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Jalandhar (meteorite)

2026-05-05T21:05:02Z

Aurovedacharitable: Creating post

{{Short description|Iron meteorite, fell 1621}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}

'''Jalandhar''' is an [[Iron meteorite]] that was observed to fall near present-day [[Jalandhar]] in [[Punjab, India]], on 10 April 1621. The meteorite is notable as it is the oldest documented meteorite fall from the Indian subcontinent and because the iron meteorite on the orders of the Mughal emperor [[Jahangir]] was used to forge weapons – a knife, a dagger and two swords. Today, the knife - as the only surviving blade - is part of the collection of the [[National Museum of Asian Art]] at the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in Washington D.C.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Knife made for Jahangir, partially of meteoric iron - National Museum of Asian Art |url=https://asia.si.edu/explore-art-culture/collections/search/edanmdm:fsg_F1955.27a-b/ |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=National Museum of Asian Art |language=en-US}}</ref>

The meteorite is classified as an observed fall under the name "Jalandhar" in the Meteoritical Bulletin Database of the [[The Meteoritical Society|Meteoritical Society]]. It is listed with a total known mass of about 1.967 kg and an approximate location near 31°N, 75°E and is the eighth oldest confirmed meteorite fall recorded in the Meteoritical Bulletin Database.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meteoritical Bulletin: Entry for Jalandhar |url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.cfm?code=12069 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=lpi.usra.edu}}</ref>

== History ==
The fall of the meteorite is described in detail in the memoirs ([[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri]]) of Mughal emperor Jahangir, who was reigning the [[Mughal Empire]] from 1605 until his death in 1627.<blockquote>''“At dawn a tremendous noise arose in the east. It was so terrifying that it nearly frightened the inhabitants out of their skins. Then, in the midst of the tumultuous noise, something bright fell to the earth from above. The people thought fire was falling from heaven. A moment later the noise ceased, and the people regained their composure.”''<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Jahangir |first=Emperor of Hindustan |url=http://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha |title=The Jahangirnama : memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India |last2=Thackston |first2=W. M. (Wheeler McIntosh) |date=1999 |publisher=Washington, D. C. : Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution ; New York : Oxford University Press |others=Smithsonian Libraries |isbn=978-0-19-512718-8}}</ref></blockquote>As described in the autobiography of Jahangir, the iron mass was recovered by a tax collector named Muhammad Sayd, who placed the meteorite in a purse, sealed it, and sent it to court. Jahangir commissioned craftsmen at his court to forge weapons from the material: <blockquote>''“I ordered it weighed in my presence. It weighed 160 tolas [equivalent to 1.9 to 2 kg]. I ordered Master Daud to make a sword, dagger, and knife of it and show them to me. He said that the metal wouldn't hold up under the hammer and would break apart. I said that in that case he could mix it with other iron to make it workable. Just as I had ordered, he mixed three parts of the "lightning" iron with one part of other iron and produced two swords and one dagger he showed me. From the admixture of the other iron it had acquired a watered effect and flexed like a real Yemeni or southern blade. I ordered it tried in my presence. It cut beautifully, as well as the very best swords''.”<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>Thanks to this detailed records in Jahangirs autobiography, the meteorite of Jalandhar is one of the best-documented pre-modern meteorite falls around the world.

== Cultural significance ==
The blades forged from the fallen mass are a prominent example for processing of [[Meteoric iron]]. The Mughal knife in the Smithsonian's Freer Gallery of Art is the only preserved piece. It can be easily identified as being made of meteoritic iron, as the kamacite and taenite phases create a natural damascene pattern on the blades.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Kristine |last2=McBeath |first2=Alastair |last3=Gheorghe |first3=Andrei Dorian |date=2011 |title=Meteor Beliefs Project: meteoritic weapons |url=https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?db_key=AST&bibcode=2012pimo.conf..137L&letter=0&classic=YES&defaultprint=YES&whole_paper=YES&page=137&epage=137&send=Send+PDF&filetype=.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the IMC |publication-place=Sibiu}}</ref> The blade's wavy grain is attributed to pattern welding, a process in which two metals are forge-welded and then etched, producing a characteristic layered appearance. In the 1980s, X-ray fluorescence analysis carried out by the Smithsonian Institution identified regions with elevated nickel content, supporting the conclusion that the blade incorporates meteoritic iron.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smithsonian Displays Mysterious Dagger From The Stars |url=https://wamu.org/story/12/09/07/smithsonian_displays_mysterious_dagger_from_the_stars/ |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=WAMU |language=en}}</ref>

The knife also has an inscription on the spine of the blade, starting at the edge of the handle, that reads:<blockquote>''“There fell in the time of Jahangir Shah'' ''| From lightening-iron, a lightening-like, precious piece | Jahangir, [son of] Akbar ordered to make of that | Two swords, this knife and a dagger. | In the year 1030 [1621 A.D.] In the year 16 [of Jahangir's accession] 146.”<ref name=":0" />''</blockquote>The knife was offered to the Smithsonian Institution in 1955 by Malek M. Sahami, an Iranian-born collector and attorney in Washington, DC. According to a letter, the object was on display in the meteorite display at the United States National Museum when Malek M. Sahami offered the object.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Modern impact events}}
{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Iron meteorites]]
[[Category:Meteorites found in India]]
[[Category:Meteorite falls]]
[[Category:1620s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1621 in India]]
[[Category:Modern Earth impact events]]
[[Category:1620s in the environment]]
[[Category:1621 in science]]

Rohtas Fort

2026-04-30T05:48:41Z

Aurovedacharitable: Put up initial details w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Historical fort in Dina, Pakistan}}
{{For|the fort in Bihar|Rohtas Fort, India}}
{{other uses|Rohtas (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Rohtas Fort {{resize|{{nobold|{{lang|pa|{{nq|روہتاس قلعہ}}}} {{lang|ur|{{nq|قلعہِ روہتاس}}}}}}}}
| image = Kabuli Gate - Rohtas Fort by Usman Ghani.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Kabuli gate of Rohtas Fort
| location = [[Dina, Pakistan|Dina]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| built = 1540
| architect =
| architecture = [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]
| owner = *[[Sur Empire]] (1540–1556)
*[[Mughal Empire]] (1566–1752)
*[[Durrani Empire]] (1752–1767)<ref name=hariram/>
* [[Gakhars]] under the suzerainty of [[Sukerchakia Misl]] (1767–1799)<ref name=hariram/>
*[[Sikh Empire]] (1799–1849)
*[[East India Company|British East India Company]] (1849–1858)
*[[British Raj|British Indian Empire]] {{nowrap|(1858–1947)}}
*[[Government of Pakistan|Central Government]] of [[Pakistan]] (1947–present)
| coordinates = {{coord|32|58|7|N|73|34|31|E|display=inline, title}}
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_criteria = ii, iv
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/586 586]
| designation1_date = 1997
}}
'''Rohtas Fort''' ({{langx|pa|{{nq|روہتاس قلعہ}}|Rohtās Qillā}}; {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|قلعہِ روہتاس}}|Qilā-e-Rohtās}}) is a 16th-century [[fortress]] located near the city of [[Dina, Pakistan|Dina]] in [[Jhelum District|Jhelum district]] of the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province, Pakistan. Commissioned by [[Sur Empire|Sur]] emperor [[Sher Shah Suri]], its construction was supervised by [[Raja Todar Mal]] and is now one of the largest and most formidable forts in Punjab.<ref name="WA">{{cite journal |date=7 May 2006 |title=Pakistan: Rohtas Fort |url=https://www.world-archaeology.com/features/pakistan-rohtas-fort.htm |journal=World Archaeology |issue=17 |access-date=8 November 2022}}</ref>

The fort remains remarkably intact and was declared a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in 1997. UNESCO called it an "exceptional example of the Muslim military architecture of Central and South Asia."<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |title=Rohtas Fort |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/586 |access-date=26 May 2017 |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Over one-third of the fortress area is occupied by the Rohtas village, inhabited continuously since the times of [[Islam Shah Suri]], making Rohtas one of the few living forts in the world.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Butt |first=Waseem Ashraf |date=20 May 2023 |title=Plan to check illegal growth of residential area inside Rohtas Fort |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1754463 |access-date=31 October 2025 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Arain |first=Waseem Shabbir |date=22 January 2023 |title=The preservation of Rohtas Fort |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/1032549-the-preservation-of-rohtas-fort |access-date=31 October 2025 |website=[[The News International]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Location==
[[File:Oriental Scenery Fig 5.jpg|thumb|"Raje Gaut, the principal road to Rotas Ghur" engraving by Thomas Daniell, 1795]]
[[File:Another great bastion of Rohtas Fort by Usman Ghani.jpg|thumb|Rohtas Fort was built upon a hill overlooking the [[Gaggar Khurd]].]]
Rohtas Fort is approximately {{Convert|16|km|mi}} northwest of [[Jhelum]] near the city of Dina. The fort is {{Convert|3|km|mi}} from [[Khukha]] and [[Gaggar Khurd]] and {{Convert|8|km|mi}} south of the [[Grand Trunk Road]], one of Asia's oldest roads. The historic [[Badshahi Road]] once passed along the northern outer wall of the fort.<ref name="tribune" />

Rohtas Fort is situated on a hill in the [[Tilla Jogian]] Range, overlooking a gorge where the Kahān River meets a seasonal stream called Parnal Khas. The fort is positioned {{convert|91.5|m|ft}} above its surroundings. It is {{convert|819|m|ft}} above sea level and covers an area of {{Convert|70|ha|acre}}.

Located at the northern edge of the Rohtas Fort, near the fort's Talaqi gate, is [[Gurdwara Chowa Sahib]].

==History==
===Sur period===
Sher Shah Suri, the founder of the Sur Empire, commissioned the Rohtas Fort on the advice of his finance minister Todar Mal, and adopted a [[scorched earth]] strategy to defeat the rebellious warring [[Gakhars|Gakhar]], a local tribe who were providing bold resistance to the Surs, near the [[Salt Range]] region in Punjab.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Beveridge |first=H. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55648 |title=The Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl Vol. 1 |date=1907 |pages=398–399}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Rohtas Fort |url=http://www.tourism.gov.pk/rohtas_fort.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112024416/http://www.tourism.gov.pk/rohtas_fort.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 November 2017 |access-date=11 June 2018 }} [http://www.tourism.gov.pk/rohtas_fort.html Alt URL]</ref> Thus the idea of the Rohtas Fort was conceived, with Sher Shah laying down the foundation of the fort.<ref name=":0" /> The fort occupied a strategic position between the mountains of [[Pothohar]] and the plains of Punjab, preventing [[Humayun]] from returning to India from his exile in [[Persia]].<ref name="or">{{cite web |title=Rohtas Fort, Jhelum, Pakistan |url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/889/pakistan/jhelum/rohtas-fort |access-date=28 May 2017 |website=Asian Historical Architecture}}</ref> Its name celebrated the Sher Shah Suri's 1539 capture of the [[Rohtas Fort, India|Rohtas Fort]] in the [[Shahabad district]] of [[Bihar]] from a local Hindu prince.<ref name="or" />

The construction of Rohtas Fort started in 1541 under the supervision of Todar Mal, himself a Punjabi from Lahore.<ref name="UNESCO" /><ref name="or" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dale |first=Stephen Frederic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GqEWw_54uVUC&pg=PA33 |title=Indian Merchants and Eurasian Trade, 1600-1750 |date=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52597-8 |language=en|page=33}}</ref> However, its construction soon stopped when the local [[Gakhars|Gakhar]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qw7-kUkHA_0C&dq=rohtas+fort+was+built+by+the+Gakhars&pg=PA3 |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1469-1606 C.E |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0857-8 |pages=3 |language=en |quote=Gakhar chiefs took his side, much to the chagrin of Sher Shah, who parried their country and built the fort of Rohtas about ten miles from Jehlum to bridle their pride.}}</ref> population was unwilling to work on the construction due to all the male tribesmen taking a vow to not cooperate with the Surs lest be threatened with excommunication or expulsion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bhramadeva Prasad Ambashthya |url=http://archive.org/details/tarikh-i-sher-shahi-of-abbas-khan-sarwani-persian-to-english-k-p-jayaswal-resear |title=Tarikh I Sher Shahi Of Abbas Khan Sarwani Persian To English K P Jayaswal Research Institute Patna Bhramadeva Prasad Ambashthya |pages=817–818}}</ref><ref name="or" /> Thus Todar Mal was not able to find even one labourer to help him in the construction of the fort. This was the case until he under the orders of Sher Shah raised the workers' wages to such a degree that many of the Gakhars became willing to help with the fort's construction.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="or" /> Sher Shah Suri did not live to see its completion as he died in 1545 before the fort was completed.<ref name="or" />

===Mughal period===
With Sher Shah Suri's death, Humayun returned to regain his rule of the Punjab region.<ref name="or" /> Rohtas Fort was ceded to Humayun in 1555. As a result, the fort lost much of its defensive significance.<ref name="or" /> It was never popular with the Mughals because of its plain military style and lack of gardens.<ref name="or" /> In the 1580s, Emperor [[Akbar]] constructed the nearby [[Attock Fort]] that was a better fit to Mughal interests.

Akbar only stayed at Rohtas Fort for a single night. Emperor [[Emperor Jahangir|Jahangir]] rested there for one night while traveling to [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]]. He noted, "This fort was founded in a cleft and the strength of it cannot be imagined." Later, after his victorious return from a forced exile in [[Kabul]], Jahangir convened his court at Rohtas Fort for a short time.

During the Mughal era, the fort was used almost continuously until 1707.<ref name="UNESCO" /> The [[Afsharid dynasty|Afsharid]] ruler [[Nader Shah]] camped at the fort during his [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire|invasion of the Mughal Empire.]] After that, it was used by the Afghan [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] Emperor [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] during his invasions of Punjab against the [[Sikhs]].<ref name="tribune">{{cite web |date=18 September 2011 |title=Rohtas fort — the treasure of Potohar - The Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/252369/rohtas-fort--the-treasure-of-potohar/ |access-date=2017-01-08 |publisher=tribune.com.pk}}</ref>

===Sikh period===
In 1767 [[Charat Singh]], the grandfather of [[Ranjit Singh]], captured the fort from its Durrani governor. He entrusted it to a Gakhar chief Raja Ghias-ud-Din. Ghias-ud-Din was succeeded by his cousin Raja Nur Khan who held the post for 30 years.<ref name=hariram>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ |series=History Of The Sikhs |volume=IV |title=The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls |author-link=Hari Ram Gupta |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |date=2007 |orig-date=1978 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0165-1 |pages=299–300}}</ref> Gurmukh Singh Lamba captured Rohtas Fort in 1825 from Raja Nur Khan.<ref name="or" /> Raja Fazal Din Khan was the last to use Rohtas Fort for military purposes when he participated in a successful rebellion led by [[Sher Singh]] in the late 1830s; however, the fort never saw any fighting.<ref name="or" /> The [[Sikh Empire]] used the fort for administrative purposes until the [[British Empire|British]] took over the region in 1849.<ref name="google2">{{cite book |author=Mehta, J.L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA259 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |date=2005 |publisher=New Dawn Press, Incorporated |isbn=9781932705546 |page=259 |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref><ref name="tribune" />

== Architecture ==
[[File:Overview-of-Rohtas.jpg|thumb|Layout of the fort]]The designers of Rohtas Fort valued function over form. Its style draws from Turkish, Middle Eastern, and South Asian artistic traditions.<ref name="UNESCO" />

=== Layout ===
Rohtas Fort covers an area of {{Convert|70|ha|acre}}, enclosed by {{Convert|4|km|mi}} of walls. It has [[bastion]] towers and twelve monumental gates that provide access to the inner fort.<ref name="or" /><ref name="UNESCO" /> The fort is an irregularly shaped triangle and follows the contours of its hill. The northwest corner of the fort is walled off from the rest of the structure by a {{convert|533|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} wall.<ref name="or" /> The enclosed section served as a [[citadel]] for elites.<ref name="or" /> It could hold up to 30,000 men.[[File:Fort Rohtas.jpg|thumb|upright|The fort's defenses were bolstered by large bastions.]]

=== Ramparts ===
The fort's walls are built in [[sandstone]] laid in lime mortar mixed with brick. The height of the outer wall varies between {{Convert|10 and 18|m|ft}} with a thickness between {{Convert|10 and 13|m|ft}}. The fortified walls have 68 [[bastion]] towers at irregular intervals.<ref name="UNESCO" /> The ramparts follow the hilltop's contours.<ref name="UNESCO" />

The fort's wall had up to three terraces at different levels, connected by staircases. The uppermost terrace has [[merlon]]-shaped battlements from which soldiers could fire muskets and pour molten lead. In addition, the fort has hundreds of [[machicolations]], each beautifully decorated with geometric patterns. These small drains led from the interior to the exterior walls so the soldiers could pour molten lead or other hot liquids on invaders trying to scale the fort's walls.

===Gates===
Rohtas Fort has 14 gates built of grey [[ashlar]] stone

====Sohail====
[[File:Sohail Gate Closeup.jpg|thumb|Sohail gate]]

Sohail gate features some of the best masonry work of the [[Sur Empire]] and was likely the ceremonial main entrance to the fort.<ref name=WA/> Its namesake is the local saint, Sohail Bukhari, interred in the southwestern portion of the gate.

This rectangular gate measures {{convert|21.34|m|ft|abbr=off}} high by {{convert|20.73|m|ft|abbr=off}} wide, and with a depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}}. Its central archway is {{convert|4.72|m|ft|abbr=off}} wide and maintains its shape throughout the depth of the gate. The gateway has ornamental floral motifs with richer decorations on its outer face. There are seven battlements along the outer face of the Sohail gate. A room on the upper floor has windows that open toward the fort's interior. There is also a small window in the middle of the inner arch.

====Shah Chandwali====
Shah Chandwali is a double gate that links the [[citadel]] to the main fort. The outer gate is an entrance from the citadel. It is {{Convert|13.3|m|ft}} wide and {{Convert|8.23|m|ft}} deep. The inner gate is a simple archway {{Convert|3.66|m|ft}} wide. Its namesake is Shah Chandwali, a saint who refused wages for working on this gate. He died while working on the gate's construction and is buried nearby. His shrine still stands.

==== Kabuli ====
Kabuli gate opens to the northwest in the general direction of Kabul, Afghanistan, its namesake. The gate now houses a visitors' information center and a museum set up by the [[Himalayan Wildlife Foundation]].

The gate may have been built in two stages.<ref name=WA/> It consists of an inner and outer gate that encloses a stepwell.<ref name=WA/> Its opening is {{convert|3.15|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} wide and is flanked by two bastions on either side. The gate has five battlements on top, with stairs leading up the outside wall. South of the gate is the [[Shahi Mosque]], so many call it the Shahi Darwaza.

====Shishi====
Shishi gate derives its name from the glazed tiles that decorate its outer arch. These blue tiles are the earliest known examples of this technique, later refined in [[Lahore]]. A carved calligraphy inscription to the left of the gate gives the date of construction of the fort. The Persian inscription says:<blockquote>In the Hijri Year 948 [1541 CE] came the exalted At that time constructed the great fort The Emperor is Sher, with long life There is no match to his good fortune It was completed by Shahu Sultan.</blockquote>

==== Langar Khani ====
[[File:Langar Khani Gate Plan.jpg|upright|thumb|Langar Khani gate plan]]Langar Khani gate opens directly into the citadel but was designed as a trap in the direct line of fire from the fort's bastions. It is a double gate with a central arched opening that is {{convert|15.25|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} high and {{convert|3.5|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} wide. The outer arch has a small window like Sohail Gate. The external opening leads to a [[Langar (Sufism)#Langar Khana|Langar Khana]] (kitchen). Two bastions on either side of the gate include kitchens, stores, and a well for water. The opening of this gate is L-shaped, requiring a turn to the right after entering. It is decorated with carved calligraphy inscriptions.

====Talaqi====
Talaqi gate has two bastions on each side. It is {{Convert|15.25|m|ft}} high and {{Convert|13.8|m|ft}} wide. This gate features a duplicate of the carved calligraphy inscription on Shishi gate. The origin of the name Talaqi is unknown. Some say the gate's name is a derivative of "[[Divorce in Islam|Talaq]]", meaning divorce. According to another legend, Prince Sabir Suri entered this gate and had a fatal attack of fever. His death was regarded as a bad omen, giving the gate its name of "Talaqi".{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

====Mori====
The Mori gate opens to the north and faces towards [[Kashmir]]. As a result, it is also called Kashmiri gate. Morigate opens into one chamber, which opens into another.

====Khwas Khani====
Khwas Khani is a double gate named after one of Sher Shah Suri's greatest generals, [[Khawas Khan Marwat]]. It was the original main entrance to the fort from the [[Grand Trunk Road]], famously known as GT Road. The outer gate is {{convert|12.8|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} wide and {{convert|8|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} deep. The outer gate has a bastion, five battlements at its top, and flanking defensive walls with cannons. All of the battlements have loopholes and [[machicolation]]s. [[File:Gatali Gate.jpg|thumb|Gatali gate]]The inner and outer gates are almost mirrored images. The inner side of Khwas Khani also has five battlements, making it unique amongst the fort's inner gates. The inner and outer arches have calligraphy inscriptions and sunflower motifs like Sohail gate. The inner gate also has a room with windows that open to the inside and the outside. It is accessible by only one gate and has a fine stepwell, suggesting it was for the royal family.

==== Gatali ====
Gatali is a single gate that is {{Convert|9.15|m|ft}} high and {{Convert|6.1|m|ft}} deep. It faces the village [[Gatiali|Gatali]] [[Ford (crossing)|ford]], also called Patan Gatiali or Gatiyalian, the critical point to cross the [[Jhelum River]] for the [[Kashmir Valley]]. Gatali gate is decorated with carved calligraphy inscriptions.

====Sar====
Sar is a small entrance that seems to have been made by locals knocking down the main wall (outer boundary) as a passage to the adjacent jungle. There is a bastion next to this gate. Because the now dilapidated pond in front of this gate has existed since the fort's beginning, the entrance is called Sar gate (water pond).[[File:Shahi Masjid Rohtas Fort.jpg|thumb|Remains of the Shahi Masjid or Royal mosque]]

==== Tulla Mori and Pippli ====
Tulla Mori and Pippli are entrances rather than gates. Tulla Mori is on the eastern side of the fort and has an adjacent bastion. It is {{Convert|2|m|ft}} wide. Pippli is {{Convert|2.13|m|ft}}[[File:Allah_in_Stone_in_Rohtas.jpg|thumb|Shahi Masjid stone sunflower with the inscription "Allah"]]

=== Royal mosque ===
The small Shahi Masjid (Royal mosque) is near the Kabuli gate and is the most decorated of the fort's original buildings.

The mosque includes a prayer chamber and a small courtyard. Stairs lead from the courtyard to the top of the Kabuli gate. The mosque's outer wall is also the fortification wall, meaning soldiers walked over the mosque's roof.

The prayer chamber is {{Convert|19.2|m|ft}} long and {{Convert|7.3|m|ft}} deep. It has three equal sections with domed ceilings that are not visible from outside the structure. The Pesh Imam (prayer leader) had a small room at the end of the prayer chamber. This room has a small interior domed roof, also not visible from outside the mosque. The mosque lacks a place for ablution (cleaning up before prayers).

The mosque has decorative stone carvings featuring a sunflower motif and calligraphy engravings. One such carving is outside the Pesh Imam and features the word "Allah" in Arabic calligraphy. The [[merlon]]s on top of the Shahi Mosque have the same carving. The sunflower motif is also on each side of the arches of the Shahi Mosque and the guard posts between each gate. There are round carvings of the [[Six Kalimas]] in [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] script, surrounded by lilies, on the mosque's outer wall. [[File:'Pakistan'- Rani Mahal Rohtas Fort Near Jhelum- By @ibneazhar SEp 2016 (10).jpg|thumb|Rani Mahai or Queen's Palace]]

=== Palace ===
The [[Raja Man Singh]] Haveli, located on the highest point of the citadel, is the fort's only palace. The Rani Mahal (Queen's palace) is a one-story structure inside the fort. It originally had four rooms, but only one room remains today. The room is {{convert|2.45|by|2.45|m|ft}} square. It is {{convert|6.1|m|ft}} high and beautifully decorated inside and outside. The inside of the roof has decorative flowers, geometrical patterns, and fake windows. The stone dome roof is carved on the exterior to resemble a flower. [[File:Baoli at Rohtas Fort.jpg|thumb|Central stepwell]]

=== Stepwells ===
There are three [[baoli]]s or stepwells in the fort, made by cutting deep into the limestone. The central baoli is in the middle of the fort and served soldiers, elephants, and horses. This baoli has 148 steps. Each step is {{convert|20|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} wide. Three arches span its length.

The royal baoli is near the Kabuli gate. It has 60 steps and small chambers used as baths by the royal family. The Sar gate baoli, located near the Sar gate, is smaller and was most likely used by soldiers.

==Legacy and conservation==

Rohtas Fort was designated a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1997, having met the following inclusion criteria:
* Criterion (ii)''':''' "Rohtas Fort blends architectural and artistic traditions from Turkey and the Indian subcontinent to create the model for Mughal architecture and its subsequent refinements and adaptations."<ref name="UNESCO" />
* Criterion (iv)''':''' "Rohtas Fort is an exceptional example of the Muslim military architecture of central and south Asia during the 16th century."<ref name="UNESCO" />
The fort is noted for its high integrity and authenticity.<ref name="UNESCO" /> The central archway of Chandwali gate was recently restored and is the only modern construction on the fort. However, in early 2005, the left inner face of Talaqi gate collapsed due to seepage, heavy rains, and general neglect. At the same time, the right flank and foundation detached from the original structure. Over time, Gatali gate's right bastion and supporting wall collapsed due to permeated rainwater and erosion of its foundations.

