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List of speakers of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly

2026-05-06T17:20:20Z

Avdhut Kamble: starting new details...

{{Short description|Presiding officer of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Speaker
| body = The Mizoram Legislative Assembly
| native_name =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize =
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| insignia = Seal of Mizoram.svg
| insigniasize = 200px
| insigniacaption = Seal of the state of Mizoram
| image =
| imagesize =
| department = [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
| incumbent = [[Lalbiakzama]]
| incumbentsince = 12 December 2023
| style = [[The Honourable|The Hon’ble]] {{small|(formal)}} [[Mister|Speaker]] {{small|(informal)}}
| appointer = Members of the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
| constituting_instrument = Article 93 of the [[Constitution of India]]
| termlength = During the life of the vidhan Sabha (five years maximum)
| residence =
| seat = [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
| inaugural =
| formation = {{start date and age|1972|05|10|df=y}}
| deputy = [[Lalfamkima]]
| salary =
| website = -
| member_of = [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
| reports_to = [[Government of Mizoram]]
}}

The '''Speaker of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly''' is the title given to the [[Chairperson|presiding officer]] (chair) of the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]. The Speaker's official role is to moderate debate, make rulings on procedure, announce the results of votes, etc. The Speaker decides who may speak and has the powers to discipline members who break the procedures of the Assembly. The Speaker often also represents the body in person, as the voice of the body in ceremonial and some other situations. Many bodies also have a speaker ''[[pro tempore]]'' or deputy speaker, designated to fill in when the speaker is not available.

== Role in the Legislative Assembly ==

The Speaker presides over the sessions of the Legislative Assembly and conducts the business in the Assembly. He decides whether a bill is a money bill or a non-money bill. He maintains discipline and decorum in the Assembly and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them. He permits the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions like the motion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. The date of election of the Speaker is fixed by the Governor.<ref name="mizoramassembly">[http://speakermizoramassembly.nic.in/roleofthespeaker.asp The Office of the Speaker of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly]. Retrieved 16 June 2024.</ref>

Although the members of the Legislative Assembly represent their constituencies, the Speaker represents the whole Assembly.<ref name="mizoramassembly"/>

While the office of Speaker is vacant, the duties of the office are performed by the Deputy Speaker or, if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant, by such member of the Assembly as the Governor may appoint for the purpose.<ref name="mizoramassembly"/>

During the absence of the Speaker from any sitting of the Assembly the Deputy Speaker or, if he is also absent, such person as may be determined by the Assembly, or, if no such person is present, such other person as may be determined by the Assembly, shall act as Speaker.<ref name="mizoramassembly"/>

== Election of the Speaker ==

In the Legislative Assembly, a simple majority vote in the Assembly in which all present members participate determine both the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker — the presiding officers — who are also its members.

The party in power proposes the name of their candidate after its candidate after titular hearings with Leaders of other Parties who are a part of the Assembly. This ensures that the Speaker is accepted by all political Parties belonging to the Assembly. The name of the candidate determined by the party in power is usually proposed by the Chief Minister or the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs. The pro-tem Speaker chairs the session in which the election for the post of the Speaker takes place.

The Deputy Speaker chairs sessions where the election takes place towards the end of Legislative Assembly. Once the election is over, the person who is presiding declares the chosen candidate to be Speaker of the Assembly, without latter motions being voted upon. Once the final tally of votes is declared, the Chief Minister and Leader of the Opposition escort the Speaker elect to the Chair. His speech, in which he thanks the Assembly, marks the start of the tenure of the new Speaker.<ref name="mizoramassembly"/>

== Term of office ==

The term of office of the Speaker ranges from the day he is elected to the dissolution of the Legislative Assembly. When the Assembly is dissolved, the Speaker terminates his tenure as a member of the Assembly, but does not quit his position as Speaker. He stands eligible for re-election.<ref name="mizoramassembly" />

A member holding office as Speaker or Deputy Speaker of an Assembly shall vacate his office if his tenure as member of the Assembly is terminated; or may at any time by writing under his hand addressed, if such members is the Speaker, to the Deputy Speaker, and if such member is the Deputy Speaker, to the Speaker, resign his office; and may be removed from his office by a resolution of the Assembly provided that no resolution shall be moved unless at least fourteen days' notice has been given.<ref name="p06a179">[http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p06179.html Article 179 — Part VI] of the [[Constitution of India]]. Retrieved 31 August 2011.</ref><ref name="mizoramassembly" />

Further, whenever the Assembly is dissolved, the speaker shall not vacate his office until immediately prior to the Legislation Assembly's first meeting after the dissolution.<ref name="p06a179"/>

At any sitting of the Legislative Assembly, while any resolution for the removal of the Speaker from his office is under consideration, the Speaker, or while any resolution for the removal of the Deputy Speaker from his office is under consideration, the Deputy Speaker, shall not, though he is present, preside, and during the absence of the Speaker from any sitting of the Assembly the Deputy Speaker in relation to every such sitting as they apply in relation to a sitting from which the Speaker or, as the case may be, the Deputy Speaker, is absent.<ref name="p06a181">[http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p06181.html Article 181 — Part VI] of the [[Constitution of India]]. Retrieved 31 August 2011.</ref>

The Speaker shall have the right to speak and take part in discussions in the Legislative Assembly while any resolution for his removal from office is under consideration in the Assembly and shall be entitled to vote only in the first instance on such resolution or on any other matter during such proceedings but not in the case of an equality of votes.<ref name="p06a181"/><ref name="mizoramassembly" />

== List of speakers ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" |#
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="3" |Tenure
! rowspan="2" |Assembly
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
|-
!Term starts
!Term ends
!Term
|-
|1
|H. Thansanga
|Suangpuilwan
|10 May 1972
|17 October 1975
|{{Ayd|10 May 1972|17 October 1975}}
| rowspan="2" |1st
| rowspan="2" |[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|-
|2
|Vaivenga
|[[Serchhip Assembly constituency|Serchhip]]
|7 November 1975
|20 June 1978
|{{Ayd|7 November 1975|20 June 1978}}
|-
|3
|Thingridema
|Hnahthial
|21 June 1978
|24 May 1979
|{{Ayd|21 June 1978|24 May 1979}}
|2nd
| rowspan="2" |[[Mizoram People's Conference]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Mizoram People's Conference}}" |
|-
|4
|[[Kenneth Chawngliana]]
|Kawnpui
|25 May 1979
|8 May 1984
|{{Ayd|25 May 1979|8 May 1984}}
|3rd
|-
|(1)
|H. Thansanga
|Suangpuilawn
|9 May 1984
|9 March 1987
|{{Ayd|9 May 1984|9 March 1987}}
|4th
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|5
|J. Thanghuama
|Lokicherra
|10 March 1987
|29 January 1989
|{{Ayd|10 March 1987|29 January 1989}}
|1st
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|-
|6
|[[Hiphei]]
|Tuipang
|30 January 1989
|14 July 1990
|{{Ayd|30 January 1989|14 July 1990}}
| rowspan="2" |2nd
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|7
|[[Rokamlova]]
|[[Aizawl East 2 Assembly constituency|Aizawl East 2]]
|17 July 1990
|9 December 1993
|{{Ayd|17 July 1990|9 December 1993}}
|-
|(2)
|Vaivenga
|Bilkhawthlir
|10 December 1993
|7 December 1998
|{{Ayd|10 December 1993|7 December 1998}}
|3rd
|-
|8
|R. Lalawia
|North Vanlaiphai
|8 December 1998
|3 December 2003
|{{Ayd|8 December 1998|3 December 2003}}
|4th
| rowspan="2" |[[Mizo National Front]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Mizo National Front}}" |
|-
|9
|[[Lalchamliana]]
|Bilkhawthlir
|15 December 2003
|10 December 2008
|{{Ayd|15 December 2003|10 December 2008}}
|5th
|-
|10
|R. Romawia
|[[Aizawl North 1 Assembly constituency|Aizawl North 1]]
|16 December 2008
|15 December 2013
|{{Ayd|16 December 2008|15 December 2013}}
|6th
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|(6)
|[[Hiphei]]
|[[Palak Assembly constituency|Palak]]
|16 December 2013
|5 November 2018
|{{Ayd|16 December 2013|5 November 2018}}
|7th
|-
|11
|[[Lalrinliana Sailo]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Chalfilh Assembly constituency|Chalfilh]]
|18 December 2018
|12 December 2023
|{{Ayd|18 December 2018|12 December 2023}}
|[[8th Mizoram Legislative Assembly|8th]]
|[[Mizo National Front]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Mizo National Front}}" |
|-
|12
|[[Lalbiakzama]]
|12 December 2023
| ''Incumbent''
|{{Ayd|12 December 2023}}
|[[9th Mizoram Legislative Assembly|9th]]
|[[Zoram People's Movement]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Zoram People's Movement}}" |
|-
|}

== List of Deputy Speakers ==

{{expand list|date=May 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" |#
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="3" |Tenure
! rowspan="2" |Assembly
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
|-
!Term starts
!Term ends
!Term
|-
|?
|R. Lalrinawma
|[[Aizawl East 1 Assembly constituency|Aizawl East 1]]
|19 December 2013<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2013-12-19 |title=R. Lalrinawma elected deputy speaker |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/lalrinawma-elected-deputy-speaker/articleshow/27632688.cms |access-date=2024-06-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|5 November 2018
|{{Ayd|19 December 2013|5 November 2018}}
|7th
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|?
|[[Lalrinawma]]
|[[Tuikum Assembly constituency|Tuikum]]
|20 December 2018<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2018-12-20 |title=Lalrinawma elected deputy speaker of Mizoram Assembly |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Latest-News/2018-12-20/Lalrinawma-elected-deputy-speaker-of-Mizoram-Assembly/461903 |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|17 December 2022<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |date=2022-12-17 |title=Mizoram assembly Deputy Speaker Lairinawma quit his post |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mizoram-assembly-deputy-speaker-lairinawma-quit-his-post/articleshow/96294099.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|{{Ayd|20 December 2018|17 December 2022}}
| rowspan="2" |[[8th Mizoram Legislative Assembly|8th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mizo National Front]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Mizo National Front}}" |
|-
|?
|[[H. Biakzaua]]
|[[Lawngtlai East Assembly constituency|Lawngtlai East]]
|8 February 2023<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2023-02-09 |title=Mizoram: MNF's H Biakzauva elected as deputy speaker unopposed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/mizoram-mnfs-h-biakzauva-elected-as-deputy-speaker-unopposed/articleshow/97761941.cms |access-date=2024-06-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-02-08 |title=MNF's H Biakzauva elected Mizoram assembly deputy speaker |url=https://theprint.in/india/mnfs-h-biakzauva-elected-mizoram-assembly-deputy-speaker/1362340/ |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|12 November 2023
|{{Ayd|8 February 2023|12 November 2023}}
|-
|?
|[[Lalfamkima]]
|[[Kolasib Assembly constituency|Kolasib]]
|15 December 2023<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-15 |title=Mizoram: First-time MLA Lalfamkima elected deputy speaker unopposed |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/mizoram/video/mizoram-first-time-mla-lalfamkima-elected-deputy-speaker-unopposed-726648-2023-12-15 |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-15 |title=Mizoram: First-time MLA Lalfamkima Elected Unopposed as Deputy Speaker in state Assembly |url=https://en.mynewsne.com/mizoram-first-time-mla-lalfamkima-elected-unopposed-as-deputy-speaker-in-state-assembly/ |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=MyNewsNE English |language=en-US}}</ref>
|''Incumbent''
|{{Ayd|15 December 2023|}}
|[[9th Mizoram Legislative Assembly|9th]]
|[[Zoram People's Movement]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Zoram People's Movement}}" |
|-
|}

== Pro tem Speaker ==

=== List of Pro tem Speakers ===

[[Lalfamkima]] 2018 and 2023

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.mizoramassembly.in/ Mizoram Legislative Assembly]

{{Current Indian legislative speakers and chairpersons}}

[[Category:India politics-related lists by state or union territory|Mizoram]]
[[Category:Mizoram-related lists|Politics]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram|Lists]]
[[Category:Lists of legislative speakers in India|Mizoram]]

Bhumika Gurung

2026-05-02T19:42:33Z

Avdhut Kamble: Pg!

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhumika Gurung Malhotra
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Bhumika Gurung
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| years_active = 2014–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Model}}
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Nimki Mukhiya (TV series)|Nimki Mukhiya]]''|''[[Nimki Vidhayak]]''}}
| spouse =
}}

'''Bhumika Gurung Malhotra''', professionally known as '''Bhumika Gurung''', is an Indian actress who primarily works in Hindi television. She is best known for portraying Namkeen "Nimki" Kumari in ''[[Nimki Mukhiya (TV series)|Nimki Mukhiya]]'' and its sequel ''[[Nimki Vidhayak]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Star Bharat’s NEW LEAD actress Bhumika Gurung’s tribute to her father|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/star-bharats-new-lead-actress-bhumika-gurungs-tribute-to-her-father-579397|work=ABP Live|author=IANS|date=2017-09-13|access-date=2026-04-07
}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In March 2022, Gurung married Shekhar Malhotra.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bhumika Gurung to tie the knot on March 8: ‘It’s going to be a sweet, small wedding’|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bhumika-gurung-to-tie-the-knot-on-march-8-7764500/|work=The Indian Express|author=Sana Farzeen|date=2022-02-09|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>

== Career ==
Gurung made her television debut with ''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]'' in 2014. She later appeared in shows such as ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]'' and ''[[Mastaangi - One Love Story Two Lifetimes]]''.

In 2017, she appeared in the film ''[[Wedding Anniversary]]''. The same year, she gained wider recognition after being cast in the titular role of Namkeen "Nimki" Kumari in ''[[Nimki Mukhiya (TV series)|Nimki Mukhiya]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bhumika Gurung: Audience should be patient with Nimki|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/bhumika-gurung-audience-should-be-patient-with-nimki-19398169|work=Mid-Day|author=Letty Mariam Abraham|date=2018-05-08|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref> She reprised the role in its sequel, ''[[Nimki Vidhayak]]'', which further established her in Hindi television.Gurung rose to prominence in 2017 with ''Nimki Mukhiya''. In 2019, she reprised the titular role in its sequel ''Nimki Vidhayak'', which followed Nimki’s journey into politics.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nimki Vidhayak actress Bhumika Gurung has no political interest|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/nimki-vidhayak-actress-bhumika-gurung-has-no-political-interest-1578538-2019-08-08|work=India Today|author=Indo-Asian News Service|date=2019-08-08|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>

In 2021, she portrayed Meera in ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya 2]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Exclusive: Bhumika Gurung joins Mann Ki Awaaz Pratigya 2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-bhumika-gurung-joins-mann-kee-awaaz-pratigya-2/articleshow/82163401.cms|work=The Times of India|author=Farzana Patowari|date=2021-04-20|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref> In 2022, she played the lead role of Rani in ''Hara Sindoor'' and made her web series debut with ''Chingari''.

In 2024, she appeared in the audio series ''Secret Ameerzada'' as Shanaya Gill. Later, Gurung returned to television with ''[[Bas Itna Sa Khwaab]]'', where she portrayed Shagun Trivedi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bhumika Gurung returns to TV with Bas Itna Sa Khwaab|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bhumika-gurung-returns-to-tv-with-bas-itna-sa-khwaab/articleshow/114943762.cms|work=The Times of India|author=Neha Maheshwri|date=2024-11-04|access-date=2026-04-07
}}</ref> In 2025, she appeared in the film ''[[The Secret of Devkaali]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sanjay Mishra, Bhumika Gurung, and Cast Attend 'The Secret of Devkaali' Press Conference|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/etimes/bollywood/sanjay-mishra-bhumika-gurung-and-cast-attend-the-secret-of-devkaali-press-conference/videoshow/120335724.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2025-04-16|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>

As of 2026, she is seen portraying Saara Sethi in ''[[Itti Si Khushi]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Itti Si Khushi: Bhumika Gurung enters as Saara to add twist in Anvita's life, says 'She is unpredictable'|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/bhumika-gurung-enters-itti-si-khushi-in-an-interesting-character-saara-23623423|work=Mid-Day|author=|date=2026-03-31|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! {{refh}}
|-
|2017
|''[[Wedding Anniversary]]''
|Aarti
|
|
|-
|2025
|''[[The Secret of Devkaali]]''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/actress-bhumika-gurung-secret-devkaali-my-skin-tone-was-altered-match-film-s-colour-palette|title=Actress Bhumika Gurung on 'The Secret Of Devkaali': My skin tone was altered to match the film's colour palette|date=7 February 2025|website=Sakshi Post|accessdate=21 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! {{refh}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014
|''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''
|Kelly
|
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Mastaangi - One Love Story Two Lifetimes]]''
|Vanessa
|
|
|-
|2017–2019
|''[[Nimki Mukhiya (TV series)|Nimki Mukhiya]]''
|Namkeen "Nimki" Kumari
|
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Television actress Bhumika Gurung injured during cycle competition practice for 'Nimki Mukhiya'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/Sep/25/television-actress-bhumika-gurung-injured-during-cycle-competition-practice-for-nimki-mukhiya-1662474.html|work=The New Indian Express|date=2017-09-25|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>
|-
|2019–2020
|''[[Nimki Vidhayak]]''
|Namkeen "Nimki" Kumari
|
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Bhumika Gurung, Abhishek Sharma and others at the launch of Nimki Vidhayak|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/bhumika-gurung-abhishek-sharma-and-others-at-the-launch-of-nimki-vidhayak/videoshow/70589280.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2019-08-08|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|
|
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Savdhaan India role left Bhumika Gurung emotionally devastated|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/savdhaan-india-role-left-bhumika-gurung-emotionally-devastated-2003824/|work=The Siasat Daily|date=2020-10-21|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
|''Humkadam''
|Tara
|
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Bhumika Gurung, best known as TV's Nimki Mukhiya, is set to return to the small screen in a new avatar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bhumika-gurung-best-known-as-tvs-nimki-mukhiya-is-set-to-return-to-the-small-screen-in-a-new-avatar/articleshow/80230576.cms|work=The Times of India|author=Farzana Patowari|date=2021-01-12|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya 2]]''
|Meera
|
|<ref>{{cite news|title=I decided to quit Mann Ki Awaaz Pratigya 2 around two weeks ago even before I fell sick, says Bhumika Gurung|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-decided-to-quit-mann-ki-awaaz-pratigya-2-around-two-weeks-ago-even-before-i-fell-sick-says-bhumika-gurung/articleshow/83752284.cms|work=The Times of India|author=Neha Maheshwri|date=2021-06-23|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Hara Sindoor''
|Rani
|
|
|-
|2024–2025
|''[[Bas Itna Sa Khwaab]]''
|Shagun Trivedi
|
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Bhumika Gurung from Bas Itna Sa Khwaab: This is the first time I am stepping into the shoes of an antagonist|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bhumika-gurung-from-bas-itna-sa-khwaab-this-is-the-first-time-i-am-stepping-into-the-shoes-of-an-antagonist/articleshow/115942695.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2024-12-03|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>
|-
|2026–present
|''[[Itti Si Khushi]]''
|Saara Sethi
|
|<ref>{{cite news
|title=Bhumika Gurung, who joined the show 'Itti Si Khushi', said, "My character looks confident but is very complex from within.|url=https://mayapuri.com/television/bhumika-gurung-new-innings-in-itti-si-khushi-11435097|work=Mayapuri|author=Mayapuri Desk|lang=hi|date=2026-03-30|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Web series ===

* ''Chingari''<ref>{{cite news|title=Bhumika Gurung to make web debut with crime thriller Chingari|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/layered-sensibility-390641/|work=The Tribune|author=Tribune Web Desk|date=2022-04-30|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref> (2022) as Chingari Chaubey

=== Audio series ===

* ''Secret Ameerzada''<ref>{{cite news|title=Watch: Paras Kalnawat and Bhumika Gurung unite for Secret Ameerzada|url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/watch-paras-kalnawat-and-bhumika-gurung-unite-for-secret-ameerzada-8823969.html|work=News18|date=2024-03-20|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref> (2024) as Shanaya Gill

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=8779797}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurung, Bhumika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Maharashtra]]

1982–83 Ranji Trophy

2026-05-01T11:27:07Z

Avdhut Kamble: Done!

{{Short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1982-83 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 285px
| fromdate =
| todate =
| caption = The Ranji Trophy, which the winners get.
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = League and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| count = 3
| participants = 24
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Anshuman Gaekwad]] (Baroda) (731)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1982/83 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1982-83/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Raghuram Bhat]] (Karnataka) (42)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1982/83 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1982-83/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1981–82
| previous_tournament = 1981–82 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1983–84
| next_tournament = 1983–84 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''1982–83 Ranji Trophy''' was the 49th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. Karnataka won the final against Bombay on first innings lead.

Bombay scored 534 runs in the final. Karnataka lost their sixth wicket at 293 but were revived by a seventh wicket partnership of 154 between [[Roger Binny]] and J. Abhiram. They still lost their ninth wicket at 526. [[Raghuram Bhat]] and [[B. Vijayakrishna]] took the score to 535 when the latter was out. On the final day, [[Sandeep Patil]] scored 121* before lunch.<ref>[https://stats.acscricket.com/Records/First_Class/Overall/Batting/Hundred_Before_Lunch.html Acscricket.com, Century before lunch]</ref> Bombay declared setting Karnataka to score 197 in two sessions. Karnataka instead played out 70 overs to score 179 for 5 and win the title on first innings lead.

==Highlights==
* [[Roger Binny]] of Karnataka scored 115 & 45 in the final. In the semifinal against Haryana he took 8 for 22 and scored 54 (highest score of the match).
* Hoshedar Contractor, son of former Indian captain [[Nari Contractor]], made his only first class appearance in the Bombay - Orissa quarter final and scored a zero.
* C.S. Suresh Kumar who made his debut for [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] scored 146 and 162 in his second and third matches and 110 against [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] in the quarter-final.

==Group stage==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}

===North Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''25''' || 1.744
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''24''' || 1.385
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''21''' || 1.243
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| 4 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''9''' || 0.676
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Services cricket team|Services]]
| 4 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''3''' || 0.585
|}

===West Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''27''' || 2.059
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''22''' || 1.985
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''16''' || 0.956
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''15''' || 0.754
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| 4 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''3''' || 0.401
|}

===South Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''26''' || 1.818
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''26''' || 1.763
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''26''' || 1.615
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| 4 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || 0.696
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| 4 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || 0.267
|}
{{col-2}}

===Central Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''25''' || 1.790
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''23''' || 1.237
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''20''' || 1.024
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''14''' || 0.760
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| 4 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || 0.640
|}

===East Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''15''' || 1.270
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| 3 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''14''' || 2.548
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| 3 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''11''' || 0.936
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| 3 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''6''' || 0.265
|}
{{col-end}}

== Knockout stage ==
{{Round16

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 100px

|||||
|29 Jan 1983 — Madras|'''[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]'''|'''449 & 172/6'''|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]|351 & 269
|||||
|||||
|||||
|||||
|29 Jan 1983 — Baroda|'''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''|'''558'''|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]|281 & 230/6
|||||

|11 Feb 1983 — Delhi|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''559'''|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]|229 & 306/8
|11 Feb 1983 — Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''500/9d'''|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]|92 & 153
|11 Feb 1983 — Faridabad|'''[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]'''|'''279 & 190'''|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]|145 & 253
|11 Feb 1983 — Baroda|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]|63 & 130|'''[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]'''|'''128 & 179'''

|25 Feb 1983 — Delhi|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]|338 & 216/6|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''494'''
|25 Feb 1983 — Faridabad|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]|78 & 125|'''[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]'''|'''230'''

|11 Mar 1983 — Bombay|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]|534 & 213/4d|'''[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]'''|'''551 & 179/5'''

|skipmatch01=yes|skipmatch02=no|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=yes|skipmatch05=yes|skipmatch06=yes|skipmatch07=no|skipmatch08=yes
|RD1 = Pre-Quarter-finals|RD2 = Quarter-finals|RD3 = Semi-finals|RD4 = Finals
|3rdplace=no}}

===Final===

{{Test match
| date = 11–15 March 1983
| team2 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = 534 (192.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Chandrakant Pandit]] 157
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Raghuram Bhat]] 4/121 (52.4 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 551 (154.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Roger Binny]] 115
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Raju Kulkarni]] 5/157 (40.4 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 213/4[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (27 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sandeep Patil]] 121[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Jayasoorya Abhiram]] 2/48 (8 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = 179/5 (70 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sadanand Viswanath]] 77
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Suresh Shetty]] 3/34 (19 overs)
| result = Karnataka won on first innings lead
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]]
| umpires = [[S. R. Bose]] and [[Swaroop Kishen]]
| motm =
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1982-83/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/BOM_KNTKA_RJI-FINAL_11-15MAR1983.html Scorecard]
| toss = Karnataka won the toss and decided to field.
| rain =
| notes = Karnataka was all out for 535 and had 16 penalty runs added to it.
}}

==Scorecards and averages==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1982-83.html CricketArchive]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1982-83 Ranji Trophy}}
[[Category:1982 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1983 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1982–83]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Nainital Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-30T02:17:36Z

Avdhut Kamble: starting a entry

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Uttarakhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dehradun
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = Uttarakhand
| union_territory =
| established = 1952
| abolished = 2009
| assembly_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Nainital''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Uttarakhand]], India. This constituency came into existence in 1952 and existed until 2009, following the [[Delimitation Commission of India|delimitation]] of Lok Sabha constituencies.

==Assembly segments==

'''Before the formation of Uttarakhand'''

Nainital Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following five [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] ([[State Legislative Assembly (India)|legislative assembly]]) constituency segments of [[Uttar Pradesh]]:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2"|[[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]
! colspan="2"|[[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Assembly constituency segments]]
|-
! Name
! SC/ST
|-
| [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
| [[Baheri (Assembly constituency)|Baheri]]
| rowspan="6"|
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[Nainital district|Nainital]]
|-
| [[Haldwani (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Haldwani]]
|-
| [[Nainital (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Nainital]]
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]
|-
| [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency|Kashipur]]
|-
| [[Khatima (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Khatima]]
| align="center" |[[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|}

'''After the [[Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000|formation of Uttarakhand]]'''

Nainital Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following twelve [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] ([[State Legislative Assembly (India)|legislative assembly]]) constituency segments of [[Uttarakhand]]:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2"| [[List of districts of Uttarakhand|District]]
! colspan="3"| [[List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Assembly constituency segments]]
|-
! Number
! Name
! SC/ST
|-
| rowspan="6"| [[Nainital district|Nainital]]
|-
| align="center" | 53
| [[Dhari (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dhari]]
| rowspan="2"|
|-
| align="center" | 54
| [[Haldwani (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Haldwani]]
|-
| align="center" | 52
| [[Mukteshwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Mukteshwar]]
| align="center" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|-
| align="center" | 55
| [[Nainital (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Nainital]]
| rowspan="6"|
|-
| align="center" | 56
| [[Ramnagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Ramnagar]]
|-
| rowspan="10"| [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]
|-
| align="center" | 59
| [[Bajpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bajpur]]
|-
| align="center" | 57
| [[Jaspur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jaspur]]
|-
| align="center" | 58
| [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency|Kashipur]]
|-
| align="center" | 63
| [[Khatima (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Khatima]]
| align="center" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|-
| align="center" | 60
| [[Pantnagar–Gadarpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Pantnagar–Gadarpur]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| align="center" | 61
| [[Rudrapur–Kichha (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rudrapur–Kichha]]
|-
| align="center" | 62
| [[Sitarganj (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Sitarganj]]
| align="center" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|}

==Members of Parliament==
'''Keys: '''
{{legend|{{party color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}|[[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)|AIIC(T)]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC/INC(I)]]/[[Indian National Congress (R)|INC(R)]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|[[Janata Dal|JD]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|Janata Party}}|[[Janata Party|JP]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana"
|-
!colspan="2"|Election!!Member!!Party
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1951–52]]|| [[Chandra Dutt Pande]] ||[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]|| [[Chandra Dutt Pande]] ||[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]|| [[Krishna Chandra Pant]] ||[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]|| [[Krishna Chandra Pant]] ||[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]|| [[Krishna Chandra Pant]] ||[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]|| Bharat Bhushan ||[[Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]|| [[Narayan Datt Tiwari]] ||[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]|| Satyendra Chandra Ghuria ||[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]|| [[Mahendra Singh Pal]] ||[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]|| [[Balraj Pasi]] ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}" |
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]|| [[Narayan Datt Tiwari]] ||[[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]|| [[Ila Pant]] ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]|| [[Narayan Datt Tiwari]] ||[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1999 Indian general election|2002]] ([[By-election]])|| [[Mahendra Singh Pal]] ||[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]|| [[Karan Chand Singh Baba]] ||[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|}<ref>[http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Uttar%20Pradesh State wise list of MPs (Uttar Pradesh)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222110901/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Uttar%20Pradesh |date=22 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>[http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Uttarakhand State wise list of MPs (Uttarakhand)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222110858/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Uttarakhand |date=22 February 2015 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttarakhand}}

{{coord|29.4|79.5|display=title}}

[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

Sudhan Das

2026-04-25T04:23:36Z

Avdhut Kamble: added new post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sudhan Das
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Member of the Tripura Legislative Assembly
| status =
| term_start = 1993
| term_end = 2023
| subterm =
| suboffice =
| alongside =
| monarch =
| president =
| governor_general =
| taoiseach =
| chancellor =
| governor =
| co-leader =
| deputy =
| lieutenant =
| succeeding =
| constituency = [[Rajnagar, Tripura Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]]
| majority =
| predecessor = Nakul Das
| successor = [[Swapna Majumder]]
| prior_term =
| order2 =
| office2 =
| subterm2 =
| suboffice2 =
| alongside2 =
| monarch2 =
| president2 =
| governor_general2 =
| chancellor2 =
| taoiseach2 =
| governor2 =
| co-leader2 =
| deputy2 =
| lieutenant2 =
| succeeding2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency2 =
| majority2 =
| prior_term2 =
| pronunciation =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|01|05}}
| birth_place = Rajanagar
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| height =
| spouse = Jaya Banerjee
| partner =
| relations =
| children =
| parents =
| mother = Kamala Das
| father = Surya Kanta Das
| relatives =
| education = Higher Secondary
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession = Politician
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
}}
'''Sudhan Das''' is an Indian politician from [[Tripura]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=OATH / AFFIRMATION BY ELEVENTH LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY MEMBERS |url=https://tripuraassembly.nic.in/current%20members%20profilenew.pdf}}</ref> He is a member of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudhan Das(Communist Party of India (Marxist)(CPI(M))):Constituency- RAJNAGAR (SC)(SOUTH TRIPURA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Tripura2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6802 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He was the member of [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] from 1993 to 2023 representing [[Rajnagar, Tripura Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2018 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2018-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2013 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2013-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2008 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2008-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2003 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2003-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 1998 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/1998-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 1993 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/1993-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

==Political career==
Das starting his political career as a student leader, for 16 long years he was involved with student and youth movement. Later he became member of [[CPI(M)]]. In 1988 he became local secretary of Shrirampur CPI(M) local committee. In [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] he contest the election with CPI(M) ticket and won that election. From that time he won Tripura Legislative Assembly election for 6 consecutive terms. In the year 2008 he elected as the member of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist) – Tripura]] state committee. In [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] he lost to the [[BJP]] candidate [[Swapna Majumder]] with margin of 1335.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2023 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2023-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sudhan Das Rajnagar candidate |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/tripura/sudhan-das-rajnagar-candidate-s23a034c002/ |publisher=News 18}}</ref> In 2024 Tripura Rajyasabha bye-poll he file his nomination as CPI(M) candidate,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Debraj |title=BJP's Rajib Bhattacharjee, CPI(M)'s Sudhan Das file nominations for Rajya Sabha bypoll in Tripura |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/bjps-rajib-bhattacharjee-cpims-sudhan-das-rajya-sabha-bypoll-tripura-9526787/ |access-date=11 January 2026 |work=The Indian Express |date=22 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura: CPI (M) decides to field former MLA Sudhan Das for Rajya Sabha vacant seat |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/tripura-cpi-m-decides-to-field-former-mla-sudhan-das-for-rajya-sabha-vacant-seat20240821111020/ |work=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rajya Sabha By-Election in Tripura: BJP Nominates Rajib Bhattacharjee & Sudhan Das from CPIM-led Left Front - Northeast Today |url=https://northeasttoday.in/northeast/rajya-sabha-by-election-in-tripura-bjp-nominates-rajib-bhattacharjee-sudhan-das-from-cpim-led-left-front/ |date=20 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Syed Sajjad |title=Congress boycotts Rajya Sabha elections in Tripura, CPI(M) fumes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-boycotts-rajya-sabha-elections-in-tripura-cpim-fumes/article68601153.ece |access-date=11 January 2026 |work=The Hindu |date=3 September 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> he lost to [[BJP]] candidate [[Rajib Bhattacharjee]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Debraj |title=BJP's Rajib Bhattacharjee wins Tripura's lone Rajya Sabha seat, Congress abstains |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bjp-rajib-bhattacharjee-wins-tripura-rajya-sabha-seat-9548399/ |access-date=11 January 2026 |work=The Indian Express |date=3 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Debraj |title=Tripura's Rajib Bhattacharjee, Assam's Ranjan Das sworn in as Rajya Sabha MPs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tripuras-rajib-bhattacharjee-assams-ranjan-das-sworn-in-as-rajya-sabha-mps-9560748/ |work=The Indian Express |date=10 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BJP's Rajib Bhattacharjee Wins Lone Rajya Sabha Seat In Tripura |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjps-rajib-bhattacharjee-wins-lone-rajya-sabha-seat-in-tripura-6482537 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Sudhan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1998–2003]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2018–2023]]

{{Tripura-politician-stub}}
{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

De La Rue

2026-04-19T03:17:27Z

Avdhut Kamble: adding new stub basic info

{{short description|Company based in Basingstoke, England}}
{{other uses|De la Rue (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = De La Rue plc
| logo = De La Rue logo.svg
| logo_size = 100px
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| traded_as =
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|
Clive Vacher {{small|(CEO)}}| Clive Whiley {{small|(Chairman)}}}}
| industry = Printing
| products =
| revenue = {{decrease}} [[Pound sterling|£]]310.3 million (2024)<ref name=ar>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2024 |url=https://2752422.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net/hubfs/2752422/DLR_AR2024_Interactive%203.pdf |website=De La Rue plc |access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{increase}} £5.8 million (2024)<ref name=ar/>
| net_income = {{increase}} £(19.1) million (2024)<ref name=ar/>
| owner = [[Atlas Holdings]]
| num_employees = 1,674 (2024)<ref name=ar/>
| parent =
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1821}}
| founder = [[Thomas de la Rue]]
| location = [[Basingstoke]], [[Hampshire]], England
| website = {{Official URL}}
| caption =
}}

'''De La Rue plc''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|d|ɛ|l|ə|r|uː}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˌ|d|ɛ|l|ə|ˈ|r|uː}}) is a British company headquartered in [[Basingstoke]], [[England]] that produces secure digital and physical protections for goods, trade and identities in 140 countries.<ref name=ar/> It sells to governments, central banks, and businesses.

The company's main focus is currency, with the designing and production of [[banknotes]], secure [[polymer substrate]] and banknote security features. This includes [[security hologram]]s, [[security thread]]s and [[security printing|security printed]] products for [[central banks]] and currency issuing authorities. It is the world's largest commercial printer of banknotes.<ref name="Newcomb">{{cite web |last1=Newcomb |first1=Alyssa |title=World's largest printer of money is running out of money |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/consumer/world-s-largest-printer-money-running-out-money-n1094426 |website=nbcnews.com |access-date=11 February 2023 |date=December 3, 2019 |quote=It is the largest commercial printer in the world, produces passports for 40 countries, and has designed 36 percent of all banknote denominations in circulation...}}</ref> De La Rue previously operated an authentication division in tandem with their currency focus, providing [[Excise|government revenue technology]], [[brand protection]], and ID security, before this division was merged into [[Crane Currency#Crane NXT|Crane NXT]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-11-02 |title=De La Rue announces completion of sale of Authentication division |url=https://www.delarue.com/about/news/de-la-rue-announces-completion-of-sale-of-authentication-division |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=www.delarue.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> Since July 2025, the company has been under private ownership by [[Atlas Holdings]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Shareholder Information |url=https://www.delarue.com/investors/shareholder-information |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=www.delarue.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>

==History==
The company was founded by [[Thomas de la Rue]], who moved from [[Guernsey]] to [[London]] in 1821 and set up in business as a Leghorn straw hat maker, then as a stationer and printer.<ref name="history">{{cite web |title=Our History – De La Rue |url=https://www.delarue.com/about-us/our-history-orig |website=www.delarue.com |language=en-gb |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509213515/https://www.delarue.com/about-us/our-history-orig |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1831 he secured a [[Royal Warrant of Appointment (United Kingdom)|Royal Warrant]] for his business to produce playing cards. In 1855 it started printing postage stamps and in 1860 banknotes.<ref name="history"/> The company's first banknotes were made for [[British Mauritius|Mauritius]].<ref>{{cite web |title=UK banknote printer fears for its future |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50557097 |website=BBC News |date=26 November 2019}}</ref> In 1896, the family partnership was converted into a private company.<ref name="history"/>

In 1921, the de la Rue family sold their interests. The company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1947.<ref name="history"/> Then called ''Thomas De La Rue & Company, Limited'', it changed its name in 1958 to ''The De La Rue Company Limited''. A takeover bid for De La Rue was made by the [[Rank Organisation]] in 1968, but this was rejected by the Monopolies commission as being against the public interest.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090304105855/http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1960_1969/fulltext/054c02.pdf Competition Commission Reports]}}</ref> In 1991 the company's name was changed again – this time to De La Rue plc.<ref name="history"/>

In 1965 De La Rue established a joint venture with the Italian printer and inventor [[Gualtiero Giori]] called De La Rue Giori. Based in Switzerland, the company specialized in building banknote printing equipment.<ref>''International Directory of Company Histories'', Volume 34 (2000), p. 141</ref> The company printed banknotes for the [[Central Bank of Iran]] during the 1960s.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Shargi|first1=Ali|title=ESKENĀS|date=15 December 1998|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eskenas|volume=VIII/6|pages=615–624|publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica}}</ref>

In 1995, the company acquired [[Portals Limited]] which had been listed on the London stock market since 1904. For almost 300 years Portals had been one of the leading banknote paper manufacturers in the world, having manufactured banknote paper for the Bank of England since 1724.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2012/08/11/cash-machine|title=Cash machine|newspaper=The Economist|date=11 August 2012|access-date=28 March 2015}}</ref>

In 1997, De La Rue acquired [[Harrison and Sons]], the stamp and banknote printers based in [[High Wycombe]]. The factory closed permanently in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/215890.print/|title=Up to 350 jobs to go at printing firm|work=Your Local Guardian|date=7 October 2002|access-date=28 March 2015}}</ref>

In early 2002, De La Rue purchased [[Sequoia Voting Systems]], a [[California]] based company that was a large provider of [[electronic voting]] systems in the United States, from [[Smurfit Kappa|Jefferson Smurfit]] plc for [[US Dollar|$]]23 million.<ref>Sequoia Voting systems Receives Mandate from De La Rue, [http://www.kioskmarketplace.com/news/sequoia-voting-systems-receives-mandate-from-de-la-rue/ Kiosk Marketplace] 29 May 2002</ref>

Following the [[Panama Papers]] leak, it was revealed that from 2002 until 2010, De La Rue had secretly contracted New Delhi businessman Somendra Khosla to obtain contracts in exchange for a 15% commission.<ref>{{cite news|author=Marcus Leroux |url=https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/companies/article/banknote-paper-trail-leads-from-panama-to-india-say-emails-wpbpsxbvf |title=Banknote paper trail leads from Panama to India, say emails |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]] |access-date=2016-04-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Danny Fortson |url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/business/Finance/article1686350.ece?CMP=OTH-gnws-standard-2016_04_10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421001532/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/business/Finance/article1686350.ece?CMP=OTH-gnws-standard-2016_04_10 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 April 2016 |title=De La Rue's secret deal exposed by Panama leak |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]] |access-date=2016-04-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/panama-papers-currency-maker-offered-payoff-for-its-india-deal/ |title=Panama Papers: Currency maker De La Rue offered payoff for its India deal |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2016-04-07 |access-date=2016-04-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/after-politicians-and-industrialists-niira-radia-named-in-panama-papers/story-StyqIKboXAYDejJiHINvjK.html |title=After politicians and industrialists, Niira Radia named in Panama Papers |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2016-04-06 |access-date=2016-04-11}}</ref>

In 2003, the company acquired the [[Debden, Epping Forest|Debden]] based banknote printing operations of the [[Bank of England]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/news/2003/041.htm|title=Bank of England: Sale of Bank Note Printing Operations|access-date=25 August 2008|archive-date=3 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003100045/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/news/2003/041.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2003 and 2004 the company supplied banknotes to Iraq.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2863686/Iraq-windfall-gives-lift-to-De-La-Rue.html|title=Iraq windfall gives lift to De La Rue|last=Moore|first=James|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/de-la-rue-shares-surge-on-deal-to-print-new-banknotes-for-post-saddam-iraq-95175.html|title=De La Rue shares surge on deal to print new banknotes for post-Saddam|date=8 July 2003|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref>

The company was recognised by Hermann Simon as a role model for other small- to medium-sized businesses in his book ''[[Hidden Champions]]''.<ref>Simon, Hermann: Hidden Champions of the 21st Century : Success Strategies of unknown World Market Leaders. London: Springer, 2009.- {{ISBN|978-0-387-98147-5}}.</ref>

''The Highest Perfection'', a history of De La Rue was published in 2011. Written by Peter Pugh for De La Rue, it covered the years 1712–2003.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Highest Perfection|last=Pugh|first=Peter|publisher=Icon Books Ltd|year=2011|isbn=978-184831-335-4|url=https://archive.org/details/highestperfectio0000pete}}</ref>

In August 2014, the company announced the appointment of Martin Sutherland (formerly of [[BAE Systems|BAE Systems Applied Intelligence]]) as chief executive officer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/11063105/Banknote-printer-De-La-Rue-appoints-BAEs-Sutherland-as-boss.html|work=The Telegraph|title=Banknote printer De La Rue appoints BAE's Sutherland as boss|date=29 August 2014|access-date=8 November 2014}}</ref>

In 2016, the Cash Handling division (Cash Processing Systems) was sold to Privet Capital. In December, the firm announced it had purchased the [[DuPont]] Authentication division.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.healthcarepackaging.com/home/press-release/13292404/de-la-rue-to-acquire-dupont-authentication-business|title=De La Rue to Acquire DuPont Authentication Business|website=www.healthcarepackaging.com|access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cityam.com/255471/rue-shares-rise-after-says-acquire-dupont-authentication|title=De La Rue shares rise after it says it will acquire DuPont Authentication|last=Goldsmith|first=Courtney|date=12 December 2016|access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref>

In March 2018, the company sold the paper business; De La Rue retained a 10% share in the new business, [[Portals International Limited]].<ref>{{cite web |title=DE LA RUE PLC Completion of paper transaction |url=https://polaris.brighterir.com/public/de_la_rue/news/rns/story/xp0p7mw |website=polaris.brighterir.com}}</ref> In April, it decided to appeal against the decision of the British government to manufacture passports in France.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/apr/02/post-brexit-passports-contract-de-la-rue-to-appeal-against-decision|title=Post-Brexit passports contract: De La Rue to appeal against decision|last=Elgot|first=Jessica|date=2018-04-02|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-04-03}}</ref> It subsequently decided against appealing.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Monaghan |first1=Angela |title=De La Rue drops passport appeal and issues profit warning |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/apr/18/de-la-rue-drops-passport-appeal-issues-profit-warning |website=The Guardian |date=18 April 2018}}</ref>

In October 2019 the company sold its Identity Solutions business to [[HID Global]] for £42m.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Keller |first1=Sinead |title=De La Rue announces sale of Identity Solutions Business |url=https://www.delarue.com/media-center/de-la-rue-announces-sale-of-identity-solutions-business |website=www.delarue.com |language=en-gb |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407114555/https://www.delarue.com/media-center/de-la-rue-announces-sale-of-identity-solutions-business |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 26 July 2019, the [[Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom)|Serious Fraud Office]] opened an investigation into De La Rue plc for suspected corruption in [[South Sudan]]. They later decided to close the case.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfo.gov.uk/cases/de-la-rue-plc/|title=De La Rue Plc}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfo.gov.uk/2020/06/16/sfo-closes-investigation-into-de-la-rue/|title=SFO closes investigation into De La Rue Plc|date=16 June 2020}}</ref>

In April 2023, it was announced that chairman Kevin Loosemore was stepping down in May 2023 to "draw a line under recent speculation surrounding the leadership of the company".<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Ralph |first=Alex |title=De La Rue chairman Kevin Loosemore resigns |newspaper=[[The Times]] |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/economics/article/de-la-rue-chairman-kevin-loosemore-resigns-k9d0krh8d|date=15 April 2023 |access-date=21 April 2023 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=London Stock Exchange |url=https://www.londonstockexchange.com/news-article/DLAR/resignation-of-chairman-and-accelerated-search/about:blank |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=www.londonstockexchange.com |language=en}}</ref> Following the launch of a fast-track search for a replacement, the company appointed Clive Wiley in May 2023.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rich |first=Louise |title=Clive Whiley appointed non-executive Chairman |url=https://www.delarue.com/media-center/clive-whylie-appointed-non-executive-chairman |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=www.delarue.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>

In February 2024, it was announced that the company had been contracted, alongside the Bank of England, to design new bank notes carrying [[Charles III|King Charles III's]] portrait.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bank of England's new King Charles notes to enter circulation from 5 June |url=https://news.sky.com/story/king-charles-banknotes-to-enter-circulation-in-june-13076796 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref> In October, the company agreed to sell its authentication business to Crane NXT for £300 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.printweek.com/content/news/crane-nxt-completes-300m-dlr-authentication-buy|title=Crane NXT completes £300m DLR Authentication buy|date=1 May 2025|newspaper=Printweek|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>

In April 2025, the company's board agreed a takeover by Atlas Holdings which valued the business at £263 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/banknote-printer-de-la-rue-be-bought-347-million-by-atlas-holdings-2025-04-15/|title=Banknote printer De La Rue backs $347 million offer from U.S. firm Atlas|newspaper=Reuters|date=15 April 2025|access-date=16 April 2025}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Kelly |first=Maxine |last2=Levingston |first2=Ivan |last3=McDougall |first3=Mary |date=2025-04-15 |title=Banknote maker De la Rue agrees £263mn takeover by US buyout group Atlas |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b9f2560c-e5fa-4594-90c4-229fd47382f7 |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> The deal was completed on 3 July 2025, which resulted in the company delisting from the London Stock Exchange.<ref name=":4" />

==Operations==
[[Image:Bank of England printing at Debden.jpg|thumb|right|240px|The Bank of England printing facility at Debden, operated under contract by De La Rue, which prints Bank of England banknotes.]]

===Banknotes===
De La Rue sells high-security fully finished banknotes, polymer substrate and security features for over 69 national [[currency|currencies]].<ref name=about>{{cite web|url=http://www.delarue.com/AboutUs/|title=About us|publisher=delarue.com|access-date=28 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625102620/http://www.delarue.com/AboutUs/|archive-date=25 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Security printing and papermaking===
De La Rue also produces other secure documents, including [[tax stamp]]s.<ref name=about/>

=== Corporate affairs ===
The company's board is chaired by Clive Wiley.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors - De La Rue |url=https://www.delarue.com/governance/board-of-directors |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=www.delarue.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> Its non-executive board members are Nick Bray, Mark Hoad and Brian Small.<ref name=":2" />

==Past products==

===Playing cards===
In 1843, De La Rue's designs for playing cards are the basis for the modern standard design. The playing card business was sold to John Waddington in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wopc.co.uk/delarue/index|title=History of De La Rue|author=Wintle|work=The World of Playing Cards|access-date=28 March 2015}}</ref>

===Postage stamps===
The company has also printed postage stamps for the United Kingdom and some of its colonies, for Italy and for the Confederate States of America. The Cape of Good Hope triangulars were also printed by De La Rue & Co.<ref>The first 50 years of postage stamp production were chronicled in [[John Easton (philatelist)|John Easton's]] ''The De La Rue History of British and Foreign Postage Stamps 1855–1901'' (Faber & Faber, London, 1958).</ref>

===Writing instruments===
De La Rue developed the first practical [[fountain pen]] in 1881. Products were marketed under the "[[Onoto pens|Onoto]]" brand. Production of fountain pens by De La Rue ceased in Britain in 1958 but continued for a few more years in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onoto.com/history|title=History of Onoto Pens|publisher=onoto.com|access-date=28 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423084646/http://www.onoto.com/history|archive-date=23 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Board games===
During the 1930s De La Rue created a number of board games. These included a cricket game, ''Stumpz'', which was produced in a number of different editions, and ''Round The Horn'', a game which re-created the then annual race of grain-laden, square-rigged sailing cargo ships from Australia to London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://replaycricket.com/2010/03/14/stumpz/|title=Stumpz by Thos. de la Rue & Co. Ltd.|publisher=replaycricket.com|access-date=28 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402120908/http://replaycricket.com/2010/03/14/stumpz/|archive-date=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Christmas cards===
During the First World War, De La Rue made the Christmas Card included in the [[Princess Mary Christmas gift box]].<ref name=Condell>{{cite journal |last1=Condell |first1=Diana |date=1989 |title=A gift for Christmas: the story of Princess Mary's gift Fund|journal=Imperial War Museum Review |volume=4 |pages=69–78}}</ref>

== Gallery of products produced by De La Rue ==
<gallery>
File:delarue-king-diamonds.jpg|The [[King of diamonds|King of Diamonds]] from a De La Rue pack c. 1860.
File:Cape Triangular Postage Stamp.jpg|[[Cape of Good Hope triangular]] postage stamp of 1853.
File:St. Christopher 1884 1 penny stamp sheet.jpg|A sheet of Stamps for [[Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla|St. Christopher]], 1884.
File:Confederate stamp Jefferson Davis 5c 1862 issue.jpg|[[Confederate States of America postage stamp]], 1862
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[List of mints]]
* [[Banknotes of the pound sterling]]
* [[Commonwealth banknote-issuing institutions]]
* [[Gemalto]] – a competitor
* [[Giesecke & Devrient]] – a competitor based in Munich
* [[Hong Kong Note Printing]] – founded in 1984 by Thomas De La Rue

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
*[http://www.wopc.co.uk/delarue/index History of De La Rue’s playing cards]
*[http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/De-La-Rue-plc-Company-History.html A research website with more detail of De La Rue company history]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402120908/http://replaycricket.com/2010/03/14/stumpz/ Article and images of 1930s De La Rue Board Game, Stumpz]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies in the FTSE SmallCap Index]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1821]]
[[Category:1821 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Postage stamps of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Banknote printing companies]]
[[Category:Playing card manufacturers]]
[[Category:Companies based in Basingstoke]]
[[Category:British brands]]
[[Category:British companies established in 1821]]
[[Category:2025 mergers and acquisitions]]

Vikram Dev University

2026-04-15T01:48:57Z

Avdhut Kamble: added a details!

{{Short description|Public university in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Vikram Dev University
| other_name = VDU
| former_name = Jeypore College (1947–1964) Vikram Dev Autonomous College (1964–2023)
| native_name_lang = ବିକ୍ରମ ଦେବ ବିଶ୍ଵବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ
| image = VDU institution.png
| image_size = 194
| caption =
| motto = ''[[Pavamana Mantra|tamaso mā jyotirgamaya]]'' ([[Sanskrit]])
| motto_lang = [[Sanskrit]]
| mottoeng = "From darkness lead me to light"
| established = {{start date and age|1947}} (as College) {{start date and age|2023}} (as University)
| endowment =
| chancellor = [[Governor of Odisha]]
| vice_chancellor = Hrushikesh Senapaty
| staff =
| faculty = 51
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| profess =
| city = [[Jeypore]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Urban
| campus_size = {{cvt|25|acre}}
| free_label =
| free =
| sports_free_label = Youth Groups
| founder = Maharaja Sri [[Vikram Deo Verma]] of [[Jeypore Estate|Jeypore Kingdom]]
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| sports_free = [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC]], [[Indian Red Cross Society|YRC]], [[National Service Scheme|NSS]]
| website = {{url|https://vikramdevuniversity.ac.in/}}
}}

'''Vikram Dev University''' (formerly ''Vikram Deb Autonomous College'') is a public state university located in the city of [[Jeypore, Koraput district]] in [[Odisha]], that offers courses primarily at [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] and [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] levels. It was established in 1947 by [[Maharaja of Jeypore]] Sri [[Vikram Deo Verma|Vikram Dev IV or Vikram Deo Verma]]<ref>{{Cite journal |date=November 2013 |title=Vikram Dev Verma |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/nov/engpdf/66-68.pdf |journal=Odisha Review (Magazine) Government of Odisha |via=Er. Nirakar Mahalik |archive-date=9 October 2020 |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009061547/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/nov/engpdf/66-68.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Odisha District Gazetteers : Koraput |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s335051070e572e47d2c26c241ab88307f/uploads/2018/07/2018070495.pdf |journal=[[Government of Odisha]] |pages= |via=}}</ref> as Jeypore College and later named after him.

==History==

===Foundation===

As a part of welfare activities of the [[British Raj|British-Indian government]], on 1 July 1947 the government of [[Jeypore Estate]] ([[Orissa Province]]) under Maharaja Vikram Deo Verma started this institution of higher education at Jeypore as 'Jeypore College'. As a tribute to his philanthropy the college was renamed to 'Vikram Deb College' in 1961. The college was also upgraded to a first grade college from 1961 and undergraduate courses were started. Honours teaching provisions were made in 1968–73 and Post Graduate courses were started from 1979. The college was declared a lead college in 1991–92.

== Upgradation and expansion (1961–2023) ==
In 1961, Vikram Dev College was upgraded to a First Grade College.

To further broaden its academic offerings, the college introduced undergraduate classes in Science and Humanities streams in 1961 and 1963, respectively.

The college implemented honors teaching between 1968 and 1973.

In 1979, Vikram Dev College took a step forward with the initiation of post-graduate studies in the Department of History.

Building upon the success of the post-graduate program in History, the college expanded its offerings in subsequent years. Post-graduate studies were introduced in Economics, Commerce, and Political Science in 1983 and 1990, respectively.

In 1983, Vikram Dev College introduced higher secondary streams in Arts, Science, and Commerce.

The year 1993-94 witnessed another milestone in the college's journey as post-graduate studies in Chemistry were initiated.

In response to heavy demand from students, academics, and the general public, the college was declared as an affiliating university by the [[Chief Minister of Odisha]], [[Naveen Patnaik]], on 2 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vikram Deb Autonomous College given University status |work=[[Kalinga TV]] |url=https://kalingatv.com/state/vikram-deb-autonomous-college-given-university-status/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Vikram Deb Autonomous College Jeypore to become university |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/vikram-deb-autonomous-college-jeypore-to-become-university/articleshow/97553787.cms}}</ref> The university came into function from 1 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=University Establishment [NOTIFICATION] |work=[[Government of Odisha]], Higher education department. |url=https://ctz.edodisha.gov.in/eDLetter.ashx?ijl=RH/aB0O1ryJXNbl7SePrurAYlCsMhOJVv0iUhhjlzk8HkQQyxYyxr47uJWWi9t0H6IIWkJuxs2X8XCafvh+PhEgZhjbX1/hKUMCPNl8Iwhq6VpeLN0zB/Q== |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030165908/https://ctz.edodisha.gov.in/eDLetter.ashx?ijl=RH/aB0O1ryJXNbl7SePrurAYlCsMhOJVv0iUhhjlzk8HkQQyxYyxr47uJWWi9t0H6IIWkJuxs2X8XCafvh+PhEgZhjbX1/hKUMCPNl8Iwhq6VpeLN0zB/Q== |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=University status for Jeypore's Vikram Deb Autonomous College. |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/university-status-for-jeypores-vikram-deb-autonomous-college/articleshow/100692246.cms?from=mdr}}</ref>

==Affiliated colleges==
The university has jurisdiction over 4 districts namely Koraput, Malkangiri, Nabarangpur and Rayagada of [[Odisha]]. Earlier the jurisdiction of these districts presided over by [[Berhampur University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About The University - Berhampur University|url=https://www.buodisha.edu.in/the-university/|access-date=11 May 2024|website=www.buodisha.edu.in/|archive-date=11 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511095603/https://www.buodisha.edu.in/the-university/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Higher education in Orissa|Higher education in Odisha]]
* [[Jeypore]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Universities in Odisha}}
{{coord|18.8678|82.5723|type:edu_region:IN-OR|display=title}}

[[Category:Department of Higher Education (Odisha)]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Koraput district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1947]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Colleges in India]]
[[Category:Autonomous Colleges of Odisha]]

GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals

2026-04-14T11:24:32Z

Avdhut Kamble: Created Initial Article First Draft

{{Short description|Indian pharmaceutical company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox company
| name = GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd
| logo = GSK logo 2022.svg
| caption =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
|traded_as={{BSE|500660}} {{NSE|GLAXO}}
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date|df=yes|1924|11|13}} as H. J. Foster & Co. Limited<ref name=hjfoster>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infocompanyhistory.cms?companyid=13715 |title=GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd. |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref>
| founder =
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| location_country = India
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people =
| industry = [[Pharmaceuticals]] & healthcare
| products = Medicines and [[vaccines]]
| services =
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|3723|c}} (2025)
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|1169|c}} (2025)
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|915|c}} (2025)
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 3,100 (2025)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsk-india.com/about-company.html |title=GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Limited - Company |publisher=Gsk-india.com |date=30 June 2010 |access-date=30 September 2010}}</ref>
| parent = [[GSK plc|GSK]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|https://india-pharma.gsk.com/}}
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report FY2024-25 |url=https://india-pharma.gsk.com/media/7913/annual-report-2024-25.pdf |publisher=GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Limited |access-date=11 July 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd''' is an Indian research-based [[Pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceutical]] and [[Healthcare industry|healthcare]] company, and a subsidiary of [[GSK plc|GSK]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businesswireindia.com/PressRelease.asp?b2mid=21773 |title=GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Limited, Business Wire India, Press Releases, Dr. A Ramachandran |publisher=Businesswireindia.com |access-date=30 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027095425/http://businesswireindia.com/pressrelease.asp?b2mid=21773 |archive-date=27 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/04/28/stories/2010042852380200.htm |title=GSK Pharma plans more investments to support growth |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=28 April 2010 |access-date=30 September 2010}}</ref> The company's product portfolio includes prescription [[Medication|medicines]] and [[vaccine]]s. Its prescription medicines range across therapeutic areas such as anti-infectives, [[dermatology]], [[gynaecology]], [[diabetes]], [[oncology]], [[cardiovascular]] disease, and respiratory diseases. It also offers a range of vaccines, for the prevention of hepatitis A, hepatitis B, invasive disease caused by H, influenzae, chickenpox, [[diphtheria]], [[pertussis]], [[tetanus]], rotavirus, cervical cancer, and others.<ref>{{cite news |title=GlaxoSmithKline: Glaxo baby grows up |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/special/story/oldest-mnc-in-india-glaxosmithkline-gsk-41137-2013-05-07 |access-date=29 January 2022 |work=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
It was founded on 13 November 1924 in India under the name of H.J.Foster & Co. Limited as an Agency House for distributing Baby Food Glaxo, Joseph Nathan & Co. In 1950, it changed its name to Glaxo Laboratories (I) Ltd.<ref name=hjfoster />
[[File:GSK logo 2014.svg|thumb|100px|Old GlaxoSmithKline logo until 9 June 2022]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{GlaxoSmithKline}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1924]]
[[Category:GSK plc]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1924]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Manohar Balaji Sarwate

2026-04-10T20:30:15Z

Avdhut Kamble:

{{Short description|Indian engineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| name = Manohar Balaji Sarwate
| image =
| alt =
| caption = 30 October 1965 - 19 February 1967
| order = Secretary-General of the [[ITU]]
| term_start = 1 October 1965
| term_end = 19 February 1967
| predecessor = Gerald C. Gross
| successor = [[Mohamed Ezzedine Mili]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]], India [[Liverpool University]], United Kingdom
| birth_date = 15 March 1910
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1967|02|19|1910|03|15}}
| battles = [[World War II]]
}}
'''Manohar Balaji Sarwate''' (15 March 1910 – 19 February 1967), was an Indian engineer who served as the Secretary-General of the [[International Telecommunication Union]] from 1965 until his death in 1967. He had previously served as the first ITU Deputy Secretary-General, for five years from 1960.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/en/history/Pages/ElectedOfficialBio.aspx?off=36 |title=Past and Present Senior Officials |work=International Telecommunication Union |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Sarwate was a Bachelor of Science in physics and mathematics from the [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] and completed a diploma in Electrical Technology from the [[Indian Institute of Science]]. He then moved to the United Kingdom and obtained a doctorate in radio engineering from the [[Liverpool University]] in 1938.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last= |first= |date=1966 |title=Dr Manohar Balaji Sarwate Elected Secretary-General of the International Telecommunication Union |journal=IETE Journal of Research |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=36 |doi=10.1080/03772063.1966.11485262}}</ref>

==Career==

Sarwate was engaged in the [[research and development]] of aircraft [[radio]] and [[radar]] equipment for the [[Royal Aircraft Establishment]] in the [[United Kingdom]] from 1938 to 1941. He was commissioned into the Technical (Signals) branch of the [[Indian Air Force|Royal Indian Air Force]] on 19 December 1941. He continued his work on radar, rose to the rank of Squadron Leader, and was [[mentioned in dispatches]] in October 1945. He retired from service in October 1946.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/1966 |title=Service Record for Flight Lieutenant Manohar Balaji Sarwate |website=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

He worked for the Civil Aviation Administration of the Government of India from 1946 to 1953, serving as director of communication responsible for the development of the aeronautical commercial services from 1948. In 1953, he was appointed as an adviser for Wireless Planning and Coordination in the [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Transportation and Communication]]. In this position, he was responsible for national and international wireless planning and coordination. From 1953, he served as the Chairman of the Indian government's Radio and Cable Board.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

He was a founding member of the [[Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers|Institution of Telecommunication Engineers of India]], of which he was elected a Fellow in 1961. He was also a Member of the [[Aeronautical Society of India]] and of the [[Institution of Electrical Engineers]], London.<ref>{{cite news |title=The daily newsletter of the Plenipotentiary Conference No. 32 |url=https://search.itu.int/history/HistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary/4.10.36.en.100.pdf |publisher=The Morning Electron |date=1 November 1965 |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref>

==International Telecommunication Union==

Sarwate was the Alternate Leader of the Indian delegation to the 1959 ITU [[Plenipotentiary Conference]] in [[Geneva]] and was elected as the first ITU Deputy Secretary-General, a post created by the consolidation of the two Assistant Secretaries-General. He was the first elected ITU Deputy Secretary-General instead of being appointed by the ITU's Administrative Council.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Sarwate was subsequently elected Secretary-General in 1965 by the Plenipotentiary Conference in [[Montreux]]. As Secretary-General, he had a strong interest in telecommunication development and visited developing countries to promote technical cooperation. He was also keen to see efficiency and economy in the work of ITU. He is said to have told a colleague: "So long as there are starving people in the world we cannot commit Members of the Union to expenses which are not absolutely essential."<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

He died in office in February 1967 during a critical surgery.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box | before = Gerald C. Gross | title = Secretary-General of the [[ITU]] | years = 1965–1967| after = [[Mohamed Ezzedine Mili]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarwate, Manohar Balaji}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:International Telecommunication Union people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]

Dangs Surgan Peiant Dindori Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:20:00Z

Avdhut Kamble: Created Basic Article V1

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dangs Surgan Peiant Dindori
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 1,04,770
| mla = Jadhav Anant Lahanu
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = ST
}}
Dangs Surgan Peiant Dindori Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Jadhav Anant Lahanu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Thorat Raosaheb Bhausaheb
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Dangs Surgan Peiant Dindori <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Anant Lahanu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,053 |percentage = 16.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Thorat Raosaheb Bhausaheb |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,479 |percentage = 13.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Potinde Shankarrao Bhikaji |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 8,391 |percentage = 10.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhodia Narayanbhai Lachabha |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,872 |percentage = 10.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Namdeo Runjaji |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 6,225 |percentage = 8.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patel Ambalal Khushalbhai |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,010 |percentage = 7.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ghute Khanderao Sajan |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 5,269 |percentage = 6.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhatewara Maneklal Amolakchand |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,178 |percentage = 6.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thete Balwant Trimbak |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 5,071 |percentage = 6.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khambait Abaji Ragho |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,509 |percentage = 5.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,662 |percentage = 6.00% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,754 |percentage = 37.11% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,754}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,770 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

G. Lakshminarayana

2026-04-04T22:36:23Z

Avdhut Kamble: Created The Data W/ Sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ambica Lakshminarayana
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 2024
| constituency =[[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency|Anantapur]]
| predecessor = [[Talari Rangaiah]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}
'''G. Lakshminarayana''' commonly known as '''Ambica Lakshminarayana''' is an Indian [[politician]] and the elected candidate for [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0119.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/andhra-pradesh/anantapur/candidateshow/ambica-g-lakshminarayana-valmiki-402 |title=Ambica G Lakshminarayana Valmiki, Telugu Desam Representative for Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=6 June 2024 |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref name="eci"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-candidates-2024/ambica-g-lakshminarayana-valmiki-01019-7 |title=TDP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Ambica G Lakshminarayana Valmiki |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Businessmen {{!}} In august company">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Businessmen {{!}} In august company |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807175452/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[18th Lok Sabha]]
*[[Telugu Desam Party]]
*[[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Laskshminarayana, G.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

Kalathur Kannamma

2026-04-01T14:58:16Z

Avdhut Kamble: adding new post!

{{short description|1960 film by A. Bhimsingh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalathur Kannamma
| image = Kalathur Kannamma.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. Bhimsingh]]
| writer = [[Javar Seetharaman]]
| producer = [[A. V. Meiyappan]] Kumaran Arun Veerappan
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan|Gemini Ganesh]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri Ganesh]] [[Kamal Haasan]]
| cinematography = T. Muthuraj
| editing = S. Surya
| music = [[R. Sudarsanam]]
| studio = [[AVM Productions]]
| released = {{film date|1960|08|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 176 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kalathur Kannamma''''' is a 1960 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama]] film directed by [[A. Bhimsingh]] and written by [[Javar Seetharaman]]. The film stars [[Gemini Ganesan|Gemini Ganesh]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri Ganesh]] and [[Kamal Haasan]] with the latter in his debut. It revolves around a couple — a wealthy [[zamindar]]'s son and a farmer's daughter — who are separated due to circumstances, while their innocent son is forced to grow up in an orphanage.

''Kalathur Kannamma'', inspired by the 1960 Chinese film ''Nobody's Child'', was originally directed by [[T. Prakash Rao]] who left due to creative differences, resulting in Bhimsingh taking over. It was the debut film of Kamal Haasan. The film's soundtrack was composed by [[R. Sudarsanam]].

''Kalathur Kannamma'' was released on 12 August 1960. The film was critically acclaimed, with Haasan's performance being singled out. It was also commercially successful, running for over 100 days in theatres. It won the Certificate of Merit by the [[Government of India]], and the President's Gold Medal award for Haasan at the age of 6. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Mooga Nomu]]'' and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Main Chup Rahungi]]'' (with Bhimsingh returning as director).

== Plot ==
Rajalingam is the only son of Ramalingam, the [[zamindar]] of Kalathur. Kannamma is the daughter of Murugan, a farmer of the same place. On the zamindar{{'s}} advice, Murugan sends his daughter to [[Chennai|Madras]] for higher education. While returning from Madras, Kannamma meets Raja in the train. Noticing her respect and awe for the zamindar, Raja calls himself an electrician visiting the palace. They fall in love. A few days later, Kannamma learns the truth and to reassure her, Raja marries her secretly in a temple.

Two days later, Raja has to go abroad for higher studies. During his absence, Ramalingam learns of the marriage and orders Kannamma to forget his son. Moved by the zamindar{{'s}} feelings, Kannamma promises never to mention their marriage to anyone. Ramalingam arranges Murugan and the now pregnant Kannamma to stay in a nearby town, Sevalpatti. Murugan, who is ashamed of Kannamma's secret marriage, leaves Kannamma's newborn son in an orphanage and lies that the child was stillborn. They both decide to leave the place and settle in [[Bangalore]].

When Raja returns, he learns that Kannamma had left Kalathur. His inquiries in Sevalpatti lead him to believe that Kannamma had led an immoral life. Grief-stricken, he travels from place to place to forget Kannamma and takes to drinking as a last resort. In Bangalore, he encounters Kannamma in a dancer's house where she had come to teach the dancer's daughter. Her presence in the house and reticence to Raja's questions strengthen his belief that Kannamma is a woman of ill repute and in disgust, he returns home.

Kannamma's son Selvam grows up into an intelligent boy and lives in the orphanage in Sevalpatti. Murugan visits the orphanage and on meeting Selvam, decides to shift to Sevalpatti to be near him. Kannamma becomes a teacher in Selvam's school and feels attracted to him. She invites him to stay with her but he refuses as he has to look after Mani, a lame orphan living with him. Raja is invited to Sevalpatti by Singaram, a rich merchant who wants to marry his daughter Maduram to him, to preside over a school function. Raja takes a fascination with Selvam who acts in the school play. After the play ends, he encounters Kannamma again and orders the headmistress to dismiss her.

Mani is critically ill and Selvam turns to Raja for help. Raja brings a doctor who is unable to save Mani. Raja takes Selvam with him to the palace. At Selvam's insistence, he stops drinking and to give him a mother, decides to marry Maduram. A seriously ill Murugan confesses to Kannamma that her child is not dead and reveals the identity of Selvam. Kannamma tries to contact Selvam but does not find him in the orphanage. The news shocks Murugan and to soothe his nerves, they move back to Kalathur. In the local temple, Kannamma meets Selvam and tells him that she is his mother. On learning from him that Raja is bringing him up and is marrying shortly to find him a mother, she asks him not to mention anything about her to Raja.

