist/2439/natvar-bhavsar.html Natvar Bhavsar] on [[artnet]]
*[http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jan/15inter.htm ''Our Religion is Imbued with Color''], Interview: Natvar Bhavsar, [[Rediff]], January 15, 2004

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhavsar, Natvar}}
[[Category:Abstract expressionist artists]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania School of Design alumni]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:People from Mehsana district]]
[[Category:American artists of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American people of Gujarati descent]]
[[Category:Artists from New York City]]
[[Category:Painters from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]

Abhinav Bindra

2026-02-04T20:44:32Z

Averma: further add lead after review and updated info

{{Short description|Indian businessman and retired professional shooter (born 1982)}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}

{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Abhinav Bindra
| image = Abhinav Bindra and Mary Kom - British High Commission, Delhi, 27 July 2011 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Bindra in 2011
| full_name =
| nationality = {{IND}}n
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1982|9|28}}<ref name="DOB"/>
| birth_place = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
| education = [[Bachelor of Business Administration]]
| alma_mater = {{ubl
|[[The Doon School]]
|[[St. Stephen's School, Chandigarh|St. Stephen's School]]
|[[University of Colorado at Boulder]]
}}
| occupation = {{ubl
|[[Shooting sports|Shooter]]
|[[Businessman]]
}}
| height = {{convert|1.73|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|65.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = Shooting
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport| Men's [[shooting sports|shooting]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCount | total = yes
| [[Summer Olympic Games|Olympic Games]] | 1 | – | –
| [[World Shooting Championships|World Championships]] | 1 | – | –
| [[Asian Games]] | – | 1 | 2
| [[Commonwealth Games]] | 4 | 2 | 1
}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Shooting at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]
{{MedalGold| [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing]] | [[Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|10 m air rifle]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ISSF World Shooting Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[2006 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2006 Zagreb]] | [[2006 ISSF World Shooting Championships|10 m Air Rifle]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[2002 Commonwealth Games|2002 Manchester]] | [[Shooting at the 2002 Commonwealth Games|10 m Air Rifle (Pairs)]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[2006 Commonwealth Games|2006 Melbourne]] | [[Shooting at the 2006 Commonwealth Games|10 m Air Rifle (Pairs)]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Delhi]] | [[Shooting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|10 m Air Rifle (Pairs)]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[2014 Commonwealth Games|2014 Glasgow]] | [[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 10 metre air rifle|10 m Air Rifle]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2002 Commonwealth Games|2002 Manchester]] | [[Shooting at the 2002 Commonwealth Games|10 m Air Rifle (Singles)]]}}
{{MedalSilver| [[2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Delhi]] | [[Shooting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|10 m Air Rifle]]}}
{{MedalBronze| [[2006 Commonwealth Games|2006 Melbourne]] | [[Shooting at the 2006 Commonwealth Games|10 m Air Rifle (Singles)]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver| [[2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]] | [[Shooting at the 2010 Asian Games|10 m Air Rifle (Team)]]}}
{{MedalBronze| [[2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]] | [[Shooting at the 2014 Asian Games|10 m Air Rifle (Team)]]}}
{{MedalBronze| [[2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]] | [[Shooting at the 2014 Asian Games|Men's 10 m Air Rifle]]}}
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 2011–present
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|22px]] [[Lieutenant Colonel|Honorary Lieutenant Colonel]]
| unit = {{flagicon image|Territorial Army (Flag).svg}} [[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]]
}}
}}

'''Abhinav Bindra''' (born 28 September 1982) is an Indian former [[shooting sports|sport shooter]] and a businessman.<ref name="DOB">{{cite web |url=http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRM/ENG/BIO/Athlete/5/205955.shtml |title=Athlete Biography: Abhinav Bindra |website=Beijing2008.cn |publisher=[[The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318090108/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRM/ENG/BIO/Athlete/5/205955.shtml |archive-date=18 March 2009 |access-date=}}</ref> He is an [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] gold medalist as well as the first and one of only two Indians to win an individual Olympic gold medal.<ref name="rediff_abhinav_wins">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2008/aug/11bindra.htm |title=Abhinav Bindra wins 10m air rifle gold |website=rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080812072901/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2008/aug/11bindra.htm |archive-date=12 August 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://results.beijing2008.cn./WRM/ENG/INF/GL/92A/IND_T.shtml |title=Medalists – India |website=Beijing2008.cn |publisher=The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080814015609/http://results.beijing2008.cn./WRM/ENG/INF/GL/92A/IND_T.shtml |archive-date=14 August 2008 |access-date=}}</ref> Bindra is also the first Indian to have held concurrently the World and Olympic titles for the men's 10-metre air rifle event, having earned those honours at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] and the [[2006 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2006 World Championships]]. Bindra has won seven medals at the [[Commonwealth Games]] and three medals at the [[Asian Games]].

With more than 150 medals in his 22-year career, he is the recipient of the [[Padma Bhushan]] from the Government of India<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2009 |title=Bindra gets Padma Bhushan; Padma Shri for Dhoni, Bhajji, Advani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Bindra-gets-Padma-Bhushan-Padma-Shri-for-Dhoni-Bhajji-Advani/articleshow/4031082.cms |access-date=14 July 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and is one of the top influencers of sport policy in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/abhinav-bindra-awarded-olympic-order |title='Privilege to pursue my dream,' says Abhinav Bindra as he receives prestigious Olympic Order}}</ref>

At the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]], Bindra finished fourth in the finals of the 10-metre air rifle event. He also served as a goodwill ambassador for the Rio 2016 Olympics Indian contingent, having been appointed to that post by the [[Indian Olympic Association|Indian Olympics Association]] (IOA). On 5 September 2016, he announced his retirement.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sportscafe.in/articles/shooting/2016/sep/05/a-legend-rides-into-the-sunset-olympian-abhinav-bindra-retires |title=A legend rides into the sunset – Olympian Abhinav Bindra retires |website=sportscafe.in |date=5 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921101428/https://sportscafe.in/articles/shooting/2016/sep/05/a-legend-rides-into-the-sunset-olympian-abhinav-bindra-retires |archive-date=21 September 2016 |access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref> Bindra's primary outreach to Indian sports is through the Abhinav Bindra Foundation, a non-profit organisation that works to integrate [[Sports science|sports, science]], and technology into Indian sports and encourage high-performance physical training.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abft.in/ |title=ABFT}}</ref>

In 2018, Abhinav was bestowed with the prestigious Blue Cross, the [[International Shooting Sport Federation|ISSF]]'s highest honour.<ref name="The blue cross">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/raninder-and-bindra-get-awards/article25636930.ece |title=Raninder and Bindra get awards |work=The Hindu |date=30 November 2018 |access-date=30 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/abhinav-bindra-becomes-first-indian-to-get-highest-shooting-honour-the-blue-cross/articleshow/66882574.cms |title=Abhinav Bindra becomes first Indian to get highest shooting |website=The Times of India |date=30 November 2018 |publisher=TOI |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201111516/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/abhinav-bindra-becomes-first-indian-to-get-highest-shooting-honour-the-blue-cross/articleshow/66882574.cms |archive-date=1 December 2018 |access-date=30 November 2018}}</ref> He is also currently a member of the [[IOC Athletes' Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2021 |title=Athletes' Commission |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/athletes-commission |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=Olympics.com |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |language=en}}</ref> Bindra carried the [[Olympic torch]] at the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/abhinav-bindra-selected-as-torchbearer-for-the-2024-paris-olympics/articleshow/107334273.cms |title=Abhinav Bindra selected as torchbearer for the 2024 Paris Olympics |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2 February 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
===Early years===

Bindra was born in [[Dehradun]] in [[Uttarakhand, India|Uttarakhand]], to a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Sikh]] [[Khatri]] family.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.oneindia.in/feature/2010/will-abhinav-again-hits-the-bulls-eye.html |title=Will Abhinav again hit the bulls eye at CWG? |website=Oneindia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204212014/http://news.oneindia.in/feature/2010/will-abhinav-again-hits-the-bulls-eye.html |archive-date=4 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/cricket/article/games-talk-abhinav-bindra-cs00lh896qp |title=Games Talk: Abhinav Bindra |website=[[The Times]] |date=21 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311000000/https://www.thetimes.com/sport/cricket/article/games-talk-abhinav-bindra-cs00lh896qp |archive-date=11 March 2024}} [https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/games-talk-abhinav-bindra-cs00lh896q Alt URL]</ref> He was educated at [[the Doon School]] in [[Dehradun]] and at [[St. Stephen's School, Chandigarh|St. Stephen's School]] in [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympic_games/world_olympic_dreams/9451296.stm |title=Schools Spotlight on Team Abhinav Bindra |website=news.bbc.co.uk |date=8 April 2011}}</ref> He studied [[business administration]] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder]].<ref name=":0" /> Determined to train with the best possible facilities, which were then not available in India, he would train for prolonged periods in Germany,<ref name="business">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?sectionName=&id=7676cbeb-1b06-4430-9352-3552023cb148&MatchID1=4737&TeamID1=8&TeamID2=6&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1194&MatchID2=4728&TeamID3=2&TeamID4=3&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1191&PrimaryID=4737&Headline=Abhinav%27s+parents+feeling+on+top+of+the+world&strParent=strParentID |title=Abhinav Bindra's parents feeling on top of the world |date=11 August 2008 |work=Hindustan Times |location=India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828222105/http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?sectionName=&id=7676cbeb-1b06-4430-9352-3552023cb148&MatchID1=4737&TeamID1=8&TeamID2=6&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1194&MatchID2=4728&TeamID3=2&TeamID4=3&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1191&PrimaryID=4737&Headline=Abhinav%27s+parents+feeling+on+top+of+the+world&strParent=strParentID |archive-date=28 August 2008 |access-date=14 August 2008}}</ref> where he was coached by [[Gaby Buhlmann]].<ref name="historic-solo"/>

===Notable international performances===
At the age of 15, Bindra was the youngest participant in the [[1998 Commonwealth Games]]. He was also the youngest Indian participant at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] in Sydney. At the 2000 Olympics, he achieved a score of 590, placing him 11th in the qualification round. With that score, he was not able to qualify for the finals. He was also honoured with the [[Arjuna Award]] that year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.issf-sports.org/news/4385 |title=Shooting Sport at the Olympics: Bindra earns first individual Olympic gold for India four years after Athens 2004 heartbreak}}</ref>

In international competitions, he won his first medal, a bronze, at the 2001 Munich World Cup with a new junior world record score of 597/600. He won six gold medals at various international meets that year and received the prestigious [[Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna|Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna award]], India's highest sports award. In the air rifle event at the [[2002 Commonwealth Games]] in Manchester, he finished with gold in the pairs event and silver in the individual event.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.issf-sports.org/news/4385 |title=Shooting Sport at the Olympics: Bindra earns first individual Olympic gold for India four years after Athens 2004 heartbreak}}</ref>

In the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] in Athens, he broke the previous Olympic record but did not win a medal. He scored 597 in the qualification round and placed third, preceded by [[Zhu Qinan|Qinan Zhu]] (599, a new Olympic record) and [[Li Jie (rifle shooter)|Li Jie]] (598). In the finals, Abhinav finished with 97.6 points, last in the field of eight; he was the only player with less than 100 points and dropped to the seventh position.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/aug/16oly-shoot.htm |title=Bindra finishes seventh |website=Rediff.com |date=16 August 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902012716/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/aug/16oly-shoot.htm |archive-date=2 September 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008}}</ref>

After these successes, a severe back injury incapacitated him and he was unable to lift a rifle for a year, interrupting his preparation for the [[2008 Summer Olympics]]. Bindra returned to compete and won the title at the [[2006 ISSF World Shooting Championships]] with a score of 699.1, qualifying him for the 2008 Summer Olympics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/07/25/stories/2006072507132000.htm |title=Abhinav Bindra clinches India's first gold |work=The Hindu |location=India |date=25 July 2006 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080814001954/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/07/25/stories/2006072507132000.htm |archive-date=14 August 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008}}</ref>

At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Bindra won the men's 10-metre air rifle event, shooting a total of 700.5.<ref name="historic-solo">{{cite web |author1=Sharda Ugra |title=Abhinav Bindra's historic solo |url=https://www.espn.in/shooting/story/_/id/16663863/abhinav-bindra-historic-solo |website=ESPN.in |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717105820/https://www.espn.in/shooting/story/_/id/16663863/abhinav-bindra-historic-solo |archive-date=17 July 2016 |language=en |date=1 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> He scored 596 in the qualifying round, finishing fourth, and outscored all other shooters in the finals with a round of 104.5. In the finals, he started with a shot of 10.7, and all others never dipped below 10.0.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.beijing2008.cn/news/sports/headlines/shooting/n214528114.shtml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080814052631/http://en.beijing2008.cn/news/sports/headlines/shooting/n214528114.shtml |url-status=dead |title=India's Bindra wins gold in the men's 10m air rifle |website=Beijing2008.cn |publisher=The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad |archive-date=14 August 2008 |access-date=7 May 2023}}</ref> Bindra was tied with [[Henri Häkkinen]] heading into his final shot. Bindra scored his highest of the finals – 10.8 – while Hakkinen shot 9.7 to settle for the bronze medal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2008/aug/11bindra.htm |title=Abhinav Bindra wins 10m air rifle gold |date=11 August 2008 |publisher=[[Rediff]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080812072901/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2008/aug/11bindra.htm |archive-date=12 August 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008}}</ref><ref name="rediff_abhinav_wins" />

At the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] in New Delhi, Bindra was honoured as the national flag-bearer at the opening ceremony. He also was given the honour of taking the athletes' oath on behalf of the 6,700 participants from 71 countries and territories. Bindra, along with [[Gagan Narang]], shot in unison to set a games record of 1,193 points in the 10-metre air rifle pairs event for men to win India's inaugural gold medal at the 19th Commonwealth Games. He brought home a silver medal in the individual event.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/abhinav-bindra-won-gold-medal-in-mens-10m-air-rifle-at-the-2014-commonwealth-games-1406356200-1 |title=Abhinav Bindra won Gold medal in Men's 10m Air Rifle at the 2014 Commonwealth Games |website=jagranjosh.com |date=26 July 2014 |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref>

Bindra won the gold medal in the men's 10-metre air rifle event at the 12th [[Asian Shooting Championships]], held in [[Doha|Doha, Qatar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Abhinav Bindra wins gold in Asian Shooting Championship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/abhinav-bindra-wins-gold-in-asian-shooting-championship/articleshow/11476722.cms |website=The Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. |access-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117003853/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/abhinav-bindra-wins-gold-in-asian-shooting-championship/articleshow/11476722.cms |archive-date=17 January 2012 |language=English |date=13 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> He lost in the qualification round at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] in London, finishing in the 16th place with a score of 594. In the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Glasgow]], Bindra again won gold in the men's 10-metre air rifle singles event.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/abhinav-bindra-clinches-gold-in-10m-air-rifle-at-glasgow-commonwealth/ |title=Abhinav Bindra clinches Gold in 10m Air Rifle at Glasgow Commonwealth |website=news.biharprabha.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022225934/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/abhinav-bindra-clinches-gold-in-10m-air-rifle-at-glasgow-commonwealth/ |archive-date=22 October 2014 |access-date=25 July 2014 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> At the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]], he came fourth in the men's 10-metre air rifle singles event after losing a shoot-off for the top 3 to [[Serhiy Kulish]], who eventually won the silver medal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/abhinav-bindra-misses-out-on-mens-10m-air-rifle-medal-settles-for-fourth-position-2962184/ |title=Abhinav Bindra misses out on men's 10m air rifle medal, settles for fourth position |date=8 August 2016 |work=The Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808171915/http://indianexpress.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/abhinav-bindra-misses-out-on-mens-10m-air-rifle-medal-settles-for-fourth-position-2962184/ |archive-date=8 August 2016 |access-date=8 August 2016}}</ref>

===Business career===
Bindra has a bachelor's degree in business administration from the [[University of Colorado]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Madhumita |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080812/jsp/frontpage/story_9681796.jsp |title=Abhi-nerve cures a nation's yellow fever |date=12 August 2008 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=12 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916144949/http://telegraphindia.com/1080812/jsp/frontpage/story_9681796.jsp |archive-date=16 September 2008 |location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> Bindra is the CEO of Abhinav Futuristics Private Limited, an organisation that works to bring science and technology into the sport and healthcare sectors. With ABTP, a group of sports science and advanced physical medicine and rehabilitation (PMR) centres, the organisation has served more than 5,000 athletes and medical patients. Under the Abhinav Bindra Foundation, a non-profit initiative, athletes are provided access to the latest sports technology and high-performance physical training for free.<ref name="business" /> Many athletes from sports such as [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[badminton]], [[boxing]], and [[para-athletics]] have benefited from the foundation's various programmes. In 2020, he launched the ''Abhinav Bindra Sports Medicine and Research Institute at [[Bhubaneswar]] with the mission of'' bringing Global Best Practice to the Indian Healthcare and Sports Medicine Sector.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clinton |first=Nevin |title=Abhinav Bindra launches sports medicine and research institute in Bhubaneswar » FirstSportz |url=https://firstsportz.com/abhinav-bindra-launches-sports-medicine-and-research-institute-in-bhubaneswar/ |access-date=4 June 2021 |website=firstsportz.com |date=30 October 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Since his retirement, Bindra has been involved with the TOP Scheme, one of India's most significant policies for athlete development. He was a member of the ISSF Athlete Committee from 2010 to 2020, serving as [[Chairperson|Chair]] from 2014, and was appointed to the IOC Athlete Commission in 2018.<ref name="IOC-ACom">{{cite web |title=Abhinav Bindra OLY joins the IOC Athletes' Commission |url=https://olympics.com/athlete365/voice/abhinav-bindra-joins-the-ioc-athletes-commission/ |website=Olympics.com |publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607095109/https://olympics.com/athlete365/voice/abhinav-bindra-joins-the-ioc-athletes-commission/ |archive-date=7 June 2023 |language=en |date=10 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bindra appointed member of IOC's elite Athletes' Commission |url=https://www.insidesport.in/abhinav-bindra-appointed-member-of-iocs-elite-athletes-commission/ |website=insidesport.in |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607094928/https://www.insidesport.in/abhinav-bindra-appointed-member-of-iocs-elite-athletes-commission/ |archive-date=7 June 2023 |language=en |date=9 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In these roles he has worked for the development of athletes through mental health, financial stability, and entrepreneurship initiatives. In 2017 whilst Chair of the ISSF Athletes Committee, Bindra was criticised for approving the removal of three events from the Olympic programme in what was described as an undemocratic and un-transparent manner.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bindra panel recommendations undemocratic and non-transparent, says Rajmond Debevec |url=https://www.espn.in/shooting/story/_/id/18793803/rajmond-debevec-slams-abhinav-bindra-committee-recommendations-scrap-three-olympic-shooting-events |website=ESPN.in |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301084247/https://www.espn.in/shooting/story/_/id/18793803/rajmond-debevec-slams-abhinav-bindra-committee-recommendations-scrap-three-olympic-shooting-events |archive-date=1 March 2017 |language=en |date=1 March 2017 |quote=Three-time Olympic medallist Rajmond Debevec has criticized the ISSF and its athletes committee headed by Abhinav Bindra, for scrapping three existing events from the 2020 Olympics, arguing that the process was non-transparent, and that gender equality could have been achieved using a more democratic decision-making process. |url-status=live}}</ref> Bindra's net worth is estimated to be around $10 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mynation.com/webstories/india-untold/meet-india-s-1st-olympic-gold-medalist-turned-successful-entrepreneur-nti-sim4e3 |title=Meet India's 1st Olympic gold medalist turned successful entrepreneur}}</ref>

==Summer Olympics==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Event
! Rank
! Notes
|-
| {{Flagicon|Australia}} [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Sydney]]
| [[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|10 m air rifle]]
| align="center" | 11
| 590
|-
| {{Flagicon|Greece}} [[2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Athens]]
| [[Shooting at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|10 m air rifle]]
| align="center" | 7
| 694.6
|-
| {{Flagicon|China}} [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing]]
| [[Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|10 m air rifle]]
| align="center" | {{Gold01}}
| 700.5
|-
| {{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London]]
| [[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|10 m air rifle]]
| align="center" | 16
| 594
|-
| {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio de Janeiro]]
| [[Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|10 m air rifle]]
| align="center" | 4
| 625.7/163.8
|}

==Personal life==
Harper Sport published Bindra's autobiography, [[A Shot at History|''A Shot at History: My Obsessive Journey to Olympic Gold'']], which he co-authored with sportswriter [[Rohit Brijnath]] in October 2011. It was formally released by Union Sports Minister [[Ajay Maken]] on 27 October 2011, at a function in New Delhi.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/Maken-formally-launches-Abhinav-Bindras-biography/articleshow/10511113.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411034129/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-27/shooting/30327729_1_abhinav-bindra-sports-minister-indian-sports |url-status=live |archive-date=11 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Maken formally launches Abhinav Bindra's biography |date=27 October 2011}}</ref> The book received positive reviews,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/sunday-edition/sundayagenda/books-reviews/21651-hitting-bulls-eye.html |title=Hitting bull's eye |date=19 November 2011 |work=Daily Pioneer |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208183023/http://dailypioneer.com/sunday-edition/sundayagenda/books-reviews/21651-hitting-bulls-eye.html |archive-date=8 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Datta |first=Sravasti |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-shot-at-greatness/article2604106.ece |title=A shot at greatness |date=6 November 2011 |work=The Hindu |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502000706/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-shot-at-greatness/article2604106.ece |archive-date=2 May 2014 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> and [[Harshvardhan Kapoor]] has been cast for the lead role in a future biopic based on the memoir.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/harshvardhan-kapoor-to-play-olympic-gold-medalist-abhinav-bindra-in-his-biopic-see-photo-4830779/ |title=Harshvardhan Kapoor excited to play Olympic gold medalist Abhinav Bindra, shares photo with sports star |website=indianexpress.com |date=6 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906070121/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/harshvardhan-kapoor-to-play-olympic-gold-medalist-abhinav-bindra-in-his-biopic-see-photo-4830779/ |archive-date=6 September 2017 |access-date=6 September 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Abhinav Bindra Coaching.png|thumb|Abhinav Bindra Coaching]]