The [[Himalayan Wildlife Foundation]] conceived the Rohtas Fort Conservation Programme in 2000 to help protect the fort and develop it as a heritage site.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-03-11 |title=Rohtas Fort Conservation and Restoration {{!}} Himalayan Wildlife Foundation |url=http://hwf.org.pk/rohtas.html |access-date=2022-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311093322/http://hwf.org.pk/rohtas.html |archive-date=11 March 2007 }}</ref> The foundation is undertaking several projects in conjunction with the [[Royal Norwegian Embassy]], including completing the restoration of Shah Chandwali gate and conserving Haveli Man Singh, Talaqi gate, and Gatali gate. The project also included creating the Sher Shah Suri Museum in the upper story of Sohail gate.{{wide image|Rohtas View 4.jpg|700px|Panoramic view of the Rohtas Fort}}

== Rohtas village ==
The insides of the ramparts of Rohtas fort have been continuously inhabited since the times of Islam Shah Suri.<ref name=":3" /> The British spy Shahamat Ali estimated the population of Rohtas village in 1840s to be 1200 (chiefly Muslims), living in 350 houses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Shahāmat |url=https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/The_Sikhs_and_Afghans_in_Connexion_with/GnyU2QW7a9cC?hl=en |title=The Sikhs and Afghans, in Connexion with the India and Persia, Immediately Before and After the Death of Ranjeet Singh: From the Journal of an Expedition to Kabul Through the Panjab and the Khaibar Pass |date=1847 |publisher=J. Murray |location=London |pages=120-121 |language=en |oclc=185191096}}</ref> According to a 2016 estimate the permanent population of the fortress was about 4000, living in 450 houses.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Awais |first=Mohammad |date=16 September 2016 |title=The last siege of Rohtas |url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/2016/09/16/the-last-siege-of-rohtas/ |access-date=31 October 2025 |website=[[The Friday Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Today a [[High school|government high school]] (est. 1853), a [[primary school|government primary school]], a [[post office]], a [[Bazaar|bazar]], 17 mosques and 3 [[Imambargah|imambargahs]] exist in the town, as well as access to electricity and water supply.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The officials regard the settlement as illegal.<ref name=":4" /> In 1992, the government of Pakistan ordered the locals of Rohtas village to leave the inside area of the fort, stating that the government would construct houses for them outside the fort. The order is still in effect, but no subsequent government has pursued its execution and has allowed residents to reside inside the fort.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rohtas Fort is one of the largest and most formidable in the subcontinent... |url=https://www.prideofpakistan.com/explore-pakistan-detail/Rohtas-Fort-is-one-of-the-largest-and-most-formidable-in-the-subcontinent/82 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=PrideofPakistan}}</ref> Around 40% of the population is [[Shia Islam|Shia]], the rest being [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]].<ref name=":4" />

International Author Ghulam Abbas Saghar also born in Rohtas Fort
<ref>https://www.google.co.uk/search?sa=X&sca_esv=a34d0b4f4b0c4824&udm=36&udm=36&q=inauthor:%22GHULAM+ABBAS+SAGHAR%22&ved=2ahUKEwiV197u_7iTAxUEXEEAHcgUIfsQ9Ah6BAgHEAc&biw=430&bih=721&dpr=3</ref>

== See. also ==
* [[List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Pakistan]]
* [[List of forts in Pakistan]]
* [[List of museums in Pakistan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* [[Mian Hayaud Din|Hayaud Din, Main]]. "Rohtas Fort"
* Institute of Architects, Pakistan Rawalpindi-Islamabad Chapter. ''Arch Vision,'' 2002.
* [[Basheer Ahmad Khan Matta|Matta, Basheer Ahmad Khan]], ''Sher Shah Suri: A Fresh Perspective''. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-19-597882-X}}.
* [[Ihsan H Nadiem|Nadiem, Ihsan H.]] ''Rohtas: Formidable Fort of Sher Shah''. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2011. {{ISBN|969-35-0603-0}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Rohtas Fort}}
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/586 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Web page].

{{Towns, cities and Cantonaments in Jhelum|kadlot = tehsil sohawa}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Pakistan}}
{{Cultural heritage sites in Punjab, Pakistan |state=autocollapse}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Pakistan|state=expanded}}{{Castles in Pakistan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Forts in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Sur Empire]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jhelum]]

Nedumpura Kulasekharanellur Shiva Temple

2026-04-29T17:36:06Z

Aurovedacharitable: new a place

{{Short description|Shiva temple in Thrissur district, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Nedumpura Kulasekharanellur Shiva Temple
| image =
010062022 Nedumpura Shiva Temple Kerala 061.jpg
| caption = Kulasekharanellur Shiva Temple, [[Nedumpura]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Kulasekharanellur Shiva Temple, [[Nedumpura]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.734655|N|76.261385|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| location = [[Nedumpura]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| elevation_m = 46.76
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]]
| architecture = [[Architecture of Kerala]]
| temple_quantity = One
}}

'''Kulasekharanellur Shiva Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple|Shiva temple]] situated at [[Nedumpura]] neighbourhood in [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]] in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is one among the [[108 Shiva Temples]] in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KERALA TEMPLES - 108 SIVA TEMPLES IN KERALA |url=https://www.thekeralatemples.com/knowmore/108_siva_temples.htm |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.thekeralatemples.com}}</ref> The sanctum sanctorum of this temple is uniquely shaped as the back of an elephant (Gajaprishtam).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sree Kulasekaranallur Shiva temple, Nedumpura |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/temples/thrissur/kulasekaranallur-shiva-nedumpura |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Temples of Kerala |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sree Kulasekaranallur Shiva Temple – Nedumpura Temple |url=https://www.hindu-blog.com/2021/04/sree-kulasekaranallur-shiva-temple-nedumpura.html?m=1 |access-date=2024-09-17}}</ref>

== Location ==
This temple is located with the [[Geographic coordinate system|coordinates]] of {{coord|10.734655|N|76.261385|E}} at [[Nedumpura]] in [[Thrissur district]].

{{Location map many | India Kerala
| width = 200
| float = middle
| label1 = Nedumpura Kulasekharanellur Shiva Temple
| pos1 = right
| bg1 = yellow
| label1_width = 8
| mark1size = 6
| coordinates1 = {{coord|10.734655|N|76.261385|E}}
}}

== Sub deities ==
[[Krishna]], [[Ganesha]] and [[Shasta (deity)|Sastha]] are the sub deities in this temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nedumpura - Kulasekharanellur Siva Temple |url=https://shaivam.org/temples-of-lord-shiva/nedumpura-kulasekharanellur-siva-temple/#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=shaivam.org}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Thrissur district]]

{{Kerala-hindu-temple-stub}}

A. T. Pathrose

2026-04-27T01:09:48Z

Aurovedacharitable: new...

{{Short description|Indian politician (1932–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2020}}
{{Indian name|Pathrose|Anithottathil Thomman}}{{Infobox person
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| name =  A. T. Pathrose
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| birth_date =  1932
| birth_place = [[Muvattupuzha]], [[Kerala]] state, [[India]]
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| education = Graduated in Law
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| known_for = Being elected to [[Kerala Legislature]], but being unable to take oath as the body was prematurely dissolved.
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'''Anithottathil Thomman Pathrose''' (1932 – May 16, 2020) was an Indian politician who was elected in the 3rd [[Kerala Legislature|Kerala Assembly]] elections in Kerala, India, but was unable to take oath. Although the 133 member assembly of that election was theoretically formed on 17 March 1965, it was prematurely dissolved on 24 March without the members being given an opportunity to take oath. Pathrose was never again elected to the Kerala Legislature.<ref name="vns111">{{cite news|title=അലസിപ്പോയ സഭയിലെ അവശേഷിക്കുന്ന സമാജികൻ|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/2837811/2014-03-30/kerala|access-date=30 March 2014|newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=30 March 2014|author=Dr. Eby P. Joy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329232259/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/2837811/2014-03-30/kerala|archive-date=2014-03-29  |language=Malayalam|format=Newspaper Article}}</ref>

He died on May 16, 2020.<ref>[https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2020/05/16/at-pathrose-passed-away എ.ടി. പത്രോസ് അന്തരിച്ചു] {{in lang|ml}}</ref>

==Life==
He was born to Anithottathil Thomman and Vallamkulam Kandathil Maniyanottu Chinnamma in 1932 at [[Muvattupuzha]], [[Kerala]]. He started practicing in the [[Kerala High Court]] in 1963 after obtaining degree in law from [[Calcutta]]. He stopped his practice to run a roof tile factory. In 1963, he was elected as a panchayat member.<ref name="vns111"/>

He successfully contested the Muvattupuzha assembly constituency in 1965 on a [[Kerala Congress]] ticket. [[E.P. Paulose]] of [[Indian National Congress]] who was a minister earlier and [[M. Parameswaran Nair]] of [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) were the opponents.<ref name="vns111"/><ref>{{cite web|title=INTERIM ELECTIONS TO THE KERALA ASSEMBLY – 1965|url=http://kerala.gov.in/docs/election_reportage/assembly_election/1965.pdf|publisher=Kerala Government|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402121228/http://kerala.gov.in/docs/election_reportage/assembly_election/1965.pdf|archive-date=2013-04-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> Even though he contested in 1967 as well, he was defeated by [[P.V. Abraham]] of CPI.<ref>{{cite web|title=ELECTIONS TO THE KERALA ASSEMBLY - 1967|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/docs/election_reportage/assembly_election/1967.pdf|publisher=Kerala Government|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402164337/http://kerala.gov.in/docs/election_reportage/assembly_election/1967.pdf|archive-date=2013-04-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He was a panchayath president<ref name=TSTEEFP>{{cite book|last=Krishnakumar|first=S.|title=The Story of the Ernakulam Experiment in Family Planning|date=1971|page=80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-eRAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> for 18 years. He was also the chairman of Pambakkuda block development committee, Director of [[State General Marketing Society]] and Director of [[National Co-operative Union of India]].<ref name="vns111"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathrose, A.T.}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1965–1967]]

Vantara

2026-04-25T21:07:00Z

Aurovedacharitable: made new stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Animal conservation centre in Jamnagar, Gujarat, India}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox zoo|zoo_name=Vantara|location=Motikhavdi, [[Jamnagar district]], [[Gujarat]], India|logo=Vantara logo alt.png|logo_width=|image=Vantara-Ambani.jpg|image_caption=Anant Ambani at Vantara with elephants|date_opened=4 March 2025|coordinates={{coord|22.326517|69.924159|display=inline}}|area={{convert|3500|acre|km2 sqmi|abbr=on}}|num_animals=47,633 - 150,000 reported|num_species=2,000+ reported|annual_visitors=0 (no public access)|owner=[[Reliance Foundation]]|management=Greens Zoological Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre, [[Reliance Foundation]]|website=https://vantara.in/}}
'''Vantara''' ({{Translation|''Star of the Forest''|i=}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vantara's Origin Story: How Anant Ambani's Project Became A Haven For The Wild |url=https://www.news18.com/india/vantaras-origin-story-how-anant-ambanis-project-became-a-haven-for-the-wild-9246394.html |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> is an animal rescue, care, and rehabilitation initiative established by the [[Reliance Foundation]], the philanthropic arm of [[Reliance Industries]].<ref name=":032">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-28 |title=Mukesh Ambani's Son, Anant Ambani, launches 3,000-acre animal shelter 'Vantara' in Gujarat's Jamnagar: Meet the visionary behind this Reliance initiative |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/mukesh-ambanis-son-anant-ambani-launches-3000-acre-animal-shelter-vantara-in-gujarats-jamnagar-meet-the-visionary-behind-vantara/3407221/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> It is located within a 3,500-acre green belt at Motikhavdi village in [[Jamnagar district]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]].<ref name=":522">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-04 |title=Unforgettable wildlife encounters of PM Modi at Anant Ambani's Vantara |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/unforgettable-wildlife-encounters-of-pm-modi-at-anant-ambanis-vantara/articleshow/118712342.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":622">{{Cite web |title=The Vantara Story: Anant Ambani's Dream Project to Conserve Endangered Wildlife old |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/videos/india/the-vantara-story-anant-ambani-s-dream-project-to-conserve-endangered-wildlife-old-12959417.html |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref> The project was officially launched on 26{{nbsp}}February 2024 and was inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] on 4{{nbsp}}March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates Vantara in Jamnagar, feeds lion cubs, giraffes |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/pm-modi-inaugurates-vantara-in-jamnagar-feeds-lion-cubs-giraffes20250304114209/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="PIB2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-04 |title=Prime Minister inaugurates Vantara, a unique wildlife conservation, rescue and rehabilitation initiative |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2108074 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

Published figures for the number of animals housed under the Vantara initiative have varied considerably, ranging from more than 2,000 rescued animals in early 2024 to more than 25,000 animals of 48 species at the time of its inauguration; a 2025 [[CITES]] compliance document reported 47,633 animals across the Greens Zoological Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre and the Radhe Krishna Temple Elephant Welfare Trust as of 11 September 2025, while Vantara and some media reports described the wider initiative as housing more than 150,000 animals across over 2,000 species.<ref name="IE2024count">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-28 |title=Anant Ambani's Vantara: From elephants to tigers, over 2000 rescued animals find a state-of-the-art home |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/vantara-over-2k-rescued-animals-find-a-state-of-the-art-home-9182743/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="FP2025count">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-04 |title=Anant Ambani's Vantara has over 25,000 animals of 48 species |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/anant-ambanis-vantara-has-over-25000-animals-of-48-species-13868559.html |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="CITES2025count">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-23 |title=SC79 Doc. 6.3.4 |url=https://cites.org/sites/default/files/documents/E-SC79-06-03-04_1.pdf |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=CITES}}</ref><ref name="ReutersSIT2025">{{Cite news |date=2025-09-15 |title=India's top court-appointed committee clears Ambani son's wildlife centre of wrongdoing |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/indias-top-court-appointed-committee-clears-ambani-sons-wildlife-centre-2025-09-15/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

In 2025, Vantara received the ''Prani Mitra'' award in the corporate category from the [[Animal Welfare Board of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alex |first=Riya R |date=2025-02-27 |title=Anant Ambani's Vantara receives prestigious Prani Mitra Award for animal welfare |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/anant-ambanis-vantara-receives-prestigious-prani-mitra-award-for-animal-welfare-11740645378757.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304112655/https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/anant-ambanis-vantara-receives-prestigious-prani-mitra-award-for-animal-welfare-11740645378757.html |archive-date=2025-03-04 |access-date=2025-03-05 |work=Mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-27 |title=Anant Ambani's Vantara wins prestigious national 'Prani Mitra' Award for excellence in animal welfare |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/wildlife/anant-ambanis-vantara-wins-prestigious-national-prani-mitra-award-for-excellence-in-animal-welfare-19565536.htm |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> The initiative has also drawn scrutiny over animal sourcing, its non-public status, media-related disputes, the relocation of the temple elephant Mahadevi, and other aspects of its operations. In August 2025, the [[Supreme Court of India]] appointed a [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] to examine allegations relating to wildlife acquisition and related issues; the Court accepted the panel's report in September 2025 and closed the petitions before it.<ref name="ReutersProbe2025">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-26 |title=Ambani son's wildlife centre faces probe into allegations of animal mistreatment |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/ambani-sons-wildlife-centre-faces-probe-into-allegations-animal-mistreatment-2025-08-26/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="SITaccepted2025">{{Cite news |date=2025-09-16 |title=SC accepts SIT report, gives Vantara clean chit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sc-accepts-sit-report-gives-vantara-clean-chit/articleshow/123908996.cms |access-date=2025-09-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Separately, the [[Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species]] Secretariat raised concerns in November 2025 about aspects of India's wildlife-import procedures, but the CITES Standing Committee did not adopt trade-restrictive measures against India at its meeting in Samarkand later that month.<ref name="HinduCITES2025">{{Cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=2025-11-04 |title=After visit to Vantara, global wildlife committee recommends India pause animal import |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/after-visit-to-vantara-global-wildlife-committee-recommends-india-pause-animal-import/article70241099.ece |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="ReutersCITES2025">{{Cite news |date=2025-11-23 |title=After Ambani zoo probe, wildlife body reverses call to curb animal imports to India |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/after-ambani-zoo-probe-wildlife-body-reverses-call-curb-animal-imports-india-2025-11-23/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

== History ==
In media interviews, [[Anant Ambani]] has credited his interest in animal welfare to a childhood experience during a family trip between [[Jaipur]] and [[Ranthambore National Park|Ranthambore]], where they encountered an injured elephant that was subsequently rescued. He described this event as influential in shaping the family's involvement in animal care.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Deepak |date=2024-02-26 |title=Influenced by Nita Ambani, Anant launches 3,000-acre animal shelter 'Vantara' in Gujarat's Jamnagar |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/influenced-by-nita-ambani-anant-launches-vantara-a-3000-acre-animal-shelter-in-gujarats-jamnagar-11708964180840.html |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Mint}}</ref> Over time, these efforts transitioned from informal activities to a structured program under the [[Reliance Foundation]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-11 |title=Vantara a model for animal welfare: 10 things that makes it unique |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/south-african-organisation-raises-alarm-over-export-of-wild-animals-from-south-africa-to-ambanis-vantaranbsp/3773160/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> The foundation has stated that the initiative draws inspiration from the concept of ''jeev seva'' (service to living beings), which it links to the teachings of [[Swami Vivekananda]].<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Vantara's Origin Story: How Anant Ambani's Project Became A Haven For The Wild |url=https://www.news18.com/india/vantaras-origin-story-how-anant-ambanis-project-became-a-haven-for-the-wild-9246394.html |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite news |date=2024-02-26 |title=Influenced by Nita Ambani, Anant launches 'Vantara' animal shelter in Jamnagar |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/influenced-by-nita-ambani-anant-launches-vantara-a-3000-acre-animal-shelter-in-gujarats-jamnagar-11708964180840.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312182905/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/influenced-by-nita-ambani-anant-launches-vantara-a-3000-acre-animal-shelter-in-gujarats-jamnagar-11708964180840.html |archive-date=2025-03-12 |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=Mint |language=en}}</ref>

The facility received its first animal, an elephant named Gauri, in 2009. Gauri had previously been kept in an urban setting in [[Rajasthan]] before being moved to the centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vantara unveils edutainment videos to make a difference in wildlife preservation |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/vantara-unveils-edutainment-videos-to-make-a-difference-in-wildlife-preservation/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> The Greens Zoological Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre (GZRRC) was granted approval by the [[Central Zoo Authority]] in 2019.<ref name="GZRRC2019">{{Cite web |title=Greens Zoological, Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre Annual Report 2020-21 |url=https://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/reports/hindi/AR_greensrescuecenter_2021.pdf |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Central Zoo Authority |quote=On 14 Feb 2019, CZA granted approval for the establishment of GZRRC.}}</ref>

In 2024, twenty elephants formerly used in logging operations in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] were relocated to the facility.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-22 |title=Vantara to shelter 20 elephants rescued from exploitative logging industry |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vantara-to-shelter-20-elephants-rescued-from-exploitative-logging-industry-101737538086593.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209155448/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vantara-to-shelter-20-elephants-rescued-from-exploitative-logging-industry-101737538086593.html |archive-date=2025-02-09 |access-date=2025-05-22 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New chain-free life in Vantara for 20 elephants rescued from logging industry |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/new-chain-free-life-in-vantara-for-20-elephants-rescued-from-logging-industry-12915223.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124111815/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/new-chain-free-life-in-vantara-for-20-elephants-rescued-from-logging-industry-12915223.html |archive-date=2025-01-24 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref> The elephants had previously been used to drag timber and had been kept chained during parts of their working lives.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-25 |title=20 elephants rescued from the logging industry to fresh at Anant Ambani’s Vantara |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/20-elephants-rescued-from-the-logging-industry-to-fresh-at-anant-ambanis-vantara/articleshow/117559069.cms |access-date=2025-11-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Wildlife activists and legal experts questioned the relocation of some elephants to a facility far from their original habitat region.<ref name="DeccanElephants2025">{{Cite web |last=Karmakar |first=Sumir |title=Assam activists question transport of 21 captive elephants to Reliance-run Vantara in Gujarat |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/assam/assam-activists-question-transport-of-21-captive-elephants-to-reliance-run-vantara-in-gujarat-3366220 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2024, approximately 1,825 animals, including [[Jaguar|jaguars]], [[Tapir|tapirs]], [[Crocodile|crocodiles]] and various [[monkey]] species, were brought from [[Venezuela]], transported by air. According to official statements cited in contemporary reporting, the transfer was approved by relevant forest departments and overseen by a court-appointed committee.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-22 |title=20 Elephants rescued from the logging industry to find freedom in Anant Ambani's Vantara, a chain-free sanctuary |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/20-elephants-rescued-from-the-logging-industry-to-find-freedom-in-anant-ambanis-vantara-a-chain-free-sanctuary/articleshow/117457323.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-23 |title=Elephants freed from logging industry to find sanctuary at Vantara |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/elephants-freed-from-logging-industry-to-find-sanctuary-at-vantara |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vantara To Offer Chain-Free Haven For 20 Elephants Rescued From Logging Industry |url=https://www.news18.com/india/vantara-to-offer-chain-free-haven-for-20-elephants-rescued-from-logging-industry-9195842.html |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

By 2025, published figures for animals housed under the Vantara initiative varied between sources, ranging from 10,360 wild animals of 345 species at the GZRRC in the 2023–24 annual report to 47,633 animals across the GZRRC and RKTEWT in a September 2025 CITES compliance document; Vantara and some later media reports described the wider initiative as housing more than 150,000 animals across over 2,000 species.<ref name="GZRRC2324">{{Cite web |title=Greens Zoological, Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre Annual Report 2023-24 |url=https://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/reports/hindi/AR_gzzrjamnagar_2324.pdf |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Central Zoo Authority}}</ref><ref name="CITES2025count" /><ref name="ReutersSIT2025" /> In 2025, it was awarded the ''Prani Mitra'' National Award in the corporate category from the [[Animal Welfare Board of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alex |first=Riya R |date=2025-02-27 |title=Anant Ambani's Vantara receives prestigious Prani Mitra Award for animal welfare |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/anant-ambanis-vantara-receives-prestigious-prani-mitra-award-for-animal-welfare-11740645378757.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304112655/https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/anant-ambanis-vantara-receives-prestigious-prani-mitra-award-for-animal-welfare-11740645378757.html |archive-date=2025-03-04 |access-date=2025-03-05 |work=Mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-27 |title=Anant Ambani's Vantara wins prestigious national 'Prani Mitra' Award for excellence in animal welfare |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/wildlife/anant-ambanis-vantara-wins-prestigious-national-prani-mitra-award-for-excellence-in-animal-welfare-19565536.htm |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

The facility has been involved in supporting the [[Maharashtra Forest Department]] in matters related to wildlife management. In late 2025, the Maharashtra Forest Department proposed relocating up to 50 leopards from parts of [[Pune district]] to Vantara in response to rising human–wildlife conflict, and the [[Central Zoo Authority]] approved the proposal.<ref name="PuneLeopardsProposal2025">{{Cite news |last=Mutha |first=Snehal |date=2025-11-07 |title=Maharashtra sends proposal to Centre to relocate 50 leopards to Vantara |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/maharashtra-sends-proposal-to-centre-to-relocate-leopards-to-vantara/article70252678.ece |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="CZALeopardsApproval2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-22 |title=Central Zoo Authority approves relocation of 50 leopards to Jamnagar facility |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/central-zoo-authority-approves-relocation-of-50-leopards-to-jamnagar-facility-101766352697625.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> By March 2026, 20 leopards from Junnar had been relocated to Vantara.<ref name="IELeopards2026">{{Cite news |date=2026-03-07 |title=Amid rise in human-animal conflict, 20 leopards from Pune's Junnar relocated to Vantara in Gujarat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/amid-rise-in-human-animal-conflict-20-leopards-from-punes-junnar-relocated-to-vantara-in-gujarat-10570115/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Facilities and conservation ==
The primary rescue-and-rehabilitation zone within Vantara is the Greens Zoological Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre (GZRRC), a [[Central Zoo Authority]]-recognized facility established in 2019, which spans around 650 acres.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |last=Fernandes |first=Snehal |date=2024-02-27 |title=At Jamnagar, a billionaire's passion creates the world's largest rescue centre for animals |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/at-jamnagar-a-billionaire-s-passion-creates-the-world-s-largest-rescue-centre-for-animals-101708976044606.html |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="GZRRC2019" /> The remaining area includes veterinary units, administrative buildings and support infrastructure, bringing the total campus area to about 3,500 acres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=Anant Ambani's 'Vantara' all set to welcome tigers, lions from Argentina |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/anant-ambanis-vantara-all-set-to-welcome-tigers-lions-from-argentina/videoshow/109191618.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413021235/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/anant-ambanis-vantara-all-set-to-welcome-tigers-lions-from-argentina/videoshow/109191618.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2024-04-13 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> The facility is not open to the general public.<ref name="NationalHerald2024">{{Cite web |last=Prabal |first=A. J. |date=2024-04-04 |title=All aboard the Ambani ark at Vantara |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/all-aboard-the-ambani-ark-at-vantara |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525051513/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/all-aboard-the-ambani-ark-at-vantara |archive-date=2024-05-25 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name="PIB2025" />

Among the key units is the Centre for Elephants, which includes an elephant hospital equipped with hydrotherapy pools, medical imaging systems and other specialized veterinary tools. The broader Wildlife Hospital and Research Centre reportedly covers around 100,000 square feet and includes [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]], [[CT scan]], [[ultrasound]], [[X-ray]], surgical rooms and quarantine facilities.<ref name="FP2025count" /><ref name=":72" />

Animal care is structured through species-specific enclosures, including dedicated zones for big cats, reptiles, herbivores and exotic animals. The initiative operates under the regulatory frameworks set by the [[Central Zoo Authority]] and relevant state wildlife departments. It also maintains internal security and animal transport services.<ref name="IE2024count" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Akanksha |date=2024-04-03 |title=Indian zoos have a numbers problem. Too many animals, not enough vets, biologists, educators |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/indian-zoos-have-a-numbers-problem-too-many-animals-not-enough-vets-biologists-educators/1858611/ |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

Some animal welfare and conservation groups have questioned the suitability of the Jamnagar site for large-scale, long-term care of rescued and exotic animals, citing its climate, private status and proximity to industrial infrastructure.<ref name="NationalHerald2024" /><ref name="BBC_Vantara_Aug252">{{Cite news |last=Yadav |first=Nikita |date=2025-08-27 |title=Vast private zoo run by son of India's richest man faces inquiry |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgqn5jjk55no |access-date=2025-10-23 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

In December 2025, [[Ministry of Environment and Forestry (Indonesia)|Indonesia's Ministry of Forestry]] sought technical input from Vantara following the death of a [[Sumatran elephant]] linked to [[Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus|Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus]] (EEHV). According to media reports, a Vantara veterinary team travelled to Riau to review cases, share clinical protocols and provide advisory guidance on early detection and veterinary response.<ref name="AntaraEEHV2025">{{Cite news |date=2025-12-23 |title=Indonesia, India team up to curb deadly EEHV in Sumatran elephants |url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/397486/indonesia-india-team-up-to-curb-deadly-eehv-in-sumatran-elephants |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=ANTARA |language=en}}</ref>

== Scrutiny ==

=== Animal sourcing ===
A March 2024 investigative report by ''[[Himal Southasian]]'' alleged that Vantara's demand for animals could affect the global wildlife trade under the guise of conservation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajshekhar |first=M. |date=2024-03-20 |title=The costs of Reliance's wildlife ambitions |url=https://www.himalmag.com/politics/reliance-ambani-anant-elephants-wildlife-vantara-radhe-krishna-trust-greens |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Himal Southasian |language=en}}</ref> The report examined animal transfers to the facility, including imports from several countries, and raised questions about the legitimacy of sources and compliance with international and Indian wildlife laws.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohan |first=Rohini |date=2024-03-16 |title=Critics not wild about private zoo set up by Indian billionaire Ambani's youngest son |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/critics-not-wild-over-private-zoo-owned-by-indian-billionaire-ambani-s-youngest-son |access-date=2025-05-22 |work=The Straits Times |language=en |issn=0585-3923}}</ref> Critics questioned the transparency of these operations and argued that large-scale acquisitions from small or poorly monitored suppliers could create incentives for illegal wildlife capture and trade; Vantara has said its animal transfers are legal and compliant with applicable standards.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Perinchery |first=Aathira |date=2025-03-18 |title=On Report of it Fuelling Illegal Wildlife Trade Worldwide, Vantara Says All Animals 'Rescued' |url=https://thewire.in/environment/vantaras-demand-for-wildlife-may-have-%60fuelled-illegal-wildlife-trade-worldwide-report |access-date=2025-05-22 |work=The Wire}}</ref> The investigative report was republished by the [[Pulitzer Center]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Costs of Reliance's Wildlife Ambitions |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/costs-reliances-wildlife-ambitions |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Pulitzer Center |language=en}}</ref>