Maduram learns from Selvam that he is the son of Raja, after which Singaram insists on a written undertaking that the properties of Raja would go to the children of Maduram only. The news of this conflict spreads in the village. On learning this, Murugan rushes to the palace to tell everyone the true identity of Selvam but collapses near the palace gate. Kannamma, who has followed, takes Selvam and tries to move away when she is intercepted by Raja who demands the boy back. Raja refuses to believe that Selvam is Kannamma's son and abuses Kannamma for her shameless life. Ramalingam observes that even in such a humiliating situation, Kannamma is silent and does not breathe a word about her promise to him. He is moved and acknowledges her as his daughter-in-law. Selvam is united with his parents, and Raja's marriage to Maduram is cancelled.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Gemini Ganesan|Gemini Ganesh]] as Rajalingam
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savithri Ganesh]] as Kannamma
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Selvam
* [[T. S. Balaiah]] as Ramalingam
* [[S. V. Subbaiah]] as Murugan
* [[Javar Seetharaman|Javar N. Seetharaman]] as Singaram
* [[Kuladeivam Rajagopal|V. R. Rajagopal]] as Rathnam
* [[Devika]] as Maduram
* [[L. Vijayalakshmi]] as a dancer
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] as Mayor (guest appearance)
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Amalu<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=12 October 2015 |title=Legendary Tamil actor Manorama tribute: Mistress of arts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/legendary-tamil-actor-manorama-tribute-mistress-of-arts/article7751053.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123034745/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/legendary-tamil-actor-manorama-tribute-mistress-of-arts/article7751053.ece |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=13 October 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Bindu Ghosh]] as Selvam's classmate (uncredited)<ref>{{cite web | author=| title=Bindu Ghosh Death News: Actor-Comedian Bindu Ghosh passes away at 76 after prolonged illness | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=17 March 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actor-comedian-bindu-ghosh-passes-away-at-76-after-prolonged-illness/articleshow/119101697.cms | access-date=25 July 2025}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==



=== Development ===
After assisting [[A. V. Meiyappan]] in producing films for [[AVM Productions]], his sons [[M. Saravanan (producer)|Saravanan]], Murugan, Kumaran discussed producing one on their own with his son-in-law Arun Veerappan. Their mother Rajeswari told Meiyappan about this, and he gave his consent.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|pp=67–68}} The first story the brothers discussed was ''Maanam Periyadhu'', but it did not shape up well. Unwilling to make a half-baked story as their inaugural production, Saravanan continued searching. Vellaichaami, an ex-employee of AVM, told Saravanan that [[Javar Seetharaman]] had been discussing a story with Meiyappan. Saravanan inquired further and learned that the story was ''Pattuvum Kittuvum''.<ref name="kannamma" /> However, Meiyappan told Seetharaman that while the story was good, AVM could not film it. When Saravanan and his brothers learned that Seetharaman was in discussions with another production company, they ran to Meiyappan and told him that they were interested in Seetharaman's story; to their relief, Meiyappan revealed that Seetharaman would be visiting him that afternoon. After Seetharaman realised that Saravanan and his brothers were interested, he willingly gave them his story, which evolved into ''Kalathur Kannamma''.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|pp=68–69}}

Impressed with [[T. Prakash Rao]]'s work in ''[[Amara Deepam (1956 film)|Amara Deepam]]'' (1956) and ''[[Uthama Puthiran (1958 film)|Uthama Puthiran]]'' (1958), Saravanan and his brothers considered that he would be best suited to direct ''Kalathur Kannamma''. This decision was questioned, given that AVM had its own "director unit" of which Prakash Rao was not a part.<ref name="kannamma" /> Though AVM paid its directors' salaries ranging from {{INRConvert|15000|year=1960}} to {{INRConvert|20000|year=1960}}, Prakash Rao charged {{INRConvert|40000|year=1960}}—twice as much. Meiyappan, not wanting to be an obstacle to his sons' enthusiasm, approved Prakash Rao's salary.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|pp=69–70}} Despite Saravanan's desire, the credit for producing the film was given to Meiyappan, Kumaran, and Arun Veerappan.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /><ref name="Kalathur" /> The story by Seetharaman was loosely adapted from two sources: the play ''The Forgotten Factor'' by the [[Moral Re-Armament|Moral Rearmament Army]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |title=Tamil Cinema 75 – A Look Back |url=http://www.annanagartimes.in/admin/pdf/1336830989.13.05.2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123050551/http://www.annanagartimes.in/admin/pdf/1336830989.13.05.2012.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=11 November 2012 |work=Anna Nagar Times}}</ref> and the 1960 Chinese film ''Nobody's Child''.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=81}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=ஜெயந்தன் |first=ஆர்.சி. |date=16 October 2020 |title=களத்தூர் கண்ணம்மா 60 ஆண்டுகள்: ஒரு கதை, இரண்டு நட்சத்திரங்கள்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/591625-kalathur-kannamma-60-years.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827035324/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/591625-kalathur-kannamma-60-years.html |archive-date=27 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> Cinematography was handled by T. Muthuswamy, editing by S. Surya, and art direction by H. Shantaram.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> [[S. P. Muthuraman]] worked as an assistant director, this being his first stint with film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muthuraman |first=S. P. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=13 May 2015 |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 8- திரைக்கதை ஜாம்பவான் டி. பிரகாஷ் ராவ்! |trans-title=Try making a film, part 8 – The screenplay legend T. Prakash Rao! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/43199-8.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200218055328/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/43199-8-3.html |archive-date=18 February 2020 |access-date=18 February 2020 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=18 March 2014 |title=Director's chair |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/directors-chair/article5800519.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123050151/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/directors-chair/article5800519.ece |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=18 February 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Gemini Ganesan]], his last name credited as Ganesh, was cast as Rajalingam and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri Ganesh]] as the title character Kannamma.<ref name="scroll" /> The former was paid a salary of {{INRConvert|75000|year=1960}} after initially negotiating for {{INRConvert|90000|year=1960}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saravanan |first=M. |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |date=18 March 2017 |title=36. குறைந்த சம்பளத்தில் நடித்த ஜெமினிகணேசன் |trans-title=36. Gemini Ganesan, who acted for a lower salary |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2017/03/17175005/At-low-wage-starring-jeminikanecan.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320075917/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2017/03/17175005/At-low-wage-starring-jeminikanecan.vpf |archive-date=20 March 2018 |access-date=20 March 2018 |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Daisy Irani (actress)|Daisy Irani]] was originally chosen to play Rajalingam and Kannamma's son Selvam, after AVM were impressed with her performance in ''[[Yaar Paiyyan]]'' (1957). Sara Ramachandran, the family doctor of AVM, came to the AVM household with four-year old [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref name="kannamma" /> Sara told Rajeswari that Haasan had come to meet Meiyappan as he aspired to become an actor; Haasan was eventually taken by Saravanan to Meiyappan, who asked him to act like Irani. Impressed with Haasan's performance in the audition, Meiyappan decided to replace Irani with him. Though Saravanan protested as Irani had already been already booked for the role and paid an advance of {{INRConvert|10000|year=1960}}, Meiyappan remained adamant as he felt Haasan was fresher and brighter than Irani.<ref name="kamal" />{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|pp=70–73}} [[Devika]], who portrayed Maduram, received a salary of {{INRConvert| 3500|year=1960}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2016 |title=வசனம் எழுத மறுத்த முரசொலிமாறன் |trans-title=Murasoli Maran refused to write dialogues |url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2016/10/22134327/Write-verseRefusedMurasolimaaran.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201104439/http://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2016/10/22134327/Write-verseRefusedMurasolimaaran.vpf |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The song "Kangalil Vaarthaigal Puriyatho" was shot with many mango trees in the background. When it was decided to reshoot parts of the song, the mangoes were no longer in the trees since the season had ended. Hence, it was decided to reshoot the necessary scenes with fake mangoes hanging from the trees.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=74}} The first shot filmed on Haasan was a scene featuring Kannamma feeding him [[upma]].{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|pp=75–76}} The song "Ammavum Neeye Appavum Neeye", picturised on Selvam, was recorded with three minutes duration, but Prakash Rao filmed its video to be only one-and-a-half minutes long.<ref name="kamal" /> Meiyappan insisted to shoot the entire song so that Selvam could be established, and reshoot other scenes he was not satisfied with. Prakash Rao felt Meiyappan was interfering creatively and expressed his desire to quit the film, although up to nearly {{Convert|8000|feet|metres}} had been canned. Though Meiyappan was hesitant, Prakash Rao convinced him and left. AVM later hired [[A. Bhimsingh]], under whose direction the film was completed.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|pp=77–78}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=25 August 2006 |title=The thrill of the hunt |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/08/25/stories/2006082502510100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902175817/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/08/25/stories/2006082502510100.htm |archive-date=2 September 2006 |access-date=9 August 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Although Bhimsingh offered to retain Prakash Rao's name in the credits, he declined.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=August 2009 |title=Celebrating a Living Legend: Kamal Haasan |url=https://issuu.com/shakthi/docs/august_2009 |access-date=13 July 2016 |magazine=Galatta Cinema |pages=72–75 |via=[[Issuu]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> When Saravanan found another company made a film ''[[Kadavulin Kuzhandhai]]'' on the same plot as ''Kalathur Kannamma'', he decided to release ''Kalathur Kannamma'' as soon as possible. However Meiyappan wanted to reshoot certain scenes which Saravanan was not interested in. Meiyappan felt the presentation was more important than the plot so as per his suggestion, the scenes were reshot.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சரவணன் |first=ஏவி.எம். |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |date=2 January 2005 |title=குலதெய்வம் கொடுத்த நெருக்கடி! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2005-01-02/kalki2005-01-02.pdf |access-date=25 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=52–54 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The final length of the film was {{Convert|17570|feet|metres}}.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[R. Sudarsanam]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalathur Kannamma (1960) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0001630 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619092451/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0001630 |archive-date=19 June 2009 |access-date=9 August 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalathur Kannamma (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/kalathur-kannamma-original/id914204162 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916152918/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/kalathur-kannamma-original/id914204162 |archive-date=16 September 2015 |access-date=11 September 2015 |website=[[iTunes Store]]}}</ref> while the lyrics were penned by [[Kannadasan]], [[Kothamangalam Subbu]], [[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]], [[M. K. Athmanathan]] and T. K. Sundara Vathiyar.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.KalathurKannamma_A.BhimSingh_1960/28.%20KalathurKannamma_A.BhimSingh_1960.pdf |title=களத்தூர் கண்ணம்மா |publisher=[[AVM Productions]] |year=1960 |language=Tamil |type=[[song book]] |access-date=7 July 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |location=Chennai |pages=195 |language=Tamil}}</ref> For the song "Arugil Vanthaal", Kannadasan came up with 56 or 58 [[pallavi]]s, of which eight were finalised.<ref name="kamal" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=5 August 2016 |title=His lyrics held a mirror to life |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/his-lyrics-held-a-mirror-to-life/article8944367.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830034841/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/his-lyrics-held-a-mirror-to-life/article8944367.ece |archive-date=30 August 2016 |access-date=23 November 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|pp=78–79}} The song "Aadatha Manamum" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Gourimanohari]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |pages=121 |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}</ref> For the song "Ammavum Neeye", the makers were not satisfied with any of the tunes composed by Sudarsanam. When violinist Chengalvarayan composed the tune of "Ammavum Neeye" on his violin, Sudarsanam created a complete tune out of it.<ref name="music" /> The soundtrack received positive response, with "Ammavum Neeye" being singled out for praise.<ref name="Kalathur" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pradeep |first=K. |date=9 December 2012 |title=Kamal's 50 glorious years |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/kamals-50-glorious-years/article4178731.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123033054/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kamals-50-glorious-years/article4178731.ece |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=14 March 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2013 |title=Stardom starts early in Kollywood |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Stardom-starts-early-in-Kollywood/articleshow/25705119.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203163520/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Stardom-starts-early-in-Kollywood/articleshow/25705119.cms |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=14 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kangalin Vaarthaigal
| extra1 = [[A. M. Rajah]], [[P. Susheela]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kannadasan]]
| length1 = 3:33
| title2 = Sirithaalum
| extra2 = [[C. S. Jayaraman]]
| lyrics2 = Kannadasan
| length2 = 3:30
| title3 = Aadatha Manamum
| extra3 = A. M. Rajah, P. Susheela
| lyrics3 = Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam
| length3 = 3:19
| title4 = Arugil Vanthaal
| extra4 = A. M. Rajah
| lyrics4 = Kannadasan
| length4 = 3:23
| title5 = Ammavum Neeye
| extra5 = [[M. S. Rajeswari]]
| lyrics5 = T. K. Sundara Vathiyar
| length5 = 2:47
| title6 = Unaikkandu Mayangaadha
| extra6 = S. C. Krishnan, [[T. M. Soundararajan]], M. S. Rajeswari, [[A. P. Komala]]
| lyrics6 = Kothamangalam Subbu
| length6 = 6:58
| title7 = Malaril Madhu Edharkku
| extra7 = [[Jikki]]
| lyrics7 = M. K. Athmanathan
| length7 = 2:93
| title8 = Ammavum Neeye
| note8 = Pathos
| extra8 = M. S. Rajeswari
| lyrics8 = T. K. Sundara Vathiyar
| length8 = 1:26
| total_length = 28:29 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Kalathur Kannamma'' was released on 12 August 1960,<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 August 1960 |title=Kalathur Kannamma |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19600812&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=20 February 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=1 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=67}} and received mostly positive reviews.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=16}} On 11 September 1960, ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' praised Kamal Haasan's performance and described ''Kalathur Kannamma'' as one of the best films in Tamil to that point.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சண்முகம் |last2=மீனாட்சி |date=11 September 1960 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: களத்தூர் கண்ணம்மா |trans-title=Movie Review: Kalathur Kannamma |url=https://awardakodukkaranga.wordpress.com/2010/10/08/%e0%ae%95%e0%ae%b3%e0%ae%a4%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%a4%e0%af%82%e0%ae%b0%e0%af%8d-%e0%ae%95%e0%ae%a3%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%a3%e0%ae%ae%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%ae%e0%ae%be/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516173510/https://awardakodukkaranga.wordpress.com/2010/10/08/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE/ |archive-date=16 May 2017 |access-date=23 March 2017 |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> The Madras-based film magazine ''Movieland'' said, "A new star rises on the movie horizon". The article by film journalist, K. Vasudevan, praised the performance of Haasan.<ref name="Kalathur" /> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' lauded the performances of the various cast members, including Subbaiah and Balaiah, and said the film could be watched once.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=11 September 1960 |title=களத்தூர் கண்ணம்மா |url=https://ibb.co/Csw8wMp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703072741/https://ibb.co/Csw8wMp |archive-date=3 July 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film was a major commercial success,''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=19 October 2015 |title=AVM, seven decades and still running |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/avm-seven-decades-and-still-running/article7778904.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170314151101/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/avm-seven-decades-and-still-running/article7778904.ece |archive-date=14 March 2017 |access-date=14 March 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>'' running for over 100 days in theatres.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> It won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] – Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film in 1961,<ref name="State Awards" /> and Haasan's performance earned him the [[Rashtrapati Award|President's Gold Medal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1993 |title=40th National Film Festival |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=40NFA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123052850/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=40NFA.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=10 August 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |page=73}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 2013 |title=Kamal Hassan to get Lifetime Achievement Award at Mumbai Film Fest |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/kamal-hassan-to-get-lifetime-achievement-award-at-mumbai-film-fest-1104137.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123053232/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/kamal-hassan-to-get-lifetime-achievement-award-at-mumbai-film-fest-1104137.html |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=19 September 2013 |work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

== Other versions ==
''Kalathur Kannamma'' was dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Mavoori Ammayi'', which was released on 20 October 1960.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movies from AVM Productions |url=http://www.avm.in/movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123053820/http://www.avm.in/movies.html |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=5 July 2016 |website=[[AVM Productions]]}}</ref> The film was also remade in the same language as ''[[Mooga Nomu]]'' (1969).{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|page=90}} Bhimsingh later remade the film in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Main Chup Rahungi]]'' (1962),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanan |first=V. V. |date=12 May 2012 |title=CinemaPlus Quiz |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article3412362.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123033418/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article3412362.ece |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=9 August 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> where "Ammavum Neeye" was re-used as "Tumhi Ho Mata".{{sfn|Bharatan|2010|ps=: "Chitragupta's 1962 ''Main Chup Rahungi'' Lata & Chorus Raag Bhairavi number, ''Tumhein ho maataa tumhein pitaa'' ho, re-emerged as the Tamil ''Ammavum neeye appavum neeye'' from ''Kalathur Kannamma'' (1960)."}}<ref name="music" />

== In other media ==
In ''[[Udan Pirappu]]'' (1993), Vellasamy ([[Goundamani]]) as a beggar sings "Mummy-um Neeye" to the tune of "Ammavum Neeye".<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Udan Pirappu |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Raj Films International |year=1993 |time=48:39 to 48:49 |time-caption=From}}</ref> In ''[[Kaathala Kaathala]]'' (1998), footage of "Ammavum Neeye" is used in the title credits and Selvam morphs into Ramalingam (Haasan); he and Sundaralingam ([[Prabhu Deva]]) along with children are seen singing this song to a garbage bin.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Kaathala Kaathala |date=1998 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Saraswathi Films |time=0:39 to 2:06 |time-caption=From}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="scroll">{{Cite web |last=Bali |first=Karan |date=28 August 2016 |title=Lost in remaking? A Bhimsingh's films found new fans in Hindi but are better viewed in Tamil |url=http://thereel.scroll.in/814534/lost-in-remaking-a-bhimsinghs-films-found-new-fans-in-hindi-but-is-better-viewed-in-tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123043904/http://thereel.scroll.in/814534/lost-in-remaking-a-bhimsinghs-films-found-new-fans-in-hindi-but-is-better-viewed-in-tamil |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=29 August 2016 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>
<ref name="State Awards">{{Cite web |date=31 March 1961 |title=State Awards for Films |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123052231/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=9 August 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |pages=30–31 |format=PDF}}</ref>
<ref name="Kalathur">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=25 April 2015 |title=Blast from the past: Kalathur Kannamma |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kalathoor-kannamma/article7141014.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502055709/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kalathoor-kannamma/article7141014.ece |archive-date=2 May 2015 |access-date=27 April 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="kannamma">{{Cite magazine |last=சரவணன் |first=ஏவி. எம். |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |date=19 December 2004 |title=பூனைக்கு மணி! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2004-12-19/kalki2004-12-19.pdf |access-date=25 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=52–55 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1960 – களத்தூர் கண்ணம்மா – ஏ.வி.எம்.புரொடக்சன்ஸ் (த-தெ-இ) |trans-title=1960 – Kalathur Kannamma – A.V.M.Productions (ta-te-hi) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1960-cinedetails13.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170314090511/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1960-cinedetails13.asp |archive-date=14 March 2017 |access-date=14 March 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="kamal">{{Cite magazine |last=சரவணன் |first=ஏவி.எம். |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |date=26 December 2004 |title=கமலின் விஸ்வரூபம்! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2004-12-26/kalki2004-12-26.pdf |access-date=25 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=52–54 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
<ref name="music">{{Cite magazine |date=18 November 1979 |title=இசை அமைப்பாளருடன் சில அனுபவங்கள்! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1979-11-18/kalki1979-11-18.pdf |access-date=25 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=24–26 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Bharatan |first=Raju |title=A Journey Down Melody Lane |publisher=Hay House |year=2010 |isbn=9789381398050 |author-link=Raju Bharatan}}
* {{Cite book |last=Coorey |first=Philip |title=The Lonely Artist: A Critical Introduction to the Films of Lester James Peries |publisher=Lake House Investments |year=1970 |oclc=592060992}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |orig-date=2012}}
* {{Cite book |last=Saravanan |first=M. |title=AVM 60 Cinema |publisher=Rajarajan Pathippagam |year=2013 |edition=3rd |language=ta |oclc=1158347612 |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{A. Bhimsingh}}
{{AVM Productions}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}

[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Bhimsingh]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. Sudarsanam]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Javar Seetharaman]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Durai Murugan

2026-03-29T10:31:19Z

Avdhut Kamble:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Durai Murugan
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[List of leaders of the house in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the House, Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| governor = [[Banwarilal Purohit]] [[R. N. Ravi]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| term_start = 11 May 2021
| predecessor = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| governor1 = [[Banwarilal Purohit]] [[R. N. Ravi]]
| term_start1 = 8 May 2025
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| minister1 = * Law
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| governor2 = [[Banwarilal Purohit]] [[R. N. Ravi]]
| term_start2 = 7 May 2021
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| minister2 = * Irrigation Projects including small Irrigation
* Legislative Assembly
* Governor and Ministry
* Elections and Passports
* Water Resources
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| governor3 = [[Banwarilal Purohit]] [[R. N. Ravi]]
| term_start3 = 7 May 2021
| term_end3 = 8 May 2025
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 = [[S. Regupathy]]
| minister3 = * Minerals and Mines
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| minister4 = [[Department of Law (Tamil Nadu)|Law]]
| term4 = 12 July 2009 – 15 May 2011
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| term5 = 13 May 2006 — 12 July 2009
| 1blankname5 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata5 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| minister5 = [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|Public Works Department]]
| term6 = 13 May 1996 — 13 May 2001
| 1blankname6 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata6 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| minister6 = [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|Public Works Department]]
| term7 = 27 January 1989 — 30 January 1991
| 1blankname7 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata7 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| minister7 = [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|Public Works Department]]
| office8 = 4th General Secretary of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start8 = 9 September 2020
| term_end8 =
| president8 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| predecessor8 = [[K. Anbazhagan]]
| successor8 =
| office9 = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|Treasurer of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term9 = 28 August 2018 – 3 September 2020
| 1blankname9 = General Secretary
| 1namedata9 = [[K. Anbazhagan]]
| president9 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| predecessor9 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| successor9 = [[T. R. Baalu]]
| office10 = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|Principal Secretary of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term10 = 9 January 2015 – 27 August 2018
| president10 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| 1blankname10 = General Secretary
| 1namedata10 = [[K. Anbazhagan]]
| predecessor10 = [[Arcot N. Veeraswami]]
| successor10 = [[K. N. Nehru]]
| term11 = 2 June 2003 – 26 December 2008
| president11 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| 1blankname11 = General Secretary
| 1namedata11 = [[K. Anbazhagan]]
| predecessor11 = ''position established''
| successor11 = [[Arcot N. Veeraswami]]
| office12 = Deputy General Secretary of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start12 = 27 December 2008
| term_end12 = 8 January 2015
| president12 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| predecessor12 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| successor12 = [[I. Periyasamy]]
| 1blankname12 = General Secretary
| 1namedata12 = [[K. Anbazhagan]]
| office13 = [[Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start13 = 4 June 2016
| term_end13 = 3 May 2021
| 1blankname13 = [[Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]
| 1namedata13 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| predecessor13 = [[Azhagappuram Mohan Raj]]
| successor13 = [[O. Pannerselvam]]
| term_start14 = 24 May 2001
| term_end14 = 14 April 2006
| 1blankname14 = [[Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]
| 1namedata14 = [[K. Anbazhagan]]
| predecessor14 =
| successor14 = [[O. Pannerselvam]]
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|last=yes|Legislative posts|titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}
{{Infobox officeholder|embed=yes
| office1 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 10 May 1996
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = K. M. Kalaiselvi
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
| term2 = 6 February 1989 — 30 January 1991
| predecessor2 = G. Ragupathi
| successor2 = K. M. Kalaiselvi
| constituency2 = [[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
| term3 = 30 June 1977 —15 November 1984
| predecessor3 = K. A. Wahab
| successor3 = M. Kadirvelu
| constituency3 = [[Ranipet Assembly constituency|Ranipet]]
| term4 = 15 March 1971 — 31 January 1976
| predecessor4 = G. Natarajan
| successor4 = M. A. Jayavelu
| constituency4 = [[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1938|7|1}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/duraimurugan-1574.html |title=Durai Murugan Biography}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Gudiyatham]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in Gudiyatham, [[Vellore District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse = Santhakumari
| children = [[Kathir Anand]] (only son)
| website =
| footnotes =
| source = http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/12thAssembly/profiles/036.htm
}}

'''Durai Murugan''' (born 1 July 1938) is an Indian politician and lawyer from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is the Minister for Water Resources under the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. He is the [[general secretary]] of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] since 9 September 2020. He graduated in [[Master of Arts|MA]] and [[Bachelor of Laws|BL]] and is an [[advocate]] by profession. He is a very close confidant to former [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] Supremo [[M. Karunanidhi]] and his son [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] President [[M. K. Stalin]]. He also worked as Treasurer, Principal Secretary and Deputy General secretary of the DMK party. MGR was his guardian during while studying in the 2nd and 3rd years of BA, both years of MA and Law.

Durai Murugan was first elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly in 1971 and has been elected ten times since. He was elected from the [[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi constituency]] in 2006. After the 2006 assembly elections, Durai Murugan was appointed Minister for Public Works in the Government of Tamil Nadu.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/mar/25tn.htm |title=DMK cautious as Tamaraikkani row takes new turn |work=Rediff |date=25 March 1999 |access-date=2017-04-26}}</ref>

He was divested of the Public Works Department portfolio on 13 July 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/13/stories/2009071354090100.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125160027/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/13/stories/2009071354090100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Durai Murugan divested of PWD portfolio |date=13 July 2009}}</ref>

He was re-elected from the Katpadi constituency in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|elections of 2016]].<ref>{{cite web |title=15th Assembly Members |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/15thassembly/members/001_050.html |access-date=2017-04-26}}</ref>

He currently resides in [[Kotturpuram]], [[Chennai]].{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} He was born in 1938 in [[Gudiyatham]], [[North Arcot]], [[Madras Presidency]] (now [[Vellore District]], [[Tamil Nadu]]) to Duraisamy and Thavasi Ammal. He belongs to the [[Vanniyar]] community, a numerically-large caste found throughout [[Tondaimandalam|Northern Tamil Nadu]]. He is married to Santhakumari and has one son, [[Kathir Anand]], who has served as the [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] from [[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency|Vellore]] since [[2019 Indian general election|2019]].

== Elections contested and results ==
=== Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Elections ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan=2|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan=2|Opponent Party
! Opponent Votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=12}}
| 37,487
| 57.79
| Dhandayuthapani
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
| 20,919
| 32.25
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 16,568
| 25.54
|-
! [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Ranipet Assembly constituency|Ranipet]]
| 31,940
| 43.53
| Wahab K.A.
| {{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
| 16,643
| 22.68
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 15,297
| 20.85
|-
! [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 44,318
| 53.70
| Renu. N
| {{Party name with color|AIADMK|rowspan=5}}
| 37,064
| 44.91
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 7,254
| 8.79
|-
! [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| rowspan="9"|[[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
| 36,839
| 39.62
| [[G. Ragupathi]]
| 53,077
| 57.08
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -16,238
| -17.46
|-
! [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| 43,181
| 43.41
| Margabandu R
| 23,344
| 23.47
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 19,837
| 19.94
|-
! [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 36,866
| 33.02
| [[K. M. Kalaiselvi|K.M. Kalaiselvi]]
| 63,005
| 56.43
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -26,139
| -23.41
|-
! [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 75,439
| 61.20
| Pandurangan.K
| 34,432
| 27.93
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 41,007
| 33.27
|-
! [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 64,187
| 49.47
| Natarajan A.K.
| {{Party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| 56,185
| 43.30
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 8,002
| 6.17
|-
! [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 86,824
| 57.45
| Narayanan.B
| {{Party name with color|AIADMK|rowspan=4}}
| 51,677
| 34.19
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 35,147
| 23.26
|-
! [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 75,064
| 49.55
| rowspan="2"|Appu S.R.K
| 72,091
| 47.59
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 2,973
| 1.96
|-
! [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 90,534
| 50.90
| 66,588
| 37.44
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 23,946
| 13.46
|-
! [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 85,140
| 46.18
| V Ramu
| 84,394
| 45.78
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 746
| 0.40
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Government of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Council of Ministers of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (2011–2016)|state=collapsed}}
{{Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
{{Dravidian politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murugan, Durai}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Vellore district]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1971–1976]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]

Yes Boss (TV series)

2026-03-28T16:29:11Z

Avdhut Kamble: added new post

{{short description|Indian sitcom television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = YesBossSab.jpg
| creator =
| director = Rajan Waghdhare
| starring = [[#Cast and characters|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = [[Ashok Patki]]
| producer = [[Sony SAB|Sri Adhikari Brothers]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 631
| network = [[SAB TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|1999|4|23|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2009|7|31|df=y}}
| writer = Ashok Patole
}}

'''''Yes Boss''''' is an Indian [[sitcom]] which aired on [[Sony SAB]] from 23 April 1999 to 31 July 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020825/spectrum/tv.htm |title=Wife's the boss - The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television |publisher=TribuneIndia.com |date=2002-08-25 |access-date=2016-01-23}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Meera and Mohan Srivastava are married, have a child named Bittu (only shown in the first few episodes) and working in the Adcraft Ad Agency. Husband Mohan is the Junior creative visualizer and his wife is creative director of Adcraft Ad Agency.

Their MD Vinod Verma arrives and they have not disclosed their relationship to their boss who does not miss any chance of flirting with Meera. Mohan hates it and spends most of his time protecting his wife from Mr. Verma. Vinod thinks that Meera is married to an elderly man named Bunty-Ji, who is Mohan himself disguised as an old man, partly to irritate Vinod. Vinod is irritated with wife Kavita and he doesn't like the friendship of his wife Kavita and his employee Mohan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Delnaaz-in-Yes-Boss/articleshow/2474132.cms |title=Delnaaz in Yes Boss |publisher=Times of India |date=2007-10-20 |access-date=2016-01-23}}</ref>

==Cast and characters==
===Main===
* [[Aasif Sheikh]] as Vinod Verma:
** Kavita's husband, Adcraft Ad Agency's Md, Meera and Mohan's boss<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060507/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=9 September 2019|archive-date=3 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303193432/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060507/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Rakesh Bedi]] as Mohan Srivastava:
** Meera's husband, Vinod's employee in the Adcraft ad agency who holds the post of junior creative visualizer, Bittu's father, Kavita's friend Bunty Srivastava; Meera's husband in front of their boss Vinod<ref name="auto"/>
* [[Kavita Kapoor]] (1999–2007: 2007–2009) as Meera Srivastava:
** Mohan's wife and his boss in the office, Creative Director of the Adcraft ad agency and Vinod's employee, Bittu's mother<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kavita-returns-to-yes-boss-1130431|title=Kavita returns to 'Yes Boss'|first=Sapana Patil|last=Poojary|date=28 October 2007|website=DNA India}}</ref>
*** [[Sonia Kapoor]] as Meera Srivastava (2007):
**** replaced (Kavita Kapoor) for few episodes.

=== Recurring===
* [[Delnaaz Paul]] (1999–2004; 2007–2009) as Kavita Vinod Verma; Vinod's wife
* Ritu Kambow (2004–2005) as Kavita Vinod Verma, replaced Irani in 2004.
* [[Bhairavi Raichura]] (2005–2007) as Kavita Vinod Verma; replaced Kambow in 2005.
* [[Sulbha Arya]] as Savitri / Rampyaari, Sasu Maa, Mohan's mother-in-law, Meera's mother, Bittu's grandmother, Vinod and Kavita's Aunt
* [[Parul Yadav]] as Lucky
* [[Nigaar Khan]] as Angelina Madam, Boss of Hot News
* [[Priya Wal]] as Princess Imarti
* Hema Diwan as Mawsiji
* Sharad Vyas as Lacchu Patel; VP of the Adcraft ad agency
* [[Sheetal Agashe]] as Sheetal, Verma Ji's PA, employee at the Adcraft ad agency
* Bharat Kamwani as Bharat; Mohan's PA, employee in Adcraft ad agency
* [[Ashiesh Roy]] as Tanveer, copywriter in the Adcraft ad agency office
* Jaywant Wadkar as Saddu, the Peon in the office
* Neeta S Chawla as Nita; Bharat's PA
* Sargam Gupta as Hiroo
* Savita Malpekar as Vinod Verma's mother, Kavita's mother in law and Meera and Mohan's aunt .
* Nilesh Divekar as Chai wala Vijay/various roles/ Khunkhar
* Romanchak Arora as Goldie Lacchu Patel
* Kenneth Desai as Shekar Kapoor ; President of Ad Craft Ad Agency
* Firdous Mevawala as Chairman
* [[Anup Upadhyay]] as Various Characters
* Shekhar Shukla as various Characters
* Manoj Santoshi as Various Characters
* Rakesh Kukreti as Various Characters
* [[Rupali Ganguly]] as Sharmili, Vinod's ex-girlfriend
* Vinay Yedekar as Anil Kumar Original
* [[Amit Bhatt]] as various characters
* Sham Mashalkar as various characters
* [[Rakhee Vijan]] as Katrina (Buntyji's daughter)
* Manmohan Mahimkar as the Funny short Old Man in various characters
* Shashikiran as client/Meera's uncle, Verma's uncle etc.
* Ajit Kelkar as Various Characters including Meera’s fake uncle and client Sam Kapoor

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{SAB TV Programmes}}

[[Category:1999 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Workplace comedy television series]]

Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar

2026-03-25T22:58:25Z

Avdhut Kamble:

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar.jpg
| caption =
| creator =
| developer = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| story = [[Vipul Mehta (director)|Vipul Mehta]] [[Nivedita Basu]] Soham Abhiram
| screenplay = [[Vipul Mehta (director)|Vipul Mehta]] [[Nivedita Basu]] Soham Abhiram '''Dialogues''' [[Dheeraj Sarna]] Shirish Laktar Reena pareek
| director = [[Anil V. Kumar]] Mujammil Desai Rishi Tyagi Kamal Monga [[Partho Mitra]] Lalit Marathe [[Santram Varma]]
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = [[Lalit Sen]]
| open_theme = "Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar" by [[Pamela Jain]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| editor = Vikas Sharma [[Vishal Sharma (editor)|Vishal Sharma]] [[Sandeep Bhatt]] '''Online Editor(s)''' [[Vatan Singh]] [[Ramlochan Pandey]] [[Gopal Rai]] Jasveer Jatia
| location =
| cinematography = [[Ashish Sharma]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 30 minutes
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| channel = [[Sony Entertainment Television]] [[Zee TV]]
| num_episodes = 208
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2014|11|18}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2015|11|17}}
| num_seasons = 1
}}

'''''Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar''''' ({{Translation| ''Don't Love Me So Much''}}) is an Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[Television in India|television]] [[Indian soap opera|soap opera]] which premiered on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] And [[Zee TV]]. Produced by [[Balaji Telefilms]], the show deals with the relationship challenges of a divorced couple and how they remain connected because of their children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/pallavi-kulkarni-unveils-suhanis-truth-in-itna-karo-na-mujhe-pyar/|title=Pallavi Kulkarni unveils Suhani's truth in 'Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyar'|date=2015-04-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-05}}</ref>

==Plot==

Ragini Patel is a divorcée and lives with her two children Nishi and Aarav and her mother Asha and grandmother Bakula Nani. She is a strong and independent woman who works in a hospital as an administrative head under the hospital owner Dr. Aman Malhotra.

Dr. Neil Khanna, who is Ragini's ex-husband, lives in [[New York City]] with his three children Ranbir, Agham, Suhani and his sister Pam. Aarav, Nishi and her fiancé Jignesh find out that Neil lives in New York City. They insisted Neil to come to India to attend Nishi's marriage. Later after clearing the misunderstandings Neil and Ragini decide to live together again but due to circumstances they get separated.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Ronit Roy]] as Dr. Nachiket "Neil" Khanna: Ragini's husband; Ranbir, Nishi, Aarav and Agham's father; Suhani's adoptive father; Poonam's elder brother
* [[Pallavi Kulkarni]] as Ragini Patel Khanna: Nachiket's wife; Ranbir, Nishi, Aarav and Agham's mother; Suhani's adoptive mother
* [[Avinash Mukherjee]] as Dr. Ranbir Khanna: Ragini and Nachiket's eldest son; Nishi, Aarav and Agham's brother; Suhani's adoptive brother
* [[Rhea Sharma]] / [[Vinny Arora]] as Nishi Khanna Shah: Ragini and Nachiket's daughter; Ranbir, Aarav and Agham's sister; Suhani's adoptive sister; Jignesh's wife
* Yatin Mehta as Arav Khanna: Ragini and Nachiket's second son; Ranbir and Nishi's brother; Agham's twin brother; Suhani's adoptive brother
* [[Rohan Shah]] as Agham Khanna: Ragini and Nachiket's youngest son; Ranbir and Nishi's brother; Arav's twin brother; Suhani's adoptive brother
* [[Palak Jain (actress, active since 2003)|Palak Jain]] as Suhani Khanna: Rupali and Ronnie's daughter; Ragini and Nachiket's adopted daughter; Ranbir, Nishi, Aarav and Agham's adoptive sister

===Recurring===
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]] as Poonam "Pam" Khanna: Nachiket's sister
* [[Sayantani Ghosh]] as Nivedita Basu: Rupali's sister; Aman's wife; Nachiket's ex-fianceé
* [[Darshan Pandya]] as Dr. Aman Malhotra: Nivedita's husband; Ragini's ex-fiancè
* Mehul Vyas as Jignesh Shah: Nishi's husband
* [[Kishwer Merchant]] as Dimpy Kapoor: Karan's wife; Nachiket's friend
* [[Ashwin Mushran]] as Karan Kapoor: Dimpy's husband; Nachiket's friend
* [[Anurag Sharma (actor)|Anurag Sharma]] as Ram "RK" Kapoor: Karan's younger brother
* Kirti Sually as Asha Patel: Ragini's mother; Ranbir, Nishi, Aarav and Agham's grandmother; Suhani's adoptive grandmother
* Induben Mehta as Bakula: Asha's mother, Ragini's grandmother; Ranbir, Nishi, Aarav and Agham's great-grandmother
* Jyothi Joshi as Sunny Tai: Patel's househelp
* [[Mihika Verma]] as Rupali Basu: Nivedita's sister; Ronnie's wife; Suhani's mother
* [[Rushad Rana]] as Ronnie: Rupali's husband; Suhani's father
* Kuki Grewal as Dr. Devika Mehra
* Ashish Juneja as Dr. Karthik Kumar
* [[Kalyani Thakkar]] as Sushila Shah: Jignesh's mother
* [[Rose Sardana]] as Suman
* Snehal Pandey as Shilpa: Kuki's daughter; Ranbir and Arav's love interest
* Ritu Vijj as Kuki: Shilpa's mother
* Bhavin Bhanushali as Akash: Arav's friend

===Guest appearances===
* [[Bhanujeet Sudan]] as Babu Bhai
* [[Vidya Balan]] as herself, to promote ''[[Hamari Adhuri Kahani]]''
* [[Pratyusha Banerjee]] as herself in a dance performance
* [[Mona Singh]] as herself in a dance performance
* [[Aishwarya Sakhuja]] as herself in a dance performance
* [[Shabir Ahluwalia]] as Abhishek (Abhi) Prem Mehra from [[Kumkum Bhagya]]
* [[Sriti Jha]] as Pragya Arora Mehra from [[Kumkum Bhagya]]
* [[Karanvir Bohra]] as Aahil from [[Qubool Hai]]
* [[Surbhi Jyoti]] as Sana from [[Qubool Hai]]
* [[Piyush Sahdev]] as Kabir (K.T) Tripathi from [[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]
* [[Mahima Makwana]] as Rachna Garg Tripathi from [[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]
* [[Ankit Gera]] as Mayank Garg from [[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]
* [[Roopal Tyagi]] as Gunjan Garg from [[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]

==Adaptation==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Notes
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar'' ''इतना करो ना मुझे प्यार''
| 18 November 2014
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| 17 November 2015
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Meera (2022 TV series)|Meera]]'' ''மீரா''
| 28 March 2022
| [[Colors Tamil]]
| 22 July 2022
| Inspired
|}

==Awards==
* 2015 [[Star Guild Awards]] ''[[Star Guild Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series|Best Actor in a Drama Series]]'' Ronit Roy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://starguildawards.org/|title=Star Guild Awards Home|website=starguildawards.org|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815071146/http://www.starguildawards.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://balajitelefilms.com/serial.php?id=154 Official Page] on [[Balaji Telefilms|BalajiTelefilms.com]]

{{SET Shows}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Films scored by Lalit Sen]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]

Transport in Chennai

2026-03-21T18:34:02Z

Avdhut Kamble: added post

{{Short description|None}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}[[File:Chennai Kathipara bridge.jpg|thumb|273x273px|[[Kathipara Junction|Kathipara Flyover]], [[Chennai]] is the Largest Cloverleaf Interchange in Asia]]'''Transport in [[Chennai]]''' includes various modes of air, sea, road and rail transportation in the city and its suburbs.<ref name="Forbes ranking">{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/10/28/commute-cities-world-forbeslife-cx_mw_1028realestate_slide_9.html | work=Forbes | first=Matt | last=Woolsey | title=In Depth: World's 10 Best Commutes}}</ref> [[Chennai]]'s economic development has been closely tied to its port and transport infrastructure,<ref name="Forbes ranking"/> and it is considered one of the best infrastructure systems in India.

==History==
[[Image:Chennai transportation map.png|thumb|200px|right|Map of the road and rail transportation network in the Chennai Metropolitan area]]
The city of Chennai is the birthplace of the railway system in [[India]]. In 1831–33, Madras Parliament first came up with the idea. In 1832, the first proposal of railway under the British administration was made in Madras, 21 years before the first operational railway line in India. Later in 1836 A. P. Cotton, a civil engineer in Madras, advocated the construction of a railroad in India.

Meanwhile, in 1835, a short railway line intended to carry granite stones was laid at [[Chintadripet]] on an experimental basis, which later became to known as [[Red Hill Railroad line]]. Construction on this line began in 1836 and the line was opened in 1837. Despite a few troubles, the line became operational in the same year, with a written report of its functioning since January 1838, thus marking the first rail transport in the country 16 years prior to the running of the first commercial passenger service in India, the [[Bori Bunder]]–[[Thane]] train with 14 carriages hauled by three locomotives on 16 April 1853. Although the Chintadripet line was primarily intended for wagons hauled by animals, [[steam locomotives]] were also operated on the line, one of which is believed to be built in India.<ref name="IRFCA_FirstTrainsInIndia">{{cite web
| title = The first trains in India
| work = IR History: Early Days – I
| publisher = IRFCA.org
| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html
| access-date = 7 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="IRFCA_IndiasFirstRailways">{{cite web
| last = Darvill
| first = Simon
| title = India's First Railways
| publisher = IRFCA.org
| date = December 2011
| url = http://www.irfca.org/docs/history/india-first-railways.html
| access-date = 7 January 2013}}</ref>

In 1845, [[Madras Railway Company]] was mooted, and in 1852 Madras Guaranteed Railway Company was formed. In 1852, the work for laying the first track by Madras Guaranteed Railway Company between Madras and [[Arcot]] was started, and in 1856, the first train run between [[Royapuram]] and Arcot.<ref name="IR_BriefHistoryOfChennaiDivision"/> In 1895, the first electric trams became operational in the city.<ref name="IR_BriefHistoryOfChennaiDivision"/><ref name="Hindu_ThoroughfareOfGeorgeTown">{{cite news
| last = Madhavan
| first = T.
| title = NSC Bose Road: Thoroughfare of George Town
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 12 May 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3404384.ece
| access-date = 14 January 2013}}</ref> The work for suburban train services started in 1928 and became operational in 1931 between [[Madras Beach]] and [[Tambaram]] with electric multiple units (EMUs). The tram services were withdrawn in 1953. With the operation of the mass rapid transit system (MRTS) between Chennai Beach and [[Chepauk]] in 1995, the city is the first to have an elevated track in India.<ref name="IR_BriefHistoryOfChennaiDivision">{{cite web
| title = Brief History of the Division
| work = Chennai Division
| publisher = Indian Railways—Southern Railways
| url = http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf
| access-date = 26 October 2012}}</ref>

As of 1 April 2013, the total vehicle population of Chennai is 3,881,850, including 3,053,233 two wheelers.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Sasidharan
| first = S.
| title = 1.4 cr 2-wheelers ply on TN roads
| newspaper = Deccan Chronicle
| location = Chennai
| date = 10 April 2013
| url = http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130410/news-current-affairs/article/14-cr-2-wheelers-ply-tn-roads
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231101045448/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/130410/news-current-affairs/article/14-cr-2-wheelers-ply-tn-roads
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 1 November 2023
| access-date = 13 April 2013}}</ref>

Growth trend of motor vehicles in the city is listed below:<ref>{{cite web
| last = Jalihal
| first = Santhosh A.
|author2=Kayitha Ravinder |author3=T. S. Reddy
| title = Traffic Characteristics of India
| work = Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 5, pp. 1009–1024
| year = 2005
| url = http://www.easts.info/on-line/proceedings_05/1009.pdf
| access-date = 13 November 2012}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Transport in Chennai
|-
!style="background:gold"|No.
!style="background:gold"|Year of growth
!style="background:gold"|Total registered vehicles
|-
!style="background:pink"|1.
!style="background:pink"|1981
!style="background:pink"|120,000
|-
!style="background:green"|2.
!style="background:green"|1986
!style="background:green"|228,000
|-
!style="background:orange"|3.
!style="background:orange"|1991
!style="background:orange"|544,000
|-
!style="background:lightblue"|4.
!style="background:lightblue"|1996
!style="background:lightblue"|812,000
|-
!style="background:red"|5.
!style="background:red"|1998
!style="background:red"|975,000
|-
!style="background:yellow"|6.
!style="background:yellow"|2012
!style="background:yellow"|3,760,000
|-
!style="background:grey"|7.
!style="background:grey"|2016
!style="background:grey"|4,757,822
|-
!style="background:violet"|8.
!style="background:violet"|2017
!style="background:violet"|5,309,906
|-
!style="background:lightgreen"|9.
!style="background:lightgreen"|2020
!style="background:lightgreen"|6,016,717
|-
|}

==Transportation in the past==
;Trams
{{See also|Trams in India}}
{{See also|List of town tramway systems in Asia}}
[[File:Madras-Tramway-Network.jpg|thumb|The now-defunct Tram network [[Chennai]] operated by The [[Madras Tramways|Madras Electric Tramway Company]] from 1892 to 1953.]]
[[Madras Tramways|Trams]] were existent in the city for about 67 years starting from the end of the 19th century. The city was home to the first electric trams in India. Trams became a necessary one as the area of the city was widely dispersed with broad avenues radiating from the fort area.<ref name="Tramz.com"/> The first electric trams became operational in the city on 7 May 1895.<ref name="IR_BriefHistoryOfChennaiDivision"/><ref name="Hindu_ThoroughfareOfGeorgeTown"/> Trams were operated between the docks and the inland areas, carrying goods and passengers. The route encompassed Mount Road, [[George Town, Chennai|Parry's Corner]], Poonamallee Road and the [[Ripon Building]]. Run by the Madras Electricity System (MES), trams on rails dominated Chennai roads and remained a convenient mode of transport for thousands of riders as it could carry heavy loads. They moved at a maximum speed of just 7 km/h. Two types of trams were in operations—the bigger type measuring about 50 ft in length and the smaller type measuring about 35 ft. A total of 200 commuters could conveniently travel in trams, which had wooden seats to seat 60 passengers. The trams ran on electricity.<ref name="Hindu_WhenTramsDominated">{{cite news
| last = Kolappan
| first = B.
| title = When trams on rails dominated Chennai roads
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 25 August 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/when-trams-on-rails-dominated-chennai-roads/article5056386.ece
| access-date = 25 August 2013}}</ref> The original conduit system was replaced by an conventional overhead wire system after a series of destructive monsoons. By 1921, when the tram system was at its peak, there were 24 km of track and 97 cars.<ref name="Tramz.com">{{cite web
| title = India
| work = Tram Views of Asia
| publisher = tramz.com
| date = n.d.
| url = http://www.tramz.com/tva/in.html
| access-date = 2 March 2014}}</ref>

A strike by workers demanding wage revision resulted in a lock-out of the tram company by about 1950. Subsequently, the then Chief Minister [[C. Rajagopalachari]] favoured the idea of ending the service, and the tram service came to an end on 12 April 1953. The rails of the tram embedded on roads continued to remain for several years after the withdrawal of the service, since their removal would cost the government a fortune.<ref name="Hindu_WhenTramsDominated"/> The contract to remove the tracks and overhead cables was given to Narainsingh Ghanshamsingh.

==Road transportation==
{{for-multi|the planned 2-tier urban transit|Chennai HSCTC|the elevated expressways|Chennai Elevated Expressways}}
[[File:Anna Salai seen from Chennai MRTS near Willingdon Bridge.JPG|right|thumb|Anna Salai]]
[[Image:Chennai Madras.jpg|thumb|[[Rajiv Gandhi Salai|IT Corridor]] in Chennai]]
The city and metropolitan area are served by major arterial roads that run either in an east–west or north–south direction. [[Anna Salai]] – or [[Mount Road]] as it is more popularly called – is the city's most famous road. It traverses most of central and south Chennai and leads on to the [[Grand Southern Trunk Road]] ([[National Highway 45 (India)|National Highway 45]]) to [[Thiruchirapalli|Tiruchirapalli]]. The road runs in a northeast–southwest direction. Other arterials include Kamaraj Salai, Poonamalee High Road ([[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]]), Radhakrishnan Salai, and Sardar Patel Road. The East Coast Road starts from [[Thiruvanmiyur]] and connects [[Mahabalipuram]], [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] and extends beyond.

=== Buses ===
The first motor bus service in the city was organised by the Madras Tramway Corporation between 1925 and 1928.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp323">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah]], Pg 323</ref> Most motor bus service providers in the city were nationalised as per the 1939 Motor Vehicles Act. The Pallavan Transport Corporation was created on 1 January 1972 to serve Madras city. It had a fleet of 1030 buses. In 1994, Pallavan Transport Corporation was bifurcated into Dr. Ambedkar Transport Corporation Limited for northern Madras and Pallavan Transport Corporation Limited for southern Madras. The two were reunited in 2001 to form the [[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)|Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]. The bus service, currently, plies about 4,000 buses on 622 routes, moves an estimated 5.038 million passengers each day.<ref name=mtc_details09>{{cite web|title=The Growth|publisher=Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai) Ltd|url=http://www.mtcbus.org/|date=18 August 2009|access-date=18 August 2009}}</ref>

[[Image:Chennai.cmbt1.jpg|thumb|247x247px|Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G.R Bus Terminus in Koyambedu is the terminus for all intercity bus services from Chennai. It is one of the largest bus stations in Asia]]
The ''[[Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G.R Bus Terminus]]'', opened in 2001, is one of the largest bus station in [[Asia]], and serves as the terminus for all intercity buses from [[Chennai]].<ref name="thehindu20051228">{{cite news | last = Dorairaj | first = S | url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/28/stories/2005122816740400.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060705012703/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/28/stories/2005122816740400.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 5 July 2006 | title = Koyambedu bus terminus gets ISO certification | date = 28 December 2005 | access-date = 13 September 2007 | work = [[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The CMBT is located on the Inner Ring Road at [[Koyambedu]] in the western part of Chennai, replacing the older terminus on the Esplanade in the city centre. State transport and private bus services to all major cities and towns in [[Tamil Nadu]] and neighbouring states start from here.

===Other road vehicles===
In addition to the bus service, private metered [[taxicab|call taxis]] and fixed-rate tourist taxis are available at all entry points to the city like airport, mofussil bus terminus and central railway station. Unmetered [[auto rickshaw|autos]] ply across the city charging flat rates. Economical alternative to the auto rickshaws are the share autos, in which passengers pay a shared fee to their destination. In 2012, according to estimates, 66,679 auto rickshaws and over 2,000 share autos were running in the city.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Kabirdoss
| first = Yogesh
| title = Auto rickshaws take the 'share' route to counter competition
| newspaper = The New Indian Express
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Express Publication
| date = 4 July 2012
| url = http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article557685.ece
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120709084552/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article557685.ece
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 9 July 2012
| access-date = 6 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="AutosSwitchOffLPG">{{cite news
| last = Hemalatha
| first = Karthikeyan
| title = Autos switch off LPG, revert to petrol, diesel
| location = Chennai
| date = 9 October 2012
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-09/chennai/34341608_1_lpg-stations-lpg-or-cng-cylinders
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130710160822/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-09/chennai/34341608_1_lpg-stations-lpg-or-cng-cylinders
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 10 July 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 11 October 2012}}</ref> Of these, about 10,000 are operated using [[Diesel engine|diesel]].<ref>{{cite news
| title = Autos, share autos set to hike fares
| newspaper = The New Indian Express
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Express Publication
| date = 14 September 2012
| url = http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article606301.ece
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134814/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article606301.ece
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| access-date = 15 September 2012}}</ref> About 41,700 auto rickshaws run on [[Liquified petroleum gas|LPG]].<ref name="AutosSwitchOffLPG" /> Vans which are run like bus services and popularly called "Maxi Cabs" also ply on many routes in the city. The outlying suburban areas of the city are also served by private mini bus company services as well as government bus transport corporations of neighbouring districts.

Despite a sharp increase in the number of four-wheelers in the city, [[motorscooter]]s are still very prevalent and are preferred to [[automobile|car]]s due to their affordability, [[fuel efficiency]], manoeuvrability, and ease of [[parking]].

In February 2014, [[bicycle-sharing system]] was conceived by the corporation to encourage bicycle transportation. Around 3,000 cycles was planned to be stationed at 200 places, which can be accessed with smart card system. The neighbourhoods of [[Thousand Lights]], [[Egmore]], [[Mylapore]], [[Royapettah]], [[Kamarajar Salai]], government offices and Fort complex will be covered by the network in the first phase.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Xavier Lopez
| first = Aloysius
| title = Bicycle sharing system likely in nine months
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 27 February 2014
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/bicycle-sharing-system-likely-in-nine-months/article5730192.ece
| access-date = 1 March 2014}}</ref>

There are 31 auto LPG dispensing stations (ALDS) in the city, of which 11 are owned by [[Indian Oil Corporation Limited]] (IOCL). They have a capacity to supply 604,000 litres a day but an average of only 150,000 is sold daily. The demand is around 600,000 litres a day.<ref name="AutosSwitchOffLPG"/>

The city has a total of 372 junctions.<ref name="DC_ImplementingITMS"/>

== Rail ==
{{Main|Chennai suburban railway}}

[[Image:Chennai suburban rail and bus interconnectivity map.png|thumb|200px| A map of the Chennai suburban train system and interconnecting bus routes]]

[[File:Chennai Intracity Train System updated.png|thumb|alt=A graphical representation of the different public transit railway lines inside city limits in Chennai (including the Chennai Suburban Railway and the Chennai Metro) and their connections.|A graphical representation of the different public transit railway lines inside city limits in Chennai (including the Chennai Suburban Railway and the Chennai Metro) and their connections.]]

The first railway station in Madras city was opened at [[Royapuram]] in 1853.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp321" /> The first to be constructed in South India, the Royapuram station served as the headquarters of the Madras Railway Company. On 1 July 1856, the first railway service in South India was commenced between Madras and Arcot.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp321">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah]], Pg 321</ref> [[Madras Central|Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station]] was opened in 1873 followed by the [[Chennai Egmore|Egmore Railway Station]] in 1908. Egmore served as the headquarters of the [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]] from 1908 to 1951 while M.G.R Chennai Central served as the headquarters of the [[South Indian Railway Company]] from 1927 to 1951. Both the companies were liquidated when India's railway network was nationalised in the 1950s. M.G.R Chennai Central is currently the headquarters of the [[Southern Railway Zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].

Chennai's first suburban electric train service was inaugurated between Chennai Beach and Tambaram on 2 April 1931.<ref name="thehindu_20100816">{{cite news|title=How electric suburban railway service began|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article572847.ece|first=A.|last=Srivathsan|work=The Hindu|date=16 August 2010|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The Chennai suburban railway system currently has 6 lines with a total system length of about {{convert|1211.81|km|0|abbr=on}} (non-redundant track length) of which {{convert|509.71|km|0|abbr=on}} are true suburban and {{convert|702.1|km|0|abbr=on}} MEMU service].

*'''North Line:''' [[Moore Market|M.G.R Chennai Central MMC]] – [[Ennore]] – [[Gummidipoondi]] – [[Sullurpeta]] (— [[Gudur]] – [[Nellore]] – [[Bitragunta]])
*'''South Line:''' [[Chennai Beach]] – [[Tambaram]] – [[Chingleput|Chengalpattu]] (— [[Melmaruvathur]] – [[Tindivanam]] – [[Villupuram]] – [[Puducherry (union territory)]])
*'''South West Line:''' [[Chennai Beach]] – [[Tambaram]] – [[Chingleput|Chengalpattu]] (— [[Kanchipuram]] – [[Tirumalpur]] – [[Arakkonam]])
*'''West Line:''' [[Moore Market|Chennai Central MMC]] – [[Ambattur]] – [[Avadi]] – [[Tiruvallur]] – [[Arakkonam]] (— [[Katpadi]] – [[Jolarpet]])
* '''North West Line:''' [[Moore Market|M.G.R Chennai Central MMC]] – [[Ambattur]] – [[Avadi]] – [[Tiruvallur]] – [[Arakkonam]] – [[Tiruttani]] (— [[Renigunta]] – [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]])
* '''South West Frontier Line:''' [[Chennai Beach]] – [[Royapuram]] – [[Washermanpet]] – [[Perambur]] – [[Ambattur]] – [[Arakkonam]] (— [[Katpadi]] – [[Vellore]])

The system uses [[broad gauge]]. The section from Washermanpet to Beach handles predominantly freight traffic from Chennai Port, and is not geared well to serve passengers.

===MRTS System===
{{Main|Mass Rapid Transit System (Chennai)}}

The MRTS system opened in the early 1990s and consists of the following active sections:

*[[Chennai Beach]] – [[Velachery]] - [[St. Thomas Mount]]

The last operational extension happened in March 2026 where [[Mass Rapid Transit System (Chennai)|MRTS]] system is extended to meet with the Tambaram branch of the existing suburban network at St. Thomas Mount. This plan envisages the MRTS line to proceed north from St. Thomas Mount via Velachery, forming a ring around the city and ending at the northbound M.G.R Central-Gummidipoondi line. However, extending MRTS beyond St. Thomas Mount is not very certain in light of the State Government deciding to develop the [[Chennai Metro]] rail system.<ref name="oldermetrorail">{{cite news
|title = Metro rail for Chennai?
| date = 21 August 2003
| url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/08/22/stories/2003082206110400.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070223114545/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/08/22/stories/2003082206110400.htm
| url-status = usurped
| archive-date = 23 February 2007
| work = The Hindu
| access-date = 26 February 2009 }}</ref><ref name="hindumetrorail">{{cite news
| first = Gaurav Vivek
| last = Bhatnagar
| title = Chennai metro back on track
| date = 22 August 2006
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/22/stories/2006082206160500.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011212717/http://hindu.com/2006/08/22/stories/2006082206160500.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 11 October 2007
| access-date = 4 October 2007
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
[[File:Chennai Metro Map updated.svg|thumb|479x479px|The map of entire rail network consisting of [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System|Chennai MRTS]], [[Chennai Suburban Railway|Chennai Suburban]] and [[Chennai Metro]].]]

=== Metro Railway ===
{{Main|Chennai Metro}}

[[Image:Chennai metro during trail run during night.JPG|thumb|400px|A view of the [[Chennai Metro]] at night.]]
Metro system of Chennai is currently operational with 2 corridors, and 3 more corridors under construction to meet the future urban transport requirements.<ref name="hindumetrorail"/> First metro service for city was inaugurated from Koyambedu - Alandur on 29 June 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/infrastructure/chennais-koyambedu-alandur-metro-closer-to-opening/slideshow/46846177.cms?intenttarget=no|title = Chennai's Koyambedu-Alandur metro closer to opening}}</ref> As a part of Phase-1 extension, Corridor 1 was extended till Wimco Nagar.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/will-tiruvottiyur-fall-on-the-metro-rail-map/article2670671.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Ajai | last=Sreevatsan | title=Will Tiruvottiyur fall on the Metro Rail map? | date=29 November 2011}}</ref> In second phase, 3 corridors are under construction with plans to extend Corridor 1 from [[Chennai International Airport|Airport]] to [[Kilambakkam bus terminus|Kilambakkam]] and Corridor 5 from [[Koyambedu]] to [[Pattabiram]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-to-connect-airport-with-kilambakkam/article29948180.ece|title=Chennai Metro to connect Airport with Kilambakkam|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|date=2019-11-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-05|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sundaram |first=Ram |title=TN govt gives in-principle nod for Chennai Metro link from Koyambedu to Pattabiram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tn-govt-gives-in-principle-nod-for-chennai-metro-link-from-koyambedu-to-pattabiram/articleshow/120829027.cms |date=2025-05-02 |access-date=2025-05-02 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

* {{rcb|Chennai Metro|blue|croute}} '''(Corridor 1):''' [[Wimco Nagar metro station|Wimco Nagar]] – [[Chennai International Airport]]
* {{rcb|Chennai Metro|green|croute}} '''(Corridor 2):''' [[Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station|M.G.R Chennai Central]] – [[St. Thomas Mount]]
* {{rcb|Chennai Metro|purple|croute}} '''(Corridor 3):''' [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]] – [[SIPCOT IT Park|SIPCOT Siruseri II]]
* {{rcb|Chennai Metro|yellow|croute}} '''(Corridor 4):''' [[Poonamallee]] - [[Lighthouse, Chennai|Lighthouse]]
* {{rcb|Chennai Metro|red|croute}} '''(Corridor 5):''' [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]] – [[Sholinganallur]]

==== Smart Card ====

[[File:Chennai Underground metrostation with India's first Platform Screen Doors.jpg|thumb|Chennai Underground metro station with India's first Platform Screen Doors]]

The Smart Card looks similar to a debit card, issued by CMRL at ticket counters for Rs. 100 currently. This Rs. 100 includes Rs. 50 refundable deposit, and Rs. 50 travel value. The travel value can be used to purchase platform and travel tickets for the Chennai metro trains. The smart card is valid for 6 months from the date of purchase and the extra amounts of travel value can be recharged whenever needed. It is found that very few people are using this smart card and many ticket vending machines which work on Smart cards do not function properly.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/when-wait-is-longer-than-the-journey/article3875056.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Vasudha | last=Venugopal | title=When wait is longer than the journey | date=9 September 2012}}</ref>

== Airport ==
[[File:Chennai airport view 4.jpeg|thumbnail|right|Front view of a part of Chennai Airport.|319x319px]]

{{Main|Chennai International Airport}}

The [[Chennai International Airport]] serves as the city's airport for both domestic and international flights. The airport consists of the Anna International terminal and the Kamaraj Domestic terminal, and handles domestic as well as international flights. It is the sixth busiest airport in India, it handled a staggering 12 million passengers in 2007–08 with international passenger traffic alone growing at 20 percent – higher than any other metro airport in the country .<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://aai.aero/traffic_news/jun2k7annex3.pdf
|publisher = [[Airports Authority of India]]
|title = Traffic statistics – Passengers (Intl+Domestic), Annexure IIIC
|access-date = 13 September 2007
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926044903/http://aai.aero/traffic_news/jun2k7annex3.pdf
|archive-date = 26 September 2007
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://aai.aero/traffic_news/jun2k7annex2.pdf
| publisher = Airports Authority of India
| title = Traffic statistics – Aircraft movements (Intl+Domestic), Annexure IIC
| access-date = 13 September 2007}}</ref> The city is connected to major hubs in South Asia, [[Southeast Asia]], the Middle East, and Europe through over fifteen international carriers. The airport is also the fourth busiest cargo terminus in the country with its large integrated [[cargo terminal]]. The Airport lies around 25 km from the city centre and is accessible by road and rail transport services.

This airport is undergoing modernisation and expansion, including the construction of an additional terminal. Furthermore, a new [[Greenfield project|greenfield]] airport is to be constructed at an estimated cost of Rs 20 billion in [[Chennai greenfield airport, Parandur|Parandur]] (Near Sriperumbudur) to serve the city's burgeoning air traffic.<ref name=New_Airport>{{cite news
|title=New greenfield airport to be set up near Chennai
|work=The Hindu
|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200705221441.htm
|date=22 May 2007
|access-date=22 May 2007
|location=Chennai, India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026105518/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200705221441.htm
|archive-date=26 October 2012
}}</ref>

Other airports in the metropolitan area include the [[Indian Air Force]] base at [[Tambaram]] and the [[Indian Navy|Indian Naval]] air base at [[Arakkonam]].

== Ports ==
The city is served by two major ports namely [[Chennai Port]] – which is one of the largest artificial ports – and [[Ennore Port]]. Chennai port is India's second busiest container hub, handling general industrial cargo, automobiles, etc.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://app.mfa.gov.sg/pr/read_content.asp?View,4753,
| work = Business Times
| title = Gateway to India for Singapore firms
| date = 6 July 2006
| access-date = 13 September 2007}}</ref> An additional container terminal is being constructed, as well. Chennai Port has 21 alongside berths in three distinct zones of the Chennai port namely the Ambedkar Dock (inner harbor to handle passenger, general cargo and containers), Jawahar Dock (to handle coal, fertiliser, other bulk and break bulk cargo) and Bharathi Dock (outer harbor accommodates ore and oil handling system and a modern container terminal).
The Ennore port currently handles cargo such as coal, ore and bulk and break bulk cargo. A new container terminal is also planned for the Ennore port. A smaller harbour at [[Royapuram]] is used by local fishing boats and trawlers.

==Developments==
From September 2012, the city traffic police has planned to shift to a {{INR}} 1,170-million integrated traffic management system (ITMS), which is a first of its kind in the country, through which 100 arterial traffic junctions in the city will be integrated and brought under CCTV surveillance with facilities to ensure smooth traffic flow and streamline the traffic violations as well. The system comprises traffic junction surveillance system and automatic number plate reading system (ANPRS) through which vehicle numbers of traffic offenders would be identified and challans sent to them with visuals of the offence. ITMS would also provide a seamless passageway to the ambulances and VVIP vehicles by giving green signals at the three consecutive junctions ahead and help nabbing the criminals by signalling red lights. A total of 700 cameras (ANPRS and pan-tilt-zoom) would be installed at 100 junctions.<ref name="DC_ImplementingITMS">{{cite news
| last = Sasidharan
| first = S.
| title = Sea change to Chennai traffic
| newspaper = Deccan Chronicle
| location = Chennai
| date = 14 July 2012
| url = http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/sea-change-chennai-traffic-417
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120719052404/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/sea-change-chennai-traffic-417
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 19 July 2012
| access-date = 14 July 2012}}</ref>

As part of the ITMS, a green corridor for emergency services, including ambulances and fire tenders, will also be implemented.<ref name="GreenCorridorForAmbulance">{{cite news
| last = Jagannath
| first = G.
| title = Green corridor for ambulances
| newspaper = Deccan Chronicle
| location = Chennai
| date = 14 July 2012
| url = http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/green-corridor-ambulances-414
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231101045447/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/green-corridor-ambulances-414
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 1 November 2023
| access-date = 14 July 2012}}</ref>

==Growth in vehicle population==
Chennai's vehicle population has been accelerating steadily from 600,000 in 1992, to 1.3 million in 2001 and 3.64 million in 2012. Daily, about 1,500 new vehicles hit the roads, with two-wheelers constituting more than 75 percent of them. However, registration of new cars is also on the rise. Chennai vehicles constitute one-fourth of the 17.5 million vehicles across the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The state has more two-wheelers (13 million) than [[Maharashtra]], which has more vehicles overall. Two-wheelers account for 78 percent of all vehicles in the state, while cars add up to 14 percent. According to a survey conducted by the city traffic police in 2012, there is a vehicle on the road for every two Chennaiites. Given the growth rate, it is predicted that Chennai will soon have twice as many vehicles as [[Mumbai]].<ref name="EveryOtherChennaiiteHasAVehicle">{{cite news
| last = Selvaraj
| first = A.
| title = On the fast-track: Now, every other Chennaiite has a vehicle
| location = Chennai
| date = 12 October 2012
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-12/chennai/34411811_1_public-transport-road-space-chennai-roads
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130126124657/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-12/chennai/34411811_1_public-transport-road-space-chennai-roads
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 26 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 12 October 2012}}</ref>

Owing to the high traffic density, the average bus speed in the city as of 2014 is 17-18 kilometres per hour. Over the next five years it is expected to come down to 12 km per hour, whereas the maximum allowable operating speed of the vehicles shall be 80 km/h with a maximum design speed of 90 km/h. The Chennai Metro Rail project is expected to reduce the commuting time by 75 percent from one end of the city to another.<ref name="BS_PhaseIIToCost36000Cr">{{cite news
| title = Phase-II Chennai metro project to cost Rs 36,000 cr
| newspaper = Business Standard
| location = Chennai
| date = 2 March 2014
| url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/phase-ii-chennai-metro-project-to-cost-rs-36-000-cr-114022800932_1.html
| access-date = 9 March 2014}}</ref>

==Pollution==
Chennai ranks fifth in carbon emissions from the transport sector among 54 South Asian cities, according to a study done by the [[ICLEI|International Council for Local Environmental Initiative]] (ICLEI). The city's emission levels in transport is much higher than [[Kolkata]] and [[Delhi]]. According to the study, Chennai has a per capita emission rate of 0.91 tonnes of carbon dioxide, while its total emissions for the year is 3.82 metric tonnes. This is mostly due to the significant increase of motor vehicles used for commuting and carrying goods in the past few years. As against 1.25 million registered vehicles in the city in 2001, there are approximately 3.5 million registered vehicles in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news
| title = Chennai transport sector is fifth largest polluter, says study
| newspaper = The New Indian Express
| location = Chennai
| date = 7 June 2012
| url = http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article537602.ece
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120609035518/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article537602.ece
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 9 June 2012
| access-date = 20 June 2012}}</ref>

==Safety==
According to statistics in the report Accidental Death and Suicides in India (ADSI) 2011, prepared by the National Crime Records Bureau, Chennai has recorded the highest number of road accidents in India, with a staggering 9,845 cases in the year 2011, the highest among 53 cities in the country. This is almost twice as that of 2010, when 5,123 road accidents were recorded. This is much higher than the Delhi's 6,065 road accidents, the city ranking second. However, only 1,399 people died in road mishaps in Chennai, while Delhi recorded 1,679 fatalities. Accidents on the Chennai's roads resulted in 7,898 persons getting injured, including 6,280 males and 1,618 females. Of these, two-wheelers involved in as many as 341 cases of accidents, followed by private lorries at 266, cars at 159, private tempos and vans at 133, government vehicles at 112, bicycle at 1, with no pedestrian accidents. The largest number of accidents occurred between 9 p.m. and midnight with 1,626 cases, while the period between 3 p.m. and 6 p.m. comes close at 1,614 cases. Accidents were also highest in the seven-month period between March and September.<ref>{{Cite news
| title = Chennai roads most dangerous in India: NCRB report
| newspaper = IBN Live South
| location = Chennai
| publisher = IBN Live
| date = 5 July 2012
| url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chennai-roads-most-dangerous-in-india-ncrb/269555-62-130.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120708203207/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chennai-roads-most-dangerous-in-india-ncrb/269555-62-130.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 8 July 2012
| access-date = 28 July 2012}}</ref> Of all the fatal accident in the city between 2007 and 2012, the percentage of hit-and-run cases have been 15 to 18 percent.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Hemalatha
| first = Karthikeyan
| title = 17% of all fatal accidents in Chennai are hit and run
| location = Chennai
| date = 26 October 2012
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-26/chennai/34749274_1_fatal-accidents-traffic-police-sanjay-arora
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130126143719/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-26/chennai/34749274_1_fatal-accidents-traffic-police-sanjay-arora
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 26 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 26 October 2012}}</ref>

==The future==
In August 2018, the 162-km-long Chennai Peripheral Road (CPR) connecting [[Kattupalli]] in [[Tiruvallur]] district (in the northern periphery of the city) with the Pooncheri near [[Mamallapuram]] (in the southern periphery of the city), connecting industrial hubs of Tatchur, [[Sriperumbudur]], [[Oragadam]], and [[Singaperumal Koil]], was accorded environmental clearance. Estimated to cost {{INR}} 125,000 million, the project envisions a 100-metre-wide six-lane road with two service lanes on either side, with space for a utilities corridor to carry oil and gas pipelines. This includes strengthening and widening of 78.6 km of existing roads. The project will be completed in 6 years.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Ramakrishnan
| first = Deepa H.
| title = Peripheral Road gets environmental clearance
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 30 August 2018
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/peripheral-road-gets-environmental-clearance/article24814288.ece
| access-date = 2 September 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|India|Transport|Engineering}}
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]
* [[Transport in India]]

== Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080220093017/http://www.tn.gov.in/transport/routes/routes_mtc.htm Metropolitan Transport Corporation, Chennai]
*[http://www.southernrailway.org/ Southern Railway]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150407235136/http://www.chennaimetrorail.gov.in/ Chennai Metro]
*[http://metrocommute.in/ Bus Routes using Google Map]

{{Chennai Topics|left}}
{{Rapid Transit in Chennai}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}
{{Transport in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Transport in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Transport in Chennai}}
[[Category:Transport in Chennai| ]]

Absolute monarchy

2026-03-19T10:43:30Z

Avdhut Kamble: further update article for clarity also and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Short description|Government where the monarch has absolute power}}
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 300
| image1 = الصورة الرسمية لخادم الحرمين الشريفين الملك سلمان بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود.jpg
| image2 = Haitham bin Tariq Al Said in 2024 ( هَيْثَم بْن طَارِق آل سَعِيد ) (cropped).jpg
| footer = [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|King Salman bin Abdulaziz]] and [[Haitham bin Tariq|Sultan Haitham bin Tariq]] are the current absolute monarchs of [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Oman]], respectively.
}}
{{Monarchism|expanded = types}}
{{Basic forms of government}}'''Absolute monarchy''' is a form of [[monarchy]] in which the sovereign is the sole source of political power, unconstrained by [[Constitutional monarchy|constitutions]], [[Legislature|legislatures]] or other checks on their authority.<ref name="Harris 2009">{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Nathanial |year=2009 |title=Systems of Government Monarchy |publisher=Evans Brothers |isbn=978-0-237-53932-0 |lang=en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5SKJanyblIC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Konnert | first1=Mark | title=Early Modern Europe: The Age of Religious War, 1559-1715 | date=23 August 2008 | publisher=University of Toronto Press | isbn=978-1-4426-0004-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6TXB9RbwbYC&dq=absolute%20monarchy&pg=PA165 }}</ref> Throughout history, there have been many examples of absolute monarchs, with some famous examples including [[Louis XIV]] and [[Frederick the Great]].<ref>{{cite web | last1=Beik | first1=William | title=The Absolutism of Louis XIV as Social Collaboration | journal=Past & Present | date=2005 | issue=188 | pages=195–224 | doi=10.1093/pastj/gti019 | url=https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gti019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Wilson | first1=Peter | title=Absolutism in Central Europe | date=November 2002 | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-1-134-74805-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QuOEAgAAQBAJ&dq=frederick%20the%20great%20absolute%20monarch&pg=PA98 }}</ref>

The number of absolute monarchies in the world vary but current datasets agree that [[Brunei]], [[Eswatini]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], and [[Saudi Arabia]] are absolute monarchies, while some datasets include [[Bahrain]], [[Bhutan]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Monaco]], [[Morocco]], [[Tonga]], [[Vatican City]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Inata |first=Kana |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/9780198967132.003.0003 |title=Monarchies in the Contemporary World: Born to Rule or Bound to Fade? |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2025 |chapter=3. Measuring the Powers of Monarchs |pages=43–134 |doi=10.1093/9780198967132.003.0003 |isbn=978-0-19-896711-8 }}</ref>

Though absolute monarchies are sometimes supported by legal documents (such as the [[King's Law]] of [[Denmark–Norway|Denmark-Norway]]), they are distinct from [[constitutional monarchies]], in which the authority of the monarch is restricted (e.g. by legislature or unwritten customs) or balanced by that of other officials, such as a [[prime minister]], as is in the case of the [[United Kingdom]], or the [[Nordic countries]].<ref name="Harris 2009" />

Absolute monarchies are distinct from [[hereditary dictatorship]]s such as [[North Korea]], [[Duvalier family|Duvalier Haiti]] or [[Ba'athist Syria]].<ref>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/228912</ref>

==Historical examples of absolute monarchies==
{{Systems of government}}

=== Outside Europe ===
In the [[Ottoman Empire]], the [[Sultan]] wielded absolute power over the state and was considered a [[Padishah]], meaning "Great King" by his people. Many sultans wielded absolute power through heavenly mandates reflected in their titles, such as "Shadow of God on Earth". In [[ancient Mesopotamia]], many rulers of [[Assyria]], [[Babylonia]] and [[Sumer]] were absolute monarchs as well.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

Throughout [[Imperial China]], many [[Emperor of China|emperors]] and one empress ([[Wu Zetian]]) wielded absolute power through the [[Mandate of Heaven]]. In [[pre-Columbian America]], the [[Inca Empire]] was ruled by a [[Sapa Inca]], who was considered the son of [[Inti]], the sun god and absolute ruler over the people and nation. Korea under the [[Joseon dynasty]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Sang-hun |last=Choi |date=27 October 2017 |title=Interior Space and Furniture of Joseon Upper-class Houses |publisher=Ewha Womans University Press |page=16 |quote=Joseon was an absolute monarchy |isbn=9788973007202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWNNWVwaUpMC&q=joseon+dynasty+absolute+monarchy&pg=PA16 |via=Google Books |access-date=8 November 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407111606/https://books.google.com/books?id=vWNNWVwaUpMC&q=joseon+dynasty+absolute+monarchy&pg=PA16 |url-status=live }}</ref> and short-lived [[Korean Empire|empire]] was also an absolute monarchy.

===Europe===
{{Main|Absolutism (European history)}}
Throughout much of European history, the [[divine right of kings]] was the theological justification for absolute monarchy. Many European monarchs claimed [[Tsarist autocracy|supreme autocratic power]] by divine right, and that their subjects had no rights to limit their power.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Burgess | first1=Glenn | title=The Divine Right of Kings Reconsidered | journal=The English Historical Review | date=1992 | volume=107 | issue=425 | pages=837–861 | doi=10.1093/ehr/CVII.CCCCXXV.837 | jstor=574219 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/574219 }}</ref>

====Kingdoms of England and Scotland====
[[James VI and I]] and his son [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] tried to import the principle of [[divine right of kings|divine right]] into Scotland and England. Charles I's attempt to enforce [[episcopal polity]] on the [[Church of Scotland]] led to rebellion by the [[Covenanter]]s and the [[Bishops' Wars]], then fears that Charles I was attempting to establish absolutist government along European lines was a major cause of the [[English Civil War]], although he did rule this way for 11 years starting in 1629, after dissolving the [[Parliament of England]] for a time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Charles I of England |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Charles_I_of_England/ |access-date=17 April 2023 |work=World History Encyclopedia |archive-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904043102/https://www.worldhistory.org/Charles_I_of_England/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Denmark–Norway====
{{Further|Denmark–Norway|King's Law}}

Absolutism was underpinned by a written constitution for the first time in Europe in 1665 {{langx|da|Kongeloven|lit=[[King's Law]]|label=none}} of [[Denmark–Norway]], which ordered that the Monarch: {{Blockquote|...shall from this day forth be revered and considered the most perfect and supreme person on the Earth by all his subjects, standing above all human laws and having no judge above his person, neither in spiritual nor temporal matters, except God alone.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kongeloven af 1665 |publisher=Danske konger |language=da |url=http://danskekonger.dk/kilder/kongeloven |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330135036/http://danskekonger.dk/kilder/kongeloven |archive-date=2012-03-30}}</ref><ref>A partial English translation of the law can be found in {{cite journal |first=Ernst |last=Ekman |year=1957 |title=The Danish Royal Law of 1665 |journal=The Journal of Modern History |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=102–107|doi=10.1086/237987 |s2cid=145652129 }}</ref>}} This law consequently authorized the king to abolish all other centers of power. Most important was the abolition of the [[Rigsraad|Council of the Realm]] in Denmark. Absolute monarchy lasted until [[1814 in Norway]], and [[1848 in Denmark]].

====Habsburgs====
[[File: Anton von Maron 006.png|thumb|left|200px|[[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor]]]]
{{See|House of Habsburg}}
The House of Habsburg is currently extinct in its male line, due to the death of the childless [[Charles II of Spain]] in 1700. However, the [[House of Hapsburg-Lorraine|House of Habsburg-Lorraine]] still carries the female line of the House of Habsburg.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

The first member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine to rule over the [[Holy Roman Empire]] was [[Joseph II]], a sovereign raised during the Enlightenment. Joseph II [[Serfdom Patent (1781)|extended full legal freedom to serfs]] in 1781. [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]] was [[Emperor of Austria]] from 1848 until his death in 1916 and was succeeded by [[Charles I of Austria]]. Charles I was the last Emperor of Austria and abdicated on 12 November 1918 due to [[Austria-Hungary]] losing [[World War I]].