Bindra belongs to a [[Sikh]] family and a descendant of legendary warrior [[Hari Singh Nalwa]], who was commander-in-chief of the Sikh army during Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]]'s reign.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-17 |title=Abhinav Bindra to be honorary Lt Col in Sikh Regiment |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/abhinav-bindra-to-be-honorary-lt-col-in-sikh-regiment/story-yoj35kFQ0RuW1XVA3wC0QJ.html |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and accolades ==
* 2000 – [[Arjuna award]]<ref name="conclave.intoday.in">{{cite web |url=https://conclave.intoday.in/story/abhinav-bindra/2689/33.html |title=Abhinav Bindra Olympic Gold Medalist}}</ref>
* 2002 – [[Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna]] (India's highest sports award)<ref name="conclave.intoday.in"/>
* 2008 − [[Honorary degree|Honorary]] doctorate ([[D.Litt]]) from [[SRM University, Andhra Pradesh|SRM University]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary Degree Conferred |url=http://www.srmuniv.ac.in/9th_convocation/honarary_degree.php |website=srmuniv.ac.in |publisher=SRM University |access-date=15 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128130234/http://www.srmuniv.ac.in/9th_convocation/honarary_degree.php |archive-date=28 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2009 – [[Padma Bhushan]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=46983 |title=Padma Awards-2009 |website=pib.nic.in |access-date=28 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103644/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=46983 |archive-date=11 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2011 – Made an honorary lieutenant colonel by the [[Territorial Army (India)|Indian Territorial Army]]
* 2018 – ''Blue Cross'', highest shooting honour by [[International Shooting Sport Federation]]<ref name="The blue cross"/>
* 2019 – [[Honorary degree|Honorary]] doctorate ([[DPhil]]) from [[Kaziranga University]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Mary Kom And Jadav Payeng Receive Honorary Doctorate From KU |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/mary-kom-and-jadav-payeng-receive-honorary-doctorate-from-ku/ |website=northeasttoday.in |date=14 January 2019 |publisher=Northeast today |access-date=15 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115234338/https://www.northeasttoday.in/mary-kom-and-jadav-payeng-receive-honorary-doctorate-from-ku/ |archive-date=15 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2024 – [[Olympic Order]], highest honour by the [[International Olympic Committee]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://issf-sports.org/news/4445 |title=Abhinav Bindra, first Indian to be conferred with Olympic Order, receives top IOC award in Paris|work=ISSF }}</ref>
'''Awards for 2008 Olympic gold medal'''
* {{INRConvert|15|m|lk=r}} by [[Mittal Champions Trust]]
* {{INRConvert|5|m}} cash prize from the [[Government of India|Indian Central Government]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Agencies |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Central-Govt-to-give-Abhinav-Bindra-50-lakhs/350699/ |title=Central Govt to give Abhinav Bindra 50 lakhs |publisher=Express India |date=19 August 2008 |access-date=22 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315020653/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Central-Govt-to-give-Abhinav-Bindra-50-lakhs/350699/ |archive-date=15 March 2012}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|2.5|m}} cash prize by the state government of [[Haryana]]<ref name="ibnlive_prize">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/olympicsnews/shooting-star-prizes-pour-in-as-states-honour-bindra/70895-29.html |title=Shooting Star: Prizes pour in as states honour Bindra |website=ibnlive.com |access-date=14 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080814032940/http://www.ibnlive.com/olympicsnews/shooting-star-prizes-pour-in-as-states-honour-bindra/70895-29.html |archive-date=14 August 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|2.5|m}} cash prize by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cricketnext.com/news/bcci-chief-sanctions-cash-award-for-bindra/33467-13.html |title=BCCI chief sanctions cash award for Bindra |website=cricketnext.com |access-date=14 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813135842/http://www.cricketnext.com/news/bcci-chief-sanctions-cash-award-for-bindra/33467-13.html |archive-date=13 August 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|1.5|m}} cash prize by the Steel Ministry of India<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEP20080812182925&Page=P&Title=Nation&Topic=0 |title=Steel Ministry undertakings announce Rs. 15 lakh cash prize to Abhinav Bindra |website=newindpress.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822074818/http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEP20080812182925&Page=P&Title=Nation&Topic=0 |archive-date=22 August 2008}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|1.1|m}} cash prize by the state government of [[Bihar]]. The [[Patna]] Indoor Stadium will be renamed after Bindra.<ref name="ibnlive_prize"/>
* {{INRConvert|1|m}} prize by the state government of [[Karnataka]]<ref>
{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200808120341.htm |title=Karnataka announces Rs 10 lakh cash award to Bindra |work=The Hindu |date=11 August 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822113337/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200808120341.htm |archive-date=22 August 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|1|m}} cash prize by S. Amolak Singh Gakhal, chairman, [[Gold's Gym]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080812/jal.htm#1 |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Jalandhar Edition |work=The Tribune |access-date=22 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102055724/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080812/jal.htm#1 |archive-date=2 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|1|m}} cash prize by the chief minister of [[Maharashtra]] state<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080061017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916220510/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080061017 |url-status=dead |title=Deshmukh announces Rs 10 lakh cash prize to Bindra |website=ndtv.com |archive-date=16 September 2008 |access-date=7 May 2023}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|500000}} cash prize by the state government of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.orissadiary.com/Shownews.asp?id=7806 |title=Abhinav's Olympic Gold brings nostalgia to Orissa CM |website=orissadiary.com |access-date=20 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080824055740/http://www.orissadiary.com/Shownews.asp?id=7806 |archive-date=24 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|500000}} cash prize by government of [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaivision.com/enews/2008/Aug/12/TN-announces-Rs-5-lakh-for-Bindra.asp |title=TN announces Rs 5 lakh for Bindra |website=chennaivision.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917213744/http://www.chennaivision.com/enews/2008/Aug/12/TN-announces-Rs-5-lakh-for-Bindra.asp |archive-date=17 September 2008}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|100000}} cash prize by the state government of [[Chhattisgarh]]<ref name="ibnlive_prize"/>
* {{INRConvert|100000}} cash prize by the state government of [[Madhya Pradesh]]
* A free lifetime railway pass by the Railway Ministry of India<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mynews.in/fullstory.aspx?storyid=8814 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822055210/http://www.mynews.in/fullstory.aspx?storyid=8814 |url-status=dead |title=Mittal lends a hand to India's Olympic hero |website=mynews.in |archive-date=22 August 2008 |access-date=7 May 2023}}</ref>
* A gold medal by the state government of [[Kerala]]<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080902205500/http://www.keralanext.com/Kerala/read.asp?id=1282016]}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Bindra |first1=Abhinav |title=[[A Shot at History|A Shot at History: My Obsessive Journey to Olympic Gold]] |last2=Brijnath |first2=Rohit |publisher=[[HarperCollins India]] |year=2011 |isbn=9789350291122 |author-link2=Rohit Brijnath}}

== See also ==
*[[Sport in India]] – Overview of sports in India
*[[Shooting sports in India]]
*[[Shooting at the Summer Olympics]] {{Portal bar|Biography|India|Sports}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |last=Pradhan |first=Kunal |date=6 October 2014 |title=The unlikely hero |journal=[[India Today]] |volume=39 |issue=40 |pages=75}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|https://www.abhinavbindra.com/}}
* {{ISSF}}
* {{Olympedia}}
* {{Olympics.com}}
* {{CGF profile|50845}} (1998–2010)
* {{CGF profile|65287}} (2014)
* {{2014 Asian Games profile|5123279}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-sports|oly}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Sushil Kumar (wrestler)|Sushil Kumar]]
| title = [[List of flag bearers for India at the Olympics|Flagbearer]] for India
| years = [[2016 Summer Olympics|Rio de Janeiro 2016]]
| after = [[Mary Kom]] & [[Manpreet Singh (field hockey)|Manpreet Singh]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Awardees}}
{{Olympic Champions Shooting AR60}}
{{Olympic medalists for India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bindra, Abhinav}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Sport shooters from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Khel Ratna Award]]
[[Category:Indian male sport shooters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:ISSF rifle shooters]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in shooting]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games shooters for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in shooting]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in shooting]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Olympic shooters for India]]
[[Category:University of Colorado Boulder alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in sports]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2002 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2006 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in shooting]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category: Olympic gold medalists in athletics]]
[[Category:Asian Games shooters for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Sport shooters from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in shooting]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in shooting]]
[[Category:Honorary Indian Army officers]]

Super Singer Junior season 10

2026-01-24T03:36:46Z

Averma:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = #3B50AE
| season_name = Super Singer Junior
| season_number = 10
| image = Super Singer Junior 10.webp
| image_alt = Super Singer Junior 10 image with judges
| caption = Super Singer Junior 10
| showrunner =
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| judges = [[K.S. Chithra]] [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] [[D. Imman]]
| host = [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] [[Priyanka Deshpande]] Angelin Lakshmi Priya
| winner = Gayathri
}}
| num_episodes = 47
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|11|16|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2025|5|25}}
| prev_season = [[Super Singer Junior season 9|Season 9]]
| next_season = [[Super Singer Junior season 11|Season 11]]
}}

'''''Super Singer Junior Season 10''''', the tenth season of the Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language music competition [[Reality television|reality television show]] [[Super Singer Junior]], aired on [[Star Vijay]] and streams digitally on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2024 |title=Star Vijay's "Super Singer Junior" returns for Season 10|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/star-vijays-super-singer-junior-returns-for-season-10/|website=www.medianews4u.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] and [[Priyanka Deshpande]] return as hosts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2024 |title=சூப்பர் சிங்கர் ஜூனியர் 10 - நாளை முதல் ஒளிப்பரப்பாகிறது|url=https://kumudam.com/vijay-tv-super-singer-junior-season-10-premieres-on-november16|website=kumudam.com|language=ta |author1=Kumudam }}</ref> Later ''[[Mahanadhi (TV series)|Mahanadhi]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennaivision.com/star-vijay-launches-siragadikka-aasai-and-mahanathi-new-serials-from-monday-23-jan-2023/|title=STAR VIJAY launches Siragadikka Aasai and Mahanathi new serials from Monday 23 Jan 2023|website=chennaivision.com|date=21 January 2023|access-date=21 January 2023|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121132855/https://chennaivision.com/star-vijay-launches-siragadikka-aasai-and-mahanathi-new-serials-from-monday-23-jan-2023/|url-status=live}}</ref> series fame actress Lakshmi Priya joined the sets as an anchor upon the exit of Priyanka.

The series judges the children between the ages of six and 15 on the basis of their voice quality, musical and singing talent. Judges for the season include composer [[D. Imman]], and playback singers [[K.S. Chithra]] and [[Mano (singer)|Mano]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2024 |title=Super Singer Junior 10: நாளை சூப்பர் சிங்கர் ஜூனியர் 10 ஆரம்பம்; நடுவர்கள் யார் தெரியுமா?|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/super-singer-junior-10-new-season-judge-announcement|website=cinema.vikatan.com|language=ta}}</ref>

The Grand Finale of Super Singer Junior 10 was held on 25th May 2025. At the finals, Gayathri (from a family of six generations of musicians) won this season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/super-singer-junior-10-winner-gayathri-lifts-the-trophy/articleshow/121405136.cms|title=Super Singer Junior 10 winner: Gayathri lifts the trophy|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 May 2025 |access-date=26 May 2025|language=en}}</ref> It was held in the presence of [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[A. R. Rahman|A.R.Rahman]], who presented the awards.

== Judges ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Judges
!
!Description
|-
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|[[File:K.S.Chithra Jan 2015 06.jpg|149x149px]]
|Playback singer in [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], Kannada and [[Hindi]] music industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-11 |title=Super Singer Junior 9: Shreenitha wins trophy and house worth Rs 60 lakh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/super-singer-junior-9-shreenitha-wins-trophy-and-rs-60-lakh-worth-house-2474368-2023-12-11 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> She has also judged in [[Super Singer Junior season 9|Super Singer Junior 9]], [[Super Singer Junior season 3|Super Singer Junior 3]], [[Super Singer Junior season 2|Super Singer Junior 2]], [[Super Singer Junior#Airtel Super Singer Junior|Super Singer Junior 1]], and [[Star Singer]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-15 |title=Star Singer fame Rithika: It's surreal to be part of the show I grew up watching |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/star-singer-fame-rithika-talks-about-the-reality-show/articleshow/106868958.cms |access-date=2024-11-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|[[File:Playback singer Mano.JPG|thumb]]
|Playback singer in [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], Kannada and [[Hindi]] music industry.
|-
|[[D. Imman]]
|[[File:DSC00325 copy-lowres.jpg|149x149px]]
|National award-winning music composer for Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2021-03-22 |title=67th National Film Awards: Imman wins his first National Award for Viswasam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/Mar/22/67th-national-film-awards-imman-wins-his-first-national-award-for-viswasam-23517.html |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Immanel has composed more than 80 films mainly in Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-22 |title=Imman, who won the National film award for 'Viswasam' pens an emotional note |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/imman-who-won-the-national-film-award-for-viswasam-pens-an-emotional-note/articleshow/81633405.cms |access-date=2024-11-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== Contestants ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%"
! scope="col" |#
! scope="col" |Name
! scope="col" |Hometown
! scope="col" |Status
!Awardees
|-
!1
|Gayathri
|[[Theni]]
|5th Finalist
|Winner (1st place)
|-
!2
|Nasreen
|[[Ranipet]]
|3rd Finalist
|1st Runner up (2nd place)
|-
!3
|Sarasuruthi
|[[Chennai]]
|2nd Finalist
|2nd Runner up (3rd place)
|-
!4
|Aadhya
|[[Chennai]]
|1st Finalist
|2nd Runner up (3rd place)
|-
!5
|Lynet
|[[Chennai]]
|4th Finalist
| 3rd Runner up(4th place)
|-
!6
|Priyanha
|[[Jaffna]]
|Top 10
| -
|-
!7
|Joshika
|[[Namakkal]]
|Top 10
| -
|-
!8
|Aadhanasree
|[[Coimbatore]]
|Top 10
| -
|-
!9
|Layavarshini
|[[Chennai]]
|Top 10
| -
|-
!10
|Ridhan
|[[Coimbatore]]
|Top 10
| -
|-
!11
|Dhanumitha
|[[Tiruvannamalai]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!12
|Sarvesh
|[[Chennai]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!13
|Fiona
|[[Tirunelveli]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!14
|Vishnu
|[[Pudukkottai]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!15
|Mruthika
|[[Chennai]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!16
|Medha
|[[Kochi]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!17
|Pranesh
|[[Coimbatore]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!18
|Renuka <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-15 |title=Super Singer Junior 10 Contestants List, Judges, Grand Launch Date, Episode Telecast Days and Timings |url=https://totalreporter.com/super-singer-junior-10-contestants-list-judges-grand-launch-date-episode-telecast-days-and-timings/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=totalreporter.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!19
|Hemashri
|[[Pondicherry]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!20
|Sathvika
|[[Chennai]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!21
|Sri Varshini
|[[Chennai]]
|Special Performer
| -
|}

== Episodes ==
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" |Episode Number
! scope="col" |Air Date(s)
! scope="col" |Round Name
! scope="col" |Prize winners (weekly)
! scope="col" |Special Guest(s) & Judge(s)
|-
|1
|16 November 2024
| rowspan="2" |Grand Launch
| rowspan="4" |None
| rowspan="4" |Super Singer Junior 9 contestants
|-
|2
|17 November 2024
|-
|3
|23 November 2024
| rowspan="2" |En kural en kathai
|-
|4
|24 November 2024
|-
|
|31 November 2024
|
|
|
|-
|
|1 December 2024
|
|
|
|}

== Stage Performances ==
=== Grand Launch (episodes 1 and 2) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Name of contestant(s)
!Name of song
!Lyricist
!Name of Film/Album
!Singer(s)
!Composer(s)
|-
|Renuka <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=ym6zjuiyXDPnp18F&v=-6WDCI_M1jM&feature=youtu.be |title=Raasave Unnai Nambi Song by #Renuka..🎶😍 {{!}} Super Singer Junior 10 {{!}} Episode Preview |date=2024-11-17 |last=Vijay Television |access-date=2024-11-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|''Raasave Unna Nambi''
|[[Vairamuthu]]
|[[Muthal Mariyathai#Soundtrack|''Muthal Mariyathai'']]
|[[S. Janaki]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|-
|Pranesh <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=DES_ILwfO1T7EyL8&v=T8Ow6gd6sGI&feature=youtu.be |title=Namma Kada Veedhi Song by #Pranesh 🔥👌 {{!}} Super Singer Junior 10 {{!}} Episode Preview |date=2024-11-16 |last=Vijay Television |access-date=2024-11-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|''Namma Kada Veedhi''
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[Amman Kovil Kizhakale#Soundtrack|''Amman Kovil Kizhakale'']]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|Ilaiyaraaja
|-
|Ridhan <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=vvj6iVRTzxrjTOMN&v=TpqOVBpFy_g&feature=youtu.be |title=Whistle Podu Song by #Ridhan 🔥👌 {{!}} Super Singer Junior 10 {{!}} Episode Preview |date=2024-11-16 |last=Vijay Television |access-date=2024-11-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|''Whistle Podu''
|[[Madhan Karky]]
|[[The Greatest of All Time (soundtrack)#Tamil|''The Greatest of All Time'']]
|[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Venkat Prabhu]], [[Premgi Amaren]]
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
|Aadhanasree <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=wZY6jehMV2xdnHMT&v=IQbgalAEdCU&feature=youtu.be |title=Kangal Edho Song by #Aadhanasree 🎤😍 {{!}} Super Singer Junior 10 {{!}} Episode Preview |date=2024-11-17 |last=Vijay Television |access-date=2024-11-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|''Kangal Edho''
|[[Yugabharathi]]
|[[Chithha#Music|''Chithha'']]
|[[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]], Karthika Vaidyanathan
|[[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
|-
|Nasreen <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=2uQR0wITCbtew6jU&v=SfdQ9wkqjwo&feature=youtu.be |title=Oru Kili Uruguthu Song by #Nasreen..🎶😍 {{!}} Super Singer Junior 10 {{!}} Episode Preview |date=2024-11-16 |last=Vijay Television |access-date=2024-11-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|''Oru Kili Uruguthu''
|Vairamuthu
|[[Aanandha Kummi#Soundtrack|''Aanandha Kummi'']]
|S. Janaki, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
|Ilaiyaraaja
|}

=== En Kural En Kathai (episodes 3 and 4) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Name of contestant(s)
!Name of song
!Lyricist
!Name of Film/Album
!Singer(s)
!Composer(s)
|-
|LayaVarshini <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=fvtsO7O5SvqxPqMF&v=fn-pJ2S7lgY&feature=youtu.be |title=Sollamale Yaar Parthathu Song by #LayaVarshini 😍🥰 {{!}} Super Singer Junior 10 {{!}} Episode Preview |date=2024-11-24 |last=Vijay Television |access-date=2024-11-24 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|''Sollamalae Yaar Parthathu''
|[[Palani Bharathi]]
|[[Poove Unakkaga (film)#Soundtrack|''Poove Unakkaga'']]
|[[Sujatha Mohan]], [[P. Jayachandran]]
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|-
|Nasreen <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=cb2xuT3K8gdekbNh&v=6W5UoEPd3G4&feature=youtu.be |title=Poovarasampoo Poothachu Song by #Nasreen 😍❤️ {{!}} Super Singer Junior 10 {{!}} Episode Preview |date=2024-11-24 |last=Vijay Television |access-date=2024-11-24 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|''Poovarasampoo Poothachu''
|Gangai Amaran
|[[Kizhakke Pogum Rail#Soundtrack|''Kizhakke Pogum Rail'']]
|S. Janaki
|Ilaiyaraaja
|}

== Finale Winners ==
The Grand Finale of Super Singer Junior 10 was held on 25th May 2025 in Chennai.