On 19 May 2025, the [[Delhi High Court]] dismissed a contempt petition filed by GZRRC against ''Himal Southasian'', holding that no prior judicial direction requiring removal of the article had been shown.<ref name="LiveLawHC2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=Delhi High Court Dismisses Vantara's Contempt Plea Against Himal Southasian Over Investigative Report |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/delhi-high-court/delhi-high-court-vantara-elephants-anant-ambani-himal-southasian-292899 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=LiveLaw |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-21 |title=Himal says will 'resist bid to intimidate' as HC dismisses Vantara case |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2025/05/21/himal-says-will-resist-bid-to-intimidate-as-hc-dismisses-vantara-case |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Will Resist Suppression of Press Freedom, Says Himal as Delhi HC Quashes Vantara's Case |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/media/himal-statement-delhi-high-court-quashes-vantara-case/amp |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

In March 2025, a coalition of 30 South African animal rights groups, under the Wildlife Animal Protection Forum of South Africa (WAPFSA), urged their government to investigate the export of wild animals to Vantara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-12 |title=Rights group calls for investigation into Ambani's private zoo that Modi inaugurated |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/south-africa-investigation-vantara-ambani-zoo-b2712860.html |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> The coalition expressed concerns over potential violations of international wildlife trade regulations, particularly regarding animals sourced from South African breeding facilities. It also highlighted previous CITES concerns about India's compliance in relation to live animal imports, including critically endangered species.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deka |first=Mahesh |date=2025-03-09 |title=South Africa's animal protection forum seeks probe into wildlife exports to Ambani's Vantara |url=https://nenow.in/environment/south-africas-animal-protection-forum-seeks-probe-into-wildlife-exports-to-ambanis-vantara.html |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=NorthEast Now |language=en-US}}</ref> Vantara refuted the allegations, stating that all animal transfers were conducted in compliance with South African and Indian laws.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shweta |date=2025-03-12 |title=Rights group calls for investigation into Ambani's private zoo that Modi inaugurated |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/south-africa-investigation-vantara-ambani-zoo-b2712860.html |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Some wildlife specialists and activists also questioned the suitability of Jamnagar for a large population of elephants and other animals.<ref name="BBC_Vantara_Aug252" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Divya |date=2024-03-28 |title=‘Bringing 1,000 elephants to Jamnagar makes no sense’: Raman Sukumar |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/environment/bringing-1000-elephants-to-jamnagar-makes-no-sense-raman-sukumar/article67990072.ece |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

Following public concern and litigation over Vantara's wildlife acquisition practices, the [[Supreme Court of India]], in late August 2025, constituted a four-member [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] (SIT) headed by former Supreme Court judge [[Jasti Chelameswar]] to examine allegations surrounding the facility. These included claims of illegal wildlife acquisition or smuggling, violations of the ''[[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972]]'', failure to comply with CITES, irregularities in international documentation, and questions about the suitability of the Jamnagar site for such a large population of exotic and endangered species.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-15 |title=Supreme Court appointed SIT gives clean chit to Vantara — Here's what the report said… |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/supreme-court-appointed-sit-gives-clean-chit-to-vantara-what-report-said-wildlife-rescue-centre-gujarat-reliance-ambani-11757922060314.html |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Mint |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ReutersProbe2025" /> The SIT carried out field inspections at Vantara, reviewed permits and import/export records, and coordinated with statutory and enforcement bodies, including the [[Central Zoo Authority]], [[Wildlife Crime Control Bureau]], state forest departments, the [[Directorate of Revenue Intelligence]] and the [[Enforcement Directorate]].<ref name=":02" /> Its sealed report was submitted to the Supreme Court on 12 September 2025 and concluded that Vantara had not violated legal or ethical standards in its acquisition and care of animals.<ref name="SITaccepted2025" /><ref name="ReutersSIT2025" />

On 15 September 2025, the Supreme Court accepted the SIT's findings and closed the pending petitions and complaints before it. The Court stated that further complaints on the same set of allegations would not be entertained by judicial, statutory or administrative forums.<ref name="SITaccepted2025" /> Summaries of the SIT's conclusions were shared in court filings and media reports, but the complete report itself has not been publicly released.<ref name=":02" /> In March 2026, the Supreme Court dismissed a fresh petition seeking another probe into animal imports at Vantara, holding that the issues had already been examined.<ref name="IESC2026">{{Cite news |date=2026-03-21 |title=SC rejects plea seeking probe into Vantara animal imports, citing SIT findings |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/legal-news/sc-rejects-vantara-animal-imports-plea-sit-findings-10592408/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2025, the CITES Secretariat identified discrepancies in some import records and recommended additional safeguards for India's issue of wildlife-import permits.<ref name="HinduCITES2025" /><ref name="CITES2025count" /> The matter was considered at the 79th meeting of the CITES Standing Committee in [[Samarkand]] on 23 November 2025. The committee did not adopt trade-restrictive measures against India, while indicating that compliance could continue to be reviewed if necessary.<ref name="SC79meeting">{{Cite web |title=Seventy-ninth meeting of the Standing Committee |url=https://cites.org/eng/sc/79 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=CITES}}</ref><ref name="ReutersCITES2025" />

=== Media disputes ===
Following reports on concerns raised by WAPFSA, several Indian media outlets took down or altered articles on the matter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-14 |title=Reports critical of Ambani's Vantara vanish, news outlets get suspicious emails, legal notices |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/reports-critical-of-ambanis-vantara-vanish-news-outlets-get-suspicious-emails-legal-notices |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Outlets including ''[[Deccan Herald]]'', ''[[The Telegraph (India)]]'' and ''[[The Tribune (India)]]'' removed stories without public explanation,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-13 |title=Reports on Ambani's Vantara unavailable on Deccan Herald, Telegraph, The Tribune portals |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2025/03/13/reports-on-ambanis-vantara-unavailable-on-deccan-herald-telegraph-the-tribune-portals |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref> while others, including ''[[The Financial Express (India)]]'', replaced critical pieces with more favourable coverage. Some media organizations, including ''Northeast Now'' and ''[[Vartha Bharati]]'', reported receiving threatening emails or offers of financial incentives to delete or modify coverage.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Majumder |first1=Shinjinee |last2=Sinha |first2=Pratik |date=2025-03-12 |title=News outlets receive 'threat mails', some delete stories on concerns over Ambanis' Vantara project |url=https://www.altnews.in/news-outlets-receive-threat-mails-some-delete-stories-on-concerns-over-ambanis-vantara-project/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Alt News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In October 2025, an investigation by ''[[The News Minute]]'' and ''[[Newslaundry]]'' reported an organized campaign to suppress critical coverage. The report identified a fraudulent entity operating as "Aspire Law Firm", which used the stolen identity of a prominent Indian cyber law expert to send spoofed legal threats and copyright takedown notices to journalists in Africa, Brazil, Germany and India.<ref name="TNMFakeNoticesOct20252">{{Cite news |date=2025-10-21 |title=Bogus law firm and fake Google notices: The murky online campaign to suppress stories on Vantara |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/bogus-law-firm-and-fake-google-notices-the-murky-online-campaign-to-suppress-stories-on-vantara-zoo |access-date=2026-03-07 |work=The News Minute}}</ref> The same investigation reported that fake emails purporting to be from "Google Legal Support" were used to pressure publishers into removing articles.<ref name="TNMFakeNoticesOct20252" />

A separate report in the German newspaper ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'' said that an English translation of a March 2025 German-language investigation into Vantara was removed from [[Scribd]] after a copyright complaint from an entity falsely claiming to act for the newspaper.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-29 |title=Wie kritische Berichte über den größten Zoo der Welt verschwinden |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/medien/indien-gericht-vantara-zoo-berichterstattung-medien-li.3316345 |publisher=Süddeutsche Zeitung |language=de}}</ref>

=== Public access and private visits ===
Vantara is not open to the general public, a feature that has figured in criticism of the initiative alongside concerns about animal sourcing and private visits to the facility.<ref name="BBC_Vantara_Aug252" /><ref name="NationalHerald2024" /> Critics have raised concerns about private control over rescued and exotic wildlife, while supporters have cited its veterinary infrastructure and capacity for long-term care.<ref name="BBC_Vantara_Aug252" /><ref name="PIB2025" />

During the [[wedding of Anant Ambani and Radhika Merchant]], some guests reportedly visited Vantara or participated in events themed around the facility.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hasan |first=Sadiba |date=2024-07-15 |title=What We Know About the Ambani Wedding |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/ambani-wedding.html |access-date=2025-05-22 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Debarati S. |title=Anant Ambani-Radhika Merchant pre-wedding: Guests to visit Vantara |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/lifestyle/anant-ambani-radhika-merchant-pre-wedding-guests-to-visit-vantara-12385371.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414104805/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/lifestyle/anant-ambani-radhika-merchant-pre-wedding-guests-to-visit-vantara-12385371.html |archive-date=2024-04-14 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Balevic |first=Katie |title=Ambani pre-wedding party guests arrived in jungle-themed attire to honor Anant Ambani's Vantara animal rescue center |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/anant-ambani-vantara-animal-rescue-center-pre-wedding-party-outfits-2024-3 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> Critics cited the visits as part of wider concerns about the use of animals in a private facility that is not open to the general public. Vantara has described such visits as educational and approved by the Central Zoo Authority under the [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972]] and the Recognition of Zoo Rules, 2009. No formal violation in relation to these visits has been documented.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/guidelines/english/mng_rescued_animals.pdf |title=2025 Policy Guidelines: Placement & Management of Rescued Animals in Indian Zoo |publisher=Central Zoo Authority |year=2025 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

===Mahadevi elephant relocation===
In July 2025, the relocation of an ailing elephant named Mahadevi, also known as Madhuri, to Vantara sparked controversy. The elephant had been kept at a Jain temple in [[Kolhapur]], Maharashtra, for three decades before being moved to Vantara following a court order.<ref name="BBC_Vantara_Aug252" /> The transfer led to protests in Maharashtra on 3 August 2025, and some protesters threatened to boycott Reliance's [[Jio]] telecom services.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-08 |title=A temple elephant rescue in India sparks massive street protests |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/elephant-madhuri-kolhapur-vantara-peta-ambanis-b2803439.html |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> In response to the criticism, the state's chief minister announced that the government would seek a review in the Supreme Court for Mahadevi's return.<ref name="BBC_Vantara_Aug252" /> Vantara and [[PETA India]] supported the transfer on animal-welfare grounds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-08 |title=A temple elephant rescue in India sparks massive street protests |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/elephant-madhuri-kolhapur-vantara-peta-ambanis-b2803439.html |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

== In popular media ==
In November 2025, a six-part documentary series titled ''Vantara: Sanctuary Stories'' premiered on [[JioHotstar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-18 |title=A new entry for your watchlist: ‘Vantara: Sanctuary Stories’ now streaming on JioHotstar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/a-new-entry-for-your-watchlist-vantara-sanctuary-stories-now-streaming-on-jiohotstar/articleshow/125410539.cms |access-date=2026-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Hosted by wildlife biologist [[Forrest Galante]], the series documented the facility's rescue operations, veterinary infrastructure and animal rehabilitation work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beyond The Chaos: How 'Vantara-Sanctuary Stories' Is Winning Hearts On JioHotstar |url=https://www.news18.com/india/beyond-the-chaos-how-vantara-sanctuary-stories-is-winning-hearts-on-jiohotstar-ws-kl-9713437.html |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=News18}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Dubai Safari Park]]
* [[Wildlife rehabilitation]]
* [[Central Zoo Authority]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite news |date=2025-05-20 |title=Ambani family under fire over sprawling Indian wildlife park |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/asia/article/india-ambani-family-zoo-9cb2x75cw |access-date=2025-05-24 |work=The Times}}
* {{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Vaishna |date=2025-03-25 |title=Editor's Note: A sanctuary for the few, a graveyard for the many |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/environment/india-wildlife-crisis-vantara-forest-loss-wildlife-conservation-debate-corporate-ecological-impact/article69358258.ece |access-date=2025-05-24 |work=Frontline}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Wildlife rehabilitation and conservation centers]]

Lalrintluanga Sailo

2026-04-25T17:45:53Z

Aurovedacharitable: new a entry - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (1960–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Lalrintluanga Sailo.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1960|06|13}}
| birth_place = [[Aizawl]], Assam, India (now [[Mizoram]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2025|07|21|1960|06|13}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], India
| occupation =
| constituency_AM = [[Dampa Assembly constituency|Dampa]]
| assembly = Mizoram Legislative
| term_start = 2018
| term_end = 21 July 2025
| predecessor = Lalrobika
| successor = [[R. Lalthangliana]]
| alma_mater = Ch. Chhunga High School, Chawlhhmun, Aizawl
| party = [[Mizo National Front]]
}}

'''Lalrintluanga Sailo''' (13 June 1960 – 21 July 2025) was an Indian politician from [[Mizoram]]. He was a two–time member of [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]] from [[Dampa Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] community, in [[Mamit district]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Dampa constituency assembly election results 2023: Will MNF's Lalrintluanga Sailo retain his seat by defeating Congress's Lalrobiaka and BJP's Lalrimawia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dampa-constituency-assembly-election-results-2023-will-mnfs-lalrintluanga-sailo-retain-his-seat-by-defeating-congresss-lalrobiaka-and-bjps-lalrimawia/articleshow/105706864.cms |access-date=2024-10-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was re-elected in the [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Mizo National Front.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lalrintluanga Sailo, MNF Candidate from Dampa Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/mizoram/lalrintluanga-sailo-s16aed2008a002e2023c002/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Dampa Election Result 2023 Live: Mnf Candidate Lalrintluanga Sailo Wins From Dampa |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/dampa-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-mnf-mizoram-assembly-election-results-news-1647621 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sailo was born on 13 June 1960 in [[Aizawl]],<ref name=":2" /> and resided at Luangmual, Aizawl District, Mizoram. He was the son of Lalnguauva Sailo. He married Lalbiakthuami and they had five children.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.mizoramassembly.in/members/details/15 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=www.mizoramassembly.in}}</ref> He completed his Class 8 in 1975 at Ch. Chhunga High School, Chawlhhmun, Aizawl, Mizoram and later discontinued his studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lalrintluanga Sailo(MNF):Constituency- DAMPA (ST)(MAMIT) − Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Mizoram2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=54 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

He joined the underground movement during the [[Mizo National Front uprising]] at the age of 16. He came overground after the [[Mizoram Peace Accord]] was signed in 1986. Subsequently, he served as the personal driver of Pu [[Laldenga]]. He was elected to the Luangmual village council four times consecutively holding the office for 12 years. He had previously held various positions such as president and financial secretary in the [[Young Mizo Association|YMA]], Luangmual branch. He was an executive member of [[Mizoram Football Association]] for two terms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WirqUjueIow|title=LALRINTLUANGA SAILO (Dampa Bialtu MLA) KAWMNA ZONET LAMKAL|date=2023-07-13|language=lus|publisher=Zonet|access-date=2025-03-23|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Interview Lalrintluanga Sailo |url=https://theaizawlpost.org/interview-lalrintluanga-sailo/ |access-date=23 March 2025 |website=theaizawlpost.org |publisher=The Aizawl Post |language=lus}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sailo won from Dampa Assembly constituency representing the [[Mizo National Front]] in the 2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election. He polled 6,218 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Vanlalsailova of the [[Zoram People's Movement]], by a margin of 292 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dampa Constituency Election Results 2023: Dampa Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/mizoram/constituency-show/dampa |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]], when he defeated his nearest rival, Lalrobiaka of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 1,657 votes.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Death ==
Sailo died of complicated ailments, including [[scrub typhus]], at a private hospital in Delhi, on 21 July 2025. He was 65.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-07-21 |title=Mizoram MLA Lalrintluanga Sailo dies in Delhi, body likely to be brought to Aizawl on Tuesday |url=https://theprint.in/india/mizoram-mla-lalrintluanga-sailo-dies-in-delhi-body-likely-to-be-brought-to-aizawl-on-tuesday/2697813/ |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2025-07-22 |title=Mizoram MLA Lalrintluanga Sailo passes away in Delhi at 65 |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/mizoram/mizoram-mla-lalrintluanga-sailo-passes-away-in-delhi-at-65.html |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=NorthEast Now |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sailo, Lalrintluanga}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Mizo National Front politicians]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Politicians from Aizawl]]
[[Category:Mizo people]]

Asif Panjwani

2026-04-25T00:47:25Z

Aurovedacharitable: article...

{{Short description|Indian musician}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Asif Panjwani
| image = File:Asif_Panjwani_Recording_Studio.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Asif Panjwani at recording studio in Mumbai
| othername =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|10|10}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| genre = Sufi, Indian Film Music, Indie-pop
| occupation = Indian Music Composer, Record Producer, Song Writer
| years_active = 2013–present
}}

'''Asif Panjwani''' ({{langx|hi|आसिफ पंजवानी}}, {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq| آصف پنجوانی }}}}; born 10 October 1989) is an Indian music composer and record producer. He has composed background scores and original music for several Indian television series and independent music projects.<ref name="MTI_Bio">{{cite news |title="Music is a language of heart without words" says music director Asif Panjwani |url=https://mtinews.in/music-is-a-language-of-heart-without-words-says-music-director-asif-panjwani/ |work=MTI News |date=7 October 2017 |access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/added-indian-rhythm-to-leave-country-s-mark-on-kumite-1-league-118092900020_1.html | title='Added Indian rhythm to leave country's mark on Kumite 1 League' | newspaper=Business Standard India | date=29 September 2018 }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Panjwani was born in Mumbai, Maharashtra. He received formal training in [[Indian classical music]] and [[Ghazal]] under Ustad Ghulam Abbas Khan of the [[Rampur-Sahaswan gharana]].<ref name="Wiki_Profile">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_Panjwani |title=Asif Panjwani - Early life and career |website=Wikipedia |access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref> He holds a diploma in Urdu Ghazal, which informs his work in contemporary music composition and songwriting.

==Career==
Panjwani began his career in 2007 as a music operator, assisting filmmaker and composer [[Neeraj Vora]] on the Gujarati theatrical production ''Putri Devo Bhava''.<ref name="KoiMoi_Vora">{{cite news |title=Music Composer Asif Panjwani Says He Is Thankful For Neeraj Vora's Advice |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/music-composer-asif-panjwani-says-he-is-thankful-for-neeraj-voras-advice-of-never-giving-up-his-passion/ |work=KoiMoi |date=2018 |access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref>

In television, he has provided original music and background scores for various networks including [[Zee TV]] and [[Life OK]]. His credits include the supernatural series ''[[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein]]'', ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]'', and the sitcom ''[[Y.A.R.O Ka Tashan]]''.<ref name="Zee_Credits">{{cite news |title=Asif Panjwani has given song and background music in television shows |url=https://mtinews.in/music-is-a-language-of-heart-without-words-says-music-director-asif-panjwani/ |work=MTI News |date=2017 |access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref>

Panjwani<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/terror-strike-beyond-boundaries/movieshow/61961670.cms|title = Terror Strike: Beyond Boundaries Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> has also composed for independent music labels, including Zee Music Company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.firstpost.com/entertainment/gehana-vasisth-new-album-raah-ka-teri-musafir-hoon-launched-114263.html|title = हॉट अदाकारा गहना वशिष्ठ का म्यूजिक एल्बम हुआ लॉन्च, वीडियो हो रहा है वायरल|date = 23 May 2018}}</ref> His notable singles include "Jag Se Fanaa", performed by [[Mohammed Irfan (singer)|Mohammed Irfan]], and "Dil Ki Aashiqui Tujhse Hi Hai", featuring [[Javed Ali]].<ref name="Apple_Music">{{cite web |title=Asif Panjwani - Top Songs |url=https://music.apple.com/in/artist/asif-panjwani/1759763979 |website=Apple Music |access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref>

== Discography ==
=== Television background scores ===
* ''[[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein]]''
* ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
* ''[[Y.A.R.O Ka Tashan]]''
* ''[[Savitri Devi College & Hospital]]''
* ''Dil Dhoondta Hai''
* ''Gujju Rocks''
* ''Terror Strike''

=== Singles ===
* "Jag Se Fanaa" (2024) – Mohammed Irfan
* "Mere Bhaijaan" <ref>https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/Asif-Panjwanis-song-Mere-Bhaijaan-is-no-less-than-a-birthday-gift-to-Salman-Khan-22330165</ref>
* "Dil Ki Aashiqui Tujhse Hi Hai" (2025) – Javed Ali
* "Hum Zubaan Ho Tum" – Zee Music Company<ref name="Asif Panjwani in De Goli">{{cite web | url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/171023-ajaz-khan-debut-singer | title=Ajaz Khan to debut as a singer | publisher=Radio and Music| date=2017 | access-date=23 October 2017}}</ref>
* "Shikve Hazaar" – Featuring Sakshi Holkar<ref name="TOI_Shikve">{{cite news |title=Check Out Latest Hindi Song 2021 'Shikve Hazaar' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/check-out-latest-hindi-song-2021-shikve-hazaar-sung-by-sakshi-holkar/videoshow/86604245.cms |work=The Times of India |date=29 September 2021 |access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|8418043}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panjwani, Asif}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi film score composers]]

Mian Goverdhan Singh

2026-04-24T07:56:51Z

Aurovedacharitable: new bio - done

{{Infobox person
| name = Mian Goverdhan Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 8 August 1928
| birth_place = Shadi, Jubbal, Himachal Pradesh, India
| death_date = 1 March 2003
| death_place =
| alma_mater = Panjab University (BA in Library Service, 1955)
| occupation = Writer, Librarian
| years_active = 1955–1988
| employer = State Secretariat Library, Shimla
| known_for = Books on history, cultural traditions, and historic architecture of Himachal Pradesh; facilitating research for scholars
| spouse = Tikam Devi
| image_size =
}}
{{Short description|Indian writer and librarian (1928-2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
'''Mian Goverdhan Singh''' (8 August 1928 – 1 March 2003) was a writer and librarian from [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. He is noted for his books on the history, cultural traditions, and historic architectures of Himachal Pradesh. He is also known for having facilitated the research for a number of well-known books, both during and after his tenure as librarian at the State Secretariat Library in [[Shimla]], Himachal Pradesh.

== Life and career ==
Mian Goverdhan Singh was born on 8 August 1928 at village Shadi in the erstwhile princely state of [[Jubbal State|Jubbal]], located in the southern parts of the present-day Himachal Pradesh state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=17 July 2022 |title=शिमला के सुप्रसिद्ध दिवंगत साहित्यकार |url=https://www.divyahimachal.com/?p=2818873 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Divya Himachal |language=hi}}</ref> His father, Mian Joban Das, was a 'vakil' (lawyer) to the [[Raja]] of Jubbal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pubby |first=Vipin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UrZ-ibfhMyMC&dq=mian+goverdhan+singh&pg=PA105-IA7 |title=Shimla Then & Now |date=1996 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-046-0 |pages=112 |language=en}}</ref> Singh passed out with a BA in Library Service from [[Panjab University]] in 1955. He was married to Tikam Devi. He served as a librarian, and later as Chief Librarian, at the State Secretariat Library at [[Shimla]] for over three decades, till his retirement in October 1988.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Green |first=Imogen Lycett |title=Grandmother's Footsteps: A Journey in Search of Penelope Betjeman |publisher=Macmillan |year=1994 |location=London |pages=184–186}}</ref> Singh was instrumental in the development of this library.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Shriniwas |date=9 January 2008 |title=Library with a rich history |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080109/himplus1.htm |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahajan |first=Jyoti |date=28 November 1998 |title=Shimla's walking encyclopaedia |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98nov28/saturday/head7.htm |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> There, Singh guided and facilitated the research for a number of academic scholars and other writers. He wrote several books on the history, cultural traditions, historic architecture, and [[economy of Himachal Pradesh]]. Singh died on 1 March 2003.<ref name=":0" />

== Awards and other recognition ==

* In 1986, Singh was awarded the first ever Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar State Honour, by the [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name=":0" />
* In 1996, Singh was awarded the 'Shikhar Samman' by the Himachal Pradesh Academy.<ref name=":0" />
* Singh's book ''Art and Architecture of Himachal Pradesh'' (1983) has a Foreword by the British travel writer [[Penelope Chetwode]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Mian Goverdhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crgxwQEACAAJ |title=Art and Architecture of Himachal Pradesh |date=1982 |publisher=D.K. Agencies |language=en}}</ref> Chetwode's grand-daughter, Imogen Lycett Green, notes that Singh was a friend and facilitator for Chetwode's research in the Himalayas of Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=":1" />
* Singh's book ''Festivals, Fairs, and Customs of Himachal Pradesh'' (1992) has introductory notes by the Himachali historian [[O.C. Handa]]. The chapter 'Folkdances' in Handa's own book ''Western Himalayan Folk Arts'' (2006) begins with an anecdote related to Singh and his home in Jubbal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hāṇḍā |first=Omacanda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljjfOf95bxMC&dq=mian+goverdhan+singh&pg=PA104 |title=Western Himalayan Folk Arts |date=2006 |publisher=Pentagon Press |isbn=978-81-8274-195-9 |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref>
* Mark Elmore calls Singh's book ''Festivals, Fairs, and Customs of Himachal Pradesh'' a classic work on these subjects, in his book ''Becoming Religious in a Secular Age'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elmore |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbUwDwAAQBAJ&dq=mark+elmore+goverdhan+singh&pg=PA115 |title=Becoming Religious in a Secular Age |date=2016-07-05 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-29054-9 |pages=115 |language=en}}</ref>
* V. Verma dedicated his book ''Shimla Hill States in the 19th Century'' (2008) to Singh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=V. |title=Shimla Hill States in the 19th Century |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |year=2008 |location=Delhi}}</ref>
* Singh was among the deceased litterateurs of Himachal honored and commemorated at an event organized by the Himachal Academy and Accord India and supervised by [[S.R. Harnot]] in Shimla, over 25 December 2021 till 2 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=बिछुड़े साहित्यकारों की याद में हिमाचल में अपनी तरह का पहला स्मृति समागम सृजन स्मरण |url=https://jagranhindi.in/%e0%a4%ac%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%9b%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%a1%e0%a4%bc%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80/ |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
* A number of writers on Shimla and Himachal Pradesh have acknowledged Singh's singular contributions towards facilitating the research for their books or articles, and guiding them to rare and obscure materials. This list includes, among many others, [[Patrick Leigh Fermor|Sir Patrick Leigh Fermor]] (1979),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fermor |first=Patrick Leigh |date=1 December 1979 |title=Paradox in the Himalayas |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1299571531 |journal=London Magazine |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=71|id={{ProQuest|1299571531}} }}</ref> [[Raaja Bhasin]] (1992),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhasin |first=Raja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRJuAAAAMAAJ&q=raaja+bhasin+mian+goverdhan+singh |title=Simla, the Summer Capital of British India |date=1992 |publisher=Viking |isbn=978-0-670-84728-0 |language=en}}</ref> [[Chetan Singh]] (1998),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Chetan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0h_AAAAMAAJ&q=mian+goverdhan+singh |title=Natural Premises: Ecology and Peasant Life in the Western Himalaya, 1800-1950 |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-564276-6 |language=en}}</ref> and Mark Brentnall (2004).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&dq=mian+goverdhan+singh&pg=PA15 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |pages=15 |language=en}}</ref>
* The book ''Himachal - Past, Present & Future'' (1975), which contains three chapters by Singh, has been archived online by [[Internet Archive|archive.org]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Directorate of Correspondence Courses, Himachal Pradesh Government |url=http://archive.org/details/1975-himachal-past-present-future |title=Himachal–Past, Present & Future |date=1975 |publisher=Shimla: Himachal Pradesh University}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
Singh's English-language book ''Himachal Pradesh: History, Culture, and Economic Condition'' was in controversy in August 2021, over its allegedly derogatory remarks on [[Gurjar]] women. On 16 August, members of the Gurjar community protested against the book in [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]], seeking a withdrawal of the book by the Government of Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Tribune News Service |date=16 August 2021 |title=Gujjars protest, want Himachal Govt to withdraw book |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/gujjars-protest-want-himachal-govt-to-withdraw-book-298195 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> On 19 August, the Gurjar community protested at [[Anandpur Sahib]], seeking a withdrawal of the book by the Government of Himachal Pradesh and legal action against its publisher, the Minerva Book House of Shimla.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=मियां गोवर्धन सिंह की किताब पर टिप्णी से गरमाया माहौल |url=https://www.divyahimachal.com/2021/08/comment-on-mian-govardhan-singhs-book-created-atmosphere/ |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Divya Himachal |language=hi}}</ref> Soon afterwards, the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] sought the arrest of the book's 'author' and the 'translator'.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=23 August 2021 |title=SAD takes serious note of derogatory comments against Gujjar women in book on Himachal Pradesh |url=https://english.webdunia.com/article/other-news/sad-takes-serious-note-of-derogatory-comments-against-gujjar-women-in-book-on-himachal-pradesh-121082300026_1.html |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Webdunia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2021 |title=SAD demands FIR against Author, Translator of Himachal book with derogatory comments against Gujjar women |url=https://yespunjab.com/sad-demands-fir-against-author-translator-of-himachal-book-with-derogatory-comments-against-gujjar-women/ |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=yespunjab.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Singh had died in 2003, and the book had no translator as it had originally been in English. However, 'translator' seemingly referred to C.L. Gupta, who had revised the book for its 2016 reprint.<ref name=":2" /> From that period on, as of February 2023, the media had no further coverage on this subject.