====Hungary====
{{See|King of Hungary|Kingdom of Hungary}}

====France====
[[File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Louis XIV]] of France]]
{{Main|Absolute monarchy in France}}
[[Louis XIV of France]] (1638–1715) is said to have proclaimed {{langx|fr|[[L'état, c'est moi]]!|lit=I am the State!|label=none}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.history.com/topics/france/louis-xiv|title=Louis XIV|work=HISTORY|access-date=2018-10-05|language=en}}</ref> Although often criticized for his extravagances, such as the [[Palace of Versailles]], he reigned over France for a long period.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Holberg | first1=Ludvig | title=Ludvig Holberg's memoirs: An eighteenth century Danish contribution to international understanding | date=2 April 2024 | publisher=BRILL | isbn=978-90-04-59508-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jT-EAAAQBAJ&dq=louis+xiv+longest+reign&pg=PA75 }}</ref>

The king of France concentrated legislative, executive, and judicial powers in his person. He was the supreme judicial authority. He could condemn people to death without the right of appeal. It was both his duty to punish offenses and stop them from being committed. From his judicial authority followed his power both to make laws and to annul them.<ref>Mousnier, R. ''The Institutions of France under the Absolute Monarchy, 1598-2012 V1.'' Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1979.</ref>

====Prussia====
{{Further|Prussia}}
[[File:Friedrich der Große - Johann Georg Ziesenis - Google Cultural Institute (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|200 px|King [[Frederick the Great|Frederick II]] of Prussia, "the Great"]]
In [[Brandenburg-Prussia]], the concept of absolute monarch took a notable turn from the above with its emphasis on the monarch as the "first servant of the state", but it also echoed many of the important characteristics of absolutism. Prussia was ruled by the [[House of Hohenzollern]] as a [[feudal monarchy]] from 1525 to 1701 and an absolute monarchy from 1701 to 1848, after which it became a [[federalism|federal]] [[Constitutional monarchy|semi-constitutional]] monarchy from 1848 to 1918 until the monarchy was abolished during the [[German Revolution]].<ref>''The Western Experience'', Seventh Edition, Boston: [[McGraw-Hill]], 1999.</ref>

[[Frederick I of Prussia|Frederick I]] was the first ''[[King in Prussia]]'', beginning his reign on 18 January 1701.<ref name=Beier162>{{cite book|title=Die Chronik der Deutschen|first=Brigitte|last=Beier|publisher=wissenmedia|year=2007|page=162|isbn=978-3-577-14374-5|language= German}}</ref> King [[Frederick the Great]] adopted the title ''King of Prussia'' in 1772, the same year he annexed most of Royal Prussia in the [[First Partition of Poland]], and practiced [[enlightened absolutism]] until his death in 1786. He introduced a general civil code, abolished torture and established the principle that the Crown would not interfere in matters of justice.<ref>David Fraser, ''Frederick the Great: King of Prussia'' (2001) [https://archive.org/details/frederickgreatki00fras/page/n5/mode/2up online]</ref> He also promoted an advanced secondary education, the forerunner of today's German [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]] (grammar school) system, which prepares high achieving students for university studies. The [[Prussian education system]] was emulated in various countries, including the United States.

====Russia====
{{Further|Russian Empire}}
[[File: Zar Alexander II.jpg (cropped).jpg|Photograph of Tsar Alexander II, 1878–81|thumb|right|200 px]]
Until 1905, the [[tsar]]s and [[emperor]]s of Russia governed as absolute monarchs. [[Ivan the Terrible|Ivan IV]] ("the Terrible") was known for his reign of terror through the ''[[oprichnina]]''. Following the [[Time of Troubles]] in the early 17th century, the traditional alliance of autocratic monarchy, the church, and the aristocracy was widely seen as the only basis for preserving the social order and Russian statehood, which legitimized the rule of the [[House of Romanov|Romanov dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lieven |first1=Dominic |editor1-last=Bang |editor1-first=Peter Fibiger |editor2-last=Bayly |editor2-first=Christopher Alan |editor3-last=Scheidel |editor3-first=Walter |title=The Oxford World History of Empire |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-753276-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nz0HEAAAQBAJ |language=en |chapter=The Russian Empire (1453–1917) |page=965}}</ref> [[Peter the Great|Peter I]] ("the Great") reduced the power of the [[Russian nobility]] and strengthened the central power of the monarch, establishing a bureaucracy. This tradition of absolutism was expanded by [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine II]] and her descendants.

Russia became the last European country (excluding [[Vatican City]]) to abolish absolutism, and it was the only one to do so as late as the 20th century (the [[Ottoman Empire]] drafted [[Ottoman constitution of 1876|its first constitution]] in 1876). Russia was one of the four continental empires which collapsed [[Aftermath of World War I|after World War I]], along with [[German Empire|Germany]], [[Austria–Hungary]], and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In 1918, the [[execution of the Romanov family|Bolsheviks executed the Romanov family]], ending three centuries of Romanov rule.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Decades of Reconstruction |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781107165748 |pages=331 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZokDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA331 |editor-last=Planert |editor-first=Ute |editor-last2=Retallack |editor-first2=James |access-date=5 January 2023 |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211110511/https://books.google.com/books?id=vZokDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA331 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Sweden====
{{Further|Swedish Empire}}

==Contemporary trends==
The [[Revolutions of 1848]], known in some countries as the ''Springtime of the Peoples'' or the ''Springtime of Nations'', were a series of [[political upheaval]]s throughout [[Europe]] in 1848.<ref>{{cite book |author=Merriman, John |year=1996 |title=A History of Modern Europe: From the French Revolution to the present |page=715}}</ref>

Many nations formerly with absolute monarchies, such as [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]], [[Morocco]] and [[Qatar]], have ''[[de jure]]'' moved towards a [[constitutional monarchy]]. However, in these cases, the monarch still retains tremendous powers, even to the extent that by some measures, parliament's influence on political life is viewed as negligible or merely consultative.{{efn|"By 1985 the legislature appeared to have become more firmly established and recognized as a body in which notables representing authentic forces in the political spectrum could address national issues and problems. But it had not gained real autonomy or a direct role in the shaping of government policies." [...] "In spite of its formally defined role in the lawmaking and budgetary processes, the parliament had not established itself as an independent branch of government, owing to the restrictions on its constitutional authority and the dominating influence of the king. The fact that the king has been able to govern for long periods by ''zahir'' after dissolving the legislative body has further underscored the marginality of the chamber." — J.R. Tartter (1986)<ref>{{cite book |last=Tartter |first=Jean R. |date=1986 |chapter=Government and politics |editor1-last=Nelson |editor1-first=Harold D. |title=Morocco, a country study |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |pages=246–247 |url=https://archive.org/details/moroccocountryst00nels/mode/2up |series=Area Handbook |oclc=12749718 |via= |access-date=2022-03-25 }}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tusalem |first1=Rollin F. |date=16 September 2021 |title=Bringing the legislature back in: Examining the structural effects of national legislatures on effective democratic governance |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=291–315 |doi=10.1017/gov.2021.32 |s2cid=240505261 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2021.32 |language=en |issn=0017-257X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rafayah |first1=Shakir |date=29 January 2022 |title=What role for political parties in Jordan? |magazine=Arab Weekly |lang=en |url=https://thearabweekly.com/what-role-political-parties-jordan |access-date=25 March 2022 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601205815/https://thearabweekly.com/what-role-political-parties-jordan |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[Nepal]], there were several swings between constitutional rule and direct rule related to the [[Nepalese Civil War]], the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)|Maoist insurgency]], and the 2001 [[Nepalese royal massacre]], with the [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepalese monarchy]] being abolished on 28 May 2008.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Gopal |date=2008-05-29 |title=Nepal abolishes centuries-old Hindu monarchy |lang=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nepal-king-idUSISL5996320080529 |access-date=2020-12-01 |archive-date=2023-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604181350/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nepal-king-idUSISL5996320080529 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[Tonga]], the [[King of Tonga|king]] had majority control of the [[Legislative Assembly of Tonga|Legislative Assembly]] until 2010.<ref>[http://parliament.gov.to/constitution1.htm Constitution of Tonga] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119232721/http://parliament.gov.to/constitution1.htm|date=2008-11-19}}, s. 61</ref>

=== Liechtenstein ===
[[Liechtenstein]] has moved towards expanding the power of the monarch—the [[Prince of Liechtenstein]] was given vast expanded powers after a [[2003 Liechtenstein constitutional referendum|referendum]] to amend the [[Constitution of Liechtenstein]] in 2003, which led [[BBC News]] to describe the prince as an "absolute monarch again".<ref name="Liechtenstein">{{cite news |title=Liechtenstein prince wins powers |date=2003-03-16 |website=[[BBC News]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2853991.stm |access-date=2015-10-26 |archive-date=2015-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151215091943/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2853991.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The referendum granted the monarch the powers to dismiss the government, nominate judges and [[veto]] legislation, among others.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Osborn |first1=Andrew |title=European prince wins new powers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/mar/17/andrewosborn |website=The Guardian |access-date=20 March 2024 |date=17 March 2003 |archive-date=20 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320073725/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/mar/17/andrewosborn |url-status=live }}</ref> Just prior to the referendum, the [[Venice Commission]] of the [[Council of Europe]] published a comprehensive report analysing the amendments, opining that they were not compatible with the European standards of democracy, effectively making Liechtenstein a ''[[de facto]]'' absolute monarchy.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Henrik Zahle |author2=Pieter Van Dijk |author3=Jean-Claude Scholsem |title=On the amendments to the constitution of Liechtenstein proposed by the Princely House of Liechtenstein |url=http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2002)032-e |website=venice.coe.int |publisher=[[Venice Commission]] |access-date=6 May 2024 |location=Strasbourg |date=16 December 2002 |archive-date=28 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228150407/http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2002)032-e |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Prince Hans-Adam II]] had also previously threatened to leave the country and move his assets out of Liechtenstein if voters had chosen to restrict his powers.<ref name="Liechtenstein"/>

=== Vatican City ===
{{Main|Vatican City}}
Vatican City continues to be an absolute monarchy, but is unique because it is also a [[microstate]], [[ecclesiastical jurisdiction]], and [[elective monarchy]]. As of 2023, Vatican City has a population of 764 residents (regardless of citizenship). It is the smallest state in the world [[List of countries and dependencies by area|both by area]] and [[List of countries and dependencies by population|by population]]. The [[Pope]] is the absolute monarch of Vatican City, and is elected by a [[papal conclave]] with a two-thirds supermajority.<ref name="BXVI-MP">Benedict XVI (11 June 2007). [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070611_de-electione_lt.html De aliquibus mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222062902/http://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070611_de-electione.html |date=22 December 2017 }} (in Latin). ''[[Motu proprio]]''. Vatican City: Vatican Publishing House.</ref><ref name="BBC-BXVI">[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6242466.stm "Pope alters voting for successor"] . ''[[BBC News]]''. 26 June 2007.</ref>

As governed by the Holy See, Vatican City State is an [[Sacerdotal state|sacerdotal]]-[[Monarchy|monarchical]] state ruled by the Pope, who is the [[bishop of Rome]] and head of the [[Catholic Church]].<ref name="factbook">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/holy-see-vatican-city/ |title=Holy See (Vatican City) |work=CIA—The World Factbook |date=22 September 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126204237/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/holy-see-vatican-city/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Unlike [[citizenship]] of other states, which is based either on ''[[jus sanguinis]]'' or ''[[jus soli]]'', citizenship of Vatican City is granted on ''jus officii'', namely on the grounds of appointment to work in a certain capacity in the service of the Holy See. It usually ceases upon cessation of the appointment. Citizenship is also extended to the spouse and children of a citizen, provided they are living together in the city.<ref name=citizenship>{{cite web |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/phocadownload/leggi-decreti/Leggesullacittadinanzalaresidenzaelaccesso.pdf |title=Law on citizenship, residence and access |publisher=Vatican City State |date=22 February 2011 |access-date=31 July 2022 |language=it |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717184754/https://www.vaticanstate.va/phocadownload/leggi-decreti/Leggesullacittadinanzalaresidenzaelaccesso.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Current absolute monarchs==
{{legend|#E6E6AA|Denotes subnational monarchy}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Realm !! Image !! Monarch
! Born !! Age !! Since !! Length !! Succession !! class=unsortable| Ref(s)

|-
|{{flag|Brunei|name=Brunei Darussalam}}
|[[File:Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah - 53857993945.jpg|150x150px]]||{{sort|Hassanal Bolkiah|[[List of Sultans of Brunei|Sultan]] [[Hassanal Bolkiah]]}}
|{{Birth date|1946|7|15|df=yes}}
|{{age in years and days|1946|7|15|age=no}}
|{{dts|4 October 1967}}||{{ayd|1967|10|04}}|| [[Succession to the Bruneian throne|Hereditary]]||<ref name="brunei">{{Cite web
|author=Government of Brunei
|title=Prime Minister
|work=The Royal Ark
|publisher=Office of the Prime Minister
|url=http://www.pmo.gov.bn/pmo1/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=82
|access-date=12 November 2011
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007033949/http://www.pmo.gov.bn/pmo1/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=82
|archive-date=7 October 2011
}}</ref>
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
|{{flag|Sharjah|name=Emirate of Sharjah}}
|[[File:London Book Fair Simon Master Chairman's Award - son Altesse Sheikh Dr. Sultan Bin Mohammed Al Qasimi, winner 2017 - London Book Fair 2017 (cropped).jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Sharjah|Ruler]] [[Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi]]}}
|{{Birth date|1939|7|2|df=yes}}
|{{age in years and days|1939|7|2|age=no}}
|{{dts|25 January 1972}}||{{ayd|1972|01|25}}||[[Al Qasimi|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs" />
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
|{{flag|Fujairah|name=Emirate of Fujairah}}
|||{{sort|Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Fujairah|Ruler]] [[Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi]]}}
|{{Birth date|1949|2|22|df=yes}}
|{{age in years and days|1949|2|22|age=no}}
|18 September 1974||{{ayd|1974|9|18}}||[[Al Sharqi|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs" />
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
|{{flag|Ajman|name=Emirate of Ajman}}
| ||{{sort|Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi III|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Ajman|Ruler]] [[Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi III]]}}
|{{Birth year|1931}}
|{{age in years|1931}} years
|{{dts|6 September 1981}}||{{ayd|1981|9|6}}||[[Al Nuaimi|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs" />
|-
|{{flag|Eswatini|name=Kingdom of Eswatini}}
|[[File:King Mswati III 2024.jpg|138x138px]]||{{sort|Mswati III|[[Ngwenyama]] [[Mswati III]]}}
|{{Birth date|1968|4|19|df=yes}}
|{{age in years and days|1968|4|19|age=no}}
|{{dts|25 April 1986}}||{{ayd|1986|04|25}}||[[Succession to the Swazi throne|Hereditary and elective]]||<ref>{{Citation
| last = Simelane
| first = H.S.
| contribution = Swaziland: Mswati III, Reign of
| year = 2005
| title = Encyclopedia of African history
| editor-last = Shillington
| editor-first = Kevin
| volume = 3
| pages = 1528–30
| publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
| id = 9781579584559}}</ref>
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
|{{flag|Dubai|name=Emirate of Dubai}}
|[[File:Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (15-02-2021) (cropped).jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Dubai|Ruler]] [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]]}}
|{{Birth date|1949|7|15|df=yes}}
|{{age in years and days|1949|7|15|age=no}}
|{{dts|4 January 2006}}||{{ayd|2006|01|04}}||[[House of Maktoum|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs" />
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
|{{flag|Umm al-Quwain|name=Emirate of Umm al-Quwain}}
|[[File:No image.svg|100px|link=|alt=]]||{{sort|Saud bin Rashid Al Mualla|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Umm Al Quwain|Ruler]] [[Saud bin Rashid Al Mualla]]}}
|{{Birth date|1952|10|1|df=yes}}
|{{age in years and days|1952|10|1|age=no}}
|{{dts|2 January 2009}}||{{ayd|2009|1|2}}||[[Al Mualla|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs" />
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
|{{flag|Ras al-Khaimah|name=Emirate of Ras al-Khaimah}}
|[[File:Ilham Aliyev attends Summit of NAM Contact Group on fight against COVID-19 63 (cropped).jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ruler]] [[Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi]]}}
|{{Birth date|1956|2|10|df=yes}}
|{{age in years and days|1956|2|10|age=no}}
|{{dts|27 October 2010}}||{{ayd|2010|10|27}}||[[Al Qasimi|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs" />
|-
|{{flag|Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}}
|[[File:Salman of Saudi Arabia - 2020 (49563590728) (cropped).jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Salman bin Abdul‘aziz|[[King of Saudi Arabia#Kings of Saudi Arabia (1932–present)|King]] [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|Salman bin Abdul‘aziz]]}}
|{{Birth date|1935|12|31|df=yes}}
|{{age in years and days|1935|12|31|age=no}}
|{{dts|23 January 2015}}||{{ayd|2015|01|23}}|| [[Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne|Hereditary and elective]]||<ref>{{cite news |title=Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah dies |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30945324 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=23 January 2015 |access-date=23 January 2015 |archive-date=22 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122233542/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30945324 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Oman|name=Sultanate of Oman}}
|[[File:Haitham bin Tariq Al Said.jpg|100px]]||[[List of rulers of Oman#Sultans|Sultan]] [[Haitham bin Tariq Al Said]]
|{{Birth date|1954|10|11|df=yes}}
|{{age in years and days|1954|10|11|age=no}}
|{{dts|11 January 2020}}
|{{ayd|2020|01|11}}
|[[List of rulers of Oman|Hereditary]]||<ref>{{Cite web
|author=Sultan Qaboos Centre for Islamic Culture
|title=About H.M the Sultan
|publisher=Government of Oman, Diwan of the Royal Court
|url=http://sqcic.gov.om/HM.html
|access-date=12 November 2011
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118223700/http://sqcic.gov.om/HM.html
|archive-date=18 January 2012
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book
| author = Nyrop, Richard F
| title = Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States
| publisher = Wildside Press LLC
| year = 2008
| page = 341
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BPX0h_wbFtEC
| isbn = 978-1-4344-6210-7}}</ref>
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
|{{flag|Abu Dhabi|name=Emirate of Abu Dhabi}}
|[[File:Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan in Abu Dhabi (2023-12-06) (cropped).jpg|130x130px]]||{{sort|Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Ruler]] [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]}}
|{{Birth date|1961|3|11|df=yes}}
|{{age in years and days|1961|3|11|age=no}}
|{{dts|13 May 2022}}||{{ayd|2022|05|13}}||[[House of Nahyan|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs">{{cite journal |last1=Walters |first1=Timothy |last2=Barwind |first2=Jack A. |title=Media and Modernity in the United Arab Emirates: Searching for the Beat of a Different Drummer |journal=Free Speech Yearbook |date=January 2004 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1080/08997225.2004.10556311 |s2cid=108530356 |quote=Seven absolute monarchs exercise political power over a federation established in 1971.}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Vatican City|name=Vatican City State}}
| [[File:Pope Leo XIV 3 (cropped).jpg|alt=Portrait of Pope Leo XIV|frameless|143x143px]]
|[[Pope]] [[Pope Leo XIV|Leo XIV]]
||{{Birth date|1955|9|14|df=yes}}
|{{age in years and days|1955|9|14|age=no}}
|{{dts|8 May 2025}}||{{ayd|2025|05|08}}||[[Papal conclave|Elective]]|| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-21 |title=Catholics around the world mourn Pope Francis |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y656415lzo |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|}

=== Saudi Arabia ===
{{Main|Politics of Saudi Arabia}}[[Saudi Arabia]] is an absolute monarchy, and according to the [[Basic Law of Saudi Arabia]] adopted by Royal Decree in 1992, the King must comply with [[Sharia]] (Islamic law) and the [[Quran]].<ref name=Cavendish78>{{cite book |title=World and Its Peoples: the Arabian Peninsula |last=Cavendish |first=Marshall |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse/page/78 78] |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |url=https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse/page/78 }}</ref> The Quran and the body of the [[Sunnah]] (traditions of the Islamic [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophet]], [[Muhammad]]) are declared to be the Kingdom's Constitution, but no written modern constitution has ever been promulgated for Saudi Arabia, which remains the only Arab nation where no national elections have ever taken place since its founding.<ref name= Gerhard>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of world constitutions, Volume 1 |last=Robbers |first=Gerhard |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8160-6078-8 |page=791|publisher=Facts On File }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 2011 |title=Qatar elections to be held in 2013 - Emir |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15537725 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106200756/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15537725 |archive-date=2012-01-06 |access-date=27 February 2021 |work=BBC News}}</ref> No political parties or national elections are permitted.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf |title=The Economist Democracy Index 2010 |author=The Economist Intelligence Unit |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=6 June 2011 |archive-date=6 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606141853/http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Cavendish78/> The Saudi government is the world's most authoritarian regime in 2023 measured by the electoral democracy score of the [[V-Dem Democracy indices]].<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{Citation |last=Coppedge |first=Michael |title=V-Dem Dataset 2021 |date=2021 |url=https://www.v-dem.net/dsarchive.html |access-date=2025-07-31 |publisher=Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project |doi=10.23696/VDEMDS21}}</ref>

=== Oman ===
{{Main|Politics of Oman}}
Oman is an absolute monarchy, with the [[List of rulers of Oman|Sultan of Oman]] being both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]]. The Sultan is [[Heredity|hereditary]], who appoints a cabinet to assist him. The sultan also serves as the supreme commander of the armed forces and prime minister. Oman bans all [[List of political parties in Oman|political parties]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Oman: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report | url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/oman/freedom-world/2020 }}</ref>

==Scholarship==
There is a considerable variety of opinion by historians on the extent of absolutism among European monarchs. Some, such as [[Perry Anderson]], argue that quite a few monarchs achieved levels of absolutist control over their states, while historians such as Roger Mettam dispute the very concept of absolutism.<ref>Mettam, Roger. ''Power and Faction in Louis XIV's France'', 1991.</ref> In general, historians who disagree with the appellation of ''absolutism'' argue that most monarchs labeled as ''absolutist'' exerted no greater power over their subjects than any other ''non-absolutist'' rulers, and these historians tend to emphasize the differences between the absolutist [[rhetoric]] of monarchs and the realities of the effective use of power by these absolute monarchs. Renaissance historian [[William J. Bouwsma|William Bouwsma]] summed up this contradiction:
{{blockquote|Nothing so clearly indicates the limits of royal power as the fact that governments were perennially in financial trouble, unable to tap the wealth of those ablest to pay, and likely to stir up a costly revolt whenever they attempted to develop an adequate income.<ref>Bouwsma, William J., in Kimmel, Michael S. ''Absolutism and Its Discontents: State and Society in Seventeenth-Century France and England''. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1988, 15</ref>|William Bouwsma}}

[[Anthropology]], [[sociology]], and [[ethology]] as well as various other disciplines such as [[political science]] attempt to explain the rise of absolute monarchy ranging from extrapolation generally, to certain [[The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon|Marxist explanations]] in terms of the [[class struggle]] as the underlying dynamic of human historical development generally and absolute monarchy in particular.

In the 17th century, French legal theorist [[Jean Domat]] defended the concept of absolute monarchy in works such as ''"On Social Order and Absolute Monarchy"'', citing absolute monarchy as preserving natural order as [[God]] intended.<ref>{{cite web |author=Domat, Jean |author-link=Jean Domat |date=18 April 2009 |title=On Defense of Absolute Monarchy |series=Cornell College Student Symposium |place=Mount Vernon, IA |publisher=[[Cornell College]] |url=http://symposium.cornellcollege.edu/2009/04/18/jean-domat-on-defense-of-absolute-monarchy/ |access-date=12 May 2015 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028234633/https://symposium.cornellcollege.edu/2009/04/18/jean-domat-on-defense-of-absolute-monarchy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other intellectual figures who supported absolute monarchy include [[Thomas Hobbes]] and [[Charles Maurras]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Monarchy}}
{{div col begin|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Autocracy]]
* [[Authoritarianism]]
* [[Constitutional monarchy]]
* [[Criticism of monarchy]]
* [[Despotism]]
* [[Dictatorship]]
* [[Enlightened absolutism]]
* [[Monarchomachs]]
* [[Totalitarianism]]
* [[Tyranny]]
{{div col end}}

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Further reading==
* [[Perry Anderson|Anderson, Perry]]. (1961, 1974). ''Lineages of the Absolutist State''. London: Verso.
* Beloff, Max. ''The Age of Absolutism 1660–1815''.
* [[Jerome Blum|Blum, Jerome]], et al. (1970). ''The European World'', vol 1, pp 267–466.
* [[Jerome Blum|Blum, Jerome]], et al. (1951). ''[[Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century]]''. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
* Kimmel, Michael S. (1988). ''Absolutism and Its Discontents: State and society in seventeenth-century France and England''. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
* Méttam, Roger. (1988). ''Power and Faction in Louis XIV's France''. New York: Blackwell Publishers.
* Miller, John (ed.) (1990). ''Absolutism in Seventeenth-Century Europe''. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
* Wilson, Peter H. (2000). ''Absolutism in Central Europe''. New York: Routledge.
* Zmohra, Hillay. (2001). ''Monarchy, Aristocracy, and the State in Europe – 1300–1800''. New York: Routledge.

{{Authoritarian types of rule}}
{{Political ideologies |state=expanded}}
{{History of Europe}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Absolute Monarchy}}
[[Category:Monarchy]]
[[Category:Political theories]]
[[Category:Authoritarianism]]

Sentinelese language

2026-03-16T00:23:40Z

Avdhut Kamble: Updated formatting and sections

{{Short description|Language of the Sentinelese}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Sentinelese
| altname =
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[North Sentinel Island]], southwest of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| ethnicity = [[Sentinelese]]
| speakers = ~39–400
| date = 2018
| ref = e25
| familycolor = Andamanese
| family = [[Unclassified language|unclassified]] ([[Ongan languages|Ongan]]?)
| iso3 = std
| pushpin_map = Bay of Bengal
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the [[Bay of Bengal]]
| pushpin_label_position = left
| coordinates = {{coord|11.55|92.25}}
| glotto = sent1241
| glottorefname = Sentinel
{{Tmbox|name=No information|text=We don't have much info on this language, and we might never have. The tribe who speaks this language is isolated.}}
| map = Languages and dialects of the Andaman Islands at British contact.png
| mapcaption = North Sentinel Island, the small grey island to the southwest, shown in the context of the other [[Andamanese languages]]
| acceptance = unattested
}}

'''Sentinelese''' is the undescribed language of the [[Sentinelese]] people of [[North Sentinel Island]] in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[India]]. Due to the lack of contact between the Sentinelese people and the rest of the world, essentially nothing is known of their language.<ref>{{cite book|last=Van Driem|first=G.|year=2007|chapter=Endangered Languages of South Asia|title=Handbook of Endangered Languages|pages=303–341|location=Berlin|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter}}</ref>

==Classification==
It is presumed that the islanders speak a single language and that it is a member of one of the [[Andamanese languages|Andamanese language families]].<ref name="survival">{{cite web|title=The most isolated tribe in the world?|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/campaigns/mostisolated|work=Survival International|access-date=2009-10-07|archive-date=2019-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026045615/https://www.survivalinternational.org/campaigns/mostisolated|url-status=dead}}</ref> Based on what little is known about similarities in culture and technology and their geographical proximity, it is supposed that their language is related to the [[Ongan languages]], such as [[Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]], rather than to [[Great Andamanese languages|Great Andamanese]].<ref name=e25/> On the documented occasions when [[Onge language|Onge]]-speaking individuals were taken to [[North Sentinel Island]] to attempt communication, they were unable to recognise any of the language spoken by the inhabitants.<ref>{{cite book|author=Pandya, Vishvajit|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocgNvcvYc9gC&pg=PA361|title=In the Forest: Visual and Material Worlds of Andamanese History (1858–2006)|publisher=University Press of America|page=362|isbn=978-0-7618-4153-1}}</ref> It has been recorded that the Jarawa and Sentinelese languages are mutually unintelligible.<ref name="enumeration2">{{cite report|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/drop_in_articles/06-Enumeration_of_Primitive_Tribes_in_A&N_Islands.pdf|title=Enumeration of Primitive Tribes in A&N Islands: A Challenge|quote=The first batch could identify 31 Sentinelese. The second batch could count altogether 39 Sentinelese, consisting of male and female adults, children, and infants. During both the contacts, the enumeration team tried to communicate with them through some Jarawa words and gestures, but, Sentinelese could not understand those verbal words.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211011020/http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/drop_in_articles/06-Enumeration_of_Primitive_Tribes_in_A%26N_Islands.pdf|archive-date=11 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Status==
Sentinelese is classified as an [[endangered language]] due to a highly likely small number of speakers, matching the unknown population of the island, which has been estimated at anywhere from 100 to 250; an estimate by the Indian government is 100.<ref name="Moseley">{{cite book|last=Moseley|first=Christopher|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQt6XWloU10C&pg=PA289|title=Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages|publisher=Routledge|pages=289, 342|isbn=978-0-7007-1197-0}}</ref><ref name=abbi>{{cite journal|last=Abbi|first=Anvita|year=2006|title=Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands|journal=LINCOM Studies in Asian Linguistics|volume=64|location=München|publisher=Lincom}}</ref><ref name="Brenzinger">{{cite book|last=Brenzinger|first=Matthias|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtcmm6N6LPYC&pg=PA40|title=Language diversity endangered|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|page=40|isbn=978-3-11-017049-8|doi=10.1515/9783110197129}}</ref>

== Lexicon ==
No words of the Sentinelese language are known with certainty. However, one [[personal name]] is tentatively attested: {{lang|std|Dāūwacho-chégálé-bāī}}, recorded by [[Maurice Vidal Portman|Maurice Portman]] as belonging to a Sentinelese man who "had, some years before, left the North Sentinel in a canoe and come across, via Rutland Island, to the Cinque Islands and the Little Andaman."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Portman |first=M. V. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24181/page/n265/mode/2up?q=sentinelese |title=A History Of Our Relations With The Andamanese Vol.2 |date=1899 |pages=758, 764}}</ref> If the man was indeed from the island, and the attestation reflects his original Sentinelese name, it may represent an attestation of Sentinelese.

Further possible lexical information was provided in 2020 by Indian anthropologist Dr. M. Sreenathan, a member of the party who made [[Sentinelese#1991 expedition|brief contact on the island in the 1990s]]. He describes the Sentinelese shouting {{lang|std|liya}} and {{lang|std|luwa}} while gathering coconuts from the contact party, which he postulates means 'near' and 'far' respectively, on the basis of comparable words in [[Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]]. Other words transcribed by Sreenathan include {{lang|std|məəŋə məəŋɖa}}, {{lang|std|əc ale}}, {{lang|std|ʈ/ɖaŋ}}, {{lang|std|ɖaik}}, {{lang|std|kayə}}, {{lang|std|tu aɖe}}, {{lang|std|pila}} and {{lang|std|iŋ}}.'<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sreenathan |first=M |title=The Languages of Andaman and Nicobar Islands |last2=Devy |first2=G N |year=2020 |isbn=978-9390122301 |pages=33–34}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Andamanese languages}}


{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sentinelese Language}}
[[Category:Andamanese languages]]
[[Category:Unattested languages of Asia]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Endangered unclassified languages]]
[[Category:Sentinelese]]

Karim Uddin Barbhuiya

2026-03-15T21:36:34Z

Avdhut Kamble: minor expand citations for accuracy and improved wording for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix =
| name = Karim Uddin Barbhuiya
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = circa {{birth year and age|1970}}
| birth_place = [[Sonai|Kanakpur]], [[Cachar district]], [[Assam]] {{flag|India}}
| residence = [[Sonai|Kanakpur]], [[Cachar district]], [[Assam]]
| office1 = [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Sonai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonai]]
| term_start1 = 21 May 2021
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Aminul Haque Laskar]]
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[All India United Democratic Front|General Secretary (Political Affairs) of All India United Democratic Front Central Committee]]
| term_start4 = 15 November 2016
| term_end4 = 12 June 2024
| predecessor4 = ''Post Established''
| successor4 =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| party = [[Asom Gana Parishad]] (2026-Present)
| otherparty = * ''' [[All India United Democratic Front]] (2011 2026)'''
| spouse =
| children = 2
| father = Late Rahim Uddin Barbhuiya
| website =
| education = [[Graduation|Graduated]]
| date = |
| year = |
| source =
}}
'''Karim Uddin Barbhuiya''', also known by his [[daak naam]] (saju)
({{langx|bn|সাজু}}), is an Indian politician from [[Asom Gana Parishad]] politician and businessman from [[Assam]], [[India]]. He was a member of [[All India United Democratic Front|General Secretary (Political Affairs) of All India United Democratic Front Central Committee]] from 2016 to 2024.
when he resigned from the party membership in 05 MARCH 2026. He has been serving as a [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] for [[Sonai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonai]] since 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karim Uddin Barbhuiya(AIUDF):Constituency- SONAI(SILCHAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/Assam2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=591|access-date=2021-06-01|website=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Early life and family==
Karim Uddin Barbhuiya was born into a [[Bengali Muslim]] family from [[Sonai|Kanakpur]], [[Cachar district]], [[Assam]]. His father, Rahim Uddin Barbhuiya, was supposedly the descendant of a Mirashdar{{NoteTag|''Mirashdar'' is a term referring to a landowner who pays taxes directly to the government.<ref>{{cite book|last=Laskar|first=Nitish Ranjan|title=Mahishya Das of Cachar and their Social Background|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjRuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Mirashdar,+he+being+a+land+holder+in+his+own+right+and+paying+revenue+direct+to+the+Govt%22|series=Proceedings of North East India History Association|year=1985|publisher=North East India History Association|page=456}}</ref>}} that was endowed the title of ''Barbhuiya'' by the erstwhile [[Kachari Kingdom|Raja of Kachar]] for paying a fee of 50 monetary units.<ref name=heads>{{cite book|title=Principal Heads of the History and Statistics of the Dacca Division|chapter=Cachar District: Statement No. XVIII: Glossary of Local Terms |pages=406–408|year=1868|location=[[Calcutta]]|author=E M Lewis|publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company}}</ref>

In 2019, Barbhuiya graduated from the [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]] in [[Meerut]] with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=Sentinel Digital|date=2021-03-25|title=Karim Uddin Barbhuiya from Sonai: Early Life, Controversy & Political Career - Sentinelassam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/assam-election-2021/candidates/phase2/karim-uddin-barbhuiya-from-sonai-early-life-controversy-political-career-530505|access-date=2021-06-01|website=www.sentinelassam.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Barbhuiya is the general secretary of the [[All India United Democratic Front]]'s central committee and is also the head of the party's [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]] branch. During [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]s he contested unsuccessfully against [[Aminul Haque Laskar]] but in [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]s, he defeated [[Aminul Haque Laskar]] by a margin of 19,654 votes and was elected into the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=KARIM UDDIN BARBHUIYA {{!}} Vidhan Sabha Election Candidate Search Result {{!}} ElectionAdmin.in|url=https://www.electionadmin.in/vs/results/candidate/search/KARIM%20UDDIN%20BARBHUIYA|access-date=2021-06-01|website=www.electionadmin.in}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On 5 March 2026, Barbhuiya was suspended from the AIUDF for 6 years for supporting the [[National Democratic Alliance]]'s slate of candidates for the [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections]].<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/three-suspended-congress-mlas-join-bjp-ahead-of-assembly-elections-in-assam/article70706065.ece</ref>

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barbhuiya, Karim Uddin}}
[[Category:All India United Democratic Front politicians]]
[[Category:People from Cachar district]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Chaudhary Charan Singh University alumni]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2021–2026]]

{{Assam-politician-stub}}

Lhasa

2026-03-14T20:27:37Z

Avdhut Kamble: basic refine section for accuracy and updated info

{{Short description|Urban district of the City of Lhasa in Tibet}}
{{About|the inner urban district|the city|Lhasa (city)|other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Laksa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lhasa
| native_name = {{lang|zh-Hans-CN|城关区}} {{bo-textonly|ཁྲིན་ཀོན་ཆུས།}}
| settlement_type = [[Districts of the People's Republic of China|District]]
| other_name = Chengguan, Chênggoin, Chengguān
| official_name = District of Chengguan of the City of Lhasa
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|border = infobox
|total_width = 280
|image_style = border:1;
|caption_align = center
|perrow = 1/2/2
|image1 = Lhassa Potala.jpg
|caption1 = [[Potala Palace]]
|image2 = Tibet (5134443757).jpg
|caption2 = [[Jokhang|Jokhang Temple]]
|image3 = JARDINES DEL PALACIO DE NORBULINGKA - panoramio.jpg
|caption3 = [[Norbulingka|Norbulingka Palace]]
|image4 = Drepung Monastery (1).jpg
|caption4 = [[Drepung Monastery]]
|image5 = The Barkhor, Lhasa (20) (28768122237).jpg
|caption5 = [[Pargor Subdistrict|The Barkhor]]
}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 7
| mapframe-point = none
| image_map1 =
| mapsize =
| map_caption1 =
| pushpin_map = Tibet#China
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tibet
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[China]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous regions of China|Autonomous region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Prefecture-level city]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa]]
| seat_type = District seat
| seat = [[Gyirai Subdistrict]]
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| established_title2 = 
| established_date2 =
| established_title3 = 
| established_date3 =
| area_magnitude =
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 525
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 = 168
| area_urban_footnotes =  <ref>{{cite web |title=Lhasa City Master Plan |url=http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-08/08/content_5216625.htm |publisher=gov.cn |access-date=7 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="demographia84">{{Cite book |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |title=Demographia World Urban Areas. 14th Annual Edition |last=Cox |first=W |publisher=Demographia |year=2018 |location=St. Louis |page=84}}</ref>
| area_metro_km2 =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 464,736
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_urban = 464,736
| population_urban_footnotes =  (2020)<ref name="demographia84"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_blank1_title = Major Ethnic groups
| population_blank1 = [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]]; [[Han Chinese|Han]]; [[Hui people|Hui]]; [[Nepali people|Nepali]]
| population_density_blank1_km2 =
| population_blank2_title = Languages
| population_blank2 = [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]]; [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]
| timezone = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
| utc_offset = +8
| coordinates = {{Coord|type:adm3rd_region:CN-54|format=dms|display=it}}
| coor_pinpoint = Tibet government
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 3656
| postal_code_type = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 850000
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in China|891]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.cgq.gov.cn/}} {{in lang|zh}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| order = st
| pic = File:Lhasa (Chinese and Tibetan).svg
| picupright = 0.5
| altname = Chinese name
| s2 = {{linktext|拉萨}}
| t2 = 拉薩
| p2 = Lāsà
| w2 = {{tone superscript|La1-sa4}}
| mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|l|a|1|.|s|a|4}}
| bpmf2 = ㄌㄚ   ㄙㄚˋ
| gr2 = Lhasah
| myr2 = Lāsà
| l2 = (in Tibetan) "Place of the Gods"
| altname3 = Historical Chinese name
| s3 = {{linktext|逻|些}}
| t3 = 邏些
| p3 = Luóxiē
| w3 = {{tone superscript|Lo2-hsieh1}}
| mi3 = {{IPAc-cmn|l|uo|2|.|x|ie|1}}
| bpmf3 = ㄌㄨㄛˊ   ㄒㄧㄝ
| gr3 = Luoshie
| myr3 = Lwósyē
| tib = {{bo-textonly|ལྷ་ས་}}
| wylie = lha sa
| thdl = Lhasa
| zwpy = Lhasa
| lhasa = {{IPA|[l̥ásə]}} or {{IPA|[l̥ɜ́ːsə]}}
| c =
| j =
| ci =
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| order = st
| title = Chengguan District
| s = {{linktext|城关|区}}
| t = 城關區
| p = Chéngguān Qū
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|ch|eng|2|.|g|uan|1|-|qu|1}}
| bpmf = ㄔㄥˊ   ㄍㄨㄢ   ㄑㄩ
| w = Chʻêng2-kuan1 Chʻü1
| myr = Chénggwān Chyū
| gr = Cherngguan Chiu
| tib = {{bo-textonly|ཁྲིན་ཀོན་ཆུས།}}
| wylie = khrin kon chus
| zwpy = Chingoin Qü
}}


'''Lhasa''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|'|l|ɑː|s|ə}};<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Lhasa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518060838/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Lhasa |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 May 2021 |title=Lhasa |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{langx|bo|text=ལྷ་ས}} {{IPA|bo|l̥ɛː˥˥.sa˥˥|}}, {{lit|Place of Gods}}}} officially the '''Chengguan District of Lhasa City''','''{{Efn|{{lang-zh|s=拉萨市城关区}}}}''' is the inner urban district of [[Lhasa (city)|Lhasa City]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], [[Southwestern China]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43606.htm |publisher=China.org.cn |access-date=17 May 2014}}</ref>

Lhasa is the second most populous urban area on the [[Tibetan Plateau]] after [[Xining]] and, at an altitude of {{convert|3656|m|ft|sigfig=4}}, Lhasa is one of the [[List of highest large cities|highest cities in the world]]. The city has been the religious and administrative capital of [[Tibet]] since the mid-17th century. It contains many culturally significant [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] sites such as the [[Potala Palace]], [[Jokhang]] Temple and [[Norbulingka]] Palaces. According to the [[census]], the total resident population of the city by the end of 2024 will be 876,400.<ref>{{Cite web|title=(西藏自治区)2024年拉萨市国民经济和社会发展统计公报-红黑统计公报库|url=https://tjgb.hongheiku.com/djs/60539.html|website=tjgb.hongheiku.com|access-date=2025-12-01}}</ref>

==Toponymy==
Lhasa literally translates to "place of gods" ({{lang|bo|ལྷ}} {{Transliteration|bo|lha}}, god; {{lang|bo|ས}} {{Transliteration|bo|sa}}, place) in the [[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan language]]. Chengguan literally translates to "urban gateway" ({{lang-zh|s=城关|p=Chéngguān}}) in the Chinese language. Ancient Tibetan documents and inscriptions demonstrate that the place was called Rasa ({{lang|bo|ར་ས}}),<ref name="Lhasa and the Soul of Tibet">{{cite web |url=https://www.stephenbatchelor.org/index.php/en/lhasa-and-the-soul-of-tibet |title=Lhasa and the Soul of Tibet |website=www.stephenbatchelor.org |language=en-gb |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803040950/https://www.stephenbatchelor.org/index.php/en/lhasa-and-the-soul-of-tibet |url-status=dead}}</ref> which meant "goat's place", as it was a herding site.<ref name="Lhasa and the Soul of Tibet"/><ref name="[[Social Sciences Literature Press]] 2014 p. 246">{{cite book | title=古城拉萨市区历史地名考 | publisher=[[Social Sciences Literature Press]] | year=2014 | isbn=978-7-5097-5179-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpiFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA246 | language=zh | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=246}}</ref><ref name="中国作家协会. 湖北分会湖北省作家协会中山市完美日用品有限公司 2007 p.">{{cite book | author=中国作家协会. 湖北分会 | author2=湖北省作家协会 | author3=中山市完美日用品有限公司 | title=長江文藝 | publisher=《长江文艺》编辑部 | issue=nos. 7-12 | year=2007 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M27lAAAAMAAJ | language=zh | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=68}}</ref> The name was changed to Lhasa, which means "place of gods", upon its establishment as the capital of [[Tibet]], and construction of the [[Jokhang]] temple was completed, which housed a holy statue of the Buddha.<ref>Anne-Marie Blondeau and Yonten Gyatso, 'Lhasa, Legend and History,' in Françoise Pommaret-Imaeda (ed.)Lhasa in the seventeenth century: the capital of the Dalai Lamas, ''BRILL'', 2003, pp.15–38, pp.21–22.</ref><ref>John Powers, ''Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism'', Snow Lion Publications, 2007, p.144.</ref> Lhasa is first recorded as the name, referring to the area's temple of Jowo, in a treaty drawn up between China and Tibet in 822 C.E.<ref>Anne-Marie Blondeau and Yonten Gyatso, 'Lhasa, Legend and History,' pp.21–22.</ref> In some old European maps, where Tibet is depicted, a town named ''Barantola'' can be found; this has been suggested to be Lhasa, though also thought to possibly refer to modern Bulantai/Boluntay in the western part of the [[Qinghai]] province.<ref name="Burton 2020 p. 407">{{cite book | last=Burton | first=A. | title=The Bukharans: A Dynastic, Diplomatic and Commercial History 1550-1702 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-136-78861-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VhUHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA407 | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=407}}</ref>

== History ==

By the mid-7th century, [[Songtsen Gampo]] became the leader of the [[Tibetan Empire]] that had risen to power in the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River]] (whose lower reaches in India is known as the ''[[Brahmaputra River]]'') Valley.<ref name="Stein, R. A. 1962. p. 62">Stein, R. A. ''Tibetan Civilization'' 1962. Revised English edition, 1972, Faber & Faber, London. Reprint, 1972. Stanford University Press, p. 62. {{ISBN|0-8047-0806-1}} cloth; {{ISBN|0-8047-0901-7}} pbk., p. 59.</ref> After conquering the kingdom of [[Zhangzhung]] in the west, he moved the capital from the Chingwa [[Taktsé Castle]] in [[Chongye County]] ([[pinyin]]: Qióngjié Xiàn), southwest of [[Yarlung Valley|Yarlung]], to Rasa (Lhasa) where in 637 he raised the first structures on the site of what is now the [[Potala Palace]] on Mount Marpori.<ref>Dorje (1999), p. 201.</ref>

In CE 639 and 641, Songtsen Gampo, who had conquered the whole Tibetan region, is said to have contracted two alliance marriages, firstly to a Princess [[Bhrikuti]] of Nepal,<ref>Snellgrove, David. 1987. ''Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors''. 2 Vols. Shambhala, Boston, Vol. II, p. 416.</ref> and then, two years later, to [[Princess Wencheng]] of the Imperial [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] court. Bhrikuti is said to have converted him to [[Buddhism]], which was also the faith attributed to his second wife Wencheng. In 641 he constructed the [[Jokhang]] (or Rasa Trülnang Tsulagkhang) and [[Ramoche Temple]]s in Lhasa in order to house two [[Buddha statue]]s, the [[Akshobhya|Akshobhya Vajra]] (depicting the Buddha at the age of eight) and the [[Jowo (statue)|Jowo Sakyamuni]] (depicting Buddha at the age of twelve), respectively brought to his court by the princesses.<ref>Anne-Marie Blondeau, Yonten Gyatso, 'Lhasa, Legend and History,' in Françoise Pommaret(ed.) ''Lhasa in the seventeenth century: the capital of the Dalai Lamas,'' Brill Tibetan Studies Library, 3, Brill 2003, pp.15-38, pp15ff.</ref><ref>Amund Sinding-Larsen, ''The Lhasa atlas: : traditional Tibetan architecture and townscape,'' Serindia Publications, Inc., 2001 p.14</ref> Lhasa suffered extensive damage under the reign of [[Langdarma]] in the 9th century, when the sacred sites were destroyed and desecrated and the empire fragmented.<ref name="Dorje 1999, pp. 68-9">Dorje (1999), pp. 68–9.</ref>

A Tibetan tradition mentions that after Songtsen Gampo's death in 649 C.E., Chinese troops invaded and captured Lhasa and burnt the Red Palace.<ref>{{cite book |url={{Google books |U7C0I2KRyEUC |Tibet Past and Present |page=28 |plainurl=yes}} |title=Tibet Past and Present |first=Charles |last=Bell |author-link=Charles Alfred Bell |year=1924 |page=28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/628q51XQN?url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/Rihanna/chart-history/658897?f=793&g=Singles |archive-date=2 October 2011}} Reprinted in 1992 by CUP Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1048-1}}.</ref><ref name="W. D. Shakabpa, Derek F. Maher 2010 123">{{cite book |url={{Google books |lGyrymfDdI0C |One hundred thousand moons |page=123 |plainurl=yes}} |title=One hundred thousand moons, Volume 1 |first=W. D. |last=Shakabpa |author-link=Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa |orig-year=1976 |others=trans. by Derek F. Maher |year=2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-17788-8 |page=123 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/628q51XQN?url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/Rihanna/chart-history/658897?f=793&g=Singles |archive-date=2 October 2011}}</ref> Chinese and Tibetan scholars have noted that the event is mentioned neither in the Chinese annals nor in the Tibetan manuscripts of [[Dunhuang]]. Lǐ suggested that this tradition may derive from an [[Interpolation (manuscripts)|interpolation]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The historical status of Tibet |last=Li |first=Tiezheng |year=1956 |publisher=King's Crown Press, Columbia University |page=6}}</ref> [[Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa]] believes that "those histories reporting the arrival of Chinese troops are not correct."<ref name="W. D. Shakabpa, Derek F. Maher 2010 123"/> The brutality of the Chinese forces during this time is also acknowledged in later Tibetan accounts, which describe harsh actions taken against the local population and the destruction of sacred sites.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Contributors |url=https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ret/pdf/ret_21_11.pdf |journal=Revue d'Études Tibétaines}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv131bwbb |title=The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages |date=1987 |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctv131bwbb |jstor=j.ctv131bwbb |isbn=978-0-691-02469-1}}</ref>

From the fall of the monarchy in the 9th century to the accession of the [[5th Dalai Lama]], the centre of political power in the Tibetan region was not situated in Lhasa. However, the importance of Lhasa as a religious site became increasingly significant as the centuries progressed.<ref>Bloudeau, Anne-Mari & Gyatso, Yonten. 'Lhasa, Legend and History' in Lhasa in the Seventeenth Century: The Capital of the Dalai Lamas, 2003, pp. 24-25.</ref> It was known as the centre of Tibet where [[Padmasambhava]] magically pinned down the earth demoness and built the foundation of the [[Jokhang Temple]] over her heart.<ref>Bloudeau, Anne-Mari & Gyatso, Yonten. "Lhasa, Legend and History." In: ''Lhasa in the Seventeenth Century: The Capital of the Dalai Lamas''. Françoise Pommaret-Imaeda, Françoise Pommaret 2003, p. 38. Brill, Netherlands. {{ISBN|978-90-04-12866-8}}.</ref> Islam has been present since the 11th century in what is considered to have always been a monolithically Buddhist culture.<ref>The Ornaments of Lhasa, Islam in Tibet, Produced by Gray Henry</ref> Two [[Tibetan Muslim]] communities have lived in Lhasa with distinct homes, food and clothing, language, education, trade and traditional herbal medicine.

By the 15th century, the city of Lhasa had risen to prominence following the founding of three large [[Gelugpa]] monasteries by [[Je Tsongkhapa]] and his disciples.<ref name="Rinpoché Coghlan Zarpani 2012 p.">{{cite book | last1=Rinpoché | first1=H.E.C. | last2=Coghlan | first2=I. | last3=Zarpani | first3=V. | title=Hundreds of Deities of Tusita: Commentary on Lama Tsongkhapa Guru Yoga, Translated from Tibetan. Dga' Lha Rgyas Pa'i Bshad Byin Rlabs Kyi Sgo 'byed Ces Bya Ba Bzhugs So/ Commentary on Pabongkha Rinpoché's Zab Lam Dga' Ldan Brgya Ma'i Rnal 'byor Nyams Su Len Tshul Snyan Brgyud Zhal | publisher=Awakening Vajra Publications | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-9872094-4-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MjS6NAEACAAJ | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=}}</ref> The three monasteries are [[Ganden]], [[Sera monastery|Sera]] and [[Drepung]] which were built as part of the puritanical Buddhist revival in Tibet.<ref name="Dorje 1999, p. 69">Dorje (1999), p. 69.</ref> The scholarly achievements and political know-how of this Gelugpa Lineage eventually pushed Lhasa once more to centre stage.<ref name="Miche 2020 p. 38">{{cite book | last=Miche | first=D. | title=The Magician of Lhasa: A Matt Lester Spiritual Thriller | publisher=Hay House | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-4019-6258-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAEGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT38 | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=38}}</ref>

The 5th [[Dalai Lama]], [[Lobsang Gyatso]] (1617–1682), unified Tibet and moved the centre of his administration to Lhasa in 1642 with the help of [[Güshi Khan]] of the [[Khoshut]]. With Güshi Khan as a largely uninvolved overlord, the 5th Dalai Lama and his intimates established a civil administration which is referred to by historians as the ''Lhasa state''. The core leadership of this government is also referred to as the [[Ganden Phodrang]], and Lhasa thereafter became both the religious and political capital.<ref name="Berzin Early">{{cite web |last=Berzin |first=Alexander |title=The History of the Early Period of Buddhism and Bon in Tibet |url=http://studybuddhism.com/web/en/archives/study/history_buddhism/buddhism_tibet/details_tibetan_history/history_early_period_buddhism_tibet/Part_1.html |work=The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire |publisher=Study Buddhism |access-date=20 June 2016 |year=1996 |quote=With Tibet conceived as a demoness lying on her back and locations for the temples carefully selected according to the rules of Chinese acupuncture applied to the body of the demoness, Songtsen-gampo hoped to neutralize any opposition to his rule from local malevolent spirits. Of the thirteen Buddhist temples, the major one was constructed eighty miles from the imperial capital, at the site that later became known as "Lhasa" (Lha-sa, The Place of the Gods). At the time, it was called "Rasa" (Ra-sa, The Place of the Goats). Western scholars speculate that the Emperor was persuaded to avoid building the temple at the capital so as not to offend the traditional gods.}}</ref> In 1645, the reconstruction of the [[Potala Palace]] began on Red Hill.<ref name="Laird, Thomas 2006 pp. 175">Laird, Thomas. (2006). ''The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama'', pp. 175. Grove Press, New York. {{ISBN|978-0-8021-1827-1}}.</ref> In 1648, the ''Potrang Karpo'' ([[Potala#White Palace|White Palace]]) of the Potala was completed, and the Potala was used as a [[winter palace]] by the Dalai Lama from that time onwards.<ref name="autogenerated1">Karmay, Samten C. (2005). "The Great Fifth", p. 1. Downloaded as a pdf file on 16 December 2007 from: [http://www.iias.nl/nl/39/IIAS_NL39_1213.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915182901/http://www.iias.nl/nl/39/IIAS_NL39_1213.pdf|date=15 September 2013}}</ref> The ''Potrang Marpo'' ([[Potala#Red Palace|Red Palace]]) was added between 1690 and 1694. The name Potala is derived from [[Mount Potalaka]], the mythical abode of the Dalai Lama's divine prototype, the [[Bodhisattva]] [[Avalokiteśvara]].<ref>[[Rolf Stein|Stein, R. A]]. ''Tibetan Civilization'' (1962). Translated into English with minor revisions by the author. 1st English edition by Faber & Faber, London (1972). Reprint: Stanford University Press (1972), p. 84</ref> The Jokhang Temple was also greatly expanded around this time. Although some wooden carvings and [[lintel (architecture)|lintel]]s of the Jokhang Temple date to the 7th century, the oldest of Lhasa's extant buildings, such as within the Potala Palace, the Jokhang and some of the monasteries and properties in the Old Quarter date to this second flowering in Lhasa's history.

By the end of the 17th century, Lhasa's [[Barkhor]] area formed a bustling market for foreign goods. The Jesuit missionary, [[Ippolito Desideri]] reported in 1716 that the city had a cosmopolitan community of Mongol, Chinese, Muscovite, Armenian, Kashmiri, Nepalese and Northern Indian traders. Tibet was exporting musk, gold, medicinal plants, furs and yak tails to far-flung markets, in exchange for sugar, tea, saffron, Persian turquoise, European amber and Mediterranean coral.<ref>Emily T. Yeh,'Living Together in Lhasa: Ethnic Relations, Coercive Amity, and Subaltern Cosmopolitanism,' in Shail Mayaram (ed.) ''The other global city,'' Taylor & Francis US. 2009, pp.54-85, pp.58-7.</ref> The [[Qing dynasty]] army entered Lhasa in 1720, and the Qing government sent resident commissioners, called the [[Amban]]s, to Lhasa. On 11 November 1750, the murder of the regent by the Ambans triggered a [[Lhasa riot of 1750|riot in the city]] that left more than a hundred people killed, including the Ambans. After suppressing the rebels, Qing [[Qianlong Emperor]] reorganized the Tibetan government and set up the governing council called [[Kashag]] in Lhasa in 1751.

In January 1904, [[British expedition to Tibet|a British expedition]] captured and briefly occupied Lhasa. The expedition's leader, [[Francis Younghusband|Sir Francis Younghusband]], negotiated the [[Convention of Lhasa]] with remaining Tibetan officials after the [[13th Dalai Lama]] had fled to the countryside. The treaty was subsequently repudiated and was succeeded by [[Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet]] in 1906. All remaining Chinese troops left Lhasa after the [[Xinhai Lhasa turmoil]] in 1912.<ref name="Upadhya 2012 p. 3">{{cite book | last=Upadhya | first=S. | title=Nepal and the Geo-Strategic Rivalry between China and India | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge Studies in South Asian Politics | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-136-33550-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M8nfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=3}}</ref>

On 2 November 1949, the local Tibetan government sent a letter to [[Mao Zedong]] (then [[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party]]) expressing its desire for talks. [[Tsepon Shargyalpa]] and [[Tsejang Khenpo Tubten Gyalpo]] were sent as representatives, but no consensus was reached.<ref name="红旗出版社 1998 p.">{{cite book | title=共和国相册, 1949-1998 | publisher=[[Red Flag Publishing House]] | series=“大镜头”纪实 | issue=v. 1 | year=1998 | isbn=978-7-5051-0240-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eeNdAAAAIAAJ | language=zh | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=}}</ref> On 7 October 1950, the Chinese People's Liberation Army launched the [[Battle of Chamdo]]. After the battle, the PLA ceased military operations, released all Tibetan prisoners, and expressed its hope for a settlement through peace talks. At the invitation of the Central Government, the Dalai Lama and a Tibetan government delegation traveled to [[Beijing]] for peace talks, and in April 1951, a five-member delegation headed by [[Ngapo-Ngawang Jigme]] traveled to Beijing and reached a [[Seventeen Point Agreement|consensus on peace talks]].<ref name="[[Social Sciences Literature Press]] 2015 p. 492">{{cite book | title=西藏历代的边事边政与边吏 | publisher=[[Social Sciences Literature Press]] | series=西藏历史与现状综合研究项目 | year=2015 | isbn=978-7-5097-7191-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-VV0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA492 | language=zh | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=492}}</ref><ref name="Norbu 2001 p. 345">{{cite book | last=Norbu | first=D. | title=China's Tibet Policy | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2001 | isbn=978-1-136-79793-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGqyIgOlUCIC&pg=PA345 | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=345}}</ref><ref name="Samkar 2022 p. 204">{{cite book | last=Samkar | first=N. | title=A Brief History of the Kingdom Guge: History of Ngari Rosary of White Pearl, A Youngster's Ornament | publisher=Library of Tibetan Works & Archives | series=Tibetan Historical Studies | year=2022 | isbn=978-93-90752-73-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzxjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA204 | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=204}}</ref>

In 1959, following a failed [[1959 Tibetan uprising|uprising]], the 14th Dalai Lama and his associates fled Tibet. Lhasa remained the political, economic, cultural and religious center of Tibet. In January 1960, Lhasa City was established.<ref name="[[Social Sciences Literature Press]] 2015 p. 9">{{cite book | title=拉萨史话 | publisher=[[Social Sciences Literature Press]] | series=中国史话. 社会系列 | year=2015 | isbn=978-7-5097-6290-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7h4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 | language=zh | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=9}}</ref> In 1964, the autonomous region and Lhasa city leaders jointly formed the Lhasa City Municipal Construction Command, led from the country's brother provinces and cities to mobilize the construction team, has built the Lhasa City YuTuo Road, KangAng East Road, NiangJe South Road, JinZhu East Road, DuoSen South Road and Beijing West Road. Lhasa local officials paved more than 100,000 square meters of asphalt. The new city center of Lhasa is three times larger than the old city center, and the population of the city has increased by more than 20,000 people.<ref>{{cite book |last1=中国城市发展研究会 |title=中国城市年鉴 1994 |date=1994 |publisher=中国城市年鉴社 |page=605}}</ref> In September 1965, the Tibet Autonomous Region was established, and Lhasa became the capital of the region.<ref name="等贺新元 2015 p. 386">{{cite book | author=等贺新元 | title=和平解放以来民族政策西藏实践绩效研究 | publisher=[[Social Sciences Literature Press]] | year=2015 | isbn=978-7-5097-7163-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=81V0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA386 | language=zh | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=386}}</ref>

Of the 22 parks (''lingka''s) which surrounded the city of Lhasa, most of them over half a mile in length, where the people of Lhasa were accustomed to picnic, only three survive today: the [[Norbulingka]], Dalai Lama's Summer Palace, constructed by the [[7th Dalai Lama]];<ref name="Dorje 1999, p. 69"/> a small part of the Shugtri Lingka, and the [[Lukhang]]. Dormitory blocks, offices and army barracks are built over the rest.<ref>Robert Barnett, ''Lhasa: Streets with Memories,'' Columbia University Press, 2010 p.67: "Today, except for the Dalai Lama's Summer Palace, a small part of the Shugtri Lingka (now renamed the People's Park), and the [[Lukhang]], those parks have disappeared."</ref>

The [[Guan Yu|Guāndì miào (關帝廟)]] or [[Epic of King Gesar|Gesar]] Lhakhang temple was erected by the Amban in 1792 atop Mount Bamare {{convert|3|km|0|abbr=off}} south of the Potala to celebrate the defeat of an invading [[Gurkha]] army.<ref>Emily T. Yeh,'Living Together in Lhasa: Ethnic Relations, Coercive Amity, and Subaltern Cosmopolitanism,' p.60; The monument however does not commemorate the Tibetan epic hero, but the Chinese figure. See Lara Maconi, 'Gesar de Pékin? Le sort du Roi Gesar de Gling, héros épique tibétain, en Chinese (post-) maoïste,' in Judith Labarthe, ''Formes modernes de la poésie épique: nouvelles approches,'' Peter Lang, 2004 pp.371–419, p.373 n.7. Relying on H. Richardson, and R. A. Stein, Maconi says that this was erected by the Chinese general Fu Kang'an (福康安).</ref> The main gate to the city of Lhasa used to run through the large Pargo Kaling [[chorten]] and contained holy relics of the Buddha Mindukpa.<ref>Tung (1980), p.21 and caption to plate 17, p. 42.</ref>

In 2000 the urbanised area covered {{convert|53|km2}}, with a population of around 170,000. Official statistics of the metropolitan area report that 70 percent are Tibetan, 24.3 are Han, and the remaining 2.7 Hui, though outside observers suspect that non-Tibetans account for some 50–70 percent. According to the Sixth Population Census in 2010, the population of Tibetans is 429,104, accounting for 76.70% of the total population of Lhasa. The second most populous ethnic group is the Han Chinese, with a population of 121,065, accounting for 21.64% of Lhasa's total population. These two ethnic groups account for the vast majority of Lhasa's total population, while other ethnic minorities account for only about 1.66% of Lhasa's total population.<ref name="[[Social Sciences Literature Press]] 2015 p. 23">{{cite book | title=西藏藏族人口相关数据分析研究 | publisher=[[Social Sciences Literature Press]] | year=2015 | isbn=978-7-5097-7316-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVZ0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 | language=zh | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=23}}</ref>

<gallery widths=200 heights=200>
File:Songstengampo.jpg|[[Songtsen Gampo]]
File:Lhasa gateway 1905.png|Lhasa's (western gate)—the [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] called this [[Stupa|chorten]], [[Pargo Kaling]] pictured here at the time of the 1904 [[British expedition to Tibet]].
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-KA-07-089, Tibetexpedition, Mönche mit Blasinstrumenten.jpg|1938 Lhasa with the Potala as seen from the roof of Men-Tsee-Khang (Tibetan Medical College) founded by the 13th Dalai Lama
File:PLA marching into Lhasa.jpg|On 26 October 1951, the advance troops of the Chinese People's Liberation Army marched into Lhasa with red flags in their hands.
</gallery>

== Geography ==
[[File:Lhasa, Tibet.jpg|thumb|Lhasa sits in a flat river valley]]
[[File:Lhasa from the Pabonka Monastery.JPG|thumb|Lhasa from the Pabonka Monastery. The [[Potala Palace]] rises above the old city.]]
[[File:Map of Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region in 1973 detail, from- NH-46-9 Lasa Tibet (cropped).jpg|thumb|Map including Lhasa ([[Defense Mapping Agency|DMA]], 1973)]]

Lhasa has an elevation of about {{cvt|3600|m|ft|sigfig=3}}<ref>''National Geographic Atlas of China''. (2008), p. 88. National Geographic, Washington D.C. {{ISBN|978-1-4262-0136-3}}.</ref> and lies in the centre of the [[Tibetan Plateau]] with the surrounding mountains rising to {{cvt|5500|m|ft|sigfig=3}}. The air only contains 68 percent of the oxygen compared to sea level.<ref name="Dorje 1999, p. 68">Dorje (1999), p. 68.</ref> The [[Lhasa River]], also Kyi River or Kyi Chu, a tributary of the [[Yarlung Zangbo River]] (Brahmaputra River), runs through the southern part of the city. This river, known to local Tibetans as the "merry blue waves", flows through the snow-covered peaks and gullies of the [[Nyainqêntanglha]] mountains, extending {{cvt|315|km|mi}}, and emptying into the Yarlung Zangbo River at [[Qüxü County|Qüxü]], forms an area of great scenic beauty. The marshlands, mostly uninhabited, are to the north.<ref name="Barnett">{{cite book |last=Barnett |first=Robert |title=Lhasa: streets with memories |url=https://archive.org/details/lhasastreetswith0000barn |url-access=registration |year=2006 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-13680-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lhasastreetswith0000barn/page/42 42]}}</ref> Ingress and egress roads run east and west, while to the north, the road infrastructure is less developed.<ref name="Barnett"/>

===Administration===
[[File:Chengguan District sketch map png.png|thumb|The built-up area (pink) within the Chengguan District (yellow)]]

Chengguan District is located on the middle reaches of the [[Lhasa River]], a tributary of the [[Brahmaputra River]], with land that rises to the north and south of the river. It is {{convert|28|km}} from east to west and {{convert|31|km}} from north to south. Chengguan District is bordered by [[Doilungdêqên District]] to the west, [[Dagzê County]] to the east and [[Lhünzhub County]] to the north. [[Gonggar County]] of Lhoka (Shannan) Prefecture lies to the south.<ref name="[[Social Sciences Literature Press]] 2015 p. 109">{{cite book | title=拉萨史话 | publisher=[[Social Sciences Literature Press]] | series=中国史话. 社会系列 | year=2015 | isbn=978-7-5097-6290-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7h4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 | language=zh | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=109}}</ref><ref name="[[Social Sciences Literature Press]]西藏园林植物生态效益及研究方法 2014 p. 48">{{cite book | title=西藏园林植物生态环境效益定量研究 | publisher=[[Social Sciences Literature Press]]西藏园林植物生态效益及研究方法 | year=2014 | isbn=978-7-5097-6302-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7l4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 | language=zh | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=48}}</ref>

Chengguan District has an elevation of {{convert|3650|m}} and covers {{convert|525|km2}}. The urban built-up area covers {{convert|60|km2}}.The average annual temperature of {{convert|8|°C}}. Annual precipitation is about {{convert|300|mm}} to {{convert|500|mm}}, mostly falling between July and September.<ref name="[[Social Sciences Literature Press]]西藏园林植物生态效益及研究方法 2014 p. 50">{{cite book | title=西藏园林植物生态环境效益定量研究 | publisher=[[Social Sciences Literature Press]]西藏园林植物生态效益及研究方法 | year=2014 | isbn=978-7-5097-6302-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7l4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 | language=zh | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=50}}</ref>

[[File:View from Potala Palace.jpg|thumb|View of Lhasa in 2017]]

The term "Chengguan District" is the administrative term for the inner urban area or the urban centre within a prefecture, in this case the prefectural-city of Lhasa. Outside of the urban area much of Chengguan District is mainly mountainous with a near nonexistent rural population. Chengguan District is at the same administrative level as a county.{{sfn|Subramanya|2004|p=486}} Chengguan District of Lhasa was established on 23 April 1961. It currently has 12 fully urban subdistricts.<ref name=subdivsion>{{cite web |script-title=zh:2013年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：城关区 |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2013/54/01/540102.html |website=stats.gov.cn |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China |access-date=6 April 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin:auto;"
|-
! Name
! [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]]
! [[Tibetan Pinyin]]
! [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
! [[Pinyin]]
! Population (2010)<ref>{{cite book |author1=Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China |author2=Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China |date=2012 |title=Tabulation on the 2010 Population Census of the People's Republic of China by Township |script-title=zh:中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 |location=Beijing |publisher=China Statistics Print |edition=1st |isbn=978-7-5037-6660-2}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pargor Subdistrict]]|| {{Bo-textonly|བར་སྒོར་ཁྲོམ་གཞུང་།}} || Pargor Tromzhung|| {{lang|zh-hans|八廓街道}}|| ''Bākuò Jiēdào'' || 92,107
|-
|[[Gyirai Subdistrict]]|| {{Bo-textonly|སྐྱིད་རས་ཁྲོམ་གཞུང་།}} || Gyirai Tromzhung||{{lang|zh-hans|吉日街道}}|| ''Jírì Jiēdào'' ||21,022
|-
|[[Jêbumgang Subdistrict]]||{{Bo-textonly|རྗེ་འབུམ་སྒང་ཁྲོམ་གཞུང་།}} || Jêbumgang Tromzhung||{{lang|zh-hans|吉崩岗街道}}|| ''Jíbēnggǎng Jiēdào'' ||29,984
|-
|[[Chabxi Subdistrict]]||{{Bo-textonly|གྲ་བཞི་ཁྲོམ་གཞུང་།}} || Chabxi Tromzhung|| {{lang|zh-hans|扎细街道}}|| ''Zāxì Jiēdào'' ||30,820
|-
|[[Gündêling Subdistrict]]||{{Bo-textonly|ཀུན་བདེ་གླིང་ཁྲོམ་གཞུང་།}} || Gündêling Tromzhung|| {{lang|zh-hans|公德林街道}}|| ''Gōngdélín Jiēdào'' ||55,404
|-
|[[Garmagoinsar Subdistrict]]||{{Bo-textonly|ཀརྨ་མ་ཀུན་བཟང་ཁྲོམ་གཞུང་།}} || Garmagoinsar Tromzhung|| {{lang|zh-hans|嘎玛贡桑街道}}|| ''Gámǎgòngsāng Jiēdào'' ||19,472
|-
|[[Liangdao Subdistrict]]||{{Bo-textonly|གླིང་ཕྲན་གཉིས་ཀྱི་ཁྲོམ་གཞུང་།}} || Lingchain Nyi'gyi Tromzhung|| {{lang|zh-hans|两岛街道}}|| ''Liǎngdǎo Jiēdào'' ||14,055
|-
|[[Jinzhu West Road Subdistrict]]||{{Bo-textonly|བཅིངས་འགྲོལ་ནུབ་ལམ་ཁྲོམ་གཞུང་།}} || Jingzhoi Nublam Tromzhung|| {{lang|zh-hans|金珠西路街道}}|| ''Jīnzhū Xīlù Jiēdào'' || established in 2013
|-
|[[Ngaqên Subdistrict]]||{{Bo-textonly|སྣ་ཆེན་ཁྲོམ་གཞུང་།}} || Ngaqên Tromzhung|| {{lang|zh-hans|纳金街道}} || ''Nàjīn Jiēdào'' || 29,575
|-
|[[Togdê Subdistrict]]||{{Bo-textonly|དོག་སྡེ་ཁྲོམ་གཞུང་།}} || Togdê Tromzhung|| {{lang|zh-hans|夺底街道}}|| ''Duóde Jiēdào''|| 15,186
|-
|[[Caigungtang Subdistrict]]||{{Bo-textonly|ཚལ་གུང་ཐང་ཁྲོམ་གཞུང་།}} || Caigungtang Tromzhung||{{lang|zh-hans|蔡公堂街道}}|| ''Càigōngtáng Jiēdào'' || 8,800
|-
|[[Nyangrain Subdistrict]] ||{{Bo-textonly|ཉང་བྲན་ཁྲོམ་གཞུང་།}} || Nyangrain Tromzhung|| {{lang|zh-hans|娘热街道}}|| ''Niángrè Jiēdào'' || 26,354
|}

===Climate===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Lhasa scene.jpg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Lhasa Valley in Tibet.jpg
| width2 = 226
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Left: Chengguan District, Lhasa; right: Lhasa Valley
}}

Owing to its very high elevation, Lhasa has a [[cool semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BSk''), bordering on both a monsoon-influenced [[subtropical highland climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cwb'') and a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dwb''), with frosty winters and mild summers, yet the valley location protects the city from intense cold or heat and strong winds. Monthly possible sunshine ranges from 53 percent in July to 84 percent in November, and the city receives nearly 3,000 hours of sunlight annually. It is thus sometimes called the "sunlit city" by Tibetans. The coldest month is January with an average temperature of {{convert|0.6|°C|1}} and the warmest month is June and July with a daily average of {{convert|17.5|°C|1}}, though nights have generally been warmer in July.<ref name= CMA >{{cite web |url=http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |script-title=zh:中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年） |access-date=4 May 2010 |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language=zh |archive-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The annual mean temperature is {{convert|8.8|°C|1}}, with extreme temperatures ranging from {{convert|−16.5|to|30.8|°C|°F|0}} on 17 January 1968 and 24 June 2019 respectively.<ref name = Mherrera/> Lhasa has an annual precipitation of {{convert|458|mm|in|1}} with rain falling mainly in July, August and September. The driest month is December at {{convert|0.3|mm|2}} and the wettest month is August, at {{convert|133.5|mm|2}}. Summer is widely regarded the "best" of the year as rains come mostly at night and Lhasa is still sunny during the daytime.