* '''Gayathri''' was announced the '''Title Winner''' of Super Singer Junior Season 10 by [[Kamal Haasan]].
* '''Nasreen''' was announced as the first runner-up of Super Singer Junior Season 10 by [[A. R. Rahman|A.R.Rahman]].
* '''Aadhya''' '''and Sarasuruthi''' were credited as the second runner-up of Super Singer Junior Season 10 by [[A. R. Rahman|A.R.Rahman]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb episodes|10196054}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language singing talent shows]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Super Singer seasons]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Ahammed Khabeer

2026-01-23T19:48:49Z

Averma: created some post and citations

{{short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ahammed Khabeer
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|02|17}} 
| birth_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| occupation = Film director, screenwriter
| years_active = 2019–present
| notable_works = ''[[June (2019 film)|June]]'' ''[[Madhuram]]'' ''[[Kerala Crime Files]]''
}}

'''Ahammed Khabeer''' is an Indian [[film director]], screenwriter and producer who works in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]]. He made his directorial debut with the coming-of-age film ''[[June (2019 film)|June]]'' (2019). He is best known for directing ''[[Madhuram]]'' (2021)<ref>{{cite news |title=Ahammed Khabeer presents 'untold story' in 'Madhuram'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/Oct/06/ahammed-khabeer-presents-untold-story-in-madhuram-2368037.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=6 October 2023|access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref> and the critically acclaimed Malayalam web series ''[[Kerala Crime Files]]'' on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ahammed Khabeer confirms Kerala Crime Files Season 2: 'I already have a story idea, need to develop it further' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/director-ahammed-khabeer-confirms-kerala-crime-files-season-2-web-series-8677589/lite/ |work=The Indian Express |date=23 June 2023|access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Ahammed Khabeer was born in 1980 in [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India. He completed his schooling at Girideepam Bethany Central School in Kottayam. He pursued an MBA in Media and Entertainment from [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education|Manipal University]]'s Bangalore campus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ahammed Khabeer |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/malayalam/director/ahammed-khabeer |website=NETTV4U |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
Before venturing into films, Khabeer worked as an assistant programme producer at the Malayalam television channel [[Mazhavil Manorama]]. He also directed a few short films during this period.<ref>{{cite news |last=Athira M |title='June' is for every girl who wants to follow her dreams: Ahammed Khabeer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ahammed-khabeer-on-his-directorial-debut-june/article26455125.ece |work=The Hindu |date=7 March 2019 |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>

Khabeer made his directorial debut with ''[[June (2019 film)|June]]'', a coming-of-age romantic drama starring [[Rajisha Vijayan]] in the titular role. The film also featured [[Joju George]], [[Arjun Ashokan]], and [[Aswathi Menon]] in supporting roles. It is produced by [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] under the banner of [[Friday Film House]],<ref>{{cite web |title=16 producers rejected 'June' because it was a girl's story: Director Ahammed to TNM|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/16-producers-rejected-june-because-it-was-girl-s-story-director-ahammed-tnm-98177 |website=The News Minute|date=12 March 2019|access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref> the film was noted for its nostalgic portrayal of adolescence and youthful aspirations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajisha Vijayan pens a heartfelt note as 'June' clocks three|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rajisha-vijayan-pens-a-heartfelt-note-as-june-clocks-three/articleshow/89593926.cms |website=The Hindu|date=15 February 2022|access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>

In 2021, Khabeer directed ''[[Madhuram]]'', a drama set in a hospital that explored the emotional connections between strangers.<ref>{{cite web |title='June' director Ahammed Khabeer casts Joju George in his next|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/Dec/27/june-director-ahammed-khabeer-casts-joju-george-in-his-next-2081306.html |website=The New Indian Express|date=27 December 2019 |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref> The film starred [[Joju George]], [[Arjun Ashokan]], and [[Shruti Ramachandran]], and premiered on [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Madhuram trailer promises sweet and simple movie, Joju-starrer to release on SonyLIV|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/12/11/madhuram-trailer-sweet-simple-malayalam-movie-joju-george.html |website=The New Indian Express|date=11 December 2021 |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref> It received positive reviews for its heartwarming narrative and performances.<ref name="firstpost-madhuram">{{cite web |title=Madhuram movie review: Joju George's heartwarming drama celebrates kindness |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/malayalam-movie-review-madhuram-on-sonyliv-is-a-heartwarming-tale-of-kindness-10261191.html |website=Firstpost |date=24 December 2021 |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>

In 2023, Khabeer directed ''[[Kerala Crime Files]] – Shiju, Parayil Veedu, Neendakara'', the first official Malayalam-language web series released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ahammed Khabeer wants the quality of his Malayalam television series 'Kerala Crime Files' to be on par with the best shows on OTT |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-ahammed-khabeer-directs-the-first-malayalam-web-series-kerala-crime-files-which-drops-on-disney-hotstar-on-june-23/article66988646.ece/ |website=The Hindu|date=22 June 2023|access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref> The police procedural thriller starred [[Aju Varghese]] and [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] and was praised for its grounded narrative and realistic portrayal of police investigations.<ref name="indiatoday-kcf">{{cite web |title=Kerala Crime Files Review: This well-written and engaging Malayalam thriller is a compelling watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/kerala-crime-files-review-this-well-written-and-engaging-malayalam-thriller-is-a-compelling-watch-2396892-2023-06-23 |website=India Today |date=23 June 2023 |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress-kcf">{{cite web |title=Kerala Crime Files review: A tightly-woven police procedural |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kerala-crime-files-review-tightly-woven-police-procedural-malayalam-aju-varghese-lal-8682717/ |website=The Indian Express |date=23 June 2023 |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress-interview">{{cite web |title=Kerala Crime Files director Ahammed Khabeer: 'As a viewer, I always prefer thrillers to feel-good movies' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kerala-crime-files-director-ahammed-khabeer-interview-thriller-web-series-8674843/ |website=The Indian Express |date=22 June 2023 |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>

Following the success of the first season, Khabeer returned to direct the second season of ''Kerala Crime Files''. The production began in February 2024 and concluded in April 2024.<ref name="cinemaexpress-wrap">{{cite web |title=It's a wrap for Kerala Crime Files Season 2 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Apr/29/its-a-wrap-for-kerala-crime-files-season-2-52837.html |website=Cinema Express |date=29 April 2024 |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref> He also produced the season under his production venture ''Monkey Business''.<ref>{{cite web |title='Kerala Crime Files' season 2 goes into production |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kerala-crime-files-season-2-goes-into-production/article67866431.ece/ |website=The Hindu|date=20 February 2024|access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>

In February 2024, it was announced that Khabeer would direct a romantic comedy featuring Tamil actor [[Arjun Das]] in his Malayalam debut.<ref>{{cite web |title=Arjun Das all set for his Malayalam debut with Ahammed Khabeer's romantic comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/arjun-das-to-make-malayalam-debut-with-ahammed-khabeers-romantic-comedy/articleshow/107694595.cms |website=The Times of India|date=14 February 2024 |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref> The film's music will be composed by [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]].<ref name="thehindu-arjun">{{cite web |title=Tamil actor Arjun Das to foray into Malayalam with Ahammed Khabeer's next |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-actor-arjun-das-to-foray-into-malayalam-with-ahammed-khabeers-next/article67848743.ece |website=The Hindu |date=15 February 2024 |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{pending films key}}
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes!! Ref.
|-
| 2019 || ''[[June (2019 film)|June]]'' || Director, Co-writer || Debut film co-written with Libin Varghese and Jeevan Baby Mathew||<ref>{{cite web |title='June' to hit the theatres on 15|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/june-to-hit-the-theatres-on-15/articleshow/67929165.cms |website=The Times of India|date=10 February 2019|access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Madhuram]]'' || Director, Story || ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Joju George's Madhuram begins filming|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/Dec/19/joju-georgesmadhuram-begins-filming-2238121.html |website=The Indian Express|date=19 December 2020|access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || {{pending film|Many Many Happy Returns}} || Director, Story, Producer ||co-written with Jobin John Varghese and RJ Mathukutty||<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalidas Jayaram to lead Many Many Happy Returns|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2026/Jan/01/malayalamnews2026jan01kalidas-jayaram-to-lead-many-many-happy-returns |website=The New Indian Express|date=1 January 2026|access-date=2 January 2026}}</ref>
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Platform !! Ref.
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Kerala Crime Files]]'' || Director ||rowspan =3|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]||<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Crime Files director Ahammed Khabeer: 'As a viewer, I always prefer thrillers to feel-good movies'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kerala-crime-files-director-ahammed-khabeer-interview-thriller-web-series-8674843/lite/ |website=The Indian Express|date=23 June 2023|access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Kerala Crime Files|Kerala Crime Files 2]]'' || Director, Producer || <ref>{{cite web |title=Confirmed! Season 2 of Kerala Crime Files to release soon; here's all about the crime drama web series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/confirmed-season-2-of-kerala-crime-files-to-release-soon-heres-all-about-the-crime-drama-web-series/27cdc875cf807 |website=OTTPlay |date=13 February 2024|access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}} || {{pending film|[[Kerala Crime Files|Kerala Crime Files 3]]}} || Director, Producer ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Crime Files Season 3 to be scripted by Bahul Ramesh, reveals Ahammed Khabeer; OG cast to return|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kerala-crime-files-season-3-to-be-scripted-by-bahul-ramesh-reveals-ahammed-khabeer/9be24effef988|website=OTTplay |date=16 December 2025 |access-date=2 January 2026}}</ref>
|}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|9942830}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kerala]]
[[Category:1991 births]]

Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited

2026-01-08T16:20:05Z

Averma: creating new entry...

{{Short description|Indian energy company}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}{{Notability|1=Companies|date=June 2022}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=June 2022}}
}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| type = [[Public sector undertakings in India|Public Sector Undertakings]]
| industry = [[Electric power]]
| predecessor =
| founded = {{start date and age|2000}}
| hq_location = [[Dehradun]], [[India]]
| area_served = [[Uttarakhand]]
| key_people = [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]], Minister of Power Anand Bardhan ,[[(Chairman)]]
| products = {{Unbulleted list|[[Electric power transmission|Transmission]]|[[Electricity distribution|Distribution]]}}
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| owner = Ministry of Power, [[Government of Uttarakhand]]
| num_employees =
| homepage = {{url|https://www.upcl.org}}
}}
'''Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited (UPCL)'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Power |first=India Central Board of Irrigation and |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cOla5WHFLFIC&q=%22Uttarakhand+Power+Corporation+Limited%22+-wikipedia |title=Directory of Key Personnel in Power & Water Resources Sectors |date=2012 |publisher=Central Board of Irrigation & Power |language=en}}</ref> is the company responsible for electricity [[Transmission tower|transmission]] and distribution within the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehrotra |first=Vani |date=2021-10-13 |title=Uttarakhand Power Corporation buys expensive 2.3 million units of electricity to normalize supply |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/uttarakhand-power-corporation-ltd-upcl-buys-expensive-electricity-coal-crisis-740105 |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> The incumbent chairman is Anand Bardhan '''.'''As the sole distributor of power in Uttarakhand, it manages Uttarakhand's 2600 [[Watt|MW]] daily demand.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Kalyan Das|date=Apr 5, 2022 |title=upcl: Md: Upcl To Install New Age Electricity Metres In 6 Mnths {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/md-upcl-to-install-new-age-electricity-metres-in-6-mnths/articleshow/90652322.cms |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Electric power companies of India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Uttarakhand|P]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:State electricity agencies of India|U]]

Sumati Kshetramade

2026-01-01T15:33:07Z

Averma: minor cleaned up lead after review and updated info

{{Short description|Marathi writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Sumati Kshetramade''' (7 March 1913 – 1997) was an India [[Marathi people|Marathi]] writer<ref>{{cite book |title=The Growth of the novel in India, 1950-1980 |last=Rajan |first=P. K. |year=1989 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-259-8 |page=124 }}</ref> from [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dutt|first1=Kartik Chandra|title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M|date=1999|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=8126008733|page=639}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Marathi writer Kshetramade dead|url=http://listserv.indianetwork.org/cgi/wa.cgi?A3=ind9808B&L=INDIA-L&E=8bit&P=438&B=--&T=text%2Fplain;%20charset=iso-8859-1&header=1|publisher=The India Network Foundation|accessdate=27 April 2015}}</ref>

A major theme of her novels is the exploitation of women.<ref>{{cite book |title=Woman in Indian short stories: feminist perspective |last=Bande |first=Usha |author2=Atma Ram |year=2003 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-778-2 |page=75 }}</ref>

Kshetramade was a physician by profession.

==Selected works==
===Novels===
* Shrāvaṇadhārā (1983)
* Pratipadā (1982)
* Makhamalī Baṭavā (1979)
* Āshāḍh Megh (1976)
* Sharvari Sharvari
* Yugandharā
* Ābhās
* Mahāshwetā
* Anuhār
* Wrundā
* Yādnyaseni
*Sāmbarāchi Shinge
* Jiwan-Swapna<ref>{{cite book |title=The Golden book of Saratchandra |last=Caṭṭopādhyāẏa |first=Śaratcandra |author2=Manik Mukhopadhyay |author3=Satyabrata Toy |year=1977 |publisher=All Bengal Sarat Centenary Committee |oclc=4513666 |page=102 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kshetramade, Sumati}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century women novelists]]
{{india-writer-stub}}

The Bones of Grace

2025-12-12T23:28:30Z

Averma: updated formatting based on references to improve readability

{{short description|2016 novel by Tahmima Anam}}
{{infobox book
| name = The Bones of Grace
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Hardcover of The Bones of Grace.jpeg
| image_size =
| caption = First edition (UK)
| author = [[Tahmima Anam]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| language = English
| series =
| genre = Historical novel, [[Romance novel]], Domestic fiction
| publisher = [[Canongate]] (UK) [[HarperCollins]] (US)
| release_date = 5 March 2016
| media_type =
| pages = 432
| isbn = 9781554682119
| congress =
| oclc = 968201661
| preceded_by = [[The Good Muslim]]
}}

'''''The Bones of Grace''''' is a novel by [[Tahmima Anam]]. It is the third novel and final part of her Bengal trilogy, following ''[[A Golden Age]]'' and ''[[The Good Muslim]]''.

==Synopsis==
The story revolves around Zubaida Haque, an adopted daughter of a native Bengali family who finds herself lost between two worlds. She feels torn by everything which she has to choose. She feels a different kind of loyalty toward her motherland [[Bangladesh]] and [[America]], where she completed her studies.

==Reception==

The book got generally positive review from critics.

''[[The Guardian]]'' published a review by Anthony Cummins, who stated: "While the characters need no convincing of their feelings for each other, we do, and the book’s structure makes this tricky: Zubaida has to write for us as well as for Elijah. Their coded correspondence once she returns to Bangladesh, in text messages consisting only of song titles – off-the-peg emotion – feels like Anam's workaround as much as theirs".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/29/tahmima-anam-bones-grace-novel-review-canongate-bangladesh |title=The Bones of Grace by Tahmima Anam – review |first=Anthony |last=Cummins |newspaper=The Guardian |date= 29 May 2016}}</ref> The ''[[Financial Times]]'' published a review by [[Arifa Akbar]], who noted: "This third novel does not revisit the 1970s but plays with a polyphony of pasts, from prehistoric to the present. The parents’ story of war and liberation is there, but as a back-note. The foreground is now contemporary, the generation Anam's own, and The Bones of Grace has at its heart not war but the shattering effects of conflicted love".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/834c6eb6-1856-11e6-b197-a4af20d5575e |title=The Bones of Grace, by Tahmima Anam |work=Financial Times |last=Akbar |first=Arifa |url-access=subscription |date= 20 May 2016}}</ref>

''[[Kirkus Reviews]]'' said: "Taken alone, the narrator's self-absorption would be grating, but her story resonates powerfully within the saga of three generations of women personifying Bangladesh’s evolution from the clarity of revolution to the confusions of assimilation with the larger world".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/tahmima-anam/the-bones-of-grace/ |title=The Bones of Grace |work=Kirkus Reviews |date= 31 March 2016}}</ref> ''[[Book Review]]'' published a review that observed: "Anam writes an engaging, thought provoking story that portrays a contemporary family experience in Bangladesh; one that examines the issue of identity and living between east and western cultures. "<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bookbrowse.com/mag/reviews/index.cfm/book_number/3437/the-bones-of-grace#reviews |title=The Bones of Grace by Tahmima Anam |website=BookBrowse |first= Claire |last= McAlpine}}</ref>

''[[The Hindu]]'' published a review by ''Mini Kapoor'', who wrote, "That Anam manages to bring all the strands together in the end speaks of the necessary truth in her fiction".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/literary-review/mini-kapoor-reviews-the-bones-of-grace/article8629524.ece |title=Completing a graceful arc |work=The Hindu |date= 21 May 2016 |first=Mini |last= Kapoor}}</ref> ''[[South China Morning Post]]'' gave the book 4.5 star out of 5, calling the novel "an unusual, uneven beauty, heart-wrenching sadness and rare imaginative power".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.scmp.com/culture/books/article/1945647/book-review-bones-grace-uneven-beauty-heart-wrenching-sadness-and-rare |title=Book review: The Bones of Grace – uneven beauty, heart-wrenching sadness and rare power |work=South China Morning Post |first=Bron |last= Sibree|date=17 May 2016}}</ref> ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'' published a review by Terry Hong who calls the book, "a priceless literary gift".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/Book-Reviews/2016/0628/The-Bones-of-Grace-Anam-s-Bengal-trilogy-comes-to-a-graceful-close |title='The Bones of Grace': Anam's 'Bengal trilogy' comes to a graceful close |work= The Christian Science Monitor|date= 28 June 2016 |first=Terry |last=Hong}}</ref>

The ''[[Minnesota Star Tribune|Star Tribune]]'' published a mixed review by ''Rayyan Al-Shawaf'', who wrote, "...you’ll be moved by the author’s portrayal of hollowed-out characters pining for that which would make them whole again, but you might also find yourself puzzling over the nature of their bereavement. Indeed, Anam often skimps on explanation in favor of plunging into someone’s obsessive quest for redemption".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://m.startribune.com/review-the-bones-of-grace-by-tahmima-anam/386871681/ |title= Review: 'The Bones of Grace,' by Tahmima Anam |date= 15 July 2016 |work= Star Tribune |first=Rayyan |last=Al-Shawaf}}</ref> Nicholas Reid published a negative review in ''[[Stuff.co.nz]]'', where he noted: "At over 400 pages, this is a complex novel with many subordinate characters and many changes of scene. Also it uses big-brush symbolism.The dig for fossilised bones is like Zubaida's dig for her identity etc".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://i.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/books/83906315/Review-The-Bones-of-Grace |title= Review: The Bones of Grace |work= Stuff.co.nz |first=Nicholas |last= Reid |date= 9 September 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bones Of Grace}}
[[Category:2016 British novels]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Liberation War fiction]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in 1971]]
[[Category:Historical novels]]
[[Category:John Murray (publishing house) books]]
[[Category:Novels set in Bangladesh]]

Kasturbhai Lalbhai

2025-12-02T13:57:57Z

Averma: New

{{short description|Indian industrialist and philanthropist}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kasturbhai Lalbhai
| image = Kasturbhai Lalbhai 1940.JPG
| caption = Kasturbhai in the 1940s before adopting ''[[khadi]]'' clothes
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1894|12|19}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1980|1|20|1894|12|19}}
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| citizenship = [[India]]
| education = Metric
| alma_mater = Ranchhodlal Chhotalal Government High School
| occupation = [[Business magnate|Industrialist]]
| years_active = 1912–1977
| organization = [[Arvind Mills]]
| spouse = Sharda Chimanlal Jhaveri
| children = [[Shrenik Kasturbhai Lalbhai|Shrenik]], [[Siddharth Kasturbhai Lalbhai|Siddharth]]
| parents = Mohini and Lalbhai Dalpatbhai
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]
}}
'''Kasturbhai Lalbhai''' (19 December 1894 – 20 January 1980) was an Indian [[industrialist]] and [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]]. He co-founded [[Arvind Mills]] along with his brothers and several other institutes. He was a co-founder of the [[Ahmadabad Education Society]] which later founded [[Ahmedabad University]] and the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]]. Kasturbhai served as the chairman of the historic and influential [[Anandji Kalyanji Trust|Anandji Kalyanji Jain Trust]], that manages [[Shatrunjaya]] and several other [[Jainism|Jain]] pilgrimage centers, for 50 years.

==Early life==
Kasturbhai Lalbhai was born in 1894 in Zaveriwad, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, to Mohini and Lalbhai Dalpatbhai, a member of a preeminent [[Jain]] family.<ref name="Piramal 309"/>

He studied at Municipal School Number Eight near [[Teen Darwaja]], Ahmedabad up to fifth grade. He later joined Ranchhodlal Chhotalal Government High School. He matriculated in 1911 with second class. In 1912, when he was a 17-year-old studying in Gujarati College, his father died and being the second son, he was asked to discontinue his studies so as to help in the family business.<ref name="Piramal 310">{{cite book| last = Piramal| first = Gita| title = Business Legends| pages = 310}}</ref> His father Lalbhai had divided property among his brothers only in the recent past; as his and his sons' share, Lalbhai had received Raipur mills, a new establishment.

He was married to Sharda Chimanlal Jhaveri in May 1915 and had two sons, [[Shrenik Kasturbhai Lalbhai|Shrenik]] and Siddharth.<ref name="Piramal 310"/>

==Family==
Kasturbhai belonged to the [[Jain]] family of ''Nagarsheths'' (city chief) of Ahmedabad, recognized by the Mughals, Marathas and the English during different times.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/44139386.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A7ddb6f1f0028d99da9b349b15b1dc78f THE NAGARSHETH OF AHMEDABAD: THE HISTORY OF AN URBAN INSTITUTION IN A GUJARAT CITY, Dwijendra Tripathi and M. J. Mehta, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 39, Volume I (1978), pp. 481–496 (16 pages)]</ref>

He was the descendant of [[Shantidas Jhaveri]], a royal jeweler of [[Akbar]] and an [[Oswal]] [[Jain]] from the [[Marwar]] region.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lz3gNDMbWEC&q=shantidas|title=Indian Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Historical Perspective: With Special Reference to Shroffs of Gujarat, 17th to 19th Centuries|last=Mehta|first=Makrand|date=1991|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=9788171880171|language=en}}</ref> [[Khushalchand]] (1680–1748), the grandson of Shantidas paid ransom to the [[Maratha confederacy|Marathas]] to save Ahmedabad from plunder in 1725. Khushalchand's son Vakhatchand (1740–1814) was also a noted businessman.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.arvindmills.com/heritage/founding_fathers.htm | title = The Lalbhais – A Historical Perspective | publisher = Arvind Mills | access-date = 28 November 2011 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111201144420/http://www.arvindmills.com/heritage/founding_fathers.htm | archive-date = 1 December 2011 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> His grandson Dalpatbhai Bhagubhai was also in cotton trading business in the 1870s. His son [[Lalbhai Dalpatbhai]] (1863–1912), Kasturbhai's father, established Saraspur cotton mill in 1896 addition to the traditional business of precious gems.<ref name="Piramal 309">{{cite book| last = Piramal| first = Gita| title = Business Legends| pages = 309|language=en}}</ref> It became a part of the swadeshi movement in India.