== Bibliography ==

* Singh, Mian Goverdhan. (1982). ''Art and Architecture of Himachal Pradesh''. Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation.
* Singh, Mian Goverdhan. (1992). ''Himachal Pradesh: History, Culture, and Economy''. Shimla: Minerva Book House.
* Singh, Mian Goverdhan. (1992). ''Festivals, Fairs, and Customs of Himachal Pradesh''. Delhi: Indus Publishing Company.
* Singh, Mian Goverdhan. (1996). ''Himachal Pradesh ka Itihas'' (in Hindi). Reliance Publishing House.
* Singh, Mian Goverdhan. (1999). ''Wooden Temples of Himachal Pradesh''. Delhi: Indus Publishing Company.
* Negi, J. and Singh, Mian Goverdhan. (1999). ''Himachal Pradesh: Ek Etihasik Sarvekshan'' (in Hindi).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Scholars from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Writers from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Shimla district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]

Mukta A2 Cinemas

2026-04-23T23:31:17Z

Aurovedacharitable: new pg - done

{{Short description|Indian cinema chain}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=July 2014}}
{{Promotional|date=July 2014}}
{{Notability|Companies|date=July 2014}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Mukta A2 Cinemas
| logo = mukta a2 cinemas logo.jpg
| foundation = July 2011<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dearcinema.com/article/subhash-ghai-to-open-chain-of-multiplexes-under-mukta-cinemas/5117 |title=Subhash Ghai to open chain of multiplexes under Mukta Cinemas | DearCinema.com |access-date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184934/http://dearcinema.com/article/subhash-ghai-to-open-chain-of-multiplexes-under-mukta-cinemas/5117 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| key_people = [[Subhash Ghai]] (Chairman) Rahul Puri (Managing Director)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.movietalkies.com/news/23083/rahul-puri-steps-in-as-the-new-md-of-mukta-arts-ltd|title=Rahul Puri Steps In As The New MD Of Mukta Arts Ltd - Movie Talkies|website=Movietalkies.com|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>
| industry = [[Entertainment|Entertainment (Movie Theatres)]]
| products =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| homepage = [http://muktaa2cinemas.com muktaa2cinemas.com]
}}

'''Mukta A2 Cinemas''' is one of the several cinema chains in [[India]]. It is fully owned and operated by [[Mukta Arts Ltd]]. The company began its commercial operations in July 2011 with its launch<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1351617/Mukta-Arts-launches-its-multiplex-chain-Mukta-A2-Cinemas-in-Baroda|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714123509/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1351617/Mukta-Arts-launches-its-multiplex-chain-Mukta-A2-Cinemas-in-Baroda|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 July 2014|title=Mukta Arts launches its multiplex chain Mukta A2 Cinemas in Baroda - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|date=16 July 2011|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> in [[Vadodara]] city, [[Gujarat]], India. The founder of company is Subhash Ghai.

== Philosophy ==
Mukta A2 CINEMAS, was formed in year 2016.<ref name="Mukta ref8">{{cite news |title=Subhash Ghai's Mukta Arts to transfer cinema business to new arm |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/subhash-ghais-mukta-arts-to-transfer-cinema-business-to-new-arm/articleshow/54530145.cms |access-date=27 October 2021 |publisher=The Economic times |date=26 September 2016}}</ref> It is a fully owned subsidiary of Mukta Arts Ltd<ref name="Mukta ref7">{{cite news |title=Subhash Ghai Announces The Relaunch Of Sun City Mukta A2 Cinema |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/entertainment/subhash-ghai-announces-the-relaunch-of-sun-city-mukta-a2-cinema-with-mrs.-mukta-ghai-24846 |access-date=27 October 2021 |publisher=Mumbai Live}}</ref> founded by Subhash Ghai.<ref name="Mukta ref2">{{cite news |title=Mukta Arts to add screens Mukta A2 Cinemas, aims to operates 100 screens by 2021 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/mukta-arts-to-add-screens-mukta-a2-cinemas-aims-to-operates-100-screens-by-2021/1755823 |access-date=27 October 2021 |publisher=Outlook.com |date=8 March 2020}}</ref> With an aim to provide a multiplex experience at affordable prices, the company is currently present in 20 locations with 48 screens across the country and an international presence with a 6 screen multiplex theater in the [[Bahrain|Kingdom of Bahrain]].<ref name="Mukta ref1">{{cite news |last1=Sweta |first1=Kaushal |title=Bahrain Gets Its First Drive-In Theater With India's Mukta A2 Cinemas |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2020/07/28/bahrain-gets-its-first-drive-in-theater-with-indias-mukta-a2-cinemas/ |access-date=27 October 2021 |work=Forbes |date=28 July 2020}}</ref>

In 2017, it formed a Joint Venture company with South India's renowned [[Asian Cinemas]] to build and operate single screens across [[South India]]. As a part of this agreement, the cinema chain has already commenced operations in some markets across the southern circuit like [[Gangavati, Karnataka|Gangavathi]], Thandur, [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]], Sadashiv Peth, and Kothagude.<ref name="Mukta ref10">{{cite news |title=Filmmaker Subhash Ghai's media institute partners with Reliance Jio to set up virtual reality lab |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/filmmaker-subhash-ghais-media-institute-partners-with-reliance-jio-to-set-up-virtual-reality-lab/1162173/ |access-date=27 October 2021 |publisher=financialexpress.com |date=10 May 2018}}</ref>

==Locations==
Mukta A2 Cinemas multiplexes are across India. In September 2016, the chain expanded its presence in International Markets, with their first Multiplex in the Kingdom of [[Bahrain]],<ref name="Mukta ref9">{{cite news |title=Bollywood multiplex chains eyeing Middle East markets |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bollywood-multiplex-chains-eyeing-middle-east-markets/story-u5IRMdLKICv9C4KKuD3wTI.html |access-date=27 October 2021 |publisher=hindustan times |date=15 September 2016}}</ref> where Mukta A2 Cinemas were established in [[Juffair Mall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muktaa2cinemas.com/bahrain|title=Welcome to Mukta A2 Cinemas|website=Muktaa2cinemas.com|accessdate=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123120532/http://www.muktaa2cinemas.com/bahrain|archive-date=23 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsofbahrain.com/viewNews.php?ppId=25253|title=Mukta A2 Cinemas launches in Bahrain|website=News Of Bahrain|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Subhash Ghai]]
* [[Mukta Arts]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://muktaa2cinemas.com/ Mukta A2 Cinemas Official Website]
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3h3bdhLePkdyhkUUxTlzPQ Mukta A2 Cinemas YouTube]

{{Cinema Chains in India}}

[[Category:Cinema chains in India]]

Nar Bahadur Dahal

2026-04-20T05:37:54Z

Aurovedacharitable: new new info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nar Bahadur Dahal
| native_name = नरबहादुर दाहाल
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| caption = Official portrait, 2024
| office = [[Second Tamang ministry|Minister of Roads and Bridges of Sikkim]]
| term_start = 11 June 2024
| term_end =
| governor = [[Lakshman Acharya]] [[Om Prakash Mathur]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Prem Singh Tamang]]
| predecessor = [[Samdup Lepcha]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of the [[11th Sikkim Assembly|Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2 June 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Mani Kumar Sharma]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Khamdong-Singtam Assembly constituency|Khamdong-Singtam]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| party = [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| source =
}}

'''Nar Bahadur Dahal''' is an Indian politician from [[Sikkim]] belonging from the [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]. He is a member of the Legislative Assembly in the [[11th Sikkim Assembly|11th Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]. He won over [[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]'s [[Mani Kumar Sharma]] by a margin of 1739 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-02 |title=Khamdong Singtam Assembly Election Result 2024: Nar Bahadur Dahal of SKM wins election |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/khamdong-singtam-assembly-election-results-2024-khamdong-singtam-sikkim-elections-poll-result-winner-nar-bahadur-dahal-sikkim-krantikari-morcha/articleshow/110637169.cms |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Khamdong-Singtam, Sikkim Assembly Election Results 2024 Live Updates: SKM's Nar Bahadur Dahal wins Khamdong-Singtam with 5882 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/khamdong-singtam-sikkim-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2546713-2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
He graduated from Sikkim Government Degree College,[[University of North Bengal]] in 1995.He was AAA+ Government Contractor with Sikkim Government<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nar Bahadur Dahal(Sikkim Krantikari Morcha):Constituency- KHAMDONG-SINGTAM(GANGTOK) — Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Sikkim2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=51 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dahal, Nar Bahadur}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sikkim MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Sikkim Krantikari Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Gangtok district]]

{{Sikkim-politician-stub}}

Aspur Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:14Z

Aurovedacharitable: stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Aspur
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-159-Aspur.svg
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 159
| district = [[Dungarpur district|Dungarpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Udaipur]]
| established = 1977
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Umesh Meena]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharat Adivasi Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| electors = {{formatnum:270023}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
}}
'''Aspur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Dungarpur district|Dungarpur]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Umesh Meena]] of the [[Bharat Adivasi Party]].<ref name=indiatoday/>{{update after|2029|2}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Raiyaji<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| [[Gopi Chand Meena]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Umesh Meena]]<ref name=indiatoday>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/aspur-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470774-2023-12-03 |title=Aspur Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BADVP's Umesh Meena with 93168 defeats BJP's Gopichand |date= |author= |access-date= 4 December 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharat Adivasi Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Aspur<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Adivasi Party
|candidate = [[Umesh Meena]]
|votes = {{formatnum:93742}}
|percentage = 46.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gopichand
|votes = {{formatnum:64802}}
|percentage = 32.29
|change = {{decrease}}2.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rakesh Roat
|votes = {{formatnum:31630}}
|percentage = 15.76
|change = {{decrease}}10.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Mukesh Kumar Ahari
|votes = {{formatnum:3043}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mukesh
|votes = {{formatnum:3011}}
|percentage = 1.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3086}}
|percentage = 1.54
|change = {{decrease}}1.18
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:28940}}
|percentage = 14.41
|change = {{increase}}11.13
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:200715}}
|percentage = 74.33
|change = {{increase}}7.26
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharat Adivasi Party
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Aspur<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Gopi Chand Meena]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:57062}}
|percentage = 35.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Tribal Party
|candidate = [[Umesh Meena]]
|votes = {{formatnum:51732}}
|percentage = 31.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Raiya Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:42185}}
|percentage = 25.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shanta Kalasua
|votes = {{formatnum:2996}}
|percentage = 1.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shivlal Maida
|votes = {{formatnum:2121}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Yuva Shakti
|candidate = Devilal Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:1942}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4426}}
|percentage = 2.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5330}}
|percentage = 3.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:162464}}
|percentage = 67.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dungarpur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}
{{coord|23.95|74.08|display=title}}

[[Category:Dungarpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Delhi Urdu Academy

2026-04-14T02:41:34Z

Aurovedacharitable: added a info from scratch!

{{Short description|Cultural organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Delhi Urdu Academy
| image = Urdu Academy logo.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1981|03|31}}
| type = Literary
| status = Registered Society, City Government of Delhi
| purpose = Literary and Cultural activities
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| coordinates =
| language = [[Urdu]]
| leader_title = Founder
| leader_name =
| key_people =
| main_organ = Academy, Library, Auditorium, Publications
| parent_organization = Urdu Academy, Delhi
| affiliations = Registrar of Societies, Delhi
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| website = {{URL|https://urduacademydelhi.com/about-us/|Official Website}}
| remarks = To serve the Urdu language in New Delhi
| former_name =
}}
'''Urdu Academy, Delhi''' ([[Urdu]]: اردو اکادمی، دہلی) In the interest of developing the [[Urdu language]] and preserving the Urdu tradition and culture.<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/urdu-academy-reconstituted/article21262764.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2020|title=Urdu Academy reconstituted - Gets more people associated with the language|date=5 December 2017|newspaper=The Hindu newspaper|access-date=19 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109023210/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/urdu-academy-reconstituted/article21262764.ece}}</ref><ref name=HT>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/delhi-government-to-provide-coaching-to-ias-aspirants-in-urdu/story-fKDewiK0kUQ72eA9oWYK3J.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 September 2022|access-date=19 November 2024|newspaper=Hindustan Times newspaper|title=Delhi government to provide coaching to IAS aspirants in Urdu|date=18 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901182420/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/delhi-government-to-provide-coaching-to-ias-aspirants-in-urdu/story-fKDewiK0kUQ72eA9oWYK3J.html}}</ref>

==History==
The then Delhi Administration with a motto of establishing an Urdu institution to look after the development of the Urdu literature, cultural heritage, educational upliftment, in May 1981 under the Chairmanship of Lt. Governor of Delhi, established this institution as a composite institute with literary, cultural and educational goals. This was established in the heart of New Delhi.

According to the bill 2000, the Delhi government has announced Urdu as second official language of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=URDU ACADEMY|url=https://urduacademydelhi.com/|access-date=2024-09-19|website=urduacademydelhi.com}}</ref>

==Activities==
;Activities are classified in the following categories
* Publication, translation and printing of the books<ref>[https://www.rekhta.org/editors/urdu-academy-delhi/all Books published by Urdu Academy, Delhi] Rekhta.org website</ref>
* Research work, drama, festivals, seminars, symposiums, mushairas and national events.
* Honouring the literary personalities, awarding prizes, awards etc.,
* Establishment of Urdu Teaching centres and National Urdu Library.

==Publications==
* Aiwan-e-Urdu (Urdu monthly magazine)
* Umang (Children's Urdu monthly magazine)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Urdu Academy}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Linguistic research institutes in India]]
[[Category:Urdu Academies in India]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1981]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]

Abhinesh Maharshi

2026-04-01T02:57:08Z

Aurovedacharitable: stub...

{{short description|Indian politician}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abhinesh Maharshi
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1962|8|20}}
| birth_place = Ratangarh, [[Rajasthan]], India
| office = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Ratangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ratangarh]]
| term_start = {{start date|df=y|2018|12|11}}
| term_end =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| father =
| mother =
| spouse =
| occupation =
| alma_mater =
| children =
| predecessor1 =
}}

'''Abhinesh Maharshi''' is an Indian politician from the [[Ratangarh Assembly constituency]] in Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhinesh Maharshi(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- RATANGARH(CHURU ) – Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/rajasthan2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=3359 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He is a member of the 15th Assembly of Rajasthan as a Bharatiya Janata Party member.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhinesh Maharshi Lok Sabha Election 2019 News: Latest News, Photos, Videos in Hindi |url=https://www.jagran.com/elections/candidates/abhinesh-maharshi/857.html |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=www.jagran.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhinesh Maharshi-अभनीश महर्षि Bjp Candidate Ratangarh Election Result 2018 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/rajasthan/candidates/abhinesh-maharshi-bjp-2018-ratangarh-23 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In 2008, he contested from [[Ratangarh Assembly constituency|Ratangarh assembly]] on a Congress ticket. He lost the election, securing 37,000 votes. In the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 Lok Sabha elections]], Maharshi contested from [[Churu Lok Sabha constituency|Churu Loksbha]] seat on [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] ticket. He stood second and got three lakh votes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Abhinesh maharshi |work=Dainik bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/abhinesh-maharshi-joins-bjp-01279744.html}}</ref> In the 2018 assembly elections, he defeated the independent Poosaram Godara by 11881 votes and became MLA for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratangarh Assembly Election Results 2018: BJP's Abhinesh Maharshi defeats Poosaram Godaraoth by 11,881 votes |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/rajasthan-election/article/ratangarh-assembly-constituency-election-2018-polls-rajasthan-vasundhara-raje-bharatiya-janata-party-bjp-congress-sachin-pilot-abhinesh-maharishi/319512 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=www.timesnownews.com |date=11 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maharshi, Abhinesh}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Bora, India

2026-03-30T14:52:12Z

Aurovedacharitable:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bora
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31|12|1.38|N|76|11|30.28|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bora''' is a village in the [[Hoshiarpur district]] of [[Punjab, India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Bora Population - Hoshiarpur, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/32043-bora-punjab.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 9, 2025}}</ref>

==Location==
Bora is located {{convert|5|km|mi}} east of Garshankar. It is situated on the Garhshankar - [[Sri Ananda Lingeshwara Temple|Sri Anand]] pur Sahib Road.

==History==
In the 19th century, between 1800 and 1820 AD, Shri Mahant Ram, a [[Brahmin|Digpal Brahmin]], came from Garhi Mansowal and purchased or occupied some land. As the time passed, people from nearby villages started to come there, and Mahant Ram started selling plots to those people, becoming wealthy in the process. According to the [[caste system of India|caste]] norms of the time, Brahmins occupied the center of the developing town, while peasants occupied the east side of the village, and lower castes, the north side of the village.

===Etymology===
The village was named for the prevalence of [[banyan]] trees ("boharh" in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]) in the area. The banyan trees have since been cut down.

==Culture==

===Festivals===
Bora celebrates all [[Hindu festivals|Hindu]] and [[Sikh festivals|Sikh]] festivals, including [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Gurpurab]], and [[Raksha Bandhan]], but [[Janamastami]] is the most popular festival in the village and is celebrated with great pomp and show by Hindus and Sikhs. On this day Sri Mahakali temple is decorated and the goddess [[Mahakali]] is worshipped with ''[[Prasad (food offering)|prasad]]'' prepared by the temple administrators and offered to the goddess.

In the 19th century, there was great confusion among the villagers regarding which day Mahakali should be worshipped on. The people of the Digpal gotra suggested that the holy ceremony should be done on the day of "Janamashtami".

===Houses of worship===
Bora is home to several [[Hindu temple|temples]]:
* Sri Mahakali Temple
* Sri Sai Baba Temple (Gugga Zahir Peer)
* Sri Gugga Marhi Temple
* Shivalya (Shiv Mandir)
* Do Lathian Wala Mandir (Shivalya)
* Bagge Da Mandir

There is also a Sikh [[gurudwara]] named Gurudwara Chhevi Patshahi Sri Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji.

== References ==
<references />

{{Hoshiarpur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Hoshiarpur district]]

OCLC

2026-03-27T14:06:11Z

Aurovedacharitable: minor edit

{{Short description|Global library cooperative}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = OCLC, Inc.
| logo = OCLC logo.svg
| logo_size = 181px
| image = Kilgour Building, OCLC, Dublin, OH.jpg
| caption = OCLC headquarters in 2007
| type = [[501(c)3 organization]]
| tax_id = 31-0734115
| headquarters = [[Dublin, Ohio]], U.S.
| coordinates = {{Coord|40.1025|-83.1269|region:US-OH_type:landmark|display=title,inline}}
| founder = [[Fred Kilgour]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1967|7|5}} (as Ohio College Library Center)
| key_people =
| region = Worldwide
| products = {{hlist|[[WorldCat]]|Amlib|BIBLIOTHECAplus|Capira|CatExpress|[[CloudLibrary]]|CONTENTdm|[[Dewey Decimal Classification]]|[[EZproxy]]|FirstSearch|LBS|OLIB|PiCarta|Relais ILL & D2D|SISIS-SunRise|Syndeo|Tipasa|TouchPoint|UnityUK|[[VDX (library software)|VDX]]|WebJunction|Wise|WorldShare<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/oclc/membership/membership-qualifying-subscriptions.pdf |title=OCLC Qualifying Subscriptions for Membership |website=oclc.org |publisher=OCLC |date=February 15, 2022 |access-date=March 11, 2022 |archive-date=March 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311061055/https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/oclc/membership/membership-qualifying-subscriptions.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| revenue = $217.8 million<ref name="2020-21annualreport">{{Cite web |url=https://www.oclc.org/en/annual-report/2021/home.html |title=OCLC Annual Report 2020–2021 |date=December 20, 2021 |publisher=OCLC |location=Dublin, Ohio |language=en |access-date=March 11, 2022 |archive-date=March 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311162629/https://www.oclc.org/en/annual-report/2021/home.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| revenue_year = 2020–21
| members = 30,000+ libraries in 100+ countries<ref name="oclc_about"/>
| leader_title = President & CEO
| leader_name = [[Skip Prichard]]
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}

'''OCLC, Inc.'''<ref name="cert">{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2017 |title=Certificate of Amendment of the Amended Articles of Incorporation of OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. |url=https://bizimage.ohiosos.gov/api/image/pdf/201717701088 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321070613/https://bizimage.ohiosos.gov/api/image/pdf/201717701088 |archive-date=March 21, 2020 |access-date=August 18, 2019 |publisher=[[Ohio Secretary of State]]}} See also: {{cite web |date=June 23, 2017 |title=Amended Articles of Incorporation of OCLC, Inc. |url=https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/oclc/membership/articles-of-incorporation.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311061001/https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/oclc/membership/articles-of-incorporation.pdf |archive-date=March 11, 2022 |access-date=March 11, 2022 |website= |publisher=OCLC}}</ref> is a US-based nonprofit [[cooperative]] organization "that provides shared technology services, original research, and community programs for its membership and the library community at large".<ref name="oclc_about">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oclc.org/en/about.html|title=About OCLC|publisher=OCLC|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311152413/https://www.oclc.org/en/about.html|archive-date=2022-03-11|url-status=live|access-date=2022-03-11}}</ref> It was founded in 1967 as the '''Ohio College Library Center''', then became the '''Online Computer Library Center''' as it expanded. In 2017, the name was formally changed to OCLC, Inc.<ref name="cert"/> OCLC and thousands of its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain [[WorldCat]], the largest [[online public access catalog]] in the world.<ref name="largest">{{cite book |last=Oswald |first=Godfrey |date=2017 |chapter=Largest unified international library catalog |title=Library world records |edition=3rd |location=Jefferson, NC |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |page=291 |isbn=9781476667775 |oclc=959650095 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4owDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA291 |access-date=December 11, 2019 |archive-date=March 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308230751/https://books.google.com/books?id=G4owDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA291 |url-status=live }}</ref> OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries pay (around $217.8 million annually in total {{as of|2021|lc=yes}}) for the many different services it offers.<ref name="2020-21annualreport"/> OCLC also maintains the [[Dewey Decimal Classification]] system.