{{Weather box
| location = Lhasa, elevation {{convert|3649|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan high C = 8.3
| Feb high C = 10.4
| Mar high C = 13.4
| Apr high C = 16.5
| May high C = 20.5
| Jun high C = 23.9
| Jul high C = 23.3
| Aug high C = 22.3
| Sep high C = 21.1
| Oct high C = 17.9
| Nov high C = 13.3
| Dec high C = 9.7
| Jan mean C = 0.6
| Feb mean C = 3.1
| Mar mean C = 6.5
| Apr mean C = 9.8
| May mean C = 13.8
| Jun mean C = 17.5
| Jul mean C = 17.5
| Aug mean C = 16.7
| Sep mean C = 15.2
| Oct mean C = 10.8
| Nov mean C = 5.4
| Dec mean C = 1.7
| Jan low C = -7.1
| Feb low C = -4.2
| Mar low C = -0.5
| Apr low C = 3.1
| May low C = 7.1
| Jun low C = 11.1
| Jul low C = 11.7
| Aug low C = 11.1
| Sep low C = 9.3
| Oct low C = 3.7
| Nov low C = -2.5
| Dec low C = -6.3
| Jan record high C = 20.5
| Feb record high C = 21.3
| Mar record high C = 25.1
| Apr record high C = 25.9
| May record high C = 29.4
| Jun record high C = 30.8
| Jul record high C = 30.4
| Aug record high C = 27.2
| Sep record high C = 26.5
| Oct record high C = 24.8
| Nov record high C = 22.8
| Dec record high C = 20.1
| Jan record low C = −16.5
| Feb record low C = −15.4
| Mar record low C = −13.6
| Apr record low C = −8.1
| May record low C = -2.7
| Jun record low C = 2.0
| Jul record low C = 4.5
| Aug record low C = 3.3
| Sep record low C = 0.3
| Oct record low C = -7.2
| Nov record low C = -11.2
| Dec record low C = -16.1
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 0.9
| Feb precipitation mm = 1.9
| Mar precipitation mm = 3.5
| Apr precipitation mm = 8.3
| May precipitation mm = 31.1
| Jun precipitation mm = 84.0
| Jul precipitation mm = 140.5
| Aug precipitation mm = 129.8
| Sep precipitation mm = 64.8
| Oct precipitation mm = 6.5
| Nov precipitation mm = 0.9
| Dec precipitation mm = 0.7
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 0.6
| Feb precipitation days = 1.2
| Mar precipitation days = 2.4
| Apr precipitation days = 5.2
| May precipitation days = 9.5
| Jun precipitation days = 14.4
| Jul precipitation days = 19.8
| Aug precipitation days = 19.1
| Sep precipitation days = 13.5
| Oct precipitation days = 3.5
| Nov precipitation days = 0.6
| Dec precipitation days = 0.5
| year precipitation days =
| Jan humidity = 25
| Feb humidity = 24
| Mar humidity = 27
| Apr humidity = 36
| May humidity = 41
| Jun humidity = 48
| Jul humidity = 59
| Aug humidity = 61
| Sep humidity = 57
| Oct humidity = 43
| Nov humidity = 32
| Dec humidity = 27
| Jan sun = 250.0
| Feb sun = 234.4
| Mar sun = 256.0
| Apr sun = 254.3
| May sun = 279.8
| Jun sun = 260.4
| Jul sun = 227.5
| Aug sun = 223.5
| Sep sun = 238.4
| Oct sun = 280.6
| Nov sun = 266.2
| Dec sun = 256.5
| year sun =
| Jan percentsun = 77
| Feb percentsun = 74
| Mar percentsun = 68
| Apr percentsun = 65
| May percentsun = 66
| Jun percentsun = 62
| Jul percentsun = 54
| Aug percentsun = 55
| Sep percentsun = 65
| Oct percentsun = 80
| Nov percentsun = 84
| Dec percentsun = 81
| year percentsun =
| Jan snow days = 1.3
| Feb snow days = 2.2
| Mar snow days = 5.5
| Apr snow days = 5.6
| May snow days = 0.9
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0.1
| Oct snow days = 1.1
| Nov snow days = 1.3
| Dec snow days = 0.7
| year snow days =
| source 1 = China Meteorological Administration<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language=zh-cn |access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020) |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language=zh |access-date=11 April 2023 |title=Experience Template}}</ref><ref name="CMA old">
{{cite web |url=http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |script-title=zh:中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971–2000年） |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |access-date=25 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> all-time extreme temperature<ref name = Mherrera>{{cite web |url=http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm |title=Extreme Temperatures Around the World |access-date=21 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=55591&ano=2022&mes=3&day=29&hora=18&min=0&ndays=30 |title=55591: Lhasa (China) |author= |date=28 March 2022 |website=ogimet.com |publisher=OGIMET |access-date=29 March 2022 |quote=}}</ref>
| source =
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== Demographics ==
[[File:IMG 0996 Lhasa Barkhor.jpg|thumb|right|An elderly Tibetan woman holding a [[prayer wheel]] on the street in Chengguan District, Lhasa]]
[[File:Mendicant monk in Lhasa, 1993.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mendicant]] monk in Chengguan District, Lhasa]]
[[File:Mother & son playing lute. Lhasa 1993.jpg|thumb|right|Woman with son [[busking]] in Chengguan District, Lhasa, 1993]]

=== Demographics in the past ===
The 11th edition of ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' published between 1910 and 1911 noted the total population of Lhasa, including the lamas in the city and vicinity was about 30,000,<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Lhasa}}</ref> A census in 1854 made the figure 42,000, but it is known to have greatly decreased afterwards. ''Britannica'' noted that within Lhasa, there were about a total of 1,500 resident Tibetan laymen and about 5,500 Tibetan women.<ref name="Britannica"/> The permanent population also included Chinese families (about 2,000).<ref name="Britannica"/> The city's residents included traders from [[Nepal]] and [[Ladakh]] (about 800), and a few from [[Bhutan]], [[Mongolia]] and other places.<ref name="Britannica"/> The ''Britannica'' noted with interest that the Chinese had a crowded burial-ground at Lhasa, tended carefully after their manner and that the Nepalese supplied mechanics and metal-workers at that time.<ref name="Britannica"/>

In the first half of the 20th century, several [[Western culture|Western]] explorers made celebrated journeys to the city, including [[William Montgomery McGovern]], [[Francis Younghusband]], [[Alexandra David-Néel]], and [[Heinrich Harrer]]. Lhasa was the centre of Tibetan Buddhism as nearly half of its population were [[monk]]s,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/lhasastreetswith0000barn |title=Lhasa: Streets with Memories |last=Barnett |first=Robert |date=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |quote="population of Lhasa in 1904 was estimated by the British at 30,000 people, of whom 20,000 were said to be monks [...] in 1936 Spencer Chapman estimated the population at 50,000 to 60,000, consisting of 20,000 residents and 30,000 to 40,000 monks" |isbn=9780231510110 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Though this figure may include monks from surrounding monasteries who travelled to Lhasa for various celebrations and were not ordinarily resident there.

The majority of the pre-1950 Chinese population of Lhasa were merchants and officials. In the Lubu section of Lhasa, the inhabitants were descendants of Chinese vegetable farmers, some of whom married Tibetan wives. They came to Lhasa in the 1840s–1860s after a Chinese official was appointed to the position of [[Amban]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mayaram |first=Shail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVSVux0wIW0C&pg=PA60 |title=The other global city |year=2009 |publisher=Taylor & Francis US |isbn=978-0-415-99194-0 |page=60 |access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref>

According to one writer, the population of the city was about 10,000, with some 10,000 monks at Drepung and Sera monasteries in 1959.<ref>Dowman (1988), p. 39.</ref> Hugh Richardson, on the other hand, puts the population of Lhasa in 1952, at "some 25,000–30,000—about 45,000–50,000 if the population of the great monasteries on its outskirts be included."<ref>Richardson (1984), p. 7.</ref>

===Contemporary demographics===
The total population of Lhasa Prefecture-level City is 521,500 (including known migrant population but excluding military garrisons). Of this, 257,400 are in the urban area (including a migrant population of 100,700), while 264,100 are outside.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lasa.gov.cn/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217215814/http://www.lasa.gov.cn/gb1/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=30 |url-status=dead |title=拉萨市人民政府 |archive-date=17 February 2007 |website=www.lasa.gov.cn}}</ref> Nearly half of Lhasa Prefecture-level City's population lives in Chengguan District, which is the administrative division that contains the urban area of Lhasa (i.e. the actual city).

The urban area is populated by ethnic Tibetans, Han, Hui and other ethnic groups. The 2000 official census gave a total population of 223,001, of which 171,719 lived in the areas administered by city street offices and city neighborhood committees. 133,603 had urban registrations and 86,395 had rural registrations, based on their place of origin.{{sfn|Yeh|Henderson|2008|pp=21–25}} The census was taken in November, when many of the ethnic Han workers in seasonal industries such as construction would have been away from Tibet, and did not count the military.{{sfn|Yeh|Henderson|2008|pp=21–25}} A 2011 book estimated that up to two-thirds of the city's residents are non-Tibetan, although the government states that Chengguan District as a whole is still 63% ethnic Tibetan.{{sfn|Johnson|2011|p=81}} {{As of|2014}}, half of Tibet's Han population resided in the district, and [[Bilingual education|bilingual]] or wholly Chinese teaching was common in the schools.{{sfn|Leibold|Chen|2014|p=117}}

== Economy ==
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Competitive industry together with feature economy play key roles in the development of Lhasa. With the view to maintaining a balance between population growth and the environment, tourism and service industries are emphasised as growth engines for the future.
Many of Lhasa's rural residents practice traditional agriculture and [[animal husbandry]]. Lhasa is also the traditional hub of the Tibetan trading network. For many years, chemical and car making plants operated in the area and this resulted in significant pollution, a factor which has changed in recent years{{which|date=March 2026}}.{{cn|date=March 2026}} [[Copper]], [[lead]] and [[zinc]] are mined nearby and there is ongoing experimentation regarding new methods of mineral mining and geothermal heat extraction.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

Agriculture and animal husbandry in Lhasa are considered to be of a high standard. People mainly plant [[highland barley]] and winter [[wheat]]. The resources of water conservancy, [[geothermal heating]], [[solar energy]] and various mines are abundant.{{cn|date=March 2026}} There is widespread electricity together with the use of both [[machinery]] and traditional methods in the production of such things as [[textile]]s, [[leather]]s, plastics, matches and [[embroidery]]. The production of national handicrafts has made great progress.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

{{Multiple image
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With the growth of tourism and service sectors, the sunset industries which cause serious pollution are expected to fade in the hope of building a healthy ecological system. Environmental problems such as [[soil erosion]], [[Soil acidification|acidification]], and loss of [[vegetation]] are being addressed. The tourism industry now brings significant business to the region, building on the attractiveness of the Potala Palace, the [[Jokang]], the [[Norbulingka]] Summer Palace and surrounding large monasteries as well the spectacular [[Himalaya]]n landscape together with the many wild plants and animals native to the high altitudes of [[Central Asia]]. Tourism to Tibet dropped sharply following the crackdown on protests in 2008, but as early as 2009, the industry was recovering.<ref>Xinhua, [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-02/13/content_10816396.htm "Tibet tourism warms as spring comes"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107181433/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-02/13/content_10816396.htm |date=7 November 2012 }}, 13 February 2009.</ref> Chinese authorities plan an ambitious growth of tourism in the region aiming at 10 million visitors by 2020; these visitors are expected to be domestic. With renovation around historic sites, such as the Potala Palace, [[UNESCO]] has expressed "concerns about the deterioration of Lhasa's traditional cityscape."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/732642/Tourism-drive-is-destroying-Tibet.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/732642/Tourism-drive-is-destroying-Tibet.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |date=8 April 2005 |access-date=20 May 2009 |title=Tourism drive 'is destroying Tibet' |publisher=Telegraph |last=Miles |first=Paul |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

[[File:Banak Shöl HotelLhasa.jpg|thumb|[[Banak Shöl Hotel]]]]
Lhasa contains several hotels. [[Lhasa Hotel]] is a 4-star hotel located northeast of Norbulingka in the western suburbs of the city. Completed in September 1985, it is the flagship of CITS's installations in Tibet. It accommodates about 1000 guests and visitors to Lhasa. There are over 450 rooms (suites) in the hotel, and all are equipped with [[air conditioning]], [[mini-bar]] and other basic facilities. Some of the rooms are decorated in traditional Tibetan style. The hotel was operated by Holiday Inn from 1986 to 1997<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hotels.lonelyplanet.com/china/lhasa-r1973718/lhasa-hotel-p1037396/ |title=Lhasa Hotel in Lhasa, China - Lonely Planet |publisher=Hotels.lonelyplanet.com |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730185333/http://hotels.lonelyplanet.com/china/lhasa-r1973718/lhasa-hotel-p1037396/ |archive-date=30 July 2012}}</ref> and is the subject of a book, ''[[The Hotel on the Roof of the World]]''. Another hotel of note is the historical [[Banak Shöl Hotel]], located at 8 Beijing Road in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hotels.lonelyplanet.com/hotel/Lhasa-Banak-Shol-Hotel-P1000404446.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727124326/http://hotels.lonelyplanet.com/hotel/Lhasa-Banak-Shol-Hotel-P1000404446.html |url-status=dead |title=Lonely Planet |archive-date=27 July 2008}}</ref> It is known for its distinctive wooden [[veranda]]s.

Lhasa contains several businesses of note. [[Lhasa Carpet Factory]], a [[factory]] south of Yanhe Dong Lu near the [[Tibet University]], produces traditional [[Tibetan rug]]s that are exported worldwide. It is a modern factory, the largest manufacturer of rugs throughout Tibet, employing some 300 workers. Traditionally Tibetan women were the weavers, and men the spinners, but both work on the rugs today.

The [[Lhasa Brewery Company]] was established in 1988 on the northern outskirts of Lhasa, south of [[Sera Monastery]] and is the highest commercial brewery in the world at {{convert|11975|ft|m}} and accounts for 85 percent of contemporary beer production in Tibet.<ref name="Sun">{{cite web |url=http://www.tibetsun.com/features/2009/08/12/lhasa-beer-from-tibet-makes-us-debut/ |title=Lhasa beer from Tibet makes US debut |publisher=Tibet Sun |date=12 August 2009 |access-date=27 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717053641/http://www.tibetsun.com/features/2009/08/12/lhasa-beer-from-tibet-makes-us-debut/ |archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref> The brewery, consisting of five-story buildings, cost an estimated US$20–25 million, and by 1994, production had reached 30,000 bottles per day, employing some 200 workers by this time.<ref name="Gluckman">{{cite book |last=Gluckman |first=Ron |url=http://www.gluckman.com/Lhasa%27Brew.html |title=Brewing at the Top of the World |publisher=Asia, Inc. |year=1994}}</ref> Since 2000, the [[Carlsberg Group|Carlsberg group]] has increased its stronghold in the Chinese market and has become increasingly influential in the country with investment and expertise. Carlsberg invested in the Lhasa Brewery in recent years and has drastically improved the brewing facility and working conditions, renovating and expanding the building to what now covers 62,240 square metres (15.3 acres).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carlsberggroup.com/Company/Markets/Pages/China.aspx |title=Carlsberg China |publisher=[[Carlsberg Group]] |access-date=27 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324094439/http://www.carlsberggroup.com/Company/Markets/Pages/China.aspx |archive-date=24 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="LB">{{cite web |url=http://www.lhasabeerusa.com/beer-d/the-brewery |title=The Beer |publisher=Lhasa Beer USA |access-date=27 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706045322/http://lhasabeerusa.com/beer-d/the-brewery |archive-date=6 July 2009}}</ref>

== Architecture and cityscape ==
{{main|Architecture of Lhasa}}

Lhasa has many sites of historic interest, including the [[Potala Palace]], [[Jokhang Temple]], [[Sera Monastery]] and [[Norbulingka]]. The Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple and the Norbulingka are UNESCO world heritage sites.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/707 |title=Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace, Lhasa |publisher=unesco |access-date=10 February 2008}} In the surrounding prefecture of Lhasa are [[Sera Monastery]] and its many hermitages, many of which overlook Lhasa from the northern hill valleys and [[Drepung Monastery]], amongst many others of historical importance.</ref> However, many important sites were damaged or destroyed mostly, but not solely, during China's [[Cultural Revolution]] of the 1960s.<ref>Bradley Mayhew and Michael Kohn. ''Tibet''. 6th Edition (2005), pp. 36–37. Lonely Planet. {{ISBN|1-74059-523-8}}</ref><ref>Keith Dowman. ''The Power-Places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim's Guide'', (1988) pp. 8–13. Routledge & Kegan Paul, Ltd., London and New York. {{ISBN|0-7102-1370-0}}.</ref><ref>Laird, Thomas. (2006). ''The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama'', pp. 345–351.Grove Press, New York. {{ISBN|978-0-8021-1827-1}}.</ref> Many have been restored since the 1980s.

The [[Potala Palace]], named after Mount Potala, the abode of [[Chenresig]] or [[Avalokitesvara]],<ref>Stein, R. A. ''Tibetan Civilization'' (1962). Translated into English with minor revisions by the author. 1st English edition by Faber & Faber, London (1972). Reprint: Stanford University Press (1972), p. 84</ref> was the chief residence of the [[Dalai Lama]]. After the [[14th Dalai Lama]] fled to [[India]] during the [[1959 Tibetan uprising]], the government converted the palace into a museum. The site was used as a [[meditation]] retreat by King [[Songtsen Gampo]], who in 637 built the first palace there in order to greet his bride [[Princess Wen Cheng]] of the [[Tang dynasty]] of China. [[Lozang Gyatso, 5th Dalai Lama|Lozang Gyatso]], the Great Fifth Dalai Lama, started the construction of the Potala Palace in 1645<ref name="Laird, Thomas 2006 pp. 175"/> after one of his spiritual advisers, Konchog Chophel (d. 1646), pointed out that the site was ideal as a seat of government, situated as it is between [[Drepung]] and [[Sera Monastery|Sera]] monasteries and the old city of Lhasa.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> The palace underwent restoration works between 1989 and 1994, costing RMB55 million (US$6.875 million) and was inscribed to the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]] in 1994.

The [[Lhasa Zhol Pillar]], below the Potala, dates as far back as circa 764 CE.<ref>Richardson (1985), p. 2.</ref> and is inscribed with what may be the oldest known example of Tibetan writing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631214816_chunk_g978063121481622_ss1-17 |title=Tibetan writing |last=Coulmas |first=Florian |year=1999 |publisher=Blackwell Reference Online |access-date=20 October 2009}}</ref> The pillar contains dedications to a famous Tibetan general and gives an account of his services to the king including campaigns against China which culminated in the brief capture of the Chinese capital [[Chang'an]] (modern [[Xi'an]]) in 763 CE<ref>Snellgrove and Richardson (1995), p. 91.</ref> during which the Tibetans temporarily installed as Emperor a relative of Princess Jincheng Gongzhu (Kim-sheng Kong co), the Chinese wife of [[Trisong Detsen]]'s father, [[Me Agtsom]].<ref>Richardson (1984), p. 30.</ref><ref>Beckwith (1987), p. 148.</ref>

[[Chokpori]], meaning 'Iron Mountain', is a [[sacred]] [[hill]], located south of the Potala. It is considered to be one of the four holy mountains of central Tibet and along with two other hills in Lhasa represent the "Three Protectors of Tibet.", Chokpori ([[Vajrapani]]), Pongwari ([[Manjushri]]), and Marpori ([[Chenresig]] or [[Avalokiteshvara]]).<ref name="Stein, R. A. 1972 p. 228">Stein, R. A. (1972). ''Tibetan Civilization'', p. 228. Translated by J. E. Stapleton Driver. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. {{ISBN|0-8047-0806-1}} (cloth); {{ISBN|0-8047-0901-7}} (paper).</ref> It was the site of the most famous [[medical school]] Tibet, known as the [[Mentsikhang]], which was founded in 1413. It was conceived of by [[Lobsang Gyatso]], the "Great" 5th Dalai Lama, and completed by the Regent [[Sangye Gyatso]] (Sangs-rgyas rgya-mtsho)<ref name="Dowman, Keith 1988 p. 49">Dowman, Keith. (1988). ''The Power-Places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim's Guide'', p. 49. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London. {{ISBN|0-7102-1370-0}}.</ref> shortly before 1697.

[[Lingkhor]] is a [[sacred]] path, most commonly used to name the outer [[pilgrim]] road in Lhasa matching its inner twin, Barkhor. The Lingkhor in Lhasa was {{convert|8|km|mi}} long enclosing Old Lhasa, the Potala and [[Chokpori]] hill. In former times it was crowded with men and women covering its length in [[prostration]]s, [[beggar]]s and [[pilgrim]]s approaching the city for the first time. The road passed through willow-shaded parks where the Tibetans used to [[picnic]] in summer and watch open air operas on festival days. New Lhasa has obliterated most of Lingkhor, but one stretch still remains west of Chokpori.

The [[Norbulingka]] palace and surrounding park is situated in the west side of Lhasa, a short distance to the southwest of Potala Palace and with an area of around {{convert|36|ha|acre}}, it is considered to be the largest man made garden in Tibet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tibetctrip.com/lhasa-attractions-tours/norbulinka-palace-the-treasure-park.html |title=Norbulingka Palace |publisher=Tibet Tours |access-date=18 May 2010}}</ref><ref name=China>{{cite web |url=http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/html/en/Scenery95bye384.html |title=Norbulingka |access-date=23 May 2010 |publisher=Cultural China |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719220250/http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/html/en/Scenery95bye384.html |archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref>
It was built from 1755.<ref name="Tibet71">Tibet (1986), p.71</ref> and served as the traditional summer residence of the successive [[Dalai Lama]]s until the 14th's self-imposed exile. Norbulingka was declared a 'National Important Cultural Relic Unit", in 1988 by the State council. In 2001, the Central Committee of the Chinese Government in its 4th Tibet Session resolved to restore the complex to its original glory. The [[Sho Dun Festival]] (popularly known as the "yogurt festival") is an annual festival held at Norbulingka during the seventh Tibetan month in the first seven days of the [[Full Moon]] period, which corresponds to dates in July/August according to the [[Gregorian calendar]].

The [[Barkhor]] is an area of narrow streets and a public square in the old part of the city located around [[Jokhang Temple]] and was the most popular devotional circumambulation for pilgrims and locals. The walk was about one kilometre ({{convert|1|km|1|abbr=off|disp=output only}}) long and encircled the entire [[Jokhang]], the former seat of the [[Nechung Oracle|State Oracle]] in Lhasa called the [[Muru Nyingba Monastery]], and a number of nobles' houses including [[Tromzikhang]] and [[Jamkhang]]. There were four large incense burners (''sangkangs'') in the four cardinal directions, with incense burning constantly, to please the gods protecting the Jokhang.<ref>Dowman, Keith (1998). ''The Power-Places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim's Guide'', pp. 40–41. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London and New York. {{ISBN|0-7102-1370-0}}.</ref> Most of the old streets and buildings have been demolished in recent times and replaced with wider streets and new buildings. Some buildings in the Barkhor were damaged in the 2008 unrest.<ref name="The EconomistWeekInTibet">{{cite news |last=Philip |first=Bruno |title=Trashing the Beijing road |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=19 March 2008 |url=http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10875823 |access-date=3 February 2010}}</ref>

The [[Jokhang]] is located on Barkhor Square in the old town section of Lhasa. For most Tibetans it is the most sacred and important temple in Tibet. It is in some regards pan-sectarian, but is presently controlled by the [[Gelug]] school. Along with the [[Potala Palace]], it is probably the most popular tourist attraction in Lhasa. It is part of the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] "Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace," and a spiritual centre of Lhasa. This temple has remained a key center of [[Buddhist]] [[pilgrimage]] for centuries. The circumambulation route is known as the "kora" in Tibetan and is marked by four large stone incense burners placed at the corners of the temple complex. The Jokhang temple is a four-story construction, with roofs covered with [[gilded]] [[bronze]] tiles. The [[architecture|architectural]] style is based on the Indian [[vihara]] design, and was later extended resulting in a blend of [[Nepal]]ese and [[Tang dynasty]] styles. It possesses the statues of [[Chenresig]], [[Padmasambhava]] and King [[Songtsen Gampo|Songtsan Gampo]] and his two foreign brides, Princess [[Wen Cheng]] (niece of [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]]) and Princess [[Bhrikuti]] of [[Nepal]] and other important items.<ref name="Yuan Kunga Li 2014 p. 171">{{cite book | last1=Yuan | first1=H. | last2=Kunga | first2=A. | last3=Li | first3=B. | title=Tibetan Folktales | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | series=World Folklore Series | year=2014 | isbn=979-8-216-15591-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQbJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT171 | language=es | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=171}}</ref>

[[Ramoche Temple]] is considered the most important temple in Lhasa after the Jokhang Temple.<ref name="Benard Moon 2000 p. 158">{{cite book | last1=Benard | first1=E. | last2=Moon | first2=B. | title=Goddesses Who Rule | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-19-535294-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D50ob0i_e0MC&pg=PA158 | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=158}}</ref> Situated in the northwest of the city, it is east of the Potala and north of the Jokhang,<ref name="Dowman, Keith 1988. p. 59">Dowman, Keith. 1988. ''The Power-Places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim's Guide,'' p. 59. Routledge & Kegan Paul. London. {{ISBN|0-7102-1370-0}} (ppk).</ref> covering a total area of 4,000 square meters (almost one acre). The temple was gutted and partially destroyed in the 1960s and its famous bronze statue disappeared. In 1983 the lower part of it was said to have been found in a Lhasa rubbish tip, and the upper half in Beijing. They have now been joined and the statue is housed in the Ramoche Temple, which was partially restored in 1986,<ref name="Dowman, Keith 1988. p. 59"/> and still showed severe damage in 1993. Following the major restoration of 1986, the main building in the temple now has three stories.

The [[Tibet Museum (Lhasa)|Tibet Museum]] in Lhasa is the official museum of the Tibet Autonomous Region and was inaugurated on 5 October 1999. It is the first large, modern museum in the Tibet Autonomous Region and has a permanent collection of around 1000 artefacts, from examples of Tibetan art to architectural design throughout history such as Tibetan doors and construction beams.<ref name="zt">{{cite web |url=http://zt.tibet.cn/english/zt/culture/20040200451384554.htm |title=The Tibet Museum |publisher=China Tibet Information Center |access-date=18 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726212012/http://zt.tibet.cn/english/zt/culture/20040200451384554.htm |archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="cm">{{cite web |url=http://www.chinamuseums.com/tibet.htm |title=Tibet Museum |publisher=China Museums |access-date=18 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604022604/http://www.chinamuseums.com/tibet.htm |archive-date=4 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is located in an L-shaped building west of the Potala Palace on the corner of [[Norbulingkha Road]]. The museum is organized into three main sections: a main exhibition hall, a folk cultural garden and administrative offices.<ref name="zt"/>

The [[Monument to the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet]] was unveiled in the Potala Square in May 2002 to celebrate the 51st anniversary of the [[Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet]], and the work in the development of the autonomous region since then. The 37-metre-high concrete monument is shaped as an abstract Mount Everest and its name is engraved with the calligraphy of former CCP general secretary and PRC president [[Jiang Zemin]], while an inscription describes the socioeconomic development experienced in Tibet in the past fifty years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xzta.gov.cn/yww/Introduction/History/4949.shtml |title=Monument to Tibet Peaceful Liberation Unveiled |publisher=China Tibet Tourism Bureau |access-date=26 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707043243/http://www.xzta.gov.cn/yww/Introduction/History/4949.shtml |archive-date=7 July 2011}}</ref>

There are four mosques in and around Lhasa. The earliest mosque, called ''Khache Lingka'', dates to 1650 and is located west of the city, and consists of two compounds.<ref name=islamicshangrila/> The [[Lhasa Great Mosque]] is the most prominent and built by the early 1700s.<ref name=islamicshangrila/> The Dokdé Mosque, north of Lhasa, has an adjacent cemetery and is dated to 1716.<ref name=islamicshangrila/> The fourth mosque, commonly known as "Small Mosque" (but also Barkor or Rapsel Alley Mosque), was built in the early 1900s.<ref name=islamicshangrila>{{Cite book |last=Atwill |first=David G. |year=2018 |title=Islamic Shangri-La:Inter-Asian Relations and Lhasa's Muslim Communities, 1600 to 1960 |edition=1 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |page=17}}</ref>

<gallery widths=200 heights=160>
File:Potala Palace, August 2009.jpg|The [[Potala Palace]]
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-12-09-14, Tibetexpedition, Wirtschaftsgebäude des Potala.jpg|Inner and outer [[Zhol Village]] as seen from the [[Potala Palace]] in 1938.
File:Tibet-5540 (2624909770).jpg|[[Norbulingka]]
File:Jokhang Square, the first destination or drop-off for most tourists.jpg|Jokhang Square
File:Old Barkhor street.jpg|Old Barkhor street, 1993.
File:Ramoche-Tempel Schuh 2007.JPG|Ramoche Temple
File:Tibet Museum1.jpg|Tibet Museum
File:Tibet Peaceful Liberation Monument, Potala Square.jpg|Tibet Peaceful Liberation Monument, Potala Square
</gallery>

==Culture==
[[File:Tibetan dancing.jpg|thumb|Tibetan dancing in Lhasa, Tibet]]

There are some night spots that feature [[cabaret]] acts in which performers sing in [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]], and [[English language|English]]. Dancers wear traditional Tibetan costume with long flowing cloth extending from their arms. There are a number of small bars that feature live music, although they typically have limited drink menus and cater mostly to foreign tourists.

Duihuan (སྟོད་གཞས་) is a local form of music and dance in Tibet.<ref name="人民音乐出版社 2019 p. 221">{{cite book | title=中国民间歌舞音乐(修订版) | publisher=人民音乐出版社 | series=音乐自学丛书 | year=2019 | isbn=978-7-103-04599-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8bb_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT221 | language=zh | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=221}}</ref> While the traditional Dui Huan in Tibet has only one instrument, the Dui Huan in Lhasa has four instruments: in addition to the [[Zainianqin]] and the [[Yangqin]], there are the [[Jinghu (instrument)|Jinghu]], the bamboo flute, and the stringed bells that are specially used for playing the rhythm. Together with the singing, they play, pull, strum and sing.<ref>{{cite news |title=中国西藏 |url=http://www.ctibet.org.cn/xzwh/201404/t20140402_2262303.htm |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=www.ctibet.org.cn}}</ref><ref name="[[Social Sciences Literature Press]] 2012 p. 115">{{cite book | title=寻找锅庄舞－藏地锅庄的历史、社会、体育考察 | publisher=[[Social Sciences Literature Press]] | year=2012 | isbn=978-7-5097-3432-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cxCDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 | language=zh | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=115}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:View on campus bridge.jpg|thumb|Tibet University Campus (2016)]]

There are two universities of [[Tibet University]] and [[Tibet Tibetan Medical University]] and 3 special colleges of [[Lhasa Teachers College]], [[Tibet Police College]] and [[Tibet Vocational and Technical College]] in the Lhasa city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=全国高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/s5743/s5744/A03/202206/t20220617_638352.html |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=www.moe.gov.cn}}</ref>

[[Tibet University]] ([[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]]: བོད་ལྗོངས་སློབ་གྲྭ་ཆེན་མོ་) is the main [[university]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]. Its campus is located in Chengguan District, Lhasa, east of the city-centre. A forerunner was created in 1952 and the university was officially established in 1985, funded by the [[Government of the People's Republic of China|Chinese government]]. About 8000 students are enrolled at the university. Tibet University is a comprehensive university with the highest academic level in [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]. It is a member of the prestigious [[Project 211]], and is sponsored under the [[Double First-Class Construction]] initiative.<ref name="Chinese Department of Education">{{Cite web |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A22/moe_843/201709/t20170921_314942.html |title=教育部财政部国家发展改革委关于公布世界一流大学和一流学科建设高校及建设学科名单的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |website=www.moe.gov.cn}}</ref>

== Transport ==
===Rail===
[[File:Lhasa Railway Station 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lhasa railway station]] in 2019]]

Lhasa has been served by rail since 2006, when the [[Qinghai–Tibet Railway]] opened for passenger operations. Reaching an elevation of 5,072 metres above sea level, the Qinghai-Tibet railway is the world's highest railway by elevation. It connects Lhasa with [[Xining]], the capital of [[Qinghai Province]], some {{cvt|2000|km}} away, and ultimately links Lhasa with other major cities with China's extensive railway network.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.appletravel.cn/news-10400.html |title=World's highest railway Qinghai-Tibet Railway to be extended to Xigaze from Lhasa - Apple Travel |website=www.appletravel.cn}}</ref> Five trains arrive at and depart from [[Lhasa railway station]] each day. Train number Z21 takes 40 hours and 53 minutes from [[Beijing West railway station|Beijing West]], arriving in Lhasa at 13:03 every day. Train Z22 from Lhasa to Beijing West departs at 15:30 and arrives in Beijing at 08:20 on the third day, taking 40 hours, 50 minutes. Trains also arrive in Lhasa from [[Chengdu]], [[Chongqing]], [[Lanzhou]], Xining, [[Guangzhou]], [[Shanghai]] and other cities.<ref name=Lhasatravel>[http://chinatour.net/tibet/lhasa/get-lhasa/"How to Get to Lhasa" ChinaTour.net] Accessed 23 March 2015</ref> To counter the problem of altitude differences giving passengers [[altitude sickness]], extra oxygen is pumped in through the ventilation system and available directly on each berth with close open control by a flap for the convenience of passengers, and personal oxygen masks are available on request.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/03/AR2006070301219.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Edward |last=Cody |access-date=7 May 2010 |title=Train 27, Now Arriving Tibet, in a 'Great Leap West' |date=4 July 2006}}</ref> Within the soft sleeper cabins there are 64 seats per train, which have an electrical plug for electronics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onceinalifetimejourney.com/once-in-a-lifetime-journeys/train-lhasa-can-expect/ |title=The train to Lhasa, Tibet - What You Can Expect |date=7 June 2017}}</ref>

Lhasa is also [[Lhasa–Xigazê Railway|connected]] to [[Shigatse|Xigazê]], the second largest city in Tibet by rail service, since 2014.<ref name="IIRF Strategic Yearbook 2022-23 p. 264">{{cite book | title=IIRF Strategic Yearbook 2022-23 | isbn=979-8-88883-276-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QuG9EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT264 | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=264| publisher=Notion Press }}</ref><ref name="Figueiredo Leandro Li 2021 p. 140">{{cite book | last1=Figueiredo | first1=P.G. | last2=Leandro | first2=F.J. | last3=Li | first3=Y. | title=Handbook of Research on Special Economic Zones as Regional Development Enablers | publisher=IGI Global | series=Advances in Public Policy and Administration | year=2021 | isbn=978-1-7998-7621-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_NLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=140}}</ref> A third railway, the [[Sichuan–Tibet railway]], which links Lhasa with [[Nyingchi County]] and into the interior ultimately terminating in [[Chengdu]], began construction in June 2015.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=zh:拉林铁路预计2014年9月份动工全线435.39千米 |url=http://www.chinatibetnews.com/travel/2014/0115/1317204.shtml |publisher=China Tibet News |date=15 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140730031816/http://www.chinatibetnews.com/travel/2014/0115/1317204.shtml |archive-date=30 July 2014}}</ref>

For onward rail travel in [[South Asia]], the closest major station in India is [[New Jalpaiguri]], [[Siliguri]] in [[West Bengal]]. However, extension of the Indian railway system to [[Sikkim]] will make it easier for onward connections through the [[South Asian]] railway network. There are preliminary plans to link Lhasa by rail with Kathmandu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Extend Tibet railway line to Kathmandu, Nepal tells China |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/extend-tibet-railway-line-to-kathmandu-nepal-tells-china/527936/ |publisher=The Indian Express |date=12 October 2009}}</ref>

As per a Chinese Tibetan spokesperson, extension of this rail line to Kathmandu with tunnelling under [[Mount Everest]] was, as of 2015, expected to be completed by 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/09/china-may-build-rail-tunnel-under-mount-everest-state-media-reports |title=China may build rail tunnel under Mount Everest, state media reports |date=9 April 2015 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

===Air===
[[File:Lhasa airport.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lhasa Gonggar Airport]]]]

[[Lhasa Gonggar International Airport]] (IATA: '''LXA'''), built in 1965, is the aviation hub of Tibet.<ref name="Li 2017 p. 186">{{cite book | last=Li | first=Q. | title=The Evolution and Preservation of the Old City of Lhasa | publisher=Springer Nature Singapore | year=2017 | isbn=978-981-10-6735-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZA-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA186 | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=186}}</ref> It is located south of the city proper. It takes around half an hour to get there by car via the [[Lhasa Airport Expressway]]; prior to the completion of the expressway in 2011, the trip to the airport took over an hour. {{As of|2014}}, there are daily flights serving major Chinese cities including Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, and Shanghai, and there are also occasional scheduled services to [[Kathmandu]] in Nepal. Lhasa Airport is the hub of [[Tibet Airlines]], which offers regional services to other destinations in Tibet such as [[Nyingchi]], [[Ngari Prefecture]], [[Shigatse]], and [[Qamdo]].<ref name="IIRF Strategic Yearbook 2022-23 p. 279">{{cite book | title=IIRF Strategic Yearbook 2022-23 | isbn=979-8-88883-276-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QuG9EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT279 | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=279| publisher=Notion Press }}</ref>

===Road===
[[File:Lhasa from Potala place.JPG|thumb|right|Main street]]

The [[Qinghai–Tibet Highway]] (part of G109) runs northeast toward Xining and eventually to [[Beijing]] and is the most-used road in Tibet. The [[Sichuan–Tibet Highway]] (part of G318) runs east towards [[Chengdu]] and eventually to [[Shanghai]]. G318 also runs west to [[Zhangmu]] on the Nepal border. The [[China National Highway 219|Xinjiang-Tibet Highway]] (G219) runs north from Lhasa to [[Kargilik Town|Yecheng]], and then to [[Xinjiang]]. This road is rarely used due to the lack of amenities and petrol stations. A new {{convert|37.68|km|mi}}, four-lane highway between Lhasa and the Gonggar Airport was built by the Transportation Department of Tibet at a cost of [[Renminbi|RMB]] 1.5 billion. This road is part of [[China National Highway 318|National Highway 318]] and starts from the [[Lhasa railway station]], passes through [[Caina Township]] in [[Qushui County]], terminating between the north entrance of the [[Gala Mountain Tunnel]] and the south bridgehead of the Lhasa River Bridge, and en route goes over the first overpass of Lhasa at Liuwu Overpass.<ref name=news>{{cite web |url=http://english.chinatibetnews.com/news/Society/2009-08/12/content_287181.htm |title=New highway linking Lhasa to Gonggar Airport to be built |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721172018/http://english.chinatibetnews.com/news/Society/2009-08/12/content_287181.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref>

===Maritime===
The closest seaports are [[Kolkata]] and [[Haldia]] in [[West Bengal, India]]. The [[Nathu La]] pass offers Chinese companies access to the port of Kolkata (Calcutta), situated about {{cvt|1,100|km|-1}} from Lhasa, for trans-shipments to and from Tibet.

== Sports ==
In 2014, the [[Lhasa Mass Culture and Sports Center]] (拉萨市群众文化体育中心) was completed in Liwu New District of Lhasa City. The center was built with the assistance of [[Beijing Municipality]], which is the highest modern stadium in the world, the largest single building in Tibet and the largest modern building invested by the whole country in support of Tibet, and has won the [[Luban Prize]], the highest honor in China's construction industry, and has been called the "Little Bird's Nest" by local people.<ref>{{cite news |title=拉萨市规模最大群众文化体育中心开建-西藏自治区体育局 |url=http://sport.xizang.gov.cn/xwzx/qz/201907/t20190721_79873.html |work=sport.xizang.gov.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=西藏：规模最大的群众文化体育中心近日竣工并验收_藏人文化网 |url=https://www.tibetcul.com/news/qt/18269.html |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=www.tibetcul.com}}</ref><ref name="Yeh 2018 p. 54">{{cite book | last=Yeh | first=E.T. | title=The Geoeconomics and Geopolitics of Chinese Development and Investment in Asia | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2018 | isbn=978-1-351-37896-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDOoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54 | access-date=2024-03-13 | page=54}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Drapchi Prison|Drapchi Prison or Lhasa Prison No.1]]
* [[McLeod Ganj]]
* [[The Lhasa Atlas]]
* [[Leh, India]]
* [[List of twin towns and sister cities in China]]
* [[Mustang, Nepal]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
* Das, Sarat Chandra (1902). ''Lhasa and Central Tibet''. Reprint: Mehra Offset Press, Delhi. 1988. {{ISBN|81-86230-17-3}}
* Dorje, Gyurme (1999). ''Footprint Tibet Handbook''. 2nd Edition. Bath, England. {{ISBN|1-900949-33-4}}. Also published in Chicago, U.S.A. {{ISBN|0-8442-2190-2}}.
* Dowman, Keith (1988). ''The Power-Places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim's Guide'', p. 59. Routledge & Kegan Paul. London. {{ISBN|0-7102-1370-0}} (ppk).
* Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2011). ''China's Ancient Tea Horse Road''. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B005DQV7Q2
* [[Liu Jianqiang|Jianqiang, Liu]] (2006). [http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/451-Preserving-Lhasa-s-history-part-one-/ chinadialogue] - Preserving Lhasa's history (part one).
* {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Tim |title=Tragedy in Crimson: How the Dalai Lama Conquered the World But Lost the Battle with China |url=https://archive.org/details/tragedyincrimson0000john |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/tragedyincrimson0000john/page/81 81] |access-date=17 February 2015 |year=2011 |publisher=Nation Books |isbn=978-1-56858-649-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Leibold |first1=James |last2=Chen |first2=Yangbin |title=Minority Education in China: Balancing Unity and Diversity in an Era of Critical Pluralism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybAaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 |access-date=17 February 2015 |date=4 March 2014 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=978-988-8208-13-5}}
* Miles, Paul (9 April 2005). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/732642/Tourism-drive-is-destroying-Tibet.html "Tourism drive 'is destroying Tibet': Unesco fears for Lhasa's World Heritage sites as the Chinese try to pull in 10 million visitors a year by 2020"]. ''The Daily Telegraph'' (London), p. 4.
* Pelliot, Paul (1961). ''Histoire ancienne du Tibet''. Libraire d'Amérique et d'orient. Paris.
* [[Richardson, Hugh E]]. (1984). ''Tibet and its History''. Second Edition, Revised and Updated. Shambhala Publications, Boston. {{ISBN|0-87773-376-7}}.
* Richardson, Hugh E. (1997). Lhasa. In ''Encyclopedia Americana international edition'', (Vol. 17, pp. 281–282). Danbury, CT: Grolier Inc.
* Stein, R. A. (1972). ''Tibetan Civilization'', p. 38. Reprint 1972. Stanford University Press. {{ISBN|0-8047-0806-1}} (cloth); {{ISBN|0-8047-0901-7}} (paper).
* {{cite book |last=Subramanya |first=N. |title=Human Rights and Refugees |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUntOZAaS0MC&pg=PA486 |access-date=17 February 2015 |year=2004 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-683-5}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070322223433/http://www.tour-cities.com/lhasa.html Lhasa]. Tour-Cities.Com, 2006.
* Tuladhar, Kamal Ratna (2011). ''[[Caravan to Lhasa]]: A Merchant of Kathmandu in Traditional Tibet.'' Kathmandu: Lijala & Tisa. {{ISBN|99946-58-91-3}}.
* Tung, Rosemary Jones (1980). ''A Portrait of Lost Tibet''. Thomas and Hudson, London. {{ISBN|0-500-54068-3}}.
* Vitali, Roberto (1990). ''Early Temples of Central Tibet''. Serindia Publications. London. {{ISBN|0-906026-25-3}}.
* von Schroeder, Ulrich (1981). ''Indo-Tibetan Bronzes''. (608 pages, 1244 illustrations). Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications Ltd. {{ISBN|962-7049-01-8}}.
* von Schroeder, Ulrich (2001). ''Buddhist Sculptures in Tibet''. Vol. One: I''ndia & Nepal''; Vol. Two: ''Tibet & China''. (Volume One: 655 pages with 766 illustrations; Volume Two: 675 pages with 987 illustrations). Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd.). {{ISBN|962-7049-07-7}}.
* von Schroeder, Ulrich (2008). ''108 Buddhist Statues in Tibet''. (212 p., 112 colour illustrations) (DVD with 527 digital photographs). Chicago: Serindia Publications. {{ISBN|962-7049-08-5}}.
* {{Cite journal |last1=Yeh |first1=Emily T. |last2=Henderson |first2=Mark |date=December 2008 |title=Interpreting Urbanization in Tibet |url=http://www.thlib.org/collections/texts/jiats/#!jiats=/04/yeh/b5/ |journal=Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies |volume=4 |access-date=12 February 2015}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Desideri (1932). ''An Account of Tibet: The Travels of [[Ippolito Desideri]] 1712-1727''. Ippolito Desideri. Edited by [[Filippo De Filippi (explorer)|Filippo De Filippi]]. Introduction by [[Cornelius Wessels|C. Wessels]]. Reproduced by Rupa & Co, New Delhi. 2005
* Le Sueur, Alec (2013). ''[[The Hotel on the Roof of the World]] – Five Years in Tibet.'' Chichester: Summersdale. {{ISBN|978-1-84024-199-0}}. Oakland: RDR Books. {{ISBN|978-1-57143-101-1}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikisource}}
* [https://www.lasa.gov.cn/lhasa/index.shtml People's Government of Chengguan District, Lhasa Official Website] {{in lang|zh|en}}

{{Lhasa Prefecture-level city}}
{{Towns in Lhasa}}
{{Tibet}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chengguan District, Lhasa| ]]
[[Category:Capitals of former nations]]
[[Category:Lhasa (prefecture-level city)]]
[[Category:Holy cities]]

Hashima Hasan

2026-03-14T10:10:39Z

Avdhut Kamble: adding a article

{{Short description|Indian scientist and astrophysicist}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
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| birth_date = February 8, 1950
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| occupation = Scientist
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'''Hashima Hasan''' (born February 8, 1950) is an Indian American [[scientist]] who has worked in the United States and India. She is the Program Scientist for the [[NuSTAR|Nuclear Spectroscopic Array]] (NuSTAR), [[IXPE|Imaging X-Ray Polarimetry Explorer]] (IXPE), the [[NASA]]/[[W. M. Keck Observatory]] partnership and the Education and Public Outreach Lead for Astrophysics. Hasan was also the Lead for Astronomy and Physics Research and Analysis (R&A) programs from 2001 to 2006. In the past, she served as the program scientist for numerous NASA projects, including the [[James Webb Space Telescope]], [[Hubble Space Telescope]], the [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]] (WISE), [[Gravity and Extreme Magnetism Small Explorer|Gravity and Extreme Magnetism SMEX]] (GEMS), [[Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy]], and the [[Explorers Program|Explorer Program]].

== Early life and education ==
Hasan grew up in [[Lucknow]], India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tong |first=Julia |date=2021-12-30 |title=Indian American scientist launches telescope for NASA |url=https://asamnews.com/2021/12/30/deputy-program-scientist-hashima-hasan-continues-nasa-career-with-christmas-launch-of-webb-space-telescope/ |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=AsAmNews |language=en-US}}</ref> She attended a [[Roman Catholic]] all-girls school,<ref name=":1" /> [[Loreto Convent Lucknow|Loreto Convent, Lucknow]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Hashima Hasan & NASA's Webb Space Telescope |url=http://www.aligarhdc.org/hashimahasan/ |access-date=2024-05-16 |language=en}}</ref> At this school the girls, including Hasan were limited in the types of scientific knowledge they were allowed to learn, the exception being [[botany]].<ref name=":1" /> When she wanted to learn and study these subjects she resorted to using her brother's textbooks.<ref name=":1" /> Hasan was initially inspired to become a nuclear physicist after she saw the launch of the [[USSR]]'s first satellite at a young age.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2024-01-12 |title=Meet Dr. Hashima Hasan, the Lucknow genius behind NASA's epic James Webb Space telescope! |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/meet-dr-hashima-hasan-the-indian-genius-behind-nasas-epic-james-webb-space-telescope/articleshow/106754369.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> She was further inspired to get into the world of science by her teacher in the 6th grade, and the launch of [[Sputnik 1|Sputnik-1]].<ref name=":3" /> During these times her mother's support encouraged her to continue following her dreams.<ref name=":3" /> Other family members also motivated her, like her uncle Husain Zaheer, a former Director-General of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR), and her aunt, Najama Zaheer, a [[biologist]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-14 |title=Meet Indian scientist Hashima Hasan, who helped launch NASA telescope |url=https://www.siasat.com/meet-indian-scientist-hashima-hasan-who-helped-launch-nasa-telescope-2257764/ |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>

Hasan earned a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree from [[Lucknow University]].<ref name=":4" /> In 1970 she earned her master's degree in [[physics]] from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU).<ref name=":4" /> She then went on to receive her doctorate from the [[University of Oxford]], [[United Kingdom|U.K.]], in Theoretical Nuclear Physics in 1976.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Hasan faced many obstacles in order to pursue her scientific research.<ref name=":1" /> She jumpstarted her career as soon as she finished her doctoral studies at Oxford.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-08 |title=Lucknow Woman Scientist Plays a Key Role in Launching of Ten Billion Dollar NASA's Webb Space Telescope |url=https://www.theindianpanorama.news/unitedstates/lucknow-woman-scientist-plays-a-key-role-in-launching-of-ten-billion-dollar-nasas-webb-space-telescope/ |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=The Indian Panorama |language=en-US}}</ref> Upon her arrival back to India she took on the role of a post-doctoral scholar at Mumbai's [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR).<ref name=":5" /> She also completed post-doctoral research and held teaching positions in the areas of environmental science and Theoretical Nuclear Physics.<ref name=":0" /> In specific she was chosen for a faculty post at the Physics Department, at [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|Poona University]] in India.<ref name=":1" /> Under this position, she taught postgraduate students.<ref name=":2" /> Furthermore, she conducted nuclear physics research at the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":5" />

Before joining NASA Headquarters in 1994, she worked as the Optical Telescope Assembly Scientist at the [[Space Telescope Science Institute]] in [[Baltimore]].<ref name=":0" /> As a Deputy Program Scientist, Hasan oversees and coordinates the Webb Telescope science program by ensuring that its mission is achievable and aligned with NASA's goals.<ref name=":0" /> She wrote the simulation software for the optics of the Hubble Space Telescope.<ref name=":4" /> While completing work for the Hubble Space Telescope she fixed an optical error that was created by the software.<ref name=":4" /> During her time under the R&A programs, she was in charge of establishing guidelines, managing budgets, and redesigning research programs to better meet NASA's objectives.<ref name=":0" /> In 2004, she obtained her Senior Executive Service qualification.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hashima Hasan Biography Webb Telescope/NASA |url=https://webb.nasa.gov/content/meetTheTeam/people/hasan.html |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=webb.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Hasan has published articles in various peer-reviewed journals, including ''[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]]'', ''[[The Astrophysical Journal]]'', and ''[[Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific]]''.<ref name=":0" />

=== Awards ===
Hasan was honored with awards and fellowships like the [[Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan|Commonwealth Fellowship]] from 1973-1976 and the NASA HQ Exceptional Performance Award in 2008. She was a National Research Council Resident Research Associate from 1981-1983. As a student, she received a gold medal for physics and a merit award.<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
Hasan married Aftab Ansari, a scientific officer at the [[National Institutes of Health]], in 1979.<ref name=":2" /> They have two sons.<ref name=":5" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hasan, Hashima}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian astrophysicists]]

Judeo-Urdu

2026-03-12T14:52:03Z

Avdhut Kamble:

{{Short description|Hindustani dialect of Indian Jews}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Judeo-Urdu
| altname =
| states = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| region = [[Bombay]], [[Calcutta]]
| speakers =
| ref =
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central]]
| fam5 = [[Western Hindi]]
| fam6 = [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
| fam7 = [[Urdu]]
| iso3 =
| glotto = jude1269
| glottorefname = Judeo-Urdu
| era = 18th century
| script = [[Hebrew script]]
| ethnicity = [[Baghdadi Jews]]
| image = Inder_Sabha_in_Judeo_Urdu.jpg
| imagecaption = [[Inder Sabha]] in Judeo-Urdu
| ietf = ur-IN-Hebr
}}
'''Judeo-Urdu''' ({{langx|ur|{{nq|یہود اردو}}|translit=yahūd urdū}}; {{Langx|he|אורדו יהודית|translit=ūrdū yehūdīt}})<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hashmi |first=Arshad Masood |date=2018-08-01 |title=اندر سبھا کا یہود اردو مخطوطہ (A Judaeo-Urdu Manuscript of Indra Sabha) |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3993268 |journal=[[Social Science Research Network]] |language=en |location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=3993268 }}</ref> was a dialect of the [[Urdu language]] spoken by the [[Baghdadi Jews]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] living in the areas of [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]] towards the end of the 18th century. It is a dialect that was written in the [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew script]] and found to be used for several pieces of literature, such as [[Inder Sabha]], a copy of which is kept at the [[British Library]].

== Writing system ==
The Judeo-Urdu dialect was written in the [[Hebrew script]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=D. Rubin |first=Aaron |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463237349 |title=A Unique Hebrew Glossary from India |date=2016-12-31 |isbn=9781463237349 |doi=10.31826/9781463237349 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The orthography is one of the primary reasons for this dialect being associated with [[Urdu]], rather than [[Hindi]], as the spelling of lemmas found in literature written in the Judeo-Urdu dialect seem to correlate with the [[Perso-Arabic|Perso-Arab]] spelling.<ref name=":0" /> For instance, [[Arabic|Arabic loanwords]] which contain the letters [[ط]] would be mapped to the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] equivalent [[ט]], a pattern which is consistent with other [[loanword]]s and loan-letters.

However, the representation of unique sounds found in [[Indo-Aryan languages#Phonology|Indo-Aryan languages]], such as [[retroflex consonant]]s as well as [[aspirated consonant]]s, were not represented by unique or modified [[Hebrew script|Hebrew letters]]. Rather, [[alveolar consonant]]s were also used to represent these sounds paired with a [[Dagesh]] or [[Holam]]. This could create ambiguity as some letters, like [[Dalet]], could denote up to four different phonemes, while an unvocalised [[Gimel]] could denote potentially up to five.<ref name=":0" />

== Vocabulary ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example of words used in Judeo-Urdu
!Standard Urdu
!Judeo-Urdu
!Meaning
!Hebrew equivalent
|-
|align="right"|'''{{Unq|اُون٘ٹ}}'''
''(ūṉṭ)''
|align="right"|'''<big>{{Langx|ur|אוּנְתּ|label=none|rtl=yes}}</big>'''
''(ūnṭ)''
|'camel'
|align="right"|'''<big>{{Langx|ur|גָּמָל|label=none|rtl=yes}}</big>'''
''(gámál)''
|-
|align="right"|'''{{Unq|بَکْری}}'''
''(bakrī)''
|align="right"|'''<big>{{Langx|ur|בַכְּרי|label=none|rtl=yes}}</big>'''
''(bakrī)''
|'goat'
|align="right"|'''<big>{{Langx|ur|עֵז|label=none|rtl=yes}}</big>'''
''('ēz)''
|-
|align="right"|'''{{Unq|پَتَّھر}}'''
''(patthar)''
|align="right"|'''<big>{{Langx|ur|פַתַּר|label=none|rtl=yes}}</big>'''
''(pattʰar)''
|'stone'
|align="right"|'''<big>{{Langx|ur|אֶבֶן|label=none|rtl=yes}}</big>'''
''(évén)''
|-
|align="right"|'''{{Unq|گَدھا}}'''
''(gadhā)''
|align="right"|'''<big>{{Langx|ur|גַּדָּא|label=none|rtl=yes}}</big>'''
''(gadʱā)''
|'donkey'
|align="right"|'''<big>{{Langx|ur|חֲמוֹר|label=none|rtl=yes}}</big>'''
''(ḥämōr)''
|-
|align="right"|'''{{Unq|جانْوَر}}'''
''(jānvar)''
|align="right"|'''<big>{{Langx|ur|גַֹנָאוַור|label=none|rtl=yes}}</big>'''
''(janāvar){{Efn|Dialectal form {{unq|جَناوَر}}, which corresponds with {{langx|mr|जनावर}}, j̈anāvar|group=note}}''
|'animal'
|align="right"|'''<big>{{Langx|ur|בְּהֵמָה|label=none|rtl=yes}}</big>'''
''(bhemáh)''
|-
|align="right"|'''{{Unq|چُوہَا}}'''
''(čūhā)''
|align="right"|'''<big>{{Langx|ur|גַווָא|label=none|rtl=yes}}</big>'''
''(čawā){{Efn|Dialectal form {{unq|چُوَا}}, which corresponds with {{langx|mr|चुवा}}, ċuvā|group=note}}''
|'mouse'
|align="right"|'''<big>{{Langx|ur|עַכְבָּר|label=none|rtl=yes}}</big>'''
''('aḵbár)''
|-
|align="right"|'''{{Unq|حَلق}}'''
''(ḥalaq)''
|align="right"|'''<big>{{Langx|ur|חָלַק|label=none|rtl=yes}}</big>'''
''(ḥálaq)''
|'throat'
|align="right"|'''<big>{{Langx|ur|גָרוֹן|label=none|rtl=yes}}</big>'''
''(gárōn)''
|-
|align="right"|'''<big>{{Unq|کُتّا}}</big>'''
''(kuttā)''
|align="right"|'''<big>{{Langx|ur|כוּתָּא|label=none|rtl=yes}}</big>'''
''(kūttā)''
|'dog'
|align="right"|'''<big>{{Langx|ur|כֶּלֶב|label=none|rtl=yes}}</big>'''
''(kélév)''
|-
|align="right"|'''{{Unq|لَکْڑی}}'''
''(lakṛī)''
|align="right"|'''<big>{{Langx|ur|לַכּרִי|label=none|rtl=yes}}</big>'''
''(lakrī)''
|'wood'
|align="right"|'''<big>{{Langx|ur|עֵץ|label=none|rtl=yes}}</big>'''
''('ēṣ)''
|-
|align="right"|'''{{Unq|مُرْغِی}}'''
''(murḡī)''
|align="right"|'''<big>{{Langx|ur|מוּרְגִי|label=none|rtl=yes}}</big>'''
''(mūrġī)''
|'hen'
|align="right"|'''<big>{{Langx|ur|תַּרְנְגֹלֶת|label=none|rtl=yes}}</big>'''
''(tarngolét)''
|}

== See also ==

* [[Judeo-Marathi]]
* [[Judeo-Malayalam]]
* [[Judeo-Persian]]

== References ==

<references />

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}{{Jews and Judaism|state=expanded}}
{{Urdu topics}}
{{Jewish languages}}
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}

[[Category:Dialects of Urdu]]
[[Category:Hindustani language]]
[[Category:Central Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Urdu in India]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Jewish Indian history]]
[[Category:Jewish languages]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 18th century]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 18th century]]
[[Category:18th century in India]]

{{IndoAryan-lang-stub}}

Gerard Anstruther Wathen

2026-03-08T17:56:01Z

Avdhut Kamble: Created Initial Details More To Come

{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Gerard Anstruther Wathen
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 28 December 1878
| birth_place =
| death_date = 9 August 1958 (aged 79)
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| nationality = 
| citizenship = 
| other_names =
| occupation =
| period =
| known_for =
| title =
| boards = 
| spouse = [[Melicent Wathen]]
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards = 
| website =
| education = [[St Paul's School, London|St Paul's School]] [[Peterhouse, Cambridge|Peterhouse]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]]
| alma_mater = 
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor =
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| influences = 
| era =
| discipline = 
| sub_discipline = 
| workplaces = [[Tonbridge School]], Kent [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College]], [[Lahore]] [[Khalsa College, Amritsar|Khalsa College]], [[Amritsar]] [[The Hall School, Hampstead|Hall School]], [[Hampstead]]
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students =
| main_interests =
| notable_works =
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| signature =
| signature_alt =
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}}
'''Gerard Anstruther Wathen''' [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] (28 December 1878 – 9 August 1958) joined the [[Indian Education Service]] in 1905 and became professor of education and Principal of the [[Khalsa College, Amritsar|Khalsa College]], [[Amritsar]].

==Early life and education==
Gerard Anstruther Wathen was born on 28 December 1878,<ref name=C&MG1958>{{cite news |title=Prof Wathen dead |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19580816/041/0003 |access-date=9 September 2025 |work=Civil & Military Gazette |date=16 August 1958 |location=Lahore |page=3|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> in [[Bexley]], [[Kent]], the youngest child of William Hulbert Wathen.<ref name=Venn>{{cite book |last1=Venn |first1=John |last2=Venn |first2=John Archibald |title=Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900 |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-03616-0 |page=364 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWSiYp0-AGEC&pg=PA364 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Johal2018>{{cite news |last=Johal |first=Vikramdeep |date=5 September 2018 |title=A century later, remembering Khalsa College’s gutsy Principal |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/a-century-later-remembering-khalsa-college-s-gutsy-principal-647876/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907170728/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/a-century-later-remembering-khalsa-college-s-gutsy-principal-647876/ |archive-date=7 September 2025 |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> He completed his early education from [[St Paul's School, London|St Paul's School]] in 1898 and subsequently gained admission to [[Peterhouse, Cambridge|Peterhouse]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] to study the [[classics]].<ref name=Venn/> Between 1899 and 1902, after a period of study at Bonn and Paris, he completed [[palaeography|paleographic]] and [[archaeology|archeological]] research in the [[Balkans]] and [[Anatolia]].<ref name=Venn/> He received his Bachelors degree in 1902 and Masters in 1905.<ref name=Venn/><ref name=Dewey1993>{{cite book |last1=Dewey |first1=Clive |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-7UAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 |title=Anglo-Indian Attitudes: Mind of the Indian Civil Service |date=1993 |publisher=The Hambledon Press |isbn=1-85285-097-3 |location=London |page=180 |language=en |chapter=7. Experiments with friendship}}</ref>

==Career==
From 1903 to 1905 Wathen was assistant master at [[Tonbridge School]].<ref name=Venn/> That year he left to join the [[Indian Education Service]] and take up a post at the [[Central Model School, Lahore|Central Model School]], Lahore, as headmaster.<ref name=Venn/><ref name=Johal2018/><ref name=Forster2008>{{cite book |last1=Forster |first1=Edward Morgan |title=The BBC Talks of E.M. Forster, 1929-1960: A Selected Edition |date=2008 |publisher=University of Missouri Press |isbn=978-0-8262-1800-1 |chapter=My debt to India|pages=199-201 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8nUIRSdJhcC&pg=PA199 |language=en}}</ref> He then taught at [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College]], [[Lahore]], later becoming professor there.<ref name=Johal2018/><ref name=Forster2008/><ref name=Wagner2>Wagner, pp. 39-40</ref>

Wathen moved to India with his wife [[Melicent Wathen|Melicent]] in 1909.<ref name=Wagner2/><ref name=Wagner2018>{{cite journal |last1=Wagner |first1=Kim A. |title=Fear and Loathing in Amritsar: an Intimate Account of Colonial Crisis |journal=Itinerario |date=April 2018 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=67–84 |doi=10.1017/S0165115318000086 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/itinerario/article/fear-and-loathing-in-amritsar-an-intimate-account-of-colonial-crisis/3E9032CFEE54F3B2ED7A062216EE5EB6 |language=en |issn=0165-1153}}</ref> Prior to the [[First World War]], his social circle included [[Malcolm Lyall Darling]] and [[E. M. Forster]], who in 1912 delivered a talk to Wathen's class at Government College.<ref name=Wagner2/> He then became inspector of schools, and in 1915 was appointed Principal of [[Khalsa College, Amritsar|Khalsa College]], [[Amritsar]], with 700 students.<ref name=Johal2018/><ref name=Forster2008/><ref name=Wagner2/> There, he established the 'Coats-off Society', that encouraged students to take time out to perform manual labour.<ref name=Forster2008/><ref name=Brunner2018>{{cite journal |last1=Brunner |first1=Michael Philipp |title=Teaching development: Debates on ‘scientific agriculture’ and ‘rural reconstruction’ at Khalsa College, Amritsar, c. 1915–47 |journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review |date=1 January 2018 |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=77–132 |doi=10.1177/0019464617745924 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019464617745924?int.sj-abstract.similar-articles.4 |language=EN |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Amritsar 1919==
After the [[First World War]], Wathen re-visited England with his wife and children, and upon return to India in early 1919, found his students preoccupied with politics and the then recent [[Rowlett Act]].<ref name=Wagner2/> According to historian [[Kim A. Wagner|Kim Wagner]], Wathen’s dealings with Khalsa College's students were unusually progressive for the period and frowned upon by some Anglo-Indians.<ref name=Wagner2/> Wagner further argues in ''Amritsar 1919'' that Wathen’s actions between 10 April and 12 April 1919 helped prevent "the idea of bombing Amritsar" by air.<ref name=Johal2018/><ref name=Wagner6>Wagner, pp. 123-126</ref> He was not called to testify before the Hunter Commission, the official inquiry following the [[Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre]], and in Wagner's words "was more or less written out of the official history of the events of April 1919".<ref name=Wagner13/>

Historian [[Nigel Collett]] notes that five years after the Punjab disturbances, Wathen was the only Englishman ready to defend [[C. Sankaran Nair]] at the ''[[O'Dwyer v. Nair Libel Case]]'' (1924), held in London, by which time he had moved back to England.<ref name=Collett2022.180>Collett, p.180</ref><ref name=Collett2011>{{cite journal |last1=Collett |first1=Nigel A. |author-link=Nigel Collett |date=2011 |title=The O'Dwyer v. Nair Libel Case of 1924: New Evidence Concerning Indian Attitudes and British Intelligence During the 1919 Punjab Disturbances |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41490046 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=469–483 |doi=10.1017/S1356186311000435 |jstor=41490046 |issn=1356-1863 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wagner notes that almost 16 years later in 1940, following the death of [[Michael O'Dwyer]], Wathen reflected on 1919 and wrote to ''The Times'' concluding his letter with "He was right and I was wrong".<ref name=Wagner13>Wagner, pp. 248-249</ref> The letter read;

<blockquote>It fell to me to be the first to tell Sir Michael O'Dwyer of the shooting in the Jalliwala Bagh. I reached Government House at Lahore from Amritsar at 3 am that night and urged Sir Michael to go at once to Amritsar and replace in the hands of the civil authorities the power being vested then under martial law in the hands of General Dyer. I told him that I feared intense bitterness among the Sikhs and probably a rising. He took a different view, said that the shooting, however horrible, would mean an end of rioting, and besides, he added, I always trust the man upon the spot.<ref name=Wagner13/></blockquote>

==Later career==
From 1924 to 1955, Wathen served the [[The Hall School, Hampstead|Hall School]], [[Hampstead]], as its headmaster.<ref name=C&MG1958/><ref name=Hall>{{cite web |title=Hall School |url=https://hallschool.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/The-Hall-The-Wathen-Society.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907171000/https://hallschool.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/The-Hall-The-Wathen-Society.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2025 |access-date=7 September 2025}}</ref> There, he established financial aid to boys who arrived as refugees from [[German-occupied Europe]].<ref name=Hall/>

==Death and legacy==
Wathen died on 9 August 1958, after being hit by a taxi on 24 July that year.<ref name=C&MG1958/><ref>{{cite news |title=Man of 79 died after accident with taxi |work=Middlesex Independent |date=22 August 1958 |page=3}}</ref> Khalsa College awards the Prof GA Wathen Scholarship. The Wathen Society is named for him.<ref name=Johal2018/> Wathen believed that the character of Cyril Fielding in [[E. M. Forster]]'s ''[[A Passage to India]]'' was modelled on him, though according to Indian historian [[Vishwa Nath Datta|V. N. Datta]], it was [[Malcolm Lyall Darling]] that Forster was referring to.<ref name=Collett2022.163>Collett, p.163</ref><ref name=Datta2005>{{cite journal |last1=Datta |first1=V. N. |title=General Dyer and Jallianwala Bagh |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=2005 |volume=40 |issue=47 |pages=4911–4913 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4417425 |issn=0012-9976|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Brunner |first1=Michael Philipp |title=Education and Modernity in Colonial Punjab: Khalsa College, the Sikh Tradition and the Webs of Knowledge, 1880-1947 |date=2022 |publisher=Springer |location=Switzerland |isbn=978-3-030-53514-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wwcLEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Collett |first1=Nigel |title=Developing the Heart: E.M. Forster and India |date=2022 |publisher=City University of HK Press |isbn=978-962-937-590-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abFYEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Wagner |first1=Kim A. |title=Amritsar 1919: An Empire of Fear & the Making of a Massacre |date=2019 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-24546-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ|language=en}}

[[Category:People from Kent (before 1965)]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Khalsa College, Amritsar]]
[[Category:1878 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:People from Bexley]]

Anagha Narayanan

2026-03-08T11:08:47Z

Avdhut Kamble:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|01|02}}
| birth_place = Kanhangad, Kerala, India
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2021 - present
}}
'''Anagha Narayanan''' is an Indian actress who works primarily in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]]. She's known for her role in [[Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam]], [[Dear Vaappi]] and [[Anpodu Kanmani]].

==Career==
She began her career from [[Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam]].

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;font"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-

|2021
|''[[Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam]]''
|Suja
|Debut film, {{Won}} [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA awards]] for best debutant actress
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-12 |title=SIIMA Awards 2022 Winners List Malayalam: Tovino Thomas, Biju Menon, Aishwarya Lekshmi Grab Trophies |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2022/siima-awards-2022-winners-list-malayalam-tovino-thomas-biju-menon-aishwarya-lekshmi-340192.html |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners List : 67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-with-kamar-film-factory-55592.amp |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-

|rowspan="2"|2022
|''[[Vaashi (2022 film)|Vaashi]]''
|Anusha
|
|
|-
|''[[Aanandam Paramanandam]]''
|Anupama
|
|
|-

|2023
|''[[Dear Vaappi]]''
|Amira
|
|
|-

|rowspan="2"|2024
|''Raastha''
|Shahana
|
|
|-
|''Turkish Tharkkam''
|
|
|
|-

|2025
|''[[Anpodu Kanmani]]''
|Shalini
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-10-15 |title='Anpodu Kanmani' teaser: Arjun Ashokan, Anagha Narayanan starrer hints at a humorous take on societal structures |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anpodu-kanmani-teaser-arjun-ashokan-anagha-narayanan-starrer-hints-at-a-humorous-take-on-societal-structures/article68755897.ece/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-

|}

==Awards and nominations==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;font"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{refh}}
|-

|rowspan="3"|2022
|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Malayalam|Best Debutant Actress (Malayalam)]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam]]
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[67th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|Best Debutant Actress (Malayalam)]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners List : 67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-with-kamar-film-factory-55592.amp |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-11 |title=67th Filmfare Awards South 2022 announced: Check winners here - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/67th-filmfare-awards-south-2022-announced-check-winners-here-14918191.htm/amp |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Critics' Choice Film Awards, India
|Best Supporting Actress
|{{nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Critics' Choice Film Awards, India (2022) |url=https://m.imdb.com/event/ev0036929/2022/1/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb name| nm11813019}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayanan, Anagha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]

Shilabhattarika

2026-03-06T15:17:17Z

Avdhut Kamble: adjust lead also and corrected details per standard format

{{short description|9th c. Sanskrit-language Indian poet}}
'''Shila-bhattarika''' ([[IAST]]: Śīlābhaṭṭārikā) was a 9th-century [[Sanskrit]] poet from present-day India. Her verses appear in most major Sanskrit anthologies, and her poetic skills have been praised by the medieval Sanskrit literary critics.

== Biography ==

Shilabhattarika lived in the 9th century.{{sfn|Supriya Banik Pal|2010|p=152}}{{sfn|Andrew Schelling|2003|p=142}} One of her poems mentions the [[Narmada River]] (Reva) and the [[Vindhyas|Vindhya mountains]].{{sfn|Andrew Schelling|2013|pp=72-74}} Therefore, as a young woman, she probably lived along the Narmada River, near the Vindhyas.{{sfn|Andrew Schelling|2003|p=142}}{{sfn|Pavan K. Varma|Sandhya Mulchandani|2004|p=161}}

In 1993, M. B. Padma, a scholar of the [[University of Mysore]], speculated that she may be same as Shila-mahadevi, the queen of the 8th century [[Rashtrakuta]] ruler [[Dhruva Dharavarsha|Dhruva]]. Padma's theory is based on the facts that the suffix "Bhattarika" attached to the poet's name indicates her high social status, and that the queen is known to have made generous grants to scholars.{{sfn|M. B. Padma|1993|p=169}}

In 2023, Shreenand L. Bapat of [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]] identified Shilabhattarika as a daughter of the [[Chalukyas of Vatapi|Chalukya]] ruler [[Pulakeshin II]], based on the decipherment of an inscription. According to Bapat, her name appears in a copper-plate charter of the Chalukya king [[Vijayaditya]], dated January-February 717 CE; she was married to Dadiga, a son of the Ganga ruler Mushkara alias Mokkara. The comparison of Shilabhattarika with Banabhatta by Rajashekhara must be seen on the background of the enmity of Pulakeshin II, Shilabhattarika's father and Harshavardhana, patron of Banabhatta.<ref>{{citation |title=Maharashtra Times Samvaad Nagpur 20230416 page |url=https://www.academia.edu/100268597 |last1=Bapat |first1=Shreenand }}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Not even the title of this is helpful.|date=April 2024}}

The 10th century poet [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajashekhara]] praises Shilabhattarika as a leading figure of the ''[[Panchala|Panchali]]'' literary style{{sfn|Supriya Banik Pal|2010|p=152}} (one of the four major contemporary literary styles - the other three being ''[[Vidarbha|Vaidharbhi]]'', ''[[Gauḍa (region)|Gaudi]]'', and ''[[Lata (region)|Lati]]'').{{sfn|Supriya Banik Pal|2010|p=159}} A verse, attributed to Rajashekhara in Vallabhadeva's 15th century anthology ''Subhashitavali'', states that this style maintains "a balance between words and meaning". According to Rajashekhara, the ''Panchali'' style can be traced to the works of Shilabhattarika, and possibly in some of the works of the 7th century poet [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa|Bana]].{{sfn|Supriya Banik Pal|2010|p=152}}

Shilabhattarika has been quoted by several classical Sanskrit literary critics, and her verses appear in most major Sanskrit anthologies. She is known to have written at least 46 poems on topics such as "love, morality, politics, nature, beauty, the seasons, insects, anger, indignation, codes of conduct, and the characteristic features of various kinds of heroines."{{sfn|Supriya Banik Pal|2010|p=150}} However, most of her works are now [[Lost literary work|lost]], and only six of her short poems are extant.{{sfn|Andrew Schelling|2003|p=142}}

''[[Sharngadhara-paddhati]]'', a 14th-century anthology, praises her and three other female poets in the following words:{{sfn|Supriya Banik Pal|2010|p=150}}

{{cquote|Shilabhattarika, [[Vijja]], [[Marula (poet)|Marula]], and Morika are poetesses of renown with great poetic genius and erudition. Those who have command over all branches of learning, having participated in dialogues with other scholars and having defeated them in debates, are regarded as sound scholars and experts. Consequently, they alone are venerable in the scholarly world.|source=Dhanadevas, in Sharngadhara's ''Paddhati''{{sfn|Supriya Banik Pal|2010|p=150}}{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1994|p=421}}}}

== Example verses ==

The following short poem of Shilabhattarika is considered as one of the greatest poems ever written in the Sanskrit tradition.{{sfn|Alan Deyermond|1990|p=132}} Indian scholar Supriya Banik Pal believes that the poem expresses the speaker's anxiety to be reunited with her husband.{{sfn|Supriya Banik Pal|2010|p=150}} According to American author [[Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson]], the poet, possibly a middle-aged woman, implies that the illicit, pre-marital love between her and her lover was richer than their love as a married couple.{{sfn|Alan Deyermond|1990|p=132}} An interpretation by the 16-century philosopher [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]] suggests that the verse is a metaphor for a person's desire to be united with the "Supreme Lord - [[Brahman|the Absolute]]".{{sfn|Supriya Banik Pal|2010|p=150-151}}

{{poemquote
|text=Who deprived me of my virginhood that same, indeed, is my bridegroom;
those same are the nights of [[Chaitra]] (spring); and those same are the luxuriant ''[[Neolamarckia cadamba|kadamba]]'' breezes, fragrant with the blooming ''malati'' flowers;
and I too, am what I was;
yet my heart longs for indulging in sports of love, there beneath the cane arbour on the banks of Narmada
|sign=Shilabhattarika (Translation by R. C. Dwivedi{{sfn|R. C. Dwivedi|1977|p=9}})
}}

The following verse expresses the speaker's longing for his wife:{{sfn|Supriya Banik Pal|2010|p=151}}

{{poemquote
|text=Thought has arisen in the heart of one separated from his beloved
– seeing this, sleep has deserted him. Who would adore a faithless one?
|sign=Shilabhattarika (translation by Roma Chaudhari){{sfn|Supriya Banik Pal|2010|p=151}})
}}

In the following verse, a poor speaker expresses grief at not being able to provide his loved one with jewels or food:{{sfn|Supriya Banik Pal|2010|p=151}}

{{poemquote
|text=I am deeply anguished at the sight of my beloved’s bracelet bereft of jewels.
Yet now my heart breaks to see our earthen cooking vessel without any morsel of food left in it.
|sign=Shilabhattarika{{sfn|Supriya Banik Pal|2010|p=151}}
}}

The following verse, also quoted in the ''Subhashita Ratna Bhandagara'', describes the importance of learning and engaging in discussions with scholars:{{sfn|Supriya Banik Pal|2010|p=152}}

{{poemquote
|text=The talent of the man who engages himself in studies, cultivates
exercises on writing, possesses a clear view, participates in discussions
and debates with scholars, and exchanges his views
with senior experts will blossom forth in its rich abundance like
the lotus unfolding its petals at the touch of the sun’s rays.
|sign=Shilabhattarika{{sfn|Supriya Banik Pal|2010|p=152}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=A. K. Warder |title=Indian Kavya Literature |volume=4: The ways of originality (Bana to Damodaragupta) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WnWL5LtYfcC&pg=PA421 |year=1994 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0449-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Alan Deyermond |chapter=Sexual Initiation in the Woman’s-Voice Court Lyric |editor1=Keith Busby |editor2=Erik Kooper |title=Proceedings of the 5th triennial Congress of the International Courtly Literature Society, Dalfsen, The Netherlands, 9–16 Aug. 1986 |series=Utrecht Publications in General and Comparative Literature |publisher=Utrecht |year=1990 |volume=25 |pages=125–158 |isbn=90-272-2211-8 |doi=10.1075/upal.25.12dey }}
* {{cite journal |author=Andrew Schelling |title=Nights of Jasmine and Thunder |journal=[[Mānoa (journal)|Mānoa]] |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/539313 |year=2013 |volume=25 |issue=2 |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] |doi=10.1353/man.2013.0061 |pages=72–74 |s2cid=145271967 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |author=Andrew Schelling |title=Wild Form, Savage Grammar: Poetry, Ecology, Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zUpbAAAAMAAJ |year=2003 |publisher=La Alameda |isbn=978-1-888809-35-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=M. B. Padma |title=The Position of Women in Mediaeval Karnataka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HV7aAAAAMAAJ |year=1993 |publisher=Prasaranga, University of Mysore |oclc=36806821}}
* {{cite book |editor1=Pavan K. Varma |editor2=Sandhya Mulchandani |title=Love and lust: an anthology of erotic literature from ancient and medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuFjAAAAMAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=9788172235499 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. C. Dwivedi |title=The Poetic Light |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iwgKAQAAIAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass }}
* {{cite book |author=Supriya Banik Pal |chapter=Some Women Writers and their Works in Classical Sanskrit Literature: A Reinterpretation |editor=Philip F. Williams |title=Asian Literary Voices: From Marginal to Mainstream |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XDYEgDWtCcC&pg=PA152 |year=2010 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-8964-092-5 }}
* {{cite book |author=Shreenand L. Bapat |chapter=Pune Copperplate Charter of Bādāmi Cālukya Ruler Vijayāditya, Dated January-February 717 CE, Mentioning Śīlabhaṭṭārikā, a Daughter of Pulakeśin II and Perhaps a Coveted Sanskrit Poetess |editor=Pramod Joglekar and Shilpa Sumant |title=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Volume 101, pages 7-16 |year=2023 |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |issn=0378-1143 }}
{{refend}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Sanskrit women poets]]
[[Category:Sanskrit poets]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian poets]]

Bangari (2013 film)

2026-03-03T21:20:48Z

Avdhut Kamble: Done

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bangari
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Ma. Chandru
| producer = A. Ellappa
| writer = Ma. Chandru
| screenplay = Ma. Chandru
| story =
| starring = [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] [[Ragini Dwivedi]]
| music = A. M. Neel
| cinematography = Niranjan Babu
| editing =
| studio = Shivashankara Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2013|02|01|df=yes}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/bangari-to-be-released-on-february-1-587796.html|title=Bangari' to be released on February 1|work=[[News18 India]]|date=30 January 2013}}</ref>
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bangari''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic film]] starring [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] and [[Ragini Dwivedi]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/yogesh-to-act-with-ragini-in-bangari-462147.html|title=Yogesh to act with Ragini in 'Bangari'|work=[[News18 India]]|date=4 April 2012}}</ref> The film is directed by Ma. Chandru who makes his debut in direction after assisting few Tamil films. A. M. Neel has scored the music and Niranjan Babu has done the cinematography. A. Ellappa, a realtor turned producer has produced the film under Shivashankara Productions.