== Business ==
He joined Raipur Mill as chairman in 1912. The operations of the mill had not yet stabilized; hence, Kasturbhai had to take care of operations closely. He started off as a timekeeper in the mill, but fed up with the repetitive nature of the job, he started working with suppliers of the mill and traveled far and wide to understand the supplier market. The boom in demand during and post-[[World War I]] helped him in stabilizing the operations of the firm. He joined the board of directors of Raipur mill in 1918. Later he established Ashoka Mills in the 1920s with the help of Dahyabhai Patel.<ref>{{cite book| last = Piramal| first = Gita| title = Business Legends| pages = 312–314}}</ref> Kasturbhai expanded his business with help of his mentor and trusted general manager of all his [[textile mill]]s, Dahyabhai Motilal Patel, who had the vision and insight to advise Kasturbhai to invest in or acquire five mills between 1924 and 1938, including four belonging to relatives. These include establishment of [[Arvind Mills]] and Nutan Mills in 1931, Aruna Mills in 1928, Ahmedabad New Cotton Mills in 1938.<ref>{{cite book| last = Piramal| first = Gita| title = Business Legends| pages = 337}}</ref> [[Swadeshi movement]] by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in the 1930s and starting of [[World War II]] in 1939 helped textile industry in India.<ref>{{cite book| last = Piramal| first = Gita| title = Business Legends| pages = 347–348}}</ref> He modernised all seven mills. They had 12% of India's total spinning capacity and 24% of Ahmedabad's total weaving capacity resulting in they were seventh largest cotton consumer in 1939 in India.<ref>{{cite book| last = Piramal| first = Gita| title = Business Legends| pages = 349}}</ref>

In 1948, his business group was named in the list of business houses indulging in black-marketing. [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]], the finance minister and a friend of Kasturbhai had to resign for reportedly suggesting that its name be dropped from the list. The Income Tax department followed its allegations with a spate of inquiries and after almost ten years, absolved the group of any wrongdoing.<ref>{{cite book| last = Piramal| first = Gita| title = Business Legends| pages =403–405}}</ref>

In 1952, his trusted advisor and general manager, Dahyabhai Motilal Patel, helped strategise and found [[Atul Limited]] (literally, 'incomparable'), India's first modern dyestuff manufacturer, in collaboration with [[American Cyanamid]] Company. It was inaugurated by the first prime minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref>{{cite book| last = Piramal| first = Gita| title = Business Legends| pages = 350}}</ref>

==Politics==
[[File:Shri Kasturbhai Lalbhai Image.jpg|thumb|Kasturbhai Lalbhai wearing [[Khadi]] clothes]]
He was elected in [[Central Legislative Assembly]] in December 1923. During his three-year term, he was involved in lobbying for Indian industries including repeal of excise duty on textiles.<ref>{{cite book| last = Piramal| first = Gita| title = Business Legends| pages = 329–331}}</ref> During the 1930s, he became close to [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and helped him in the [[Swadeshi movement]], which boycotted foreign goods and promoted local industries. He was also indulged in negotiation of taxes with British for Indian textiles during economic depression of the 1930s.<ref>{{cite book| last = Piramal| first = Gita| title = Business Legends| pages = 350–393}}</ref>

He held several important positions after independence of India, including Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and the Administration of Tribal and Excluded Areas in 1947, chairmanship of the Economic Committee of the Ministry of Finance in 1948, chairmanship of Central Public Works Department Industry Committee in 1952, chairmanship of National Research Development Corporation, member of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, trustee of Gandhi Smarak Nidhi, member of Indian Investment Centre. He also became the trustee and chairman of Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Fund. He also served as a member of Minorities Sub-committee as a representative of [[Jainism]].<ref>{{cite book| last = Piramal| first = Gita| title = Business Legends| pages = 406–407}}</ref>

== Institution building ==
Kasturbhai was elected as the President of Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries in 1934 and the President of Ahmedabad Textile Mill Owners Association in 1935. From 1937 to 1949, he served as the Director of [[Reserve Bank of India]].

He along with [[Amritlal Hargovinddas]], [[Ganesh Mavlankar]] started the [[Ahmadabad Education Society]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aes-ahmedabad.ac.in/ |title=Ahmedabad Education Society |access-date=2008-09-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927191141/http://www.aes-ahmedabad.ac.in/ |archive-date=27 September 2008 }}</ref> (AES) in 1936, which later evolved into [[Ahmedabad University]] in 2009. Later this society started several educational institutes including MG Science College, L M College of Pharmacy. AES assisted the other educational institutions by donating the land to the institutes like [[Physical Research Laboratory]], [[Indian Space Research Organisation]], [[Center for Environmental Planning and Technology|CEPT]], Castrol AES Monitoring Institute, Blind Men's Association giving training to the Blind persons. Vikram Sarabhai Community Science Center, Gujarat Vishwa Kosh, and others. HL College of Commerce had the privilege to house Gujarat University in its building in the initial years. AES had also donated Rs 0.5 Million for the establishment of [[Gujarat University]]. AES also helped establish cultural center like [[Amdavad ni Gufa]].<ref name="aesd">{{cite web | url=http://www.aes-ahmedabad.ac.in/LeaderShipAndContribution.html | title=Dynamic leadership & Contributions | publisher=AES | access-date=30 April 2013 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711154355/http://www.aes-ahmedabad.ac.in/LeaderShipAndContribution.html | archive-date=11 July 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

He and [[Vikram Sarabhai]] established [[Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association|Ahmedabad Textile Industries Research Association]] (ATIRA) before independence under Ahmedabad Textile Mill owners Association for promoting research in field of textiles.<ref name="aesd"/>

AES also donated land for the establishment of the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]] (IIMA). Kasturbhai along with [[Vikram Sarabhai]] were instrumental in it. He was on the board of IIMA but declined to accept the position of its chairman.<ref name="aesd"/><ref name="Piramal 424">{{cite book| last = Piramal| first = Gita| title = Business Legends| pages = 424}}</ref> Now IIMA has Kasturbhai Lalbhai Management Development Centre and a Kasturbhai Lalbhai Chair in Entrepreneurship.

To promote engineering and technology, he founded an engineering college in 1947 and named it after his father, [[Lalbhai Dalpatbhai College of Engineering]].<ref name="aesd"/> He also established the Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Institute of Indology in 1962.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/India-gets-its-first-e-library-of-ancient-manuscripts/articleshow/10648932.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104022517/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-08/ahmedabad/30372922_1_manuscripts-indology-digitizing | url-status=live | archive-date=4 November 2013 | title=India gets its first e-library of ancient manuscripts | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=8 November 2011 | agency=TNN | access-date=30 April 2013 | author=Yagnik, Bharat}}</ref>

In 1949, he founded the Gujarat Chamber of Commerce and Industries (GCCI). From 1955 to 1965, he was a chairman of Indian Institute of Technology (IIT). He founded the Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Institute of Indology in 1962 which preserves many manuscripts, rare books, and microfilms. In 1972, ''Sankat Nivaran Society'' was founded by Gujarat Chamber of Commerce and Industries and Ahmedabad Textile Mills Owners' Association.

He commissioned world-renowned architects such as [[Louis Kahn]], [[Le Corbusier]], [[B. V. Doshi]] and [[Charles Correa]] to design some of these institutes and bring modern architecture in Ahmedabad.<ref name="Piramal 424"/>

== Later life ==
With time, Kasturbhai started handing over the operations of his businesses to his family in the 1960s. He devoted more time to public activities. He retired from business in January 1977. He died on 20 January 1980 in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite book| last = Piramal| first = Gita| title = Business Legends| pages = 421}}</ref>

== Religious activities ==
He was a strict Jain. He became chairman of [[Anandji Kalyanji Trust]] in 1925 at the age of 30 years and served for 50 years.<ref>The dynamics of a tradition: Kasturbhai Lalbhai and his entrepreneurship, Dwijendra Tripathi, Manohar, 1981, p. 50</ref> It has many Jain temples under its management. Under him, the trust renovated many Jain temples including temples at [[Ranakpur]], [[Dilwara]] (at [[Mount Abu]]), [[Girnar]], [[Taranga Jain temple|Taranga]] and [[Shatrunjaya]] Hills.<ref>શેઠ આણંદજી કલ્યાણજી પેઢીનો ઇતિહાસ Sheth Anandji Kalyanji Pedhino Itihas 1, Ratilal Dipchand Desai, Shilchandrasuri, Anandji Kalyanji Pedhi Ahmedabad 1983</ref>

==Recognition==
He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third highest civilian honour in 1969 by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Arvind Mills]]
*[[Lalbhai Dalpatbhai]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
* http://www.businessandeconomy.org/14122006/storyd.asp?sid=641&pageno=4
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gt5WXOQ08DYC&q=kasturbhai+lalbhai | title=Business legends | publisher=Penguin Books India | author= Piramal, Gita | author-link=The builder | year=1999 | isbn=9780140271874}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111201144420/http://www.arvindmills.com/heritage/founding_fathers.htm Biography of Lalbhais on Arvind Mills]
* [http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/kasturbhai-lalbhai-biography.html Indian Entrepreneurs: Kasturbhai Lalbhai]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Lalbhai Group}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalbhai, Kasturbhai}}
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the textile industry]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Lalbhai family]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian Jains]]

Dilraj Singh Bhunder

2025-11-30T06:51:29Z

Averma:

{{short description|Indian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder|
| name = Dilraj Singh Bhunder
| native_name =
| image = Dilraj Singh Bhunder.jpg
| residence =
| term = 2017 - 2022
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly, Punjab]]
| constituency = [[Sardulgarh Assembly constituency|Sardulgarh]], [[Mansa District, Punjab|Mansa District]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| term2 = 2012 - 2017
| office2 = [[Vice President]], Youth Wing, [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| term3 = 2008 - 2012
| office3 = [[District Councils of India|Zila Parishad]] [[Chairman]]
| constituency3 = Sardulgarh, [[Mansa district, Punjab|Mansa District]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| party = [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| spouse = Veerpal Kaur
| relatives = Balraj Singh Bhunder (Brother)
| father = [[Balwinder Singh Bhunder]]
| mother = Balwant Kaur
}}
'''Dilraj Singh Sidhu''' is an Indian politician, former member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] or the [[Punjab Vidhan Sabha]]. He is the son of Sardar [[Balwinder Singh Bhunder]], who is currently a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]], from the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].{{CN|date=November 2023}} Dilraj is a member of the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] party. He is a former [[Vice President]] of Youth Wing [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] party. Dilraj is an engineering graduate from [[Punjab Engineering College]], [[Chandigarh]].

== Early life ==
Dilraj was born on 11 January 1969 in [[Bathinda]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], to Sardar [[Balwinder Singh Bhunder]] and Shrimati Balwant Kaur. He spent his early life living and schooling in Chandigarh. Dilraj had a strong interest in engineering and science since his childhood. He was an avid athlete growing up and competed in 5 national Volleyball games and was the youngest caption to ever had to play in nationals.

== Biography ==
Dilraj married Veerpal Kaur in 1994. Dilraj's deceased brother, Balraj Singh Bhunder was previously an important political figure for the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] party.

== Political career ==
From 2008 to 2012, Dilraj became the [[District Councils of India|Zila Parishad]] [[Chairman]], [[Mansa district, Punjab|Mansa]]. From 2012 to 2017, he was the [[Vice President]] of the Youth Wing for the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] party. Dilraj was elected as a member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] or the [[Punjab Vidhan Sabha]] from Sardulgarh, [[Mansa district, Punjab|Mansa District]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]].

Dilraj has been actively been a part of many committees including the Committee on Petitions of Punjab Vidhan Sabha, Committee of Local Bodies & Panchayati Raj Institution of Punjab Vidhan Sabha, and the Library Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/215|title=Members|website=punjabassembly.nic.in|access-date=2019-03-11}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhunder, Dilraj Singh}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mansa district, India]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Shiromani Akali Dal politicians]]

List of international cricket five-wicket hauls at the Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium

2025-11-20T12:23:09Z

Averma:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}

[[File:Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.35|alt=A view of Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium from South Gallery|{{As of|2021|5}}, 54 international five-wicket hauls have been taken at the Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, 34 in Tests, 18 in One Day Internationals and two in Twenty20 Internationals.]]
[[File:Shakib al hasan 2.jpg|thumbnail|300x300px|upright=1|alt=Shakib Al Hasan in July 2010|[[Shakib Al Hasan]] has taken nine international five-wicket hauls at this ground, seven in Tests, one in ODIs and one in a T20I – the most by any player on the ground.]]

The [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], formerly known as the Mirpur Stadium, is a sports ground in [[Dhaka]], the capital city of Bangladesh. The ground has hosted international [[cricket]] matches since 2006.<ref name="iccvenue">{{cite web|title=Shere Bangla National Stadium|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/236761.html|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=10 June 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605052608/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/236761.html|archive-date=5 June 2018}}</ref> It is named after [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]], the first [[Prime Minister of Bengal]], who was accorded the title ''Sher-e-Bangla'' ("The Tiger of Bengal").<ref>{{cite news|first=A. K. Fazlul|last=Huq Jr.|title=Sher-e-Bangla: The Tiger of Bengal|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/04/26/sher-e-bangla-the-tiger-of-bengal|newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|date=26 April 2014|access-date=10 June 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610061200/https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/04/26/sher-e-bangla-the-tiger-of-bengal|archive-date=10 June 2018}}</ref> The venue was taken over by the [[Bangladesh Cricket Board]] in 2004, replacing the [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]] as the home of both the [[Bangladesh national cricket team|men's]] and [[Bangladesh women's national cricket team|women's national teams]]. The first international match on the ground, a [[One Day International]] (ODI), was played between Bangladesh and [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] in 2006, with the first [[Test cricket|Test match]] played the following year between Bangladesh and [[India national cricket team|India]]. The first [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) match on the ground was played in 2011.{{efn|Two T20I matches were scheduled to be played on the ground in March 2009 but both were postponed due security concerns after the [[Bangladesh Rifles revolt]] in February.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7950071.stm Bangladesh sports tours on hold], [[BBC News]], 18 March 2009. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>}}<ref name="iccvenue"/> Women's One Day International and Twenty20 International cricket has been played on the ground.<ref name=ca>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/4/2735.html Shere Bangla National Stadium, Mirpur], CricketArchive. Retrieved 5 December 2020. {{subscription required}}</ref>

A five-wicket haul (also known as a "five-for" or "fifer")<ref>{{cite news|first=Greg|last=Buckle|title=Pigeon's almost perfect sendoff|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/sport/cricket/pigeons-almost-perfect-sendoff/160581.aspx|newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]]|publisher=[[Fairfax Media]]|date=30 April 2007|access-date=30 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080815122142/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/sport/cricket/pigeons-almost-perfect-sendoff/160581.aspx|archive-date=15 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Swinging it for the Auld Enemy – An interview with Ryan Sidebottom|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/swinging-it-for-the-auld-enemy-an-interview-with-ryan-sidebottom-1-1436381|newspaper=[[The Scotsman]]|publisher=[[The Scotsman Publications]]|location=[[Edinburgh]]|date=16 August 2008|access-date=10 June 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805022200/http://www.scotsman.com/news/swinging-it-for-the-auld-enemy-an-interview-with-ryan-sidebottom-1-1436381|archive-date=5 August 2017}}</ref> refers to a [[bowling (cricket)|bowler]] taking five or more [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|wickets]] in a single [[innings]]. This is regarded as a notable achievement.<ref>{{cite book|first=M. A.|last=Pervez|title=A Dictionary of Cricket|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2001|page=31|isbn=978-81-7370-184-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwYsHe-F-IUC&pg=PA31}}</ref>

The first bowler to take a five-wicket haul at Mirpur was [[Zaheer Khan]] for India against Bangladesh during the ground's [[Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2007|debut Test match]] in May 2007. Bangladesh's [[Taijul Islam]] has returned the best Test [[bowling analysis|bowling figures]] at the venue with eight wickets for 39 [[run (cricket)|runs]] (8/39), followed by Mehedi Hasan and Zaheer Khan with figures of 7 for 58 and 7 for 87 respectively.<ref name=ca/> {{As of|2020|11}}, former [[List of Bangladesh national cricket captains|Bangladesh captain]] [[Shakib Al Hasan]] has taken the most five-wicket hauls in Test matches on the ground with seven, followed by Hasan with five. [[Farhad Reza]] of Bangladesh was the first bowler to take a five-wicket haul at the ground in an ODI match, taking 5/42 against [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]] in [[Irish cricket team in Bangladesh in 2007–08|March 2008]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Reza bowls Bangladesh to series win|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14068/report/335634/bangladesh-vs-ireland-2nd-odi-ireland-tour-of-bangladesh-2007-08/|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=20 March 2008|access-date=10 June 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610113300/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14068/report/335634/bangladesh-vs-ireland-2nd-odi-ireland-tour-of-bangladesh-2007-08/|archive-date=10 June 2018}}</ref>

West Indian [[Anisa Mohammed]] has taken the best bowling figures in an ODI on the ground, taking 7/16 in the final of the [[2011 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier]]. [[Stuart Binny]]'s six wickets for four runs for India in 2014 are the best ODI bowling figures on the ground by a man. South Africa's [[Kagiso Rabada]] took 6/16 on the ground in 2015 on his ODI debut. Rabada is one of four players to take a five-wicket haul during their [[List of cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on One Day International debut|ODI debut]] at the venue, the others being Bangladesh's [[Taskin Ahmed]] and [[Mustafizur Rahman]] and [[Jake Ball (cricketer)|Jake Ball]] of [[England cricket team|England]], making the Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium the only venue where four bowlers have achieved this feat.<ref>{{cite web|title=Five-wicket hauls on ODI debut – Overall figures by ground|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;groupby=ground;orderby=five_wickets;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 November 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101103538/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;groupby=ground;orderby=five_wickets;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|archive-date=1 November 2019}}</ref> Rabada's figures of 6 for 16, {{as of|2020|12|lc=yes}}, are the best by a bowler on ODI debut and he is the second bowler to take a [[List of One Day International cricket hat-tricks|hat-trick on ODI debut]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Firdose|last=Moonda|title=Rabada's record six-for sets up South Africa win|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11365/report/817207/bangladesh-vs-south-africa-1st-odi-south-africa-tour-of-bangladesh-2015/|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=10 July 2015|access-date=10 June 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021163907/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11365/report/817207/Bangladesh-vs-South-Africa-1st-ODI-south-africa-tour-of-bangladesh-2015|archive-date=21 October 2017}}</ref> Two other players took hat-tricks as part of their ODI five-wicket hauls on this ground, [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdur Razzak]] against Zimbabwe in [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Bangladesh in 2010–11|2010]],<ref>{{cite web|first=Abhishek|last=Purohit|title=Razzak and Shakib lead comfortable victory|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/13029/report/486522/bangladesh-vs-zimbabwe-2nd-odi-zimbabwe-tour-of-bangladesh-2010-11/|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=3 December 2010|access-date=10 June 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610125016/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/13029/report/486522/bangladesh-vs-zimbabwe-2nd-odi-zimbabwe-tour-of-bangladesh-2010-11/|archive-date=10 June 2018}}</ref> and [[Rubel Hossain]] against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] in [[New Zealand cricket team in Bangladesh in 2013–14|2013]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Mohammad|last=Isam|title=Rubel six-for sinks New Zealand|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11922/report/668953/bangladesh-vs-new-zealand-1st-odi-new-zealand-tour-of-bangladesh-2013-14/|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=29 October 2013|access-date=10 June 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610125359/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11922/report/668953/bangladesh-vs-new-zealand-1st-odi-new-zealand-tour-of-bangladesh-2013-14/|archive-date=10 June 2018}}</ref> Two five-wicket hauls have been taken in [[Twenty20 International]] matches played on the ground. Shakib Al Hasan was the first player to achieve the feat at this ground during a T20I match, making him the only player to a take a five-wicket haul in all three international formats at the venue.