== History ==
OCLC began in 1967, as the Ohio College Library Center, through a collaboration of university presidents, vice presidents, and library directors who wanted to create a cooperative, computerized network for libraries in the state of [[Ohio]]. The group first met on July 5, 1967, on the campus of [[Ohio State University]] to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization<ref name="In the beginning">{{cite web |title=In the beginning |url=https://www.oclc.org/us/en/about/history/beginning.htm |website=oclc.org |publisher=OCLC |access-date=2012-08-28 |archive-date=October 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004135231/https://www.oclc.org/us/en/about/history/beginning.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and hired [[Frederick G. Kilgour]], a former [[Yale University]] medical school librarian, as first executive director.<ref name="tech">{{Cite journal|last=Intner|first=Sheila|date=March–April 2007|title=The Passing of an Era|journal=Technicalities|issn=0272-0884|volume=27|pages=1–14}}</ref><ref name=Kilgour1987>{{Cite journal |last=Kilgour |first=Frederick G. |date=1987 |title=A personalized prehistory of OCLC |journal=[[Journal of the American Society for Information Science]] |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=381–384 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(198709)38:5<381::AID-ASI6>3.0.CO;2-B}}</ref>

Kilgour and Ralph H. Parker, who was the head of libraries at the [[University of Missouri]], had proposed the shared cataloging system in a 1965 report as consultants to the Committee of Librarians of the Ohio College Association.<ref name=Kilgour1987/> Kilgour and Parker wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library.<ref name=Kilgour1987/> They were inspired in part by the earlier Columbia–Harvard–Yale Medical Libraries Computerization Project, an attempt at shared automated printing of catalog cards.<ref name=Kilgour1987/> The plan was to merge the catalogs of Ohio libraries electronically through a computer network and database to streamline operations, control costs, and increase efficiency in library management, bringing libraries together cooperatively to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the [[Alden Library]] at [[Ohio University]] on August 26, 1971. This was the first online cataloging by any library worldwide.<ref name="In the beginning"/>

Between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. With this expansion, the name changed to the Online Computer Library Center in 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAA Dictionary: OCLC |url=https://dictionary.archivists.org/entry/oclc.html#:~:text=At%20the%20time%20of%20its,organization's%20formal%20name%20in%202017. |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=dictionary.archivists.org}}</ref> In 2002, the governance structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jordan|first=Jay|author-link=Jay Jordan (businessman)|chapter=OCLC: a worldwide library cooperative|title=Encyclopedia of library and information sciences|editor-last=Bates|editor-first=Marcia J|editor-last2=Maack|editor-first2=Mary Niles|date=2010|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780849397127|oclc=769480033|doi=10.1081/E-ELIS3-120043963|location=Boca Raton, Florida|pages=3924–3937|volume=5|edition=3rd|language=en}}</ref>

As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with "networks", organizations that provided training, support and marketing services. By 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on the OCLC Members Council. During 2008, OCLC commissioned two studies to look at distribution channels; at the same time, the council approved governance changes that had been recommended by the Board of Trustees severing the tie between the networks and governance. In early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bailey-Hainer|first=Brenda|date=October 19, 2009|title=The OCLC Network of Regional Service Providers: The Last 10 Years|journal=Journal of Library Administration|volume=49|issue=6|pages=621–629|doi=10.1080/01930820903238792|s2cid=61936408|issn=0193-0826}}</ref>

In July 2010, the company was sued by SkyRiver, a rival startup, in an [[Competition law|antitrust suit]].<ref name="kc.201007">{{cite web |url=https://kcoyle.blogspot.com/2010/07/skyriver-sues-oclc-over-anti-trust.html |first=Karen |last=Coyle |title=SkyRiver Sues OCLC over Anti-Trust |publisher=Karen Coyle |date=July 29, 2010 |access-date=April 12, 2012 |archive-date=April 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417042522/https://kcoyle.blogspot.com/2010/07/skyriver-sues-oclc-over-anti-trust.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Library automation company [[Innovative Interfaces]] joined SkyRiver in the suit.<ref name="lj.264">{{cite web |url=https://www.libraryjournal.com/lj/home/886099-264/skyriver_and_innovative_interfaces_file.html.csp |title=SkyRiver and Innovative Interfaces File Major Antitrust Lawsuit Against OCLC |first=Marshall |last=Breeding |work=[[Library Journal]] |date=July 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802044208/https://www.libraryjournal.com/lj/home/886099-264/skyriver_and_innovative_interfaces_file.html.csp |archive-date=August 2, 2010 }}</ref> The suit was dropped in March 2013, however, following the acquisition of SkyRiver by Innovative Interfaces.<ref name="id.20130304">{{cite web |url=https://www.infodocket.com/2013/03/04/innovative-interfaces-integrates-all-skyriver-services-and-withdraws-antitrust-lawsuit-against-oclc/ |title=III Drops OCLC Suit, Will Absorb SkyRiver |first=Gary |last=Price |work=[[Library Journal]] |date=March 4, 2013 |access-date=February 7, 2020 |archive-date=April 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418015212/https://www.infodocket.com/2013/03/04/innovative-interfaces-integrates-all-skyriver-services-and-withdraws-antitrust-lawsuit-against-oclc/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Innovative Interfaces was bought by [[ExLibris]] in 2020, therefore passing OCLC as the dominant supplier of [[Integrated library system|ILS]] services in the U.S. (over 70% market share for academic libraries and over 50% for public libraries for ExLibris, versus OCLC's 10% market share of both types of libraries in 2019).<ref>{{cite web|access-date=April 25, 2020|last=Schonfeld|first=Roger C.|title=What Are the Larger Implications of Ex Libris Buying Innovative?|url=https://sr.ithaka.org/blog/what-are-the-larger-implications-of-ex-libris-buying-innovative/|website=sr.ithaka.org|date=2019-12-05|archive-date=June 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612014535/https://sr.ithaka.org/blog/what-are-the-larger-implications-of-ex-libris-buying-innovative/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2022, membership and governance expanded to include any institution with a subscription to one of many qualifying OCLC products (previously institutions qualified for membership by "contributing intellectual content or participating in global resource or reference sharing"), with the exception of for-profit organizations that are part of OCLC's partner program.<ref name=member-protocols>{{cite web |title=Membership and Governance Protocols |website=oclc.org |url=https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/oclc/membership/membership_protocols.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421062054/https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/oclc/membership/membership_protocols.pdf |archive-date=2022-04-21 |access-date=2023-01-23 |url-status=live}}</ref> This change reflected OCLC's expanding number of services due to its [[corporate acquisition]]s.<ref name=member-protocols/>

===Presidents===
The following people served successively as president of OCLC:<ref>{{cite web |title=OCLC Presidents |publisher=OCLC |url=https://www.oclc.org/en/about/leadership/presidents.html |access-date=2020-03-10 |archive-date=February 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223151254/https://www.oclc.org/en/about/leadership/presidents.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1967–1980: [[Frederick G. Kilgour]]
* 1980–1989: [[Rowland C. W. Brown]]
* 1989–1998: [[K. Wayne Smith]]
* 1998–2013: [[Jay Jordan (businessman)|Jay Jordan]]
* 2013–present: [[Skip Prichard]]

==Services==
[[File:OCLC Online Computer Library Center aerial view - DPLA - f77302059c9901bd7622272437e9f8d6.jpg|thumb|Company headquarters in Dublin, Ohio, 1981]]
OCLC provides [[bibliographic]], [[abstract (summary)|abstract]] and full-text information to anyone.

OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain [[WorldCat]]—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest [[online public access catalog]] (OPAC) in the world.<ref name="largest"/> WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide.

The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the [[Dewey Decimal Classification]] System when it bought Forest Press in 1988. A browser<ref name="oclc.dewey">{{Cite web|url=http://deweybrowser.oclc.org/ddcbrowser2/|title=OCLC DeweyBrowser|website=deweybrowser.oclc.org|access-date=May 28, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206025029/http://deweybrowser.oclc.org/ddcbrowser2/ |archive-date= Dec 6, 2012 }}</ref> for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013; it was replaced by the Classify Service.

Until August 2009, when it was sold to Backstage Library Works, OCLC owned a preservation microfilm and [[digitization]] operation called the OCLC Preservation Service Center,<ref name="oclc-p">{{cite web|url=https://www.oclc.org/preservation/default.htm|title=Preservation services |publisher=OCLC|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031229033224/https://www.oclc.org/preservation/default.htm|archive-date=December 29, 2003}}</ref> with its principal office in [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania]].

Starting in 1971, OCLC produced [[catalog card]]s for members alongside its shared online catalog; the company printed its last catalog cards on October 1, 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.oclc.org/en/news/releases/2015/201529dublin.html|title=OCLC prints last library catalog cards|date=October 1, 2015|website=OCLC|language=en|access-date=May 28, 2015|archive-date=February 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227132310/https://www.oclc.org/en/news/releases/2015/201529dublin.html|url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''{{Visible anchor|QuestionPoint|text=QuestionPoint}}''',<ref name="oclc.questionpoint">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oclc.org/en/questionpoint.html|title=QuestionPoint|publisher=OCLC|language=en-US|access-date=May 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215101917/https://www.oclc.org/en/questionpoint.html|archive-date=February 15, 2017}}</ref> an around-the-clock reference service provided to users by a cooperative of participating global libraries, was acquired by [[Springshare]] from OCLC in 2019 and migrated to Springshare's LibAnswers platform.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gest |first=Jayne |date=June 3, 2019 |title=OCLC to sell QuestionPoint software to Florida company |url=https://www.smartbusinessdealmakers.com/articles/topic/oclc-sells-questionpoint-springshare/ |website=Smart Business Dealmakers Columbus |access-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425121617/https://www.smartbusinessdealmakers.com/articles/topic/oclc-sells-questionpoint-springshare/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Springshare Acquires QuestionPoint from OCLC |url=https://springshare.com/news/libanswers-qp.html |website=springshare.com |date=May 31, 2019 |access-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-date=May 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513054549/https://springshare.com/news/libanswers-qp.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Software==
OCLC commercially sells software, such as:
* CONTENTdm for managing [[digital collection]]s<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oclc.org/en/contentdm.html|title=CONTENTdm|publisher=OCLC|language=en-US|access-date=May 28, 2017|archive-date=May 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527221552/https://www.oclc.org/en/contentdm.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gilbert |first1=Heather |last2=Mobley |first2=Tyler |date=April 17, 2013 |title=Breaking up with CONTENTdm: why and how one institution took the leap to open source |journal=The Code4Lib Journal |issue=20 |url=https://journal.code4lib.org/articles/8327 |issn=1940-5758 |access-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-date=May 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522192004/https://journal.code4lib.org/articles/8327 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mita |first1=Amanda |last2=Pelli |first2=Zachary |last3=Reamer |first3=Kimberly |last4=Ince |first4=Sharon |date=April 2018 |title=CONTENTdm to Digital Commons: considerations and workflows |journal=Journal of Archival Organization |volume=15 |issue=1–2 |pages=58–70 |doi=10.1080/15332748.2019.1609308|s2cid=198349364 }}</ref>
* Wise, an [[integrated library system]] and "community engagement system"<ref name="OCLCWise"/><ref name="InfoTodayWise"/>
* WorldCat Discovery, a [[Discovery system (bibliographic search)|bibliographic discovery system]] that allows library patrons to use a single search interface to access an institution's catalog, ebooks, database subscriptions and more<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oclc.org/en/worldcat-discovery.html|title=WorldCat Discovery|publisher=OCLC|language=en-US|access-date=March 11, 2019|archive-date=April 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414203041/https://www.oclc.org/en/worldcat-discovery.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Breeding2019">{{cite web |last=Breeding |first=Marshall |date=January 2, 2019 |title=Discovery services: bundled or separate? |magazine=[[American Libraries]] |url=https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2019/01/02/discovery-services/ |access-date=April 25, 2020 |quote=Should discovery services be bundled or acquired à la carte? Perspectives differ regarding the benefits of pairing a discovery service (for example, Ex Libris Primo or OCLC's WorldCat Discovery Service) with the resource management system from the same vendor (Ex Libris Alma or OCLC's WorldShare Management Services). |archive-date=May 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522192009/https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2019/01/02/discovery-services/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* WorldShare Management Services, an [[electronic resource management]] system<ref name="Breeding2019"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=WorldShare Management Services: An advanced, cloud-based library services platform |url=https://www.oclc.org/en/worldshare-management-services.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501143514/https://www.oclc.org/en/worldshare-management-services.html |archive-date=May 1, 2020 |access-date=April 25, 2020 |publisher=OCLC |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[cloudLibrary]], a [[Cloud computing|cloud]]-based software system through which libraries manage and lend [[electronic books]], digital magazines, newspapers, comics, and [[streaming media]]<ref name=OCLCnews>{{cite news |last=Maher | first=John |title=OCLC Acquires CloudLibrary Digital Content Platform |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/libraries/article/94719-oclc-acquires-cloudlibrary-digital-content-platform.html |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=Publishers Weekly |date=2 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* Meridian, a "web application and set of [[API]]s" designed to support library resource management workflows involving [[linked data]]. Meridian is part of OCLC's larger linked data strategy.<ref name=Meridian>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-28 |title=Meridian: Create, curate, and connected linked data entities |url=https://www.oclc.org/en/meridian.html |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=OCLC |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508203511/https://www.oclc.org/en/meridian.html |archive-date=2025-05-08 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Research==
OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications.<ref name="oclc.res">{{Cite journal|last1=Hyatt|first1=Shirley|last2=Young|first2=Jeffrey A.|title=OCLC Research Publications Repository|journal=D-Lib Magazine|volume=11|issue=3|doi=10.1045/march2005-hyatt|year=2005|doi-access=free}}</ref> These publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organization's website.
* OCLC Publications – Research articles from various journals including ''The [[Code4Lib Journal]]'', ''OCLC Research'', ''[[Reference and User Services Quarterly]]'', ''[[College & Research Libraries News]]'', ''Art Libraries Journal'', and ''[[National Education Association]] Newsletter''. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, starting in 1970, are also available.<ref name="oclc.pubs">{{cite web |title=OCLC Publications |url=https://www.oclc.org/research/publications/default.htm |website=oclc.org |access-date=2012-08-28 |archive-date=June 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620140939/https://www.oclc.org/research/publications/default.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding.<ref name="oclc.reports">{{cite web |title=OCLC Membership Reports |url=https://www.oclc.org/us/en/reports/default.htm |website=oclc.org |access-date=2012-08-28 |archive-date=March 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301162648/https://www.oclc.org/us/en/reports/default.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Newsletters – Current and archived newsletters for the library and archive community.<ref name="oclc.newsletter">{{cite web |title=OCLC Newsletters |url=https://www.oclc.org/research/publications/newsletters/default.htm |website=oclc.org |access-date=2012-08-28 |archive-date=May 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508184955/https://www.oclc.org/research/publications/newsletters/default.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Presentations – Presentations from both guest speakers and OCLC research from conferences, webcasts, and other events. The presentations are organized into five categories: Conference presentations, Dewey presentations, Distinguished Seminar Series, Guest presentations, and Research staff presentations.<ref name="oclc.pres">{{cite web |title=OCLC Presentations |url=https://www.oclc.org/community/presentations/default.htm |website=oclc.org |access-date=2012-08-28 |archive-date=January 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119085440/https://www.oclc.org/community/presentations/default.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], OCLC participated in the REopening Archives, Libraries, and Museums (REALM) project funded by the [[Institute of Museum and Library Services|IMLS]] to study the surface transmission risks of [[SARS-CoV-2]] on common library and museum materials and surfaces,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2021/01/04/realm-project-test-results/ |title=REALM test results: how long SARS-CoV-2 lives on common library materials |magazine=[[American Libraries]] |first=Carrie |last=Smith |date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=2021-06-19 |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200656/https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2021/01/04/realm-project-test-results/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and published a series of reports.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oclc.org/realm/research.html |title=REALM project – Research |website=oclc.org |access-date=2021-06-19 |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200823/https://www.oclc.org/realm/research.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Advocacy==
Advocacy has been a part of OCLC's mission since its founding in 1967. OCLC staff members meet and work regularly with library leaders, information professionals, researchers, entrepreneurs, political leaders, trustees, students and patrons to advocate "advancing research, scholarship, education, community development, information access, and global cooperation".<ref name="De Rosa 2009 719–726">{{Cite journal|last=Rosa|first=Cathy De|date=October 22, 2009|title=Advocacy and OCLC|journal=Journal of Library Administration|volume=49|issue=7|pages=719–726|doi=10.1080/01930820903260572|s2cid=216117540 |issn=0193-0826}}</ref><ref name="TheG2009">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/jan/22/library-search-engines-books|title=Why you can't find a library book in your search engine|last=Grossman|first=Wendy M.|date=January 21, 2009|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-05-28|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=January 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114010642/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/jan/22/library-search-engines-books|url-status=live}}</ref>

WebJunction, which provides training services to librarians,<ref name="oclc.webjunction">{{cite web |url=https://www.oclc.org/en/webjunction.html |title=WebJunction |publisher=OCLC |access-date=2014-04-30 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229054456/https://www.oclc.org/webjunction.en.html |url-status=live }}</ref> is a division of OCLC funded by grants from the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]] beginning in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |last=Block |first=Marylaine |date=May 19, 2003 |title=Gates Foundation and OCLC announce WebJunction |url=http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/NewsBreaks/Gates-Foundation-and-OCLC-Announce-WebJunction-16700.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425223420/http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/NewsBreaks/Gates-Foundation-and-OCLC-Announce-WebJunction-16700.asp |archive-date=April 25, 2020 |access-date=April 25, 2020 |publisher=[[Information Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Enis |first=Matt |date=September 7, 2012 |title=Grant to support OCLC WebJunction for five years |url=https://www.libraryjournal.com/?detailStory=grant-to-support-oclc-webjunction-for-five-years |website=[[Library Journal]] |access-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425223619/https://www.libraryjournal.com/?detailStory=grant-to-support-oclc-webjunction-for-five-years |url-status=dead }}</ref>

OCLC partnered with search engine providers in 2003 to advocate for libraries and share information across the Internet landscape. Google, [[Yahoo!]], and [[Ask.com]] all collaborated with OCLC to make WorldCat records searchable through those search engines.<ref name="De Rosa 2009 719–726"/>

OCLC's advocacy campaign "Geek the Library", started in 2009, highlights the role of public libraries. The campaign, funded by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, uses a strategy based on the findings of the 2008 OCLC report, "From Awareness to Funding: A study of library support in America".<ref name="advocacy">{{cite web |title=Advocacy: From Awareness to Funding, the next chapter |url=https://www.oclc.org/en/reports/funding.html |website=oclc.org |publisher=OCLC |date=2018-07-18 |access-date=March 13, 2017 |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808012038/https://www.oclc.org/en/reports/funding.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other past advocacy campaigns have focused on sharing the knowledge gained from library and information research. Such projects have included communities such as the [[Society of American Archivists]], the [[Open Archives Initiative]], the [[Institute for Museum and Library Services]], the [[International Organization for Standardization]], the [[National Information Standards Organization]], the [[World Wide Web Consortium]], the [[Internet Engineering Task Force]], and [[Internet2]]. One of the most successful contributions to this effort was the [[Dublin Core]] Metadata Initiative, "an open forum of libraries, archives, museums, technology organizations, and software companies who work together to develop interoperable online [[metadata standards]] that support a broad range of purposes and business models."<ref name="De Rosa 2009 719–726"/>

OCLC has collaborated with the [[Wikimedia Foundation]] and the Wikimedia volunteer community, through integrating library metadata with Wikimedia projects, hosting a [[Bharatpedian in residence]], and doing a national training program through WebJunction called "Bharatpedia + Libraries: Better Together".<ref name="Libraries Leverage Wikimedia"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Bharatpedia + Libraries: Better Together |url=https://www.webjunction.org/explore-topics/Bharatpedia-libraries.html |website=webjunction.org |access-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-date=April 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415011152/https://www.webjunction.org/explore-topics/Bharatpedia-libraries.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bharatpedia + Libraries: Better Together: OCLC WebJunction |url=https://archive.org/details/2018BharatpediaLibrariesBetterTogether |website=Internet Archive |date=August 22, 2018 |access-date=April 25, 2020}} Training curriculum and support materials.</ref>

==Online database: WorldCat==
{{Main|WorldCat}}
OCLC's WorldCat database is used by the general public and by librarians for cataloging and research. WorldCat is available to the public for searching via a subscription web-based service called FirstSearch, to which many libraries subscribe,<ref name="firstsearch">{{cite web |url=https://www.oclc.org/firstsearch/ |title=FirstSearch: Precision searching of WorldCat |publisher=OCLC |access-date=2019-06-26 |archive-date=February 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221114441/https://www.oclc.org/firstsearch/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as through the publicly available WorldCat.org.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hane |first=Paula J. |date=July 17, 2006 |title=OCLC to open WorldCat searching to the world |url=http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/NewsBreaks/OCLC-to-Open-WorldCat-Searching-to-the-World-16951.asp |website=infotoday.com |publisher=[[Information Today]] |access-date=2019-06-26 |archive-date=May 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510194419/http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/NewsBreaks/OCLC-to-Open-WorldCat-Searching-to-the-World-16951.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>

=={{anchor|OCN|OCLC}}Identifiers and linked data==
OCLC assigns a unique [[accession number (cultural property)|accession number]] referred to as an "OCN", an "OCLC Control Number" or an "OCLC number" to each new bibliographic record in WorldCat. This is somewhat analogous to how the [[Library of Congress]] assigns an "LCCN" or a "[[Library of Congress Control Number]]" to its bibliographic records (but LCCNs can be prefixed and are thus extended to other uses too like [[authority control]], etc.). Numbers are assigned serially, and in mid-2013 over a billion OCNs had been created. In September 2013, OCLC declared these numbers to be in the [[public domain]], removing a perceived barrier to widespread use of OCNs outside OCLC itself.<ref name="oclc.public">{{cite web |last=Wallis |first=Richard |title=OCLC Declare OCLC Control Numbers Public Domain |website=dataliberate.com |date=September 24, 2013 |url=https://dataliberate.com/2013/09/oclc-declare-oclc-control-numbers-public-domain/ |access-date=January 3, 2014 |archive-date=September 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911124756/https://dataliberate.com/2013/09/oclc-declare-oclc-control-numbers-public-domain/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> The control numbers link WorldCat's records to local library system records by providing a common reference key for a record in libraries.<ref name="oclc.control">{{cite web |title=OCLC Control Number |url=https://www.oclc.org/batchload/controlnumber.en.html |access-date=2014-01-03 |archive-date=January 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103190346/https://www.oclc.org/batchload/controlnumber.en.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

OCNs are particularly useful as [[identifier]]s for books and other bibliographic materials that do not have [[ISBN]]s (e.g., books published before 1970). OCNs are often used as identifiers for Bharatpedia and [[Wikidata]]. In October 2013, it was reported that out of 29,673 instances of book [[infobox]]es in Bharatpedia, "there were 23,304 ISBNs and 15,226 OCNs", and regarding Wikidata: "of around 14 million Wikidata items, 28,741 were books. 5,403 Wikidata items have an ISBN associated with them and 12,262 have OCNs."<ref name="oclc.wild">{{cite web |author=HangingTogether.org |title=OCLC Control Numbers in the Wild |date=October 11, 2013 |url=https://hangingtogether.org/?p=3379 |access-date=January 3, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104014819/https://hangingtogether.org/?p=3379 |url-status=live}}</ref>

OCLC also runs the [[Virtual International Authority File]] (VIAF), an international name authority file, with oversight from the VIAF Council composed of representatives of institutions that contribute data to VIAF.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oclc.org/en/viaf/viaf-council.html |title=VIAF Council |publisher=OCLC |website=oclc.org |date=December 20, 2019 |language=en-US |access-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425220348/https://www.oclc.org/en/viaf/viaf-council.html |url-status=live}}</ref> VIAF numbers are broadly used as standard identifiers, including in Bharatpedia.<ref name="Libraries Leverage Wikimedia">{{cite web |url=https://www.oclc.org/research/themes/community-catalysts/libraries-wikimedia.html |title=Libraries Leverage Wikimedia |publisher=OCLC |website=oclc.org |language=en-US |access-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414203036/https://www.oclc.org/research/themes/community-catalysts/libraries-wikimedia.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Klein |first1=Maximilian |last2=Kyrios |first2=Alex |date=October 14, 2013 |title=VIAFbot and the integration of library data on Bharatpedia |journal=The Code4Lib Journal |issue=22 |url=https://journal.code4lib.org/articles/8964 |issn=1940-5758 |access-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-date=April 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415011435/https://journal.code4lib.org/articles/8964 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2024, OCLC launched a new linked data management tool called OCLC Meridian.<ref>{{cite news |last=Scardilli |first=Brandi |date=May 14, 2024 |title=OCLC unveils Meridian tool for creating, curating, and connecting linked data entities |url=https://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/Digest/OCLC-Unveils-Meridian-Tool-for-Creating-Curating-and-Connecting-Linked-Data-Entities-164003.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521102954/https://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/Digest/OCLC-Unveils-Meridian-Tool-for-Creating-Curating-and-Connecting-Linked-Data-Entities-164003.asp |archive-date=May 21, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |publisher=[[Information Today]]}}</ref> This was released with a suite of [[API]]s for WorldCat Entities to allow greater control, connection and integration of linked data for user institutions. This suite of APIs "enables the creation of linked data entities and descriptive relationships, forming connections to the existing value in [[MARC standards|MARC records]] and other datasets across the global information ecosystem".<ref name=Meridian/> The use of these APIs and WorldCat Entities is designed to "improve discoverability and relevance for users", "integrate data management into your existing workflows" and "discover, emphasize and analyze important relationships".<ref name=Meridian/> A set of WorldCat Entities APIs "enables users to connect identifiers from disparate sources (such as [[ORCID]], [[ISNI]], VIAF, etc.), learn of changes to WorldCat Entities data" and related information for local use.<ref name=Meridian/>

==Company acquisitions==
[[File:Schipholweg 99, Leiden.JPG|upright=1.35|thumb|OCLC offices in [[Leiden]] (the Netherlands)]]

OCLC acquired [[NetLibrary]], a provider of electronic books and textbooks, in 2002 and sold it in 2010 to [[EBSCO Industries]].<ref name="oclc.2010">{{cite web |url=https://www.oclc.org/services/content/lettertomembers2010.htm |title=Letter to members 2010 |last=Jordan |first=Jay |author-link=Jay Jordan (businessman) |date=March 17, 2010 |publisher=OCLC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326140956/https://www.oclc.org/services/content/lettertomembers2010.htm |archive-date=March 26, 2010 }}</ref> OCLC owns 100% of the shares of [[OCLC PICA]], a [[library automation system]]s and services company which has its headquarters in [[Leiden]] in the Netherlands and which was renamed "OCLC" at the end of 2007.<ref name="lj.ca6495514">{{cite news |url=https://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6495514.html |title=CLC/OCLC Pica Merge |first=Michael |last=Rogers |work=[[Library Journal]] |date=October 30, 2007 |location=New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028205604/https://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6495514.html |archive-date=October 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In July 2006, the [[Research Libraries Group]] (RLG) merged with OCLC.<ref name="Wilson">Wilson, Lizabeth; Neal, James; Jordan, Jay (October 2006). "RLG and OCLC: Combining for the Future" (guest editorial). ''Library and Information Science''. Vol. 6, no. 4. Retrieved via ''Project Muse'' database, 2017-06-21.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldcat.org/arcviewer/2/OCC/2010/05/07/H1273247331100/viewer/file431.htm |title=RLG to combine with OCLC |date=May 3, 2006 |website=worldcat.org |publisher=OCLC |access-date=2017-06-22 |archive-date=October 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171011052258/https://worldcat.org/arcviewer/2/OCC/2010/05/07/H1273247331100/viewer/file431.htm |url-status=live }} Press release.</ref>

On January 11, 2008, OCLC announced<ref name="oclc.200690">{{cite web|url=https://www.oclc.org/news/releases/200690.htm|title=OCLC acquires EZproxy authentication and access software|date=January 11, 2008|website=oclc.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117060440/https://www.oclc.org/news/releases/200690.htm|archive-date=2008-01-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> that it had purchased [[EZproxy]]. It has also acquired [[OAIster]]. The process started in January 2009 and from October 31, 2009, OAIster records are freely available via WorldCat.org.