== Cast ==
* [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] as Bangari
* [[Ragini Dwivedi]] as Paddhu
* [[Rangayana Raghu]]
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
* [[Ramesh Bhat]]
* Kadhal Dandapani

== Production ==
The film officially began in the presence of actor [[Shivarajkumar]] at the Kanteerava studios in Bangalore. Ragini Dwivedi, fresh from the success of ''[[Kempegowda (film)|Kempegowda]]'' was cast as the title protagonist Bangari, a village girl with many ambitions and possessions. Yogesh was cast as her love interest who is also from a rural background. The total budget has reached around 40 million. The shooting commenced with a fixed target of 65 days out of which 32 days were shot in Kolar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-south-three-kannada-films-to-battle-out-this-weekend/20130131.htm|title=Three Kannada films to battle it out this weekend|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=31 January 2013}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Bangari
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = A. M. Neel
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 27:07
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2012
| year = 2014
| next_title =
| next_year = 2013
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| OxUeD8Ev0RU| Bangari - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The soundtrack of the album was released on 9 November 2012. Bangari consists of 7 songs composed by A. M. Neel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/upendra-releases-kannada-film-bangari-audio-520941.html|title=Upendra releases Kannada film, 'Bangari' audio|work=[[News18 India]]|date=9 November 2012}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:02
| title1 = Jaimande Madesha
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length1 = 4:26
| title2 = Bangarige Preethi
| extra2 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length2 = 4:34
| title3 = Chang Changlu Hudgeeru
| extra3 = [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]]
| length3 = 4:20
| title4 = Yenella Helona
| extra4 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length4 = 4:35
| title5 = Aasepattu
| extra5 = [[Udit Narayan]]
| length5 = 5:21
| title6 = Kannalli Sanne
| extra6 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Supriya Ramakrishnaiah
| length6 = 4:07
| title7 = Thayiginta Devarilla
| extra7 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Supriya Ramakrishnaiah
| length7 = 3:19
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

A critic from [[The Times of India]] scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "While Yogish has done a good job, Ragini shines with a bold performance as his lover. Ramesh Bhat is gracious. Music by AM Neel has some catchy tunes. Cinematography by Niranjanbabu is good".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/bangari/movie-review/18301666.cms?from=mdr|title=BANGARI MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> A Shardhha of [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "Ragini Dwivedi is at her charming best but too glamourous [sic] to be a village belle. Sadhu Kokila in a comedy dose is a total waste, which is a minus point for the film. Sharath Lohitashava is completely sidelined while Ramesh Bhat and Sathya Priya have justified their roles. Nothing impressive about the camerawork nor editing. A couple of songs by AM Neel are hummable".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/Feb/02/bangari-kannada-446860.html|title=Bangari (Kannada)|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2 February 2013}}</ref> Srikant Sriniwasa of [[Rediff.com]] scored the film at 2 out of 5 stars and says "Bangari is an average entertainer but quite engaging given the fact that it marks the debut of a director."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-bangari/20130201.htm|title=Review: Bangari is an average entertainer|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=1 February 2013}}</ref> A critic from [[News18 India]] wrote "Also, two songs by Neel are well composed, but Niranjan Babu's camera work is ordinary. Overall, one can say 'Bangari' is a disappointing film".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/bangari-review-this-kannada-film-is-a-tedious-watch-588406.html|title='Bangari' Review: This Kannada film is a tedious watch|date=2 February 2013 |publisher=[[News18 India]]|access-date=2 February 2013}}</ref> B S Srivani from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote " Ragini sheds her awkwardness for Bangari and impresses as the bold village girl who doesn’t mind her man chopping off enemies of love. Yogesh’s new found maturity is pleasing. Bangari, however, remains his mother’s pet and of the audience in songs".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/309307/taking-crime-find-love.html|title=Taking to crime to find love|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=1 February 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|14262742}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangari}}
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 romance films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]

Kanhadade Prabandha

2026-02-28T17:54:24Z

Avdhut Kamble: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|1455 book by Indian poet Padmanābha}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox book
| author = [[Padmanābha]]
| image =
| caption =
| country = India
| language = Old Rajasthani
| published = 1455
}}
'''''Kānhaḍade Prabandha''''' is a book by Indian poet [[Padmanābha]] written in 1455, in a western [[Apabhramsha]] dialect. The book tells the story of Raval Kanhadade ([[Kanhadadeva]]), the [[Chahamanas of Jalore|Chahamana]] ruler of [[Jalore]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScYJAQAAQBAJ&dq=Kanhadade+Prabandha&pg=PT96 |title=The Past Before Us: Historical Traditions of Early North India |date=2013-11-04 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72652-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== Textual history ==

Padmanabha wrote ''Kanhadade Prabandha'' in 1455, in a western [[Apabhramsha]] dialect. The author was a court-poet of Akhairaja, the [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]] [[Rajput]] king of Visalnagar. Akahiraja is said to be a descendant of the poem's hero [[Kanhadadeva|Raval Kanhadade]], through [[Viramadeva|Viramade]], Megalde, Ambaraja, and Khetsi.{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|p=189}}

The German Indologist [[Georg Bühler]] was the first modern scholar to write about this treatise. He noticed its manuscript in a [[Jain literature|Jain]] library at [[Tharad]].{{sfn|V. S. Bhatnagar|1991|p=viii}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shackle |first1=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWdiazZQA8cC&dq=Kanhadade+Prabandha&pg=PA7 |title=The Indian Narrative: Perspectives and Patterns |last2=Snell |first2=Rupert |date=1992 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-03241-4 |language=en}}</ref>

''Kanhadade Prabandha'' has been praised as the finest work in [[Dingal]] (literary form of the [[Old Western Rājasthāni|Old Western Rajasthani]] or [[Old Western Rājasthāni|Old Gujarati]]), and one of the greatest Indian works written during the medieval period by eminent scholars like [[Jinvijay|Muni Jinavijaya]], [[K. M. Munshi]], [[Dasharatha Sharma]] and K.B. Vyas.{{sfn|V. S. Bhatnagar|1991|p=xxii}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=India) |first=Institute of Historical Studies (Kolkata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKIfAAAAMAAJ |title=Historical Biography in Indian Literature |date=1979 |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies |language=en |quote=This Apabhramsa literature also, at first small and perhaps largely oral, continued to increase in volume till it formally assumed a new form commonly termed as old Marwari or Dingal. It does not differ much from the Gujarati of the present day as they both derived from a common source, the Apabhramsa. Due to their dose affinity, the romantic and heroic Kanhada-de-Prabandha has been claimed equally by Gujaratis and Rajasthanis. By the end of the fifteenth century the old Marwari or Dingal assumed its independent status as a language.}}</ref>

The work was translated into English by V. S. Bhatnagar, a professor of History at the [[University of Rajasthan]], Jaipur.{{sfn|V. S. Bhatnagar|1991|p=1}}

== Plot ==

At the beginning of the text, Padmanabha invokes [[Ganesha]] and [[Sarasvati]] to grant him the ability to recount Kanhadade's story.{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|pp=189-190}} He extolls the [[Chahamanas of Jalore|Sonagiri Chauhan]] lineage and their capital city of [[Jalore]].{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|p=190}}

=== Ulugh Khan's raid of Gujarat ===

The author then describes the [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|conquest of Gujarat]] by the [[Alauddin Khalji]], the Muslim ruler of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]: Gujarat was ruled by the [[Vaghela dynasty|Baghela]] king [[Karna (Vaghela dynasty)|Rao Karnade]]. One day, Rao Karande humiliated his favorite minister Madhava, killed Madhava's brother Keshava, and abducted Madhava's wife. Madhava swore revenge and instigated Alauddin Khalji to invade Gujarat.{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|p=190}}

Alauddin agreed to Madhava's plan and started planning an invasion of Gujarat. He sent envoys to all the kingdoms lying on the route connecting Delhi and Gujarat, requesting a safe passage for his army. Kanhadade of Jalore was the only king who refused to oblige to this request. He declared that allowing the Delhi army to pass through his kingdom would be against [[dharma]] because it would result in devastation of villages, enslavement of women, looting, and torture of [[cow in Hinduism|cows]] and [[Brahmins|Brahmanas]].{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|p=190}}

Nevertheless, Alauddin's general [[Ulugh Khan]] marched to Gujarat with a huge army. The only Rajput who offered him any resistance in Gujarat was the [[Modasa]] chief Batada, who was defeated. Karnade, the king of Gujarat, fled his capital, following which the Muslim invaders destroyed the city's temples and converted them into mosques. Ulugh Khan then sacked [[Somnath]], where all the priests died trying to prevent him from desecrating the city's [[Shiva]] temple. Ulugh Khan returned to Delhi with the Somnath [[lingam]], which was to be smashed in Delhi in order to prove the superiority of Islam.{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|p=191}}

=== Kanhadade's victory over Ulugh Khan ===

Next, the poet describes how Kanhadade recovered the Somnath lingam: The goddess [[Parvati]] appeared in Kanhadade's dream, urging him to rescue the lingam, as Ulugh Khan's army passed through his kingdom. Kanhadade sent his spies to Gujarat, and learned that Ulugh Khan's army was one of the grandest armies ever, and had taken hundreds of thousands of Hindus as slaves. Kanhadade gathered all the chiefs from the neighbouring principalities, and attacked the invaders (who are described as ''[[asura]]s'' or demons). With the blessings of the goddess [[Ashapura Mata|Ashapuri]], Kanhadade and his brother Maladeo defeated the Muslims, recovered the Somnath lingam, and captured Ulugh Khan's nobles Sadullah Khan and Sih Malik.{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|p=191}}

Kanhadade venerated the rescued lingam, and installed its five pieces at [[Saurashtra (region)|Soratha]], Lohasing in [[Vagada]], [[Mount Abu|Abu hill]], Saivadi, and a newly built temple at Jalore. This act made the god Shiva present throughout Kanhadade's kingdom.{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|p=192}}

=== Invasion of Sivana ===

Padmanabha next describes the [[Siege of Siwana]] (Sivana): When Ulugh Khan's defeated army reached Delhi, Alauddin sent an army led by his generals Nahar Malik and Bhoja to invade Kanhadade's kingdom. The army besieged the fort of [[Siwana|Sivana]], which was held by Satala.{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|p=192}} Satala defeated the invaders, killing Nahar Malik and Bhoja.{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|p=193}}

Alauddin then personally led an army that besieged Sivana. One day, the goddess Ashapuri appeared in Kanhadade's dream, and showed him the invaders' camp. There, Satala saw Alauddin in form of the god [[Rudra]]-[[Shiva]], and therefore, decided not to strike a blow against him. Facing a certain defeat, the women of Sivana committed suicide by self-immolation ([[jauhar]]), while the men fought to their death.{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|p=193}}

=== Furuzan's love for Viramade ===

The narrative of the poem now moves from war to love: After a skirmish between the armies of Delhi and Jalore, Alauddin decided to march to Jalore. His daughter Furuzan (also called Piroja or Sitai) told him that Kanhadade was the [[Kalki|tenth incarnation]] of the god [[Vishnu]], and would kill him if he tried to invade Jalore.{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|p=193}}

Furuzan then expressed her desire to be married to Kanhadade's son [[Viramadeva|Viramade]]. Alauddin tried to dissuade her, offering to marry her to any Muslim prince ([[Khan (title)|Khan]]) of Yogininagar (Delhi). But Piroza declared that she would either marry Viramade or die. Alauddin yielded to her demand, and sent his envoy to Jalore with a marriage proposal and a huge dowry that included the wealthy Gujarat province and 560 million of gold and silver coins. However, Viramade mocked Alauddin for trying to subjugate Jalore through a marital alliance rather than military might. He refused Alauddin's offer, declaring that his marriage to a Turkic woman would shame all the [[36 royal races|36 Rajput clans]] and disgrace his ancestor [[Chachigadeva]].{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|p=194}}

Upon receiving Viramade's reply, Alauddin launched an invasion of Jalore. Kanhadade ordered the city of Jalore to be decorated so that Alauddin could see the grandeur and the might of his kingdom. The bastions of Jalore were decorated with silk sheets, the canopies were studded with jewels and pearls, the towers were adorned with golden spires, and the city was lighted with [[diya (lamp)|earthen lamps]]. The royal palaces and temples were whitewashed and decorated with beautiful wall paintings. Music, dance and theatre events were organized in the city. When Alauddin reached Jalore, he marveled at the heavenly city.{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|p=195}}

Alaudin's first attack on Jalore was unsuccessful: Kanhadade's army captured the invading general Shams Khan and his wife, who was a sister of Furuzan. Princess Furuzan then told Alauddin that Viramade was her husband in her previous births, and insisted that she could secure the release of the captives by telling Viramade about their relationship in their previous births.{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|p=195}} Furuzan then described their five previous births, in which she had committed [[sati (practice)|sati]] after her husband's death. She stated that in the sixth previous birth, Viramade had been born as [[Prithviraja III|Prithviraja]], while she had been born as Padmavati. In this particular birth, she had committed two sins. First, she had killed a cow and conjured magical [[incantation]]s to usurp power from her husband, which made him deranged. Second, she had usurped the power after ordering killings of all the ministers. After Prithviraja's death at the hands of [[Muhammad of Ghor|Shihab al-din]], Padmavati had committed sati in [[Ayodhya]]. Because of this act of [[Punya (Hinduism)|punya]] (good deed), she had been born in Alauddin's royal family. However, because of her two sins, she had been born in a Turkic family.{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|p=196}}

Furuzan then visited Kanhadade's kingdom, where she was received with great respect, courtesy and hospitality. However, Viramade even refused to look at her, and she accepted this as her fate because of the sins she had committed in her sixth previous birth. She managed to secure the release of Shams Khan and her sister.{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|p=196}}

=== Defeat of Kanhadade ===

Padmanabha then describes [[Siege of Jalore|Alauddin's final invasion of Jalore]]: Alauddin conquered Jalore using treachery in 1311. Kanhade died in the battle, and women of the fort commit suicide by [[jauhar]]. Princess Furuzan had sent her nurse Dada Sanavar to save Viramade, if possible, or alternatively, to bring his head as a relic. Dada Sanavar found Viramade's body, put his head in a basket of flowers, and brought it to Delhi.{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|p=196}}

When Viramade's head was presented before Furuzan in a plate, she remarked that earlier, Viramade had vowed not to even look at her face, but today, he would have to break his vow. However, the moment she came in front of Viramade's face, the head turned away. A sad Furuzan wept, and finally committed sati on the banks of the [[Yamuna River]], holding Viramade's head in her hand.{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|p=197}}

The poem concludes with a genealogy of Viramade's descendants.{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|p=197}}

== Historical value ==

The poem contains authentic descriptions of the contemporary groups (such as Rajputs, Brahmins and Muslims), beliefs, festivals, social life, weapons and war strategies. This makes it a work of great historical value. However, its narrative about Piroja's love for Viramade is purely imaginary.{{sfn|Chimanlal Trivedi|1997|p=108}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Aditya Behl |title=Love's Subtle Magic: An Indian Islamic Literary Tradition, 1379–1545 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PK7riKO6IN8C&pg=PA177 |year=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514670-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Chimanlal Trivedi |author-link=Chimanlal Trivedi |editor=K. Ayyappa Paniker |editor-link=K. Ayyappa Paniker |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA108 |year=1997 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 }}
* {{cite book |author=V. S. Bhatnagar |chapter=Foreword |title=Kānhaḍade Prabandha, India's Greatest Patriotic Saga of Medieval Times: Padmanābha's Epic Account of Kānhaḍade |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsdjAAAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=Aditya Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85179-54-4 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.314052 ''Kanhadade Prabandha'' in Sanskrit]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chahamanas of Jalor]]
[[Category:History of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:History books about India]]
[[Category:1455 books]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Gujarati literature]]
[[Category:Rajasthani literature]]
[[Category:Dingal language texts]]

Vasan Sewada State

2026-02-28T16:38:38Z

Avdhut Kamble: added new post

{{Short description|Princely state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Vasan Sewada State
|common_name =Vasan Sewada
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start =
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = File:Rewa_Kantha_Agency_with_all_Princely_States_Gujarat_during_British_India_1811-1937_with_labels.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of Vasan Sewada
|stat_area1 =32.375
|stat_year1 =1931
|stat_pop1 =1604
|footnotes =
}}
'''Vasan Sewada State''' was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Rewa Kantha Agency]]<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 266, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n297/mode/2up and then by the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency.</ref> and then by the [[Baroda and Gujarat States Agency]].<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1935, p. 104,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n113/mode/2up?view=theater</ref> It was part of the 28 Princely States making up the [[Sankheda Mehwas]], estates dating from the fall of Pawagadh in 1484, by Rajputts settling on the south of the territory near the town of Sankheda, from which the Sankheda Mehwas derive their name.<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 272, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n303/mode/2up</ref> The State had a population of 1604 and an area of 12.5 sq miles.<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1939, p. 26, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35598/page/n35/mode/2up</ref>

==History==

The state of [[Baroda]] had imposed a tribute on the Sankheda Mewas, it's extraction causing British intervention in 1822, brokering an agreement where the [[Gaekwar]] received tribute from the states, while their independence was recognised by Baroda, which also promised to respect the petty states' rights.<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 272,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n303/mode/2up</ref>

== Rulers ==

The Rulers had the title of Thakur.

* Thakur Kalubawa (b. 1828) fl. 1893 <ref>The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon (1893 Edition), https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529478/page/n587/mode/2up</ref>
* Thakur Jarawarkhan (b. 1872) fl. 1900 <ref>The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon (1900 Edition), https://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethrich/page/330/mode/2up</ref>
* Thakur Isabkhanji Jorawarkhanji (b. December 10, 1901) June 30, 1903- fl. 1939 <ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1939, p. 26, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35598/page/n35/mode/2up</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}

Kotputli

2026-02-26T21:42:32Z

Avdhut Kamble: quick added section for consistency and improved wording for accuracy

{{More citations needed|date=April 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kotputli
| other_name = कोट
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = Kotputli Rajasthan Assembly Map.svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kotputli tehsil in [[Kotputli district|Kotputli]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord| 27.705479|N|76.190969|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kotputli-Behror district|Kotputli-Behror]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = Kotputli
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 49202
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 303108
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01421
| registration_plate = RJ 32
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kotputli''' is a [[city]] and [[municipal council]] in [[Kotputli-Behror district]] of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]], located between [[Jaipur|Jaipur city]] and [[New Delhi]].It is part of the [[Ahirwal]] region of Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jagdish |date=2025-10-21 |title=Kotputli {{!}} Behror {{!}} Kotputli Behror District Overview {{!}} Vip Jila Kotputli |url=https://vipkotputli.com/kotputli-behror/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Kotputli - Latest News and Updates |language=en-US}}</ref> The district headquarters is Kotputli, and also has been part of wider Matsya-Bairath cultural space.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html|title=Indian Princely States before 1947 A-J|website=www.worldstatesmen.org|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref>
Kotputli has many historic temples and schools
Sardar School and Sardar Zanana Hospital were made by local bodies in conjunction with the Morijawala and Tijoriwala family. Since then, numerous schools and hospitals have been built in Kotputli .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adityabirla.com/media/press-reports/excellence-no-finish-line|title=Excellence – No Finish Line|website=abg.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.birlacorporation.com/plants.html|title=Birla Corporation|website=www.birlacorporation.com|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref>

== History ==
A municipality was established at Kotputli in 1962.<ref>{{cite book |author=Rima Hooja |title=A History of Rajasthan |year=2006 |publisher=Rupa |isbn=9788129108906 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |page=1166}}</ref>

==Organizations==
'''Educational:'''Kotputli is home to many government and non-government higher education institutions, including NIMT Mahila B.Ed College (Offering B.Ed), NIMT Technical and Professional Colleges (Offering BA, BSc, BCom, LLB, BALLB), NIMT Institute of Management (Offering PGDM), Lal Bahadur Shastri Government PG College, Smt Pannadevi Morijawala Government Girls College, Choudhary T T College, Shri Krishna PG Law College, Tagore PG Law College, and Hans Law College And Pristine Career Institute (for NEETand IIT-JEE).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oruschool.in/blocks/kotputli-jaipur|title=List of schools in Kotputli, Jaipur block {{!}} OruSchool.In|website=oruschool.in|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref>
bansur PG college, behror PG college

==Population==
Kotputli town alone has a population of 18,202 as of the [[2011 Census of India]], with 10,051 males and 8,151 females. The population of Tehsil Kotputli according to the 2011 Census is 49,153 with 26,058 males and 23,094 females.

==Demographics==
The population of Kotputli was 52.7% male and 47.3% female as of the 2011 census.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/rajasthan/jaipur/kotputli-population.html|title=Kotputli Tehsil Population Jaipur, Rajasthan, List of Villages & Towns in Kotputli Tehsil. The population of Tehsil Kotputli according to the 2011 Census is 49,153 with 26,058 males and 23,094 females. |website=Censusindia2011.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> When asked about religious preference, 97.6% of the region identified as Hindu and 2.0% as Muslim, with Christians, Sikhs, and Jains making up the remaining population. Kotputli has an average literacy rate of 60.6%, slightly higher than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy is 71.5%, and female literacy is 48.6%.<ref name=":0" /> 88.1% of the population lives in the city, while 11.9% live in rural areas. 15.5% of the population is under six years of age.<ref name=":0" />

==Geography and climate==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2023|find=Kotputli}}
Kotputli has an average elevation of {{Convert|439|meters|feet|abbr=}}.

 
{{Weather box
|location = Kotputli
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 25
|Feb high C = 28
|Mar high C = 34
|Apr high C = 38
|May high C = 41
|Jun high C = 40
|Jul high C = 36
|Aug high C = 34
|Sep high C = 36
|Oct high C = 36
|Nov high C = 31
|Dec high C = 27
|year high C =
|Jan low C = 8
|Feb low C = 12
|Mar low C = 18
|Apr low C = 23
|May low C = 27
|Jun low C = 29
|Jul low C = 27
|Aug low C = 26
|Sep low C = 25
|Oct low C = 20
|Nov low C = 15
|Dec low C = 9
|year low C =
|Jan precipitation cm = 0.35
|Feb precipitation cm = 0.27
|Mar precipitation cm = 0.32
|Apr precipitation cm = 0.35
|May precipitation cm = 0.6
|Jun precipitation cm = 3.26
|Jul precipitation cm = 8.89
|Aug precipitation cm = 6.44
|Sep precipitation cm = 3.42
|Oct precipitation cm = 0.45
|Nov precipitation cm = 0.07
|Dec precipitation cm = 0.06
|year precipitation cm =
|source = Foreca{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}
|date=June 2011}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kotputli-Behror district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kotputli-Behror district]]

Hindalco Industries

2026-02-22T10:53:07Z

Avdhut Kamble: adjust lead for clarity and fixed typos for clarity

{{Short description|Indian multinational aluminium manufacturing company}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Hindalco Industries Limited
| image =
| logo = Hindalco Logo.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|500440}} {{NSE|HINDALCO}} [[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY 50 Constituent]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1958}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindalco.com/about_us/overview.htm |title=About us | Overview |publisher=Hindalco |date=19 August 2009 |access-date=2011-02-11}}</ref>
| location = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra [[India]]
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Kumar Mangalam Birla]] (Chairman)|Satish Pai (Managing Director)}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE038A01020}}
| industry = [[Non-ferrous metal|Metals]]
| products = Aluminium and copper products
| area_served = Worldwide
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|238496|c}} (FY2025)<ref name=PLFY201213>{{cite web|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/fa1f5a35-7b5b-4a47-a5dc-81f8e5890b9d.pdf|title=Hindalco Industries Ltd. Financial Statements|website=www.bseindia.com}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
| operating_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|35496|c}} (FY2025)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/fa1f5a35-7b5b-4a47-a5dc-81f8e5890b9d.pdf|title=Hindalco Q4FY25 results}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
| net_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|16002|c}} (FY2025)<ref name=PLFY201213/>
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|265991|c}} (FY2025)<ref name=PLFY201213/>
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|123721|c}} (FY2025)<ref name=PLFY201213/>
| num_employees = ~71,200+(Including 57,669 of India Operations) (2024) <ref name=AR201223>{{cite web |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/68b00b65-86a1-441e-987e-6365d1177a58.pdf |title=Annual Report 2023-24 |access-date=30 July 2024 |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730115943/https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/68b00b65-86a1-441e-987e-6365d1177a58.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| parent = [[Aditya Birla Group]]
| subsid = [[Novelis]] [[Aleris]]
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.hindalco.com/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Hindalco Industries Limited''' an Indian [[aluminium]] and [[copper]] manufacturing company, is a subsidiary of the [[Aditya Birla Group]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindalco.com/businesses/rolled_products.htm |title=Businesses | Aluminium | Rolled products |publisher=Hindalco |date=16 November 2007 |access-date=2010-09-28 |archive-date=23 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023042038/http://hindalco.com/businesses/rolled_products.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its headquarters are at [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India.

The company is listed in the [[Forbes Global 2000]] (2023) at 661st rank.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/hindalco-industries/ |title=Hindalco Industries |work=Forbes |date=May 2013 |access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> Its market capitalisation by the end of November 2023 was US$15.6 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/global2000/list/#page:1_sort:0_direction:asc_search:_filter:All%20industries_filter:India_filter:All%20states |title=The World's Biggest Public Companies |work=Forbes |date=May 2013 |access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref>

==History==
The Hindustan Aluminium Corporation Limited was established in 1958 by the [[Aditya Vikram Birla|Aditya Birla]] Group. In 1962 the company began production in [[Renukoot]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] making 20 thousand metric tons per year of aluminium and 40 thousand metric tons per year of alumina. In 1989 the company was restructured and renamed Hindalco.<ref name="powerhouses">{{cite book |title=[[India's Global Powerhouses]] |last=Kumar |first=Nirmalya |author-link=Nirmalya Kumar |year=2009 |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |isbn=978-1-4221-4762-7 |pages=107–120 }}</ref> [[Ramdev Singh]] was the first trade union leader of Hindalco Industries Limited, Renukoot.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/india/article/labor-day-2022-babu-ramdev-singh-was-an-example-of-struggle/403835 | title=Labour Day 2022: संघर्ष की मिसाल थे मजदूर नेता बाबू रामदेव सिंह, मजदूर दिवस पर जानिए उनकी प्रेरणाप्रद कहानी | date=May 2022 }}</ref>

On 20 February 2026, Hindalco Industries signed an [[MoU]] with Brazilian aerospace major [[Embraer]], to explore and assess potential sources for [[Aerospace materials|aerospace-grade]] [[aluminium]] manufacturing in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2026-02-20 |title=Embraer moves full throttle in pursuit of IAF contract, ties up with Hindalco after Adani |url=https://theprint.in/defence/embraer-moves-full-throttle-in-pursuit-of-iaf-contract-ties-up-with-hindalco-after-adani/2859463/ |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2026-02-20 |title=Embraer, Hindalco ink pact to assess aerospace-grade aluminium production in India |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/embraer-and-hindalco-partner-to-advance-aerospace-grade-aluminium-production-in-india/128602091 |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=ETInfra.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Operations==

===Power plants===
* [[Renusagar Power Plant]]. An 826.57 MW (10 generating units of various capacities) captive power plant which is about 40 km from [[Renukoot]], [[Sonebhadra district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="hindalco.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindalco.com/power |title=Operations | Power | Hindalco.com |access-date=26 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326154154/http://www.hindalco.com/power |archive-date=26 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{BSN|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=April 2023}}
* [[Hirakud Captive Power Plant]]. A 467.5 MW captive power plant located at [[Hirakud]], [[Sambalpur District]], [[Odisha]]. This plant supplies power to Hirakud smelter of Hindalco Industries.<ref name="hindalco.com"/>{{BSN|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=April 2023}}
*Utkal Alumina Captive Power Plant. A 90 MW captive power plant located at Doraguda, [[Rayagada District]], [[Odisha]]. This plant supplies power to Utkal Refinery of Hindalco Industries.<ref name="hindalco.com"/>{{BSN|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=April 2023}}
* [[Aditya Captive Power Plant]]. A 900 MW captive power plant located at [[Lapanga]], [[Sambalpur District]], Odisha. This plant supplies power to Aditya smelter of Hindalco Industries.{{Cn|date=April 2023}}
* Mahan Hindalco Industries Ltd. a 900 MW captive power plant and alumina smelter located in Bargawa 20 km from Singrauli.{{Cn|date=April 2023}}

== Novelis ==
On 11 February 2007, the company entered into an agreement to acquire the [[United States|American]] company [[Novelis]] for {{USD}}6 billion, making the combined entity the world's largest rolled-aluminium producer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aleris acquisition makes Hindalco world's largest aluminium products firm |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/auto-components/aleris-acquisition-makes-hindalco-worlds-largest-aluminium-products-firm/75150712 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=April 15, 2020}}</ref>{{BSN|reason=Looks like generated from a press release?|date=April 2023}} At 2007 Novelis was the world's largest producer of rolled aluminium and a major recycler of aluminium cans.<ref name="powerhouses"/> On 15 May 2007, the acquisition was completed with Novelis shareholders receiving $44.93 per outstanding share of common stock.

Novelis operates as an independent subsidiary with its own leadership team and remains headquartered in [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. It is incorporated in [[Delaware]].

Hindalco, through its wholly owned subsidiary AV Metals Inc., acquired 75,415,536 common shares of Novelis, representing 100 per cent of the issued and outstanding common shares. Immediately after closing, AV Metals Inc. transferred the common shares of Novelis to its wholly owned subsidiary AV Aluminum Inc. When Hindalco made this bid in 2007 this became the largest Indian investment in North America and the second-largest overseas investment by an Indian company (behind [[Tata Steel Europe]]'s purchase of Corus two weeks earlier) to this time.<ref name="powerhouses"/>

The day after Hindalco announced the acquisition its stock fell by 13% resulting in a {{USD}}600 million drop in market capitalisation. Shareholders criticised the deal but [[Kumar Mangalam Birla]] responded that he had offered a fair price for the company and stated, "When you are acquiring a world leader you will have to pay a premium."<ref name="powerhouses"/>

==Other acquisitions==
In June 2000, acquisition of controlling stake in Indian Aluminium Company Limited (Indal) with 74.6 per cent equity holding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/indian-aluminium-company-ltd/69954/ |title=Indian Aluminium Company Ltd |publisher=Financialexpress.com |date=19 January 2003 |access-date=2010-09-28}}</ref>

In July 2007, Hindalco announced it is acquiring the stake of [[Alcan]] Inc. in the Utkal Alumina Project located in Doraguda, [[Odisha]].

On 15 April 2020, Novelis acquired US-based Aluminium rolled products manufacturer [[Aleris|Aleris Corporation]]. Hindalco's Novelis' entry into the high-end aerospace segment, this deal has been closed at an enterprise value of $2.8 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pandey|first=Piyush|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/hindalco-seals-28-billion-aleris-deal/article31341689.ece|title=Hindalco seals $2.8 billion Aleris deal|date=2020-04-14|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-14|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 6 February 2024, Hindalco announced it is acquiring 26% stake in Ayana Renewable Power Four (ARPFPL) for a value of Rs 1.62 crore. Hindalco will operate a captive power generation plant for supplying 100 MW Renewable energy to Hindalcos smelter in Odisha.<ref>
{{Cite news|last=Grover|first=Chitrika|url=https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/hindalco-inds-contracts-for-renewable-energy-from-100-mw-ayana-renewable-project|title=Hindalco Inds Contracts For Renewable Energy From 100 MW Ayana Renewable Project|date=2024-02-06|publisher=Saur Energy International|access-date=2024-02-06}}</ref>

==Listings and shareholding==
The equity shares of Hindalco are listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/hindalco-industries-ltd/hindalco-inds/500440/ |title=Stock Share Price Hindalco Industries Ltd.|publisher=BSEindia.com |access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> where it is a constituent of the [[BSE SENSEX]] index,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bseindia.com/indices/IndicesWatch_Weight.aspx?iname=BSE30&index_Code=16 |title=Scripwise Weightages in S&P BSE SENSEX |publisher=BSE India |access-date=28 December 2013 |archive-date=1 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201094728/http://www.bseindia.com/indices/IndicesWatch_Weight.aspx?iname=BSE30&index_Code=16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[National Stock Exchange of India]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nseindia.com/get-quotes/equity?symbol=HINDALCO |title=Hindalco Industries Limited |publisher=NSE India |access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> where it is a constituent of the [[S&P CNX Nifty]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nseindia.com/content/indices/ind_niftylist.csv |title=Download List of CNX Nifty stocks (.csv) |publisher=NSE India |access-date=12 October 2013}}</ref> Its Global depository receipts are listed on the [[Luxembourg Stock Exchange]].

As on 31 March 2022, the promoters [[Aditya Birla Group]] held around 34.64% equity shares in Hindalco. Over 408,000 individual shareholders hold approx. 9% of its shares.<ref name=Shareholding>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindalco.com/upload/pdf/shareholding-pattern-september-2021.pdf}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Companies}}
* [[Grasim Industries]]
* [[Hindustan Copper]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* Business data for Hindalco Industries: [https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/overview/HALC.NS Reuters] [https://www.google.com/finance/quote/HINDALCO:NSE Google Finance] [https://www.bloombergquint.com/stock/557714/hindalco-industries-ltd BloombergQuint] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016050348/https://www.bloombergquint.com/stock/557714/hindalco-industries-ltd |date=16 October 2021 }}

{{Aditya Birla Group}}
{{Mirzapur Division topics}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}
{{BSE Sensex}}
{{S&P CNX Nifty companies}}
{{DJSI World}}
{{Major mining companies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Mining companies of India]]
[[Category:Copper mining companies of India]]
[[Category:Aditya Birla Group]]
[[Category:NIFTY 50]]
[[Category:Aluminium companies of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1958]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1958]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Manufacturing plants in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindalco Industries| ]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-22T03:13:17Z

Avdhut Kamble: Created Initial Article From Scratch

{{Short description|Protected area in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| iucn_ref =
| logo =
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| map = India Karnataka#India
| map_width =
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| relief = 1
| label =
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| mapframe = Yes
| location = Chincholi Taluka, Kalaburagi district
| nearest_city = Humnabad (56 km)
| nearest_town = nn
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| established = {{Start date and years ago|2011|df=y|p=y}}
| disestablished =
| named_for = Chincholi
| visitation_num =
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| governing_body = Karnataka State Forest Department
| administrator =
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| website = {{URL|https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/chincholi-wildlife-sanctuary/}}
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'''Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary''', located in the [[Chincholi]] taluka of [[kalaburagi]] district of [[Karnataka]], is the first [[drylands]] wildlife sanctuary in [[South India]]. Spanning an area of 134.88 square kilometers, it is known for its rich biodiversity and unique ecosystem. The sanctuary features [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|dry]] and [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|moist deciduous forests]], with plantations of [[teak]], [[acacia]], [[sandalwood]], and [[Pterocarpus santalinus|red sanders]]. It also hosts medicinal herbs and trees.

The sanctuary is home to a variety of fauna, including [[blackbuck]], [[striped hyena]], [[Indian wolf]], [[golden jackal]], [[Bengal fox]], and [[Megabat|fruit bats]]. Bird enthusiasts can spot over 35 species of birds, such as the [[blue pigeon]], [[black-winged kite]], [[blossom-headed parakeet]], and [[black drongo]]. Additionally, the sanctuary includes the Chandrampalli Dam and four smaller dams, which support the local ecosystem.

== Overview ==
Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary spans over an area of {{Val|134.88|u=km2}}. It is situated in the [[Kalaburagi district]] of [[Karnataka]] in India. It is the first dryland wildlife sanctuary in the [[Kalyana-Karnataka|Hyderabad-Karnataka region. ]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary - Reserved Forest |url=https://www.karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/chincholi-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=2021-11-29 |website=Karnataka Tourism |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Flora and fauna ==
The sanctuary has medicinal herbs and trees in its compound. It also has acacia and teak plantations. Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary has over 35 species of birds, such as [[blue pigeon]], [[black-winged kite]], [[blossom-headed parakeet]], [[black drongo]] and many more. It hosts all four wildlife species from the [[Canidae]] family found in [[Karnataka]]. These include [[Dhole|dholes]], [[Wolf|wolves]], [[golden jackal|golden jackals]], and [[Bengal fox|Bengal foxes]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-12-20 |title=Chincholi is first dryland sanctuary in South |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/213030/chincholi-first-dryland-sanctuary-south.html |access-date=2021-11-29 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|17|30|00|N|77|30|00|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Geography of Kalaburagi district]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Karnataka]]

Soman Rana

2026-02-20T01:15:19Z

Avdhut Kamble: added pg!

{{Short description|Indian para athlete (born 1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

{{Infobox sportsperson
| sport = [[Para-athletics]]
| disability_class = [[F57 (classification)|F57]]
| event = [[Shot put]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|1|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bihar]], India
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[para-athletics]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Para Athletics Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships|2025 New Delhi]]|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships – Men's shot put|Shot put F57]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Para Games|Shot put F57]]}}
}}

'''Soman Rana''' (16 January 1983) is an Indian [[Para-athletics|para]] [[Shot put|shot putter]] who competes in the [[F57 (classification)|F57]] event.<ref name=":2" /> He has represented India at the [[2020 Summer Paralympics|2020]] and [[2024 Summer Paralympics|2024 Paralympics]], finishing fourth and fifth, respectively.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-07-19 |title=Indian para athletes earn 17 quota places for Paris Games, record best ever finish at World Championship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/indian-para-athletes-earn-17-quota-places-for-paris-games-record-best-ever-finish-at-world-championship/articleshow/101960937.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813183803/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/indian-para-athletes-earn-17-quota-places-for-paris-games-record-best-ever-finish-at-world-championship/articleshow/101960937.cms |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Rana is from Bihar. He is employed with the [[Indian Army]] as a [[Havildar|Havaldar]]. He trains at Army Paralympic Node at BEG and Centre, [[Kirkee]], Pune. He lost his right leg in a mine blast in December 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-28 |title=Havildar Soman Rana from Shillong selected for Tokyo Paralympics 2020 |url=https://hubnetwork.in/havildar-soman-rana-from-shillong-selected-for-tokyo-paralympics-2020/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Hub News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-29 |title=Havildar Soman Rana Who Lost A Leg In 2006 Mine Blast Qualifies For Tokyo Paralympics |url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/olympics/soldier-havildar-soman-rana-who-lost-a-leg-in-2006-mine-blast-qualifies-for-tokyo-paralympics-1472845 |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813185543/https://news.abplive.com/sports/olympics/soldier-havildar-soman-rana-who-lost-a-leg-in-2006-mine-blast-qualifies-for-tokyo-paralympics-1472845 |url-status=live }}</ref> He is currently supported by [[Olympic Gold Quest]], a sports NGO.

== Career ==
Rana finished fourth at the [[Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games]] and fifth at the Paris Paralympic Games. Earlier, he earned a quota place for the Paralympics at the [[2023 World Para Athletics Championships|Paris 2023 World Para Athletics Championships]] in July 2023. India won 10 medals apart from earning 17 quota places for the Paris Paralympics, at the world championship.<ref name=":1" /> In 2019, he represented India at the Dubai 2019 World Para Athletics Championships in the men's shot put F56/57.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soman Rana - Athletics {{!}} Paralympic Athlete Profile |url=https://www.paralympic.org/soman-rana |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=International Paralympic Committee |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813201056/https://www.paralympic.org/soman-rana |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, he won a gold at the Tunis World Para Athletics Grand Prix.<ref name=":0" /> He won a silver medal at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]] at [[Hangzhou, China]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-congratulates-soman-rana-for-winning-silver-in-mens-shot-put-at-asian-para-games/ |title=PM congratulates Soman Rana for winning silver in men's shot put at Asian Para Games | Prime Minister of India |access-date=13 August 2024 |archive-date=17 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217164120/https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-congratulates-soman-rana-for-winning-silver-in-mens-shot-put-at-asian-para-games/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 2025, Rana won the gold medal at the National Para Athletics Championships at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in Chennai. He defeated [[Hokato Hotozhe Sema]], the [[Paralympic Games|Paris Paralympic]] bronze medallist, in the F57 category with a throw of 14.42m.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2025-02-19 |title=Soman Rana sprungs a surprise |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/soman-rana-sprungs-a-surprise/article69239040.ece |access-date=2025-05-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=17 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517191341/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/soman-rana-sprungs-a-surprise/article69239040.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Soman}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men shot putters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Paralympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]

My Perfectt Husband

2026-02-12T07:51:33Z

Avdhut Kamble:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = My Perfectt Husband.jpg
| caption = Poster
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Family drama]]
| writer = Thamira
| director = [[Thamira]]
| starring = {{ubl|
* [[Sathyaraj]]
* [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]
* [[J. Livingston]]
* [[Rekha Harris]]
* [[Reshma Pasupuleti]]
* [[Rakshan]]
}}
| composer = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| list_episodes =
| producer = Mohammed Rasith Fakrudeen Kutty
| cinematography = [[Arthur A. Wilson]]
| editor = Parthasarathy
| runtime = 22-25 minutes
| company = Sigaram Cinemas
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|08|16}}
}}

'''''My Perfectt Husband''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|family drama]] television series directed by [[Thamira]] (in his last series before his death) for [[Disney+ Hotstar]] for its label [[Hotstar Specials]]. It is produced by Mohammed Rasith, Fakrudeen and Kutty under the banner of Sigaram Cinemas. It stars [[Sathyaraj]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[J. Livingston]], [[Rekha Harris]], [[Reshma Pasupuleti]], [[Rakshan]], [[Varsha Bollamma]] and Aajeedh Khalique.

The series' story centers around a perfectly, imperfect husband. It premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 16 August 2024 and consists of eight episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sathyaraj-starrer-my-perfect-husband-set-for-its-ott-premiere/articleshow/112345718.cms|title=Sathyaraj starrer 'My Perfect Husband' set for its OTT premiere|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 August 2024|access-date=7 August 2024|archive-date=7 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807134438/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sathyaraj-starrer-my-perfect-husband-set-for-its-ott-premiere/articleshow/112345718.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Sathyaraj]] as Bharathi
* [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Saraswathi
* [[J. Livingston]] as Subramani
* [[Rekha Harris]] as Bharathi
* [[Reshma Pasupuleti]] as Vimala "Vimal"
* [[Varsha Bollamma]] as Deepika
* [[Rakshan]] as Vaseegaran
* Aajeedh Khalique as Ilaiyaraaja
* RJ Raghvi as Kavinmalar
* Gayathri Yuvaraj as Mary

==Development==
===Production===
The series was announced by [[Disney+ Hotstar]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sathyaraj-seethas-my-perfect-husband-to-stream-on-disney-plus-hotstar-soon-4585124.html|title=Sathyaraj, Seetha's My Perfect Husband to Stream on Disney Plus Hotstar Soon|website=[[News18 India]]|date=23 December 2021|access-date=7 August 2024|archive-date=7 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807124727/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sathyaraj-seethas-my-perfect-husband-to-stream-on-disney-plus-hotstar-soon-4585124.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The series is directed by filmmaker [[Thamira]], known for his films like ''[[Rettaisuzhi]]'' (2010) and ''[[Aan Devathai]]'' (2018). The music for the series was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. The cinematography was handled by [[Arthur A. Wilson]], editing by Parthasarathy.

===Casting===
Tamil veteran actor [[Sathyaraj]] was cast main role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/photo-gallery/sathyaraj-starring-my-perfect-husband-web-series-first-look-out-now-disney-plus-hotstar-519910|title=சத்யராஜ் நடிக்கும் புதிய வெப் சீரிஸ்! கலக்கலாக வெளியான பர்ஸ்ட் லுக்!|website=zeenews.india.com|date=5 August 2024|access-date=7 August 2024|archive-date=7 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807134438/https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/photo-gallery/sathyaraj-starring-my-perfect-husband-web-series-first-look-out-now-disney-plus-hotstar-519910|url-status=live}}</ref> This is his Tamil first role in a limited series. Actress [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[Rekha Harris]] and [[Reshma Pasupuleti]] was cast as female lead. [[Varsha Bollamma]] and [[Rakshan]] will also be playing a prominent role in the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/my-perfect-husband-disney-hotstar-releases-first-look-of-sathyaraj-starrer-web-series/15ad98fdec683|title=My Perfectt Husband: Disney+ Hotstar releases first look of Sathyaraj-starrer web series|website=www.ottplay.com|date=4 August 2024}}</ref>

===Release===
It was announced in December 2021 and the series will be released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]], but due to [[COVID-19 lockdowns]] the series was postponed. The first look poster was released on 4 August 2024,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/my-perfect-husband-first-look-of-sathyarajs-disney-hotstar-web-series-out/article68484410.ece|title='My Perfect Husband': First look of Sathyaraj's Disney+ Hotstar web series out|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 August 2024|access-date=7 August 2024|archive-date=7 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807134438/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/my-perfect-husband-first-look-of-sathyarajs-disney-hotstar-web-series-out/article68484410.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> the poster features the characters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/ott/my-perfect-husband-first-look-released-139059.html|title=சத்யராஜின் 'மை பெர்ஃபெக்ட் ஹஸ்பண்ட்' சீரிஸின் ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக் வெளியானது!|website=tamil.filmibeat.com|date=6 August 2024|access-date=7 August 2024|archive-date=7 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807134438/https://tamil.filmibeat.com/ott/my-perfect-husband-first-look-released-139059.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/ott-platform/ott-news/1289801-sathyaraj-starrer-my-perfect-husband-web-series-will-be-on-hotstar.html#google_vignette|title=சத்யராஜின் 'மை பர்ஃபெக்ட் ஹஸ்பன்ட்' வெப்சீரிஸ் முதல் தோற்றம் வெளியீடு |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]|date=3 August 2024}}</ref>



== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt13331708}}

{{Disney+ Hotstar Tamil original programming}}
[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

2013–14 Bengaluru FC season

2026-02-11T11:45:02Z

Avdhut Kamble:

{{Short description|1st season in existence of Bengaluru FC}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Bengaluru FC]]
| season = 2013–14
| league = [[2013–14 I-League|I-League]]
| league result = 1st
| chrtitle =
| chairman = [[Parth Jindal]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Ashley Westwood (footballer born 1976)|Ashley Westwood]]
| stdtitle = Ground
| stadium = {{nobreak|[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]}}
| cup1 = [[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]]
| cup1 result = Group
| cup2 =
| cup2 result =
| league topscorer = [[Sunil Chhetri]] (14)
| season topscorer = [[Sunil Chhetri]] (15)
| highest attendance = 8,347 vs [[Pune F.C.|Pune]] (28 March 2014)<ref name="PFCattendance">{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/bengalurufootballclub/posts/470785879689537|title=Pune FC attendance|date=28 March 2014|work=Bengaluru FC}}</ref>
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance = 7,038<ref name="attendance">{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5769|title=Attendance figures of Airtel I-League 2013-14|date= 3 July 2014|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]}}</ref>
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The '''2013–14 [[Bengaluru FC]] season''' was the club's inaugural season in [[I-League]], the top flight of Indian football, and the first season in the club's entire history.

Bengaluru FC's season began in September 2013 with a game against [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]. On 21 April 2014, [[Bengaluru FC]] won their first ever I-League title by defeating [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] 2–4 at [[Fatorda Stadium]], with one game remaining. Bengaluru FC created the history by being in the first team to win I-League title in its debut season.<ref name="bfchistory">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/Bengaluru-FC-crowned-champions-on-I-League-debut/articleshow/34058479.cms|title=Bengaluru FC crowned champions on I-League debut|date=21 April 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Sunil Chhetri]] was the joint top-scorer in the league with 14 goals.

In [[Football in India#Cups|domestic cups]], Bengaluru FC competed in the [[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]], but could not advance beyond the group stage.

==Background==
On 15 May 2013 it was announced that the [[All India Football Federation]] had officially received three bids for two direct-entry spots into the [[I-League]].<ref name=BSMay15>{{cite web|title=JSW, two others bid for new I-League clubs|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/jsw-two-others-bid-for-new-i-league-clubs-113051500781_1.html|work=Business Standard|accessdate=1 August 2013}}</ref> The bids came from the JSW Group, [[Dodsal Group]], and a consortium from [[Kerala]].<ref name=BSMay15/>

Finally, on 28 May 2013, it was officially announced that JSW Group had won the franchise rights to the direct-club in Bangalore and that it would be spearheaded by the companies sports branch, JSW Sports.<ref name=ETMay28>{{cite web|last=Mazumdar|first=Rakhi|title=JSW bags franchisee rights for Bangalore team in I-league, group forays into football|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-28/news/39580342_1_jsw-steel-jsw-group-football-academy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719053506/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-28/news/39580342_1_jsw-steel-jsw-group-football-academy|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 July 2013|work=Economic Times|accessdate=1 August 2013}}</ref> The team would play all home games in Bangalore while setting up a youth academy there. They would also try to make better football infrastructure for the city.<ref name=ETMay28/> Then on 21 July 2013, almost two months after winning the bid for a team, JSW launched the team officially as ''Bengaluru Football Club'' by throwing a mega-electric event at the [[Bangalore Football Stadium]], which would be announced as the home for Bengaluru FC during the season.<ref name=JSWL>{{cite web|title=JSW Sports launches Bengaluru FC |url=http://i-league.org/?p=7088 |work=I-League |accessdate=1 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033708/http://i-league.org/?p=7088 |archivedate=3 December 2013 }}</ref> Along with the club name and stadium, the club crest and colours were also unveiled as well as the team's home kit for the season and the squad.<ref name=JSWL/>

==Pre–season==

===Signings===
In preparation for their first season Bengaluru started to make flurry of signings which included midfielder [[Thoi Singh Khangebam|Thoi Singh]],<ref name=June19th>{{cite web|title=Indian Football Transfer Gossip: Thoi Singh makes a move from Mumbai Tigers to JSW Bangalore, East Bengal to rope in Malswamtulunga from Bagan |url=http://kickoffindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1076:indian-football-transfer-gossip-thoi-singh-makes-a-move-from-mumbai-tigers-to-jsw-bangalore-east-bengal-to-rope-in-malswamtulunga-from-bagan-&catid=45:sport1 |work=Kick Off India |accessdate=19 June 2013 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> goalkeeper [[Bruno Colaço]],<ref name=June21st>{{cite web|title=Indian Football Transfer Gossip: Quinton Jacobs holding talks with JSW Bangalore, Arnab Mondal extends contract with EB |url=http://kickoffindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1088:indian-football-transfer-gossip-quinton-jacobs-holding-talks-with-jsw-bangalore-arnab-mondal-extends-contract-with-eb&catid=45:sport1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624215911/http://kickoffindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1088:indian-football-transfer-gossip-quinton-jacobs-holding-talks-with-jsw-bangalore-arnab-mondal-extends-contract-with-eb&catid=45:sport1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 June 2013 |work=Kick Off India |accessdate=22 June 2013 }}</ref> and midfielders [[Keegan Pereira (footballer)|Keegan Pereira]],<ref name=June21st/> [[Gurtej Singh]],<ref name=BSJSW8>{{cite web|title=JSW signs three youngsters for next season|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/jsw-signs-three-youngsters-for-next-season-113070800742_1.html|work=Business-Standard|accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> and local player [[Shankar Sampingiraj]].<ref name=BSJSW8/> Then on 2 July 2013 it was announced that Bengaluru had signed their first ever head coach in former [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] youth player and former [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]] assistant manager [[Ashley Westwood (footballer born 1976)|Ashley Westwood]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ashley Westwood appointed JSW coach for upcoming I-League season|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/210155-former-manchester-united-academy-trainee-appointed-jsws-coach|work=NDTV Sports|accessdate=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705210833/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/210155-former-manchester-united-academy-trainee-appointed-jsws-coach|archive-date=5 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 16 July 2013 it was announced that Bengaluru had signed their first two foreigners in their history when they signed former [[Premier League]] and [[Middlesbrough F.C.|Middlesbrough]] defender [[John Johnson (footballer)|John Johnson]] and former [[Football League Two]] and [[AFC Wimbledon]] defender [[Curtis Osano]] for the season.<ref name=Johnson>{{cite web|title=JSW add Premier League touch to squad |url=http://i-league.org/?p=7070 |work=I-League |accessdate=30 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020034518/http://i-league.org/?p=7070 |archivedate=20 October 2013 }}</ref> The club then continued their signing spree when they signed former [[Liberia national football team|Liberia]] captain and former [[USL First Division]] midfielder [[Johnny Menyongar]].<ref name=Johnny>{{cite web|title=JSW sign John Menyongar from Shillong Lajong FC|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/07/13/4114673/jsw-sign-john-menyongar-from-shillong-lajong-fc?ICID=HP_BN_1|work=Goal.com|accessdate=30 July 2013}}</ref> The club then signed completed a double swoop when they signed current [[India national football team|India]] international forwards [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] and current national captain [[Sunil Chhetri]] for the season.<ref name=Robin>{{cite web|title=Robin Singh signs a two-year deal with JSW|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/07/11/4109785/robin-singh-signs-a-two-year-deal-with-jsw?ICID=HP_BN_1|work=Goal.com|accessdate=30 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=Sunil>{{cite web|title=India captain Sunil Chhetri signs for I-League new entrants JSW|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/211084-sunil-chhetri-signs-for-jsw|work=NDTV Sports|accessdate=30 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723082528/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/211084-sunil-chhetri-signs-for-jsw|archive-date=23 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Then, once the club was officially launched, the following players were unveiled by the club: goalkeepers [[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1990)|Pawan Kumar]] and Ricardo Cardozo, defenders [[Vishal Kumar]], [[Lalrozama Fanai]], [[Rino Anto]], and Don Bosco Andrew, midfielders [[Malemngamba Meetei]], [[Darren Caldeira]], and [[Sampath Kuttymani]], and forward Karan Sawhney.<ref name=JSWLaunch>{{cite web|title=JSW Sports launches Bengaluru FC|url=http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5072|work=The All India Football Federation|accessdate=30 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918001750/http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5072|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The next month, in August, Bengaluru confirmed their fourth and final foreign signing of the pre–season when they signed Australian and former [[A-League]] forward [[Sean Rooney (footballer)|Sean Rooney]].<ref name=RooneySigning>{{cite web|title=Rooney to play for Bengaluru FC!|url=http://www.indianfootballnetwork.com/blog/2013/08/24/rooney-play-bengaluru-fc/|work=Indian Football Network|accessdate=24 August 2013}}</ref>

On 12 September 2013 it was announced that Bengaluru FC had added two more players to their squad in midfielders Niroshan Mani and [[Amoes (footballer)|Amoes]].<ref name=Mani>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC add local flavour|url=http://i-league.org/?p=7231|work=I-League|accessdate=14 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004231612/http://i-league.org/?p=7231|archive-date=4 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Both players are local players from [[Karnataka]].<ref name=Mani/> Then, right before the season began, it was confirmed that the club had signed on former India international [[Nanjangud Shivananju Manju]], as well as [[Beikhokhei Beingaichho]] and Manpreet Singh for the season.<ref name="playerslist">{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?page_id=7271 |title=Bengaluru FC – I-League |publisher=[[I-league]] |accessdate=30 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526084652/http://i-league.org/?page_id=7271 |archivedate=26 May 2014 }}</ref>

====In season signings====
On 13 December 2013 it was announced that Bengaluru FC would bring in three players on loan from IMG-Reliance for the rest of the season.<ref name="December Loans">{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC sign three youngsters on loan|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-13/i-league/45161186_1_bengaluru-fc-ashley-westwood-loan|accessdate=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224124700/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-13/i-league/45161186_1_bengaluru-fc-ashley-westwood-loan|archive-date=24 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> The players were [[Soram Anganba]], Randhan Meitei, and [[Shankar Sampingiraj]].<ref name="December Loans"/> Then, on 30 January 2014, it was confirmed that Bengaluru FC had signed [[C.K. Vineeth]] from fellow [[I-League]] side [[United S.C.]] on a deal that would last the remainder of the season.<ref name="Vineeth Signing">{{cite web|title=Cash-strapped United SC release Vineeth for Bengaluru FC|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/Cash-strapped-United-SC-release-Vineeth-for-Bengaluru-FC/articleshow/29617359.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=16 February 2014}}</ref>

===Matches===
The club then played their first friendly of the season against the [[India national football team]] on 25 August 2013 in their preparation for the [[2013 SAFF Championship]] in which Bengaluru drew the match 1–1 with [[Johnny Menyongar]] scoring the first goal of the match before India equalized through [[Lenny Rodrigues]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=397026320398827&id=383479951753464|title=Bengaluru FC vs India|work=[[Bengaluru FC]]|accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> The club then played their second match of pre–season against MEG Bangalore at the Bangalore Football Stadium on 31 August 2013 in which Bengaluru FC won the match 8–2 with former India international [[Nanjangud Shivananju Manju]] being a part of the scoring for Bengaluru FC.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC 8–2 MEG|url=https://www.facebook.com/bengalurufootballclub/posts/398686500232809|work=Bengaluru FC - Facebook|accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC 8–2 MEG|url=https://www.facebook.com/gardencitysoccerstars/posts/10151826310783874|work=Facebook|accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref>

====Results====
{{football box collapsible
|round =
|date = 25 August 2013
|time =
|team1 = [[Bengaluru FC]] {{flagicon|IND}}
|score = 1–1
|report = [https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=397026320398827&id=383479951753464 Report]
|team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national football team|India]]
|goals1 = [[Johnny Menyongar|Menyongar]]
|goals2 = [[Lenny Rodrigues|Rodrigues]]
|location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|attendance = 0
|referee =
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round =
|date = 31 August 2013
|time =
|team1 = [[Bengaluru FC]] {{flagicon|IND}}
|score = 8–2
|report = [https://www.facebook.com/bengalurufootballclub/posts/398686500232809 Report] [https://www.facebook.com/gardencitysoccerstars/posts/10151826310783874 Report]
|team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} MEG
|goals1 = [[Nanjangud Shivananju Manju|Manju]] {{goal}} [[Amoes (footballer)|Amoes]] {{goal}} Andrew {{goal}} [[Karan Sawhney|Sawhney]] {{goal}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
}}

==Competitions==

===Overall===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:850px;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:200px;" | Competition
! style="text-align:center; width:100px;" | Started round
! style="text-align:center; width:100px;" | Final position
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | First match
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | Last match
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]]
| Group stage
| Group stage
| 15 January 2014
| 21 January 2014
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[2013–14 I-League|I-League]]
| —
| style="background:#FFD700;"|Winners
| 22 September 2013
| 28 April 2014
|}
Last Updated: 28 April 2014 
Source : [[#Competitions|Competitions]]


===Overview===
{{Fb overview
|c=2
|c1=[[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]]|w1=1 |d1=1 |l1=1 |f1=6 |a1=6
|c2=[[2013–14 I-League|I-League]] |w2=14 |d2=5 |l2=5 |f2=42 |a2=28
|u=28 April 2014
}}

===I-League===
{{main|2013–14 I-League}}

====Summary====
[[File:Sunil Chhetri.jpg|thumb|[[Sunil Chhetri]] was the season's leading scorer for Bengaluru FC with 15 goals, including 14 in the league.]]
Bengaluru played their first ever official match in the [[I-League]] on 22 September 2013 against [[Mohun Bagan A.C.]] at the [[Bangalore Football Stadium]].<ref name=FirstMatch>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC hold Mohun Bagan to 1-1 draw|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bengaluru-fc-hold-mohun-bagan-to-11-draw/423898-5-21.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926170622/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bengaluru-fc-hold-mohun-bagan-to-11-draw/423898-5-21.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 September 2013|work=IBN Live|accessdate=4 October 2013}}</ref> After a scoreless first-half Bengaluru scored their first ever official goal in the 49th minute to take the lead through [[Sean Rooney (footballer)|Sean Rooney]].<ref name=FirstMatch/> However, in injury-time, Mohun Bagan managed to draw a goal back through [[Chinadorai Sabeeth]] and thus the match ended in a 1–1 stalemate.<ref name=FirstMatch/> The club then won their first ever match in the [[I-League]] in their very next match against [[Rangdajied United F.C.]] at the Bangalore Football Stadium on 29 September 2013 in which goals from [[John Johnson (footballer)|John Johnson]], Sean Rooney, and [[Sunil Chhetri]] saw the team win the match 3–0 in front of their home fans.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC eases past Rangdajied United|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/bengaluru-fc-eases-past-rangdajied-united/article5182975.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=4 October 2013}}</ref>

The club then entered the month of October with their second victory in a row against [[United S.C.]] on 6 October 2013 at the Bangalore Football Stadium in which an early 4th-minute goal from John Johnson saw Bengaluru come out as the 1–0 winners.<ref>{{cite web|title=I-League: Johnson strike takes Bengaluru FC to top|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/I-League-Johnson-strike-takes-Bengaluru-FC-to-top/articleshow/23610806.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=6 October 2013}}</ref> Then only four days later, the club won its third game in a row against [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan S.C.]] at the Bangalore Football Stadium in which goals from John Johnson and Sean Rooney were enough to secure a 2–1 victory.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC beat Mohammedan Sporting in I-League|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-10/i-league/42899339_1_beikhokhei-beingaichho-mohammedan-sporting-airtel-i-league|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012235232/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-10/i-league/42899339_1_beikhokhei-beingaichho-mohammedan-sporting-airtel-i-league|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=11 October 2013}}</ref> The streak was then extended to four games on 23 October when Bengaluru FC won 3–1 over [[Dempo S.C.]] at the Bangalore Football Stadium in which goals from [[Siam Hanghal]] and Sean Rooney were enough for Bengaluru to finish off their five-game home-stand end in style.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rooney double strike in Bengaluru FC`s 3-1 over Dempo|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/rooney-double-strike-in-bengaluru-fc-s-3-1-over-dempo_771590.html|work=Zee News|accessdate=26 October 2013}}</ref> However, that is where the streak would end as Bengaluru lost their next match, which also happened to be their first away match of the season, against [[East Bengal F.C.]] at the [[Kalyani Stadium]] in [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], [[West Bengal]] in which an own goal by [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] and a goal from [[James Moga]] led to the loss.<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal end Bengaluru's unbeaten run in I-League|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/216146-east-bengal-end-bengalurus-unbeaten-run-in-i-league|work=NDTV Sports|accessdate=26 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028050008/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/216146-east-bengal-end-bengalurus-unbeaten-run-in-i-league|archive-date=28 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The club then opened the month of November with their second away match of the season against [[Mumbai F.C.]] at the [[Balewadi Sports Complex]] in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]] on 2 November 2013.<ref name=MumbaiAway>{{cite web|last=D'Sa|first=Edwin|title=Ten-man Mumbai FC hold Bengaluru FC 2-2|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/Ten-man-Mumbai-FC-hold-Bengaluru-FC-2-2/articleshow/25145092.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=2 November 2013}}</ref> The match ended in a 2–2 draw for Bengaluru with Sean Rooney and Sunil Chhetri scoring for Bengaluru and [[Hashmatullah Barakzai]] and [[Climax Lawrence]] scoring for Mumbai.<ref name=MumbaiAway/> Four days later, the club played their second match at the Balewadi Sports Complex but this time against [[Pune F.C.|Pune]].<ref name=PuneAway>{{cite web|title=I-League: Pune FC unbeaten at home, down Bengaluru FC 1-0|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-06/i-league/43731639_1_mike-snoei-pune-fc-nikhil-kadam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109161301/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-06/i-league/43731639_1_mike-snoei-pune-fc-nikhil-kadam|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=9 November 2013}}</ref> The match ended 1–0 to Pune with [[James Meyer (footballer)|James Meyer]] scoring for the hosts.<ref name=PuneAway/> Then, after a two-week international break, Bengaluru FC returned home to face [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] on 23 November.<ref name="BFC 0-0 SG">{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC, Sporting Clube de Goa clash ends in draw|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/bengaluru-fc-sporting-clube-de-goa-clash-ends-in-draw/article5384084.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=23 November 2013}}</ref> Despote holding the majority of possession Bengaluru FC succumbed to a 0–0 draw.<ref name="BFC 0-0 SG"/> Then in the final match of the month, Bengaluru FC went back on the road to face [[Salgaocar F.C.]] at the Duler Stadium in a top of the table battle.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC move to second spot in I-League |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-26/i-league/44486099_1_bengaluru-fc-beikhokhei-beingaichho-salgaocar-fc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203053346/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-26/i-league/44486099_1_bengaluru-fc-beikhokhei-beingaichho-salgaocar-fc |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=29 November 2013 }}</ref> A goal each from [[Johnny Menyongar]] and [[Beikhokhei Beingaichho]] helped Bengaluru FC earn a 2–1 victory which not only was their first victory away from home this season but also their first away victory ever. The win also took the club to 2nd in the table on goal-difference.