==Key==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Symbol
! Meaning
|-
|'''Date'''
|Day the [[Test cricket|Test]] started or [[One Day International|ODI]]/[[Twenty20 International|T20I]] was held
|-
|'''Inn'''
|[[Innings#Cricket|Innings]] in which five-wicket haul was taken
|-
|'''O'''
|Number of [[Over (cricket)|overs]] bowled
|-
|'''R'''
|Number of [[Run (cricket)|runs]] conceded
|-
|'''W'''
|Number of [[Wicket (dismissal)|wickets]] taken
|-
|'''Result'''
|[[Result (cricket)|Result]] of the match
|}

==Test match five-wicket hauls==
A total of 46 five-wicket hauls have been taken in Test matches on the ground.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Five-wicket hauls in Men's Test matches at Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of five-wicket hauls in Men's Test matches at Sher-e-Bangla stadium|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/list_5wi.html?class=1;id=2025;type=ground|access-date=30 April 2021|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Players taking 5 wickets in an innings at Sher-e-Bangla Stadium|url=http://www.howstat.com/cricket/statistics/grounds/Ground5WktTakers.asp?GroundCode=198|access-date=30 April 2021|website=HowStat}}</ref>
|-
! No.
! Bowler
! Date
! Team
! Opposing Team
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|Inn
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|O
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|R
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|W
! Result
|-
| 1 || {{sortname|Zaheer|Khan}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2007|5|25}}{{efn|This was the first Test match played on the ground.}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 2 || 10 || 34 || 5 || India won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14396/game/282692/bangladesh-vs-india-2nd-test-india-tour-of-bangladesh-2007 2nd Test, Dhaka, May 25-27 2007, India tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 2 || {{sortname|Morné|Morkel}}{{efn-ua|name=sa08|Morkel, Shahadat Hossain and Kallis took their five-wicket hauls during the same match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|2|22}} || {{cr|SA}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 1 || 13 || 50 || 5 || South Africa won<ref name=sa2008>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14091/game/323947/bangladesh-vs-south-africa-1st-test-south-africa-tour-of-bangladesh-2007-08 1st Test, Dhaka, Feb 22-25 2008, South Africa tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 3 || {{sortname|Shahadat|Hossain}}{{efn-ua|name=sa08}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|2|22}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|SA}} || 2 || 15.3 || 27 || 6 || South Africa won<ref name=sa2008/>
|-
| 4 || {{sortname|Jacques|Kallis}}{{efn-ua|name=sa08}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|2|22}} || {{cr|SA}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 3 || 14 || 30 || 5 || South Africa won<ref name=sa2008/>
|-
| 5 || {{sortname|Daniel|Vettori}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|10|25}} || {{cr|NZ}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 2 || 19 || 66 || 5 || Drawn<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/13861/game/361759/bangladesh-vs-new-zealand-2nd-test-new-zealand-tour-of-bangladesh-2008-09 2nd Test, Dhaka, Oct 25-29 2008, New Zealand tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 6 || {{sortname|Shakib Al|Hasan}}{{efn|name=sl08|Shakib Al Hasan and Muralitharan took their five-wicket hauls during the same match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|12|26}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|SL}} || 1 || 28.4 || 70 || 5 || Sri Lanka won<ref name=sl2008>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/13796/game/378750/bangladesh-vs-sri-lanka-1st-test-sri-lanka-tour-of-bangladesh-2008-09 1st Test, Dhaka, Dec 26-31 2008, Sri Lanka tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 7 || {{sortname|Muttiah|Muralitharan}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|12|26}} || {{cr|SL}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 2 || 22 || 49 || 6 || Sri Lanka won<ref name=sl2008/>
|-
| 8 || {{sortname|Zaheer|Khan}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|1|24}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 3 || 20.3 || 87 || 7 || India won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/13395/game/434257/bangladesh-vs-india-2nd-test-india-tour-of-bangladesh-2009-10 2nd Test, Dhaka, Jan 24-27 2010, India tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 9 || {{sortname|Shakib Al|Hasan}}{{efn-ua|name=wi11|Shakib Al Hasan, Edwards and Bishoo took their five-wicket hauls during the same match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2011|10|29}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|WIN}} || 1 || 34.4 || 63 || 5 || West Indies won<ref name=wi2011>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/12715/game/531987/bangladesh-vs-west-indies-2nd-test-west-indies-tour-of-bangladesh-2011-12 2nd Test, Dhaka, Oct 29 - Nov 2 2011, West Indies tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 10 || {{sortname|Fidel|Edwards}}{{efn-ua|name=wi11}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2011|10|29}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 2 || 13 || 63 || 5 || West Indies won<ref name=wi2011/>
|-
| 11 || {{sortname|Devendra|Bishoo}}{{efn-ua|name=wi11}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2011|10|29}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 4 || 25 || 90 || 5 || West Indies won<ref name=wi2011/>
|-
| 12 || {{sortname|Shakib Al|Hasan}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2011|12|17}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|PAK}} || 2 || 40.5 || 82 || 6 || Pakistan won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/12656/game/538073/bangladesh-vs-pakistan-2nd-test-pakistan-tour-of-bangladesh-2011-12 2nd Test, Dhaka, Dec 17-21 2011, Pakistan tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 13 || {{sortname|Sohag|Gazi}}{{efn-ua|name=wi12|Sohag Gazi and Best took their five-wicket hauls during the same match. The match was Sohag Gazi's Test match debut.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2012|11|13}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || 23.2 || 74 || 6 || West Indies won<ref name=wi2012>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/12275/game/587469/bangladesh-vs-west-indies-1st-test-west-indies-tour-of-bangladesh-2012-13 1st Test, Dhaka, Nov 13-17 2012, West Indies tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 14 || {{sortname|Tino|Best}}{{efn-ua|name=wi12}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2012|11|13}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 4 || 12.3 || 24 || 5 || West Indies won<ref name=wi2012/>
|-
| 15 || {{sortname|Neil|Wagner}}{{efn-ua|name=nz13|Wagner and Shakib Al Hasan took their five-wicket hauls during the same match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|10|21}} || {{cr|NZ}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 1 || 19 || 64 || 5 || Drawn<ref name=nz2013>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11922/game/668951/bangladesh-vs-new-zealand-2nd-test-new-zealand-tour-of-bangladesh-2013-14 2nd Test, Dhaka, Oct 21-25 2013, New Zealand tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 16 || {{sortname|Shakib Al|Hasan}}{{efn-ua|name=nz13}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|10|21}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|NZ}} || 2 || 43 || 103 || 5 || Drawn<ref name=nz2013/>
|-
| 17 || {{sortname|Dilruwan|Perera}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|1|27}} || {{cr|SL}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 3 || 19.5 || 109 || 5 || Sri Lanka won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11820/game/690347/bangladesh-vs-sri-lanka-1st-test-sri-lanka-in-bangladesh-test-series-2013-14 1st Test, Dhaka, Jan 27-30 2014, Sri Lanka in Bangladesh Test Series], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 18 || {{sortname|Shakib Al|Hasan}}{{efn-ua|name=zim14|Shakib Al Hasan, Panyangara and Taijul Islam took their five-wicket hauls during the same match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|10|25}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|ZIM}} || 1 || 24.5 || 59 || 6 || Bangladesh won<ref name=zim2014>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11557/game/760781/bangladesh-vs-zimbabwe-1st-test-zimbabwe-tour-of-bangladesh-2014-15 1st Test, Dhaka, Oct 25-27 2014, Zimbabwe tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 19 || {{sortname|Tinashe|Panyangara}}{{efn-ua|name=zim14}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|10|25}} || {{cr|ZIM}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 2 || 23 || 59 || 5 || Bangladesh won<ref name=zim2014/>
|-
| 20 || {{sortname|Taijul|Islam}}{{efn-ua|name=zim14}}{{efn-ua|Taijul's innings figures of 8/39 set a new record for the best bowling by a Bangladeshi bowler in Test matches.<ref>Fuloria D (2014) [https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21372856/flight-plan-helps-taijul-soar Flight plan helps Taijul soar], [[CricInfo]], 27 October 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|10|25}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|ZIM}} || 3 || 16.5 || 39 || 8 || Bangladesh won<ref name=zim2014/>
|-
| 21 || {{sortname|Moeen|Ali}}{{efn-ua|name=eng16|Moeen Ali's and both of Mehidy Hasan Miraz's five-wicket hauls were taken during the same match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2016|10|28}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 1 || 19.5 || 57 || 5 || Bangladesh won<ref name=eng2016>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/10713/game/1029827/bangladesh-vs-england-2nd-test-england-tour-of-bdesh-2016-17 2nd Test, Dhaka, Oct 28-30 2016, England tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 22 || {{sortname|Mehidy Hasan|Miraz}}{{efn-ua|name=eng16}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2016|10|28}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|ENG}} || 2 || 28 || 82 || 6 || Bangladesh won<ref name=eng2016/>
|-
| 23 || {{sortname|Mehidy Hasan|Miraz}}{{efn-ua|name=eng16}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2016|10|28}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|ENG}} || 4 || 21.3 || 77 || 6 || Bangladesh won<ref name=eng2016/>
|-
| 24 || {{sortname|Shakib Al|Hasan}}{{efn-ua|name=aus17|Lyon's and both of Shakib Al Hasan's five-wicket hauls were taken during the same match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|8|27}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|AUS}} || 2 || 25.5 || 68 || 5 || Bangladesh won<ref name=aus2017>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11143/game/1104284/bangladesh-vs-australia-1st-test-bdesh-v-aus-2017 1st Test, Dhaka, Aug 27-30 2017, Australia tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 25 || {{sortname|Nathan|Lyon}}{{efn-ua|name=aus17}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|8|27}} || {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 3 || 34.3 || 82 || 6 || Bangladesh won<ref name=aus2017/>
|-
| 26 || {{sortname|Shakib Al|Hasan}}{{efn-ua|name=aus17}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|8|27}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|AUS}} || 4 || 28 || 85 || 5 || Bangladesh won<ref name=aus2017/>
|-
| 27 || {{sortname|Akila|Dananjaya}}{{efn-ua|Dananjaya took his five-wicket haul on his Test match debut.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|2|8}} || {{cr|SL}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 4 || 5 || 24 || 5 || Sri Lanka won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18527/game/1130745/bangladesh-vs-sri-lanka-2nd-test-sl-in-bdesh-2017-18 2nd Test, Dhaka, Feb 8-10 2018, Sri Lanka tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 28 || {{sortname|Kyle|Jarvis}}{{efn-ua|name=zim18|Jarvis, Taijul Islam and Mehidy Hasan Miraz took their five-wicket hauls during the same match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|11|11}} || {{cr|ZIM}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 1 || 28 || 71 || 5 || Bangladesh won<ref name=zim2018>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18815/game/1153640/bangladesh-vs-zimbabwe-2nd-test-zimbabwe-in-bangladesh-2018-19 2nd Test, Dhaka, Nov 11-15 2018, Zimbabwe tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 29 || {{sortname|Taijul|Islam}}{{efn-ua|name=zim18}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|11|11}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2 || 40.3 || 107 || 5 || Bangladesh won<ref name=zim2018/>
|-
| 30 || {{sortname|Mehidy Hasan|Miraz}}{{efn-ua|name=zim18}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|11|11}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|ZIM}} || 4 || 18.1 || 38 || 5 || Bangladesh won<ref name=zim2018/>
|-
| 31 || {{sortname|Mehidy Hasan|Miraz}}{{efn-ua|name=wi18|Mehidy Hasan took two five-wicket hauls during the match, his first taken in the second innings of the match and his second in the third innings after West Indies were asked to [[follow on]]. His match figures of 12/117 are the best match bowling figures on the ground.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|11|30}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|WIN}} || 2 || 16 || 58 || 7 || Bangladesh won<ref name=wi2018>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18783/game/1153312/bangladesh-vs-west-indies-2nd-test-wi-in-bangladesh-2018-19 2nd Test, Dhaka, Nov 30 - Dec 2 2018, West Indies tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 32 || {{sortname|Mehidy Hasan|Miraz}}{{efn-ua|name=wi18}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|11|30}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || 20 || 59 || 5 || Bangladesh won<ref name=wi2018/>
|-
| 33 || {{sortname|Nayeem|Hasan}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2020|2|22}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|ZIM}} || 3 || 24 || 82 || 5 || Bangladesh won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19754/game/1214666/bangladesh-vs-zimbabwe-only-test-zimbabwe-in-bangladesh-2019-20 Only Test, Dhaka, Feb 22-25 2020, Zimbabwe tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 34 || {{sortname|Rahkeem|Cornwall}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2021|02|11}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 2 || 32 || 74 || 5 || West Indies won<ref>{{cite web |title=2nd Test, Mirpur, February 11 - 14, 2021, West Indies tour of Bangladesh |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-in-bdesh-2020-21-1244017/bangladesh-vs-west-indies-2nd-test-1244026/full-scorecard |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 35 || {{sortname|Sajid|Khan|dab=cricketer}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2021|12|04}} || {{cr|PAK}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 2 || 15 || 48 || 8 || Pakistan won<ref>{{cite web |title=2nd Test, Mirpur, December 04 - 08, 2021, Pakistan tour of Bangladesh |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pakistan-in-bangladesh-2021-22-1277971/bangladesh-vs-pakistan-2nd-test-1277978/full-scorecard |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 36 || {{sortname|Kasun|Rajitha}}{{efn-ua|name=sl2022|Rajitha, Shakib Al Hasan and Asitha Fernando took their five-wicket hauls during the same match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2022|05|23}} || {{cr|SL}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 1 || 28.2 || 65 || 5 || Sri Lanka won<ref name=sl2022>{{cite web |title=2nd Test, Mirpur, May 23 - 27, 2022, Sri Lanka tour of Bangladesh |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-in-bangladesh-2022-1308485/bangladesh-vs-sri-lanka-2nd-test-1308489/live-cricket-score |website=ESPNcricinfo |date=27 May 2022 |access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 37 || {{sortname|Shakib Al|Hasan}}{{efn-ua|name=sl2022}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2022|05|23}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|SL}} || 2 || 40.1 || 96 || 5 || Sri Lanka won<ref name=sl2022/>
|-
| 38 || {{sortname|Asitha|Fernando}}{{efn-ua|name=sl2022}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2022|05|23}} || {{cr|SL}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 3 || 17.3 || 51 || 6 || Sri Lanka won<ref name=sl2022/>
|-
| 39 || {{sortname|Mehidy Hasan|Miraz}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2022|12|22}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|IND}} || 4 || 19 || 63 || 5 || India won<ref>{{cite web |title=2nd Test, Mirpur, December 22 - 25, 2022, India tour of Bangladesh |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-bangladesh-2022-23-1340842/bangladesh-vs-india-2nd-test-1340849/full-scorecard |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 40 || {{sortname|Taijul|Islam}}{{efn-ua|name=ire2023|Taijul Islam and McBrine took their five-wicket hauls during the same match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2023|04|04}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|IRE}} || 1 || 28 || 58 || 5 || Bangladesh won<ref name=ire2023>{{Cite web |title=Full Scorecard of Ireland vs Bangladesh Only Test 2022/23 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ireland-in-bangladesh-2022-23-1355710/bangladesh-vs-ireland-only-test-1355723/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 41 || {{sortname|Andy|McBrine}}{{efn-ua|name=ire2023}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2023|04|04}} || {{cr|IRE}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 2 || 28 || 118 || 6 || Bangladesh won<ref name=ire2023/>
|-
| 42 || {{sortname|Nijat|Masood}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2023|06|14}} || {{cr|AFG}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 1 || 16 || 79 || 5 || Bangladesh won<ref name=afg2023>{{Cite web |title=Only Test, Mirpur, June 14-17, 2023, Afghanistan tour of Bangladesh |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/afghanistan-in-bangladesh-2023-1377001/bangladesh-vs-afghanistan-only-test-1377011/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 43 || {{sortname|Ajaz|Patel}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2023|12|06}} || {{cr|NZ}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 3 || 18 || 57 || 6 || New Zealand won<ref name=nz2023>{{Cite web |title=2nd Test, Mirpur, December 6-9, 2023, New Zealand tour of Bangladesh |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-in-bangladesh-2023-24-1395688/bangladesh-vs-new-zealand-2nd-test-1395704/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 44 || {{sortname|Taijul|Islam}}{{efn-ua|name=sa2024|Taijul Islam and Rabada took their five-wicket hauls during the same match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2024|10|21}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|SA}} || 2 || 36 || 122 || 5 || South Africa won<ref name=sa2024>{{Cite web |title=1st Test, Mirpur, October 21-24, 2024, South Africa tour of Bangladesh |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-in-bangladesh-2024-25-1453291/bangladesh-vs-south-africa-1st-test-1453293/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 45 || {{sortname|Kagiso|Rabada}}{{efn-ua|name=sa2024}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2024|10|21}} || {{cr|SA}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 3 || 17.5 || 46 || 6 || South Africa won<ref name=sa2024 />
|-
| 46 || {{sortname|Andy|McBrine}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2025|11|19}} || {{cr|IRE}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 1 || 33.1 || 109 || 6 || TBD<ref name=ire2025>{{Cite web |title=2nd Test, Mirpur, November 19-23, 2025, Ireland tour of Bangladesh |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ireland-in-bangladesh-2025-26-1506008/bangladesh-vs-ireland-2nd-test-1506013/full-scorecard |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==One Day International five-wicket hauls==
A total of 20 five-wicket hauls have been taken in One Day International matches on the ground, 19 in men's matches and one in a woman's ODI.

===Men's matches===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Five-wicket hauls in Men's One Day International matches at Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of five-wicket hauls at Mirpur Stadium|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/list_5wi.html?class=2&id=2025&type=ground|access-date=30 April 2021|website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! No.
! Bowler
! Date
! Team
! Opposing Team
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|Inn
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|O
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|R
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|W
! Result
|-
| 1 || [[Farhad Reza]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|3|20}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|IRE}} || 2 || 10 || 42 || 5 || Bangladesh won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14068/game/335634/bangladesh-vs-ireland-2nd-odi-ireland-tour-of-bangladesh-2007-08 2nd ODI, Dhaka, Mar 20 2008, Ireland tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 2 || [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdur Razzak]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|10|29}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|ZIM}} || 1 || 9.2 || 29 || 5 || Bangladesh won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/13453/game/422627/bangladesh-vs-zimbabwe-2nd-odi-zimbabwe-tour-of-bangladesh-2009-10 2nd ODI (D/N), Dhaka, Oct 29 2009, Zimbabwe tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 3 || {{sortname|Chanaka|Welegedara}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|01|05}}{{efn|This match was part of the [[Tri-Series in Bangladesh in 2009–10|2010 Tried-Nations series]] played in Bangladesh between Sri Lanka, India and Bangladesh.}} || {{cr|SL}} || {{cr|IND}} || 1 || 10 || 66 || 5 || Sri Lanka won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8631/game/434259/india-vs-sri-lanka-2nd-match-tri-nation-tournament-in-bangladesh-2009-10], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 4 || [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdur Razzak]]{{efn|Abdur Razzak's five-wicket haul included a [[hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]].}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|12|03}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|ZIM}} || 1 || 9.2 || 30 || 5 || Bangladesh won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/13029/game/486522/bangladesh-vs-zimbabwe-2nd-odi-zimbabwe-tour-of-bangladesh-2010-11 2nd ODI, Dhaka, Dec 3 2010, Zimbabwe tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 5 || [[Shahid Afridi]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2011|12|01}} || {{cr|PAK}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 1 || 6.3 || 23 || 5 || Pakistan won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/12656/game/538069/bangladesh-vs-pakistan-1st-odi-pakistan-tour-of-bangladesh-2011-12 1st ODI (D/N), Dhaka, Dec 1 2011, Pakistan tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 6 || {{sortname|Kemar|Roach}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2012|12|08}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 2 || 9 || 56 || 5 || Bangladesh won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/12275/game/587475/bangladesh-vs-west-indies-5th-odi-west-indies-tour-of-bangladesh-2012-13 5th ODI (D/N), Dhaka, Dec 8 2012, West Indies tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 7 || [[Rubel Hossain]]{{efn|Rubel Hossain's five-wicket haul included a [[hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]].}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|10|29}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|NZ}} || 2 || 5.5 || 26 || 6 || Bangladesh won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11922/game/668953/bangladesh-vs-new-zealand-1st-odi-new-zealand-tour-of-bangladesh-2013-14 1st ODI (D/N), Dhaka, Oct 29 2013, New Zealand tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 8 || {{sortname|Lasith|Malinga}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|03|08}}{{efn|This match was the final of the [[2014 Asia Cup]] competition which was hosted by Bangladesh.}} || {{cr|SL}} || {{cr|PAK}} || 1 || 10 || 56 || 5 || Sri Lanka won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8532/game/710311/pakistan-vs-sri-lanka-final-asia-cup-2013-14 Final (D/N), Dhaka, Mar 8 2014, Asia Cup], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 9 || [[Taskin Ahmed]]{{efn-ua|name=ind14|Taskin Ahmed and Binny took their five-wicket hauls during the same ODI. The match was Taskin Ahmed's ODI debut.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|06|17}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|IND}} || 1 || 8 || 28 || 5 || India won<ref name=ind2014>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11699/game/744681/bangladesh-vs-india-2nd-odi-india-tour-of-bangladesh-2014 2nd ODI (D/N), Dhaka, Jun 17 2014, India tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 10 || {{sortname|Stuart|Binny}}{{efn-ua|name=ind14}}{{efn-ua|Binny's bowling figures of 6/4 are the best in a men's ODI on the ground.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|06|17}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 2 || 4.4 || 4 || 6 || India won<ref name=ind2014/>
|-
| 11 || [[Mustafizur Rahman]]{{efn-ua|Mustafizur Rahman took his five-wicket haul on his ODI debut.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2015|06|18}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|IND}} || 2 || 9.2 || 50 || 5 || Bangladesh won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11381/game/870731/bangladesh-vs-india-1st-odi-india-tour-of-bangladesh-2015 1st ODI (D/N), Dhaka, Jun 18 2015, India tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 12 || [[Mustafizur Rahman]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2015|06|21}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|IND}} || 1 || 10 || 43 || 6 || Bangladesh won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11381/game/870733/bangladesh-vs-india-2nd-odi-india-tour-of-bangladesh-2015 2nd ODI (D/N), Dhaka, Jun 21 2015, India tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 13 || {{sortname|Kagiso|Rabada}}{{efn-ua|Rabada's figures of 6/16 were taken on his ODI debut and included a [[hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]].}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2015|7|10}} || {{cr|SA}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 1 || 8 || 16 || 6 || South Africa won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11365/game/817207/bangladesh-vs-south-africa-1st-odi-south-africa-tour-of-bangladesh-2015 1st ODI (D/N), Dhaka, Jul 10 2015, South Africa tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 14 || [[Shakib Al Hasan]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2015|11|07}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2 || 10 || 47 || 5 || Bangladesh won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11239/game/931390/bangladesh-vs-zimbabwe-1st-odi-zimbabwe-tour-of-bangladesh-2015-16 1st ODI (D/N), Dhaka, Nov 7 2015, Zimbabwe tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 15 || [[Mustafizur Rahman]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2015|11|11}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2 || 8 || 34 || 5 || Bangladesh won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11239/game/931394/bangladesh-vs-zimbabwe-3rd-odi-zimbabwe-tour-of-bangladesh-2015-16 3rd ODI (D/N), Dhaka, Nov 11 2015, Zimbabwe tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 16 || {{sortname|Jake|Ball|Jake Ball (cricketer)}}{{efn-ua|Ball took his five-wicket haul on his ODI debut.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2016|10|7}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 2 || 9.5 || 51 || 5 || England won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/10713/game/1029819/bangladesh-vs-england-1st-odi-england-tour-of-bdesh-2016-17 1st ODI (D/N), Dhaka, Oct 7 2016, England tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 17 || {{sortname|Dushmantha|Chameera}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2021|05|28}} || {{cr|SRI}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 2 || 9 || 16 || 5 || Sri Lanka won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-tour-of-bangladesh-2021-1262340/bangladesh-vs-sri-lanka-3rd-odi-1262347/full-scorecard 3rd ODI (D/N), Mirpur, May 28, 2021, Sri Lanka tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 24 September 2023.</ref>
|-
| 18 || {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2022|12|04}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|IND}} || 1 || 10 || 36 || 5 || Bangladesh won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-bangladesh-2022-23-1340842/bangladesh-vs-india-1st-odi-1340845/full-scorecard 1st ODI (D/N), Mirpur, December 04, 2022, India tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 24 September 2023.</ref>
|-
| 19 || {{sortname|Ish|Sodhi}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2023|09|23}} || {{cr|NZ}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 2 || 10 || 39 || 6 || New Zealand won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-in-bangladesh-2023-1395686/bangladesh-vs-new-zealand-2nd-odi-1395701/full-scorecard 2nd ODI (D/N), Mirpur, September 23, 2023, New Zealand tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 24 September 2023.</ref>
|}