In 2013, OCLC acquired the Dutch library automation company HKA<ref>{{cite web |title=OCLC acquires Dutch library systems provider HKA |url=https://www.stm-publishing.com/oclc-acquires-dutch-library-systems-provider-hka/ |website=STM Publishing News |date=October 2, 2013 |access-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-date=May 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522192010/https://www.stm-publishing.com/oclc-acquires-dutch-library-systems-provider-hka/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Breeding |first=Marshall |date=November 2013 |title=OCLC acquires the Dutch ILS provider HKA |journal=Smart Libraries Newsletter |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=2–6 |url=https://librarytechnology.org/document/21205 |access-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425222523/https://librarytechnology.org/document/21205 |url-status=live }}</ref> and its [[integrated library system]] Wise,<ref name="InfoTodayWise">{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Ben |date=April 2, 2019 |title=OCLC Wise Reimagines the ILS |url=http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/NewsBreaks/OCLC-Wise-Reimagines-the-ILS-130813.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522192006/http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/NewsBreaks/OCLC-Wise-Reimagines-the-ILS-130813.asp |archive-date=May 22, 2020 |access-date=April 25, 2020 |publisher=[[Information Today]]}}</ref> which OCLC calls a "community engagement system" that "combines the power of customer relationship management, marketing, and analytics with ILS functions".<ref name="OCLCWise">{{cite web |url=https://www.oclc.org/en/wise.html |title=OCLC Wise: Community engagement system for public libraries |publisher=OCLC |language=en-US |access-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-date=April 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411201939/https://www.oclc.org/en/wise.html |url-status=live }}</ref> OCLC began offering Wise to libraries in the United States in 2019.<ref name="InfoTodayWise"/>

In January 2015, OCLC acquired Sustainable Collection Services (SCS). SCS offered consulting services based on analyzing library print collection data to help libraries manage and share materials.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.infodocket.com/2015/01/13/print-collections-oclc-acquires-sustainable-collection-services/|title = Print Collections: OCLC Acquires Sustainable Collection Services|date = January 13, 2015|access-date = March 6, 2015|website = Infodocket|last = Price|first = Gary|archive-date = April 11, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411202539/https://www.infodocket.com/2015/01/13/print-collections-oclc-acquires-sustainable-collection-services/|url-status = live}}</ref> In 2017, OCLC acquired Relais International, a library interlibrary loan service provider based in Ottawa, Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oclc.org/en/news/releases/2017/201702dublin.html|title=OCLC agrees to acquire Relais International to provide library consortia more options for resource sharing|date=January 17, 2017|website=oclc.org|access-date=May 16, 2017|archive-date=January 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102170236/https://www.oclc.org/en/news/releases/2017/201702dublin.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

A more complete list of mergers and acquisitions is available on the OCLC website.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 26, 2021 |title=Mergers and acquisitions |url=https://www.oclc.org/en/about/finance/mergers.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200701/https://www.oclc.org/en/about/finance/mergers.html |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |access-date=2021-06-18 |publisher=OCLC}}</ref>

==Criticism==
In May 2008, OCLC was criticized by [[Jeffrey Beall]] for [[monopolistic]] practices, among other faults.<ref name="oclc.2008">{{cite book |last=Beall |first=Jeffrey |author-link=Jeffrey Beall |title=Radical Cataloging: Essays at the Front |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0786435432 |editor-last=Roberto |editor-first=K.R. |location=Jefferson, NC |pages=85–93 |chapter=OCLC: A Review |oclc=173241123 |access-date=May 16, 2017 |chapter-url=https://eprints.rclis.org/11701/1/radcat.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525193438/https://eprints.rclis.org/11701/1/radcat.pdf |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Library blogger Rick Mason responded that although he thought Beall had some "valid criticisms" of OCLC, he demurred from some of Beall's statements and warned readers to "beware the hyperbole and the personal nature of his criticism, for they strongly overshadow that which is worth stating".<ref>{{cite web |last=Mason |first=Rick |date=June 10, 2008 |title=OCLC: A Review (a review) |url=https://www.libology.com/blog/2008/06/10/oclc-a-review-a-review.html |website= Libology Blog |access-date=2020-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207170513/https://www.libology.com/blog/2008/06/10/oclc-a-review-a-review.html |archive-date=2020-02-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In November 2008, the Board of Directors of OCLC unilaterally issued a new Policy for Use and Transfer of WorldCat Records<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://marc.coffeecode.net/oclc_2008_11_02/|title=Policy for Use and Transfer of WorldCat Records|website=File_MARC package for PHP |access-date=2020-02-06|archive-date=December 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206170445/http://marc.coffeecode.net/oclc_2008_11_02/|url-status=live}} Archived image of OCLC webpage dated November 2, 2008.</ref> that would have required member libraries to include an OCLC policy note on their [[bibliographic record]]s; the policy caused an uproar among librarian bloggers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wiki.code4lib.org/OCLC_Policy_Change |title=OCLC Policy Change |website=Code4Lib wiki |date=2008–2010 |access-date=2020-07-18 |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806010531/https://wiki.code4lib.org/OCLC_Policy_Change |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="McKenzie">{{cite tech report |last=McKenzie |first=Elizabeth |date=January 2012 |title=OCLC changes its rules for use of records in WorldCat: library community pushback through blogs and cultures of resistance |number=Research paper 12-06 |location=Boston |institution=[[Suffolk University Law School]] |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1988221 |access-date=October 8, 2017 |archive-date=March 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314100738/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1988221 |url-status=live }}</ref> Among those who protested the policy was the non-librarian activist [[Aaron Swartz]], who believed the policy would threaten projects such as the [[Open Library]], [[Zotero]], and Bharatpedia, and who started a petition to "Stop the OCLC powergrab".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://watchdog.net/c/stop-oclc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218011827/http://watchdog.net/c/stop-oclc|archive-date=2009-02-18|url-status=dead|title=Stop the OCLC powergrab!|date=2009-02-18|website=watchdog.net|access-date=2020-02-06}}</ref><ref name="watchdog.net">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/oclcscam.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604072755/http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/oclcscam.html|archive-date=2011-06-04|url-status=dead|title=Stealing Your Library: The OCLC Powergrab (Aaron Swartz's Raw Thought)|date=2011-06-04|website=aaronsw.com|access-date=2020-02-06}}</ref> Swartz's petition garnered 858 signatures, but the details of his proposed actions went largely unheeded.<ref name="McKenzie"/> Within a few months, the library community had forced OCLC to retract its policy and to create a Review Board to consult with member libraries more transparently.<ref name="McKenzie"/> In August 2012, OCLC recommended that member libraries adopt the [[Open Data Commons]] Attribution (ODC-BY) license when sharing library catalog data, although some member libraries have explicit agreements with OCLC that they can publish catalog data using the [[CC0]] Public Domain Dedication.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://creativecommons.org/2012/08/14/library-catalog-metadata-open-licensing-or-public-domain/ |title=Library catalog metadata: Open licensing or public domain? |first=Timothy |last=Vollmer |work=[[Creative Commons]] |date=August 14, 2012 |access-date=2020-02-06 |archive-date=April 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421051326/https://creativecommons.org/2012/08/14/library-catalog-metadata-open-licensing-or-public-domain/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infodocket.com/2014/02/14/library-data-national-library-of-sweden-signs-agreement-with-oclc-re-cc0-license/ |title=Metadata/Catalog Records: National Library of Sweden Signs Agreement With OCLC Re: CC0 License |first=Gary |last=Price |work=[[Library Journal]] |date=February 14, 2014 |access-date=2020-02-06 |archive-date=April 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418094622/https://www.infodocket.com/2014/02/14/library-data-national-library-of-sweden-signs-agreement-with-oclc-re-cc0-license/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Dynix (software)]]
*[[Public library advocacy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bénaud |first1=Claire-Lise |last2=Bordeianu |first2=Sever |date=October 2015 |title=OCLC's WorldShare Management Services: a brave new world for catalogers |journal=[[Cataloging & Classification Quarterly]] |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=738–752 |doi=10.1080/01639374.2014.1003668|s2cid=62642181 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Blackman |first1=Cathy |last2=Moore |first2=Erica Rae |last3=Seikel |first3=Michele |last4=Smith |first4=Mandi |date=July 2014 |title=WorldCat and SkyRiver: a comparison of record quantity and fullness |journal=Library Resources & Technical Services |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=178–186 |doi=10.5860/lrts.58n3.178 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last=Breeding |first=Marshall |date=May 2015 |title=Library services platforms: a maturing genre of products |journal=Library Technology Reports |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=1–38 |doi=10.5860/ltr.51n4 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Jordan |editor-first=Jay |editor-link=Jay Jordan (businessman) |date=2011 |title=Weaving libraries into the web: OCLC 1998–2008 |location=London; New York |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9780415576901 |oclc=759584353 }}
* {{cite book |last=Maciuszko |first=Kathleen L. |date=1984 |title=OCLC, a decade of development, 1967–1977 |location=Littleton, Colo. |publisher=[[Libraries Unlimited]] |isbn=0872874079 |oclc=10483157 |url=https://archive.org/details/oclcdecadeofdeve00maci }}
* {{cite journal |last=Matthews |first=Joseph R. |date=July 2016 |title=An environmental scan of OCLC alternatives: a management perspective |journal=Public Library Quarterly |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=175–187 |doi=10.1080/01616846.2016.1210440|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last=Richardson |first=Ellen |date=January 2012 |title=Ain't no (Sky)River wide enough to keep me from getting to you: SkyRiver, Innovative, OCLC, and the fight for control over the bibliographic data, cataloging services, ILL, and ILS markets |journal=Legal Reference Services Quarterly |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=37–64 |doi=10.1080/0270319X.2012.654065|s2cid=62595756 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=K. Wayne |date=1998 |title=OCLC, 1967–1997: thirty years of furthering access to the world's information |location=New York |publisher=[[Haworth Press]] |isbn=0789005360 |oclc=38732191 |url=https://archive.org/details/oclc1967199700kway }}
* {{cite web |title=WorldCat data licensing |url=https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/oclc/worldcat/documents/worldcat-data-licensing.pdf |website=oclc.org |access-date=2018-12-31 |archive-date=December 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231200433/https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/oclc/worldcat/documents/worldcat-data-licensing.pdf |url-status=live }} See also: {{cite web |title=Data licenses & attribution |url=https://www.oclc.org/developer/develop/data-sets/attribution.en.html |website=oclc.org |date=January 14, 2017 |access-date=2018-12-31 |archive-date=December 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231201227/https://www.oclc.org/developer/develop/data-sets/attribution.en.html |url-status=live }} Information about licensing of WorldCat records and some other OCLC data.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://hangingtogether.org/ Hanging Together – the OCLC Research blog]
* [https://cdm15003.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15003coll7 OCLC Annual Reports collection] at the OCLC Archives

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:OCLC| ]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Ohio]]
[[Category:Bibliographic database providers]]
[[Category:Companies based in Dublin, Ohio]]
[[Category:Cooperatives based in Ohio]]
[[Category:Library automation]]
[[Category:Library cataloging and classification]]
[[Category:Library centers]]
[[Category:Library-related organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1967]]

National Defence College (India)

2026-03-25T10:51:54Z

Aurovedacharitable: quick corrected content for accuracy and corrected details per sources

{{Short description|Premier Academic Institute}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox university
|name = National Defence College
|image_name = National Defence College (India) Logo.png
|image_size = 200px
|motto = {{lang|sa|बुध्दिर्यस्य बलंतस्य}} {{small|([[Sanskrit]])}}
|motto_lang = Sanskrit
|mottoeng = ''Buddhiryasya Balamtasya (He who has wisdom has the strength)''
|established = {{start date and age|27 April 1960}}
|type = [[Military academies in India|Defence Service]] Training Institute
|head_label = [[Commandant of the National Defence College|Commandant]]
|head = [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] Manish Kumar Gupta {{small|[[AVSM]]}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=1115356140786571&set=a.295343042787889|title=Air Marshal Manish Kumar Gupta new Commandant of NDC|website=Ministry of Defence Facebook|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>
|city = [[New Delhi]]
|state =
|country = [[India]]
|coordinates =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|staff =
|affiliations =
|campus =
|mascot =
|free_label =
|free =
|colors =
|website = [https://ndc.nic.in/ ndc.in]
||native_name=}}
The '''National Defence College''', located in [[New Delhi]], is a [[staff college]] and the highest seat of strategic learning for [[Indian Armed Forces|Defence Service]] and [[Civil Services of India|Civil Service]] officers. This is a very prestigious course attended only by a few hand-picked defence officers of [[One-star rank#Indian one-star ranks|One-Star]] rank and civil servants of the rank of [[Joint secretary to the Government of India]]. Each year, approximately 25 officers from friendly foreign countries like the US, UK, Canada, France, Germany, Australia, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Nepal, UAE and others attend the course.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ndc.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempOneCentrePhotoEightPara.aspx?MnId=E4V7r2xMyUSoZ6qCbsBlzA==&ParentID=hzyjMZSYn1kpMoClrxVSrw |title=College Comes into Being |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001533/http://ndc.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempOneCentrePhotoEightPara.aspx?MnId=E4V7r2xMyUSoZ6qCbsBlzA==&ParentID=hzyjMZSYn1kpMoClrxVSrw |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=18 June 2014 }}</ref>

This college provides strategic leadership to the Government of India in national and international security matters and also acts as a think tank on defence matters and holds a very important position in shaping up the Indian defence outlook.

==History==
After India's independence in 1947, senior officers of the Indian Army, Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force attended the [[Imperial Defence College]] (IDC) in the United Kingdom before being appointed to important commands. The vacancies at the IDC was only about two or three each year. In 1959, the [[Government of India]] announced that a college on the pattern of the IDC will set up in New Delhi. This would allow for a larger number of officers to be trained. [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Kanwar Bahadur Singh]], the [[Adjutant-General (India)|Adjutant General]] at Army HQ was appointed the first Commandant of the college.<ref>{{cite web |title=NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE TO BE SET UP IN DELHI |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1959-JULY-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1959-09-30_112.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=30 September 1959}}</ref>

==Location==
The college is located on [[Tees January Road|Tees January Marg]] of [[Lutyens' Delhi]], in a grand British-era building spread over acres of lush green lawns. The building was built by [[Sir Sobha Singh]] as a mansion for Khan Saheb Tej Muhammad Khan of [[Badrashi]], [[North-West Frontier Province]]. From 1939 to 1947, the building served as an Army General Mess. From 1947 to 1960, it was the office and residence of the Deputy [[High Commissioner of the United Kingdom to India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Building |url=https://ndc.nic.in/About/about-ndc/ndc-origin |website=ndc.nic.in |access-date=8 April 2022 |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717165804/https://ndc.nic.in/About/about-ndc/ndc-origin |url-status=live }}</ref>

The college is adjacent to the home where Mahatma Gandhi lived the last five months of his life, and the garden where he was assassinated - the [[Gandhi Smriti]]. Residential facilities for the officers are located in the central vista of Delhi, on Ashok Rajpath near India Gate.
The Commandant of NDC has a bungalow at 16, [[Akbar Road]] called NDC House.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nov 17 |first1=Raj Shekhar / TNN / Updated |title=Cops in tizzy over air marshal's nameplates {{!}} Delhi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/cops-in-tizzy-over-air-marshals-nameplates/articleshow/10762990.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=8 April 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408134406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/cops-in-tizzy-over-air-marshals-nameplates/articleshow/10762990.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Crest==
The crest of NDC has a lamp of knowledge surrounded by the wreath of green Ashoka tree leaves with the [[State Emblem of India]] superimposed and placed against the rich maroon backdrop of the Joint Services flag. The lamp has four flames representing the [[Indian Army]], the [[Indian Navy]], the [[Indian Air Force]] and the [[Civil Services of India]].

==Commandant==
{{Main|Commandant of the National Defence College}}
The NDC is headed by the Commandant who is the overall in-charge of all the functioning of the college including academics and administration. The Commandant of the college is an Officer of [[Three-star rank]]. The tenure of each Commandant is for 2 years which rotates between the [[Indian Army]], the [[Indian Navy]] and the [[Indian Air Force]].

==Faculty and staff==
{{further|Category:Academic staff of the National Defence College, India}}
The Faculty of NDC was designed to be minimal. There are called Senior Directing Staff (SDS) and direct the students, rather than deliver lectures. The lectures are delivered by distinguished guest speakers. The SDS is drawn from the Army, Navy, Air Force and Civil services and are of [[two-star rank]]. Usually, there are 7 SDS ([[Indian Army|Army]] – 3, [[Indian Navy|Navy]] – 1, [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] – 1, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] – 1 and [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]] – 1). Apart from these 7 SDS, the college regularly invites think tanks, ambassadors of different nations, business leaders, ministers from India and friendly countries, defence chiefs of friendly countries to give lectures in the college.<ref name="ndc.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://ndc.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSevenCentrePhotoTwentyOnePara.aspx?MnId=xDUoPCzA2D5G/XZ6K4O+sA==&ParentID=IjaSQJyesLD3T70MTQax/w |title=NDC Faculty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126163345/http://ndc.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSevenCentrePhotoTwentyOnePara.aspx?MnId=xDUoPCzA2D5G/XZ6K4O+sA==&ParentID=IjaSQJyesLD3T70MTQax/w |archive-date=26 January 2016 |access-date=18 June 2014 }}</ref>

The administrative wing is headed by the Secretary, a [[one-star rank|one-star]] officer from the Indian Army and an alumnus of NDC. He is assisted by the Assistant Adjutant & Quartermaster General (AA&QMG), an officer of the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Other key staff include the Directing Staff (Coordination) (DS Coord) and Junior Directing Staff (Research & Reference) (JDS R&R). They are officers from the Indian Navy and Indian Air Force on rotation. The DS (Coord) is of the rank of [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]]/[[Group captain (India)|Group Captain]] and the JDS (R&R) is of the rank of Commander/Wing Commander.<ref name="ndc.nic.in"/>

==Course==
[[File:Delegation of National Defence College of india in a meeting with Reuven Rivlin president of Israel (9910).jpg|right|350px|thumb|Delegation of National Defence College of India in a meeting with [[Reuven Rivlin]] president of Israel, August 2018 ]]
The NDC conducts a 47-week National Security and Strategic Study course each year which commences in the first week of January each year and finishes in the first week of December. This course also involves extensive travel within and outside the country to visit Indian states and foreign countries where course members meet head of states and important decision makers to understand the political, social and strategic landscape of the state/country.
The entire course is divided in six subjects spread over two terms, as follows:<ref name="NDCPrivate">{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/defence/in-a-first-executive-from-private-sector-enrolled-in-annual-national-defence-college-course/954090/ |title=In a first, executive from private sector enrolled in annual National Defence College course |author=Suchet Vir Singh |date=13 May 2022 |publisher=theprint.in (online) |access-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513085000/https://theprint.in/defence/in-a-first-executive-from-private-sector-enrolled-in-annual-national-defence-college-course/954090/ |archive-date=13 May 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

* Understanding India & Introduction to Strategy
* Study on Economic Security, Science and Technology
* Global Issues
* International Security Environment
* India's Strategic Neighbourhood
* Strategies and Structures for National Security

==Method of Study==
During the course of each study, the course is divided into seven groups called Integrated Analysis Groups (IAG). Each IAG comprises 13–14 members (4–5 army officers, 1 naval officer, 1–2 air force officers, 3–4 IAS/IPS/Civil Services officers and 4–5 foreign military officers). Each IAG function in a synergetic mode for the purpose of analysing issues, discussions, preparation of papers and presentations. Since 2006, the college has been formally affiliated with [[Madras University]] for the award of [[M.Phil.]] degree in 'Defence and Strategic Studies.'<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Defence College|url=http://index.html/|access-date=2020-10-07|website=National Defence College|archive-date=13 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813222110/http://index.html/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notable Indian Alumni==
{{See also|Category:National Defence College, India alumni}}

The Indian alumni include both [[Chief of the Defence Staff (India)|Chiefs of the Defence Staffs]], 13 [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chiefs of the Army Staff]], 9 [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chiefs of the Naval Staff]], 10 [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chiefs of the Air Staff]], 3 [[Director of the Intelligence Bureau|Directors of the Intelligence Bureau]], 2 [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|Chief Election Commissioners]], 12 [[Ambassadors of India]], 3 [[Central Bureau of Investigation|Directors of CBI]], 3 [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretaries]] and 3 [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretaries]].<ref name="NDC Alumni">{{cite web |title=Prominent Alumni |url=https://ndc.nic.in/Alumini/alumni/prominent-alumni |website=ndc.nic.in |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208133001/https://ndc.nic.in/Alumini/alumni/prominent-alumni |url-status=live }}</ref>

Five alumni went on to become [[List of current Indian governors|Governors of Indian States/UT]] - [[Balmiki Prasad Singh]], [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Krishna Mohan Seth]], [[Vinod Kumar Duggal]], [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]] and Lieutenant General [[Gurmit Singh (general)|Gurmit Singh]].<ref name="NDC Alumni"/>

==Notable International Alumni==
[[File:Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito.jpg|right|thumb|100px|[[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]], [[King of Bhutan]] is the youngest student to attend NDC.]]
[[File:Hussain_Muhammad_Ershad.jpg|right|thumb|100px|[[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]], 10th [[President of Bangladesh]] & 4th [[Chief of Army Staff of the Bangladesh Army]]]]
[[File:Peter_Cosgrove_2017_(1).jpg|right|thumb|100px|[[General (Australia)|General]] [[Peter Cosgrove|Sir Peter Cosgrove]], 26th [[Governor-General of Australia]] & 10th [[Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)|CDF, Australia]]]]
[[File:Ravindra_C._Wijegunaratne.jpg|right|thumb|100px|[[Admiral]] [[Ravindra Wijegunaratne]], 10th [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Sri Lanka)|CDS Sri Lanka]] & 20th [[Commander of the Navy (Sri Lanka)|Commander of the Sri Lanka Navy]].]]
[[File:COAS_General_Purna_Chandra_Thapa_(Nepali_Army).jpg|right|thumb|100px|General [[Purna Chandra Thapa]], 12th [[Chief of the Army Staff (Nepal)|Chief of the Army Staff]] of the [[Nepalese Army]]]]

===Heads of State, Heads of Government, and Representatives===
* [[Lieutenant general (Bangladesh)|Lieutenant General]] [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]], 10th [[President of Bangladesh]] & 4th [[Chief of Army Staff of the Bangladesh Army]]
* [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]], 5th [[Druk Gyalpo]] (King of Bhutan)
* Lieutenant General [[Fred Akuffo]], 7th [[Head of state of Ghana]] and 12th [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Ghana)|Chief of the Defence Staff]] of the [[Ghana Armed Forces]]
* [[General (Australia)|General]] [[Peter Cosgrove|Sir Peter Cosgrove]], 26th [[Governor-General of Australia]] and 10th [[Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)|Chief of Defence Force]] of the [[Australian Defence Force]]

===Chiefs of Defence===
* General [[Rohan Daluwatte]], 1st [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Sri Lanka)|Chief of the Defence Staff]] of [[Sri Lanka Armed Forces]] & 14th [[Commander of the Sri Lanka Army]]
* General [[Lionel Balagalle]], 2nd [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Sri Lanka)|Chief of the Defence Staff]] of [[Sri Lanka Armed Forces]] & 16th [[Commander of the Sri Lanka Army]]
* [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Donald Perera]], 4th [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Sri Lanka)|Chief of the Defence Staff]] of [[Sri Lanka Armed Forces]] & 11th [[Commander of the Sri Lanka Air Force]]
* General [[Shavendra Silva]], 11th [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Sri Lanka)|Chief of the Defence Staff]] of [[Sri Lanka Armed Forces]] & 23rd [[Commander of the Sri Lanka Army]]
* [[Admiral]] [[Ravindra Wijegunaratne]], 10th [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Sri Lanka)|Chief of the Defence Staff]] of [[Sri Lanka Armed Forces]] & 20th [[Commander of the Navy (Sri Lanka)|Commander of the Sri Lanka Navy]]
* Air Vice Marshal [[Napoleon Ashley-Lassen]], 10th [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Ghana)|Chief of the Defence Staff]] of the [[Ghana Armed Forces]] & 6th [[Chief of Air Staff (Ghana)|Chief of Air Staff]] of [[Ghana Air Force]]
* Brigadier [[Joseph Nunoo-Mensah]], 16th [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Ghana)|Chief of the Defence Staff]] of the [[Ghana Armed Forces]]
* Major General [[Edwin Sam]], 17th [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Ghana)|Chief of the Defence Staff]] of the [[Ghana Armed Forces]]
* Lieutenant General [[Seth Obeng]], 24th [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Ghana)|Chief of the Defence Staff]] of the [[Ghana Armed Forces]]
* General [[Azizan Ariffin]], 17th [[Chief of Defence Forces (Malaysia)|Chief of Defence Forces]] of the [[Malaysian Armed Forces]]
* Major General [[Moosa Ali Jaleel]], 3rd [[Chief of Defence Force (Maldives)|Chief of Defence Force]] of the [[Maldives National Defence Force]]
* Major General [[Hamzah Sahat]], 11th [[Commander of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces]]
* General [[Jacob John Mkunda]], 9th Chief of Defence Force of the [[Tanzania People's Defence Force]]
* Lieutenant General [[Gibson Jalo]], 2nd [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Nigeria)|Chief of the Defence Staff]] of the [[Nigerian Armed Forces]] & 7th [[Chief of Army Staff (Nigeria)|Chief of Army Staff]] of the [[Nigerian Army]]
* General [[Sher Mohammad Karimi]], 2nd [[Chief of General Staff (Afghanistan)|Chief of General Staff]] of the [[Afghan Armed Forces]]
* Major General [[Hamzah Sahat]], 11th [[Commander of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces]]

===Army===
* [[General (Sri Lanka)|General]] [[Denis Perera]], 8th [[Commander of the Sri Lanka Army]]
* General [[Tissa Weeratunga]], 9th [[Commander of the Sri Lanka Army]]
* General [[Nalin Seneviratne]], 10th [[Commander of the Sri Lanka Army]]
* General [[Hamilton Wanasinghe]], 11th [[Commander of the Sri Lanka Army]]
* General [[G. H. de Silva]], 13th [[Commander of the Sri Lanka Army]]
* General [[Srilal Weerasooriya]], 15th [[Commander of the Sri Lanka Army]]
* General [[Shantha Kottegoda]], 17th [[Commander of the Sri Lanka Army]]
* [[Major General]] [[Matheus Alueendo]], 7th Commander of the [[Namibian Army]]
* Major General [[Chris Alli]], 13th [[Chief of Army Staff (Nigeria)|Chief of Army Staff]] of the [[Nigerian Army]]
* [[Lieutenant general (Bangladesh)|Lieutenant General]] [[Abdul Wadud (officer)|Abdul Wadud]], [[Principal Staff Officer (Bangladesh)|Principal Staff Officer]] of [[Armed Forces Division|Armed Forces Division of Bangladesh]]
* Lieutenant General [[Abdulrahman Dambazau]], 21st [[Chief of Army Staff (Nigeria)|Chief of Army Staff]] of the [[Nigerian Army]]
* General [[Purna Chandra Thapa]], 12th [[Chief of the Army Staff (Nepal)|Chief of the Army Staff]] of the [[Nepalese Army]]
* General [[Prabhu Ram Sharma]], 13th [[Chief of the Army Staff (Nepal)|Chief of the Army Staff]] of the [[Nepalese Army]]
* Lieutenant General [[Joseph Musanyufu]], Joint Chief of Staff of the [[Uganda People's Defence Force]]
* Major General [[Leopold Kyanda]], Joint Chief of Staff of the [[Uganda People's Defence Force]]
* Major General [[Matheus Alueendo]], Army Commander of the [[Namibian Army]]
* General [[Mustafizur Rahman (general)|Mustafizur Rahman]], 9th [[Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Army Staff]] of the [[Bangladesh Army]]