The month of the December started early for Bengaluru FC as the club took on [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] on 1 December 2013 at the Bangalore Football Stadium.<ref name="Shillong Lajong Home">{{cite web|title=I-League: Sunil Chhetri's brace gives Bengaluru FC victory over Shillong Lajong FC|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/217719-i-league-sunil-chhetris-brace-gives-bengaluru-fc-victory-over-shillong-lajong-fc|work=NDTV Sports|accessdate=1 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222093441/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/217719-i-league-sunil-chhetris-brace-gives-bengaluru-fc-victory-over-shillong-lajong-fc|archive-date=22 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bengaluru FC eventually came out as the victors in the match after two early goals from captain [[Sunil Chhetri]] in the 7th and 34th minute (from a penalty) sealed a 2–1 win for the team.<ref name="Shillong Lajong Home"/> The victory pushed Bengaluru FC to the top of the I-League table to begin the month.<ref name="Shillong Lajong Home"/> Their second match of the month came away from home at the Duler Stadium. Bengaluru FC took on the reigning champions from [[2012–13 I-League|last season]], [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]].<ref name="Churchill Brothers Away">{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC beat Churchill, extend lead at top|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/Bengaluru-FC-beat-Churchill-extend-lead-at-top/articleshow/26971897.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214082234/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-06/i-league/44862929_1_bengaluru-fc-churchill-brothers-sunil-chhetri|url-status=live|archive-date=14 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 December 2013}}</ref> Bengaluru FC took an early second half lead of 2–0 thanks to strikes from Sean Rooney and Sunil Chhetri. Churchill Brothers brought a goal back with a strike from [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]] before Chhetri sealed the match for Bengaluru FC by scoring his second goal of the match as Bengaluru FC won 3–1.<ref name="Churchill Brothers Away"/> The team then continued their away form in [[Kolkata]] on 11 December 2013 when they defeated Mohammedan at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] by a score of 3–2.<ref name="Mohammedan Away">{{cite web|last=Bera |first=Koustav |title=Mohammedan Sporting 2-3 Bengaluru FC: The table toppers win the five goal thriller amidst controversy and furore |url=http://sg.sports.yahoo.com/news/mohammedan-sporting-2-3-bengaluru-fc-another-chhetri-103000301.html |work=Yahoo Sports |accessdate=22 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224113954/http://sg.sports.yahoo.com/news/mohammedan-sporting-2-3-bengaluru-fc-another-chhetri-103000301.html |archivedate=24 December 2013}}</ref> After taking an early 21st-minute lead through Johnny Menyongar it was Josimar who scored the equalizer for Mohammedan in first-half stoppage time. Sunil Chhetri then restored the lead for Bengaluru FC in the 48th minute before Josimar once again equalized for Mohammedan in the 57th minute but in the 71st minute it was Sunil Chhetri who scored his second goal of the match and the eventual winner for the Bangalore side.<ref name="Mohammedan Away"/> However, the club then slipped to their third loss of the season in their next match against East Bengal - thus their second loss to East Bengal this season - at the Bangalore Football Stadium on 15 December 2013.<ref name="East Bengal Home">{{cite web|last=Mathew|first=Maxin|title=East Bengal snap BFC's home run|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-16/i-league/45254256_1_bfc-east-bengal-james-moga|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224122236/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-16/i-league/45254256_1_bfc-east-bengal-james-moga|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref> Both goals for East Bengal were scored by [[James Moga]] and [[Chidi Edeh]].<ref name="East Bengal Home"/> It was in this match that Bengaluru FC managed to draw 8,216 fans into the Bangalore Football Stadium, the most the team has had till that point.<ref name="East Bengal Crowd">{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC East Bengal Attendance|url=https://www.facebook.com/bengalurufootballclub/posts/435714589863333|work=Bengaluru FC (Facebook)|accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref> Despite the loss though, Bengaluru FC still managed to end the month of December and the year 2013 with a victory on 21 December 2013 against Salgaocar at the Bangalore Football Stadium in which penalty goals from Sunil Chhetri and Robin Singh (his first of the season) sealed a 2–1 win for the team.<ref>{{cite web|title=I-league: Bengaluru FC beat Salgaocar FC 2-1 through penalties|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/218552-i-league-bengaluru-fc-beat-salgaocar-fc-2-1-through-penalties|work=NDTV Sports|accessdate=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226023500/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/218552-i-league-bengaluru-fc-beat-salgaocar-fc-2-1-through-penalties|archive-date=26 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bengaluru FC resumed their campaign in the second phase by playing [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]] at home. Having received four yellow cards in the season, the captain [[Sunil Chhetri]] was suspended in the game and [[Rino Anto]] led the team. After goalless first half, Bengaluru were trailing 0–1 after Ebi Sukore scored for Mumbai in 47th minute. [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] equalized in 55th minute and salvaged draw for Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?p=11330|title=MFC Keep League leaders at Bay|work=[[I-League]]|date=23 February 2014|access-date=23 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226180736/http://i-league.org/?p=11330|archive-date=26 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In round 19, the battle between top and bottom of the table, Bengaluru FC played away game against [[Rangdajied United F.C.]] After trailing 0–2 in the first half, Bengaluru equalized at 2–2 after quick goals by Chhetri and Rooney in 60th and 61st minutes, but after [[Ranti Martins]]' goal in 76th minutes, the match ended as a loss for Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?p=11524|title=Rangdajied Defeat Table Toppers|date=1 March 2014|work=[[I-League]]|access-date=2 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302162055/http://i-league.org/?p=11524|archive-date=2 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bengaluru FC returned to form in the penultimate home game, when they defeated defending champions [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] 3–0, courtesy three second half goals, two by [[Sunil Chhetri]] and one by [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?p=11738|title=Bengaluru Ease Past Churchill Bros|work=[[I-League]]|date=8 March 2014|access-date=8 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308163050/http://i-league.org/?p=11738|archive-date=8 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bengaluru FC opened up 7 points lead at the top of table when they defeated [[United S.C.]] 1–3 in the away game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?p=11897|title=Bengaluru Go Seven Points Clear|date=13 March 2014|access-date=13 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313151738/http://i-league.org/?p=11897|archive-date=13 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the next game, Bengaluru FC could not score a goal and ended up losing 3–0 to [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]. Two Bengaluru players [[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1990)|Pawan Kumar]] and [[Curtis Osano]] were handed red cards in closing minutes and as a result, would miss the next game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?p=12139|title=Lajong Earn Victory Over Bengaluru|date=23 March 2014|publisher=I-League|access-date=23 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323194529/http://i-league.org/?p=12139|archive-date=23 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the last home game, Bengaluru FC played another title contender [[Pune FC]]. Bengaluru FC took the lead in 25th minute by a goal from [[Thoi Singh Khangebam|Thoi Singh]], but Pune FC equalized in the second half in 73rd minute and the game ended in 1–1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?p=12261|title=Pune FC Keep Bengaluru FC at Bay|date=28 March 2014|access-date=28 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328221612/http://i-league.org/?p=12261|archive-date=28 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> This match broke the highest attendance record at [[Bangalore Football Stadium]] with 8,347 people attending the game.<ref name="PFCattendance"/> With other title contenders, [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] and [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] closing-in, Bengaluru FC desperately needed a comfortable margin at the top. In their next away game against [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]], [[Thoi Singh Khangebam|Thoi Singh]] and [[Sean Rooney (footballer)|Sean Rooney]] scored a goal each in each half and secured 0–2 victory and 4 points lead at the top of the table.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?p=12547|title=Bengaluru FC go four points clear at the top|date=6 April 2014|accessdate=11 April 2014|work=I-League|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411205832/http://i-league.org/?p=12547|archive-date=11 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the game, coach [[Ashley Westwood (footballer born 1976)|Ashley Westwood]] was sent off from the technical area for showing continuous dissent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/ileague-bengaluru-fc-blanks-bagan/article5880382.ece|title=I-League: Bengaluru FC blanks Bagan|date=7 April 2014|accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> With [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] closing in on Bengaluru FC, the team needed a win in the game against [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] in the next game to ensure the title. Bengaluru FC lead 0–1 at the end of the first half as [[Sean Rooney (footballer)|Sean Rooney]] scored early in the 2nd minute. They consolidated their lead as [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] and [[Johnny Menyongar]] scored a goal each. Dempo threatened with two quick goals in the closing minutes, but [[Sunil Chhetri]]'s goal, 4 minutes into the additional time ensured 2–4 victory for Bengaluru FC.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC – Airtel I-League Champs|url=http://i-league.org/?p=12989|date=21 April 2014|access-date=24 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424124534/http://i-league.org/?p=12989|archive-date=24 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bengaluru FC created the history by being the first team to win [[I-League]] in its debut year.<ref name="bfchistory"/> Bengaluru FC ended their campaign on the winning note when they won their final league game 1–2 against [[Sporting Clube de Goa]] due to goals from [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] and [[Beikhokhei Beingaichho]] in the second half.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?p=13178|title=Champions BFC Sign Off in Style|date=28 April 2014|access-date=28 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429081712/http://i-league.org/?p=13178|archive-date=29 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Matches====
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 1]]
|date = 22 September 2013
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|score = 1–1
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=7680 Report]
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1 = [[Sean Rooney (footballer)|Rooney]] {{goal|49}}
|goals2 = [[Chinadorai Sabeeth|Sabeeth]] {{goal|90+1}}
|location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Rahul Dsa]]
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 2]]
|date = 29 September 2013
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|score = 3–0
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=7804 Report]
|team2 = [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]
|goals1 = [[John Johnson (footballer)|Johnson]] {{goal|33}} [[Sean Rooney (footballer)|Rooney]] {{goal|57}} [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|67}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Anthony Simoes]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 3]]
|date = 6 October 2013
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|score = 1–0
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=8007 Report]
|team2 = [[United S.C.|United]]
|goals1 = [[John Johnson (footballer)|Johnson]] {{goal|4}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|attendance = 7,328<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC Attendance USC|url=https://www.facebook.com/bengalurufootballclub/posts/410994809001978|work=Bengaluru FC Facebook|accessdate=6 October 2013}}</ref>
|referee = [[Vishnu Chauhan]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 4]]
|date = 10 October 2013
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|score = 2–1
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=8238 Report]
|team2 = [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|goals1 = [[John Johnson (footballer)|Johnson]] {{goal|12}} [[Sean Rooney (footballer)|Rooney]] {{goal|28}}
|goals2 = [[Josimar da Silva Martins|Josimar]] {{goal|78}}
|location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|attendance = 5,350<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC Attendance MSC|url=https://www.facebook.com/bengalurufootballclub/posts/412307172204075|work=Bengaluru FC Facebook|accessdate=11 October 2013}}</ref>
|referee = [[Rahul Dsa]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 5]]
|date = 23 October 2013
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|score = 3–1
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=8573 Report]
|team2 = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|goals1 = [[Siam Hanghal|Hanghal]] {{goal|6}} [[Sean Rooney (footballer)|Rooney]] {{goal|11||61}}
|goals2 = [[Clifford Miranda|Miranda]] {{goal|63}}
|location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|attendance = 6,352<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC Attendance DSC|url=https://www.facebook.com/bengalurufootballclub/posts/417480681686724|work=Bengaluru FC Facebook|accessdate=26 October 2013}}</ref>
|referee = [[Pranjal Banerjee]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 6]]
|date = 26 October 2013
|time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score = 2–0
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=8714 Report]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|goals1 = [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Singh]] {{goal|49|o.g.}} [[James Moga|Moga]] {{goal|90+4}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], [[West Bengal]]
|stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Rahul Dsa]]
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 7]]
|date = 2 November 2013
|time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|score = 2–2
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=8995 Report]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|goals1 = [[Hashmatullah Barakzai|Barakzai]] {{goal|10}} [[Climax Lawrence|Lawrence]] {{goal|90+4}}
|goals2 = [[Sean Rooney (footballer)|Rooney]] {{goal|8}} [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|58|pen.}}
|location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
|stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Pranjal Banerjee]]
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 8]]
|date = 6 November 2013
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|score = 1–0
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=9149 Report]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|goals1 = [[James Meyer (footballer)|Meyer]] {{goal|71}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
|stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Ajit Dutta]]
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 9]]
|date = 23 November 2013
|time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|score = 0–0
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=9432 Report]
|team2 = [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|attendance = 6,104<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC Attendance SG|url=https://www.facebook.com/bengalurufootballclub/posts/428366950598097|work=Bengaluru FC Facebook|accessdate=23 November 2013}}</ref>
|referee = [[Prabir Dhar]]
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 10]]
|date = 26 November 2013
|time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|score = 1–2
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=9565 Report]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|goals1 = [[Gilbert Oliveira|Oliveira]] {{goal|23}}
|goals2 = [[Johnny Menyongar|Menyongar]] {{goal|21}} [[Beikhokhei Beingaichho|Beingaichho]] {{goal|57}}
|location = [[Mapusa]], [[Goa]]
|stadium = [[Duler Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Rahul Dsa]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 11]]
|date = 1 December 2013
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|score = 2–1
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=9769 Report]
|team2 = [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|goals1 = [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|7||34|pen.}}
|goals2 = [[Boithang Haokip|Haokip]] {{goal|82}}
|location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|attendance = 7,254<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/407099113071583232|title=Shilong Lajong crowd|work=Bengaluru FC (Twitter)|accessdate=25 December 2013}}</ref>
|referee = [[Pranjal Banerjee]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 12]]
|date = 6 December 2013
|time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|score = 1–3
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=9888 Report]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|goals1 = [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Singh]] {{goal|74}}
|goals2 = [[Sean Rooney (footballer)|Rooney]] {{goal|50}} [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|64||77}}
|location = [[Mapusa]], [[Goa]]
|stadium = [[Duler Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[C.R. Srikrishna]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 13]]
|date = 11 December 2013
|time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|score = 2–3
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=10119 Report]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|goals1 = [[Josimar da Silva Martins|Josimar]] {{goal|45+2||57}}
|goals2 = [[Johnny Menyongar|Menyongar]] {{goal|21}} [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|48||71}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Ratheesh Kumar]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 14]]
|date = 15 December 2013
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|score = 0–2
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=10171 Report]
|team2 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[James Moga|Moga]] {{goal|17}} [[Chidi Edeh|Edeh]] {{goal|81}}
|location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|attendance = 8,216<ref name="East Bengal Crowd"/>
|referee = [[Anthony Simoes]]
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 15]]
|date = 21 December 2013
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|score = 2–1
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=10280 Report]
|team2 = [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|goals1 = [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|29}} [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Singh]] {{goal|90+3}}
|goals2 = [[Gilbert Oliveira|Oliveira]] {{goal|85}}
|location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|attendance = 7,700<ref>{{cite web|title=Salgaocar Crowd|url=https://www.facebook.com/bengalurufootballclub/posts/437694396332019|work=Bengaluru FC (Facebook)|accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref>
|referee = [[Rowan Arumughan]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 16]]
|date = 22 February 2014
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|score = 1–1
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=11330 Report]
|team2 = [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|goals1 = [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Singh]] {{goal|55}}
|goals2 = Sukore {{goal|47}}
|location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|attendance = 7,162<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai Crowd|url=https://www.facebook.com/bengalurufootballclub/posts/459890754112383|work=Bengaluru FC (Facebook)|accessdate=23 February 2014}}</ref>
|referee = [[Prabir Dhar]]
|result = D
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 17]]
|date = 1 March 2014
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]
|score = 3–2
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=11524 Report]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|goals1 = [[Steven Dias|Dias]] {{goal|15}} [[T Lalnunpuia|Lalnunpuia]] {{goal|31}} [[Ranti Martins|Martins]] {{goal|76}}
|goals2 = [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|60}} [[Sean Rooney (footballer)|Rooney]] {{goal|61}}
|location = [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Shillong|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Pranjal Banerjee]]
|result = L
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 18]]
|date = 8 March 2014
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|score = 3–0
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=11738 Report]
|team2 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|goals1 = [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|56||90}} [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Singh]] {{goal|61}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|attendance = 6,912<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/bengalurufootballclub/posts/464359773665481?stream_ref=10|title=Churchill Brothers attendance|date=8 March 2014}}</ref>
|referee = [[M. Santosh Kumar]]
|result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 19]]
|date = 13 March 2014
|time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[United S.C.|United]]
|score = 1–3
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=11897 Report]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|goals1 = [[Eric Brown (footballer)|Brown]] {{goal|54|pen.}}
|goals2 = [[Thoi Singh Khangebam|T. Singh]] {{goal|44}} [[Dhanachandra Singh|Singh]] {{goal|61|o.g.}} [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|89}}
|location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], [[West Bengal]]
|stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[R. Saha]]
|result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 20]]
|date = 23 March 2014
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|score = 3–0
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=12139 Report]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|goals1 = [[Uilliams Bomfim Souza|Uilliams]] {{goal|46}} [[Cornell Glen|Glen]] {{goal|80||90+4|pen.}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Shillong|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[T. Nagvenkar]]
|result = L
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 21]]
|date = 28 March 2014
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|score = 1–1
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=12261 Report]
|team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1 = [[Thoi Singh Khangebam|T. Singh]] {{goal|25}}
|goals2 = [[Anthony D'Souza|D'Souza]] {{goal|73}}
|location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|attendance = 8,347<ref name="PFCattendance"/>
|referee = [[Rowan Arumughan]]
|result = D
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 22]]
|date = 6 April 2014
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|score = 0–2
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=12547 Report]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Thoi Singh Khangebam|T. Singh]] {{goal|45+1}} [[Sean Rooney (footballer)|Rooney]] {{goal|60}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Rahul Dsa]]
|result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 23]]
|date = 21 April 2014
|time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|score = 2–4
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=12989 Report]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|goals1 = [[Roberto Mendes Silva|Silva]] {{goal|82}} [[Romeo Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|89}}
|goals2 = [[Sean Rooney (footballer)|Rooney]] {{goal|2}} [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Singh]] {{goal|56}} [[Johnny Menyongar|Menyongar]] {{goal|79}} [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|90+7}}
|location = [[Margao]], [[Goa]]
|stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[C.R. Srikrishna]]
|result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 24]]
|date = 28 April 2014
|time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|score = 1–2
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=13178 Report]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|goals1 = [[Boima Karpeh|Karpeh]] {{goal|41}}
|goals2 = [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Singh]] {{goal|59}} [[Beikhokhei Beingaichho|Beingaichho]] {{goal|90+2}}
|location = [[Margao]], [[Goa]]
|stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[C.R. Srikrishna]]
|result = W
}}

====Table====
{{:2013–14 I-League|showteam=BFC}}

====Results summary====

{{Fb_rs |hw=7 |hd=4 |hl=1 |hgf=19 |hga=9 |aw=7 |ad=1 |al=4 |agf=23 |aga=19 }}
{{Fb_rs_footer |u=28 April 2014|s=[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/bengaluru/25367/statistics/ I-League] |date=August 2013}}

====Results by round====
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b|header=Round

|label1= Ground
| res1=[[Bangalore Football Stadium|H]]/[[Bangalore Football Stadium|H]]/[[Bangalore Football Stadium|H]]/[[Bangalore Football Stadium|H]]/[[Bangalore Football Stadium|H]]/[[Kalyani Stadium|A]]/[[Balewadi Sports Complex|A]]/[[Balewadi Sports Complex|A]]/[[Bangalore Football Stadium|H]]/[[Duler Stadium|A]]/[[Bangalore Football Stadium|H]]/[[Duler Stadium|A]]/[[Salt Lake Stadium|A]]/[[Bangalore Football Stadium|H]]/[[Bangalore Football Stadium|H]]/[[Bangalore Football Stadium|H]]/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Shillong|A]]/[[Bangalore Football Stadium|H]]/[[Kalyani Stadium|A]]/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Shillong|A]]/[[Bangalore Football Stadium|H]]/[[Salt Lake Stadium|A]]/[[Fatorda Stadium|A]]/[[Fatorda Stadium|A]]
|label2= Result
| res2=D/W/W/W/W/L/D/L/D/W/W/W/W/L/W/D/L/W/W/L/D/W/W/W

|text_H=Home|text_A=Away
|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss

|updated=28 April 2014
|source=[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/bengaluru/25367/ I-League]
|date=April 2014
}}

====Celebrations====
Bengaluru FC celebrated the victory organizing a parade with players and fans in the city, where the coach and the captain hailed fans as the important part of their campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/fans-throng-bengaluru-fcs-victory-parade/article5960283.ece|title=Fans throng Bengaluru FC’s victory parade|date=29 April 2014|author=Shreedutta Chidananda}}</ref>

===Federation Cup===
{{main|2013–14 Indian Federation Cup}}

On 29 August 2013 the groups for the [[2013 Indian Federation Cup]] were announced by the [[All India Football Federation]].<ref name=AIFFDraw>{{cite web|title=I-League Club Representatives meet in Dwarka|url=http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5162|work=The All India Football Federation|accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref> Bengaluru FC were placed in Group B along with [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]], [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]], and [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]].<ref name=AIFFDraw/>

Bengaluru FC began their Federation Cup campaign on 15 January 2014 against [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] at the [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium]]. The club could not have kicked off their campaign any brighter after they took a 4–0 lead through a double from [[Beikhokhei Beingaichho]] and goals from [[Sunil Chhetri]] and [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]]. Sporting Goa however then managed to pull three back from goals by [[Boima Karpeh]], [[Beevan D'Mello]], and [[Victorino Fernandes]]. Bengaluru FC though managed to see out the match by scoring a fifth and final goal from Robin Singh to win the match 5–3.<ref>{{cite web|title=Federation Cup: Bengaluru FC register 5–3 win over Sporting Clube de Goa|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/219537-federation-cup-bengaluru-fc-register-5-3-win-over-sporting-clube-de-goa|work=NDTV Sport|accessdate=16 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118112232/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/219537-federation-cup-bengaluru-fc-register-5-3-win-over-sporting-clube-de-goa|archive-date=18 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bengaluru FC then began their second match against [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]] in the best possible way with a 2nd-minute goal from [[Thoi Singh Khangebam|Thoi Singh]] before Rangdajied United equalized in the 80th minute from [[Lamine Tamba]] to end the game 1–1.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chandran|first=Praveen|title=Rangdajied holds Bengaluru FC|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/rangdajied-holds-bengaluru-fc/article5590984.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=16 February 2014}}</ref>

The club's campaign in the tournament then finally came to an end three days later when a brace from [[Chidi Edeh]] saw Bengaluru FC lose 2–0 to [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]], the third time this entire season Bengaluru FC lost to East Bengal 2–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Federation Cup: East Bengal knock out Bengaluru FC, Mohun Bagan to play Churchill|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/219818-federation-cup-east-bengal-knock-out-bengaluru-fc-mohun-bagan-to-play-churchill|work=NDTV Sports|accessdate=16 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130075415/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/219818-federation-cup-east-bengal-knock-out-bengaluru-fc-mohun-bagan-to-play-churchill|archive-date=30 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Table====
;Group B
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width:200px;"|Team!!width="30"|Pld!!width="30"|W!!width="30"|D!!width="30"|L!!width="30"|GF!!width="30"|GA!!width="30"|GD!!width="30"|Pts
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|align=left|'''[[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]'''
|3||2||0||1||7||6||+1||'''6'''
|-
|align=left|[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|3||1||1||1||4||3||+1||'''4'''
|-
|align=left|[[Bengaluru FC]]
|3||1||1||1||6||6||0||'''4'''
|-
|align=left|[[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]
|3||0||2||1||2||4||–2||'''2'''
|}

{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup|Match 1]]
|date = 15 January 2014
|time =
|team1 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|score = 5–3
|report = [http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5421 Report]
|team2 = [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|goals1=[[Beikhokhei Beingaichho|Beingaichho]] {{goal|5||40}} [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|33}} [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Singh]] {{goal|66||90+3}}
|goals2=[[Boima Karpeh|Karpeh]] {{goal|74}} [[Beevan D'Mello|D'Mello]] {{goal|89}} [[Victorino Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|90+1}}
|location = [[Payyanad, Malappuram|Payyanad]], [[Kerala]]
|stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|MDS Complex]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup|Match 2]]
|date = 18 January 2014
|time =
|team1 = [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]
|score=1–1
|report=[http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5437 Report]
|team2=[[Bengaluru FC]]
|goals1=[[Lamine Tamba|Tamba]] {{goal|80}}
|goals2=[[Thoi Singh Khangebam|Singh]] {{goal|2}}
|location = [[Payyanad, Malappuram|Payyanad]], [[Kerala]]
|stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|MDS Complex]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup|Match 3]]
|date = 21 January 2014
|time =
|team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=2–0
|report=[http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5456 Report]
|team2=[[Bengaluru FC]]
|goals1=[[Chidi Edeh|Edeh]] {{goal|62||75}}
|goals2=
|location = [[Payyanad, Malappuram|Payyanad]], [[Kerala]]
|stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|MDS Complex]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
}}

==Accolades==
Bengaluru FC received numerous accolades in the season. [[Sunil Chhetri]] was the joint top-scorer in [[2013–14 I-League]] along with [[Cornell Glen]] and [[Daryl Duffy]]. He also received [[All India Football Federation]]'s player of the year award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5394|title=Sunil Chhetri is AIFF player of the year|date=20 December 2013}}</ref> In [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]]'s annual awards, Sunil Chhetri was awarded the best player and the best forward of [[2013–14 I-League|I-League]], while [[John Johnson (footballer)|John Johnson]] was awarded the best defender award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5678|title=Important decisions taken in the meeting|date=14 May 2014|work=[[All India Football Federation]]|access-date=15 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228232717/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5678|archive-date=28 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Ashley Westwood (footballer born 1976)|Ashley Westwood]] was named coach of the year by FPAI.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2014/04/29/4783421/balwant-singh-named-indian-player-of-the-year-and-more-from|title=Balwant Singh named Indian Player of the Year and more from the FPAI Indian Football Awards|date=30 April 2014}}</ref> Sunil Chhetri was declared ''AIFF player of the year'' for 2014.<ref name=AIFFPOTY>{{cite web|title=Sunil Chhetri named 2014 AIFF Player of the Year|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Sunil-Chhetri-named-2014-AIFF-Player-of-the-Year/articleshow/45661090.cms|work=The Times of India|date=27 December 2014}}</ref>

==Player information==

===Squad information===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:80%;"
|-
! style="background:#00f; color:white; text-align:center;"| No.
! style="background:#00f; color:white; text-align:center;"| Name
! style="background:#00f; color:white; text-align:center;"| Nationality
! style="background:#00f; color:white; text-align:center;"| Position
! style="background:#00f; color:white; text-align:center;"| Date of birth
! style="background:#00f; color:white; text-align:center;"| Previous club
|-
! colspan=8 style="background:blue; color:white; text-align:center;"| Goalkeepers
|-
| 1
| [[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1990)|Pawan Kumar]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1990|7|1}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|-
| 22
| [[Bruno Colaço]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1991|10|11}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|-
| 29
| [[Soram Anganba]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1992|12|24}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pailan Arrows]]
|-
| 30
| Ricardo Cardozo
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1993|1|14}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tata Football Academy]]
|-
! colspan=8 style="background:blue; color:white; text-align:center;"| Defenders
|-
| 2
| [[Nanjangud Shivananju Manju]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Defender (association football)|DF]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1987|5|9}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]]
|-
| 3
| [[Vishal Kumar]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Defender (association football)|DF]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1992|7|30}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pailan Arrows]]
|-
| 4
| [[Curtis Osano]]
| {{flagicon|ENG}}
| [[Midfielder|CB]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1987|3|8}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[AFC Wimbledon]]
|-
| 6
| [[John Johnson (footballer)|John Johnson]]
| {{flagicon|ENG}}
| [[Centre back|CB]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1988|9|16}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Northampton Town F.C.|Northampton Town]]
|-
| 13
| [[Rino Anto]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Defender (association football)|DF]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1988|1|3}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|-
| 20
| [[Keegan Pereira (footballer)|Keegan Pereira]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Defender (association football)|DF]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1987|11|7}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|-
| 23
| [[Lalrozama Fanai]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Defender (association football)|DF]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1991|11|30}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|-
| 26
| Thomas Lalengkima
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Defender (association football)|DF]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1993|8|22}}
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|-
! colspan=8 style="background:blue; color:white; text-align:center;"| Midfielders
|-
| 5
| [[Gurtej Singh]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1990|5|2}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|-
| 8
| [[Malemngamba Meetei]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1992|1|5}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|-
| 10
| [[Johnny Menyongar]]
| {{flagicon|LBR}}
| [[Midfielder|AM]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1980|6|26}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|-
| 12
| [[Thoi Singh Khangebam|Thoi Singh]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1990|10|5}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]]
|-
| 14
| [[Sampath Kuttymani]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Forward (association football)|MF]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1986|9|28}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|-
| 15
| [[Darren Caldeira]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1987|9|19}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|-
| 18
| [[Beikhokhei Beingaichho]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1992|12|1}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|-
| 19
| [[Siam Hanghal]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1993|5|26}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pailan Arrows]]
|-
| 25
| Niroshan Mani
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|11|24}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|-
| 27
| [[Amoes (footballer)|Amoes]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1994|4|9}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[South United F.C.|South United]]
|-
| 28
| Don Bosco Andrew
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Defender (association football)|DF]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1990|2|7}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[SESA Football Academy]]
|-
| 31
| [[C.K. Vineeth]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1988|2|28}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[United S.C.|United]]
|-
| —
| Randhan Meitei
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1993|3|13}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pailan Arrows]]
|-
| —
| [[Shankar Sampingiraj]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1994|12|14}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pailan Arrows]]
|-
! colspan=8 style="background:blue; color:white; text-align:center;"| Attackers
|-
| 7
| [[Sean Rooney (footballer)|Sean Rooney]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}}
| [[Forward (association football)|ST]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1989|3|1}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Blacktown City FC]]
|-
| 9
| [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Forward (association football)|ST]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1990|5|9}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|-
| 11
| [[Sunil Chhetri]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Forward (association football)|ST]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1984|8|3}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|POR}} [[Sporting Clube de Portugal B|Sporting Portugal B]]
|-
| 17
| [[Karan Sawhney]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Forward (association football)|ST]]
| {{birth date and age2 |df=yes|2014|4|28 |1992|5|23}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|}

===Season signings===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:90%; text-align:center; font-size:95%; text-align:left;"
|-
!'''Pos.'''
!'''Player'''
!'''Transferred From'''
!'''Source'''
|-
|MF|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Thoi Singh Khangebam|Thoi Singh]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]] ||<ref name=June19th/>
|-
|GK|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bruno Colaço]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] ||<ref name=June21st/>
|-
|DF|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Keegan Pereira (footballer)|Keegan Pereira]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]] ||<ref name=June21st/>
|-
|MF|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurtej Singh]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] ||<ref name=BSJSW8/>
|-
|DF|| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[John Johnson (footballer)|John Johnson]] || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Northampton Town F.C.|Northampton Town]] ||<ref name=Johnson/>
|-
|DF|| {{flagicon|KEN}} [[Curtis Osano]] || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[AFC Wimbledon]] ||<ref name=Johnson/>
|-
|MF|| {{flagicon|LBR}} [[Johnny Menyongar]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] ||<ref name=Johnny/>
|-
|FW|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] ||<ref name=Robin/>
|-
|FW|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]] || {{flagicon|POR}} [[Sporting Clube de Portugal B|Sporting Portugal B]] ||<ref name=Sunil/>
|-
|DF|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishal Kumar]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pailan Arrows]] ||<ref name=JSWLaunch/>
|-
|MF|| {{flagicon|IND}} Don Bosco Andrew || {{flagicon|IND}} [[SESA Football Academy]] ||<ref name=JSWLaunch/>
|-
|DF|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalrozama Fanai]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] ||<ref name=JSWLaunch/>
|-
|GK|| {{flagicon|IND}} Ricardo Cardozo || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tata Football Academy]] ||<ref name=JSWLaunch/>
|-
|GK|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1990)|Pawan Kumar]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] ||<ref name=JSWLaunch/>
|-
|MF|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Malemngamba Meetei]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] ||<ref name=JSWLaunch/>
|-
|FW|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Karan Sawhney]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] ||<ref name=JSWLaunch/>
|-
|MF|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Darren Caldeira]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]] ||<ref name=JSWLaunch/>
|-
|DF|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rino Anto]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] ||<ref name=JSWLaunch/>
|-
|MF|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sampath Kuttymani]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]] ||<ref name=JSWLaunch/>
|-
|FW|| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sean Rooney (footballer)|Sean Rooney]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Blacktown City FC]] ||<ref name=RooneySigning/>
|-
|MF|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Siam Hanghal]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pailan Arrows]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Siam Hangal|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=402844953150297&set=a.385952084839584.1073741829.383479951753464&type=1|work=Facebook|accessdate=14 September 2013}}</ref>
|-
|MF|| {{flagicon|IND}} Niroshan Mani || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] ||<ref name=Mani/>
|-
|MF|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amoes (footballer)|Amoes]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[South United F.C.|South United]] ||<ref name=Mani/>
|-
|DF|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nanjangud Shivananju Manju]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]] ||<ref name="playerslist"/>
|-
|MF|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Beikhokhei Beingaichho]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] ||<ref name="playerslist"/>
|-
|DF|| {{flagicon|IND}} Thomas Lalengkima || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]] ||<ref name=BFC>{{cite web|url=http://www.bengalurufc.com/teamandstaff/defenders|title=Defenders|access-date=1 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004318/http://www.bengalurufc.com/teamandstaff/defenders|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

====Loan in====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:83%; text-align:center; font-size:95%; text-align:left;"
|-
!'''Position '''
!'''Player '''
!'''Loaned from'''
!'''Date '''
!'''Source'''
|-
|{{sort|?|GK}}
|{{sort|Anganba, Soram|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Soram Anganba]]}}
|IMG–Reliance
|{{dts|13 December 2013}}
|<ref name="December Loans"/>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
|{{sort|Meitei, Randhan|{{flagicon|IND}} Randhan Meitei}}
|IMG–Reliance
|{{dts|13 December 2013}}
|<ref name="December Loans"/>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
|{{sort|Sampingiraj, Shankar|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shankar Sampingiraj]]}}
|IMG–Reliance
|{{dts|13 December 2013}}
|<ref name="December Loans"/>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
|{{sort|Vineeth, C.K.|{{flagicon|IND}} [[C.K. Vineeth]]}}
|[[United S.C.|United]]
|{{dts|30 January 2014}}
|<ref name="Vineeth Signing"/>
|}

===Management===
[[File:Westwood, Ashley.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Ashley Westwood, the head coach Bengaluru FC for the 2013–14 season.]]
:''As of January 2014.''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ashley Westwood (footballer born 1976)|Ashley Westwood]]
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Pradhyum Reddy]]
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
| {{flagicon|TUR}} Ali Uzunhasanoglu
|-
| Performance coach
| {{flagicon|ENG}} Malcolm Purchase
|-
| Head of Youth Development
| {{flagicon|IND}} Richard Hood
|}
{{clear}}

==Player statistics==

===Appearances and goals===
{{Efs start|[[2013–14 I-League|I-League]]|[[2013 Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]]}}
{{Efs player|no=1|name=[[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1990)|Pawan Kumar]]|pos=GK|nat=IND|20+0|0|3+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=2|name=[[Nanjangud Shivananju Manju]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|2+1|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=3|name=[[Vishal Kumar]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|6+5|0|0+1|0}}
{{Efs player|no=4|name=[[Curtis Osano]]|pos=DF|nat=KEN|22+0|0|3+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=5|name=[[Gurtej Singh]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|2+1|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=6|name=[[John Johnson (footballer)|John Johnson]]|pos=DF|nat=ENG|23+0|3|3+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=7|name=[[Sean Rooney (footballer)|Sean Rooney]]|pos=FW|nat=AUS|21+0|10|3+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=8|name=[[Malemngamba Meetei]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|2+5|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=9|name=[[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]]|pos=FW|nat=IND|9+14|5|0+1|2}}
{{Efs player|no=10|name=[[Johnny Menyongar]]|pos=MF|nat=LBR|23+0|3|3+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=11|name=[[Sunil Chhetri]]|pos=FW|nat=IND|21+2|14|3+0|1}}
{{Efs player|no=12|name=[[Thoi Singh Khangebam|Thoi Singh]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|19+2|3|3+0|1}}
{{Efs player|no=13|name=[[Rino Anto]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|20+3|0|3+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=14|name=[[Sampath Kuttymani]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=15|name=[[Darren Caldeira]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|8+7|0|0+1|0}}
{{Efs player|no=17|name=[[Karan Sawhney]]|pos=FW|nat=IND|0+3|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=18|name=[[Beikhokhei Beingaichho]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|18+4|2|3+0|2}}
{{Efs player|no=19|name=[[Siam Hanghal]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|21+0|1|3+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=20|name=[[Keegan Pereira (footballer)|Keegan Pereira]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|19+1|0|3+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=22|name=[[Bruno Colaço]]|pos=GK|nat=IND|1+1|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=23|name=[[Lalrozama Fanai]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|3+1|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=25|name=Niroshan Mani|pos=MF|nat=IND|0+1|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=26|name=Thomas Lalengkima|pos=DF|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=27|name=[[Amoes (footballer)|Amoes]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|0+1|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=28|name=Don Bosco Andrew|pos=DF|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=29|name=[[Soram Anganba]]|pos=GK|nat=IND|3+1|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=30|name=Ricardo Cardozo|pos=GK|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=31|name=[[C.K. Vineeth]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|1+6|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=—|name=Randhan Meitei|pos=MF|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=—|name=[[Shankar Sampingiraj]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs end|s=[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/bengaluru/25367/squad/ soccerway]}}

Updated: 28 April 2014

===Top scorers===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"
|-
!width=60|Place
!width=60|Position
!width=60|Nationality
!width=60|Number
!width=150|Name
!width=80|I-League
!width=80|Federation Cup
!width=80|'''Total'''
|-
||1
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| 11
| [[Sunil Chhetri]]
| 14
| 1
| '''15'''
|-
||2
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}}
| 7
| [[Sean Rooney (footballer)|Sean Rooney]]
| 10
| 0
| '''10'''
|-
||3
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| 9
| [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]]
| 5
| 2
| '''7'''
|-
| rowspan=2|4
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| 18
| [[Beikhokhei Beingaichho]]
| 2
| 2
| '''4'''
|-
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| 12
| [[Thoi Singh Khangebam|Thoi Singh]]
| 3
| 1
| '''4'''

|-
|rowspan=2|6
| [[Defender (association football)|DF]]
| {{flagicon|ENG}}
| 6
| [[John Johnson (footballer)|John Johnson]]
| 3
| 0
| '''3'''
|-
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{flagicon|LBR}}
| 10
| [[Johnny Menyongar]]
| 3
| 0
| '''3'''
|-
||8
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| 19
| [[Siam Hanghal]]
| 1
| 0
| '''1'''
|-
|colspan=5|'''TOTALS'''
| '''41'''
| '''6'''
| '''47'''
|}

Updated: 28 April 2014 [http://www.goal.com/en-india/teams/india/4136/bengaluru-fc source]

==International Caps==
Players called for senior international duty during the 2013–14 season while under contract with [[Bengaluru FC]].
;
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!width=5%|Nationality
!width=5%|Position
!width=7%|Player
!width=15%|Competition
!width=7%|Date
!width=25%|Contribution
!width=10%|Opponent
|-
|align=center| {{flagicon|IND}} India
|align=center| FW
|align=center| [[Sunil Chhetri]]
|align=center| Friendly
|align=center| 14 August 2013
| Started, played 70 minutes.<ref name=TAJIKvsINDIA>{{cite web|title=TAJIKISTAN VS. INDIA 3 - 0|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/08/14/world/friendlies/tajikistan/india/1486662/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=16 November 2013}}</ref>
|| v {{flagicon|TJK}} [[Tajikistan national football team|Tajikistan]]
|-
|align=center| {{flagicon|IND}} India
|align=center| FW
|align=center| [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]]
|align=center| Friendly
|align=center| 14 August 2013
| Subbed on in the 77th minute.<ref name=TAJIKvsINDIA/>
|| v {{flagicon|TJK}} [[Tajikistan national football team|Tajikistan]]
|-
|align=center| {{flagicon|IND}} India
|align=center| FW
|align=center| Sunil Chhetri
|align=center| [[2013 SAFF Championship]]
|align=center| 1 September 2013
| Started, played the full match.<ref>{{cite web|title=INDIA VS. PAKISTAN 1 - 0|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/09/01/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/india/pakistan/1553517/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=16 November 2013}}</ref>
|| v {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national football team|Pakistan]]
|-
|align=center| {{flagicon|IND}} India
|align=center| FW
|align=center| Sunil Chhetri
|align=center| [[2013 SAFF Championship]]
|align=center| 3 September 2013
| Started, played the full match, scored in the 95th minute.<ref name=BANGLADESHvsINDIA>{{cite web|title=BANGLADESH VS. INDIA 1 - 1|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/09/03/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/bangladesh/india/1553519/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=16 November 2013}}</ref>
|| v {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh national football team|Bangladesh]]
|-
|align=center| {{flagicon|IND}} India
|align=center| FW
|align=center| Robin Singh
|align=center| [[2013 SAFF Championship]]
|align=center| 3 September 2013
| Subbed on in the 85th minute.<ref name=BANGLADESHvsINDIA/>
|| v {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh national football team|Bangladesh]]
|-
|align=center| {{flagicon|IND}} India
|align=center| FW
|align=center| Sunil Chhetri
|align=center| [[2013 SAFF Championship]]
|align=center| 5 September 2013
| Started, played the full match.<ref name=INDIAvsNEPAL>{{cite web|title=INDIA VS. NEPAL 1 - 2|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/09/05/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/india/nepal/1553520/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=16 November 2013}}</ref>
|| v {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Nepal national football team|Nepal]]
|-
|align=center| {{flagicon|IND}} India
|align=center| FW
|align=center| Robin Singh
|align=center| [[2013 SAFF Championship]]
|align=center| 5 September 2013
| Subbed on in the 58th minute.<ref name=INDIAvsNEPAL/>
|| v {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Nepal national football team|Nepal]]
|-
|align=center| {{flagicon|IND}} India
|align=center| FW
|align=center| Robin Singh
|align=center| [[2013 SAFF Championship]]
|align=center| 9 September 2013
| Started, played the full match, yellow carded in the 95th minute.<ref>{{cite web|title=MALDIVES VS. INDIA 0 - 1|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/09/09/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/maldives/india/1578930/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=16 November 2013}}</ref>
|| v {{flagicon|MDV}} [[Maldives national football team|Maldives]]
|-
|align=center| {{flagicon|IND}} India
|align=center| FW
|align=center| Sunil Chhetri
|align=center| [[2013 SAFF Championship Final]]
|align=center| 11 September 2013
| Subbed on in the 60th minute.<ref name=AFGHANISTANvsINDIA>{{cite web|title=AFGHANISTAN VS. INDIA 2 - 0|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/09/11/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/afghanistan/india/1578931/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=16 November 2013}}</ref>
|| v {{flagicon|AFG|2013}} [[Afghanistan national football team|Afghanistan]]
|-
|align=center| {{flagicon|IND}} India
|align=center| FW
|align=center| Robin Singh
|align=center| [[2013 SAFF Championship Final]]
|align=center| 11 September 2013
| Started, played the full match.<ref name=AFGHANISTANvsINDIA/>
|| v {{flagicon|AFG|2013}} [[Afghanistan national football team|Afghanistan]]
|-
|align=center| {{flagicon|IND}} India
|align=center| FW
|align=center| Sunil Chhetri
|align=center| Friendly
|align=center| 15 November 2013
| Started, played the full match, scored in the 41st minute.<ref name=INDIAvsPHILIPPINES>{{cite web|title=INDIA VS. PHILIPPINES 1 - 1|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/11/15/world/friendlies/india/philippines/1597380/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=16 November 2013}}</ref>
|| v {{flagicon|PHI}} [[Philippines national football team|Philippines]]
|-
|align=center| {{flagicon|IND}} India
|align=center| FW
|align=center| Robin Singh
|align=center| Friendly
|align=center| 15 November 2013
| Started, played 75 minutes.<ref name=INDIAvsPHILIPPINES/>
|| v {{flagicon|PHI}} [[Philippines national football team|Philippines]]
|-
|align=center| {{flagicon|IND}} India
|align=center| FW
|align=center| Sunil Chhetri
|align=center| Friendly
|align=center| 19 November 2013
| Started, played the full match, scored in the 21st minute.<ref name=INDvsNEPNovember>{{cite web|title=INDIA VS. NEPAL 2 - 0|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/11/19/world/friendlies/india/nepal/1598480/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=23 November 2013}}</ref>
|| v {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Nepal national football team|Nepal]]
|-
|align=center| {{flagicon|IND}} India
|align=center| FW
|align=center| Robin Singh
|align=center| Friendly
|align=center| 23 November 2013
| Started, played the full match.<ref name=INDvsNEPNovember/>
|| v {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Nepal national football team|Nepal]]
|-
|align=center| {{flagicon|IND}} India
|align=center| FW
|align=center| Sunil Chhetri
|align=center| Friendly
|align=center| 5 March 2014
| Started, played the full match, scored in the 14th and 92nd minute.<ref name=INDvsBANmarch>{{cite web|title=India vs Bangladesh|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/130664/india-vs-bangladesh/play-by-play|work=Goal.com|accessdate=7 March 2014}}</ref>
|| v {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh national football team|Bangladesh]]
|-
|align=center| {{flagicon|IND}} India
|align=center| FW
|align=center| Robin Singh
|align=center| Friendly
|align=center| 5 March 2014
| Started, played 63 minutes.<ref name=INDvsBANmarch/>
|| v {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh national football team|Bangladesh]]
|}

==See also==
* [[2013–14 in Indian football]]
* [[Bengaluru FC]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bengaluru FC}}
{{2013–14 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2013-14 Bengaluru FC season}}
[[Category:2013–14 I-League by team|Beng]]
[[Category:Bengaluru FC seasons]]
[[Category:2010s in Bengaluru]]

2024 Indian general election in Chhattisgarh

2026-01-27T20:13:28Z

Avdhut Kamble: New!

{{short description|Indian political election in Chhattisgarh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2019 Indian general election in Chhattisgarh
| previous_year = 2019
| next_election = 2029 Indian general election in Chhattisgarh
| next_year = 2029
| election_date = 19, 26 April and 7 May 2024
| seats_for_election = All 11 Chhattisgarh seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| turnout = 72.94% ({{increase}}1.30%)
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Chhattisgarh
| elected_members = List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Chhattisgarh
| opinion_polls = 2024 Indian general election in Chhattisgarh#Opinion polls
| image_size = 120px
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Vishnudeo Sai.jpg|bSize=250|cWidth=110|cHeight=120|oLeft=65|oTop=5}}
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader1 = [[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance
| leader_since1 = 2023
| leaders_seat1 = ''Did not contest''
| last_election1 = 50.70%, 9 seats
| seats_before1 =
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}1
| popular_vote1 = '''79,09,797'''
| percentage1 = '''52.65%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}}1.25%
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Bhupesh Baghel.jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=110|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=7}}
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leader2 = [[Bhupesh Baghel]]
| alliance2 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| leader_since2 = 2014
| leaders_seat2 = [[Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Rajnandgaon]] (lost)
| last_election2 = 41.51%, 2 seats
| seats_before2 =
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}1
| popular_vote2 = 61,68,408
| percentage2 = 41.06%
| swing2 = {{decrease}}0.45%
| map_image = 2024 Lok Sabha Chhattisgarh Result Map.svg
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = Seatwise Result Map of the 2024 general election in Chhattisgarh
| seats1 = '''10'''
| seats2 = 1
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
The [[2024 Indian general election]] was held in Chhattisgarh from 19 April to 7 May 2024 to elect 11 members of the 18th Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-19 |title=Chhattisgarh Lok Sabha Elections 2024: Schedule, phase, seats, candidates and all you need to know about Chhattisgarh General Elections |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/when-is/chhattisgarh-lok-sabha-elections-2024-schedule-phase-seats-candidates-results-and-all-you-need-to-know-about-chhattisgarh-general-elections-9163541/ |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Election schedule==
On 16 March 2024, the [[Election Commission of India]] announced the schedule of the 2024 Indian general election, with [[Chhattisgarh]] scheduled to vote during the first 3 phases starting from 19 April and concluding on 7 May 2024.

[[File:2024 Indian general election in Chhattisgarh schedule.svg|230x230px|thumb|left|Phase wise schedule of [[2024 Indian general election]] in [[Chhattisgarh]] {{color box|#FFFACD}} Phase 1

{{color box|#87CEFA}} Phase 2{{color box|#7B68EE}} Phase 3]]

{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;
! rowspan=2|Poll event
! colspan="3" |Phase
|-
|bgcolor=#FFFACD|I
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|II
|bgcolor=#7B68EE|III
|-
!Notification date
|20 March
|28 March
|12 April
|-
!Last date for filing nomination
|27 March
|4 April
|19 April
|-
!Scrutiny of nomination
|28 March
|5 April
|20 April
|-
!Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
|30 March
|8 April
|22 April
|-
!Date of poll
|'''19 April'''
|'''26 April'''
|'''7 May'''
|-
!Date of counting of votes/Result
| colspan="3" |'''4 June 2024'''
|-
!'''''No. of constituencies'''''
|1
|3
|7
|}

==Parties and alliances==

===National Democratic Alliance===

{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50x50px|centre]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50x50px|centre]]
|[[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
|11
|}

===Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance===

{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" width="60%"style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50x50px|centre]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50x50px|centre]]
|[[Bhupesh Baghel]]
|11
|}

===Others ===
{| class="wikitable" width="60%"style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Symbol
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50x50px|centre]]
|11
|-
|{{party color cell |Gondwana Ganatantra Party}}
|[[Gondwana Ganatantra Party]]
|[[File:Saw election symbol.png|50x50px|centre]]
|9
|-
|Rowspan=4 {{party colour cell|Other}}
|Bhartiya Shakti Chetna Party
|
|9
|-
|Hamar Raj Party
|
|8
|-
|Rashtriya Jansabha Party
|
|7
|-
|Shakti Sena (Bharat Desh)
|
|6
|-
|{{party color cell |Ambedkarite Party of India}}
|[[Ambedkarite Party of India]]
|
|4
|-
|{{party colour cell|Other}}
|Sarv Adi Dal
|
|4
|-
|{{party color cell |Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
|[[Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)]]
|
|3
|-
|Rowspan=2 {{party colour cell|Other}}
|Chhattisgarh Vikas Ganga Rashtriya Party
|
|3
|-
|Azad Janata Party
|
|2
|-
|{{party color cell |Ikkjutt Jammu}}
|[[Ekam Sanatan Bharat Dal]]
|
|2
|-
|Rowspan=2 {{party colour cell|Other}}
|Loktantra Congress Party
|
|2
|-
|Nyaydharmsabha
|
|2
|-
|{{party color cell |Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}
|[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]
|
|2
|-
|{{party color cell |Right to Recall Party}}
|Right to Recall Party
|
|2
|-
|Rowspan=4 {{party colour cell|Other}}
|Sunder Samaj Party
|
|2
|-
|Aap Sabki Apni Party
|
|1
|-
|Akhil Bhartiya Parivar Party
|
|1
|-
|Asankhya Samaj Party
|
|1
|-
|{{party color cell |Bharat Adivasi Party}}
|[[Bharat Adivasi Party]]
|
|1
|-
|Rowspan=3 {{party colour cell|Other}}
|Bharatiya Bahujan Congress
|
|1
|-
|Bhartiya Janta Secular Party
|
|1
|-
|Bhrashtachar Mukti Morcha
|
|1
|-
|{{party color cell |Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
|1
|-
|Rowspan=4 {{party colour cell|Other}}
|Dhoom Sena
|
|1
|-
|Lokshahi Ekta Party
|
|1
|-
|Prabuddha Republican Party
|
|1
|-
|Rashtriya Gondvana Party
|
|1
|-
|{{party color cell |Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)}}
|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
|
|1
|-
!
! colspan="2" |Total
!91
|}

==Candidates==

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Constituency
|colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}"|
|-
!colspan="3"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
!colspan="3"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|-
!1
|[[Sarguja Lok Sabha constituency|Sarguja]] (ST)
|rowspan="11" bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Chintamani Maharaj]]
|rowspan="11" bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Shashi Singh
|-
!2
|[[Raigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Raigarh]] (ST)
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Radheshyam Rathiya]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Menka Devi Singh]]
|-
!3
|[[Janjgir–Champa Lok Sabha constituency|Janjgir–Champa]] (SC)
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Kamlesh Jangde]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Shivkumar Dahariya
|-
!4
|[[Korba Lok Sabha constituency|Korba]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Saroj Pandey]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Jyotsna Mahant]]
|-
!5
|[[Bilaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Bilaspur]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Tokhan Sahu]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Devender Singh Yadav]]
|-
!6
|[[Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Rajnandgaon]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Santosh Pandey (Chhattisgarh politician)|Santosh Pandey]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Bhupesh Baghel]]
|-
!7
|[[Durg Lok Sabha constituency|Durg]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Vijay Baghel]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Rajendra Sahu
|-
!8
|[[Raipur Lok Sabha constituency|Raipur]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Brijmohan Agrawal]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Vikas Upadhyay]]
|-
!9
|[[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency|Mahasamund]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Rupkumari Choudhary]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Tamradhwaj Sahu]]
|-
!10
|[[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency|Bastar]] (ST)
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Mahesh Kashyap]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Kawasi Lakhma]]
|-
!11
|[[Kanker Lok Sabha constituency|Kanker]] (ST)
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bhojraj Nag]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Biresh Thakur
|-
|}

==Surveys and polls==
===Opinion polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Chhattisgarh (11)}}

===Exit polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Chhattisgarh}}

==Voter turnout==
===Phase wise===

{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;
!Phase
!Poll date
!Constituencies
!Voter turnout (%)
|-
!I
|19 April 2024
|[[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency|Bastar (ST)]]
|68.29%
|-
!II
|26 April 2024
|[[Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Rajnandgaon]], [[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency|Mahasamund]], [[Kanker Lok Sabha constituency|Kanker (ST)]]
|76.24%
|-
!III
|7 May 2024
|[[Sarguja Lok Sabha constituency|Sarguja (ST)]], [[Raigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Raigarh (ST)]], [[Janjgir–Champa Lok Sabha constituency|Janjgir–Champa (SC)]], [[Korba Lok Sabha constituency|Korba]], [[Bilaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Bilaspur]], [[Durg Lok Sabha constituency|Durg]], [[Raipur Lok Sabha constituency|Raipur]]
|71.98%
|-
!colspan="3"|Total
!72.17%
|}

===Constituency wise===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" |Constituency
! Poll date
! Turnout
! Swing
|-
!1
|[[Sarguja Lok Sabha constituency|Sarguja]] (ST)
|rowspan="5" bgcolor=#7B68EE|7 May 2024
|79.89%
|2.49%{{Increase}}
|-
!2
|[[Raigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Raigarh]] (ST)
|78.85%
|0.94%{{Increase}}
|-
!3
|[[Janjgir–Champa Lok Sabha constituency|Janjgir–Champa]] (SC)
|67.56%
|1.75%{{Increase}}
|-
!4
|[[Korba Lok Sabha constituency|Korba]]
|75.63%
|0.25%{{Increase}}
|-
!5
|[[Bilaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Bilaspur]]
|64.77%
|0.29%{{Increase}}
|-
!6
|[[Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Rajnandgaon]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|26 April 2024
|77.42%
|1.22%{{Increase}}
|-
!7
|[[Durg Lok Sabha constituency|Durg]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#7B68EE|7 May 2024
|73.68%
|1.90%{{Increase}}
|-
!8
|[[Raipur Lok Sabha constituency|Raipur]]
|66.82%
|0.66%{{Increase}}
|-
!9
|[[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency|Mahasamund]]
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|26 April 2024
|75.02%
|0.37%{{Increase}}
|-
!10
|[[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency|Bastar]] (ST)
|bgcolor=#FFFACD|19 April 2024
|68.29%
|2.03%{{Increase}}
|-
!11
|[[Kanker Lok Sabha constituency|Kanker]] (ST)
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|26 April 2024
|76.23%
|1.81%{{Increase}}
|-
! colspan="3" |
|72.17%
|0.53%{{Increase}}
|}

==Results==
===Results by alliance or party===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|79,09,797
|52.65%
|{{Increase}} 1.25
| 11
| 10
| {{Increase}} 1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
!style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|61,68,408
| 41.06%
|{{Decrease}} 0.45
| 11
| 1
| {{Decrease}} 1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Other}}
|colspan="3"|[[2024 Indian general election in Chhattisgarh#Others|Others]]
|2,10,750
|1.40%
|{{Decrease}} 0.97
|91
|0
|{{No change}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|5,99,244
|3.99%
|{{Increase}} 1.42
|107
|0
|{{No change}}
|-
|bgcolor="Black"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|1,35,430
|0.90%
|
!colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!
!100%
! -
!220
!11
!-
|-
|}

===Results by constituency===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Turnout %
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Votes
!%
|-
!1
|[[Sarguja Lok Sabha constituency|Sarguja]] (ST)
|79.97 {{Increase}}
|[[Chintamani Maharaj]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|7,13,200
|49.01
|Shashi Singh
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|6,48,328
|44.55
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|64,822
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|4.46
|-
!2
|[[Raigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Raigarh]] (ST)
|78.96 {{Increase}}
| [[Radheshyam Rathiya]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|8,08,275
|55.63
|[[Menka Devi Singh]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|5,67,884
|39.08
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|2,40,391
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|16.55
|-
!3
|[[Janjgir–Champa Lok Sabha constituency|Janjgir–Champa]] (SC)
|67.77 {{Increase}}
|[[Kamlesh Jangre]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|6,78,199
|48.71
|Shivkumar Dahariya
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|6,18,199
|44.40
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|60,000
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|4.31
|-
!4
|[[Korba Lok Sabha constituency|Korba]]
|75.73 {{Increase}}
|[[Jyotsna Mahant]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|5,70,182
|46.53
|[[Saroj Pandey]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|5,26,899
|43.00
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|43,283
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|3.53
|-
!5
|[[Bilaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Bilaspur]]
|64.88 {{Increase}}
| [[Tokhan Sahu]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|7,24,937
|53.25
|[[Devender Yadav]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|5,60,379
|41.16
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|1,64,558
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|12.09
|-
!6
|[[Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Rajnandgaon]]
|77.46 {{Increase}}
|[[Santosh Pandey (Chhattisgarh politician)|Santosh Pandey]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|7,12,057
|49.25
|[[Bhupesh Baghel]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|6,67,646
|46.18
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|44,411
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|3.07
|-
!7
|[[Durg Lok Sabha constituency|Durg]]
|73.78 {{Increase}}
|[[Vijay Baghel]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|9,56,497
|62.00
|Rajendra Sahu
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|5,18,271
|33.59
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|4,38,226
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|28.41
|-
!8
|[[Raipur Lok Sabha constituency|Raipur]]
|67.00 {{Increase}}
|[[Brijmohan Agrawal]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|10,50,351
|66.19
|[[Vikas Upadhyay]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|4,75,066
|29.94
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|5,75,285
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|36.25
|-
!9
|[[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency|Mahasamund]]
|75.21 {{Increase}} 
| [[Rupkumari Choudhary]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|7,03,659
|53.06
|[[Tamradhwaj Sahu]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|5,58,203
|42.09
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|1,45,456
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|10.97
|-
!10
|[[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency|Bastar]] (ST)
|68.46 {{Increase}}
| [[Mahesh Kashyap]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|4,58,398
|45.50
|[[Kawasi Lakhma]]
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|4,03,153
|40.02
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|55,245
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|5.48
|-
!11
|[[Kanker Lok Sabha constituency|Kanker]] (ST)
|76.39 {{Increase}}
|[[Bhojraj Nag]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|5,97,624
|47.23
|Biresh Thakur
|{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|5,95,740
|47.08
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|1,884
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|0.15
|}

=== Assembly Segment wise leads ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
!rowspan="2"data-sort-type="number"|Margin
|-
!#
!Name
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type="number" |Votes
!%
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type="number" |Votes
!%
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Sarguja Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|4
|[[Premnagar Assembly constituency|Premnagar]]
|[[Chintamani Maharaj]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|92,738
|48.72
|Shashi Singh Koram
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|86,659
|45.52
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |6,079
|-
|5
|[[Bhatgaon Assembly constituency|Bhatgaon]]
|[[Chintamani Maharaj]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|98,495
|50.94
|Shashi Singh Koram
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|81,804
|42.31
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |16,691
|-
|6
|[[Pratappur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Pratappur]]
|Shashi Singh Koram
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|86,974
|46.33
|[[Chintamani Maharaj]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|86,263
|37.99
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |721
|-
|7
|[[Ramanujganj Assembly constituency|Ramanujganj]]
|[[Chintamani Maharaj]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,03,738
|58.22
|Shashi Singh Koram
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|64,018
|35.93
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |39,720
|-
|8
|[[Samri Assembly constituency|Samri]]
|Shashi Singh Koram
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|83,901
|46.63
|[[Chintamani Maharaj]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|82,570
|45.89
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |1,331
|-
|9
|[[Lundra Assembly constituency|Lundra]]
|[[Chintamani Maharaj]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|83,339
|50.64
|Shashi Singh Koram
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|71,501
|43.47
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |11,838
|-
|10
|[[Ambikapur Assembly constituency|Ambikapur]]
|[[Chintamani Maharaj]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|94,176
|48.56
|Shashi Singh Koram
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|91,254
|47.06
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |2,922
|-
|11
|[[Sitapur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Sitapur]]
|Shashi Singh Koram
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|81,218
|50.25
|[[Chintamani Maharaj]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|70,853
|43.83
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |10,365
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Raigarh Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|12
|[[Jashpur Assembly constituency|Jashpur]]
|[[Radheshyam Rathiya]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,06,456
|59.11
|Menka Devi Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,335
|35.16
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |43,121
|-
|13
|[[Kunkuri Assembly constituency|Kunkuri]]
|[[Radheshyam Rathiya]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|95,124
|59.87
|Menka Devi Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,257
|33.78
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |39,867
|-
|14
|[[Pathalgaon Assembly constituency|Pathalgaon]]
|[[Radheshyam Rathiya]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|83,425
|47.06
|Menka Devi Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|82,984
|46.81
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |441
|-
|15
|[[Lailunga Assembly constituency|Lailunga]]
|[[Radheshyam Rathiya]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|99,212
|57.06
|Menka Devi Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|64,717
|37.22
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |34,495
|-
|16
|[[Raigarh Assembly constituency|Raigarh]]
|[[Radheshyam Rathiya]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,30,463
|65.88
|Menka Devi Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|61,039
|30.82
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |69,424
|-
|17
|[[Sarangarh Assembly constituency|Sarangarh]]
|[[Radheshyam Rathiya]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,02,078
|51.19
|Menka Devi Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|85,628
|42.94
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |16,450
|-
|18
|[[Kharsia Assembly constituency|Kharsia]]
|[[Radheshyam Rathiya]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|94,754
|52.31
|Menka Devi Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|80,111
|44.23
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |14,643
|-
|18
|[[Dharamjaigarh Assembly constituency|Dharamjaigarh]]
|[[Radheshyam Rathiya]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|95,146
|52.53
|Menka Devi Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|73,416
|40.99
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |21,730
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Janjgir-Champa Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|33
|[[Akaltara Assembly constituency|Akaltara]]
|[[Kamlesh Jangde]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|80,623
|49.80
|[[Shivkumar Dahariya]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,890
|45.02
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |7,733
|-
|34
|[[Janjgir-Champa Assembly constituency|Janjgir-Champa]]
|[[Kamlesh Jangde]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|89,558
|55.44
|[[Shivkumar Dahariya]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|62,650
|38.78
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |26,908
|-
|35
|[[Sakti Assembly constituency|Sakti]]
|[[Kamlesh Jangde]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|83,625
|53.57
|[[Shivkumar Dahariya]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,173
|41.75
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |18,452
|-
|36
|[[Chandrapur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Chandrapur]]
|[[Kamlesh Jangde]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|77,565
|37.35
|[[Shivkumar Dahariya]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|76,349
|46.61
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |1,216
|-
|37
|[[Jaijaipur Assembly constituency|Jaijaipur]]
|[[Shivkumar Dahariya]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|80,676
|49.39
|[[Kamlesh Jangde]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|71,822
|43.97
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |8,854
|-
|38
|[[Pamgarh Assembly constituency|Pamgarh]]
|[[Shivkumar Dahariya]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|66,046
|45.91
|[[Kamlesh Jangde]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|65,569
|45.57
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |477
|-
|43
|[[Bilaigarh Assembly constituency|Bilaigarh]]
|[[Shivkumar Dahariya]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|90,243
|44.90
|[[Kamlesh Jangde]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|87,912
|43.82
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |2,331
|-
|44
|[[Kasdol Assembly constituency|Kasdol]]
|[[Kamlesh Jangde]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,19,066
|50.42
|[[Shivkumar Dahariya]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,02,114
|43.24
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |16,952
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Korba Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|1
|[[Bharatpur-Sonhat Assembly constituency|Bharatpur-Sonhat]]
|[[Jyotsna Mahant]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|64,855
|44.24
|[[Saroj Pandey]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|57,689
|39.36
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |7,166
|-
|2
|[[Manendragarh Assembly constituency|Manendragarh]]
|[[Jyotsna Mahant]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|46,725
|48.42
|[[Saroj Pandey]]
|{{Party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|42,193
|43.72
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |4,532
|-
|3
|[[Baikunthpur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Baikunthpur]]
|[[Jyotsna Mahant]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|62,447
|45.57
|[[Saroj Pandey]]
|{{Party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|61,423
|44.82
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |1,024
|-
|20
|[[Rampur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Rampur]]
|[[Jyotsna Mahant]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|87,672
|50.11
|[[Saroj Pandey]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|74,584
|42.63
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |13,088
|-
|21
|[[Korba Assembly constituency|Korba]]
|[[Saroj Pandey]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,04,152
|63.20
|[[Jyotsna Mahant]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|53,714
|32.59
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |50,438
|-
|22
|[[Katghora Assembly constituency|Katghora]]
|[[Jyotsna Mahant]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|75,934
|46.79
|[[Saroj Pandey]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|74,287
|45.77
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |1,647
|-
|23
|[[Pali-Tanakhar Assembly constituency|Pali-Tanakhar]]
|[[Jyotsna Mahant]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|99,256
|53.59
|[[Saroj Pandey]]
|{{Party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|51,178
|27.63
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |48,078
|-
|24
|[[Marwahi Assembly constituency|Marwahi]]
|[[Jyotsna Mahant]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|78,495
|50.48
|[[Saroj Pandey]]
|{{Party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|60,227
|38.73
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |18,268
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Bilaspur Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|25
|[[Kota, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Kota]]
|[[Tokhan Sahu]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|79,454
|51.10
|[[Devendra Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|64,168
|41.27
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |15,286
|-
|26
|[[Lormi Assembly constituency|Lormi]]
|[[Tokhan Sahu]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|72,486
|46.68
|[[Devendra Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|71,999
|46.37
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |487
|-
|27
|[[Mungeli Assembly constituency|Mungeli]]
|[[Tokhan Sahu]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|91,489
|52.77
|[[Devendra Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|71,477
|41.22
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |20,012
|-
|28
|[[Takhatpur Assembly constituency|Takhatpur]]
|[[Tokhan Sahu]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|93,767
|53.65
|[[Devendra Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|71,902
|41.14
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |21,865
|-
|29
|[[Bilha Assembly constituency|Bilha]]
|[[Tokhan Sahu]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,08,089
|52.78
|[[Devendra Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|86,089
|42.04
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |21,963
|-
|30
|[[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Bilaspur]]
|[[Tokhan Sahu]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|96,950
|66.87
|[[Devendra Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|44,518
|30.71
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |52,232
|-
|31
|[[Beltara Assembly constituency|Beltara]]
|[[Tokhan Sahu]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|94,026
|57.20
|[[Devendra Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,224
|38.46
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |30,802
|-
|32
|[[Masturi Assembly constituency|Masturi]]
|[[Tokhan Sahu]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|86,933
|47.15
|[[Devendra Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|85,528
|46.30
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |1,405
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|71
|[[Pandariya Assembly constituency|Pandariya]]
|[[Bhupesh Baghel]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,10,317
|48.08
|[[Santosh Pandey (Chhattisgarh politician)|Santosh Pandey]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,06,908
|46.60
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |3,409
|-
|72
|[[Kawardha Assembly constituency|Kawardha]]
|[[Santosh Pandey (Chhattisgarh politician)|Santosh Pandey]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,25,803
|49.56
|[[Bhupesh Baghel]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,15,398
|45.46
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |10,405
|-
|73
|[[Khairagarh Assembly constituency|Khairagarh]]
|[[Santosh Pandey (Chhattisgarh politician)|Santosh Pandey]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|85,716
|49.56
|[[Bhupesh Baghel]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|79,757
|46.11
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |5,959
|-
|74
|[[Dongargarh Assembly constituency|Dongargarh]]
|[[Santosh Pandey (Chhattisgarh politician)|Santosh Pandey]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|85,961
|51.26
|[[Bhupesh Baghel]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|75,003
|44.80
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |10,958
|-
|75
|[[Rajnandgaon Assembly constituency|Rajnandgaon]]
|[[Santosh Pandey (Chhattisgarh politician)|Santosh Pandey]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,08,657
|66.06
|[[Bhupesh Baghel]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|50,991
|31.00
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |57,666
|-
|76
|[[Dongargaon Assembly constituency|Dongargaon]]
|[[Santosh Pandey (Chhattisgarh politician)|Santosh Pandey]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|89,119
|53.20
|[[Bhupesh Baghel]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,082
|43.03
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |17,037
|-
|77
|[[Khujji Assembly constituency|Khujji]]
|[[Bhupesh Baghel]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|82,394
|52.46
|[[Santosh Pandey (Chhattisgarh politician)|Santosh Pandey]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|67,475
|42.96
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |14,919
|-
|78
|[[Mohla-Manpur Assembly constituency|Mohla-Manpur]]
|[[Bhupesh Baghel]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|81,140
|61.80
|[[Santosh Pandey (Chhattisgarh politician)|Santosh Pandey]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|41,800
|31.84
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |39,340
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Durg Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|62
|[[Patan, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Patan]]
|[[Vijay Baghel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|97,067
|54.74
|Rajendra Sahu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,424
|40.81
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |24,643
|-
|63
|[[Durg Gramin Assembly constituency|Durg Gramin]]
|[[Vijay Baghel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,01,538
|61.19
|Rajendra Sahu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|58,185
|35.06
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |43,353
|-
|64
|[[Durg City Assembly constituency|Durg City]]
|[[Vijay Baghel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,13,376
|71.13
|Rajendra Sahu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|41,070
|25.76
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |72,306
|-
|65
|[[Bhilai Nagar Assembly constituency|Bhilai Nagar]]
|[[Vijay Baghel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|68,760
|65.29
|Rajendra Sahu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|33,463
|31.77
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |35,297
|-
|66
|[[Vaishali Nagar Assembly constituency|Vaishali Nagar]]
|[[Vijay Baghel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,19,095
|70.12
|Rajendra Sahu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|45,082
|26.54
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |74,013
|-
|66
|[[Ahiwara Assembly constituency|Ahiwara]]
|[[Vijay Baghel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,16,316
|65.96
|Rajendra Sahu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|53,832
|30.53
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |62,484
|-
|68
|[[Saja Assembly constituency|Saja]]
|[[Vijay Baghel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,11,215
|56.32
|Rajendra Sahu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|74,750
|37.89
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |36,465
|-
|69
|[[Bemetara Assembly constituency|Bemetara]]
|[[Vijay Baghel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,15,077
|59.93
|Rajendra Sahu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|66,339
|34.55
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |48,738
|-
|70
|[[Navagarh Assembly constituency|Navagarh]]
|[[Vijay Baghel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,11,912
|57.26
|Rajendra Sahu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|71,412
|36.54
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |40,500
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Raipur Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|45
|[[Baloda Bazar Assembly constituency|Baloda Bazar]]
|[[Brijmohan Agrawal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,30,157
|61.79
|[[Vikas Upadhyay]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|70,379
|33.41
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |59,778
|-
|46
|[[Bhatapara Assembly constituency|Bhatapara]]
|[[Brijmohan Agrawal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|95,696
|53.22
|[[Vikas Upadhyay]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|74,296
|41.32
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |21,400
|-
|47
|[[Dharsiwa Assembly constituency|Dharsiwa]]
|[[Brijmohan Agrawal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,22,829
|67.59
|[[Vikas Upadhyay]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|51,227
|28.18
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |71,602
|-
|48
|[[Raipur City Gramin Assembly constituency|Raipur City Gramin]]
|[[Brijmohan Agrawal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,57,828
|73.57
|[[Vikas Upadhyay]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|50,219
|23.44
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |1,07,609
|-
|49
|[[Raipur City West Assembly constituency|Raipur City West]]
|[[Brijmohan Agrawal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,25,250
|74.70
|[[Vikas Upadhyay]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|37,879
|22.59
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |87,371
|-
|50
|[[Raipur City North Assembly constituency|Raipur City North]]
|[[Brijmohan Agrawal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|82,812
|70.87
|[[Vikas Upadhyay]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|31,086
|26.60
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |51,726
|-
|51
|[[Raipur City South Assembly constituency|Raipur City South]]
|[[Brijmohan Agrawal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,24,884
|75.90
|[[Vikas Upadhyay]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|35,731
|21.71
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |89,153
|-
|51
|[[Arang Assembly constituency|Arang]]
|[[Brijmohan Agrawal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,02,635
|59.69
|[[Vikas Upadhyay]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|61,059
|35.51
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |41,576
|-
|53
|[[Abhanpur Assembly constituency|Abhanpur]]
|[[Brijmohan Agrawal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,05,356
|60.33
|[[Vikas Upadhyay]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|61,780
|35.37
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |43,576
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|39
|[[Saraipali Assembly constituency|Saraipali]]
|[[Rupkumari Choudhary]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|78,324
|50.08
|[[Tamradhwaj Sahu]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|69,989
|44.75
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |7,335
|-
|40
|[[Basna Assembly constituency|Basna]]
|[[Rupkumari Choudhary]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|81,990
|48.27
|[[Tamradhwaj Sahu]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|80,102
|47.15
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |1,888
|-
|41
|[[Khallari Assembly constituency|Khallari]]
|[[Rupkumari Choudhary]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|73,471
|47.74
|[[Tamradhwaj Sahu]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,865
|47.34
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |606
|-
|42
|[[Mahasamund Assembly constituency|Mahasamund]]
|[[Rupkumari Choudhary]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|81,662
|55.35
|[[Tamradhwaj Sahu]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,907
|40.60
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |21,755
|-
|54
|[[Rajim Assembly constituency|Rajim]]
|[[Rupkumari Choudhary]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|94,614
|54.16
|[[Tamradhwaj Sahu]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,470
|41.84
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |22,144
|-
|55
|[[Bindrawagarh Assembly constituency|Bindrawagarh]]
|[[Rupkumari Choudhary]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,00,100
|53.83
|[[Tamradhwaj Sahu]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,236
|38.84
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |27,864
|-
|57
|[[Kurud Assembly constituency|Kurud]]
|[[Rupkumari Choudhary]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|91,000
|55.52
|[[Tamradhwaj Sahu]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|66,071
|40.31
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |25,929
|-
|58
|[[Dhamtari Assembly constituency|Dhamtari]]
|[[Rupkumari Choudhary]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,00,130
|59.25
|[[Tamradhwaj Sahu]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,124
|37.35
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |37,006
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|83
|[[Kondagaon Assembly constituency|Kondagaon]]
|[[Mahesh Kashyap]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|66,661
|47.86
|[[Kawasi Lakhma]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|62,567
|44.92
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |4,094
|-
|84
|[[Narayanpur Assembly constituency|Narayanpur]]
|[[Mahesh Kashyap]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|59,237
|44.81
|[[Kawasi Lakhma]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,829
|41.48
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |4,408
|-
|85
|[[Bastar Assembly constituency|Bastar]]
|[[Kawasi Lakhma]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|69,490
|49.41
|[[Mahesh Kashyap]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|60,841
|43.26
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |8,649
|-
|86
|[[Jagdalpur Assembly constituency|Jagdalpur]]
|[[Mahesh Kashyap]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|92,345
|58.38
|[[Kawasi Lakhma]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,399
|35.02
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |36,946
|-
|87
|[[Chitrakot Assembly constituency|Chitrakot]]
|[[Mahesh Kashyap]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|59,675
|43.58
|[[Kawasi Lakhma]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|52,524
|38.35
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |7,151
|-
|88
|[[Dantewada Assembly constituency|Dantewada]]
|[[Mahesh Kashyap]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|55,071
|46.87
|[[Kawasi Lakhma]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|42,157
|35.90
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |12,914
|-
|89
|[[Bijapur Assembly constituency|Bijapur]]
|[[Kawasi Lakhma]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|34,182
|46.08
|[[Mahesh Kashyap]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|27,855
|37.55
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |6,327
|-
|90
|[[Konta Assembly constituency|Konta]]
|[[Mahesh Kashyap]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|34,918
|37.35
|[[Kawasi Lakhma]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|31,120
|33.29
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |3,798
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Kanker Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|56
|[[Sihawa Assembly constituency|Sihawa]]
|[[Bhojraj Nag]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|76,198
|49.47
|Biresh Thakur
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|70,770
|45.95
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |5,428
|-
|59
|[[Sanjari Balod Assembly constituency|Sanjari Balod]]
|[[Bhojraj Nag]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|92,579
|54.06
|Biresh Thakur
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,666
|42.43
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |19,913
|-
|60
|[[Dondi Lohara Assembly constituency|Dondi Lohara]]
|Biresh Thakur
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|88,064
|53.51
|[[Bhojraj Nag]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|68,787
|41.79
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |19,277
|-
|61
|[[Gunderdehi Assembly constituency|Gunderdehi]]
|[[Bhojraj Nag]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|95,136
|52.27
|Biresh Thakur
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|79,966
|43.94
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |15,170
|-
|79
|[[Antagarh Assembly constituency|Antagarh]]
|[[Bhojraj Nag]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|71,784
|54.03
|Biresh Thakur
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|50,331
|37.88
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |21,453
|-
|80
|[[Bhanupratappur Assembly constituency|Bhanupratappur]]
|Biresh Thakur
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|84,377
|54.64
|[[Bhojraj Nag]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|60,836
|39.39
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |23,541
|-
|81
|[[Kanker Assembly constituency|Kanker]]
|Biresh Thakur
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|70,658
|50.43
|[[Bhojraj Nag]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|61,185
|43.67
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |9,473
|-
|82
|[[Keshkal Assembly constituency|Keshkal]]
|Biresh Thakur
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|76,436
|49.29
|[[Bhojraj Nag]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|68,680
|44.28
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |7,756
|-
|}

==Assembly segments wise lead of Parties==
[[File:2024 Chhattisgarh Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Map.svg|2024 Chhattisgarh Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Map|thumb|175px]]
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Assembly segments
!Position in Assembly (as of 2023 election)
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 68
| 54
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
! [[Indian National Congress]]
| 22
| 35
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Gondwana Ganatantra Party}}"|
! [[Gondwana Ganatantra Party]]
| 0
| 1
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!colspan=2| 90
|}

==See also==
*[[2024 Indian general election in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Delhi]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Goa]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chhattisgarh elections}}
{{Indian general election, 2024}}
[[Category:2024 Indian general election by state or union territory|Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2020s in Chhattisgarh]]

Fever 104 FM

2026-01-24T14:38:11Z

Avdhut Kamble: added content for clarity for accuracy

{{more citations needed|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox radio station
| name = Fever FM
| logo = Fever-104-FM-Logo.png
| logo_size = 200px
| country = IN
| branding = Fever 104 FM
| airdate = 2006
| frequency = {{Frequency|104|MHz}} in most cities
| format = [[Contemporary hit radio|Indian-language Contemporary]], [[Top 40|Countdown]]
| owner = [[HT Media]]
| sister_stations = [[Radio One (India)]], [[Radio Nasha]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.fever.fm/}}
}}
'''Fever FM''' is an [[FM radio]] station in India. It is currently available in 14 cities in India owned by [[HT Media]]. It began airing from 2006.

== Music & Bollywood ==
Fever plays contemporary hit music in Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai, while the other cities have a mix of contemporary and retro Bollywood music. There are differentiating packages too through which music is played, like 40 mins non-stop music, Fever Unplugged, ''Fever Ka Thappa'' (Fever certification on the biggest songs), ''Teen Gaane Back to Back'', Fever Top 10 and Fever Super Fresh. In 2016 and 2017, Fever FM had the maximum number of song exclusives in the industry, where a song breaks first on Fever FM for a few days and then on other Radio channels. Fever FM has also been the official movie partner for the biggest movies in Bollywood, like ''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]'', ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'', ''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]'', ''[[Padmaavat]]'', ''[[Badrinath Ki Dulhania]]'', ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]'' and ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]''.

== Sports Alliances ==
Fever FM is credited with the maximum sports alliances in the industry. In the [[Indian Premier League]], it has been the official Radio Partner of [[Delhi Daredevils]] for 11 years, with [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] for 8 years and with [[Mumbai Indians]] and [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] for 7 years. In [[Indian Super League]], Fever FM has been the official Radio partner for [[ATK (football club)|ATK (Atletico De Kolkata)]]. Fever FM has been the official radio partner of [[Formula One]] and Indian Hockey League, while also partnering with Baahubali Boxers in the [[Super Boxing League]].