===Women's matches===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Five-wicket hauls in Women's One Day International matches at Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of five-wicket hauls in Women's ODI at Mirpur Stadium|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/list_5wi.html?class=9;id=2025;type=ground|access-date=30 April 2021|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! No.
! Bowler
! Date
! Team
! Opposing Team
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|Inn
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|O
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|R
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|W
! Result
|-
| 1 || {{sortname|Anisa|Mohammed}}{{efn-ua|Mohammed's bowling figures of 7/14 are the best in any ODI on the ground.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2011|11|26}}{{efn|This match was the final of the [[2011 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier]] tournament which was held in Bangladesh ahead of the [[2013 Women's Cricket World Cup]].}} || {{crw|WIN}} || {{crw|PAK}} || 2 || 8.3 || 14 || 7 || West Indies won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8621/game/527960/pakistan-women-vs-west-indies-women-final-icc-womens-world-cup-qualifier-2011-12], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|}

==Twenty20 International five-wicket hauls==
{{updated|5 December 2020}}
Two five-wicket hauls have been taken in T20I matches on the ground.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Five-wicket hauls in Men's Twenty20 International matches at Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of five-wicket hauls in T20I at Mirpur Stadium|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/list_5wi.html?class=3&id=2025&type=ground|access-date=30 April 2021|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! No.
! Bowler
! Date
! Team
! Opposing Team
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|Inn
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|O
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|R
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|W
! Result
|-
| 1 || [[Shakib Al Hasan]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|12|20}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|WIN}} || 2 || 4 || 20 || 5 || Bangladesh won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18783/game/1153318/bangladesh-vs-west-indies-2nd-t20i-wi-in-bangladesh-2018-19 2nd T20I (D/N), Dhaka, Dec 20 2018, West Indies tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|-
| 2 || {{sortname|Keemo|Paul}}{{efn-ua|Paul's bowling figures of 5/14 are the best in a T20I on the ground.}} || | {{dts|format=dmy|2018|12|22}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 2 || 4 || 15 || 5 || West Indies won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18783/game/1153319/bangladesh-vs-west-indies-3rd-t20i-wi-in-bangladesh-2018-19 3rd T20I (D/N), Dhaka, Dec 22 2018, West Indies tour of Bangladesh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{notelist-ua}}

==See also==
* [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]]
* [[List of international cricket centuries at the Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=11;filter=advanced;ground=2025;orderby=start;size=200;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets International five-wicket hauls at Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]

{{International cricket five-wicket hauls by ground}}

{{featured list}}

[[Category:Bangladesh cricket-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of Bangladeshi cricket records and statistics]]
[[Category:Lists of international cricket five-wicket hauls by ground|Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]]
[[Category:Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]]

Rashtrapati Award

2025-11-19T01:41:24Z

Averma: adjust lead to improve readability for consistency

{{short description|Awards given by the President of India}}
{{no footnotes|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox WorldScouting
|type = re

|name = Rashtrapati Award
|owner = [[President of India]]
|image = Rashtrapati Scout (The Bharat Scouts and Guides).png
|caption = [[The Bharat Scouts and Guides]] version of the Rashtrapati Award
|f-date =
|founder =
|members =
|award-for = achievements in the field of sports, art, military, literature, cinema, culture, science and technology, or scouting
}}

'''Rashtrapati Awards''' used to be given by the [[President of India]], in some cases the [[Prime Minister of India]], for achievements in the field of sports, art, military, literature, cinema, culture, science and technology, or [[Scouting]].{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} The award-giving ceremony was conducted in the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]], the President's official residence. The awards were a part of the [[Indian honours system]]. However, after gradual systematic categorizations over a period, the awards were made independent to the field of achievement.{{clarify|date=December 2016}}

For example, from 1968 onwards, the [[Directorate of Film Festivals]] completely took over its charge as the governing body for [[National Film Awards]] India. Before 1968, the award in the field of best acting in [[Indian Cinema]] was given out as a Rashtrapati Award. Other examples{{how|date=December 2016}} are [[Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna]] for sports, [[National Bravery Award]], [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], [[Jnanpith Award]] for literature, "Maharishi Badrayan Vyas Samman" (a presidential honour for young scholars below age 40 who have worked to bridge the ancient and the modern{{dubious|date=December 2016}} especially using IT).{{clarify|date=December 2016}}

==References==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100829092555/http://www.bsgindia.org/cir/rcir/2010rcir/2009awardeeslist2009.htm "THE BHARAT SCOUTS AND GUIDES, NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS]
*https://web.archive.org/web/20110601023609/http://www.abhyaasindia.com/downloads/indian%20honors.doc
*[https://archive.today/20120405051006/http://connect.in.com/rashtrapati-award/images.html]
*http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2008/jul/r2008071002.pdf
[[Category:Indian awards]]

Malwa Subah

2025-10-27T12:58:12Z

Averma:

{{Short description|Subdivision of the Mughal Empire between 1568–1737}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name = Malwa Subah
| conventional_long_name = Malwa Province
| common_name = Malwa
| area_label = 1601
| area_sq_mi = 114940<ref>{{Cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |url= |title=An Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps with Detained Notes, Bibliography and Index |date=1986 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-560379-8 |language=en|chapter=Table I: Area and ''ʽJama'' of the Mughal Empire, c. 1601|author-link=Irfan Habib|pp=xii–xiii}}</ref>
| title_leader = Subahdar
| leader1 = [[Adham Khan|Adham Khan Koka]] (first)
| year_leader1 = 1561
| capital = [[Ujjain]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.177|75.786|display=title,inline}}
| today = [[India]]
| year_start = 1568
| year_end = 1737
| event_start =
| date_start =
| event_end = [[Battle of Bhopal]]
| date_end = 24 December
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| life_span = 1568–1737
| era =
| event_pre = First conquered from [[Baz Bahadur]]
| date_pre = 29 March 1561
| event_post =
| date_post =
| flag_border = no
| flag_type =
| image_map = Malwa Subah.png
| image_map_caption = Malwa Subah depicted in map of Mughal Empire by Robert Wilkinson (1805)
| p1 = Malwa Sultanate
| s1 = Maratha Confederacy
| footnotes =
| leader2 = [[Jai Singh II]] (last)
| year_leader2 = 1732–1737
}}
The '''Malwa Subah''' ({{langx|fa|{{nq|صوبه ملوا}}}}) was one of the original twelve [[Subah (province)|Subah]]s (provinces) of the [[Mughal Empire]], including [[Gondwana_(India)|Gondwana]], from 1568–1743. Its seat was [[Ujjain]] in the [[Malwa]] region. It shared borders with the autonomous and tributary chiefdoms in the east, as well as [[Berar Subah|Berar]], [[Khandesh#Mughal rule|Khandesh]], [[Ahmadnagar Subah|Ahmadnagar]], [[Gujarat Subah|Gujarat]], [[Ajmer Subah|Ajmer]], [[Agra Subah|Agra]], and [[Illahabad Subah|Illahabad]] subahs.

== History ==
Before becoming part of the Mughal Empire, the [[Malwa region]] was [[Malwa Sultanate|an independent sultanate]]. Its last ruler, [[Baz Bahadur]], was defeated and its capital, [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]], was conquered in 1562 by the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]]’s army led by Abdullah Khan, the Uzbeg.<ref>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, p.113</ref> He was appointed its first governor. In 1564 he was replaced by Qara Bahadur Khan. In 1568 it became a subah of Mughal empire.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} One of its last governors was [[Jai Singh II of Amber|Sawai Jai Singh]], who was the governor of the Subah for three times, from 1714-17, from 1729-30 and from 28 September 1732 to 4 August 1737.<ref>Sarkar, Jadunath (1984). ''A History of Jaipur'', New Delhi:Orient Longman, {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}, pp.163-86</ref> The Mughal hold on Malwa ended in 1743, when [[Peshwa]] [[Balaji Baji Rao]] obtained the formal grant of ''Naib-subahdari'' (deputy governorship) of Malwa.

==Administrative divisions==
Malwa Subah comprised 12 ''[[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]]s'' (districts): Ujjain, Chanderi, Raisen, Garha Mandla, Sarangpur, Bijagarh, Mandu, Handia, Nandurbar, Mandsaur, Gagron and Kotri-Parava. These ''sarkar''s are further divided into 301 ''[[pargana]]s''. The city of Ujjain was the capital of the subah.<ref>Abul Fazl-i-Allami (1949, reprint 1993). ''Ain-i-Akbari'', Vol.II (English tr. by H.S. Jarrett, rev. by J.N. Sarkar), Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, pp.206-31</ref>

The ''sarkar''s (districts) and the ''pargana''s (tehsils) of Malwa Subah were:

{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; text-align:center" border="1" align="center"
|-
! Sarkar!! Pargana
|-
| [[Ujjain]]||10 parganas, Ujjain was the capital
|-
| [[Raisen]]||32 parganas
|-
| [[Mandla|Garha Mandla]]||57 parganas
|-
| [[Chanderi]]||61 parganas
|-
| [[Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh|Sarangpur]]||24 parganas
|-
| [[Bhagwanpura, Madhya Pradesh|Bijagarh]]||29 parganas
|-
| [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]]||16 parganas
|-
| [[Handia, Madhya Pradesh|Handia]]||23 parganas
|-
| [[Nandurbar]]||7 parganas
|-
| [[Mandsaur]]||17 parganas
|-
| [[Gagron Fort|Gagron]]||12 parganas
|-
| [[Pirawa|Kotri-Pirawa]]||10 parganas
|}

== Mughal Subahdars (Governors) of Malwa (1561–1737) ==
{| class="wikitable"

! Personal Name<ref name=eaton2>{{cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard M.|title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760|url=https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato|url-access=registration|year=1993|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0-520-20507-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato/page/325 325–6]}}</ref>
! Reign
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" | Conquest of [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]] from [[Baz Bahadur]] by the Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]]
|-
| [[Adham Khan|Adham Khan Koka]]
|1561
|-
| [[Pir Muhammad Khan]]
|1561
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" | [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]] retaken by [[Baz Bahadur]]
|-
| Abdullah Khan Uzbek
|1562 – 1564
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" | Abdullah Khan Uzbek revolts; [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]] retaken by Emperor [[Akbar]]
|-
| Muhammad Quli Khan Barlas
|1564 – 1566
|-
| Shihab-ud-din Ahmed Khan
| 1566 – 1568
|-
| Qutb-ud-din Muhammad Khan
| 1568 – ?
|-
| Muzaffar Khan Turbati
|1573? – ?
|-
| Shihab-ud-din Ahmed Khan
| 1574? – 1577?
|-
| Qutb-ud-din Muhammad Khan
| 1577? – ?
|-
| [[Mirza Aziz Koka]] ''Khan-e-Azam''
|1578? – 1590
|-
|[[Ahmed]]
| 1590
|-
|[[Sultan Murad Mirza]]
| 1590 – 1594
|-
| Mirza Shahrukh
|1594 – 1600
|-
|[[Sultan Daniyal Mirza]]
| 1600 – 1604
|-
|[[Khan Jahan Lodi|Pir Khan Lodhi ''Khan Jahan II'']]
| 1627 – ?
|-
|Abdullah Khan Firoz Jang
| 1657 – ?
|-
| Mukhtiyar Khan
|1697 – 1701
|-
| Abu Nasr Khan ''Shaista Khan II''
|1701 – 1704
|-
| ''Sultan'' [[Bidar Bakht]]
|1704 – 1706
|-
| Ikhlas Khan ''Khan-e-Aalam''
|1706 – 1707
|-
| [[Nijabat Khan]]
|1707
|-
| Abdullah Khan
|1707
|-
| ''Sawai Mirza'' [[Jai Singh II of Amber|Raja Jai Singh II]]
|1714 – 1717
|-
| [[Asaf Jah I|Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan]], ''Nizam-ul-Mulk''
|1719 – 1722
|-
| [[Girdhar Bahadur]]
|1722 – 1723
|-
| Azim-ullah Khan
|1723 – 1725
|-
| [[Girdhar Bahadur]]
|1725 – 1728
|-
| ''Sawai Mirza'' [[Jai Singh II of Amber|Raja Jai Singh II]]
|1729 – 1730
|-
| [[Muhammad Khan Bangash]] ''Ghazanfar Jang''
|1730 – 1732
|-
| ''Sawai Mirza'' [[Jai Singh II of Amber|Raja Jai Singh II]]
|1732 – 1737
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" | Conquered by [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] under [[Baji Rao I]] in 1737
|}

== See also ==
* [[Malwa Sultanate]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Malwa Subah| ]]
[[Category:Mughal subahs]]
[[Category:History of Malwa]]
[[Category:History of Ujjain]]
[[Category:1568 establishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1730s]]

Dendrobium bensoniae

2025-09-28T22:34:26Z

Averma: new

{{Short description|Species of orchid}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Dendrobium bensoniae Rchb.f., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 25 230 (1867) (48426019351).jpg
| image_caption = Flower of ''D. bensoniae''
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN |last1=Brummitt |first1=N. |year=2013 |title=''Dendrobium bensoniae'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T44392716A44421263 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T44392716A44421263.en |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>
| taxon = Dendrobium bensoniae
| authority = [[Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach|Rchb.f.]]
| synonyms = *''Callista bensoniae'' (Rchb.f.) [[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]
*''Dendrobium bensoniae'' var. ''aurantiacum'' Rchb.f.
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO>{{cite web |title=''Dendrobium bensoniae'' Rchb.f. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A626908-1 |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''''Dendrobium bensoniae''''' is a species of [[orchid]] native to [[Asia]]. It was described by German botanist [[Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach]] in 1867 and is now popular as an [[ornamental plant]].

==Distribution and habitat==
''Dendrobium bensoniae'' is native to northeastern [[India]] ([[Assam]], [[Mizoram]], and [[Manipur]]), [[Bangladesh]], mainland [[Myanmar]], and [[Thailand]].<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=POWO/><ref name=Agriculturists>{{cite journal |last1=Riva |first1=S. S. |last2=Islam |first2=A. |last3=Hoque |first3=M. E. |year=2016 |title=In vitro Regeneration and Rapid Multiplication of Dendrobium bensoniae, an Indigenous Ornamental Orchid |journal=The Agriculturists|volume=14 |issue=2 |page=24-31 |doi=10.3329/agric.v14i2.31341 |doi-access=free |issn=2304-7321 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aparna-Islam-2/publication/313278603_In_vitro_Regeneration_and_Rapid_Multiplication_of_Dendrobium_bensoniae_an_Indigenous_Ornamental_Orchid/links/64718d256a3c4c6efbe227f8/In-vitro-Regeneration-and-Rapid-Multiplication-of-Dendrobium-bensoniae-an-Indigenous-Ornamental-Orchid.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Kataki1970>{{cite journal |last1=Kataki |first1=S. K. |last2=Krishna |first2=Bijay |year=1970 |title=''Dendrobium bensoniae'' Reichb. F. - A New Find from Mizo (Lushai) Hills, Mizoram |journal=Nelumbo - The Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India |publisher=[[Botanical Survey of India]] |volume=12 |pages=260-261 |issn=0976-5069 |url=https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/JONBSI/article/view/76339/66643}}</ref> It grows as an [[epiphyte]] on tree trunks in moist lowland and submontane forests.<ref name=IUCN/>

==Description==
''D. bensoniae'' is an upright, [[deciduous]] plant. The stems measure {{cvt|3.5-7.5|cm}} long and {{cvt|4-8|mm}} thick and each bear two to five leaves. The flowers measure approximately {{cvt|4.6|cm}} across and are mostly white in colour, with two dark purple blotches surrounded by yellow on the inside of the [[Labellum (botany)|labellum]].<ref name=Kataki1970/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{taxonbar|from1=Q15450678}}

[[Category:Dendrobium|bensoniae]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1867]]
[[Category:Orchids of Assam]]
[[Category:Orchids of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Orchids of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Orchids of Thailand]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach]]
[[Category:Epiphytic orchids]]

{{Dendrobium-stub}}

R. D. Pradhan

2025-09-07T21:43:21Z

Averma: general expanded intro to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian civil servant (1928–2020)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{sources|date=June 2011}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Ram D. Pradhan
|image = R. D. Pradhan.jpg
|caption = Pradhan in 2012
|order = 2nd
|office = Governor of Arunachal Pradesh
|term_start = 18 March 1987
|term_end = 16 March 1990
|1blankname = Chief Minister
|1namedata = [[Gegong Apang]]
|predecessor = [[Bhishma Narain Singh]]
|successor = [[Gopal Singh (politician)|Gopal Singh]]
|office1 = 15th [[Home Secretary of India]]
|term_start1 = 15 January 1985
|term_end1 = 30 June 1986
|1blankname1 = Prime Minister
|1namedata1 = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|predecessor1 = [[Prem Kumar (civil servant)|Prem Kumar]]
|successor1 = [[C. G. Somiah]]
|birth_date = 27 June 1928
|birth_place =
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|7|31|1928|6|27|df=y}}
|death_place =
}}
'''Ram D. Pradhan''' (27 June 1928<ref>[https://www.rulers.org/index.html Rulers, Index Pi-Py]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n89269746.html|title = Pradhan, R. D. - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies | Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)}}</ref> – 31 July 2020) was an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer,<ref>{{cite web|title=Retired IAS Officers West Bengal Cadre|url=http://rcwb.in/rcwb/about-us/list-of-retired-ias-officers-west-bengal-cadre/|access-date=16 May 2014}}</ref> from the 1952 batch who served as Union Home Secretary and [[Governor of Arunachal Pradesh]] during the [[Rajiv Gandhi]] government.

Pradhan played a major role in signing the [[Assam Accord]] and the [[Mizo Accord]]. He held Secretary-level positions at the international and national levels in the areas of commerce, defence and home.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19981030/30350714.html Sonia Gandhi looks for political aide and Pradhan may fit the bill]</ref> He was in service of the government of India for 36 years.

Pradhan was an IAS officer of the 1952 batch who served in the Maharashtra cadre.<ref name="Mumbai">[http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/54526 Maharashtra forms panel to probe Mumbai attacks]</ref> He joined as a Bombay State officer. For the next five years he worked in Gujarat. He was a Private Secretary to the Union Minister of Defence Y. B. Chavan. Later, he was an Indian representative diplomat in international trade and commerce in Geneva for ten years. He held several important positions in the Government of Maharashtra and the Government of India including Home Secretary, Government of Maharashtra, Director General of Shipping in the Government of India, and Chief Secretary, Government of Maharashtra. In December 2008, he was appointed to lead a two-man panel to investigate the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].<ref name="Mumbai"/>
He died due to age-related ailments on July 31, 2020, aged 92.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-01 |title=Ex-Union home secretary Ram Pradhan, who chaired 26/11 Mumbai attacks probe panel, dies at 92 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/ex-union-home-secretary-ram-pradhan-who-chaired-26-11-mumbai-attacks-probe-panel-dies-at-92/story-j4cFlIYlGHYyMZc189X2CO.html |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Union Home Secretary ==
Rajiv Gandhi, who was then the General Secretary of the [[Congress (I)]] party, was impressed by the work done by Pradhan, who as Chief Secretary of Maharashtra, had promptly handled and provided administrative services during the [[Bhiwandi]] communal riots of 1982. When Rajiv became the Prime Minister in 1984, he invited Pradhan to make his services available to the Government of India. Pradhan was appointed [[Union Home Secretary (India)|Union Home Secretary]] in 1985 and served in that post until his retirement in 1986.

Pradhan worked under Home Ministers [[S. B. Chavan]] and [[Buta Singh]], and Minister of State for Home [[Arun Nehru]].

== The Punjab problem ==
The first major task Pradhan took up as Home Secretary in February 1985, was to assess the political situation in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. Politics in Punjab had become secessionist in nature and the [[Akali Dal]] party was calling for an independent country of [[Khalistan]]. Following the previous Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]'s ordering of [[Operation Blue Star]] to flush out the militants, and her subsequent assassination by her own [[Sikh]] bodyguards sympathetic to the Khalistan cause, the situation in Punjab had become tense. Pradhan suggested re-initialisation of dialogue with the Akali Dal, and as a precursor suggested the replacement of Punjab Governor K.T. Satarawalla, with a person of political background.

Following this, [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]] was made the new Governor of Punjab in March 1985. Pradhan also suggested involving the former Maharashtra Chief Minister [[Sharad Pawar]] in the Punjab negotiations. Being from Maharashtra himself, Pradhan was aware of the political structure on his home state, and knew of Pawar's abilities, and his added advantage of being a friend of [[Parkash Singh Badal]], one of the Akali strongmen. Pawar's appointment led the way to his rejoining the Congress (I) from which he had split. Pawar went on to become a Congress strongman in the [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]] government.

Pradhan was given the task of assessing the election-readiness of Punjab, and he arranged meetings between jailed student leaders and their mentors to assess the mood of the Punjab youth. When elections were held in Punjab, the Akali Dal joined the mainstream and was returned as the ruling party.

== Punjab Accord ==
Pradhan was involved in the implementing of the [[Punjab accord]]. He extended support to the Mathew Commission, set up to decide the Hindi-speaking areas of Punjab to be transferred to Haryana in lieu of [[Chandigarh]] which would be permanently transferred to Punjab as part of the accord. As per the commission's suggestion for a linguistic enumeration of the population of a village called Kandu Khera, the task demanded that the enumeration be fair and peaceful. Pradhan ordered the deployment of a contingent of [[Assam Rifles]] in the village for the safety of the enumerators, and so that political forces did not determine the outcome of the result. When both the Chief Ministers of Punjab and Haryana showed dissatisfaction with the neutrality of the enumerators, Pradhan selected 30 young [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officers from non-Hindi speaking areas who successfully performed the enumeration. It was as per that enumeration that the commission concluded that it could not make any recommendation for a suitable contiguous Hindi-majority area of villages that can be transferred to Haryana.