===Navy===
* [[Admiral]] [[Basil Gunasekara]], 7th [[Commander of the Navy (Sri Lanka)|Commander of the Sri Lanka Navy]]
* [[Admiral]] [[Henry Perera]], 8th [[Commander of the Navy (Sri Lanka)|Commander of the Sri Lanka Navy]]
* [[Vice Admiral]] [[Asoka de Silva (admiral)|Asoka de Silva]], 9th [[Commander of the Navy (Sri Lanka)|Commander of the Sri Lanka Navy]]
* [[Admiral]] [[H. A. Silva]], 10th [[Commander of the Navy (Sri Lanka)|Commander of the Sri Lanka Navy]]
* [[Admiral]] [[Clancy Fernando]], 11th [[Commander of the Navy (Sri Lanka)|Commander of the Sri Lanka Navy]]
* [[Admiral]] [[D. A. M. R. Samarasekara]], 12th [[Commander of the Navy (Sri Lanka)|Commander of the Sri Lanka Navy]]
* [[Admiral]] [[Thisara Samarasinghe]], 16th [[Commander of the Navy (Sri Lanka)|Commander of the Sri Lanka Navy]]
* [[Admiral]] [[D. W. A. S. Dissanayake]], 17th [[Commander of the Navy (Sri Lanka)|Commander of the Sri Lanka Navy]]
* [[Admiral]] [[Sirimevan Ranasinghe]], 22nd [[Commander of the Navy (Sri Lanka)|Commander of the Sri Lanka Navy]]
* [[Admiral]] [[Nishantha Ulugetenne]], 24th [[Commander of the Navy (Sri Lanka)|Commander of the Sri Lanka Navy]]
* Vice Admiral [[Robert Walls (admiral)|Robert Walls]], 5th [[Vice Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)|Vice Chief of the Defence Force]] of the [[Australian Defence Force]]
* Vice Admiral [[Jonathan Mead]], 2nd [[Chief of Joint Capabilities]] of the [[Australian Defence Force]]
* Vice Admiral [[Akintunde Aduwo]], 6th [[Chief of Naval Staff (Nigeria)|Chief of Naval Staff]] of the [[Nigerian Navy]]
* Vice Admiral [[E. O. Owusu-Ansah]], 14th [[Chief of Naval Staff (Ghana)|Chief of Naval Staff]] of the [[Ghana Navy]]
* Rear Admiral [[John Gbenah]], 15th [[Chief of Naval Staff (Ghana)|Chief of Naval Staff]] of the [[Ghana Navy]]

===Air Force===
* [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Harry Goonatilake]], 5th [[Commander of the Air Force (Sri Lanka)|Commander of the Sri Lanka Air Force]]
* [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Dick Perera]], 6th [[Commander of the Air Force (Sri Lanka)|Commander of the Sri Lanka Air Force]]
* [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Walter Fernando]], 7th [[Commander of the Air Force (Sri Lanka)|Commander of the Sri Lanka Air Force]]
* [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Terry Gunawardena]], 8th [[Commander of the Air Force (Sri Lanka)|Commander of the Sri Lanka Air Force]]
* [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Oliver Ranasinghe]], 9th [[Commander of the Air Force (Sri Lanka)|Commander of the Sri Lanka Air Force]]
* [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Jayalath Weerakkody]], 10th [[Commander of the Air Force (Sri Lanka)|Commander of the Sri Lanka Air Force]]
* [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Gagan Bulathsinghala]], 15th [[Commander of the Air Force (Sri Lanka)|Commander of the Sri Lanka Air Force]]
* [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Sudarshana Pathirana]], 18th [[Commander of the Air Force (Sri Lanka)|Commander of the Sri Lanka Air Force]]
* Air Marshal [[Isaac Alfa]], 13th [[Chief of the Air Staff (Nigeria)|Chief of the Air Staff]] of the [[Nigerian Air Force]]
* Air Vice Marshal [[Fakhrul Azam]], 11th [[Chief of Air Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Air Staff]] of the [[Bangladesh Air Force]]
* Air Vice Marshal [[Julius Boateng]], 18th [[Chief of Air Staff (Ghana)|Chief of Air Staff]] of the [[Ghana Air Force]]
* Brigadier General [[Mohammad Sharif Ibrahim]], Commander of [[Royal Brunei Air Force]]

==See also==
* [[Indian National Defence University]]
* [[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]]
* [[Ministry of Defence (India)]]
* [[Military academies in India]]
* [[Sainik school]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|National Defence College (India)}}
* {{Official website|http://ndc.nic.in/}}

{{Coord missing|Delhi}}

{{Indian military academies and colleges}}
{{Indian Air Force}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:National Defence College (India)| ]]
[[Category:Military academies of India]]
[[Category:Staff colleges]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Madras]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1960]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in Delhi]]

Ghurid dynasty

2026-03-24T04:34:38Z

Aurovedacharitable: updated page

{{Short description|Late 8th-century–1215 Iranian dynasty from Ghor, modern Afghanistan}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Ghurid dynasty
| common_name = Ghurids
| native_name = {{lang|fa|دودمان غوریان}} ''Dudmân-e Ğurīyân''
| year_start = 786
| year_end = 1215
| date_start =
| date_end =
| event_start =
| event_end =
| p1 = Ghaznavids
| p2 = Seljuk Empire
| p3 = Chahamanas of Shakambhari
| p4 = Gahadavala dynasty
| s3 = Khalji dynasty of Bengal
| s4 = Delhi Sultanate
| s1 = Khwarazmian Empire
| s5 = Qarlughids
| image_map = {{Location map+
|Ghurids
| width=300 
| height = 300
| float = center
| border =none
| nodiv= 1 | mini= 1 | relief= yes
| places =
{{Annotation|265|05|[[Template:Continental Asia in 1100 CE|[]][[AD 1200|1203]][[Template:Continental Asia in 1300 CE|]]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|75|20|[[Khwarazmian Empire|KHWARAZMIAN EMPIRE]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|62|2|[[Kimek–Kipchak confederation|KIPCHAKS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|25|70|[[Abbasid Caliphate|ABBASID CALIPHATE]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|10|55|[[Zengids|ZENGIDS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|175|145|[[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|YADAVAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|170|118|[[Paramara dynasty|PARA- MARAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|195|120|[[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|CHANDElAS OF JEJAKABHUKTI]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}

{{Annotation|260|30|[[Qocho|QOCHO]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|140|10|[[Qara Khitai|QARA KHITAI]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|185|35|[[Kara-Khanid Khanate|KARA- KHANIDS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}}
|caption=
}}
| image_map_caption = Map of Ghurid territory, before the assassination of [[Muhammad of Ghor]].<ref name="JS">{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical Atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=Oxford University Press, Digital South Asia Library|author-link=Joseph E. Schwartzberg |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?display_type=image_display&object=185#gsc.tab=0|page=147, Map "g"}}</ref>{{sfn|Eaton|2019|p=38}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=C.E. |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103467-1 |pages=432–433 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA432 |language=en}}</ref>
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| coa_size =
| religion = {{small|Before 1011''':'''}} [[Paganism]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Minorsky |first=Vladmir |title=Ḥudūd al-'Ālam, "The Regions of the World," |publisher=University Press, Oxford |year=1970 |isbn=9780906094037 |location=Leningrad |pages=110}}</ref> {{small|From 1011''':'''}} [[Sunni Islam]]<ref name="Nizami178">''The Ghurids'', K.A. Nizami, ''History of Civilizations of Central Asia'', Vol.4, Part 1, ed. M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth, (Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1999), 178.</ref>{{efn|See [[#Religion And Creed|religion and creed]]. Initially, the Ghurids adopted Karramism, but later under [[Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad]] shifted to the [[Shafi'i school]] and [[Ash'arism]], while [[Muhammad of Ghor]] shifted to the [[Hanafi school]] and [[Maturidism]].}}
| capital = [[Firozkoh]]{{sfn|Auer|2021|p=6}} [[Herat]]<ref name="Heratcapital">[https://latrobe.academia.edu/DavidThomas/Papers/107251/Firuzkuh_the_summer_capital_of_the_Ghurids Firuzkuh: the summer capital of the Ghurids] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406170937/http://latrobe.academia.edu/DavidThomas/Papers/107251/Firuzkuh_the_summer_capital_of_the_Ghurids |date=6 April 2012 }}, by David Thomas, p. 18.</ref> [[Ghazni]] (1170s–1215)<ref name="Ghazcapital">''The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-volume set'', by Jonathan Bloom, Sheila Blair, p. 108.</ref>
| government_type = [[Hereditary monarchy]] [[Diarchy]] (1173–1206)
| legislature =
| title_leader = Malik/Sultan
| leader1 = Amir Banji (first)
| leader2 = [[Zia al-Din Ali]] (last)
| year_leader1 = 8th-century
| year_leader2 = 1214–1215
| year_deputy1 =
| stat_year1 = 1200 est.
| stat_area1 = 2000000
| ref_area1 = <ref name="OxfordArea">{{Cite book|last1=Bang|first1=Peter Fibiger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|title=The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience|last2=Bayly|first2=C. A.|last3=Scheidel|first3=Walter|date=2020|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977311-4|pages=92–94|language=en}}</ref>
| common_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]] (court, literature)<ref>''The Development of Persian Culture under the Early Ghaznavids'', C.E. Bosworth, '''Iran''', Vol. 6, (1968), 35;;"Like the Ghaznavids whom they supplanted, the Ghurids had their court poets, and these wrote in '''Persian'''"</ref>{{sfn|O'Neal|2015}}
}}
The '''Ghurid dynasty''' (also spelled '''Ghorids'''; {{langx|fa|دودمان غوریان|translit=Dudmân-e Ğurīyân}}; self-designation: {{langx|fa|شنسبانی|translit=Šansabānī}}) was a culturally [[Persianate]] dynasty of eastern [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] [[Tajik people|Tajik]] origin, which ruled from the 8th-century in the region of [[Ghor]], and became an Empire from 1175 to 1215.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barisitz |first1=Stephan |title=Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia |date= 2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-51213-6 |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLPDDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 |language=en}}</ref> The Ghurids were centered in the hills of the Ghor region in the present-day central [[Afghanistan]], where they initially started out as local chiefs. They gradually converted to [[Sunni Islam]] after the conquest of Ghor by the [[Ghaznavid]] ruler [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] in 1011. The Ghurids eventually overran the Ghaznavids when [[Muhammad of Ghor]] [[Siege of Lahore (1186)|seized Lahore]] and expelled the Ghaznavids from their last stronghold.

The Ghurids initially ruled as vassals of the Ghaznavids and later of the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]]s. However, during the early 12th-century the long-standing rivalry between the Seljuks and Ghaznavids created a power vacuum in eastern Afghanistan and [[Punjab|Panjab]] which the Ghurids took advantage of and began their territorial expansion. [[Ala al-Din Husayn]] ended the Ghurid subordination to the Ghaznavids, ruthlessly sacking their capital, although he was soon defeated by the Seljuks after he stopped paying tribute to them. The Seljuk imperial power, however, was itself swept away in eastern Iran with the contemporaneous advent of the [[Khwarazmian Empire]].

During the [[dyarchy]] of the Ala al-Din Husayn nephews – [[Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad]] and Muhammad of Ghor, the Ghurid empire reached its greatest territorial extent, holding encompassed territory from eastern [[Iran]] through easternmost [[India]]. While Ghiyath al-Din was occupied with the Ghurid expansion in the west, his junior partner in the dyarchy, Muhammad of Ghor and his lieutenants [[Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor|were active east]] of the [[Indus Valley]] as far as [[Bengal]] and eventually succeeded in conquering wide swaths of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic Plain]], while in the west under Ghiyath al-Din, engaging in a protracted duel with the [[Khwarazmian Empire|Shahs of Khwarazm]], the Ghurids, reached as far as [[Gorgan]] (present-day Iran) on the shoreline of the [[Caspian Sea]], albeit for a short time.

Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad died in 1203 of illness caused due to [[rheumatic disorders]] and soon after the Ghurids suffered a crushing defeat against the Khwrezmians aided by timely reinforcements from the [[Qara Khitai]]s in the [[Battle of Andkhud]] in 1204. Muhammad [[Muhammad of Ghor#Assassination|was assassinated]] soon after in March 1206 which ended the Ghurid influence in [[Khurasan]]. The dynasty became extinguished all together within a decade when [[Muhammad II of Khwarezm|Shah Muhammad II]] uprooted the Ghurids in 1215. Their conquests in the [[Indian subcontinent]] nevertheless survived for several centuries under the evolving [[Delhi Sultanate]] established by [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]].

==Origins==
[[File:Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad. AH 599-602 AD 1171-1206.jpg|thumb|300px|Gold Dinar of [[Muhammad of Ghor]], dated AH 601 (1204/5 CE), struck in [[Ghazni]].]]
In the 19th century some European scholars, such as [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]], favoured the idea that the Ghurid dynasty was related to today's [[Pashtun people]]<ref>[[Mountstuart Elphinstone|Elphinstone, Mountstuart]]. The History of India. Vol. 1. J. Murray, 1841. Web. 29 April 2010. [https://books.google.com/books?id=oAluAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA598 Link]: ''"...the prevalent and apparently the correct opinion is, that both they and their subjects were Afghans. "'' & ''"In the time of Sultan Mahmud it was held, as has been observed, by a prince whom Ferishta calls Mohammed Soory (or Sur) Afghan."'' pp. 598–599</ref><ref>A short history of India: and of the frontier states of Afghanistan, Nipal, and Burma, [http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0115%2FY3022M Wheeler, James Talboys] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609112709/http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0115%2FY3022M |date=9 June 2007 }}, ([https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.96740/page/n105  LINK]): ''"The next conqueror after Mahmud who made a name in India, was Muhammad Ghori, the Afghan."''</ref><ref>[[Edward Balfour|Balfour, Edward]]. The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial Industrial, and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. London: Bernard Quaritch, 1885. Web. 29 April 2010. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3U0OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA392 Link]: ''"IZ-ud-DIN Husain, the founder of the Ghori dynasty, was a native of Afghanistan. The origin of the house of Ghor has, however, been much discussed, – the prevailing opinion being that both they and their subjects were an Afghan race. "'' p. 392</ref> but this is generally rejected by modern scholarship.<ref name=EofI-Afghanistan>{{cite encyclopedia |author1=M. Longworth Dames |author2=G. Morgenstierne |author3=R. Ghirshman |title = AFGHĀNISTĀN| encyclopedia = [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]| edition = CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0| publisher = Koninklijke Brill NV| location = Leiden, The Netherlands| year = 1999 | quote=''"... there is no evidence for assuming that the inhabitants of Ghūr were originally Pashto-speaking (cf. Dames, in E I1). If we are to believe the Paṭa Khazāna (see below, iii), the legendary Amīr Karōṝ, grandson of Shansab, (8th century) was a Pashto poet, but this for various reasons is very improbable ..."''}}</ref> Contemporary scholars state that the dynasty was of [[Tajik people|Tajik]] origin.<ref name="RE">{{Cite book |author=[[Richard M. Eaton|Richard Eaton]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLXXAAAAMAAJ&q=Rajputs |title=Essays on Islam and Indian History |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press|page=100|quote=The dynamics of north Indian politics changed dramatically, however, when the Ghurids, a dynasty of Tajik (eastern Iranian), origin arrived from central Afghanistan towards the end of twelfth century|isbn=978-0-19-565114-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, Online Edition, 2006: ''"... The Shansabānīs were, like the rest of the Ghūrīs, of eastern Iranian Tājik stock ..."''</ref>{{sfn|Wink|2020|p=78}}<ref>Cynthia Talbot, ''The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Chauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000'', (Cambridge University Press, 2016), 36.</ref>{{sfn|Bosworth|2001b}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Finbarr B. |title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter |date=2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18074-8 |page=92 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MhJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Avari |first1=Burjor |title=Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-58061-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC&pg=PA41 |language=en|page=41}}</ref> Later, due to intermarrying, the Ghurid princes were distinguished by their significant blending of Tajik, [[Persians|Persian]], [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], and native [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] ethnicities.<ref name="Routledge"/>

''[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]'' states: "Nor do we know anything about the ethnic stock of the Ḡūrīs in general and the Šansabānīs in particular; we can only assume that they were eastern Iranian Tajiks".{{sfn|Bosworth|2001b}} [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|Bosworth]] further points out that the actual name of the Ghurid family, ''Āl-e Šansab'' (Persianized: ''Šansabānī''), is the Arabic pronunciation of the originally [[Middle Persian language|Middle Persian]] name ''Wišnasp''.{{sfn|Bosworth|2001b}}

[[File:Afghanistan Ghor Province location.PNG|thumb|left|200px|The Ghurids originated from [[Ghor Province]] in central [[Afghanistan]].]]
Historian [[André Wink]] explains in ''[[The New Cambridge History of Islam]]'':<ref name="New Cambridge">{{New Cambridge History of Islam|volume=3|last=Wink|first=André|author-link=André Wink|chapter=The early expansion of Islam in India|page=96}}</ref>{{blockquote|The Shansabānī dynasty superseded the Ghaznavids in the second half of the twelfth century. This dynasty was not of [[Turkic peoples|Turkish]], nor even [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]], but of eastern Persian or Tājīk origin, speaking a distinct Persian dialect of its own, like the rest of the inhabitants of the remote and isolated mountain region of Ghūr and its capital of Fīrūzkūh (in what is now central Afghanistan).}}

When the Ghurids started to distinguish themselves through their conquests, courtiers and genealogists (such as [[Fakhr-i Mudabbir]] and [[Minhaj-i-Siraj|al-Juzjani]]) forged a fictive genealogy which connected the Ghurids with the Iranian past. They traced the Ghurid family back to the mythical Arab tyrant [[Zahhak]], mentioned in the medieval Persian epic {{lang|fa|[[Shahnameh]]}} ("The Book of Kings"), whose family had reportedly settled in Ghur after the Iranian hero [[Fereydun]] had ended Zahhak's thousand-year tyranny.{{sfn|O'Neal|2015}}{{sfn|Bosworth|2001b}}

Additionally, nothing is known of the pre-Islamic religious beliefs of the Ghurids.{{sfn|O'Neal|2015}}

===Language===
The Ghurids' native language was apparently different from their court language, Persian. [[Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi]], the famous historian of the Ghaznavid era, wrote on page 117 in his book ''[[Tarikh-i Bayhaqi]]'': "Sultan [[Mas'ud I of Ghazni]] left for Ghoristan and sent his learned companion with two people from Ghor as interpreters between this person and the people of that region." However, like the [[Samanids]] and Ghaznavids, the Ghurids were great patrons of [[Persian literature]], [[Persian poetry|poetry]], and [[Persian culture|culture]], and promoted these in their courts as their own. Modern-day authors refer to them as the "[[Persianization|Persianized]] Ghurids".<ref name="Persianate">{{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Finbarr Barry |title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter |date=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12594-7 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C&pg=PA3 |language=en}}</ref> Wink describes the tongue of the Ghurids as a "distinct Persian dialect".<ref name="New Cambridge"/>

There is nothing to confirm the recent conclusion that the inhabitants of Ghor were originally [[Pashto language|Pashto-speaking]], and claims of the existence of "[[Pashto poetry]]", such as [[Pata Khazana]], from the Ghurid period are unsubstantiated.<ref>[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, Online Edition, 2006: ''"... There is nothing to confirm the recent surmise that the Ghūids were Pashto-speaking [...] the Paṭa Khazāna "Treasury of secrets", claims to include Pashto poetry from the Ghūid period, but the significance of this work has not yet been evaluated ..."''</ref><ref name="EofI-Afghanistan"/>

=== Extent ===
In the west, Ghurid territory extended to [[Nishapur]] and [[Merv]],{{sfn|Thomas|2018|loc=p. 26, Figure I:2}}<ref name="KS">{{cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=Karl J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |title=An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-47681-8 |page=37, Map 16.2 |language=en}}</ref> while Ghurid troops reached as far as [[Gorgan]] on the shores of the [[Caspian Sea]].<ref name="a">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA185 |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |date=1998 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103467-1 |language=en |quote="In 1201 Ghurid troops entered Khurasan and captured Nishapur, Merv, Sarakhs and Tus, reaching as far as Gurgan and Bistam. Kuhistan, a stronghold of the Ismailis, was plundered and all Khurasan was brought temporarily under Ghurid control"}}</ref>{{sfn|Bosworth|2001b}} Eastward, the Ghurids invaded as far as [[Bengal]].<ref name="THC">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ml75DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237 |title=Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections |date=2020 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-43736-4 |page=237 |language=en |quote="In 1205, Bakhtīyar Khilji sacked Nudiya, the pre-eminent city of western Bengal and established an Islamic government at Laukhnauti, the capital of the predecessor Sena dynasty. On this occasion, commemorative coins were struck in gold and silver in the name of Muhammad b. Sām"}}</ref>

==History==
===Early history===
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=400|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Jam Minaret
| image1 = Jam leaning minaret jam ghor.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = Minar of jam ghor.jpg
| caption2 =
| footer=The [[Minaret of Jam]] in [[Ghor Province]] of Afghanistan, established by the Ghurids and finished in 1174/75 CE. Inscription on the Minaret, showing the name and titles of Sultan [[Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad]] (1163–1202 CE).
}}
A certain Ghurid prince named Amir Banji was the ruler of [[Ghor]] and ancestor of the medieval Ghurid rulers. His rule was legitimized by the [[Abbasid]] [[caliph]] [[Harun al-Rashid]].
Before the mid-12th century, the Ghurids had been bound to the [[Ghaznavids]] and [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuks]] for about 150 years. Beginning in the mid-12th century, Ghor expressed its independence from the Ghaznavid Empire. The early Ghurids followed [[Paganism]] before being converted to Islam by [[Abu Ali ibn Muhammad]].{{sfn|Bosworth|2001b}} In 1149 the Ghaznavid ruler [[Bahram-Shah of Ghazna]] poisoned a local Ghurid leader, Qutb al-Din Muhammad, who had taken refuge in the city of [[Ghazni]] after having a quarrel with his brother [[Sayf al-Din Suri]]. In revenge, Sayf marched towards Ghazni and defeated Bahram-Shah. However, one year later, Bahram returned and scored a decisive victory against Sayf, who was shortly captured and crucified at Pul-i Yak Taq. [[Baha al-Din Sam I]], another brother of Sayf, set out to avenge the death of his two brothers, but died of natural causes before he could reach Ghazni.

[[Ala al-Din Husayn]] (1149–61), one of the youngest of Sayf's brothers and newly crowned Ghurid king, also set out to avenge the death of his two brothers. He managed to defeat Bahram-Shah, and then had Ghazni sacked; the city burned for seven days and seven nights. He also sacked the Ghaznavid fortresses and palaces of [[Lashkari Bazar|Bost]].<ref name="op">{{cite web |title=Encyclopaedia Iranica (Ghurids) |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids |website=iranicaonline.org |quote=Ḡazna and Bost suffered frightful sackings by ʿAlāʾ-al-Dīn Ḥosayn, in which colleges and libraries were despoiled, and the buildings of previous sultans destroyed (Jūzjānī, pp. 343–345; Čahār maqāla, ed. Qazvīnī, p. 31), earning him the uneviable epithet of Jahānsūz (world incendiary). }}</ref> These actions earned him the title of ''Jahānsūz'', meaning "''the world burner"''.{{sfn|Bosworth|2001a|pp=578–583}} The Ghaznavids retook the city with [[Ahmed Sanjar|Seljuq]] help, but later lost it to [[Oghuz Turks]].{{sfn|Bosworth|2001a|pp=578–583}}

In 1152, Ala al-Din Husayn refused to pay tribute to the [[Great Seljuk Empire|Seljuks]] and instead marched an army from Firozkoh but was defeated and captured at Nab in the Harīrūd Valley by [[Ahmad Sanjar|Sultan Ahmed Sanjar]] after his forces defected to the Seljuqs.{{sfn|Wink|1991|page=136}} During the battle, 6000 nomads from Ala al-Din's forces went over to the Seljuk army. Despite relatively smaller size of both armies, the defection of nomads at critical point of the battle eventually decided the issue in favour of the Seljuks.{{sfn|Thomas|2018|page=55}} Ala al-Din Husayn remained a prisoner for two years, until he was released in return for a heavy ransom to the Seljuqs and was allowed to reclaim his principality in Ghor. However, Sanjar was soon captured and imprisoned by the Ghuzz nomads in 1153, which allowed the Ghurids to expand their polity again.{{sfn|Thomas|2018|page=56}} Meanwhile, a rival of Ala al-Din named Husayn ibn Nasir al-Din Muhammad al-Madini had seized [[Firozkoh]], but was murdered at the right moment when Ala al-Din returned to reclaim his ancestral domain. Ala al-Din spent the rest of his reign expanding the domains of his kingdom; he managed to conquer Garchistan, [[Tukharistan]], [[Zamindawar]], Bust, [[Bamiyan]] and other parts of Khurasan. Ala al-Din died in 1161, and was succeeded by his son [[Sayf al-Din Muhammad]], who died two years later in a battle against the [[Oghuz Turks]] of [[Balkh]].{{sfn|Wink|1991|page=138}}

During the reign of Ala ad-Din, the Ghurids firmly established themselves at [[Firuzkuh]] and made it their capital, at the same time, the minor branches of the family who were the offshoot of concubinage with [[Turkish people|Turkish]] slave girls whom chronicler Juzjani called "Kanizak-i-turki" established themselves in [[Bamiyan]] and elsewhere.{{sfn|Wink|1991|pages=136–137}}

===The Ghurids at their zenith===
[[File:Fortress and arch of Qala-e-Bost on Afghan banknote.jpg|thumb|271px|Fortress and Ghurid arch of [[Qala-e-Bost]] as printed on an Afghan banknote.]]
Sayf al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his cousin [[Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad]], who was the son of Baha al-Din Sam I, and proved himself to be a capable king. Right after Ghiyath's ascension, he, with the aid of his loyal brother [[Muhammad of Ghor]] (later known as "Shihabuddin Ghuri"), killed a rival Ghurid chief named Abu'l Abbas. Ghiyath then defeated his uncle Fakhr al-Din Masud who claimed the Ghurid throne and had allied with the Seljuq governor of Herat and Balkh.{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=163}}

In 1173, Muhammad of Ghor after multiple attempts reconquered the city of Ghazni from the [[Ghuzz Turks]], who had deposed the [[Ghaznavids]] from there earlier.{{sfn|Wink|1991|page=138}} In 1175, the Ghurids took control of [[Herat]] from the Seljuks, and the city became one of their main power bases and centers of cultural development, together with [[Firozkoh]] and Ghazni.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Finbarr Barry |title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval 'Hindu-Muslim' Encounter |date=2022 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-3324-5 |page=105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vUZpEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Princeton University Press">{{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Finbarr Barry |title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval 'Hindu-Muslim' Encounter |date= 2022 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-3324-5 |page=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vUZpEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 |language=en}}</ref> They also took control of the areas of [[Nīmrūz]] and [[Sīstān]], and extended their suzerainty as far as the Seljuks of [[Kerman]].<ref name="EBEI">{{cite web |last1=Bosworth |first1=Edmond |title=Encyclopaedia Iranica (Ghurids) |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids |website=iranicaonline.org| quote=In the west, Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn, often in concert with his brother, extended his suzerainty over the maleks of Nīmrūz or Sīstān and even over the Kermān branch of the Saljuqs.}}</ref>