== Areas of operation ==
Unless specified, all stations are on 104.0 MHz

* Delhi
* Mumbai, MH
* Bengaluru, KA
* Kolkata, WB
* Chennai, TN (broadcast on 91.9 MHz)
* Hyderabad, TS (broadcast on 94.3 MHz)
* Lucknow, UP
* [[Kanpur|Kanpur, UP]] (broadcast on 95.0 MHz)
* [[Agra|Agra, UP]] (broadcast on 93.7 MHz)
* [[Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh|Aligarh, UP]] (broadcast on 94.9 MHz)
* [[Prayagraj|Prayagraj, UP]] (broadcast on 94.3 MHz)
* [[Ayodhya|Ayodhya, UP]] (broadcast on 94.3 MHz)
* [[Gorakhpur|Gorakhpur, UP]] (as Fever 94.3 FM)
* [[Bareilly|Bareilly, UP]] (Broadcast on 94.9 MHz)
* [[Nashik Coming Soon]]

==In popular culture==
In Season 3, Episode 9 of US TV show [[The Big Bang Theory]], ''The Vengeance Formulation'', the character Raj Koothrappali mentions Fever 104 FM.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1544819/|title=The Vengeance Formulation|date=23 November 2009|via=IMDb}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fever.fm Fever FM official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603023027/https://www.fever.fm/ |date=3 June 2023 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fever FM}}
[[Category:Radio stations in Delhi]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Virgin Radio]]
[[Category:Hindustan Times]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

Vijay Zol

2026-01-18T18:37:22Z

Avdhut Kamble: Revised and enhanced article content

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Vijay Zol
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Vijay Hari Zol
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|11|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jalna, Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| heightft = 5
| heightinch = 7
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off break]]
| role = [[Batsman]]
| club1 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| year1 = 2012–present
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| year2 = 2014
| clubnumber2 =
| hidedeliveries = true
| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 11
| runs1 = 965
| bat avg1 = 47.50
| 100s/50s1 = 2/2
| top score1 = 200*
| catches/stumpings1 = 9/–
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 7
| runs2 = 252
| bat avg2 = 36.00
| 100s/50s2 = 0/2
| top score2 = 75
| catches/stumpings2 = 0/–
| column3 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches3 = 11
| runs3 = 280
| bat avg3 = 28.00
| 100s/50s3 = 1/1
| top score3 = 109
| catches/stumpings3 = 3/–
| date = 14 August
| year = 2014
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/554699.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Vijay Hari Zol''' (born 23 November 1994) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[cricket]]er. He is a left-handed middle-order batsman who plays for [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]. He is from Jalna, Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/vijay-zol-to-lead-india-u19-in-acc-asia-cup/1200692/|work=The Indian Express|title=Vijay Zol to lead India U-19 in ACC Asia Cup}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/642365.html|title= Zol to captain India U-19s in Australia tri-series | publisher= ESPNcricinfo| date= 15 June 2013 | access-date= 17 June 2013 }}</ref>

In 2012, he signed a [[youth system|youth contract]] with the IPL franchise [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]. He was also a member of [[India Under-19 cricket team]].<ref name="U19AC">{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/vijay-zol-to-lead-india-u19-in-acc-asia-cup/1200692/|work=The Indian Express|title=Vijay Zol to lead India U-19 in ACC Asia Cup|date=28 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116160724/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/vijay-zol-to-lead-india-u19-in-acc-asia-cup/1200692/|archive-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> He was selected as the captain of Indian under 19 cricket team 2014.

==Under-19s Career==
In December 2011, in an Under-19 first-class match for [[Maharashtra cricket team]]. Zol scored an unbeaten 451 off 467 deliveries, batting for almost eleven hours and hitting 53 boundaries and two sixes in the record-breaking inning.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/vijay-zol-554699|title=Vijay Zol|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

Though there are no official records to verify exactly where he stands in the record books in youth cricket, Zol's score was higher than [[Bhausaheb Nimbalkar]]'s landmark 443, the highest first-class score by an Indian set in 1948 during a [[Ranji Trophy]] match between [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] and [[Kathiawar cricket team|Saurashtra cricket team]].

Previously, he scored a double-century against Gujarat in the league stage of 2010's Vijay Merchant tournament. He was also a member of [[India Under-19 cricket team|India Under-19 team]] that won Asia Cup jointly with [[Pakistan Under-19 cricket team|Pakistan]]. He was the man of the match in the final which ended in tie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/567245.html|title=Sandipan Das, Sanju Samson in India U-19 Asia Cup squad|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

After [[Asia Cup]], he was appointed as the vice-captain of the team for [[2012 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup]] in [[Australia]].<ref name="squads">{{cite web | url=http://www.iccu19cricketworldcup.com:80/iccnews/news20120712_17/all-16-team-squads-announced-for-icc-u19-cwc | title=All 16 team squads announced for ICC U19 CWC, ICC U19 Cricket World Cup 2012 News – | publisher=Official Website | date=12 July 2012 | accessdate=25 October 2017 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804041730/http://www.iccu19cricketworldcup.com/iccnews/news20120712_17/all-16-team-squads-announced-for-icc-u19-cwc | archivedate=4 August 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He played a crucial role for team in the World Cup. His batting at number 3 was well appreciated by cricketing greats.

He was in red-hot form having posted scores of 128, 173 and 128 in 2013. He produced another compelling batting display blasting 10 fours and two sixes during his 115-ball 103, and added vital stands of 67, 53 and 67 for the second, third and fourth wickets with Shubham Khajuria, Shreyas Iyer and Ricky Bhui.

Under his captaincy India under-19 team won the [[Under-19 Quadrangular Series in India in 2013-14|Quadrangular Series in 2013-14]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/squad/672501.html|title=India Under-19s Squad|publisher= ESPNcricinfo|date= 17 September 2013 |accessdate= 19 September 2013 }}</ref> Out of the 6 matches played in the tournament India won 4 of them and 1 match ended without any result. Zol was the top run-scorer for India in the final as India crushed South Africa by 201 runs. Vijay zol was named the captain of the Under-19 Indian Cricket team in 2014 for the ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup in Dubai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-under-19-world-cup-2013-14-700273/india-under-19s-squad-709629/match-squads|title=India U-19 Squad|publisher=ESPN Crincinfo}}</ref> India were defeated in the tightly contested quarter-final tie by England in which the Indian captain scored 48 runs.<ref>{{cite web|author= Kuku 22 Feb 2014 |url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/under-19-world-cup-india-england-knocked-out |title=ICC U19 Cricket World Cup: Defending champions India were knocked out after the loss to England – Sportskeeda |publisher=Sportskeeda.com }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8616/report/690617/india-under-19s-vs-pakistan-under-19s-final-asian-cricket-council-under-19s-asia-cup-2013-14|title=Zol, Samson help India claim Asia Cup title – Recent Match Report – India Under-19s vs Pakistan Under-19s, Asia Youth/Under-19s Cup, Final|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=2019-11-06}}</ref>

==Domestic career==

He made his List "A" debut in February 2012 against [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]. He scored 27 off 44 balls with 5 fours in his first visit to crease. In 2012, he signed a youth contract with the IPL team [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]].

In 2013, he was named in the [[India A cricket team|India "A"]] squad for the long-format matches against the touring [[New Zealand A cricket team|New Zealand "A"]] team. Zol scored a maiden century on his first-class debut in his 1st unofficial Test at [[Visakhapatnam]].

==Record==
In December 2011, in an Under-19 first-class match for Maharashtra. Zol scored an unbeaten 451 off 467 deliveries, batting for almost eleven hours, and hit 53 boundaries and two sixes in that record-breaking innings.

==Awards==
Best Under-16 Cricketer 2011
MA Chidambaram Award for the Best U-19 Cricketer

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/554699.html Vijay Zol] at ESPNcricinfo
*[http://www.sportskeeda.com/player/vijay-zol/ Vijay Zol Profile and latest news] at Sportskeeda
*[http://www.royalchallengers.com/vijay-zol Vijay Zol IPL Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630085357/http://www.royalchallengers.com/vijay-zol |date=30 June 2013 }} from [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RoyalChallengers]]
* {{Twitter}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zol, Vijay}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Maharashtra cricketers]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bengaluru cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:West Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:People from Marathwada]]

Surat Singh

2026-01-17T18:23:43Z

Avdhut Kamble: added new bio

{{Short description|Punjabi Jagirdar (1810–1881)}}
{{about||the Indian Air Force officer|Surat Singh (air marshal)|the ruler of the Kingdom of Bikaner|Surat Singh of Bikaner|the Indian Olympic athlete|Surat Mathur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Raja Sardar
| image = Surat Singh Majithia.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Surat Singh
| native_name = ਸੂਰਤ ਸਿੰਘ ਮਜੀਠਾ {{Nastaliq| صورت سنگھ مجیٹھا}}
| native_name_lang = pa
| pronunciation = /suːɾət̺ə̆˧ s˧ɪ̀ᵑɡə̆/
| birth_date = c.1810
| death_date = c.1881
| known_for = Member of [[Khalsa Army| The Khalsa Phauj]]
| parents = Sardar Attar Singh Majitha
| relatives = # [[Amrita Sher-Gil| Amrita Sher-Gill]] (granddaughter)
# [[Umrao Singh Sher-Gil| Umrao Singh Majitha (son)]]
}}

'''[[Raja]]''' '''Surat Singh''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}} (1810–1881) was a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Jagirdar]], a military officer in the [[Khalsa Army]], and a member of the renowned [[Majithia Sirdars|Majithia family]].<ref>Rebels Against the British Rule: Bhai Maharaj Singh, 1810-1857, died in Singapore jail, 5 July 1857. India, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 1989.</ref>

==Biography==
He was born in [[Majitha]] to Sardar Attar Singh of the [[Shergill|Sher-Gill]] [[Jats|Jat]] clan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rekhi |first=Gurnam Singh |url=https://gurmatveechar.com/books/English_Books/Sir.Sundar.Singh.Rekhi.by.Gurnam.Singh.%28GurmatVeechar.com%29.pdf |title=Sir Sundar Singh Majithia and His Relevance in Sikh Politics |publisher=Har-Anand Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year=1999 |page=15 |quote=...the small village of Majithia (near Amritsar)—which the family of Sir Sundar Singh, of Shergill clan among the Jat Sikhs—had adopted as their surname, could also be proud of its illustrious Sardars.}}</ref> With his father, he participated in many campaigns under [[Ranjit Singh]].<ref>Samra, Mandeep Kaur. Modern Sikh Historiography: Analysis of Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh by Baba Prem Singh Hoti. India, K.K. Publications, 2004.</ref> In 1843 he succeeded his father. During the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] he was responsible for maintaining order in [[Naushera, Punjab|Naushera]].<ref name="auto1">Massy, Charles Francis, and Griffin, Lepel Henry. The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi Divisions of the Panjab. Pakistan, Civil and Military Gazette Press, 1890.</ref>

He was a notable advocate of rebellion prior to the start of the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]].<ref>Gazetteer of the Amritsar District, 1883-84. Pakistan, Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2000.</ref> On Sher Singh leaving [[Multan]], he was placed in command of one division of his army, consisting of two thousand men and two guns. He led a march to [[Jalalpur]] which was noted for its excesses, including the defilement of mosques at [[Chiniot]] and [[Jhang]], and plundering two lakhs of government money.<ref name="auto1">Massy, Charles Francis, and Griffin, Lepel Henry. The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi Divisions of the Panjab. Pakistan, Civil and Military Gazette Press, 1890.</ref> After the [[Battle of Gujrat]], his jagirs were confiscated and he was banished to [[Benares]] on a pension of Rs. 720 per annum.<ref name="auto1">Massy, Charles Francis, and Griffin, Lepel Henry. The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi Divisions of the Panjab. Pakistan, Civil and Military Gazette Press, 1890.</ref>

At the start of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], Surat Singh remained in exile in Banaras. In June 1857 a corps of Ludhiana Sikhs serving in the [[37th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry]] in Benares was accused of disloyalty and had guns directed at them. This incensed the corps who charged at the guns, suffering many loses. Nearby a Sikh regiment was guarding the Benares treasury, and on hearing the treatment of the Ludhiana Sikhs, threatened to mutiny. Surat Singh visited the regiment and using his personal influence discouraged them from rebelling.<ref name="auto1">Massy, Charles Francis, and Griffin, Lepel Henry. The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi Divisions of the Panjab. Pakistan, Civil and Military Gazette Press, 1890.</ref> Later in the rebellion he commanded troops on various occasions in the field, and on 6 July was wounded by a sabre to the thigh by a body of Rajputs who had attacked Benares.<ref name="auto1">Massy, Charles Francis, and Griffin, Lepel Henry. The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi Divisions of the Panjab. Pakistan, Civil and Military Gazette Press, 1890.</ref>
[[File:Equestrian painting of Surat Singh of Majithia, Benares, 1859.jpg|thumb|Equestrian painting of Surat Singh of Majithia, Benares, 1859]]
For his services in 1857, he was awarded a pension of Rs. 4,800 per annum, and awarded a jagir in perpetuity in [[Dumri subdivision|Dumri]], [[Gorakhpur]]. He was also allowed to return to the Punjab.<ref name="auto1">Massy, Charles Francis, and Griffin, Lepel Henry. The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi Divisions of the Panjab. Pakistan, Civil and Military Gazette Press, 1890.</ref> In 1875 he was made an Honorary Magistrate and granted civil-judicial powers in Majithia. In 1877 he was awarded the title of [[Raja]] and made a [[Order of the Star of India|Companion of the Star of India]].<ref name="auto1">Massy, Charles Francis, and Griffin, Lepel Henry. The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi Divisions of the Panjab. Pakistan, Civil and Military Gazette Press, 1890.</ref>

He died in 1881 and was succeeded by his eldest son [[Umrao Singh Sher-Gil]]. His granddaughter through Umrao Singh was the artist [[Amrita Sher-Gil]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Amrita Sher-Gil Portrait Comes to Market After 80 Years |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/amrita-sher-gil-portrait-comes-to-market-after-80-years |website=Sotherbys |access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref> His younger son [[Sundar Singh Majithia]] became a prominent politician in the Punjab.<ref>Lethbridge, Roper. The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire. United Kingdom, Macmillan, 1893.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sikh Empire}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Surat}}
[[Category:1810 births]]
[[Category:1881 deaths]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Majithia family]]

Giridih

2026-01-02T17:37:01Z

Avdhut Kamble: basic improved layout per sources additionally and fixed typos for accuracy

{{About|the city in India|its namesake district|Giridih district|its namesake community development block|Giridih block}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Giridih
| other_name =
| nickname = Land of Hills
| image_map = {{Switcher
|{{maplink|display=|frame=yes|type=shape|id=Q202132|plain=y|title=Giridih|description=|coord=|marker=|zoom=12|icon=no|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|text=Interactive map outlining Giridih}}
|Giridih outline map
| {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=y|type=shape|id=Q1184|frame-height=250|stroke-width=3|frame-lat=23.34|frame-long=85.62|zoom=6|type2=point|coord2={{coord|24|10|53|N|86|18|39|E|
}}
|marker-size2=medium}}
|Location in Jharkhand
|{{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|plain=y|type=shape|id=Q668|zoom=3|stroke-width=3|type2=point|coord2={{coord|24|10|53|N|86|18|39|E|
}}}}
|Location in India
}}
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Views of Shikharji on way to Anantnatha Tonk 3.jpg
| photo2a = Khandoli Park Giridih.jpg
| photo3a = Usri falls,giridih,jharkhand.jpg
| spacing =
| position = center
| color_border =
| color =
| size = 266
| foot_montage = from the top: [[Parasnath Hill]], Khandoli Dam-cum-Park, [[Usri Falls]]
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|24.18|N|86.3|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Government banner of Jharkhand.png}} [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Giridih district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Giridih block|Giridih]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = ''giri''
| government_type = [[Municipal governance in India]]
| governing_body = [[Giridih Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Sunil Kumar Paswan
| leader_title1 = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader_name1 = Prakash Ram
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 87.4
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 289
| population_total = 143,529
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Giridih block#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 815301
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0-6532
| registration_plate = JH-11
| website = {{URL|www.giridih.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| native_name = {{small|Girīḍīh}}
}}

'''Giridih''' is headquarters of the [[Giridih district]] of [[Jharkhand]] state, India. The city of Giridih is known for its industrial and health sectors, as well as its scenery.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} Giridih houses the [[Giridih Coalfield]] which is one of the oldest coalfields to be worked in India. Giridih is one of the six Data Processing Centres of [[National Sample Survey Organisation#Data Processing Division (DPD)|Data Processing Division (DPD)]] of [[National Sample Survey Organisation|National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)]]. Before 1972, Giridih was part of [[Hazaribagh district]].

==Etymology==
The literal meaning of ''Giridih'' is the ''land of hills and hillocks'' – ''giri'', a [[Sanskrit]] word, means ''hills'' and ''dih'', another word of the local Khortha [[dialect]], means ''land of''.

==History==
Giridih district was a part of [[Kharagdiha]] estate until the late 18th century. During the British Raj Giridih became a part of Jungle Terry. After Kol Uprising in 1831, the parganas of Ramgarh, Kharagdiha, Kendi and Kunda became parts of the South-West Frontier Agency before being renamed to Hazaribag, which became the administrative headquarters. The [[Kharagdiha]] [[Rajas]] were settled as Rajas of Raj Dhanwar in 1809, and the Kharagdiha gadis were separately settled as zamindari estates. Some of the notable Kharagdiha Zamindari Estates were [[Koderma]], Gadi [[Palganj]], [[Baghochia|Ledo Gadi]], Gande Gadi, [[Ghoranji]] Gadi and [[Sirsia|Gadi Sirsia]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Hazaribagh District Gazetteer |date=3 October 2023 |publisher=The Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13551/page/n5}}</ref> The town of Giridih was under the rule of the Khargdiha Zamindari Estate of Salimpur and the temporarily settled estate of Karharbari.

Giridih district was created on December 4, 1972<ref>[https://giridih.nic.in/ Giridih District, Official website]</ref> by carving some parts of [[Hazaribagh district]]. In 1999 part of it became [[Bokaro district]].<ref name="Statoids">{{cite web | url = http://www.statoids.com/yin.html | title = Districts of India | access-date = 2011-10-11 | last = Law | first = Gwillim | date = 2011-09-25 | work = Statoids | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111017155710/http://www.statoids.com/yin.html | archive-date = 17 October 2011 | url-status = live }}</ref> It is currently a part of the [[Red Corridor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/12/naxal-menace-83-districts-under.html |title=83 districts under the Security Related Expenditure Scheme |publisher=IntelliBriefs |date=2009-12-11 |access-date=2011-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027115807/http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/12/naxal-menace-83-districts-under.html |archive-date=27 October 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=310| height=480| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|19|0|N|86|10|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Giridih district in North Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious/ tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|6|36|N|86|28|51|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1= Ahilyapur | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Ahilyapur]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|55|24|N|86|2|38|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Nimiaghat| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Asurbandh]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|5|30|N|85|49|50|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bagodar| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bagodar]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|18|6|N|86|21|39|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Bengabad| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Bengabad]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|35|39|N|86|13|28|E}} | label-pos5=top|label5= Bhelwaghati| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Bhelwaghati]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|16|28|N|85|55|31|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Birni| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Birni, Giridih]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|30|51|N|86|11|40|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Deori| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Deori, Giridih]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|59|20|N|85|59|30|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Dumri| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Dumri, Giridih]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|11|30|N|86|26|20|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Gandey| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Gandey]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|37|16|N|85|56|47|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Gawan| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Gawan, Giridih]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|3|50|N|85|52|48|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Hesla| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Hesla]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|22|13|N|86|8|51|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12= Jamua| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Jamua]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|27|49|N|86|0|15|E}} | label-pos13=top|label13= Khori Mahua| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Khori Mahua]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|0|26|N|86|13|24|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Khukhra| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Khukhra]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|27|10|N|86|2|51|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Hirodih| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Pandedih]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|4|0|N|86|9|47|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Pirtand| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Pirtand]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|11|13|N|85|53|29|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Suriya| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Suriya, Giridih]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|3|4|N|86|26|0|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Taratanr| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Taratanr]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|34|28|N|86|3|32|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Tisri| numbered19=R| mark-title19=[[Tisri, Giridih]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|12|50|N|86|18|20|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Giridih| numbered20=M| mark-title20= Giridih (M) |shape-color20=black| label-size20=13|label-color20=black 
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|57|40|N|86|8|13|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Shikharji| numbered21=H| mark-title21=[[Shikharji]] (H) | shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|57|0|N|86|10|0|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Pareshath Hill| numbered22=H| mark-title22=[[Pareshnath Hill]] (H) | shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|0|25|N|86|8|46|E}} | label-pos23=top|label23= Madhuban| numbered23=H| mark-title23=[[Madhuban, Giridih]] (H) | shape-color23=#AA6666
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|25|24|N|86|9|57|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Kharagdiha| numbered24=H| mark-title24=[[Kharagdiha]] (H) | shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|5|47|N|86|22|14|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Usri Falls| numbered25=H| mark-title25=[[Usri Falls]] (H) | shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|8|20|N|86|16|30|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26=Giridih coalfield |numbered26=0 | mark-title26=[[Giridih Coalfield]] | label-size26=12| shape-color26=#AA6666
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|10|13|N|86|16|15|E}}| label-pos27=left|label27=Akdoni Khurd| numbered27=CT| mark-title27= [[Akdoni Khurd]] (CT) |shape-color27= #A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|9|50|N|85|53|25|E}}| label-pos28=bottom|label28=Barki Saraiya| numbered28=CT| mark-title28= [[Barki Saraiya]] (CT) |shape-color28= #A40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|8|50|N|86|18|28|E}}| label-pos29=right|label29=Dandidih| numbered29=CT| mark-title29= [[Dandidih]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|25|12|N|85|58|48|E}}| label-pos30=left|label30=Dhanwar| numbered30=M| mark-title30= [[Dhanwar, Giridih]] (M) |shape-color30= #A40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|59|14|N|86|1|48|E}}| label-pos31=right|label31=Isri| numbered31=CT| mark-title31= [[Isri]] (CT) |shape-color31= #A40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|0|50|N|86|0|52|E}}| label-pos32=left|label32=Jamtara| numbered32=CT| mark-title32= [[Jamtara, Giridih]] (CT) |shape-color32= #A40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|14|30|N|86|24|18|E}}| label-pos33=top|label33=Maheshmunda| numbered33=CT| mark-title33= [[Maheshmunda]] (CT) |shape-color33= #A40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|24|10|0|N|86|18|27|E}}| label-pos34=right|label34=Paratdih| numbered34=CT| mark-title34= [[Paratdih]] (CT) |shape-color34= #A40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|24|7|30|N|86|19|10|E}}| label-pos35=right|label35=Pertodih| numbered35=CT| mark-title35= [[Pertodih]] (CT) |shape-color35= #A40000
|mark-coord36={{coord|24|14|20|N|86|17|35|E}}| label-pos36=left|label36=Sirsia| numbered36=CT| mark-title36= [[Sirsia]] (CT) |shape-color36= #A40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|24|12|15|N|86|15|27|E}}| label-pos37=left|label37=Telodih| numbered37=CT| mark-title37= [[Telodih]] (CT) |shape-color37= #A40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|8|30|N|86|1|0|E}} |label38= Barakar|labela38= River |label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38= -10| label-pos38=top| label-size38=10| mark-size38=0| mark-title38 =none
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|0|0|N|85|49|20|E}} |label39= Jamunia|labela39= River|label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39= -50| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|24|33|0|N|86|0|0|E}} |label40= Sakri River|label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40= 20| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|24|39|19|N|86|0|17|E}} | label-pos41=left|label41= Lokainayanpur| numbered41=R| mark-title41=[[Lokainayanpur]] (R)
|mark-coord42={{coord|24|23|25|N|86|10|24|E}} | label-pos42=right|label42= Mirzaganj| numbered42=R| mark-title42=[[Mirzaganj]] (R)
|mark-coord43={{coord|24|20|28|N|86|1|4|E}} | label-pos43=left|label43= Jharkhand|labela43= Dham| numbered43=H| mark-title43=[[Jharkhand Dham]] (H) | shape-color43=#AA6666
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|48|0|N|85|50|0|E}}|arc-textA= BIHAR| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-35| arc-gapA=15.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Giridih is located at {{Coord|24.18|N|86.3|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Giridih.html |title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Giridih |publisher=Fallingrain.com |access-date=2011-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306002640/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Giridih.html |archive-date=6 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{Convert|289|m|ft}}. [[Shikharji|Śrī Sammed Shikharji]] also known as the [[Parasnath Hills]], located in [[Giridih district]] is the highest [[mountain|mountain peak]] in Jharkhand. It is a conical [[granite]] peak located 4,477 feet (1,365 metres) above the sea level.<ref name=britannica_jharkhand>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Jharkhand|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/736533/Jharkhand|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=7 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308153848/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/736533/Jharkhand|archive-date=8 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Giridih_official>{{cite web|title=Official website of the Giridih district|url=http://giridih.nic.in/|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Government and politics==
Nageshwar Prasad Sinha was the first [[Parliament of India|MP]] from Giridih when the town declared as a separate district from Hazaribagh.
[[Ravindra Kumar Pandey]] from the Bharatiya Janata Party won the [[2014 Indian general election]] from [[Giridih (Lok Sabha constituency)]] and [[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]] is the present [[Parliament of India|Member of Parliament]]. Giridih city forms the [[Giridih (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ceo/2005/constituencies.html |title=Parliamentary Constituency |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Jharkhand website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226080317/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ceo/2005/constituencies.html |archive-date=26 February 2012 }}</ref>[[Sudivya Kumar]] from [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] is the current MLA from Giridih legislative seat.

==Transport==

===Rail===
{{Main|Giridih Station}}

[[File:Giridih railway station - Entrance.jpg|thumb|[[Giridih railway station]]]]
[[Giridih railway station]] (GRD) is connected to [[Madhupur Junction]] (MDP) located 38 km to the east by a single broad gauge railway line. There is a single passenger train which runs five times a day between the two stations and takes about an hour to reach Giridih.<ref name=railinfo>{{cite web|title=Trains Between Giridih and Madhupur|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/search/2671/326|publisher=India Rail Info|access-date=7 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002110159/http://indiarailinfo.com/search/2671/326|archive-date=2 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> {{rws|Giridih}} is under the administration of the Asansol division of the Eastern Railway zone of [[Indian Railways]].

[[New Giridih railway station]] (NGRH) lies to the north of Giridih city in Gadi. It became operational after the railway line between [[Koderma Junction railway station|Koderma Junction]] (KQR) and Maheshmunda (MMD) was completed, and is under the administration of the Dhanbad division of the Eastern Central Railway zone. Presently train is ferrying once between Koderma and Maheshmunda and once between Koderma and Madhupur via New Giridih.

[[Parasnath railway station]] (PNME), on the Howrah-Delhi grand chord line, is 48 km from Giridih towards south-west in [[Isri]] and is under the administration of the Dhanbad division of the Eastern Central Railway zone.

A new rail line is proposed between {{rws|New Giridih}} and {{rws|Parasnath}} via Madhuban to cater to the needs of locals and Jain Tourists coming to Madhuban, Parasnath. There are other proposals as well to connect {{rws|New Giridih}} with {{rws|Dhanbad Junction}} via Tundi and Govindpur, and with {{rws|Jhajha}} via Bengabad, Chakai and Sono.

===Road===
The [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] (old NH 2)/[[Grand Trunk Road]] passes through Giridih district but away from the city.

Giridih has a bus terminus in the centre of the town. The bus stand is divided into platforms for private buses. A government bus terminus is just adjacent to the main bus terminus. There are regular bus services from the city to other parts in the district. Bus service to [[Ranchi]], [[Dhanbad]], [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]], [[Hazaribagh]], [[Deoghar]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Durgapur]], [[Kolkata]], [[Howrah]], [[Asansol]], and [[Patna]] is available.

===Air===
[[Boro Aerodrome]] is an airstrip at the district headquarters of Giridih.<ref name=darshan>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Giridih: "The Land of Jain {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Piligrims}}"|url=http://jharkhanddarshan.com/giridih.html|publisher=Jharkhand Darshan|access-date=7 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312131830/http://jharkhanddarshan.com/giridih.html|archive-date=12 March 2012|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Giridih is well connected to some of the popular airports of Bihar, Jharkhand and [[West Bengal]] and they are:
#[[Deoghar Airport]], [[Deoghar]] {{convert|71|km}}
#[[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport]], [[Durgapur]] {{convert|140|km}}
#[[Birsa Munda Airport]], [[Ranchi]] {{Convert|155|km}}
#[[Gaya Airport]] {{Convert|169|km}}
#[[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport]], [[Patna]] {{Convert|223|km}}
#[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]], [[Kolkata]] {{Convert|309|km}}

==Demographics==
===Population===
{{Historical population
| source = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2004_PART_A_DCHB_GIRIDIH.pdf |title=District Census Handbook Giridih, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work=Section II Town Directory, Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 1310-1311 | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand |access-date=7 December 2020}}</ref>
| 1901 | 9433
| 1911 | 10668
| 1921 | 18874
| 1931 | 21122
| 1941 | 25325
| 1951 | 29167
| 1961 | 36881
| 1971 | 40308
| 1981 | 65444
| 1991 | 78097
| 2001 | 98989
| 2011 | 114533
}}

{{As of|2011}} India census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Giridih Urban Agglomeration had a population of 143,529, it is the seventh largest city of Jharkhand. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Giridih has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy is 74%, and female literacy is 63%. In Giridih, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age. The language spoken is known as Khortha.<ref name="giridih2011">{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/253-giridih.html | title = Giridih City Census 2011 | access-date = 2012-03-20 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120505055739/http://census2011.co.in/census/city/253-giridih.html | archive-date = 5 May 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref>

{{See also|List of cities in Jharkhand}}

Giridih Urban Agglomeration is composed of Giridih ([[Nagar Parishad]]), [[Paratdih]] ([[Census town|CT]]), [[Sirsia]] (CT), [[Pertodih]] (CT) and [[Dandidih]] (CT).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf |title = Provisional population totals, Census of India 2011|work= Constituents of Urban Agglomerations having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011 |publisher= Government of India| access-date = 12 December 2020}}</ref>

=== Religion ===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Giridih City<ref name=census2011.co.in>{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/253-giridih.html|title=Giridih City Census 2011 data|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Per cent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|Orange|67.66}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#009000|30.31}}

{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|#9955BB|0.84}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|#FFFF00|0.55}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|#FF7601|0.47}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|#FFFF00|0.04}}{{bar percent|Others|#FFFF00|0.07}}}}

[[Hinduism]] is the prominent religion of Giridih city followed by 67.66% of the population. [[Islam]] is the dominant minority religion in the city followed by 30.31% of the people. Other minorities are [[Christians]] 0.84%, [[Sikhs]] 0.55%, [[Jains]] 0.47%, [[Buddhists]] 0.04%, and others 0.07%.<ref name=census2011.co.in/>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Giridih'', Giridih covered an area of 9.75 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 41 km roads with both open and closed drains, the protected water supply involved tapwater from treated sources, uncovered well, overhead tank. It had 17,381 domestic electric connections, 1,410 road light points. Among the medical facilities, it had 4 hospitals (allopathic and others), 53 dispensaries, 53 health centres, 1 family welfare centre, 5 maternity and child welfare centres, 7 maternity homes, 1 TB hospital/ clinic, 16 nursing homes, 3 chairtable hospital/ nursing homes, 2 veterinary hospitals, 25 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 28 primary schools, 15 middle schools, 7 secondary schools, 8 senior secondary schools, 3 general degree colleges. It had 2 recognised shorthand, type-writing and vocational training centre,1 non-formal education centre (Sarva Siksha Abhiyan), 1 special school for disabled. Among the social, cultural and recreational facilities, it had 1 working women's hostel, 1 stadium, 4 cinema theatres, 1 auditorium/ community hall, 1 public library and reading room. Three important commodities it produced were lac, coal, mica. It had the branch offices of 14 nationalised banks, 7 private commercial banks, 2 cooperative banks, 1 agricultural credit society, 1 non-agricultural credit society.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2004_PART_A_DCHB_GIRIDIH.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Giridih, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Pages 1309-1317| publisher = Directorate of census Operations, Jharkhand |access-date = 7 December 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{See also|Economy of Jamshedpur|Economy of Bokaro}}
It has a growing economy. This town used to bustle with economic activity in the period from the 1960s to 1980s when the mineral mica processing and export community reaped tremendous gains through exports to the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]. However, since the decline of the USSR and its split into twelve [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] countries, the industry has slowly declined and is currently ailing.

On the southern side of Giridih, in Beniadih, are the coal mines of [[Central Coalfields Limited]], a subsidiary of [[Coal India Limited]] (a [[Maharatna]] and the world's largest coal miner). It is the largest industry in the Giridih district and major contributor to the economy of the town. Central Coalfields Limited itself is a Miniratna.

The Data Processing Center of [[National Sample Survey Organisation#Data Processing Division (DPD)|Data Processing Division (DPD)]] of [[National Sample Survey Organisation|National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)]] provides complete IT solution from sample selection, software development to processing and tabulation of data canvassed through various socio-economic surveys of National Sample Survey Organisation.

Mica business also contribute a lot in the trade data, mainly mica is exported to China, Europe, Japan, Taiwan, US the total value of mica exports is {{USD}} 100 million, the leading mica exporters are Jalan Mica Exports, Ratan Mica Exports, Jai Mica, Mount Hill, Gahlot Mica Supply Company, Chandauri Mica Syndicate Etc.

In 2006 the Indian government named Giridh one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the 21 districts in Jharkhand currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Presently, there are more than a dozen Sponge Iron and Rolling Mill Factories in Giridih. The name of few are Mongia Steel, SriBir, Siscon, Baba, Salasar, SriRam, Lal Steel, Saluja Gold, Gouri Shanker etc.

There is an Industrial Area adjacent to the city, which is full of small, medium and large Factories, these units provide employment to the locals and also to people from different parts of the country. These are namely Mongia Steel, Saluja Steel & Power, and Shivam Group of Companies.

However, pollution remains a critical issue in the surroundings of the Industrial Area which needs to be addressed by Municipal Corporation of Giridih, Chamber of Industries & Commerce and other authorities.<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Education==

Notable colleges include:


* [[Khandoli Institute of Technology]] affiliated to AICTE

Notable schools include:


* [[Carmel School, Giridih]]
* [[Delhi Public School, Giridih]]
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]], Gandey, Giridih

== Tourism ==
[[File:Sikharji jalmandir.jpg|thumb|Jal Mandir, Shikharji]]
* '''[[Shikharji|Shri Sammed Shikharji]]''', also known as the [[Parasnath Hills]], with the highest [[mountain|mountain peak]] in Jharkhand, 4480 feet above sea level, is a major [[Jainism|Jain]] pilgrimage destination and one of the most sacred places for [[Jainism|Jains]] in the world. According to Jain belief, twenty of the twenty-four [[Tirthankara]]s (teachers of the Jains), (including [[Parshwanath|Parshanath]]) attained Moksha (Nirvana) from this place.
*'''[[Rajdah Dham]]''', Sabalpur, also known as Rajdaha, is a temple of Lord Shiva. It is situated approximately 60 km Giridih and 5 km from Suriya. (Near Nimatand Sabalpur). It is situated on the bank of the [[Barakar River]].{{cn|date=May 2024}}<ref name=official_tourism>{{cite web|title=Giridih Tourism|url=http://giridih.nic.in/tourism.html|publisher=Official Website of Giridih|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref>
* '''Langta Baba Samadhi Sthal''' This is located in [[Kharagdiha]], about 30 km North West of the town on road towards Jamua. Langta Baba is revered both by the Hindus and the Muslims alike. People offer chadar to his [[Samādhi|samadhi]] as a ritual, and it is believed the wish made here by a true devotee always get fulfilled.<ref name=rajdahdham>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/view/rajdahdham|publisher=rajdahdham|access-date=14 June 2024 |title=Rajdah Dham }}</ref>
* '''[[Usri Falls]]''' 13 km from town, on the Tundi road, it is a picnic spot. The Usri river falls a 40 feet steep gorge in three separate streams. The place is surrounded by dense forest of Parasnath Hills.<ref name=official_tourism/><ref name=envis>{{cite web|title=Jharkhand Fast Facts |url=http://scstsenvis.nic.in/envis/new_page_44.htm |work=Jharkhand |publisher=Envis Centre on Ecotourism, Govt of India |access-date=7 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207172820/http://scstsenvis.nic.in/envis/new_page_44.htm |archive-date= 7 February 2012 }}</ref>
* '''[[Khandoli Dam]]''' located 7 km North-East of Giridih headquarters towards [[Bengabad block]], is a scenic water reservoir and a dam. The place has been developed as a tourism attraction. It has water-related adventure sports and [[bird-watching]]. A number of other amusement facilities are available there including boating, [[Rock-climbing]], [[Parasailing]] and [[Kayaking]].<ref name=official_tourism/><ref name=envis/>
* '''Sri Kabir Gyan Mandir''' in Sihodih, some 2 km from Giridih headquarters, Founded in 1985, a motivational institution is headed by Sadguru Maa Gyan which spreads the message of Sant Kabir and Sanatan Dharma. It has a sacred temple Guru Govind Dham with an idol of Sant Kabir and Lord Vishnu. It also has Kabir Gyan Darshan with worth to watch murals and paintings based on life of Sant Kabir, Vedas, Morality and paintings of saints of India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kabirgyan.com/ |title=कबीर ज्ञान |access-date=4 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920000515/http://kabirgyan.com/ |archive-date=20 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''Surya Mandir''' is located in Mirzaganj, 33 km from Giridih Town. It is built in the middle of a lake in the shape of a Lotus flower. Pilgrims can visit here while returning from Langta Baba Samadhi. The temple has been declared Monument of National importance and is maintained by Archaeological Survey of India.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

==Notable people==


{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2024}}
* [[Jagadish Chandra Bose|Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose]] spent his last days in Giridih and the Sir J.C. Bose Girl's High School is named in his honour. He died in Giridih. His then residence is now known as "Vigyan Kendra" run by "Bihar Council of Science and Technology".
* [[Jnan Chandra Ghosh]], studied at Giridih High School, where he passed the Entrance Examination of Calcutta University. He played an important role in shaping science and engineering education in India. He was the first Director of [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]], Director of [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bangalore, and Vice-Chancellor of [[Calcutta University]].
* [[Satyajit Ray]], film maker and [[Academy Award|Oscar]] recipient, spent his childhood in Giridih. He sketched his fictional character (appearing in a series of science fiction books), scientist [[Professor Shonku]] as residing in Giridih beside the Usri river.
*[[Krishna Ballabh Sahay]] was the elected member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from [[Giridih (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Giridih Constituency]] for several terms, including the one in which he served as the chief minister of Undivided Bihar during 1963 – 67.
* [[Rabindranath Tagore]], literary figure and [[Nobel Laureate]], also spent some time in Giridih. He wrote his Shivaji Utsav in 1904 while residing in Giridih. The house in which he resided, ''Dawasika Bhawan'', still exists in Giridih.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* Vigyan Kendro

==External links==
* [http://giridih.nic.in/ Official website of the Giridih district]
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Giridih}}

{{Geographic Location
|Northwest = [[Varanasi]], [[Allahabad]], [[Kanpur]], New Delhi
|North = [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Patna]], [[Gorakhpur]], [[Kathmandu]]
|Northeast = [[Siliguri]], [[Guwahati]]
|West = [[Hazaribagh]], [[Bhopal]], [[Indore]], [[Pune]], [[Mumbai]], [[Ahmedabad]]
|Centre = Giridih
|East = [[Deoghar]], [[Dhaka]], [[Aizawal]]
|Southwest = [[Raipur]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Bengaluru]], Goa
|South = [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]], [[Dhanbad]], [[Ranchi]], [[Rourkela]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Cuttack]], [[Chennai]]
|Southeast = [[Jamshedpur]], [[Kharagpur, West Bengal|Kharagpur]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bay of Bengal]]
}}
{{Blocks of Giridih district}}
{{Giridih District}}
{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Giridih| ]]
[[Category:Giridih district]]
[[Category:Community development blocks in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Community development blocks in Giridih district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Anga Desh]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Giridih district]]

Abhinandan Banerjee

2025-12-18T07:16:56Z

Avdhut Kamble: Pg!

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhinandan Banerjee
| image = Director Abhinandan Banerjee.jpg
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Film director]], [[Scriptwriter]]
| notable_works = [[Manikbabur Megh]], Marichjhapi
}}

'''Abhinandan Banerjee''' is an Indian [[film director]], [[Screenwriter|scriptwriter]], [[author]], [[essay]]ist, [[Editing|magazine editor]], [[Publishing|publisher]], [[illustrator]], [[Painting|painter]] and [[graphic designer]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhinandan Banerjee – Outsider Pictures |url=https://www.outsiderpictures.us/celebrity/abhinandan-banerjee/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> His debut feature ''[[The Cloud and the Man]]'', which premiered at the 25th [[Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival]], 2021 <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Manikbabur Megh only Indian film selected for Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival's First Features section |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/oct/14/31715/manikbabur-megh-only-indian-film-selected-for-tallinn-black-nights-film-festival-s-first-features-section |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Cloud & the Man |url=https://poff.ee/en/film/the-cloud-the-man/ |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=poff.ee |language=en}}</ref> won the [[NETPAC Award|NETPAC award]] for Best Asian Film, at the 27th [[Kolkata International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of 2021 - Kolkata International Film Festival |url=https://kiff.in/archive/2021/winners |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=kiff.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2022-05-03 |title=Bengal directors bag top Kolkata International Film Festival awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bengal-directors-bag-top-kolkata-international-film-festival-awards/articleshow/91274688.cms |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Roushni |title=Manikbabur Megh, Adieu Godard, Jhilli win at 27th Kolkata International Film Festival |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/may/2/34269/manikbabur-megh-adieu-godard-jhilli-win-at-27th-kolkata-international-film-festival |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born and brought up in [[Kolkata]], Abhinandan Banerjee studied at [[Barasat Peary Charan Sarkar Government High School]]. Having finished his schooling, he shifted to [[Mumbai]] and went on to study [[Architecture]] under [[University of Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=KIFF : তালিন, গোয়া ঘুরে অবশেষে কলকাতায় অভিনন্দন বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ের ছবি 'মানিকবাবুর মেঘ' |url=https://www.bongodorshon.com/home/story_detail/abhinandan-banerjee-s-film-manikbabur-megh-finally-arrives-in-kiff-after-tallinn-goa |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Bongodorshon {{!}} ইতিবাচক বাংলা}}</ref> Later, he would eventually drop out and switch to filmmaking.

At the age of 14, Banerjee started [[writing]] and [[Illustration|illustrating]] for [[newspaper]]s, and [[Little magazine|little magazines.]] Later, at the age of 15, he started his own little magazine as the editor and by the age of 18, he was heading his own [[publication]] house.<ref name=":7" />

== Career ==
Banerjee co-wrote, assisted and post-produced ''[[Teenkahon]]'' (2014) with [[Bauddhayan Mukherji]] that won the Best Screenplay award at the Bridge Film Fest, [[Kosovo]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=T. H. R. Staff |date=2014-12-11 |title='Three Obsessions': Goa Film Bazaar Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/three-obsessions-goa-film-bazaar-756643/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was nominated for [[Best Original Screenplay]] of a Foreign Language Film at Madrid International Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-12 |title=Teenkahon wins 11th international award! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Teenkahon-wins-11th-international-award/articleshow/46230596.cms |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Banerjee then co-founded the [[Advertising agency|creative agency]] cum [[Producing house|production house]] called Asterisc.

In March 2019, he shot his first feature film ''[[The Cloud and the Man]]'' produced by [[Bauddhayan Mukherji]] and co-produced by Monalisa Mukherji <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kolkata-based director's debut film to be screened at Edinburgh Film Festival |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/kolkata-based-director-abhinandan-banerjees-debut-film-manikbabur-megh-to-be-screened-at-edinburgh-film-festival/cid/1876301 |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> that received the special mention at the [[NFDC National Film Awards|NFDC]] Film Bazaar, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Roushni |title=Manikbabu reflects my philosophy, says director Abhinandan Banerjee |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/feb/2/28607/manikbabu-reflects-my-philosophy-says-director-abhinandan-banerjee |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2021-01-21 |title='River of Blood,' 'Ambush,' 'Today Me Tomorrow You' Win Top Prizes at India's Film Bazaar |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/global/india-film-bazaar-winners-2021-1234889328/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> The film premiered at the First Feature Film competition at [[Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival]], 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2021-10-14 |title=Tallinn Black Nights Competition Films 'The Cloud & the Man,' 'The Red Tree' Get Sales Representation – Global Bulletin |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/tallinn-black-nights-first-features-competition-1235088934/ |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

''Marichjhapi'', his next collaborative venture with [[Bauddhayan Mukherji]] and Little Lamb Films was chosen to represent India at the Asian Project Market at [[Busan]] 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2019-10-07 |title=Busan: India's Adil Hussain Boards APM Project 'Marichjhapi' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/asia/busan-india-adil-hussain-boards-project-marichjhapi-1203362440/ |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> and Cinéfondation L'Atelier<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-03-12 |title=Bauddhayan Mukherji and his 'Marichjhapi' to travel to Cannes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/bauddhayan-mukherji-and-his-marichjhapi-to-travel-to-cannes/articleshow/74593414.cms |access-date=2023-11-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinéfondation |url=https://www.cinefondation.com/en/atelier/projets/marichjhapi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207065001/https://www.cinefondation.com/en/atelier/projets/marichjhapi |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=www.cinefondation.com |language=fr}}</ref> at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Abhinandan Banerjee's Manikbabur Megh to be screened at Cannes Marchè Du Film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-abhinandan-banerjees-manikbabur-megh-to-be-screened-at-cannes-marche-du-film/370f040a30911 |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The Indian premiere of the film happened at [[52nd International Film Festival of India]] ([[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]]), 2021. ‘[[The Cloud and the Man|Manikbabur Megh]]’ was part of the [[International Film Festival of India|Indian Panorama]] at the [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-06 |title=8 films from Bengal make it to IFFI's 52nd edition in Goa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/8-films-from-bengal-make-it-to-iffis-52nd-edition-in-goa/articleshow/87548146.cms |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Pragativadi News |date=2021-11-05 |title=Indian Panorama Announces Official Selection For 52nd IFFI 2021 |url=https://pragativadi.com/indian-panorama-announces-official-selection-for-52nd-iffi-2021/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Pragativadi |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was also part of the [[Kaleidoscope]] section at [[International Film Festival of Kerala|26th International Film Festival of Kerala]]. The film had its [[North America]]n premiere at the 37th [[Santa Barbara International Film Festival|Santa Barbara Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=2022-02-10 |title=Santa Barbara Film Festival Sets Lineup; Brit Comedy 'The Phantom Of The Open' To Tee It Off |url=https://deadline.com/2022/02/santa-barbara-film-festival-lineup-2022-1234930179/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> It was in the Jeffery C. Barbakow International Cinema competing with 11 other films from all over the world.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-06 |title=Bengali film makes it to int'l festival in America |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bengali-film-makes-it-to-intl-festival-in-america/articleshow/89979781.cms |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film was also part of the [[Taipei]] Golden Horse Fantastic Film Festival (金馬影展 TGHFF) 2022 being the only Indian film in the edition line up.<ref>{{Cite web |title=台北金馬影展 Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival {{!}} 男人與雲 |url=https://goldenhorse.org.tw/film/programme/films/detail/3252?search_year=2022 |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=goldenhorse.org.tw |language=zh-TW}}</ref>

The film has been declared as one of the top 10 Indian Films of 2021 by [[International Federation of Film Critics|Fipresci]], India.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2022-04-22 |title=Abhinandan Banerjee's directorial debut to be screened at KIFF |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/%20Link2:%20abhinandan-banerjees-directorial-debut-to-be-screened-at-kiff/articleshow/90999668.cms |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was the only Bengali film in the coveted list of top 10 films of 2021 that are in the running for the [[International Federation of Film Critics|Fipresci-India Grand Prix]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Indian Kitchen, Barah by Barah among 10 films shortlisted for FIPRESCI-India Grand Prix |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/may/4/34294/the-great-indian-kitchen-barah-by-barah-among-10-films-shortlisted-for-fipresci-india-grand-prix |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

Banerjee's [[The Cloud and the Man|Manikbabur Megh]]<ref name=":4" /> also won the [[Network for the Promotion of Asian Cinema|NETPAC]] Award for Best Film, at the [[Kolkata International Film Festival|27th Kolkata International Film Festival]]. The [[Network for the Promotion of Asian Cinema|NETPAC]] jury, had the following citation for this award - "very artistically tackled this surrealistic romance between a man on earth and a cloud in the sky."<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-03 |title=KIFF doffs a hat to young, indie filmmakers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kiff-doffs-a-hat-to-young-indie-filmmakers/articleshow/91286968.cms |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-27 |title=Long queues at KIFF venues: Heat fails to cow down movie buffs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/long-queues-at-kiff-venues-heat-fails-to-cow-down-movie-buffs/articleshow/91111031.cms |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

* ''Marichjhapi''
* ''[[Teenkahon]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Manikbabur Megh]]'' (2021)

== Other ventures ==
Since 2019, Banerjee has been designing posters under Asterisc’s banner for a Bengali audio show called Sunday Suspense by [[Radio Mirchi]] and transfigured the aesthetics of the Bengali audio industry like never before.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Preetha |date=2018-12-05 |title=This Bengali radio show's storytelling skills could put even Netflix in the shade |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/901983/this-bengali-radio-shows-storytelling-skills-could-put-even-netflix-in-the-shade |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> He also wrote and adapted multiple stories for the same show by [[Radio Mirchi]]. With his horror short story ‘Roopkatha’, [https://onlinebanglaradio.com/audio-story/roopkatha-by-abhinandan-banerjee-episode-01/] Mirchi started a new vertical under the show called Sunday Suspense Originals.<ref name=":5" />

His stories have been made into shorts, feature films & platform originals. In Bengali, this included Annapurna Basu’s [[ZEE5|Zee5]] Original 'Saat No. Shanatan Sanyal’ (2019),<ref>{{Cite web |title=কে সেই 'সাত নম্বর সনাতন সান্যাল'? খোঁজ করে বেড়াচ্ছেন কৌশিক |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/koushi-ganguly-palying-lead-in-sat-nombor-sanatan-sanyals/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=en-US}}</ref> and Rajdeep Ghosh’s ‘Shubho Sharodiya’ (TV Movie 2018). In 2023, Banerjee forayed in animation. Presently he is working on three animation shorts under his newly formed boutique house Nandanik Studios.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=দত্ত |first=অভিনন্দন |date=11 July 2024 |title='যাঁদের সঙ্গে দেখা হয়, তাঁদের সিংহভাগ ছবি তৈরির বদলে নিজেদের পরিচিতি তৈরি করতে ব্যস্ত!' |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/a-candid-chat-with-director-abhinandan-banerjee-before-the-release-of-his-first-film-manikbabur-megh-dgtl/cid/1530115 |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=Anandabazar Patrika}}</ref> Also, he is presently working on his next [[Hindi]] [[web series]] & [[Feature film|features]],<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=After Manikbabur Megh, Abhinandan Banerjee to start his Hindi web series with the makers of Maharani {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/after-manikbabur-megh-abhinandan-banerjee-to-start-his-hindi-web-series-with-the-makers-of-maharani-exclusive/9fb5beb4b391 |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> other animation projects, upcoming books & graphic novels, and a new game for children.<ref name=":6" />

==Awards==
* [[8th Filmfare Awards Bangla|Filmfare Awards Bangla 2025]] – Best Film (Critics') for ''[[Manikbabur Megh]]'' (Shared with [[Anjan Dutt]] for ''Chalchitra Akhon'')<ref name=":8">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-bangla-and-glamour-style-awards-2025/bangla-winners |title=Filmfare Awards Bangla 2025 Winners - Complete List Out! }}</ref>
* [[8th Filmfare Awards Bangla|Filmfare Awards Bangla 2025]] – Best Lyrics for ''Tomar Amar Golpo Hoto Jodi from ''[[Manikbabur Megh]]<ref name=":8" />
* [[Filmfare Awards Bangla|Filmfare Awards Bangla 2025]] – Best Original Story for ''[[The Cloud and the Man|Manikbabur Megh]]''<ref name=":8" />

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Twitter|id=abhinandantales}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Abhinandan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards Bangla winners]]

Sapta Puri

2025-12-16T14:01:29Z

Avdhut Kamble: general expanded content based on references and corrected details

{{short description|Seven sacred pilgrimage sites in Hinduism}}
{{Sapta Puri}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
The '''Sapta Puri''' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] सप्त-पुरी, {{IAST|saptapurī}}, "seven cities") are a group of seven [[Hinduism|Hindu]] ''[[tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]]'', or holy [[pilgrimage]] sites, located in [[India]]. Pilgrimage to these sites is said to bless the pilgrim with [[moksha]] (liberation from the cycle of birth and death).<ref name="Kapur2019"/>

== History ==
The Sapta Puri include the birthplaces of religious and spiritual masters (such as [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], birthplace of [[Rama]]), as well as ''nitya tirthas'', places naturally endowed with spiritual powers, such as [[Varanasi]] and [[Haridwar]]. [[Kanchipuram]] is known for its [[Kamakshi Amman Temple]] dedicated to the mother goddess. According to the [[Mahabharata]], [[Krishna]] spent his childhood in [[Mathura]]; then spent 100 years in [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]] before leaving for his divine abode. Haridwar, with its shrines to [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]], represents the gateway to [[Uttarakhand]], as the sacred river [[Ganges]] emerges from the hills into the plains at this place. [[Varanasi]] is considered sacred, as it is believed that one's death at this place brings them salvation. Varanasi is often considered to the holiest of all sites and is a favourite of Shiva, and thus it is often referred as the ''City of Shiva''. Ujjain, also known by the ancient name Avanti, has one of the 12 [[Jyotirlingas]] installed in the [[Mahakaleshwar Temple]]. Each of these cities is also famous for the spectacular melas or fairs held. Haridwar and Ujjain are famous for the [[Kumbh Mela]] held once every 12 years. Marriage festival of [[Kamakshi]] at Kanchipuram is a special occasion. [[Krishna Janmashtami]] (the birthday of Krishna - generally held in August as per Hindu calendar) is a special occasion in Dwarka and Mathura.<ref name="Bansal" /><ref name="Morgan" /> The seven cities are well connected with the rest of the country by road, rail and air transport.<ref name="Bansal" />

== The seven cities ==
{{location map+|India3|float=right|width=325|caption=Location of Sapta Puri.
|places=
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=top|lat=26.80|long=82.20}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Mathura]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=27.29|long=77.40}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Haridwar]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=top|lat=29.956|long=78.17}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Varanasi]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=bottom|lat=25.28|long=82.96}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Kanchipuram]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=12.82|long=79.71}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Ujjain]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=23.18|long=75.77}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Dwarka]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=bottom|lat=22.23|long=68.97}}
}}

A [[śloka]] from the [[Garuda Purana]] describes the seven pilgrimage centres:
<poem>
अयोध्या मथुरा माया काशी काञ्ची अवन्तिका ।
पुरी द्वारावती चैव सप्तैताः मोक्षदायिकाः ॥<ref name="Sahay2008"/>
</poem>
This translates to:
<poem>
Ayodhyā, Mathurā, Mayā, Kaśī, Kañchi, Avantikā, Dwārāvatī,—
these seven cities should be known as the givers of liberation.<ref name="Wood1911"/>
</poem>

The modern names of these seven cities are:<ref name="Choudhury1994"/><ref name="Morgan"/>
* [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]
* [[Mathura]]
* [[Haridwar]] (Maya or Gaya)
* [[Varanasi]] (Kashi)
* [[Kanchipuram]] (Kanchi)
* [[Ujjain]] (Avantika)
* [[Dwarka]] ([[Dwaravati|Dwārāvatī]])

=== Ayodhya ===
[[File:A View of Part of the City of Oudh.jpg|thumb|left| A view of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] in 1783 then called [[Oudh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] ]]
Ayodhya ({{coord|26.8|N|82.2|E}}) is the legendary place where lord [[Rama]] was born and it is also sometimes referred to as [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] ("Rama's birth place"). The modern town is located on the banks of river [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu]], also spelt Saryu. There is a surfeit of temples in this town, numbering over 100. Some of the important ones are: Temple of Rama and his wife [[Sita]], called the Kanak Bhavan; [[Hanuman]] temple called the Hanuman Garhi on top of a hill where, apart from a Hanuman statue in a sitting posture, there is also a {{convert|6|in|cm}} tall image of Hanuman always bedecked by flowers; the Kshireshwaranath temple of Sita, established by [[Kausalya]], Rama's mother. In addition, there are several kunds or ponds and ghats (bathing steps to approach river or tank water level) with linkage to characters from ''[[puranas]]''; such as the [[Brahma]] kund built in honour of Brahma's visit here, Sita kund, Bharat kund, [[Lakshman]] ghat where Lakshman, Rama's brother took bath, Rama ghat (also called Swargadwar meaning gateway to heaven).<ref name=Bansal/><ref name="SinghBindloss2007" /><ref name=Ring>{{Cite book |last1=Ring |first1=Trudy |last2=Salkin |first2=Robert M. |last3=Schellinger |first3=Paul E. |last4=La Boda |first4=Sharon |title= International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |work=Ayodhya|pages=47–50|access-date=2009-08-10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&q=Kanchipuram&pg=PA435|publisher= Taylor & Francis|year= 1996|isbn= 9781884964046}}</ref>

There is a legend related to [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]], son of Rama, in support of the Nageshwaranath temple here. The armlet, which Kusha had lost in the Sarayu river was found by a nag-kanya (a damsel of the serpent family), a devotee of Shiva, who fell in love with Kusha. A temple was built by Kusha in her honour and is stated to be the only surviving ancient temple dated to the reign of [[Vikramaditya]].<ref>Bansal p.39</ref>

Road distances from Ayodhya to Delhi is {{convert|799|km|mi}}, to Lucknow {{convert|134|km|mi}} and to Varanasi {{convert|209|km|mi}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oktatabyebye.com/travel-directions/driving-directions-from-New_Delhi-to-Ayodhya.html|title=How to reach Ayodhya from New Delhi|access-date=2009-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.whereincity.com/india/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya.php|title=India Information|access-date=2009-08-22}}</ref>

=== Mathura ===
[[File:Krishna Killing King Kamsa and Balarama Slaying a Wrestler LACMA AC1995.163.1.jpg|thumb|200px|Krishna defeats his uncle [[Kamsa]], the evil king of Mathura, at Mathura.]]
Mathura ({{coord|27.45|N|77.72|E}}), [[Uttar Pradesh]] located on the right bank of the [[Yamuna River]] in the district headquarters of Mathura district, also called Mathura Mandala or [[Braj Bhoomi]], is considered the heart of Indian culture. Krishna was born here and hence it is also popularly known as 'Krishnajanmabhoomi' ("Krishna's birth place").<ref name=Schweig>{{cite book|last=Schweig|first=G.M.|title=Dance of divine love: The Rasa Lila of Krishna from the Bhagavata Purana, India's classic sacred love story.|publisher=Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ; Oxford|year=2005|isbn=0-691-11446-3}}p. 2</ref><ref name=Singh>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Surendra|title=Urbanization in Garhwal Himalaya: a geographical interpretation |work=Growth pattern in Haridwar|pages=160–162|access-date=2009-08-09|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4FsjWPEeM4C&q=Haridwar&pg=PA160|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|year=1995|isbn= 9788185880693}}</ref>

Mathura is replete with several historic events. Based on archeological findings of ancient pottery, tools and tackles, Mathura's ancient history has been traced to about 1200 BC. [[Vedic period|Vedic]] and [[Puranas|Puranic]] literature also link founding of Mathura by [[Shatrughna]] (youngest brother of Rama). The Puranas also mention about two clans namely, Andhaka and Vrsni, the later clan was more organized under Krishna, attesting to historic linkage to the period between sixth century and fifth century BC. Mauryan empire's influence from the fourth century BC, when there was domination of Jain and Buddhist religious culture, have been noted from the sculptures recorded in Mathura. From this period, it has been inferred that "the city had a significant impact on the development of figurative sculpture elsewhere in the country". It was also a commercial hub during this period, imbibing composite culture and religious ethos, apart from establishing a prospering commerce both within and across the borders of the region. Following the [[Maurya]]n rule, the [[Kushans]] ruled till 3rd century AD when the sacred and secular life styles coalesced. Then a number of rulers followed, with the [[Gupta Empire]] under [[Samudra Gupta]] ruling between 330 AD and 380 AD. During the Gupta Empire, which lasted until the sixth century AD, there was decline in the prosperity of Mathura. The [[Huns]] sacked the city in the sixth century. Thereafter, the city was controlled by [[Maukhari Dynasty]] of [[Kanauj]] when the Krishna cult evolved from the 7th century onwards to make the city a hub of Krishna worship in the country. Then [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] invaded and ransacked Mathura and decamped with all religious treasures made of gold and silver. This was followed by ushering in the rule of [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Slave Dynasty]] or [[Delhi Sultanate]] from 1193 AD and subsequently by the [[Mughal Dynasty]] rule, which lasted till the [[United Kingdom|British]] took over. The Mughal rule, in particular of [[Aurangzeb]] saw the highest level of persecution, when in 1669 the Keshava temple was demolished and in its place a mosque was built. Even though the [[jat]] community of the region tried unsuccessfully to restore some of the temples but repeated Muslim depredation continued and it was not until the [[British Raj]] came into effect, after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny]] in 1857, that Krishna worship in Mathura got a reprieve. British archeologists were successful in recreating the ancient historicity of the city and providing insight to Indian culture. Krishna temples and ancient history are now both major attractions of the city.<ref>Ring p.572-57</ref>

The present [[Keshav Dev Temple]] has been built at the same location where several major temples had been built in the 5000 years of hoary past, which is traced to the Vajranabha, the great grandson of Krishna. A grand temple was rebuilt during the reign of [[Chandragupta II|Chandra Gupta]] [[Vikramaditya]] in the 5th century that was sacked by Mahmud of Ghazni. Thereafter, at the same location Raja Veer Singh Deva Bundela had built a {{convert|250|ft|m}} high temple during [[Jahangir]]'s reign, which was also destroyed by [[Aurangzeb]] in 1669 and a mosque built in its place, which can be seen adjoining the present temple. The present temple (see picture in infobox) was completed in 1958 with installation of images of [[Radha Krishna]]. In the adjoining altars several images have been installed; on the left altar images of [[Jagannath]] (a form of Krishna), [[Balarama]] (Krishna's brother) and [[Subhadra]] (Krishna's sister) are seen; on the right altar idols of Rama, Sita and Lakshman are installed, right across there is a Hanuman idol. Images of Shiva and goddess Durga are also seen within the main temple foyer. The main temple complex also has a small shrine where Krishna was born (said to be the prison where he was born) depicting images of [[Vasudeva]], [[Devaki]] and four-armed Krishna.<ref name = "bansal4043">Bansal p.40-43</ref>

On the bank of the [[Yamuna River]], at Vishrama ghat [[aarti]] is offered every evening to the river, since it is stated to be the location where Krishna rested after slaying King [[Kamsa]], his maternal uncle. Images of goddess [[Yami|Yamuna]] and her brother [[Yama]], the god of death, are also located here.<ref name = "bansal4043"/>

There are many other temples of importance to pilgrims within Mathura, to name only a few, such as the [[Prem Mandir Vrindavan]], Radha Govind Dev Ji Temple, [[Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan|Radha Madan Mohan Temple]], [[Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan|Radha Damodar Temple]], Radha Gopinath temple, [[Bankey Bihari Temple|Banke Bihari temple]], [[Krishna Balaram Mandir|Krishna Balarama temple]], Rangaji temple, [[Radha Vallabh Temple, Vrindavan|Radha Vallabh Temple]], [[Nidhivan, Vrindavan|Nidhivan]] and Seva Kunja. Also, in the nearby [[Vrindavan]] where Krishna spent his childhood days, there is a galaxy of temples (said to be 5000), which is also a very pious place for pilgrims. It is {{convert|12|km|mi}} away from Mathura.<ref name = "bansal4043"/>

Other important religious events observed by pilgrims in the precincts of Mathura and Vrindavan are the Vrindavan [[parikrama|Parikrama (religious practice)]] (circumambulation around the temples along a prescribed path) and the Braj Mandal parikrama during October–November, which takes 3 months to complete on foot, as it includes going round the [[Govardhan]] hill, apart from several other shrines.<ref name = "bansal4043"/>

It is located about {{convert|50|km|mi}} north of [[Agra]], and {{convert|150|km|mi}} south of [[Delhi]]; about {{convert|20|km|mi}} from holy [[Vrindavan]].<ref name=Schweig/>

=== Haridwar ===
[[File:Clock Tower, at Har-ki-Pauri, Haridwar.jpg|thumb|left|Har-ki-Pauri at Haridwar]]
"Haridwar", also written as "Hardwar", literally means "gateway to god Vishnu (Hari)" or "gateway to god Shiva (Har)". It is the holiest city in the state of [[Uttarakhand]]. It is strategically located ({{coord|29.96|N|78.16|E}}) on the western bank of the river [[Ganges]] as it emerges into the plains at the exact location where the Har-Ki-Pauri ghat has been built to facilitate pilgrims to take a holy bath. It is thus also called the ''Gangadwara'', the place where the Ganges descends to the plains. Every year, thousands of people flock to Haridwar, also called Hardwar, to bathe at the Har-Ki-Pauri ghat (ghat is an embankment structure built out of stone slabs leading to the river edge to facilitate bathing) since it is believed that the feet of Vishnu is imprinted on a rock preserved here. Every evening at sun set time at the ghat, thousands of pilgrims offer [[Arti (Hinduism)|arti]], a Hindu ritual of offering lights of earthen lamps on small floating leaf holders with flowers, as the temple bells reverberate amidst chanting of hymns.<ref name="Bansal p.44-47">Bansal p.44-47</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp043.htm|title=SACRIFICE OF DAKSHA 1 (From the Vayu Purana)|access-date=2009-08-16|publisher= The Vishnu Purana, translated by [[Horace Hayman Wilson]], 1840. p. 62, 62:2}}</ref><ref name=Hoiberg>{{Cite book|last=Hoiberg|first=Dale|author2=Indu Ramchandani |title=Students' Britannica India|work=Haridwar|pages=248|access-date=2009-08-09|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AE_LIg9G5CgC&q=Haridwar&pg=PA248|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year= 2000|isbn= 9780852297605}}</ref>

Legend from Hindu scriptures state that Haridwar is one among the four sites where drops of [[Amrita]], the elixir of immortality, accidentally spilled over from the pitcher, in which it was being carried away by the celestial bird [[Garuda]], after the [[Samudra manthan]] (churning of the ocean); the other three places are said to be Ujjain, [[Nasik]], and [[Prayagraj]].<ref name=Harid>{{Cite web|url=http://sahajaharidwar.tripod.com/About_Haridwar.html|title=About Haridwar|access-date=2009-08-12|publisher=sahajaharidwar.com}}</ref>

Another legend narrated for this pilgrim place is that sage [[Kapila]] had cursed the ancestors of prince [[Bhagiratha]]. Bhagiratha, therefore, wanted to atone for their sins by performing penance to god Shiva here. Shiva pleased with the prayers of Bhagiratha, allowed the Ganges to trickle through his locks and fall on earth from heaven.<ref name=Davidson>{{Cite book|last=Davidson|first=Linda Kay|author2=David Martin Gitlitz |title= Pilgrimage |work= Haridwar (Uttar Pradesh, India: Hinduism Seventh century)|pages =228–229|access-date=2009-08-10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVYkrNhPMQkC&q=Haridwar&pg=PT258|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year= 2002|isbn= 9781576070048}}</ref>

It is from here that the Ganges emerging out of the [[Siwalik Hills|Shivalik]] hills of the Rudra-[[Himalayas]] travels a distance of {{convert|2000|km|mi}} through the fertile Gangetic plains of [[North India]]. It is also the site where the river has been tapped for beneficial uses of irrigation and hydro-power generation by a complex system of barrages (low gated weirs) with large canal systems. Its hoary history, closely spun around the epic [[Mahabharata]] (also substantiated in the travelogues of the Chinese chronicler [[Hiuen Tsang]]), records that [[Timurlane]] had ransacked this town in the year 1399 AD. Apart from the holy ghat, there are a large number of temples in the city dedicated to Shiva, [[Shakti]] or [[Durga]] (a cable car way has been built to approach this temple, apart from the ancient approach by steps over the hills), Vishnu and a galaxy of other deities. It is the location where, Hindus from all parts of the country, particularly North India, immerse ashes of the dead and perform last rites.<ref name=Davidson/><ref name=Bradnock>{{Cite book|last=Bradnock|first= Roma|title= Indian Himalaya handbook |work=Haridwar|pages=103–105|access-date=2009-08-10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TyZGp_YVzb8C&q=Haridwar&pg=PA109|publisher= Footprint Travel Guides|year=2000|isbn= 9781900949798}}</ref>

Apart from the regular annual pilgrimage season from April to November, during February–March ''Magh Mela'' ('mela' means "fair") is also held on a large scale. Other spectacular events that are held here are the Ardh Kumbha Mela (half Kumbh Mela) held every six years. The 12 years cycle [[Kumbh Mela]] is held during January or February depending on the Hindu [[Panchanga|Calmanac]]. It is the occasion when lakhs of people congregate here for a holy dip in the Ganges.<ref name="Bansal p.44-47"/><ref name=Davidson/><ref name=Bradnock/><ref name="SinghBindloss2007">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Sarina |last2=Bindloss |first2=Joe |last3=Bainbridge |first3=James |last4=Brown |first4=Lindsay |last5=Elliott |first5=Mark |last6=Butler |first6=Stuart |display-authors=2 |date=2007 |title=India |publisher=Lonely Planet |page=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari/page/454 454] |isbn=978-1-74104-308-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari/page/454 }}</ref> The Kumbh Mela (literal meaning is ('festival of pots') is the "confluence of faith" since lakhs of people irrespective of their caste affiliations attend it. Astrological combination of planets decide the date for the event; generally when Jupiter, Sun and Moon are in the same zodiacal sign of the Aquarius, but in Haridwar it is fixed when Sun is in Aries and Jupiter in Aquarius, which is called the 'Vaishaki snan' ([[Vaisakha|Vaishakha]] is the second month of Hindu calendar and ''snan'' means bathing).<ref name=Mishra>{{Cite book|last=Mishra|first=J.S.|title=Pilgrimage, purification and piety |work=Mahakumbh, the greatest show on earth|pages=14–20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pCXqynwwQcC&q=Haridwar&pg=PA14|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|year=2004|isbn= 9788124109939}}</ref>

A lyrical poetic expression of the place by Mavis Jones, which succinctly describes the environment and the religiosity of the pilgrims is quoted below.<ref name=Jones>{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Mavis|title=her festival clothes|work =Poem haridwar|page=10|access-date=2009-08-10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEz2w6LYxbwC&q=Haridwar&pg=PA10|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press -MQUP|year=2001|isbn= 9780773519091}}</ref>

A green so light, not jade, not sky. 
Ice water rushed out of the Himalayan 
silence into this wide scarred channel.

Along the other shore ashrams 
are seashell-coloured, beige, 
cream, coral, sea green.

The pilgrims who wash on the flooded steps 
emerge new from the [[sacred waters]]. 
They are transfigured in scarlet,

saffron, emerald. Even the birds 
are blessed with such colour. 
The kingfisher is as royal

as any prince his ''gazi'' a white-fronted 
waterhen in grey and russet. 
Now the song rich as honey,

of the black-headed oriole 
calling pilgrims out of the dry land. 
This benediction of water, overflowing.

As many gods are here, as many devotees 
as specks of sun-lit dust rising 
from a cremation ghat.