Following this the Venkataramiah Commission was set up with the same purpose, and Pradhan represented the Central Government in the hearings of the commission. That commission too could not come up with a solution in time because of a last-minute change of plan by the [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]] government. To counter Bhajan Lal's opposition to the commission, he was replaced as Chief Minister by [[Bansi Lal]] who agreed to the commission's award.

Following this the Desai Commission was set up to complete the previous commission's work in 24 hours. Pradhan briefed the commission on the work done by the previous commissions, and provided it with records and figures available with the Home Ministry. However the commission could not complete its work as its term was extended at the behest of Punjab. Chandigarh is still a Union Territory shared as a joint capital by the states of Punjab and Haryana.

== Assam Accord ==
{{main|Assam Accord}}

Student parties in [[Assam]] like [[All Assam Students Union|AASU]], were [[Assam Agitation|agitating]] against the influx of foreigners from [[Bangladesh]] and [[Nepal]] into the state. They were having talks with the Central Government from the time of [[Indira Gandhi]] in 1980 for a solution to the problem. The talks were formally discontinued in 1983 without a solution. Pradhan formally resumed talks on the Assam problem at the insistence of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in April 1985. He invited the AASU representatives including [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]], President AASU and [[Bhrigu Kumar Phukan]], general secretary AASU to Delhi in May 1985. Pradhan held five meetings with AASU in the first round of talks in May starting with a twenty-five-point discussion list. Eventually the list was narrowed down to seven core issues. The policy for the detection and treatment of foreigners was discussed during these meetings.

Pradhan accompanied the Home Minister [[S.B. Chavan]] to Assam on 9 August 1985, and met over 95 delegations that day. The final round of talks began on 12 August, when the first written draft of the negotiations was prepared jointly by Pradhan and the joint secretary of AASU, S.S. Sharma. There was no written record of the previous talks as Pradhan feared it might be leaked to the Press. The talks were held in confidentiality and even the Assam Chief Minister and the Governor were unaware of the progress made. When AASU requested taking the draft back to Assam for approval by the party members, it was instead suggested to fly a sixty-member AASU Executive body to Delhi. Pradhan had kept Rajiv Gandhi deliberately out of the talks with AASU until they had approved the draft. Pradhan used the pressure of time to clinch the accord as it was 2:30 am on 15 August, and Rajiv Gandhi had decided to announce the signing of the accord in the [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] speech the same morning.

Following the accord the AASU formed their political wing [[Asom Gana Parishad]] which came to power in the elections held in Assam in December 1985, with P.K. Mahanta as Chief Minister.

==Mizoram Accord==
In August 1985, Rajiv Gandhi handed over responsibility of negotiations with [[Laldenga]] to Pradhan. Laldenga, founder of the [[Mizo National Front]] had fought for secession of his land from the country. In 1976 he had signed an accord with the Indian government, but this was not implemented because of the successive change of governments. Negotiations were ongoing from the time of the 1980 Indira Gandhi government. Pradhan started direct talks with Laldenga in September 1985.

As in the case of Assam, Pradhan kept Rajiv Gandhi out of the negotiations. The talks started off roughly because Rajiv Gandhi had opposed some points of the agreement negotiated by Pradhan's predecessor with Laldenga. The talks progressed slowly, but in June 1986, Pradhan made an offer for a quick resolution as he was retiring from government service that month.

On 30 June, the day of his retirement, Pradhan again suggested that Laldenga be flexible to reach a settlement. Laldenga accepted this and in an hour's time all pending issues were cleared, and the draft of the agreement was prepared. Although they had planned to get the accord signed by Pradhan's successor, Rajiv Gandhi wanted it to be signed by Pradhan himself in the few hours left before his retirement. They consulted a legal expert and got his retirement postponed to midnight. The accord was then jointly signed by him, Laldenga and Lalkhama, the Chief Secretary of Mizoram.

==Governorship of Arunachal Pradesh==
R.D. Pradhan was appointed the second [[Governor of Arunachal Pradesh]] in March 1987, after Arunachal was granted statehood in November 1986. The state was having border problems with China at the time, and Pradhan's achievements in reaching the accords of northeast states of Assam and Mizoram and his previous experience in the Defence Ministry were the factors Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi considered before offering him the position. When [[V.P. Singh]] came to power in January 1990, he demanded the resignation of Governors of all states. Pradhan was the first governor to hand over the resignation.

==Rajya Sabha and Legislative Council==
R.D. Pradhan won a seat in the Maharashtra Legislative Council in June 1990 on the Congress ticket.

==Positions held==
The positions listed are not in chronological order.
* Governor, Arunachal Pradesh : March 1987 – March 1990
* Home Secretary, India : January 1985 – June 1986
* Home Secretary, Maharashtra : 1977
* Chief Secretary, Maharashtra
* Private Secretary to Y.B. Chavan, Chief Minister Maharashtra, Defence Minister India : (1960–1965)
* India's Resident Representative in Geneva to UNCTAD and GATT : 12 years
* International civil servant : 5 years
* Assistant Collector and Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Mount Abu
* Chairman of the [[Pradhan Inquiry Commission|High-level Enquiry Commission for 26/11]].

==Awards==
*R.D. Pradhan was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]], 1987.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''"Working with Rajiv Gandhi"'' by R.D.Pradhan
{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box
| before= [[Bhishma Narain Singh]]
| title = [[List of Governors of Arunachal Pradesh|Governor of Arunachal Pradesh]]
| years = 19 March 1987 – 16 March 1990
| after = [[Gopal Singh (politician)|Gopal Singh]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Home Ministry (India)}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, R D}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Governors of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Governors of Bihar]]
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Home secretaries of India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]

Veerapandy S. Arumugam

2025-08-11T12:50:03Z

Averma: minor enhance information based on references further and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Veerapandi S. Arumugam
|image = Agriculture Minister Veerapandi S. Arumugam.png
|caption = Arumugam at a function in Salem to mark 50 years of public life
|birth_name = Veerapandi Solai Aarumugam
|birth_place = Poolavari, Salem district, Tamil Nadu
|birth_date = {{birth-date|26 January 1937}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2012|11|23|1937|1|26}}
|death_place = Chennai, Tamil Nadu
|occupation = politician
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Madras State Assembly]] and [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu State Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[M. R. Kandasamy Mudaliar]]
| successor = P. Venga Gounder
| constituency = [[Veerapandi Assembly constituency|Veerapandi]]
| term = 1962 - 1977
| term1 = 1996 - 2001
| predecessor1 = [[K. Arjunan]]
| successor1 = [[K. Arjunan]]
| constituency1 = [[Veerapandi Assembly constituency|Veerapandi]]
| term2 = 1989 - 1991
| predecessor2 = [[Arumugam]]
| successor2 = M. Natesan
| constituency2 = [[Salem – II Assembly constituency|Salem – II]]
| term3 = 2006 - 2011
| predecessor3 = M. Karthe
| successor3 = ''constituency abolished''
| constituency3 = [[Salem – II Assembly constituency|Salem – II]]
| office15 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]]
| term_start15 = 1978
| term_end15 = 1984
| constituency15 = Elected by MLAs
}}
'''Veerapandi S Arumugam''' (26 January 1937 – 23 November 2012) was a [[Tamil Nadu]] politician. He was born to Solai Goundar in Poolavari, [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.myneta.info/tamilnadu2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=518 | title=Tamil Nadu - Veerapandi S Arumugam | publisher=Myneta | access-date=21 September 2020 }}</ref>

He died on 23 November 2012 in [[Chennai]] due to illness.<ref name=hindu2012>{{cite web|author=T. Ramakrishnan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/former-dmk-minister-veerapandi-arumugam-passes-away/article4126230.ece?homepage=true |title=States / Tamil Nadu : Veerapandi Arumugam dies |work=The Hindu|access-date=2012-11-24}}</ref><ref name=ibnlivenov2012>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/tamil-nadu/karunanidhi-mourns-arumugam-s-death_812386.html|title=Karunanidhi mourns Arumugam's death |access-date=23 November 2012}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Arumugam first became a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] member in 1957.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-nadu-dmk-leader-arumugam-dead/307010-62-128.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128205801/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-nadu-dmk-leader-arumugam-dead/307010-62-128.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 November 2012 |title=Tamil Nadu: DMK leader Arumugam dead- IBN Tamil Nadu- IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=27 February 2012 |access-date=24 November 2012 }}</ref><ref name = ibnlivenov2012/> He has for decades been the face of the DMK in the Salem region. He held the Veerapandi Assembly seat with a vise-like grip.

In his early age he was inspired by the writings and speeches of the late Chief Minister and DMK founder [[C. N. Annadurai]] and party chief M Karunanidhi, Arumugam plunged into politics when he was 14. He was elected to the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] five times. Arumugam was among the few non-founding leaders in the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]], who enjoyed unquestioned respect and stature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article1352340.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221084955/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article1352340.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 February 2014 |title=Arumugam was DMK’s Vanniyar face |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=24 November 2012}}</ref> He also served as the Minister for [[Department of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj (Tamil Nadu)|Rural Development and Local Administration]] and the Minister for [[Department of Agriculture (Tamil Nadu)|Agriculture]].<ref name=hindu2012/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arumugam, Veerapandi}}
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu ministers]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:People from Salem district]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1967–1971]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1971–1976]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Agriculture ministers of Tamil Nadu]]

Khazan system

2025-07-08T09:59:42Z

Averma: Done

{{Short description|Traditional farming system in India}}
The '''Khazan''' is a traditional farming system of [[Goa]], India. It comprises mainly [[rice-fish system|rice-fish fields]] established on reclaimed [[coastal wetland]]s, [[salt marsh]]es and [[mangrove forest]]s. It involves construction of [[levee]]s and [[sluice gate]]s to prevent [[sea water]] from entering the fields.{{sfn|Sangeeta M. Sonak|2013|p=33}}

The Bandora (Bandiwade) [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper-plate inscription]] of Anirjita-varman (likely a [[Mauryas of Puri|Konkan Maurya]] king), dated to 5th-6th century on palaeographical grounds, refers to the khazan system as ''khajjana''. It records the grant of tax-exempt land in Dwadasa-desha (modern [[Bardez]]), including one ''hala'' (a unit) of ''khajjana'' land. The recipient of the grant was expected to convert this wetland into a cultivated field by constructing a [[bunding|bund]] to prevent the salty sea water from entering the land.{{sfn|N. Shyam Bhat|Nagendra Rao|2013|p=254}}

Historically, an association of villagers (''gaunkari''s) maintained the local khazan fields and its associated levees. This system continued under the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese rule]], with [[Comunidades of Goa|communidades]] maintaining the khazan system through an association of farmers (''bhou''s or ''bhau''s).{{sfn|Sangeeta M. Sonak|2013|p=67}}

== Cultural Significance of Khazans ==
Khazans are intertwined with the religious and cultural aspect of Goa. The Konsachem Fest (harvest festival) is first celebrated at Our Lady of Snows Church in Raia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Khazans of Goa: A Socio-Cultural Perspective |url=http://www.sahapedia.org/khazans-goa-socio-cultural-perspective |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Sangeeta M. Sonak |title=Khazan Ecosystems of Goa: Building on Indigenous Solutions to Cope with Global Environmental Change |year=2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789400772021 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-r_EBAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite journal |author1=N. Shyam Bhat |author2=Nagendra Rao |title=History of Goa with Special Reference to its Feudal Features |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=40 |issue=2 |year=2013 |doi=10.1177/0376983613499680 |s2cid=145048379 }}
{{ref end}}

[[Category:Flood control in India]]
[[Category:Coastal construction]]
[[Category:Wetlands of India]]

2nd Chhattisgarh Assembly

2025-05-21T13:38:14Z

Averma: created initial post w/ refs

{{Short description|2nd Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 2nd Chhattisgarh Assembly
| before = [[1st Chhattisgarh Assembly|1st Assembly]]
| after = [[3rd Chhattisgarh Assembly|3rd Assembly]]
| image = Coat of arms of Chhattisgarh.svg
| image_size =
| caption =
| body = [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| election = [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]
| government = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| opposition = [[Indian National Congress]]
| term_start =
| term_end =
| website =
| membership1 = '''90'''
| control1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[List of speakers of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| chamber1_leader1 = [[Prem Prakash Pandey]], BJP
| chamber1_leader2_type =[[List of deputy speakers of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]
| chamber1_leader2 = [[Badridhar Deewan]], BJP
| chamber1_leader3_type = [[List of chief ministers of Chhattisgarh|Leader of the House]]
| chamber1_leader3 = [[Raman Singh]], BJP
| chamber1_leader4_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber1_leader4 = [[Mahendra Karma]], INC
}}

The '''Second Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh''' was constituted after the [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]s which were concluded in November 2003 and the results were declared on December 2003. This is first time in Chhattisgarh [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] made his government after separation of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and BJP choose [[Raman Singh|Dr. Raman Singh]] as their Chief minister.<ref>{{Cite news|title= 2003 Vidhan Sabha / Assembly election results Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2003/chhattisgarh/170/54|access-date=2025-02-07|website=News Domain name|language=en}}</ref>

== Party wise distribution of seats ==
[[File:India Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly 2003.svg]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Party
!No. MLAs
!Leader of party in assembly
!Leader's constituency
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|50
|[[Raman Singh]]
|[[Rajnandgaon Assembly constituency|Rajnandgaon]]
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|37
|[[Ajit Jogi]]
|[[Marwahi Assembly constituency|Marwahi]]
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|2
| Kamda Jolhe
|[[Sarangarh Assembly constituency|Sarangarh]]
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1
|Nobel Kumar Verma
|[[Chandrapur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Chandrapur]]
|}

==See also==

*[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Terms of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]

Pari Perumal

2025-05-05T04:18:52Z

Averma: creating the article initial version

{{Short description|Medieval Indian literary scholar of the Tamil language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
'''Pari Perumal''' (c. 11th century CE), also known as '''Kaviperumal''', was a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] scholar and commentator known for his [[Literary criticism|commentary]] on the ''[[Thirukkural]]''.{{sfn|Vedhanayagam, 2017|pp=7–8}} He was among the canon of [[Ten Medieval Commentators]] of the Kural text most highly esteemed by scholars.{{sfn|Natarajan 2008|pp=1–6}} He was also among the five ancient commentators whose commentaries had been preserved and made available to the [[Modern era]], the others being [[Manakkudavar]], [[Kaalingar]], [[Paridhi]], and [[Parimelalhagar]].

==Biography==
Pari Perumal hailed from Thenselhuvai in the Sethu country of the [[Pandya Kingdom]]. Scholars date his period between the second half of the 11th century and the first half of the 12th century CE{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|p=142}} since he mentioned the work ''[[Vatsyayana]]'' (whose author also lived in the 11th century CE) at the beginning of his commentary of the [[Book of Inbam|third book]] of the ''Tirukkural''. The ''Thondaimandala Sathagam'', which mentions the names of all the ten medieval commentators, refers to Pari Perumal as "Kavi Perumal". A verse at the end of his commentary work indicates that Pari Perumal has also authored two other books, namely, ''Molhiyiyal'' (linguistics) and ''Kamanul'' (book of pleasure).{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=373–378}} The verse also indicates that his home town is Thenselhuvai in Sethu Naadu under the Pondy zone.{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|pp=142–143}} The [[Perunthogai]] has a few verses about Pari Perumal. The Perunthogai verse 1539 indicates there were few commentators before Pari Perumal.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=373–378}}

Similar to the commentaries by Paridhiyar, Kaalingar, and [[Mallar (poet)|Mallar]], Pari Perumal's commentary is believed to have been originated in the [[Kongu Nadu|Kongu Region]].{{sfn|Pulavar S. Raju, ''The Hindu'', 23 June 2010}}

==Commentary on the Kural text==
Pari Perumal chronologically came after Manakkudavar among the medieval commentators. In writing his commentary on the Kural, he greatly followed Manakkudavar, elaborating only where necessary. There are many places where he uses Manakkudavar's commentary verbatim. It can be said that Pari Perumal revised Manakkudavar's work. The semblance of his work with that of Manakkudavar includes an introduction to all the three books of the Kural text, an explanation to each subdivision ({{Transliteration|ta|Iyal}}), introduction to each chapter, and the ordering of the couplets within each chapter.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=373–378}} Following Manakkudavar's original division, Pari Perumal also divides [[Inbam (Kural book)|Book III]] of the Kural text into five {{Transliteration|ta|iyal}}s attributed to the moods of five {{Transliteration|ta|thinai}}s, or divisions of the [[Sangam landscape]], namely {{Transliteration|ta|kurinji}} (mountainous landscape), {{Transliteration|ta|mullai}} (forest and pastoral landscape), {{Transliteration|ta|marudam}} (agricultural plains and valleys), {{Transliteration|ta|neidhal}} (coastal landscape), and {{Transliteration|ta|paalai}} (desert landscape).{{sfn|Meiyappan, 2003|p=vi}} Nevertheless, Pari Perumal's explanations also differ from those of Manakkudavar in many places. For instance, his commentary varies from that of Manakkudavar in couplets 1081, 1178, and 1195. He also refers to other early commentators besides Manakkudavar in places such as couplets 480 and 1116.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=373–378}}

Like other medieval commentators, Pari Perumal had an extraordinary command of both [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]]. He quotes several Tamil and Sanskrit works across his commentary.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=373–378}} For instance, he cites the [[Tolkappiyam]] (verse 22 under the ''Meippaattiyal'') in couplets 1126 through 1129 in the third book of the Kural text.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=373–378}}{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|pp=146–147}} At the beginning of the third book, he quotes on the sutras of the Tolkappiyam (verse 14 under the ''Kalaviyal'') and the [[Iraiyanar Agapporul]].{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=373–378}}{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|p=147}} In couplet 641, he cites verse 252 of the [[Purananuru]]. In couplet 687, he bases his elaboration on a verse from the Bharatha Venba.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=373–378}}

Pari Perumal was also well-versed in the Sanskrit works of [[Kamasutra]] and [[Arthasastra]]. In Chapter 51, which appears in the [[Porul (Kural book)|second book]] of the Kural text, he quotes the philosophies of [[Drona]], [[Koutilya|Chanakya]], [[Naratha|Narada]], [[Parashara]], [[Vyadha]] Gita, and Uddhavacharya doctrines in couplets 503, 504, 505, 507, 508, and 510, respectively. He also narrates many stories in his commentary to explicate the meaning of the Kural couplets as in couplets 431, 432, 437, 439, and 440. He cites [[Vatsyayana]]'s Kamasutra at the beginning of the third book of the Kural text.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=373–378}}

Pari Perumal also possessed excellent social and worldly knowledge. This is revealed in his explanations to couplets 522, 527, 529 and 530, where he describes the societal structure of his time.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=373–378}} Pari Perumal's analytical skills are revealed when he elaborates envoy in three different types, namely, primary, secondary, and tertiary. According to him, the primary envoys are those one who sense the situation and act, the secondary ones are those who acts according to instructed, and the tertiary ones are those who simply passes the message.{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|p=146}} Like [[Paridhi]]yar, Pari Perumal employs storytelling in several places to explain the moral of a given Kural couplet.{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|pp=146–147}} This can be seen in his explanations to the couplets of the chapter on the correction of faults (Chapter 44) in [[Book of Porul|Book II]].

Verses 1540 and 1541 of the [[Perunthogai]] indicate that Pari Perumal's commentary was not accepted by the masses during his time. Nevertheless, Pari Perumal hints that without a holistic understanding of the essence of the Tirukkural, one's effort to delve deep into the work would be fruitless.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=373–378}}

==Variations in ordering of the Kural verses==
The following table depicts the variations among the early commentators' ordering of, for example, the first ten verses of the Tirukkural. Note that the ordering of the verses and chapters as set by Parimelalhagar, which had been followed unanimously for centuries ever since, has now been accepted as the standard structure of the Kural text.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%"
|-
!style="text-align:center; width:40%" rowspan="2"|Kural verse beginning
!colspan="5"|Couplet ordering
|-
![[Manakkudavar]]'s
!Pari Perumal's
![[Paridhi]]'s
![[Kaalingar]]'s
![[Parimelalhagar]]'s
|-
| Kural 1: {{Lang|ta|அகர முதல எழுத்தெல்லாம்}}
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 1
|-
| Kural 2: {{Lang|ta|கற்றதனால் ஆய பயன்}}
| 2
| 2
| 2
| 2
| 2
|-
| Kural 3: {{Lang|ta|மலர்மிசை ஏகினான் மாணடி}}
| 3
| 3
| 3
| 3
| 3
|-
| Kural 4: {{Lang|ta|வேண்டுதல் வேண்டாமை இலான்}}
| 6
| 6
| 5
| 7
| 4
|-
| Kural 5: {{Lang|ta|இருள்சேர் இருவினையும் சேரா}}
| 7
| 7
| 6
| 6
| 5
|-
| Kural 6: {{Lang|ta|பொறிவாயில் ஐந்தவித்தான்}}
| 8
| 8
| 7
| 7
| 6
|-
| Kural 7: {{Lang|ta|தனக்கு உவமை இல்லாதான்}}
| 4
| 4
| 6
| 4
| 7
|-
| Kural 8: {{Lang|ta|அற ஆழி அந்தணன்}}
| 5
| 5
| 10
| 9
| 8
|-
| Kural 9: {{Lang|ta|கோளில் பொறியில் குணமிலவே}}
| 10
| 10
| 8
| 5
| 9
|-
| Kural 10: {{Lang|ta|பிறவிப் பெருங்கடல் நீந்துவர்}}
| 9
| 9
| 9
| 10
| 10
|}

It is found that there are 16 variations found in the ordering of the Kural couplets by Pari Perumal with respect to the commentary by Manakkudavar. Thus, Pari Perumal's commentary remains the closest resembling work to the Manakkudavar commentary.