Haridwar is at a road distance of {{convert|214|km|mi}} from Delhi, the capital of the nation, and {{convert|52|km|mi}} from [[Dehradun]], the state capital of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uttaranchalonline.info/Garhwal/Haridwar/Distance_From_Haridwar.html|title=Distances from Haridwar|access-date=2009-08-13|archive-date=17 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417014146/http://www.uttaranchalonline.info/Garhwal/Haridwar/Distance_From_Haridwar.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Varanasi ===
[[File:Benares 1890.jpg|thumb|right|Famous Dashashwamedh Ghat]]
[[File:Ganga Aarti at Varanasi ghats.jpg|right|thumb|Festival of the [[Ganges River]] worship by [[Arti (Hinduism)|arti]] at [[Dashashwamedh Ghat]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]]]
Varanasi ({{coord|25.282|N|82.9563|E}}) also called Kashi, Benares, is an ancient city, said to be the oldest inhabited one. The city was known by several names such as ''Avimuktaka'', ''Anandakanana'', ''Mahasmasana'', ''Surandhana'', ''Brahma Vardha'', ''Sudarsana'', and ''Ramya''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/intro.htm | title=Uttar Pradesh Tourism - Varanasi | publisher=Department of Tourism - Government of UP | access-date=2009-05-01 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114082739/http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/intro.htm | archive-date=14 November 2006 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In view of its ancient historic, cultural and religious heritage it is considered as “the most holy of the seven sacred cities of Hinduism”. Its historical and religious legacy dates to the Buddha period (6th Century BC) and has been the centre of religious “Brahminical learning” with sages, philosophers, writers and musicians making it their home in the past several centuries. But much of its temple glory was subject to plundering and destruction by Mohammad Ghauri in the 12th century. The temples and religious institutions seen now in the city are mostly of the 18th century vintage.<ref name=online>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/r/019pho0000050s2u00064000.html|title=Ramnath [Sumeri] Temple, Benares.|access-date=2009-08-12|publisher=British Library On Line Gallery}}</ref>

The temples and the bathing ghats (ghats are embankments made in steps of stone slabs along the river bank where pilgrims perform ritual ablutions) are located on the left west bank of the holy [[Ganges]] river and the count of temples in the city is claimed to be 23,000 and the bathing ghats number 81. The most venerated and frequented ghats for devotional worship by the pilgrims are the Manikarnika Ghat, Harishchandra Ghat, [[Dashashwamedh Ghat]] (pictured), Assi Ghat and Panchganga Ghat. At two of the ghats (Manikarnika and Harishchandra Ghats), Hindus cremate their dead. The rivers 'Varuna' and 'Asi' combined form the name of the city "Varanasi". These two rivers flowing on the left bank of the Ganges enclose the old city of Varanasi. The ghats at the confluence sites of these two streams with the Ganges are also held in veneration. All these factors have contributed to the city being called the religious capital of Hinduism.<ref name="Bansal p.48-49">Bansal p.48-49</ref><ref name=Varun>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074835/Varanasi|title=Varanasi|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]|access-date=2009-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Alexander |last=Cunningham |author2=Surendranath Majumdar Sastri |author-link=Alexander Cunningham |title=Ancient Geography of India |pages=131–140 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |orig-year=1924 |year=2002 |isbn=81-215-1064-3 }}</ref>

Varanasi is also known as the favourite city of the Hindu deity [[Shiva]] as it has been mentioned in the [[Rigveda]] that this city in older times was known as [[Varanasi|Kashi]] or "Shiv ki Nagri".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074835/Varanasi |title=Varanasi |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=30 October 2012}}</ref> The [[Pandavas]] went to Kashi in search of Shiva to atone for their sins of fratricide and bramhanahatya that they had committed during the epic [[Kurukshetra war]] of [[Mahabharata]] epic.<ref name="Bansal p.48-49"/>

Among the innumerable temples in the city, most worshipped are: the [[Kashi Vishvanath Temple]] of Shiva; the [[Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple (Varanasi)|Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple]]; and the Durga Temple known for the band of monkeys that reside in the large trees nearby. In addition, there are two new temples, the Tulasi Manas and the Vishvanatha temple located in the [[Banaras Hindu University]] campus. Ancient Buddhist monasteries are seen at [[Sarnath]], but they are mostly in ruins. There are also temples built by the [[Maha Bodhi Society]] and by the Chinese, Burmese, and Tibetan Buddhists.<ref name=Varun/>

Religious festivals are held here. On the occasion of the [[Mahashivaratri]] (meaning great night of Shiva) a procession of Shiva is taken from the Mahamrityunjaya Temple to the Kashi Vishvanath Temple. Another popular festival is the Ganges festival held in November or December when the Ganges is venerated by [[Arti (Hinduism)|arti]] offered by thousands of pilgrims who also release lighted lamps to float in the river from the ghats (pictured). The historic event of Rama returning after 14 years of exile, termed vanavas (living in forest) in Sanskrit, and meeting his younger brother [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharat]] is celebrated during October or November as ''Bharat Milap'' ('Milap' means "meeting") festival. At the Tulsi Ghat, a classical musical soiree, particularly of [[dhrupad]] style, is held during March for 5 days where iconic artists from all parts of India are invited to perform.<ref name=Varun/>

In one sentence, [[Mark Twain]], the renowned [[Indophile]], has extolled the greatness of Varanasi thus: "Benares is older than history, older than tradition, older even than legend, and looks twice as old as all of them put together."<ref>{{cite book|last=Twain |first=Mark | author-link = Mark Twain |title=Following the Equator: A journey around the world |url=http://www.literaturecollection.com/a/twain/following-equator/
|access-date=2007-02-07 |year=1897 |publisher=Hartford, Connecticut, American Pub. Co. |isbn=0-404-01577-8 | oclc = 577051 |chapter=L | chapter-url = http://www.literaturecollection.com/a/twain/following-equator/51/
}}</ref>

Varanasi is {{convert|780|km|mi}} from Delhi, the national capital and {{convert|300|km|mi}} from Lucknow, the state capital of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name= distance/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/distances/lucknow.html|title=Distance Chart from Lucknow to over Hundreds of Cities & Towns (Highways in km)|access-date=2009-08-22}}</ref>

{{wide image|Varanasi panorama.jpg|1800px|alt=Varanasi|[[Varanasi]] or Kashi, the holiest and most ancient of the Sapta Puri.}}

=== Kanchipuram ===
Kanchipuram ({{coord|12.82|N|79.71|E}}), the pilgrimage city, in [[Tamil Nadu]], also known as Canjeevaram during the [[United Kingdom|British]] rule, built during the [[Pallava Dynasty]] between 6th and 8th centuries CE, located on the bank of the [[Palar River]], has an architectural legacy of over 1000 years. Before this period, it was the capital of early [[Cholas]] in the 2nd century BCE. After the rule of the [[Pallava Dynasty]], the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (1336 to 1646 CE) and the [[Nayaka dynasties|Nayaka]] dynasty period (14th–17th centuries CE) followed, in that order. Prior to the Pallava reign, it is conjectured, based on the chronicles of the [[Xuanzang]], the Chinese pilgrim who visited Pallavas court, that the city was under the influence of [[Ashoka]], the [[Mauryan]] emperor in 3rd century BCE. Xuanzang had also noted that [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] (6th or 5th century BCE) had visited this place. [[Jain]] and [[Buddhist]] temples and [[stupas]] of the [[Chola Dynasty]] reign have been recorded but mostly do not exist on ground. But South Indian architecture got a fillip only during the Pallava rule, particularly of rock-cut temples during [[Mahendravarman I]]'s reign (600–630 CE) after he converted from Jainism to Hinduism. He was considered a man with vision and intelligence, a scholar, musician and a playwright. Kanchipuram was considered second only to Varanasi city in fame and learning. [[Adi Shankara]], the Hindu philosopher saint, who propagated the [[Advaita]] philosophy lived and taught here in the fifth century BC.<ref name="Ring p.435-436">Ring p.435-436</ref><ref name=kanchi>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/dist_profile_history.html |title=Historical Importance of Kanchipuram |access-date=2009-08-10 |publisher=National Informatic Centre, Kanchi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806052722/http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/dist_profile_history.html |archive-date=6 August 2009 }}</ref>[[File:Kanchi kailasanathar temple31.jpg|thumb|241x241px|[[Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple|Kailasanathar Temple]], Kanchipuram|left]]

The city has 108 [[Shaiva]] and 18 [[Vaishnava]] temples. The Hindu philosopher [[Ramanujacharya]] (1077–1157 CE) who propagated the [[Vishishtadvaita]] philosophy studied here. The temples are distributed in three zones of the city namely, the Vishnu temples are in the east zone, the Shiva shrines are on the outskirts of the city in the northern zone and the Jain mandirs are on the east across the Palar River.<ref name="Ring p.435-436"/><ref name=brit>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/310889/Kanchipuram|title= Kanchipuram|access-date=2009-08-10}}</ref>

Some of the exquisitely designed and built temples of the Vijayanagar period in [[Vijayanagara architecture]] style are the Ekamabaranath temple tower which is {{convert|192|ft|m}} in height, and the Varadaraja Swamy temple, which has a 1000-pillar hall.<ref name=kanchi/>

[[Kamakshi Amman temple]] is an ancient temple here and the most famous of all the temples in the city. It is associated with Adi Shankara. Legend has it that [[Kamakshi]] offered worship to a [[Lingam|Shivaling]] made out of sand and gained Shiva's hand in marriage. The temple covers an area of about {{convert|5|acre|ha}} and the sanctum is covered with gold plated [[Vimana]]. Kamakshi is enshrined in the temple in a sitting posture called the ''Parabramha Swaroopini'', seated with the [[Hindu trinity|trinity]] of [[Bramha]], Vishnu and Shiva.<ref>Bansal p.149</ref>

Located {{convert|75|km|mi}} from [[Chennai]], the state capital of [[Tamil Nadu]], the city has a good network of roads, rail links and transport services to all parts of the country, and the nearest domestic and international airports are at Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/|title=Kanchipuram|access-date=2009-08-10|archive-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908064506/http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mustseeindia.com/driving-directions-from-Bangalore-to-Kanchipuram/travel-direction|title=Bangalore to Kanchipuram|access-date=2009-08-22}}</ref>

=== Ujjain ===
Ujjain ({{coord|23.182778|N|75.777222|E}}) with an ancient scriptural name of Avantika compliments both rich historical and religious traditions. The history dates its links to the period of [[Vikramaditya]] and [[Ashoka]] (3rd century BC). The religious tradition links it to god Shiva triumphing over the demon king [[Tripurasura]] and then renaming the city as Ujjainyini (meaning 'conquers with pride').<ref name=Ujjain>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ujjain.nic.in/tourist/what_to_see.htm|title=Ujjain|access-date=2009-08-09|publisher=Ujaajin.nic.in|archive-date=19 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619072649/http://ujjain.nic.in/tourist/what_to_see.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>[[File:Mahakal Temple Ujjain.JPG|thumb|Mahakal temple at Ujjain, [[Madhya Pradesh]] ]]Ujjain, probably, also marks the spread of Hindu religious beliefs to the [[Central Asia]] region. Particular mention could be made to the reign of [[Vima Kadphises]], during the [[Kushan Dynasty]], who considered Shiva as his divine patron. During his reign, apart from the influence of [[Greece|Greek]] religious practices, worship of Shiva, in particular, was also seen as an accepted practice in [[Iran]]. This leaning is attributed to Vima Kadphises's victory over Indian territory. Inscriptions of his times in [[Iran]] establish that he had converted the temple of [[Dioscuri]] (built during Greeko – [[Bactria]]n period) at Dilberjin into a sanctuary for Shiva by decorating the place with a painting of Shiva and his wife [[Parvati]]. He got the wall painting of Shiva (''Oeso'') done by craftsmen he had taken from Ujjayani (Ujjain), apart from constructing a water conveyance system to the sanctuary of Shiva. Inscriptions further testify that the Kushan king attributed his rise to power to Srava (=Shiva) and Candavira. It is deduced that Candavira may be the same god as Candishvara, the God of Mahakala temple at Ujjain. It is also conjectured that the support of the Indian community (who worshipped Shiva) settled in eastern Iran and the encouragement he got from their priesthood, before and during his Indian campaign, and his relations with Ujjain, contributed to his deep involvement with the cult of Shiva. This devotion was continued by him even after his Indian campaign.<ref name=Harmatta>{{Cite book|last=Harmatta|first=Janos|title= History of civilizations of Central Asia | work=Religious Life under Vima Kaldphises |pages=318–321|access-date=2009-08-09|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C&q=Ujjain&pg=PA319|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publ|year=1999|isbn= 9788120814080}}</ref><ref>Ring p.835-837</ref>

Emperor Ashoka also played a significant role as the Viceroy of Ujjain in enhancing its importance. Ashoka who ruled for three decades between 268 and 233 BC started his career in [[Taxila]] (now in [[Pakistan]]) in the north west by subduing a revolt. Thereafter, his father [[Bindusara]], of the [[Mauryan Dynasty]], transferred Ashoka as his Viceroy to Ujjain, which was the famous capital of the earlier kingdom of Avanti, in [[Central India]].<ref name=Kulkae>{{Cite book|last=Kulkae|first=Hermann|author2=Dietmar Rothermund |title= A History of India |work=Ashoka the beloved to the Gods|pages=62–65|access-date=2009-08-09|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0GEtXp-GsUC&q=Ujjain&pg=PA65|publisher= CRC Press|year=1998|isbn= 9780203443453}}</ref>

It was once the largest city and capital of [[Malwa]] region. In the ancient city of Ujjain, [[Jai Singh II of Amber|Jai Singh II]] ruled in the 18th century. Jai Singh II built an observatory here, called the [[Jantar Mantar]]. The reason for building the observatory here was that it was the centre of [[Hindu Astronomy]] since ancient times and it was located on the prime or first meridian (of longitude) established on the canons of Hindu astronomy. According to [[Indian astronomy]], the first [[meridian (geography)|meridian]] of longitude passes through Ujjain. The modern calculations have established that the [[Tropic of Cancer]] passes through Ujjain.<ref name="Harmatta"/><ref>Bansal p.50-51</ref><ref name=Sharma>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Virendra Nath|title= Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy |work=Ujjain Observatory|pages=212–213|access-date=2009-08-09|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRA2mgZnXXMC&q=Ujjain&pg=PA212|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|year=1995|isbn=9788120812567 }}</ref>

Ujjain is about {{convert|776|km|mi}} south from [[Delhi]], the capital city of India, and {{convert|183|km|mi}} west of [[Bhopal]], the state capital of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name= distance>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.org/distance-chart-india/delhi.html|title=Distances from Delhi to Metro cities in India|access-date=2009-08-13|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165954/http://www.mapsofindia.org/distance-chart-india/delhi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is {{convert|402|km|mi}}away from [[Ahmedabad]], and {{convert|655|km|mi}} north-west of [[Mumbai]].<ref name=Ujjain/>

=== Dwarka ===
[[File:Dwarka.jpg|thumb|left|A Painting depicting Krishna's Dwarka made during [[Akbar]]'s reign from the [[Smithsonian Institution]]]]
[[Krishna]], an incarnation of god Vishnu, is believed to have migrated from Mathura to Dwarka ({{coord|22.23|N|68.97|E}}) 5000 years ago and made Dwarka his capital., as noted in the scripture [[Bhagavata Purana]].<ref name="Bansal p.10 & 20">Bansal p.10 & 20</ref> He established the city on the bank of the [[Gomti River]]. But after the death of Krishna, there was downfall of his dynasty, [[Yadava dynasty|the Yadavas]]. This was further compounded by floods and eventual submergence of Krishna's city in the [[Arabian Sea]]. Presently, Dwarka is a small city located at the western tip of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] peninsular in [[Gujarat]] state on the shores of the Arabian Sea.<ref name="Bansal p.10 & 20"/><ref name=guju>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=224|title=Dwarka|access-date=2009-08-12|publisher=Gujarat Tourism|archive-date=14 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114101152/http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=224|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Chronology of the recorded historic events witnessed at the temple city linked directly to the temple, is dated from 400 B.C. when Vajranabha built an umbrella type temple and deified his grand father Krishna's image there. It has undergone several changes with times under different rulers. [[Adi Shankara]]charya is said to have got the [[Dwarkadheesh temple, Gujrat|Dwarakadheesh temple]] renovated and also added a shrine of goddess Adya Shakti. Over the next few centuries more renovations took place with grant of additional land till 1261 AD, when the temple was destroyed by Mohamed Shah. In subsequent years also, renovation took place but there was dispute between two groups for the control of the temple. In 1504, [[Vallabhacharya]] established the image of Dwarakadeesh in a well in Ladva village to protect it from Muslim marauders and again it was shifted to [[Dungarpur]] where the temple was renovated. In 1861, Maharaja Khanderao renovated the temple. During British rule, the temple tower was rebuilt. A golden pitcher was fixed on the temple tower by Maharaja [[Gaekwad]] in the year 1903 and further renovations were undertaken by the then Shankarachrya of Dwarka Peet. Since 1960, the conservation of the temple is under the control of the Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dwarkadhish.org/little-history.aspx|title=Events|access-date=2009-08-13|publisher=Dwarkadhish.org Official Website of Jagad Mandir – Dwarka|archive-date=26 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826045057/http://www.dwarkadhish.org/little-history.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The present Dwarakhadheesh temple, also called the Jagat Mandir (universal shrine) or ''trilok sundar'' (most beautiful in all three worlds), is a seven storied structure, {{convert|43|m|ft}} in height, appears to be raising above the Arabian sea. It is dated to the 13th century AD on the basis of oceanographic explorations undertaken to trace the ancient temple, which was submerged in the Arabian sea. The elegantly carved temple [[shikara]] (tower) is adorned with a huge flag, which is said to be {{convert|52|yard|ft}} in length with seven colours that can be seen flying from a distance of {{convert|10|km|mi}} (hoisting this flag has a great religious significance). There is an approach to the back side of the temple from the Gomti River end, which is built of 56 steps. The temple built in soft limestone has a sanctum enclosed within a large hall with covered entrance from three sides. While the external carvings depict erotic scenes, the temple sanctum is austere in design but the main image is elaborately ornamented.<ref name =Dwar>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=227&webpartid=872|title=Dwarkadhish Temple|access-date=2009-08-12|publisher=Gujarat Tourism|archive-date=3 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103193002/http://gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=227&webpartid=872|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=submerge>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dwarkadhish.org/about-us/dwarka-nagari/submerged-dwarka/|title=Dwarka Nagari - Submerged Dwarka|access-date=2009-08-12|publisher=Dwarkadhish.org Official Website of Jagad Mandir – Dwarka}}</ref>

A temple dedicated to [[Rukmini]], Krishna's consort, is located in [[Bet Dwarka]], {{convert|2|km|mi}} away from Dwarka. The temple is said to be 2500 years old but in its present form it is inferred to be of 12th century vintage. It is a richly carved temple decorated with sculptures of gods and goddesses on the exterior with the sanctum housing the main image of Rukmini. Carved ''naratharas'' (human figures) and carved ''gajatharas'' (elephants) are depicted in panels at the base of the tower. An interesting legend is narrated to justify separate dwelling temples, far away from each other, for Rukmini and her husband Krishna. It is said that at the request of sage [[Durvasa]] (who was renowned for his short temper and bestowing curses) Krishna and Rukmini pulled a chariot taking sage Durvasa to their house for dinner. On the way, when Rukmini asked for water to quench her thirst, Krishna drew Ganges water, by prodding the ground with his toe, for her to drink. Rukmini quenched her thirst with the Ganges water. But Durvasa felt insulted since Rukmini did not have the courtesy to offer him water to drink. He, therefore, cursed her that she would live separately from her husband.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=227&webpartid=877|title=Rukmini Devi Temple|access-date=2009-08-12|publisher=Gujarat Tourism|archive-date=3 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103192830/http://gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=227&webpartid=877|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Myths>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dwarkadhish.org/popular-myths.aspx|title=Dwarka Nagari - Popular Myths|access-date=2009-08-12|publisher=Dwarkadhish.org Official Website of Jagad Mandir – Dwarka|archive-date=22 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822081732/http://www.dwarkadhish.org/popular-myths.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Another legend states, while Dwarka was the official capital of Krishna where he held his assembly, his residence was at Bet Dwarka.<ref name=Myths/>

==See also==

* Similar:
** [[Ardhanarishvara]]
** [[Harihara]], fused characterization of Vishnu and Shiva
** [[Lingodbhava]], iconic representation of the Shiva
** [[Lingaraja Temple]]
** [[Tridevi]], feminine representation of the Hindu trinity
** [[Trimurti]], male representation of the Hindu trinity
* Related:
** [[Parikrama]], circumambulation in Hinduism
** [[Yatra]], the Hindu pilgrimage
*** [[Char Dham]], holiest pilgrimage circuit of 4 sites viz. Badrinath, Dwaraka, Puri and Rameswaram.
*** [[Chota Char Dham]], smaller pilgrimage circuit of 4 sites in Uttarakhand viz. Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath, and Badrinath
*** [[Jyotirlinga]], 12 holiest Shiva Lingam temples in India

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Bansal">{{cite book |author=Sunita Pant Bansal |title=Hindu Pilgrimage |work=Teertha |pages=6–9 & 34–35 |access-date=2009-08-07 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=F303Zb7EC0kC&pg=PT34 |publisher=Pustak Mahal |year=2008 |isbn=9788122309973}}</ref>

<ref name="Choudhury1994">{{cite book |title=Sacred Place |editor1=Jean Holm |editor2=John Bowker |chapter=Hinduism |author=Anuradha Roma Choudhury |publisher=Pinter Ltd. |location=London |year=1994 |page=70 |isbn=1-85567-104-2 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/sacredplace0000unse/page/70/mode/1up |quote=[...] group of seven ''tīrtha''s designated as ''mokṣapurī''s (holy cities/''purī'' where one gains liberation/''mokṣa''), i.e., Ayodhya, Mathura, Kasi, Kanchi, Avantika, Puri, and Dvaravati.}}</ref>

<ref name="Kapur2019">{{cite book |author=Anu Kapur |title=Mapping Place Names of India |pages=74–75 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2019 |isbn=978-0429614217 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApCKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT75}}</ref>

<ref name="Morgan">{{Cite book |editor=Kenneth W. Morgan |author2=D S Sarma |title=The Religion of the Hindus |chapter=The Religious Practices of the Hindus |author=Sivaprasad Bhattacharyya |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1987 |pages=188–191 |access-date=2009-08-09 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulz9mO9cK54C&pg=PA189 |isbn=81-208-0387-6 |quote=Pilgrimages to the seven holy sites are highly prized: to Conjeeveram, Dwaraka, Ayodhya, Mathura, Hardwar, Banaras, and Ujjain.}}</ref>

<ref name="Sahay2008">{{cite book |title=Pracheen Bharatiya Dharm Evam Darshan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xtntNgjz9y8C&pg=PA151 |page=151 |author=Shivswaroop Sahay |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=2008 |isbn=978-8120823686}}</ref>

<ref name="Wood1911">{{cite book |title=Garuḍa Purāṇa |translator1=Ernest Wood |translator2=S.V. Subrahmanyam |year=1911 |page=XVI:114 |access-date=2023-02-25 |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/gpu/gpu18.htm}}</ref>
</references>

{{Hindu holy cities}}

[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]

List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for English

2025-12-11T06:50:37Z

Avdhut Kamble: starting new pg...

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Sahitya Akademi Translation Prizes''' are given each year to writers for their outstanding translations work in the 24 languages, since 1989.

==Recipients==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|Sahitya Akademi translation prizes]] for their works written in English. The award, as of 2019, consisted of {{INR}}50,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/sahitya_akademi_prize.jsp|title = ..:: SAHITYA : Sahitya Akademi Prize ::}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Translator
! Title of the translation
! Original Title
! Original Language
! Genre
! Original Author
! class=unsortable| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 1989 || Bikram K. Das || ''Paraja'' || ''Paraja'' || Oriya || Novel || [[Gopinath Mohanty]] ||
|-
| 1990 || [[V. K. Narayana Menon]] || ''Chemmeen'' || ''[[Chemmeen (novel)|Chemmeen]]'' || Malayalam || Novel || [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]] ||
|-
| 1991 || [[O. V. Vijayan]] || ''After the Hanging and Other Stories'' || Collection || Malayalam || Short Stories || [[O. V. Vijayan]] ||
|-
| 1992 || Jai Ratan || ''Krishan Chander: Selected Short Stories'' || Collection || Urdu || Short Stories || [[Krishan Chander]] ||
|-
| 1993 || [[Tejaswini Niranjana]] || ''Phaniyamma'' || ''Phaniyamma'' || Kannada || Novel || [[M. K. Indira]] ||
|-
| 1994 || [[Dilip Chitre]] || ''Says Tuka'' || ''Selected Abhangs'' || Marathi || Poetry || [[Tukaram]] ||
|-
| 1995 || [[R. Parthasarathy]] || ''The Tale of the Anklet'' || ''[[Silappatikaram|Cilappatikaram]]'' || Tamil || Epic || [[Ilango Adigal]] ||
|-
| 1996 || Aruna Chakravarti || ''Srikanta'' || ''[[Srikanta (book)|Srikanta]]'' || Bengali || Novel || [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]] ||
|-
| 1997 || [[Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak]] || ''Imaginary Maps'' || Collection || Bengali || Short Stories || [[Mahasweta Devi]] ||
|-
| 1998 || Kalpana Bardhan || ''Wives and Others'' || Selection || Bengali || Short Stories and Novel || [[Manik Bandopadhyay]] ||
|-
| 1999 || [[Gita Krishnankutty]] || ''The Eye of God'' || ''Deivathinte Kannu'' || Malayalam || Novel || [[N.P. Mohammed]] ||
|-
| 2000 || P. Sreenivasa Rao || ''Bharathipura'' || ''Bharathipura'' || Kannada || Novel || [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]] ||
|-
| 2001 || Gopa Majumdar || ''Aparajito'' || ''Aparajito'' || Bengali || Novel || [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]] ||
|-
| 2002 || [[Nita Kumar]] || ''Mai'' || ''Mai'' || Hindi || Novel || [[Geetanjali Shree]] ||
|-
| 2003 ||(Late) [[Sujit Mukherjee]] || ''Gora'' || ''[[Gora (novel)|Gora]]'' || Bengali || Novel || [[Rabindranath Tagore]] ||
|-
| 2004 || M. Asaduddin || ''Lifting The Veil: Selected Writings'' || ''Collection of Chughtai'' || Urdu || Novel || [[Ismat Chughtai]] ||
|-
| 2005 || Pratik Kanjilal || ''The Last Wilderness'' || ''Antim Aranya'' || Hindi || Novel || [[Nirmal Verma]] ||
|-
| 2006 || Mohammed Zakir || ''Son of the Moment'' || ''Ibu-ul-Vaqt'' || Urdu || Novel || Nasir Ahmed ||
|-
| 2007 || Vinay Dharwadkar || ''Kabir, the Weaver's'' || Selection || Hindi || Poetry || [[Kabir]] ||
|-
| 2008 || Meenakshi Shivram || ''Topi Shukla'' || ''Topi Shukla'' || Hindi || Novel || [[Rahi Masoom Raza]] ||
|-
| 2009 || [[Tridip Suhrud]] || ''Harilal Gandhi: A Life'' || ''Harilal Gandhi'' || Gujarati || Biography || Chandulal Bhagubhai Dalal || <ref name="Sahitya Akademi">{{cite web|title=SAHITYA : Akademi Awards|website=Sahitya Akademi|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp|access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="dna 2010">{{cite web | title=Bapu scholar feted by Sahitya Akademi | website=dna | date=16 February 2010 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bapu-scholar-feted-by-sahitya-akademi-1348534 | access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2010 || Ira Pande || ''T'ta Professor'' || ''T'ta Professor'' || Hindi || Novel || [[Manohar Shyam Joshi]] ||
|-
| 2011 || [[Anju Makhija]] & Hari Dilgir || ''Shah Abdul Latif: Seeking The Beloved'' || ''[[Shah Jo Risalo]]'' || Sindhi || Poetry || [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai]] ||
|-
| 2012 || [[M. L. Thangappa]] || ''Love Stands Alone'' || ''[[Tamil Sangams|Tamil Sangam]]'' || Tamil || Poetry || Various authors ||
|-
| 2013 || [[Ranjit Hoskote]] || ''I, Lalla: The Poems of Lal Ded'' || ''Lalla's Vakhs'' || Kashmiri || Poetry || [[Lalleshwari|Lal Ded]] ||
|-
| 2014 || Padmini Rajappa || ''Kadambari'' || ''[[Kadambari]]'' || Sanskrit || Poetry || [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa]] ||
|-
| 2015 || Susheela Punitha || ''Bharathipura'' || ''Bharathipura'' || Kannada || Novel || [[U.R. Ananthamurthy]] || <ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-556372-2016-02-15 |accessdate=3 October 2019 |agency=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Imphal hosts Sahitya Akademi Translation Award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/imphal-hosts-sahitya-akademi-translation-award/ |accessdate=3 October 2019 |newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-116021501187_1.html |accessdate=3 July 2019 |agency=business-standard}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || Aniruddhan Vasudevan || ''[[One Part Woman]]'' || ''Maadhorubaagan'' || Tamil || Novel || [[Perumal Murugan]] || <ref name="The Indian Express 2017">{{cite web | title=Akademi award for translation of Perumal book | website=The Indian Express | date=2017-04-19 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/akademi-award-for-translation-of-perumal-book/ | access-date=2017-04-20}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || Ranjita Biswas || ''Written In Tears'' || Selection || Assamese || Short Stories and Novel || [[Arupa Kalita Patangia]] ||
|-
| 2018 || Subashree Krishnaswamy || ''The Tamil Story - Through The Times, Through The Tides'' || Collection || Tamil || Short Stories || Various Authors ||
|-
| 2019 || [[Susan Daniel (translator)|Susan Daniel]] || ''Kusumabale'' || ''Kusumabale'' || Kannada || Novel || [[Devanur Mahadeva]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/ooty-translator-wins-sahitya-akademi-prize/articleshow/74347225.cms|title=Ooty transaltor wins Sahitya Akademi Prize|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com/|access-date=2021-01-07|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || Shrinath Perur || ''Ghachar Ghochar'' || ''Ghachar Ghochar'' || Kannada || Novel || [[Vivek Shanbhag]] || <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/TP-2020-EWeb.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2020|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2021-09-18|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || [[Shanta Gokhale]] || ''Smritichitre :The Memoirs of a Spirited Wife'' || ''Smritichitre'' || Marathi || Memoir || [[Lakshmibai Tilak]] || <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2021.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2021|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-07-05|archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shankta Gokhale wins Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/shankta-gokhale-wins-sahitya-akademi-award-for-translation-2021/articleshow/92548517.cms#:~:text=Renowned%20writer-translator-critic%20Shanta%20Go |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shanta Gokhale, Kumar Nawathe among winners of Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2021 |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1026908/shanta-gokhale-kumar-nawathe-among-winners-of-sahitya-akademi-prize-for-translation-2021 |website=scroll.in |access-date=25 Jun 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || N. Kalyan Raman || ''Poonachi or The Story of a Black Goat'' || ''Poonachi'' || Tamil || Novel || [[Perumal Murugan]] || <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2022.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2022|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2023-07-03|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
|2023 || [[Nabaneeta Dev Sen]] || ''Chandrabati's Ramayan'' || ''Chandrabati's Ramayan'' || Bengali || Epic Poetry || Chandrabati || <ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2023 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2013527 |website=www.pib.gov.in |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2024 || Anisur Rahman || ''Hazaaron Khwahishein Aisi'' (The Wonderful World of Urdu Ghazals) || ''Hazaaron Khwahishein Aisi'' || Urdu || Poetry Collection || Collection of Various Poets || <ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2024 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2113771 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=26 October 2025}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for English]]

==External links==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp#English Akademi Translation Prizes For English Language]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize}}

[[Category:Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|English]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1989]]
[[Category:Translation awards]]

Jacob Martin (cricketer)

2025-11-25T06:17:47Z

Avdhut Kamble: adding details!

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Jacob Martin
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Jacob Joseph Martin
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|05|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm offbreak
| role = Batsman
| club1 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| year1 = 1991–2009
| clubnumber1 =
| club3 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| year3 = 2008–2009
| clubnumber2 =
| club2 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| year2 = 2002–2003
| clubnumber3 =
| columns = 3
| column1 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches1 = 10
| runs1 = 158
| bat avg1 = 22.57
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 39
| deliveries1 = –
| wickets1 = –
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 6/–
| column2 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches2 = 138
| runs2 = 9,192
| bat avg2 = 46.65
| 100s/50s2 = 23/47
| top score2 = 271
| deliveries2 = 618
| wickets2 = 10
| bowl avg2 = 45.90
| fivefor2 = 1
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 5/51
| catches/stumpings2 = 120/4
| column3 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches3 = 101
| runs3 = 2,948
| bat avg3 = 39.30
| 100s/50s3 = 3/20
| top score3 = 133
| deliveries3 = 373
| wickets3 = 9
| bowl avg3 = 31.44
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 2/15
| catches/stumpings3 = 37/2
| date = 20 April
| year = 2007
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30954.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Jacob Joseph Martin''' ({{audio|Jacob Martin.ogg|pronunciation}}) (born 11 May 1972) is an Indian [[cricket]]er. He is a right-handed middle-order batsman. Martin has appeared 10 times for India at [[One Day International]] (ODI) level at the turn of the 21st century. He captained [[Baroda cricket team]] in the Indian domestic circuit.

==Domestic career ==

Martin made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] in the [[1991-92 Indian cricket season|1991–92 season]] in the [[Ranji Trophy]]. In his debut match, he took 5 wickets in an innings against [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] and scored a 50. However, Martin came to be regarded as a specialist batsman and an occasional part-time spin bowler — to date, he has a total of 9 first-class wickets including the 5 he took on debut.

He has played for [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] throughout his career except during the [[2002-03 Indian cricket season|2002–03 season]] when he played for [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]. He has also [[captain (cricket)|captained]] [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] on a regular basis from the [[2000-01 Indian cricket season|2000–01 season]] onwards, winning the [[Ranji Trophy]] in 2000–01 and finishing as runners-up the following season.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indiandomestic/content/story/321413.html |title=Jacob Martin retires from all forms of cricket |date=21 November 2007 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indiandomestic/content/story/351963.html |title=Jacob Martin comes out of retirement |date=22 May 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref>

Martin's most prolific season was in [[1998-99 Indian cricket season|1998–99]] when he scored 1037 runs for Baroda in the [[Ranji Trophy]] at an average of 103.70 including 5 centuries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Events/IND/Ranji_Trophy_1998-99/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Ranji Trophy 1998/99 (Ordered by Runs) |work=CricketArchive |access-date=20 April 2007|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The feat made him only the sixth player to have scored over 1000 runs in a Ranji Trophy season,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/82104.html |title=A race between Jacob Martin & Vijay Bhardwaj |work=ESPNcricinfo |author=Mohandas Menon |date=8 March 1999 |access-date=20 April 2007}}</ref> and helped to earn him selection for the [[India national cricket team]].

==International career ==

Martin made his ODI debut against the [[West Indies cricket team]] in September 1999, and also played in the subsequent triangular ODI series in Australia against [[Australia national cricket team]] and [[Pakistan national cricket team]] in January 2000. However, he was unable to reproduce his domestic form and did not play again for India after 2001.

== Post-playing career ==

He was named as head coach of [[Baroda cricket team]] for [[2016–17 Ranji Trophy]] season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/jacob-martin-baroda-ranji-team-coach-criminal-record-341073-2016-09-14|title=Jacob Martin, former India player with criminal record, named Baroda Ranji coach|website=India Today|date=14 September 2016|access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref>

He was arrested in 2011 in [[Delhi]] in connection with a 2003 human-trafficking case.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-stories/Arrested-in-2011-BCCI-pays-Jacob-Martin-one-time-grant/articleshow/50205848.cms|title=Arrested in 2011, BCCI pays Jacob Martin one-time grant|work=The Times of India|agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|date=16 December 2015|access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/512766.html|title=Jacob Martin arrested in human-trafficking case|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=27 April 2011|access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Evasive-Jacob-Martin-arrested-at-last/article14698943.ece |title=Evasive Jacob Martin arrested, at last |last=Kumar |first=Ashok |date=27 April 2011 |work=The Hindu |access-date=19 October 2018 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In December 2018, Martin was involved in a road accident and was placed on life support.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25807790/baroda-ranji-winner-jacob-martin-life-support |title=Baroda's Ranji winner Jacob Martin on life support |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 January 2019}}</ref>

Martin is now retired and runs outlets of laundry and dry-cleaning brand, UClean, in Gujarat.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=30954}}

{{Baroda cricket squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martin, Jacob}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Baroda cricketers]]
[[Category:Railways cricketers]]
[[Category:West Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Assam cricketers]]
[[Category:Central Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Vadodara]]
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]
[[Category:Wicket-keepers]]

{{India-cricket-bio-stub}}

M. A. M. Muthiah

2025-11-18T11:17:43Z

Avdhut Kamble: expanded layout and added references based on references

{{unreferenced|date=July 2023}}
{{notability|date=November 2025}}
{{short description|Indian industrialist and politician}}
{{infobox person
|name = M. A. M. Muthiah
|birth_name = Muthaiah Annamalai Muthaiah Chettiar
|birth_date = 5 September 1929
|death_date = {{death date and age|1970|1|24|1929|9|5}}
|occupation = industrialist, politician
}}
{{Indian name|Muthiah|Muthiah Annamalai Muthiah}}'''Muthiah Annamalai Muthiah Muthiah Chettiar''' (5 September 1929 - 24 January 1970) better known as '''M.A.M Muthiah Chettiar''' was an Indian industrialist and politician. The oldest son of [[M. A. Muthiah Chettiar]], Muthiah served as President of the [[Southern Indian Chamber of Commerce]]. From 1948 to 1970, Muthiah was the titular [[Raja of Chettinad|Kumarrajah of Chettinad]].

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muthiah, M. A. M.}}
[[Category:Tamil businesspeople]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:1929 births]]

Keera (director)

2025-11-14T17:26:49Z

Avdhut Kamble: created redirect page

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Infobox person
|image =
|imagesize =
|caption =
|name = Keera
|birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
|occupation = Film director
|spouse =
|children =
|years active = 2012-present
|
}}

'''Keera''' is an Indian film director, who has directed [[Tamil language]] films. He became known for the rural drama ''[[Pachai Engira Kaathu]]'' (2012), and has gone on to make feature films including ''[[Ettuthikkum Para]]'' (2020) and ''[[Irumban]]'' (2023).

==Career==
Keera first worked on the rural drama ''[[Pachai Engira Kaathu]]'' (2012) starring newcomers in the lead role. During the making of the film, he gave the film's debutant actress Saranya, the stage name of Devadhai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/actor-actress-interview/devadai.html|title=Devadai - Tamil Cinema Actress Interview - Devadai | Pachai Engira Kaathu | Tamil girl | Keera - Behindwoods.com|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> In the late 2010s, Keera worked on ''[[Ettuthikkum Para]]'' (2020), a social drama film based on honour killings headlined by [[Samuthirakani]]. The film released in March 2020 and became one of the final films to have a theatrical release before the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] caused a lockdown.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jul/16/samuthirakanis-next-a-story-that-spans-twelve-hours-1843769.html|title=Samuthirakani's next, a story that spans twelve hours|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/160220/speaking-out-against-honour-killings.html|title=Speaking out against honour killings|date=16 February 2020 }}</ref>

In December 2018, Keera announced that he was working on a project titled ''Kuravan'' featuring Jr MGR, a distant relative of former actor-politician [[M. G. Ramachandran]], in the lead role. Following opposition to the title form tribal activists, the project proceeded under the name of ''Irumban'' (2023). During the release of the film, Keera's name was largely removed from the promotional posters, prompting him to call out the lead actor and producers for unfair treatment and lack of payment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/director-keera-speak-about-irumban-movie-issue-accused-producer-131678509579410.html|title=Irumban Movie:சந்திக்கு வந்த ஜூனியர் MGR பட பிரச்சினை; கதறி அழுத இயக்குநர்!|first=Kalyani Pandiyan|last=S|website=Tamil Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/111700/cinema/Kollywood/Director-Keera-name-blackout-on-Irumban-Movie-Poster.htm|title=இரும்பன் - இயக்குனர் கீரா பெயர் இருட்டடிப்பு | Director Keera name blackout on Irumban Movie Poster|date=8 March 2023|website=தினமலர் - சினிமா}}</ref>

In January 2023, he announced that his next project would be titled ''Veeman'', a tale on elephant mahouts.

==Filmography==
;Films
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Pachai Engira Kaathu]]'' ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Merlin (2018 film)|Merlin]]'' ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Ettuthikkum Para]]'' ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Irumban]]'' ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb name|9657214}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Keera}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]

Harbans Rai

2025-11-13T21:36:47Z

Avdhut Kamble: adding stub!

{{short description|Raja of Panna (1834 – 1849)}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Raja]]
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]]
| reign = {{circa|1834}} – {{circa|1849}}
| predecessor = [[Kishor Singh]]
| successor = [[Nirpat Singh]]
| death_date = {{circa|1849}}
| father = [[Kishor Singh]]
| house = [[Panna State|Panna]]
| dynasty = [[Bundela]]
}}
'''Harbans Rai''' (or '''Harbans Singh''') was the [[Raja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]] from 1834 until his death in 1849.

==Biography==
He was born to [[Kishor Singh]] and, following his father’s disposition and expulsion from [[Panna State|Panna]], was appointed by the British government as [[regent]] to administer state affairs in his stead.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=R. V. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Indian_States/47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=606 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=India |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_collection_of_treaties_engagements_and/fTK25ExhPzUC |title=A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds relating to India and neighbouring countries, compiled by C.U. Aitchison, revised and continued by A.C. Talbot. [With] An index, compiled by M. Belletty. revised |date=1892 |pages=17 |language=en}}</ref> Following his father's death in 1834, he succeeded him as the [[Raja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Madhya |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Madhya_Pradesh_Panna/ok9DAAAAYAAJ |title=Madhya Pradesh: Panna |date=1994 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref> He died in 1849 without an heir and was succeeded by his brother, [[Nirpat Singh]], as the ruler of [[Panna State|Panna]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.02571/ |title=The Hind Rajasthan : the annals of the Native States of India |date=1896 |publisher=Amritlal G. Shah, Bapawala |pages=617}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghosha |first=Lokanātha |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Modern_History_of_the_Indian_Chiefs/WJYiSQ6zw9EC |title=The Modern History of the Indian Chiefs, Rajas, Zamindars, & C: The native states |date=1881 |publisher=J.N. Ghose |pages=138 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1849 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajas of Panna]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]

Neelotpal Das

2025-10-25T20:42:13Z

Avdhut Kamble: starting pg

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox chess player
|image = Neelotpal Das 2011 Martigny (cropped).jpg
|caption = Neelotpal in 2011
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|4|20}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2006)
| peakrating = 2514 (April 2006)
| FideID = 5003512
}}

'''Neelotpal Das''' (born 20 April 1982) is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster.

==Career==
In April 2016, he finished in joint second at the Karpos Open. At the event, he defeated higher-rated players [[Nikola Djukić]] and [[Zdenko Kožul]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/neelotpals-success-in-karpos/ |title=Neelotpal dazzles in Skopje!|first=Sagar|last=Shah|date=11 April 2016}}</ref>

In April 2022, he was the sole leader of the Gujarat International GM Open after defeating the tournament's highest-rated player [[Neuris Delgado Ramírez]] in the eighth round.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/3rd-Gujarat-International-GM-Open-2022-Round-8-report |title=3rd Gujarat GM Open R8: Neelotpal neutralizes Neuris, takes sole lead|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed|date=6 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/das-maintains-lead-after-eighth-round-of-gujarat-international-open-chess/articleshow/90673293.cms |title=Das maintains lead after eighth round of Gujarat International Open chess|date=6 April 2022|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=5 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/neelotpal-leads-in-guj-gm-chess/81827553.html |title=Neelotpal Leads In Guj GM Chess|date=6 April 2022}}</ref> He ultimately finished second at the event, losing to [[Ortik Nigmatov]] after drawing against him in the final round.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/3rd-Gujarat-International-GM-Open-2022-Round-10-report |title=Nigmatov Ortik clinches 3rd Gujarat GM Open 2022, Neelotpal second and Anuj third|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed|date=8 April 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{FIDE|5003512}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Neelotpal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Popy Hazarika

2025-10-19T06:22:40Z

Avdhut Kamble: done

{{Short description|Indian weightlifter (born 1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor =
| name = Popy Hazarika
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| alma mater =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|12|08|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sibsagar]], [[Assam]], India<ref>{{cite news |title=Commonwealth Games 2022 squad: Full list of athletes in Indian weightlifting team |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/commonwealth-games/know-your-athlete/india-team-weightlifting-commonwealth-games-2022-full-list-of-players-cwg/article65653787.ece |access-date=5 August 2022 |work=Sportstar |date=18 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{convert|1.64|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (2022)
| weight = {{convert|57|kg|lb|abbr=on}} (2022)
| website =
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]
| event = 59 kg
| collegeteam =
| universityteam =
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| partner =
| former_partner =
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| highestranking =
| pb =
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport| Women's [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalComp|[[Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships|Commonwealth Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships|2023 Noida]]|59 kg}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2021 Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships|2021 Tashkent]]|59 kg}}
| show-medals = y
| updated =
}}

'''Popy Hazarika''' (born 8 December 1998) is an [[India|Indian]] [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifter]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weightlifter profile |url=https://iwf.sport/weightlifting_/athletes-bios/?athlete=hazarika-popy-1998-12-08&id=17520 |access-date=4 August 2022 |publisher=[[International Weightlifting Federation|IWF]]}}</ref> She won a Silver medal at [[2021 Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships]] in [[Tashkent]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 14 December 2021|title=Popy wins silver medal in Commonwealth Weightlifting Championship |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/local-sports/popy-wins-silver-medal-in-commonwealth-weightlifting-championship-567840 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=The Sentinel |language=en}}</ref> In July 2022 she placed Seventh in the women's 59 kg weightlifting event at the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=Weightlifter Popy Hazarika finishes seventh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/commonwealth-games-2022/indiabirmingham/cwg-2022-weightlifter-popy-hazarika-finishes-seventh/articleshow/93256689.cms |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=The Times of India |date= 31 July 2022|language=en}}</ref> She works in the Indian Railway.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-21 |title=Working as farm hand and cook, single mother of four daughters raises champion weightlifter |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cwg-2022-weightlifter-popy-overcomes-tough-childhood-to-aim-for-a-medal-at-birmingham-8042189/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, she won the gold medal in the women's 59 kg category at the 2023 [[Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships]] held at Noida.<ref>{{cite news |title=Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships 2023: India finish with 20 medals - full list of winners |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/commonwealth-weightlifting-championships-2023-india-results-medal-winners |publisher=olympics.com |date=16 July 2023 |access-date=18 December 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}
*[https://iwf.sport/weightlifting_/athletes-bios/?athlete=hazarika-popy-1998-12-08&id=17520 IWF profile]
*[https://results.birmingham2022.com/#/athlete-details/24264 CW Games profile]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hazarika, Popy}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female weightlifters]]
[[Category:Weightlifters from Assam]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Sivasagar]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games weightlifters for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
{{India-weightlifting-bio-stub}}

Heliograph

2025-10-19T01:46:54Z

Avdhut Kamble: basic improve intro for accuracy additionally and added references for clarity

{{short description|Communication device reflecting sunlight}}
{{about|the signalling device}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
[[File:Heliograph-2.jpg|thumb|Fig. 1: Signaling with a Mance heliograph; Alaska–Canada border, 1910.]]

A '''heliograph''' ({{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|ἥλιος}}'' ([[helios|{{grc-transl|ἥλιος}}]])|sun||''{{wikt-lang|grc|γράφειν}}'' ([[wikt:-graph|{{grc-transl|γράφειν}}]])|to write}}) is a solar telegraph<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bouchet |first1=Olivier |title=Wireless Optical Communications |date=2013 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781118563274 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBFSt4O64VgC&dq=heliograph&pg=PT40}}</ref> system that signals by flashes of sunlight (generally using [[Morse code]] from the 1840s) reflected by a [[mirror]]. The flashes are produced by momentarily pivoting the mirror, or by interrupting the beam with a shutter.<ref name=Woods2008/> The heliograph was a simple but effective instrument for instantaneous [[optical communication]] over long distances during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref name=Woods2008/> Its main uses were military, [[surveying]] and [[forest protection]] work. Heliographs were standard issue in the British and Royal Australian armies until the 1960s, and were used by the Pakistani army as late as 1975.<ref name="Boer"/>

==Description==
[[File:Heliograph (1)-2.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2: German heliograph made by R. Fuess in [[Berlin]] (on display at the Museum of Communication in [[Frankfurt]])]]
There were many heliograph types. Most heliographs were variants of the [[British Army]] Mance Mark V version (Fig.1). It used a flat<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shackleton |first1=William |title=The Testing of Heliograph Mirrors and the Measurement of Mirrors of Long Focal Length |journal=Transactions of the Optical Society |date=April 1921 |volume=22}}</ref> round mirror with a small unsilvered spot in the centre. The sender aligned the heliograph to the target by looking at the reflected target in the mirror and moving their head until the target was hidden by the unsilvered spot. Keeping their head still, they then adjusted the aiming rod so its cross wires bisected the target.<ref name=Manual1922>{{cite book|title=Signal Training|volume=III. Pamphlet No. 2. Heliograph, 5-inch, Mark V. 1922.|year=1922|publisher=His Majesty's Stationery Office|location=London|pages=10–13|url=http://www.royalsignals.org.uk/signals.htm}}</ref> They then turned up the sighting vane, which covered the cross wires with a diagram of a cross, and aligned the mirror with the tangent and elevation screws, so the small shadow that was the reflection of the unsilvered spot hole was on the cross target.<ref name=Manual1922 /> This indicated that the sunbeam was pointing at the target.
The flashes were produced by a keying mechanism that tilted the mirror up a few degrees at the push of a lever at the back of the instrument. If the Sun was in front of the sender, its rays were reflected directly from this mirror to the receiving station. If the Sun was behind the sender, the sighting rod was replaced by a second mirror, to capture the sunlight from the main mirror and reflect it to the receiving station.<ref name="Forestry"/><ref name="British">[http://www.smecc.org/heliograph_-_signaling_by_the_sun.htm Manual Of Instruction In Army Signaling 1886 Section III- Apparatus And Method Of Using It]. Retrieved on 1 June 2008. Diagrams and instructions for British military heliograph (note British [[heraldry]] emblem on cover).</ref> The [[United States Army Signal Corps|U.S. Army's Signal Corps]] heliograph used a flat square mirror that did not tilt.<ref name="US1905Manual">{{cite book |last1=Carr |first1=D.J. |title=Manual of Visual Signaling of the US Signal Corps |date=1905 |publisher=Government Printing Office |location=Washington |pages=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3DtCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA68&dq=parallel |access-date=16 November 2024}}</ref> This type produced flashes by a [[Shutter (photography)|shutter]] mounted on a second tripod (Fig 4).<ref name="Forestry">W. N. Millar (1920), Canadian Forestry Service. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CI5OAAAAMAAJ Methods of Communication Adapted to Forest Protection] Google Books. Retrieved on 1 June 2008. pp. 160–181 are devoted to the heliograph, with diagrams of the British, American, and Godwin type.</ref>

The heliograph had certain advantages. It allowed long-distance communication without a fixed infrastructure, though it could also be linked to make a fixed network extending for hundreds of miles, as in the fort-to-fort network used for the [[Geronimo]] military campaign. It was very portable, did not require any power source, and was relatively secure since it was invisible to those not near the axis of operation, and the beam was very narrow, spreading only {{cvt|50|ft}} per {{cvt|1|mi}} of range. However, anyone in the beam with the correct knowledge could intercept signals without being detected.<ref name="Boer"/><ref name="Kipling">Kipling, Rudyard [http://www.kipling.org.uk/poems_codeofmorals.htm A Code of Morals]. The Kipling Society website. Retrieved on 1 June 2008.</ref> In the [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902) in South Africa, where both sides used heliographs, tubes were sometimes used to decrease the dispersion of the beam.<ref name="Boer">Major J. D. Harris [http://rapidttp.com/milhist/vol111jh.html WIRE AT WAR – Signals communication in the South African War 1899–1902]. Retrieved on 1 June 2008. Discussion of heliograph use in the Boer War.</ref> In some other circumstances, though, a narrow beam made it difficult to stay aligned with a moving target, as when communicating from shore to a moving ship, so the British issued a dispersing lens to broaden the heliograph beam from its natural diameter of 0.5 degrees to 15 degrees.<ref name=1905Handbook>{{cite web|last=Signals|first=Royal|title=The Heliograph|url=http://royal-signals.org.uk/Datasheets/THE_HELIOGRAPH.php|work=Signalling Handbook (1905)|access-date=15 April 2012}}</ref>

The range of a heliograph depends on the opacity of the air and the effective collecting area of the mirrors. Heliograph mirrors ranged from {{cvt|1.5|to|12|in}} or more. Stations at higher altitudes benefit from thinner, clearer air, and are required in any event for great ranges, to clear the [[curvature of the Earth]]. A good approximation for ranges of {{cvt|20|to|50|mi}} is that the flash of a circular mirror is visible to the naked eye at a distance of {{cvt|10|mi}} for each inch of mirror diameter,<ref name="Jacob1849">{{cite journal |last1=Jacob |first1=W.S. |title=On the Extinction of Light in the Atmosphere |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |date=November 1849 |volume=2 |pages=272–273 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgsFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA272 |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref> and farther apart seen with a [[telescope]]. The world record distance was established by a detachment of U.S. Army signal sergeants by the inter-operation of stations in North America on [[Mount Ellen (Utah)|Mount Ellen]] ([[Utah]]), and [[Uncompahgre Peak|Mount Uncompahgre]] ([[Colorado]]), {{cvt|183|mi}} apart on 17 September 1894, with Army Signal Corps heliographs carrying mirrors only 8 inches (20 cm) on a side.<ref name="Coe">Coe, Lewis [https://books.google.com/books?id=pzkZPIXm89UC The Telegraph: A History of Morse's Invention and Its Predecessors in the United States]. Google Books. Retrieved on 1 June 2008.</ref>

==History==
[[File:Signal mirror Mount Wilson 2014.webm|thumb|left|{{cvt|12|x|12|in}} heliographic signal mirror reflecting on the top of [[Mount Baden-Powell]]]]
[[File:Turkish heliograph at Huj2.jpg|thumb|Fig. 3 Turkish / [[Ottoman Empire]] heliograph military crew at [[Huj, Gaza|Huj]] during the [[First World War]], 1917]]
The German professor [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] (1777–1855), of the [[University of Göttingen]] developed and used a predecessor of the heliograph (the [[heliotrope (instrument)|heliotrope]]) in 1821.<ref name=Woods2008/><ref name=GaussTitan>{{cite book|last=Dunnington|first=G. Waldo|title=Carl Friedrich Gauss: Titan of Science|year=2004|publisher=The Mathematical Association of America|location=New York|isbn=0-88385-547-X|pages=122–127|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_dce9Jaq7iQC&q=heliotrope&pg=PA123}}</ref> His device directed a controlled beam of sunlight to a distant station to be used as a marker for [[geodetic survey]] work, and was suggested as a means of telegraphic communications.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Heliotrope|journal=The Manchester Iris|date=7 September 1822|volume=1|issue=32|pages=255–256|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDIFAAAAQAAJ&q=heliotrope&pg=PA255|access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref> This is the first reliably documented heliographic device,<ref>{{cite book|last=Holzmann|first=Gerard|title=The early history of data networks|publisher=IEEE Computer Society Press|year=1995|isbn=0818667826|url=https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofda0000holz|url-access=registration|editor=Björn Pehrson|access-date=18 November 2012|page=[https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofda0000holz/page/10 10]}}</ref> despite much speculation about possible ancient incidents of sun-flash signalling, and the documented existence of other forms of [[Optical telegraphy#History|ancient optical telegraphy]].

For example, one author in 1919 chose to "hazard the theory"<ref name=Kingman>{{cite news|last=Kingman|first=John|title=The Isle of Capri: An Imperial Residence and Probable Wireless Station of Ancient Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MXJIAAAAYAAJ&q=hazard&pg=PA224|access-date=18 November 2012|newspaper=The National Geographic Magazine|page=224|date=September 1919}}</ref> that the Italian mainland signals from the capital of [[Rome]] that ancient [[Roman emperor]] [[Tiberius]] (42 B.C.-A.D.37, reigned A.D.14 to 37), watched for from his imperial retreat on the island of [[Capri]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Suetonius|title=The Lives of the First Twelve Caesars|year=1796|publisher=G.G. and J. Robinson, Paternoster-Row|pages=296|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib0_AAAAYAAJ&q=signals&pg=PA296}}</ref> were mirror flashes, but admitted "there are no references in ancient writings to the use of signaling by mirrors", and that the documented means of ancient long-range visual telecommunications was by beacon fires and beacon smoke, not mirrors.

Similarly, the story that a shield was used as a heliograph at the ancient famous [[Battle of Marathon]] between the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] and [[Persian Empire|Persians]] in 490 B.C. is also unfortunately a modern myth,<ref>{{cite book|last=Krentz|first=Peter|title=The Battle of Marathon|year=2010|publisher=Yale University|isbn=978-0300120851|pages=160|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncT8JFn-ed8C&q=modern+myth&pg=PT160}}</ref> originating in the 1800s. The ancient historian [[Herodotus]] never mentioned any flash.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sekunda|first=Nicholas|title=Marathon 490 BC: The First Persian Invasion Of Greece|year=2002|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1841760005|pages=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pDACy7M7NHoC&q=not+flashed&pg=PA73}}</ref> What Herodotus did write was that someone was accused of having arranged to "hold up a shield as a signal".<ref>{{cite book|last=Herodotus|title=Herodotus, The Histories, with an English translation by A. D. Godley|year=1920|publisher=Harvard University Press|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=hdt.+6.115.1|chapter=6.115.1, 6.121.1, 6.123.1,6.124,2}}</ref> Suspicion grew in the later 1900s, that the flash theory was implausible.<ref name="http://www.jstor.org/stable/625005">{{cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=P. K. Baillie|title=The Shield Signal at the Battle of Marathon|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|year=1929|volume=49|issue=Part I|pages=100–105|jstor=625005|doi=10.2307/625005|s2cid=161466426 }}</ref> The conclusion after testing the theory was "Nobody flashed a shield at the Battle of Marathon".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hodge|first=A. Trevor|title=Reflections on the Shield at Marathon|journal=The Annual of the British School at Athens|year=2001|volume=96|pages=237–259|jstor=30073279|doi=10.1017/s0068245400005281|s2cid=128558448}}</ref>

In a letter dated 3 June 1778, [[John Norris (1721–1786)|John Norris]], High Sheriff of [[Buckinghamshire, England|Buckinghamshire]], England, notes: "Did this day heliograph intelligence from Dr [Benjamin] Franklin in Paris to Wycombe".<ref>Deacon, Richard (1978). The Silent War: a History of Western Naval Intelligence. David & Charles. p. 21. {{ISBN|978-0715375570}}.</ref> However, there is little evidence that "heliograph" here is other than a misspelling of "[[holograph]]". The term "heliograph" for solar telegraphy did not enter the English language until the 1870s—even the word "[[telegraphy]]" was not coined until the 1790s.

[[Henry Christopher Mance]] (1840–1926), of the British Government's Persian Gulf Telegraph Department, developed the first widely accepted heliograph about 1869,<ref name=Woods2008/><ref name=1872Mance>{{cite journal|last=Mance|first=Henry|title=The Heliograph or Sun Telegraph|journal=United Service Institution of India|date=10 February 1872|volume=1|issue=5|pages=123–130|hdl=2027/mdp.39015035103855?urlappend=%3Bseq=665|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015035103855?urlappend=%3Bseq=665|access-date=16 June 2013}}</ref><ref name=18750614JRUSI>{{cite journal|last=Goode|first=Samuel|title=Mance's Heliograph, or Sun-Telegraph|journal=Journal of the Royal United Service Institution|date=14 June 1875|volume=XIX|issue=LXXXIII|pages=534–548|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sA5KDfwzI3MC&pg=PA533|access-date=2011-06-21|doi=10.1080/03071847509415772}}</ref> while stationed at [[Karachi]] (now in modern [[Pakistan]]) in the then [[Bombay Presidency]] of [[British India]]. Mance was familiar with heliotropes by their use earlier for the mapping project of the [[Great Trigonometrical Survey]] of India (done 1802–1871).<ref name="Coe"/> The Mance Heliograph was operated easily by one man, and since it weighed about {{cvt|7|lb}}, the operator could readily carry the device and its supporting tripod. The British Army tested the heliograph in India at a range of {{cvt|35|mi}} with favorable results.<ref name=1872Luck>{{cite journal|last=Luck|first=George|title=Army Signalling, Heliograph|journal=United Service Institution of India|date=24 May 1872|volume=2|issue=7|pages=101–105|hdl=2027/mdp.39015035103855?urlappend=%3Bseq=801|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015035103855?urlappend=%3Bseq=801}}</ref> During the [[Jowaki Expedition|Jowaki Afridi expedition]] sent by the British-Indian government in 1877, the heliograph was first tested in war.<ref name=18800315JRUSI>{{cite journal|last=Wynne|first=Major A.S.|title=Heliography and Army Signalling Generally|journal=Journal of the Royal United Service Institution|date=15 March 1880|volume=XXIV|issue=CV|pages=235–258|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAwmAQAAIAAJ&pg=235|access-date=21 June 2011|doi=10.1080/03071848009417153|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Burns">R. W. Burns (2004) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Fm6S-CKB630C ''Communications: An International History of the Formative Years'']. Google Books. Retrieved on 2 June 2008. pp. 192-196 discuss the heliograph.</ref>

[[File:AmericanHelio1898Engraving.jpg|thumb|Fig. 4: [[Signal Corps (United States Army)|U.S. Army Signal Corps]] heliograph instrument, 1898]]
The simple and effective instrument that Mance invented was to be an important part of military communications for more than 60 years. The usefulness of heliographs was limited to daytimes with strong sunlight, but they were the most powerful type of visual signalling device known. In pre-radio times heliography was often the only means of communication that could span ranges of as much as {{cvt|100|mi}} with a lightweight portable instrument.<ref name="Coe"/>
[[File:Ruinen aus der Schutztruppen-Zeit Dicker Wilhelm.jpg|thumb|left|Ruins of German Schutztruppe on top of the mountain [[Dikwillem]], where the Germans used to have a Heliographic Station (bird's eye view, 2017)]]
In the [[United States Armed Forces|United States military]], by mid-1878, a younger Colonel [[Nelson A. Miles]] had established a line of heliographs connecting far-flung military outposts of [[Fort Keogh]] and [[Fort Custer (Montana)|Fort Custer]], in the northern [[Montana Territory]], a distance of {{cvt|140|mi}}.<ref name="Steinbach1989">{{cite book |last1=Steinbach |first1=Robert |title=The Lives of Frank and Alice Baldwin |date=1989 |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin |isbn=0-292-74659-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lonestarslegacyo00bres/page/136 136] |edition=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/lonestarslegacyo00bres/page/136 }}</ref><ref name=188001UnS>{{cite journal|last=Reade|first=Lt. Philip|title=About Heliographs|journal=The United Service|date=January 1880|volume=2|pages=91–108|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLCgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA91|access-date=21 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Pacific Slope |journal=Daily Alta California |date=20 September 1884 |volume=37 |issue=12578 |page=5 |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&cl=search&d=DAC18840920.2.58&%2520srpos=1&e=------188-en--20--1--txt-IN-heliograph----1884}}</ref> In 1886, [[United States Army]] now General [[Nelson A. Miles]] (1839–1925), set up a network of 27 heliograph stations in the [[Arizona]] and [[New Mexico]] territories of the old [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]] during the extended campaign and hunt for the native [[Apache]] renegade chief / guerrilla warfare leader [[Geronimo]] (1829–1909).<ref name="Rolak2013">{{cite web |last1=Rolak |first1=Bruno |title=General Miles' Mirrors The Heliograph in the Geromino Campaign of 1886 |url=http://huachuca-www.army.mil/pages/history/Rolak.html |website=Fort Huachuca |access-date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217145032/http://huachuca-www.army.mil/pages/history/Rolak.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 February 2013}}</ref> In 1890, now little-known Major W.J. Volkmar of the U.S. Army demonstrated in the [[Arizona]] and [[New Mexico]] territories, the possibility of performing communication by heliograph over a heliograph network aggregating {{cvt|2,000|mi}} in length.<ref name=1899Ainslees>{{cite journal|last1=Greely |first1=Adolphus |title=The Evolution of the Signal Corps |journal=Ainslee's Magazine |date=August 1899 |volume=IV |issue=1 |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4sXAQAAMAAJ&q=volkmar&pg=PA17 |access-date=31 March 2017 }}</ref> The network of communication begun by General Miles in 1886, and continued by unsung and now unfortunately relatively unknown Lieutenant W. A. Glassford, was perfected in 1889 at ranges of {{cvt|85|,|88|,|95|and|125|mi}} over a rugged and broken country, which was the stronghold of the [[Apache]], [[Commanche]] and other hostile native Indian tribes.<ref name="Coe"/>

By 1887, heliographs in use included not only the British Mance and Begbie heliographs, but also the American Grugan, Garner and Pursell heliographs. The Grugan and Pursell heliographs used shutters, and the others used movable mirrors operated by a finger key. The Mance, Grugan and Pursell heliographs used two tripods, and the others one. The signals could either be momentary flashes, or momentary obscurations.<ref name="Finley">{{citation | publisher = The American Helio-Telegraph and Signal Light Company | year = 1887 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Mc90ZgreC8QC | title = An Improved Method in the Art of Signalling for Military and Scientific Purposes | access-date = 1 June 2008}}.</ref> In 1888, the U.S. Army Signal Corps reviewed all of these devices, as well as the Finley Helio-Telegraph,<ref name="Finley"/> and finding none completely suitable, developed its own instrument of the U.S. Army Signal Corps heliograph, a two-tripod, shutter-based machine of {{cvt|13+7/8|lb}} total weight, and ordered 100, for a total cost of $4,205.<ref name= "Signal">{{citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=88ctAAAAIAAJ | title = Annual Report of the Chief Signal Officer of the Army to the Secretary of War | year = 1889 | access-date = 3 June 2008 | pages= 43–7}}.</ref> By 1893, the number of heliographs manufactured for the American Army Signal Corps was 133.<ref>{{cite book|title=Report of the Chief Signal Officer|year=1893|publisher=U.S. G.P.O.|pages=671|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aypHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA671}}</ref>

The heyday of the heliograph was probably the [[Second Boer War]] of the 1890s and early 1900s in South Africa, where it was much used by both the British and the native immigrant [[Boers]].<ref name=Woods2008/><ref name="Boer" /> The terrain and climate, as well as the nature of the campaign, made heliography a logical choice. For night communications, the British used some large [[signal lamp]]s, brought inland on railroad cars, and equipped with leaf-type shutters for keying a beam of light into dots and dashes. During the early stages of the war, the [[British Army]] garrisons were besieged in [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]], along with the sieges of [[Siege of Ladysmith|Ladysmith]], and at [[Siege of Mafeking|Mafeking]]. With land wire [[telegraph]] lines cut, the only contact with the outside world was via light-beam communication, helio by day, and signal lamps at night.<ref name="Coe"/>
[[File:1940 06 17 Heliograph Helwan Egypt.jpg|thumb|left|[[British Army]] troops training with a heliograph during the [[Second World War]] in North Africa, [[Egypt]], June 1940]]
In 1909, the use of heliography for forestry protection was introduced by the [[United States Forestry Service]] in the western States. By 1920, such use was widespread in the US and beginning in the neighboring [[Canada|Dominion of Canada]] to the north, and the heliograph was regarded as "next to the telephone, the most useful communication device that is at present available for forest-protection services".<ref name="Forestry"/> D.P. Godwin of the U.S. Forestry Service invented a very portable ({{cvt|4.5|lb|disp=sqbr}}) heliograph of the single-tripod, shutter plus mirror type for forestry use.<ref name="Forestry"/>

Immediately prior to the outbreak of [[World War I]] (1914–1918), the mounted cavalry regiments of the [[Russian Imperial Army]] in the [[Russian Empire]] were still being trained in heliograph communications to augment the efficiency of their scouting and reporting roles.<ref>{{cite book|first=Vladimir|last=Littauer|page=123|title=Russian Hussar|isbn=978-1-59048-256-8|date=May 2007|publisher=Long Riders' Guild Press }}</ref> Following the two [[Russian Revolution|Russian Revolutions of 1917]], the revolutionary [[Bolshevik]] / [[Communist]] units of their [[Red Army]] during the subsequent [[Russian Civil War]] of 1918–1922, made use of a series of heliograph stations to disseminate intelligence efficiently. This continued even a decade later about counter-revolutionary [[basmachi]] rebel movements in Central Asia's [[Turkestan]] region in 1926.<ref name="Red">{{citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qKnZtNHJrVAC | title = Central Asia: Aspects of Transition | first = Tom | last = Everett-Heath | access-date = 3 June 2008 | page = 20| isbn = 9780700709564 | year = 2003 | publisher = Psychology Press }}.</ref>

During [[World War II]] (1939–1945), [[Union of South Africa]] and Royal Australian military forces used the heliograph while fighting enemy [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] and [[Fascist Italy|Fascist Italian]] forces along the southern coast of the [[Mediterranean Sea]] in [[Italian Libya|Libya]] and western [[History of Egypt under the British|Egypt]] with fellow defending British military in the desert [[North African campaign]] in 1940, 1941 and 1942.<ref name=Woods2008/>

The heliograph remained standard equipment for military [[signaller]]s in the Royal Australian and [[British army|British armies]] until the 1940s, where it was considered a "low probability of intercept" type of communication. The [[Canadian Army]] was the last major military force to have the heliograph as an issue item. By the time the mirror instruments were retired, they were seldom used for signalling.<ref name= "Coe" /> However, as recently as the 1980s, heliographs were used by insurgent Afghan mujahedeen forces during the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]] in 1978–1979.<ref name=Woods2008>{{cite book|last=Woods|first=Daniel|title=Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1851097326|page=208|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBC2nY1rp5MC&q=heliograph&pg=PA211|chapter=Heliograph and Mirrors|editor=Sterling, Christopher}}</ref> Signal mirrors are still included in [[survival kit]]s for emergency signaling to [[search and rescue]] aircraft.<ref name=Woods2008/>

==Automated heliographs==

Most heliographs of the 19th and 20th centuries were completely manual.<ref name="Forestry"/> The steps of aligning the heliograph on the target, co-aligning the reflected sunbeam with the heliograph, maintaining the sunbeam alignment as the sun moved, transcribing the message into flashes, modulating the sunbeam into those flashes, detecting the flashes at the receiving end, and transcribing the flashes into the message were all done manually.<ref name="Forestry"/> One notable exception – many French heliographs used clockwork heliostats to automatically steer out the sun's motion. By 1884, all active units of the "Mangin apparatus" (a dual-mode [[French Army]] military field optical telegraph that could use either lantern or sunlight) were equipped with clockwork heliostats.<ref name=Ternant1884>{{cite book|last1=Ternant|first1=A.-L.|title=Les télégraphes|date=1884|publisher=Hachette|pages=35–65|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6wozAQAAMAAJ&q=horlogerie&pg=PA41}}</ref> The Mangin apparatus with heliostat was still in service in 1917.<ref name=Vauzelle1912>{{cite book|last1=Charles-La Vauzelle|first1=Henri|title=Instruction Pratique Sur L'Installation des Communications Optiques dans le Service De la Telegraphie Militaire: Premiere Partie, Communications Optiques de Campagne|date=1912|pages=30–32, 42–43}}</ref><ref name=Bouchethal1916>{{cite journal|last1=BOUCHETHAL|first1=J.L.|title=LA TÉLÉGRAPHIE OPTIQUE AUX ARMÉES|journal=La Science et la Vie|date=1916|issue=28|pages=337–342|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65514029/f351.image.langEN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ottoman Soldiers Mounting Signal Apparatus, 1917|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/39206470@N08/14525840798/|website=Flickr|publisher=Ottoman Imperial Archives|access-date=7 September 2015}}</ref> Proposals to automate both the modulation of the sunbeam (by clockwork) and the detection (by electrical selenium photodetectors, or photographic means) date back to at least 1882.<ref name=Engr1882>{{cite journal|title=The Heliograph in Mauritius|journal=Engineering|date=13 October 1882|volume=34|page=363|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5dDAQAAIAAJ&q=mangin+heliograph&pg=PA363}}</ref> In 1961, the [[United States Air Force]] was working on a space heliograph to signal between satellites<ref name=SciMech1961>{{cite journal|last1=Pursglove |first1=S. David |title=Ancient Heliograph Goes Modern for Space Age |journal=Science and Mechanics |date=1961 |page=70 |url=http://myweb.cableone.net/kd7aoi/spacehg.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525175319/http://myweb.cableone.net/kd7aoi/spacehg.htm |archive-date=25 May 2011 }}</ref>

In May 2012, "Solar Beacon" robotic mirrors designed at the [[University of California Berkeley|University of California at Berkeley]] were mounted on the twin towers of the [[Golden Gate Bridge]] at the entrance to [[San Francisco Bay]], and a web site set up<ref name=SolarBeacon052012>{{cite web|title=Solar Beacon |url=http://solarbeacon.org/? |access-date=30 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530061034/http://solarbeacon.org/ |archive-date=30 May 2012 }}</ref> where the public could schedule times for the mirrors to signal with sun-flashes, entering the time and their latitude, longitude and altitude.<ref name=LATimes2012>{{cite web|last1=Boxall|first1=Bettina|title=Golden Gate Bridge is prepared for 75th birthday celebration|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/05/golden-gate-bridge-prepares-for-special-75th-birthday-celebration.html|website=LA Now|publisher=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> The solar beacons were later moved to Sather Tower at the U.C. – Berkeley campus.<ref name=DC2013>{{cite news|last1=Tuan|first1=Lydia|title=Solar Beacon atop Campanile allows for safe observation of sunlight|url=http://www.dailycal.org/2013/09/10/solar-beacon-atop-campanile-allows-for-safe-observation-of-sunlight/|work=The Daily Californian|date=10 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=SolarBeacon2015>{{cite web|title=Solar Beacon|url=http://solarbeacon.org/|access-date=7 September 2015|archive-date=30 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530061034/http://solarbeacon.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> By June 2012, the public could specify a "custom show" of up to 32 "on" or "off" periods of 4 seconds each, permitting the transmission of a few characters of Morse Code.<ref name=Sbeacon2012>{{cite web|last1=Vallerga|first1=John|title=Custom Show Setting|url=http://solarbeacon.org/?page_id=156#comment-82|website=Solar Beacon|access-date=28 June 2012|archive-date=2 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602053449/http://solarbeacon.org/?page_id=156#comment-82|url-status=dead}}</ref> The designer described the Solar Beacon as a "heliostat", not a "heliograph".<ref name="LATimes2012" />

The first digitally controlled heliograph was designed and built in 2015.<ref name=islandpacificacademy>{{cite web|title=IPA Freshman's science fair project|url=https://islandpacificacademy.org/ipa-freshmans-science-fair-project-1-of-300-best-in-the-nation/|website=Island Pacific Academy|date=3 September 2015 |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=DigitalHeliograph>{{cite web|last1=Welch|first1=Natalie|title=Digital Heliograph|url=https://sites.google.com/site/digitalheliograph/home|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> It was a semi-finalist in the Broadcom MASTERS competition.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://member.societyforscience.org/document.doc?id=659|title = 2015 Broadcom MASTERS Semifinalists|access-date = 5 September 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Heliographs}}
* [[Heliography]], an early photographic process invented by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce around 1822
* [[Heliotrope (instrument)]]
* [[Operation On-Target]], a Scouting program
* [[Signal lamp]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Lewis Coe, ''Great Days of the Heliograph'', Crown Point, 1987 {{oclc|16902284}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Heliographs}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110525171910/http://myweb.cableone.net/kd7aoi/ Heliography: Communicating with Mirrors] Photographs of British, American and Portuguese heliographs.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170222025302/http://www.modulatedlight.org/Modulated_Light_DX/Heliograph.html The Heliograph] A description of the British Mance, Begbie and French LeSeurre heliographs with illustrations (1899)
*[https://www.morsekey.net/eliografo.html Eliografo] Detailed color photographs of a World War 2 British Mance heliograph (Italian).
*[http://trove.nla.gov.au/picture/result?q=heliograph "Heliograph" at the National Library of Australia: Trove]; 100+ historical heliograph photographs at the Australian War Memorial and elsewhere
*[http://home.arcor.de/royal-signals/page24/page26/page26.html Royal Signals Datasheet No. 2. The Heliograph (revised April 2003)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905230619/http://home.arcor.de/royal-signals/page24/page26/page26.html |date=5 September 2012 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121014135758/http://home.arcor.de/royal-signals/page24/page28/page28.html CHAPTER IV THE HELIOGRAPH] (PAGE 48 OF THE 1905 SIGNALLING HANDBOOK)
*[http://www.prc68.com/I/MkVHeliograph.shtml Mance Mark V Heliograph] Detailed photos of a British Mark V Heliograph and kit, links to patents. Clicking on visible photos reveals high resolution photos.
*[http://www.discoverseaz.com/History/Heliograph.html The Heliograph in the Apache Wars]
*[http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol111jh.html Signals communication in the South African War 1899–1902]
*[http://www.douglas-self.com/MUSEUM/COMMS/heliograph/heliograph.htm Heliographs] at the Museum of RetroTechnology

{{Morse code}}

[[Category:History of telecommunications]]
[[Category:Telegraphy]]
[[Category:Optical communications]]

Sagwara Assembly constituency

2025-10-03T08:56:39Z

Avdhut Kamble:

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sagwara
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-160-Sagwara.svg
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 160
| district = [[Dungarpur district|Dungarpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Banswara Lok Sabha constituency|Banswara]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Shankarlal Decha]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = {{formatnum:276048}}<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2029|1}}
}}
'''Sagwara Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Dungarpur district|Dungarpur]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Shankarlal Decha]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2029|1}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Surendra Kumar (Rajasthan politician)|Surendra Kumar]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Anita Katara]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Ramprasad Dindor|Ram Prasad]]<ref name=election2018/> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Tribal Party}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|| [[Shankarlal Decha]]||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagwara<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2023/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2023
|website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sankarlal Decha]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:75175}}
|percentage = 36.47
|change = +5.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Adivasi Party
|candidate = Mohanlal Roat
|votes = {{formatnum:63176}}
|percentage = 30.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kailash Kumar Roat
|votes = {{formatnum:46742}}
|percentage = 22.68
|change = -1.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Devilal Ahari
|votes = {{formatnum:5497}}
|percentage = 2.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mohanlal Roat
|party = Bharatiya Tribal Party
|votes = {{formatnum:3242}}
|percentage = 1.57
|change = -32.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pannalal Dodiyar
|votes = {{formatnum:2175}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3339}}
|percentage = 1.62
|change = -0.29
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11999}}
|percentage = 5.82
|change = +3.18
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:206117}}
|percentage = 74.67
|change = +3.07
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bharatiya Tribal Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagwara<ref name="election2018"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Tribal Party
|candidate = Ramprasad
|votes = {{formatnum:58406}}
|percentage = 33.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shankarlal
|votes = {{formatnum:53824}}
|percentage = 30.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Surendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:41852}}
|percentage = 24.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Anita
|votes = {{formatnum:10140}}
|percentage = 5.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dalji
|votes = {{formatnum:4173}}
|percentage = 2.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Man Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2181}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3313}}
|percentage = 1.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4582}}
|percentage = 2.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:173889}}
|percentage = 71.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dungarpur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|23.67|74.02|display=title}}

[[Category:Dungarpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]