==See also==
{{Portal|Tamils|India|Literature}}
* [[Ten Medieval Commentators]]
* [[Bhashya]]
* [[Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition]]

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author= M. V. Aravindan |title= உரையாசிரியர்கள் [Commentators] |year= 2018 |publisher=Manivasagar Padhippagam | location= Chennai |ref={{sfnRef|Aravindan, 2018}}}}
* {{cite book |author= G. P. Chellammal |title= திருக்குறள் ஆய்வுக் கோவை [Tirukkural Research Compendium] |year= 2015 |edition= 1|publisher=Manivasagar Padhippagam | location= Chennai |language=ta |ref={{sfnRef|Chellammal, 2015}} }}
* {{cite book |editor = S. Meiyappan | title = திருக்குறள் மணக்குடவர் உரை [Tirukkural: Manakkudavar Commentary] | publisher = Manivasagar Padhippagam | edition = 1st| date = 2003 | location = Chennai| language = ta |ref={{sfnRef|Meiyappan, 2003}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Natarajan | first = P. R. | title = Thirukkural: Aratthuppaal | publisher = Uma Padhippagam | edition= First | date = December 2008 | location = Chennai | language = ta |ref={{sfnRef|Natarajan 2008}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Vedhanayagam | first = Rama | title = திருவள்ளுவ மாலை மூலமும் எளிய உரை விளக்கமும் [Tiruvalluvamaalai: Moolamum Eliya Urai Vilakkamum] | publisher = Manimekalai Prasuram | edition= 1 | date = 2017 | location = Chennai | language = ta |ref={{sfnRef|Vedhanayagam, 2017}}}}
* {{Cite news|last=S. Raju|first=Pulavar|title=Kongu region's role in development of Tamil |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Kongu-regions-role-in-development-of-Tamil/article16265451.ece |access-date=23 January 2025|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 June 2010|ref={{sfnRef|Pulavar S. Raju, ''The Hindu'', 23 June 2010}} }}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* M. Arunachalam (2005). Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru, Padhinaindhaam Nootraandu [History of Tamil Literature, 15th century].
* D. M. Vellaivaaranam (1983). Tirukkural Uraikotthu. Thiruppananthal Shri Kasimadam Publications.
* {{cite book | title=The Tamil Plutarch, containing a summary account of the lives of poets and poetesses of Southern India and Ceylon | last=Casie Chetty| first=Simon|author-link1=Simon Casie Chetty| pages=65| year=1859| publisher=Ripley & Strong| location=Jaffna|ref=The Tamil Plutarch}}

{{Tirukkural}}
{{Tamil language}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Tirukkural]]
[[Category:Pandyan poets]]
[[Category:Tirukkural commentators]]
[[Category:Ten medieval commentators]]
[[Category:Medieval Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Tamil scholars]]
[[Category:Scholars of Hinduism]]
[[Category:Scholars from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian scholars]]

Ti Parat Aaliye

2025-04-04T14:39:22Z

Averma:

{{Short description|2021 Indian Marathi TV show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
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| country = India
}}

'''''Ti Parat Aaliye''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Marathi-language]] [[horror drama]] series which airs on [[Zee Marathi]]. It is directed by Ankush Marode.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-12|title=भल्याभल्यांची बोलती बोलती बंद करणारी, 'ती परत आलीये'ची 'ती' नेमकी दिसते तरी कशी? पाहा 'ती'चा फोटो...|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/television/ti-parat-aaliye-new-serial-on-zee-marathi-vamp-face-reveled-513512.html|access-date=2021-08-17|website=TV9 Marathi|language=mr}}</ref> The serial was premiered on 16 August 2021, replacing ''[[Devmanus]]''. Vijay Kadam has made a comeback with this serial.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Veteran Marathi actor Vijay Kadam makes his TV comeback with the new thriller Ti Parat Aaliye|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/veteran-marathi-actor-vijay-kadam-makes-his-tv-comeback-with-the-new-thriller-ti-parat-yetey/articleshow/84581222.cms|access-date=2022-07-05|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=भयानक! 'ती परत आलीये' च्या नव्या प्रोमोने उडवली प्रेक्षकांची झोप, म्हणाले ही तर...|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/ti-parat-aaliye-zee-marathi-new-serial-new-promo-release/articleshow/85203756.cms|access-date=2021-08-17|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot summary ==
The story is about nine friends who go to a resort for celebration as their exams just got over. While playing besides the pool they push one of the friends, who has water phobia, into the pool. As she is unable to swim, she dies inside the pool. 10 years later, they arrange a reunion and go back to the same resort where they encounter all sorts of paranormal activities.

== Cast ==
* Vijay Kadam as Baburao Tandel
* Kunjika Kalvint as Sayali
* Shreyas Raje as Satej
* Vaishnavi Karmarkar as Anuja
* Tejas Mahajan as Mandy
* Tanvi Kulkarni as Rohini
* Anup Belwalkar as Abhay
* Sameer Khandekar as Hanumanta
* [[Nachiket Devasthali]] as Vikrant
* Anushka Junnarkar as Nilambari
* Prathamesh Shivalkar as Tikaram Rajaram Chavan
* Varsha Padwal as Sayali's mother
* Sarang Doshi as Rohini's husband
* Devendra Sardar as Inspector Lokhande
* Sayali Gite as Mandy's sister

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|15079278}}
*[https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/tee-parat-aalliye/0-6-3503 ''Ti Parat Aaliye''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]

Kanjiracodu

2025-03-02T04:45:12Z

Averma: refine structure and updated info based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kanjiracodu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8.973720|N|76.669464|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 30
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 629155
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 474
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL-2 XXXX]]
| registration_plate = KL-02
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Kollam
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kollam]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Tropical monsoon]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|35|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|20|°C|°F}}
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kanjiracode''' in [[Kundara]] lies on the banks of the Kanjiracodu Kayal of [[Kollam]] district in Kerala, India. The area postal pin code is 629155.<ref name="k269">{{cite web | title=Postal Code (Zip Code) of Kanjiracode, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India | website=India TV News | date=2025-02-20 | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/tamil-nadu/kanyakumari/kanjiracode | access-date=2025-02-23}}</ref>

The erstwhile ALIND or Aluminium Industries one of the earliest aluminum cable manufacturing units for the country began operations here. It also had major industries as the Kerala Ceramics and ALLIED Industries established here. The Aluminium Industries Limited came into existence, on 2 January 1946, promoted by then [[V. Seshasayee|Seshasayee Group]] with its Conductor Division set up in Kundara, Kerala under technical collaboration from the world-renowned [[ALCAN]], Canada.

The satellite town of Kollam is set to get an economic boost with the opening of the Technopark-Kollam in Kanjiracode.

Cutcherry mukku the junction beside the Mini Civil Station and the Village panchayat meets everyday shopping needs. Mukkada the central junction of Kundara caters to other consumer needs.

==See also==
*[[St Antony's Church, Kanjiracode]], a Latin Catholic church in Kanjiraco
Magalasseril Temple Kanjiracode

==References==
{{commons category|Kanjiracodu}}
{{reflist}}
{{Kollam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kollam district]]

{{Kollam-geo-stub}}

Wargal Saraswati Temple

2025-02-02T09:32:39Z

Averma:

{{short description|Hindu temple in Telangana, India}}
{{moresources|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Wargal Saraswati Temple
|native_name = '''Sri Vidya Saraswati'''
| image = Wargaltemplegopuram.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = Wargal Saraswati Temple
| pushpin_map = 
| map_caption = Location in Telangana
| coordinates =
| proper_name =
| devanagari =
| sanskrit_translit =
| tamil =
| marathi =
| bengali =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]

| important_festivals=
| architecture = [[South Indian]]
| number_of_temples =
| number_of_monuments=
| inscriptions =
| date_built =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Wargal Saraswati Temple''' or '''Sri Vidya Saraswati Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Siddipet district]] in [[Telangana]], [[India]]. The deity of education in [[Hinduism]] is [[Goddess Saraswati]]. It is among the few temples of Saraswati in Telangana. It is maintained by the Kanchi Shanker Mutt. Construction of the temple complex was due to the efforts of Yayavaram Chandrashekhara Sharma, a scholar and adherent of Goddess Saraswati.

==The Temple==
[[File:Wargalsaraswati.jpg|thumb|Main Deity]]
This temple is located on a hillock near '''Wargal village'''. On the same hillock are the temples of various other deities, such as:
* Sri [[Lakshmi]] Ganapathi Temple
* Sri Vidya [[Saraswati]] Temple
* Lord [[Shani]]shchara Temple
* Lord [[Shiva]] Temple
* A few [[Vaishnava]] temples, now completely damaged and without ''mola vigrahas''

Many families visit the temple for their children's ''[[akshara abyasam]]'' ("learning ceremony"). Meals are provided for free to all devotees at the temple premises, a practice referred to as ''nitya annadanam''.

[[Vasant Panchami]] and Sharad [[Navratri]] festivals are celebrated at the temple every year.<ref name="Indian Natural Wealth">{{cite web|last=Indian Natural Wealth|title=Temples|url=http://naturedestinationsinindia.blogspot.in/2012/06/sri-vidya-saraswati-deviwargal.html|accessdate=27 August 2012|archive-date=5 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005223808/http://naturedestinationsinindia.blogspot.in/2012/06/sri-vidya-saraswati-deviwargal.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Navratri ''[[mula (nakshatra)|mula]] [[nakshatra]]m'' ("birth star of Goddess Saraswati") is the most auspicious day for worshiping Saraswati ''[[devi]]''. During this day, special rituals are performed at the temple.

==Veda Paathashala==
The temple has a ''[[Veda]] paathashaala'' (a school specializing in the tradition of [[Vedic recitation]]) on its premises where many students learn the Vedas.

==See also==
* [[List of Hindu temples in India]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://srivargalvidyasaraswathi.org/ Vargal Vidya Saraswathi Temple - Official site]

{{Hindu Temples in Telangana}}

{{coord|17|46|34|N|78|36|55|E|region:IN_type:city_source:kolossus-tewiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Saraswati temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Medak district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Telangana]]

Niranjan Patel

2025-02-02T01:23:34Z

Averma: creating first info w/ refs...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1943)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
'''Niranjan Patel''' (born 1943)<ref name="myneta.info">{{Cite web |title=Patel Niranjan Purushottamdas(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- PETLAD(ANAND) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=4437 |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a six time member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Petlad Assembly constituency in [[Anand district]]. He won the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress campaign for the 2014 Indian general election|Indian National Congress]].<ref name="indianexpress">{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Elections 2017 Constituencies & Candidate List, Gujarat Election Constituencies Names |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2017/gujarat-constituencies-list-2017/petlad-elections-2017-results/ |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Patel is from [[Petlad]], Anand district, Gujarat. He is the son of Puroshattamdas Lalalbhai Patel. He completed his BA in economics in 1971 at Arts and Commerce College, which is affiliated with [[Gujarat University]].<ref name="myneta.info"/>

== Career ==
Patel won from [[Petlad Assembly constituency]] representing the Indian National Congress in the 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election.<ref name="indianexpress"/> He polled 81,127 votes and defeated his nearest rival by a margin of 10,644 votes.<ref name="news18">{{Cite news |title=Petlad Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Kamleshbhai Rameshbhai Patel Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/petlad-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562801.html |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=News18 | date=8 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA, winning the [[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] on the [[Janata Dal]] ticket and defeated Govindbhai Shankerbhai Chauhan of the Indian National Congress. Later, he shifted to the Congress party and won the seat in the next two elections in [[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]] and [[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]].<ref name="resultuniversity">{{Cite web |title=Petlad Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/petlad-gujarat-assembly-constituency |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He lost the seat in 2002 but regained it in the [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007 Assembly election]] winning for a fourth time.<ref name="resultuniversity"/> Later, he won again on Congress ticket in the 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election defeating Patel Dipakbhai Ravjibhai of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by 12,192 votes.<ref name="news18"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2017 |title=Petlad election results: Congress leader Niranjan Patel wins |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2017/gujarat-assembly-election-2017/story/gujarat-elections-petlad-constituency-results-update-live-1109690-2017-12-18 |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He then became an MLA for the sixth time in the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022 Assembly election]].<ref name="resultuniversity"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2017 |title=Gujarat Election 2017: Congress' Patel Niranjan wins from Petlad constituency |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/gujarat-assembly-election/article/gujarat-assembly-elections-2017-petlad-constituency-congress-bjp/132049 |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Niranjan}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Anand district]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1995–1998]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1998–2002]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]

Arulmigu Kapaleeswarar Arts and Science College

2024-12-21T23:02:05Z

Averma: created the details initial version

{{Short description|College in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2022}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Arulmigu Kapaleeswarar Arts and Science College
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| motto =
| type = Government College of Arts and Science
| established = 2021
| founder =
| religious_affiliation = Sri Kapaleeswarar Temple Chennai owns the college through Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu
| academic_affiliation =
| chairman =
| principal =
| director =
| chancellor =
| vice_chancellor =
| dean =
| students =
| undergrad = B.Com., B.B.A., B.C.A., B Sc. Computer Science
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| campus = Everwin Vidhyashram Campus
| free_label =
| free =
| colours =
| coordinates = {{coord|13|07|32.1|N|80|13|12.9|E|display=inline,title}}
| website =
}}

'''Arulmigu Sri Kapaleeswarar Arts and Science College'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=arulmigu+kapaleeswarar+arts+and+science+college&tbm=bks|title=Arulmigu Kapaleeswarar Arts and Science College|work=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Advances in Electrical and Computer Technologies: Select Proceedings of ICAECT 2021|date=2022|last1=Murugappan|first1=M.|last2=Misra|first2=Sanjay|last3=Sengodan|first3=Thangaprakash|publisher=Springer Nature Singapore|isbn=9789811911118|page=409|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUp3EAAAQBAJ&dq=arulmigu+kapaleeswarar+arts+and+science+college&pg=PA409|language=en}}</ref> is a college established in the year 2021,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/140822/education-and-health-schemes-are-not-freebies-stalin.html|title=Education and health schemes are not freebies: Stalin|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> in Kolathur neighbourhood, in [[Tiruvallur district]] of the state [[Tamil Nadu]] in the peninsular [[India]]. This is the first of its kind in Kolathur. At present,{{when?|date=December 2024}} 250 students are studying here. The college is owned by the Sri Kapaleeswarar Temple Chennai and does NOT receive any funding from the Government of Tamil Nadu.

The Sri Kapaleeswarar Temple is located in Mylapore has a rich history and is thought to be over 2000 years old by some accounts and said to have had major construction done during the 7th Century Pallavas. When the Portuguese damaged the construction in the 16th century, the Vijayanagara empire reconstructed the same.

== Location ==
Located at an altitude of 34 m above the mean sea level, the geographical coordinates of Arulmigu Kapaleeswarar Arts and Science College are: 13°07'32.1"N, 80°13'12.9"E (i.e. 13.125583°N, 80.220250°E).

== Transport ==
=== Road transport ===
From the Retteri junction, a four-road intersection, that connects Chennai to various districts and states, this college is located just a km away.

=== Rail transport ===
[[Villivakkam railway station]], [[Perambur railway station]], [[Perambur Carriage Works railway station]] and [[Perambur Loco Works railway station]] are some of the railway stations that are nearer to this college.

=== Air transport ===
[[Chennai International Airport]] is located at about 22 km from this college.

== Beneficial neighbourhoods ==
[[Kolathur, Chennai]], [[Ponniammanmedu]], [[Lakshmipuram, Chennai|Lakshmipuram]], [[Vinayagapuram]], [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]], [[Peravallur]], [[Periyar Nagar]], [[Jawahar Nagar]], [[Agaram]], [[Sembium]], [[Thiru. Vi. Ka Nagar]] and [[Perambur]] are some of the neighbourhoods benefited by this college.

== Courses offered ==
This college offers undergraduate courses as follows:
B.Com., B.B.A., B.C.A., and B.Sc. Computer Science. And on the idea to offer courses on religious subjects, a 6-month certificate course on B. A. Saiva Siddhantham is to be included in this college,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kapaleeswarar-college-to-offer-religious-course/article37654524.ece|title=Kapaleeswarar College to offer religious course|work=The Hindu}}</ref> said by the Tamil Nadu state minister of Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/ba-saiva-siddhantham-to-be-offered-in-colleges-attached-to-temples-sekarbabu/article65550079.ece|title=B.A. Saiva Siddhantham to be offered in colleges attached to temples: Sekarbabu|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
Principal and administrative room, Professor rooms, Seven class rooms, two computer laboratories, one library and toilet facilities are available in this college. This college is temporarily started at the campus of a private school viz., Everwin Vidhyashram, which is situated on Red Hills road in Kolathur neighbourhood. This will be shifted permanently to the nearby proposed buildings at the campus of 5 acre land belonging to Somanatha Swamy Temple.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cm-inaugurates-arts-college-at-kolathur/article37315018.ece|title=CM inaugurates arts college at Kolathur|work=The Hindu}}</ref> 9 Assistant Professors, one librarian and one physical education teacher are appointed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/orders-issued-appointing-teaching-faculty-for-temple-run-college-101634818598139.html|title=Orders issued appointing teaching faculty for temple run college|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Colleges in Tamil Nadu]]

Gayakarna

2024-11-30T11:57:59Z

Averma:

{{Short description|Ruler of the Kalachuri dynasty of Tripuri in central India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Gayakarna
| title =
| succession = King of Dahala
| reign = c. 1123–1153 CE
| dynasty = [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]
| predecessor = [[Yashahkarna]]
| successor = [[Narasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Narasimha]]
| father = [[Yashahkarna]]
| mother =
| spouse = Alhanadevi
| issue = [[Narasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Narasimha]], [[Jayasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Jayasimha]]
}}
'''Gayakarna''' ([[IAST]]: Gaya-karṇa; r. c. 1123–1153 CE) was a ruler of the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri dynasty]] of Tripuri in central India. His kingdom was centered around the Chedi or Dahala region in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]].

Gayakarna married Alhanadevi, a granddaughter of the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Udayaditya]], which led to peace between the two kingdoms. However, he lost some territory to the [[Chandela]] king [[Madanavarman]]. The [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Kalachuri vassals at Ratnapura]] declared their independence during his reign.

== Reign ==

Gayakarna succeeded his father [[Yashahkarna]] as the Kalachuri king.{{sfn|V. V. Mirashi|1957|p=495}}

Gayakarna seems to have lost some of his northern territory to the [[Chandela]] king [[Madanavarman]]. The [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] inscription of Madanavarman's minister Gadadhara states that the king fled on listening Madanavarman's name. The Chandelas seem to have captured the northern part of [[Baghelkhand]], as suggested the discovery of Madanavarman's coins at [[Panwar, Sidhi|Panwar]] in this region.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=135}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=112-113}}

The [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Ratnapura Kalachuri branch]], whose kings had earlier served as vassals of the Tripuri Kalachuris, declared its independence during Gayakarna's reign. Gayakarna sent an army to reduce the Ratnapura chief [[Ratnadeva II]] to submission, but it was defeated.{{sfn|V. V. Mirashi|1957|p=495}}

== Personal life ==

Gayakarna married Alhanadevi, a daughter of the [[Guhilas of Medapata|Guhila]] king Vijayasimha. Her mother Shyamaladevi was a daughter of the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Udayaditya]]. This marriage led to peace between the Paramaras and the Kalachuris.{{sfn|V. V. Mirashi|1957|p=495}}

Because of Alhanadevi's patronage, the [[Pashupata Shaivism|Pashupata Shaivite]] religious leaders rose to prominence in the Kalachuri kingdom.{{sfn|V. V. Mirashi|1957|p=495}} Gayakarna's ''rajaguru'' (royal preceptor) was Shakti-shiva.{{sfn|R. K. Sharma|1980|p=84}}

Gayakarna was succeeded by his sons [[Narasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Narasimha]] and [[Jayasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Jayasimha]] one after another.{{sfn|V. V. Mirashi|1957|p=495}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Pranab Kumar Bhattacharyya |title=Historical Geography of Madhya Pradesh from Early Records |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-8426-9091-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njYpsvmr2dsC&pg=PA127 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. K. Sharma |title=The Kalachuris and their times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iK0BAAAAMAAJ |year=1980 |publisher=Sundeep |oclc=7816720 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. K. Dikshit |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
* {{cite book |author=V. V. Mirashi |author-link=Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi |chapter=The Kalacuris |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 }}
{{refend}}

{{Kalachuris of Tripuri}}

[[Category:Kalachuris of Tripuri]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]

Dhari Junction railway station

2024-07-31T03:12:17Z

Averma: correct section further

{{short description|Railway station in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Dhari Junction railway station
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway Station]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| address = [[Dhari, Gujarat|Dhari]], [[Amreli district]]
| borough =
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|21.326654|71.027828|format=dms|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|214|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Western Railway Zone|Western Railway]]
| line = Amreli- Veraval line
| distance =
| platforms = 1
| tracks = 1
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure =
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| accessible =
| electrified = No
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = DARI
| zone = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Bhavnagar}}
}}
| website =
| opened =
| closed =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services =
| map_locator =
| map_type = India#India Gujarat
| map_dot_label = Dhari Junction railway station
| map_size = 300
}}

'''Dhari Junction railway station''' is a railway station serving in [[Amreli district]] of Gujarat State of India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/dhari-jn-dari-station |title=Dhari Junction Railway Station (DARI) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry |website=www.ndtv.com |publisher=[[NDTV]] |location=India |language=en |access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/dhari-junction-dari/4000| title=DARI/Dhari Junction| website=India Rail Info}}</ref> It is under [[Bhavnagar railway division]] of [[Western Railway Zone]] of Indian Railways. Passenger trains halt here.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=DARI| title=DARI:Passenger Amenities Details As on : 31/03/2018 Division : Bhavnagar| website=Raildrishti}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Gujarat}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Amreli district]]
[[Category:Bhavnagar railway division]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-railstation-stub}}