====Ghurid conquest of Khorasan====
{{Main|Ghurid conquest of Khorasan}}

Afterwards, Muhammad assisted his brother Ghiyath in his contest with the [[Khwarezmid Empire|Khwarezmian Empire]], who were at times supported by their "pagan" suzerains the [[Qara Khitai]], for the lordship of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]].<ref name="XX"/> Seljuk power in Khorasan had collapsed since the defeat of [[Ahmad Sanjar]] against the [[Oghuz Turks|Ghuzz Turks]] in 1153, which left the region at the hands of the Turkmen.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Ghurids |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids |quote=ʿAlāʾ-al-Dīn Ḥosayn's expansionist policies raised the Ghurids into a power of significance well beyond Ḡūr itself. Latterly, he was able to take advantage of a certain power-vacuum in the eastern Islamic world which had arisen through the decay of the Ghaznavids and the collapse of Saljuq power in Khorasan consequent on Sanjar's defeat and capture by the Ḡozz (q.v.) in 548/1153.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Encyclopedia Iranica, Sanjar |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sanjar |website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref> In 1181, [[Sultan Shah of Khwarezm|Sultan Shah]], a pretendent to the Khwarezmian throne, managed to take control of Khorasan, until 1192 when he was defeated near [[Merv]] by the Ghurids, who captured his territories.<ref name="XX">{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Ghurids |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids |quote=The actual fighting in Khorasan at this time was largely between the Ghurids and Tekeš’s brother Solṭānšāh, who had carved out for himself personally a principality in western Khorasan, until in 586/1190. Ḡīāṯ-al–Dīn and Moʿezz-al-Dīn defeated Solṭānšāh near Marv in 588/1192, captured him, and took over his territories (Jūzjānī, I, 303–304, tr. I, pp. 246–247). When Tekeš died in 596/1200 (Ebn al-Aṯīr, Beirut, XII, pp. 156–158), Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn was able to take over most of the towns of Khorasan as far west as Besṭām in Qūmes.}}</ref> The Ghurids then took control of all Khorasan following the death of his successor [[Ala al-Din Tekish|Tekish]] in 1200, capturing [[Nishapur]] in 1200, and reaching as far as [[Bastam|Besṭām]] in the ancient region of Qūmes.<ref name="XX"/><ref name="Princeton University Press"/>

After the death of his brother Ghiyath on 13 March 1203,<ref>{{Cite book |author=Mohammad Habib|author-link=Mohammad Habib|chapter=The Asiatic Environment |editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |page=44|quote=At this juncture Sultan Ghiyasuddin Ghuri died at Herat on 27 Jamadi I.A H 599 (13 March A.D 1203)|oclc=31870180}}</ref> Muhammad became the successor of his empire and ruled until his assassination in 1206 near [[Jhelum]] by [[Isma'ilism|Ismāʿīlīs]] whom he persecuted during his lifetime.{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=168}}<ref>{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|page=73}}:"Muizzuddin led his last campaign into India in 1206 in order to deal with the Khokhar rebellion. He resorted to large-scale slaughter of the Khokhars and cowed them down. On his way back to Ghazni, he was killed by a Muslim fanatic belonging to a rival sect"</ref>

====Conquest of India (1175 to 1206)====
{{Main|Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor}}

[[File:The last stand of Rajputs against Muhammadans.jpg|thumb|290px|''The last stand of Rajputs'', depicting the [[Second Battle of Tarain]] in 1192]]
{{South Asia in 1175|right|{{center|Main South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the [[Ghurid Empire]] invasion of the subcontinent (orange line: Ghurid territorial conquests from 1175 to 1205).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=37, 147 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=074 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |access-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206065357/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=074 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfn|Eaton|2019|p=38}}}}|{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=31|N |long=68|E |label=|position=|label_size=|mark=Chess drt45.svg|marksize=35}}{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=25|N |long=75|E |label=|position=|label_size=|mark=Ghurid invasions in India (map overlay).png|marksize=225}}}}
[[File:Bengal. Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji. 1204-1206.Struck in the name of Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad bin Sam, Dated Samvat 1262 (1204 AD).jpg|thumb|290px|[[Bengal]] coinage of Turkic general [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]] (1204–1206 CE). Struck in the name of Muhammad of Ghor, dated [[Samvat]] 1262 (1204 CE).<ref name="FBF">{{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Finbarr B. |title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter |date= 2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18074-8 |pages=115–117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MhJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Goron |first1=Stan |last2=Goenka |first2=J. P. |last3=Robinson (numismatist.) |first3=Michael |title=The Coins of the Indian Sultanates: Covering the Area of Present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |date=2001 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-1010-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kE8aAAAAYAAJ |language=en|quote="Obverse: horseman to left holding a mace, margin with date in Nagari Samvat 1262 Bhadrapada . Reverse : legend in Nagari śrīmat mahamada sāmaḥ . Issued in AD 1204"}}</ref>]]
On the eve of the Ghurid invasion of the subcontinent, northern India was ruled by many independent [[Rajput]] kings, often fighting with each other, such as the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] ruler [[Prithviraja III]] in [[Delhi]] and [[Ajmer]], the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya]] ruler [[Mularaja II]] in [[Gujarat]], the [[Gahadavala dynasty|Gahadavala]] ruler [[Jayachandra]] in [[Kanauj]],<ref>{{harvnb|Thapar|2004|pages=421, 433–434}}: "The campaigns saw Muhammad in control of Lahore and led to the visions of further conquests in India. An attack was launched on the Rajput kingdoms controlling the watershed and the western Ganges Plain, now beginning to be viewed as the frontier.."</ref> further in the east of Ganges Plain there were other independent [[Hindu]] powers such as the [[Sena dynasty|Sena]]'s under [[Lakshmana Sena|Lakshmana]] in [[Bengal]] etc.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|page=433}}

Northern India and Bengal were conquered by [[Muhammad of Ghor]] during the period from 1175 to 1205, just before his death in 1206. His capital was in [[Ghazni]], while his elder brother [[Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad]] with whom Muhammad ruled in a [[diarchy]], governed the western part of the empire from his capital at [[Firozkoh|Fīrōzkōh]].{{sfn|Wink|1991|page=139–140}}{{sfn|Eaton|2019|pp=39–45}} In 1175, Muhammad crossed the [[Indus River]], approaching it through the [[Gomal Pass]] instead of [[Khyber Pass]], in order to outflank the Ghaznavids in [[Punjab|Panjab]]. Muhammad captured [[Multan]] from the [[Carmathians]], and also took [[Uch]] by 1176.{{sfn|Wink|1991|page=143}}{{sfn|Thapar|2004|page=434}}

In 1178, he turned south and again marched through the [[Gomal Pass]], marching by the way of [[Multan]] and [[Uch]] to enter into the present-day [[Gujarat]] via [[Thar desert]], where his armies got exhausted in their long march from [[Ghazna]] and were routed in the [[Battle of Kasahrada]] fought near [[Mount Abu]] at Kasahrada in the southern [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli Hills]] by a coalition of Rajput chiefs, which forced him to change his route for further incursions into India.<ref>{{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 |pages=131–132}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|page=68}}: "In 1173, Shahabuddin, Muhammad (1173–1206 (also known as Muizzuddin Muhammad bin Sam) ascended the throne at Ghazni, while his elder brother was ruling at Ghur. Proceeding by way of the Gomal pass, Muizzuddin Muhammad conquered Multan and Uchch. In 1178, he attempted to penetrate into Gujarat by marching across the Rajputana desert. But the Gujarat ruler completely routed him in a battle near Mount Abu, and Muizzuddin Muhammad was lucky in escaping alive. He now realised the necessity of creating a suitable base in the Punjab before venturing upon the conquest of India. Accordingly he launched a campaign against the Ghaznavid possessions in the Punjab. By 1190, Muizzuddin Muhammad had conquered Peshawar, Lahore and Sialkot, and was poised for a thrust towards Delhi and the Gangetic doab"</ref> Afterwards, Muhammad pressed upon the Ghanzavids, whose domain was considerably truncated, though they were still controlling parts of Punjab and Pakistan down to the valley of Kabul which were of strategic importance in the pathway to northern India.{{sfn|Bosworth|1977|page=129}} Thus by the turn of next decade, Muhammad conquered [[Sindh]],{{sfn|Thapar|2004|page=434}} [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and annexed the last Ghaznavid principality in [[Punjab]], with their capital in [[Lahore]], in [[Siege of Lahore (1186)|1186]] through stratagem after three incursions.{{sfn|Wink|1991|page=144}}{{sfn|Bosworth|2001a}}<ref name="RME">{{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |date=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley · Los Angeles · London |page=Chapter 1–2 |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=ch02&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch02&brand=ucpress}}</ref>

In 1191, the Ghurids seized [[Bathinda]] and marched towards [[Delhi]], but were defeated in the [[First Battle of Tarain]] by the [[Rajput|Rajput confederacy]] led by the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Ajmer-Chahamana]] king [[Prithviraja III]]. Nevertheless, Muhammad returned a year later with an army of Turkish mounted archers and routed the Rajput forces in the [[Second Battle of Tarain]], and executed Prithviraja shortly afterwards.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Hermann Kulke |author1-link=Hermann Kulke |author2=Dietmar Rothermund |author2-link=Dietmar Rothermund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C|title=A History of India|date=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-32919-4|language=en|page=167|quote="The first battle of Tarain was won by the Rajput confederacy led by Prithviraj Chauhan of Ajmer. But when Muhammad of Ghur returned the following year with 10,000 archers on horseback he vanquished Prithviraj and his army}}</ref>{{sfn|Thapar|2004|pages=434–435}} [[Govindaraja IV]], son of Prithviraj Chauhan, submitted to the Ghurids the region of [[Ajmer]], which became a vassal state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jayapalan |first1=N. |title=History of India |date=2001 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |isbn=978-81-7156-928-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&pg=PA2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jayapalan">{{cite book |last1=Jayapalan |first1=N. |title=History of India |date=2001 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |isbn=978-81-7156-928-1 |pages=1–3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&pg=PA1 |language=en}}</ref> In 1193, [[Delhi]] was conquered by Muhammad of Ghor's general [[Qutbu l-Din Aibak]].<ref name="RME"/>{{sfn|Eaton|2019|pp=39–45}} The newly conquered territories were then put under the governorship of Qutb ud-Din Aibak, who was now Viceroy in Delhi.<ref name="KN116"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jayapalan |first1=N. |title=History of India |date=2001 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |isbn=978-81-7156-928-1 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&pg=PA2 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1194, Muhammad returned to India and crossed the [[Yamuna River]] with an army of 50,000 horses and at the [[Battle of Chandawar]] defeated the forces of the [[Gahadavala dynasty|Gahadavala]] king [[Jayachandra]], who was killed in action. After the battle, Muhammad continued his advance to the east, with his general [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] in the vanguard. The city of [[Benares]] (Kashi) was taken and razed, and "idols in a thousand temples" were destroyed.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|page=71}}: "In 1194, Muizzuddin returned to India. He crossed the Jamuna with 50,000 cavalry and moved towards Kanauj. A hotly contested battle between Muizzuddin and Jaichandra was fought at Chandawar near Kanauj. We are told that Jaichandra had almost carried the day when he was killed by an arrow, and his army was totally defeated. Muizzuddin now moved on to Banaras which was ravaged, a large number of temples there being destroyed"</ref><ref name="KN116">{{cite book|author=[[Mohammad Habib]]|editor=[[K. A. Nizami]]|title=Politics And Society During The Early Medieval Period Vol. 2 |date=1981 |publisher=People's Publishing House |page=116 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99172/page/n145/mode/2up|quote=In the winter of A.D. 1194–1195 Shihabuddin once more marched into Hindustan and invaded the doab. Rai Jaichand moved forward to meet him....then description of Chandwar struggle (...) Shihabuddin captured the treasure fort of Asni and then proceeded to Benaras, 'where he converted about thousand idol-temples into house for the Musalmans.}}</ref><ref name="Asher11">{{cite book |last1=Asher |first1=Frederick M. |title=Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began |date= 2020 |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-1-60606-616-4 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |language=en|quote=And then, in 1193, Qutb-ud-din Aibek, the military commander of Muhammad of Ghor's army, marched towards Varanasi, where he is said to have destroyed idols in a thousand temples. Sarnath very likely was among the casualties of this invasion, one all too often seen as a Muslim invasion whose primary purpose was iconoclasm. It was of course, like any premodern military invasion, intended to acquire land and wealth}}</ref> It is generally thought that the Buddhist city of [[Sarnath]] was also ravaged at that time.<ref name="Asher11"/><ref name="Asher74">{{cite book |last1=Asher |first1=Frederick M. |title=Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began |date= 2020 |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-1-60606-616-4 |page=74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |language=en}}</ref> In 1196, Qutb ud-Din Aibak vanquished Sulakshanapala, the ruler of the [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty]] of [[Gwalior]], capturing [[Gwalior fort]].<ref name="Jaya3">{{cite book |last1=Jayapalan |first1=N. |title=History of India |date=2001 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |isbn=978-81-7156-928-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&pg=PA3 |language=en}}</ref> Also in 1196, Qutb ud-Din Aibak [[Battle of Kasahrada (1197)|vanquished]] a coalition of the [[Rajputs]] of [[Ajmer]] and the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukyas]] under king [[Bhima II]] at [[Mount Abu]], thereafter sacking [[Anhilwara]].<ref name="Jaya3"/>

[[File:Ghurid Tyrant in a Village, from a copy of the Bustan of Sa‘di. Mandu, c. 1500, for Nasir al-Din Khalji (1500–1510 Sultan of Malwa). Delhi, National Museum of India, 48.6 H.-4, folio 48a (Ghurid tyrant detail).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Indian depiction of a "Ghurid tyrant". Copy of the ''[[Bustan (book)|Bustan]]'' of [[Saadi Shirazi|Sa‘di]] (1257), made in [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]], [[Malwa Sultanate]], India, c. 1500]]
In 1202–1203 CE, Qutbu l-Din Aibak, now Ghurid governor of [[Delhi]], invaded the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandela kingdom]] in the [[Ganges Valley]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=123–126}} The Ghurids toppled local dynasties and destroyed Hindu temples during their advance across northern India, in place constructing [[mosque]]s on the same sites.{{sfn|Eaton|2019|pp=39–45}} The revenue and booty gained after sacking the [[Hindu]] temples fuelled the efforts of Muhammad to finance his imperial aspirations in the west.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|pages=434, 436}}

Around 1203, [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]], another [[Khalaj people|Turkic]] general of Muhammad of Ghor, swept down the lower [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic Plain]] and into [[Bengal]]. In Bihar, he is said to have destroyed Buddhist centers of learning such as [[Nalanda|Nalanda University]], greatly contributing to the decline of pre-Islamic Indic scholarship.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Himanshu |title=Political Thought in Indic Civilization |date=2021 |publisher=Sage Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5479-159-8 |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAVBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |language=en|quote="After the arrival of Islam, the universities such as Nalanda and Vikramshila were no longer existent. The destruction of Nalanda by Bakhtiyar Khalji was the last nail in this pre-Islamic Indic university, which had survived three major destructions"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Koh |first1=Tommy |last2=Singh |first2=Hernaikh |title=India on Our Minds: Essays by Tharman Shanmugaratnam and 50 Singaporean Friends of India |date= 2020 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-12-2453-9 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M5wPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |language=en}}</ref> In Bengal, he sacked the ancient city of [[Nudiya]] in central Bengal, and established an Islamic government in the former [[Sena Empire|Sena]] capital of [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]] in 1205.<ref name="THCI">{{cite book |title=Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections |date= 2020 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-43736-4 |page=237 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ml75DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |year=1973 |title=History of Mediaeval Bengal |location=Calcutta |publisher=G. Bharadwaj & Co. |oclc=1031074 |pages=1–2 |quote=Tradition gives him credit for the conquest of Bengal but as a matter of fact he could not subjugate the greater part of Bengal ... All that Bakhtyār can justly take credit for is that by his conquest of Western and a part of Northern Bengal he laid the foundation of the Muslim State in Bengal. The historians of the 13th century never attributed the conquest of the whole of Bengal to Bakhtyār.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Jaswant Lal |year=1986 |orig-year=First published 1979 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA81 |volume=I |edition=2nd |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-81-207-0617-0 |oclc=883279992 |pages=81–82 |quote=The Turkish arms penetrated into Bihar and Bengal, through the enterprising efforts of Ikhtiyaruddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji ... he started plundering raids into Bihar and, within four or five years, occupied a large part of it ... Nadia was sacked by the Turks and a few districts of Bengal (Malda, Dinajpur, Murshidabad and Birbhum) were occupied by them ... Bathtiyar Khalji could not retain his hold over Nadia and made Lakhnauti or Gaur as his capital.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Bakhtiyar+Khalji+bengal+and+bihar|title=India and the Afghans: A study of a neglected region, 1370–1576 A.D |isbn=9788185078687 |last1=Thakur |first1=Amrendra Kumar | year=1992| page=148|publisher=Janaki Prakashan }}</ref>

Muhammad placed his faithful Turkic generals, rather than his own Ghurid brethens, in position of authority over local tributary kings, throughout the conquered Indian lands.{{sfn|Eaton|2019|pp=39–45}} After the assassination of Muhammad in March 1206, his territories fragmented into smaller Sultanates led by his former [[Mamluk]] generals. [[Tajuddin Elduz]] became the ruler of [[Ghazni]], [[Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha]] became Sultan of [[Multan]], [[Bahauddin Tughril]] became Sultan of [[Bayana]] and [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] became Sultan of [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite book |author=K. A. Nizami |author-link=K. A. Nizami |chapter=The Early Turkish Sultans of Delhi |editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 |page=201}}</ref> [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji|Bakhtiyar Khilji]] became Sultan of [[Bengal]], but was soon assassinated and succeeded by several [[Khalji dynasty of Bengal|Khalji rulers]], until Bengal was incorporated into the [[Delhi]] Sultanate in 1227.<ref>{{cite book | first1=George F. | last1=Nafziger | first2=Mark W. | last2=Walton | title=Islam at War: A History | url=https://archive.org/details/islamatwarhistor0000nafz | url-access=registration | publisher=Praeger Publishers | year=2003 | page=[https://archive.org/details/islamatwarhistor0000nafz/page/56 56]| isbn=9780275981013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One |date=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 |pages=43–44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA43 |language=en}}</ref> Between 1206 and 1228 the various Turkic rulers and their successors rivaled for preeminence until the Sultan of Delhi [[Iltutmish]] prevailed, marking the advent of the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]]. This was the first dynasty of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], which in total had five dynasties and would rule most of India for more than three centuries until the advent of the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1526.{{sfn|Eaton|2019|pp=39–45}}

===Decline and fall===
{{Main|Battle of Andkhud}}

{{See also|Battle of Jhelum (1206)}}
{{Continental Asia in 1210 CE|right|The Ghurids and contemporary Asian polities {{circa}} 1215||Map of the Ghurid Empire in 1215.png}}
[[Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad|Ghiyath]] died on 13 March 1203 due to [[gout]]{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|page=164}} and was succeeded by Muhammad of Ghor as the sole ruler of the vast Ghurid Empire. Soon after, [[Muhammad II of Khwarazm|Alauddin Khwarazm Shah]] besieged and captured some of the strongholds of the Ghurids around [[Merv]], although Muhammad drove him back and further besieged their capital [[Konye-Urgench|Gurgānj]].<ref name="Sicker103"/>

Alauddin then appealed to his nominal suzerain the [[Qara-Khitai]], who dispatched a large contingent led by [[Yelü Zhilugu]].<ref name="Sicker103"/> In the ensuing [[Battle of Andkhud]] (1204), fought near the river Oxus, the Ghurid troops were completely routed by the combined forces of the [[Qara-Khitai]] and the [[Khwarizmian Empire|Khwarizmians]].<ref name="Sicker103"/> The defeat at Andkhud was a watershed for the Ghurids who lost their control over most of the [[Khurasan]]. Notwithstanding, Muhammad within a year or so raised a vast army and build bridge across the Oxus to launch a full-scale invasion of [[Transoxiana]] to avenge his defeat. However, he was forced to move towards Punjab to crush a [[Khokhar]] rebellion whom he [[Battle of Jhelum (1206)|defeated and massacred]] in large number. On his way back, Muhammad of Ghor was assassinated near the Indus on March 15, 1206.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Satish Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One |date=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 |page=29|language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|page=165}}

After the death of Muhammad Ghori in 1206, a confused struggle then ensued among the remaining Ghūrid leaders and the [[Khwarazmian Empire|Khwarezmians]]. The Khwarezmians under [[Muhammad II of Khwarazm|Ala al-Din Muhammad]] captured [[Herat]] and [[Ghor]] in 1206, and finally [[Ghazni]] in 1215, completing the takeover of the western part of the Ghūrid empire.<ref name="Sicker103">{{cite book |last1=Sicker |first1=Martin |title=The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna |year=2000 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-313-00111-6 |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b6vOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Eaton|2019|pp=39–45}} The Ghurid capital was transferred to [[Delhi]], recognizing Khwarazmian rule on north and central [[Afghanistan]]. The Ghurids continued their rule on much of the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Sistan and Baluchestan Province|Sisitan]] region of [[Iran]] and south of [[Afghanistan]].<ref>Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press 2002</ref> Though the Ghūrids' empire was short-lived, Muhammad of Ghor's conquests strengthened the foundations of Muslim rule in India.

==Religion And Creed==
The Ghurids positioned themselves as defenders of [[Sunnism]]. They had good relations with the [[Abbasids]] in [[Baghdad]], who urged them to repel the advances of the [[Khwarazmian Empire|Kwarizmians]] into western Persia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bosworth |first1=Edmond |title=Encyclopaedia Iranica (Ghurids) |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids |website=iranicaonline.org |quote=The Ghurids adopted the role of defenders of Sunnism. They had cordial relations with the ʿAbbasids in Baghdad, frequently exchanging embassies (Jūzjānī’s father took part in one of the last, Jūzjānī, I, p. 361, tr. p. 383). Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn was admitted to al-Nāṣer's fotūwa order, and the caliph more than once urged the Ghurids to halt the advance into western Persia of the Ḵᵛārazmšāhs (Jūzjānī, I, 302, tr. I, p. 243).}}</ref> Their conquests in India were also presented as a battle between the armies of Islam (''lashkar-i Islam'') and the armies of the unbelievers (''lashkar-i kuffar''), and gave them great prestige in the Islamic world as defenders of the orthodoxy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Finbarr Barry |title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval 'Hindu-Muslim' Encounter |date=2022 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-3324-5 |page=106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vUZpEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 |language=en}}</ref>

It is said that the brothers Ghiyath al-Din and Mu'izz al-Din were raised as Karramites and initially adhered to the doctrines of that sect. Later, however, Ghiyath abandoned Karramism and adopted the Shafi'i school, a shift that caused significant tensions among the various branches of the Ghūrid dynasty. Bosworth wrote in 1968 that the Ghurid rulers abandoned their support for the Karramiyya and began following the Shafi'i school, "with its greater prestige and intellectual reputation." Their turn toward Ash'arism was closely connected to this shift, as attraction to Ash'ari theology and Shafi'i jurisprudence generally went hand in hand.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Formation of Post-Classical Philosophy in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc0vEAAAQBAJ&dq=The+attraction+to+Ash%27arism+and+Shafi%27ism+went+hand+in+hand+with+a+desire+to+follow+the+Abbasid&pg=PA59|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2021-06-08|isbn=978-0-19-088634-9|language=en|first=Frank|last=Griffel|pages=59}}</ref> The alliance with the caliphate reinforced the Shafiʿi school of thought and likely contributed to the growing influence of [[Ash'arism|Ash'ari]] theology in the Ghurid lands as well.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Formation of Post-Classical Philosophy in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc0vEAAAQBAJ&dq=Ash%27arism+Ghurid&pg=PA290|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2021-06-08|isbn=978-0-19-088634-9|language=en|first=Frank|last=Griffel|pages=290}}</ref>

The Ghurid ruler appointed the [[Ash'arism|Ash'ari]] scholar Fakhr al-Din al-Razi to a high-ranking and well-paid governmental post, relieving his personal and financial difficulties.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Muslim 100: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of the Most Influential Muslims in History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4z49BAAAQBAJ&dq=Ash%27arism+Ghurid&pg=PA285|publisher=Kube Publishing Ltd|date=2009-09-01|isbn=978-1-84774-029-8|language=en|first=Muhammad|last=Khan|pages=285}}</ref> Ghiyath al-Din also commissioned the construction of a madrasa in Herat for him.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJc2u33fCKQC&dq=Al+Razi+Ghurid&pg=PA13|publisher=BRILL|date=2002-01-01|isbn=978-90-04-12593-3|language=en|first=Gülru|last=Necipoğlu|pages=13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=تاريخ أبي الفداء 1-2 المسمى المختصر في أخبار البشر ج2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s11wDwAAQBAJ&q=%D9%81%D8%AE%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية|date=1997-01-01|language=ar|first=أبو الفداء/الملك المؤيد|last=إسماعيل|pages=185|trans-title=Imam Fakhr al-Din Muhammad ibn Umar ibn Husayn al-Razi had come to Ghiyath al-Din, who had shown him great honor and respect, and had built a madrasa for him in Herat near the mosque. This greatly angered the Karramiyya.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Tārīḫ al-Kāmil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CO2m0J4d0RYC&q=%D9%81%D8%AE%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A+%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9|publisher=S. t.|date=1890|language=ar|first=ʻIzz-ad-Dīn Abu-'l-Ḥasan ʻAlī|last=Ibn-al-At̲īr|pages=59|trans-title=In this year, a great discord arose in the army of Ghiyath al-Din, the king of Ghor and Ghazni, at Firuzkuh. Both the common people and the kings and princes were involved. The cause was that Fakhr Muhammad ibn Umar ibn al-Husayn al-Razi, the renowned imam and Shafi'i jurist, had come to Ghiyath al-Din from Manar, sent by Baha' al-Din Sam, the ruler of Bamiyan, who was Ghiyath al-Din's maternal uncle. Ghiyath al-Din honored him, treated him with great respect, and built for him a madrasa in Bahārā near the mosque. Scholars from various regions came to him, and this greatly impressed and pleased many in Bahārā.}}</ref> The Ghurids promoted the study of Ilm al-Kalām (Islamic speculative theology), actively supporting scholars who engaged in theological inquiry and debate. In this spirit, they appointed Fakhr al-Din al-Razi as Malik al-Kalām, effectively making him the chief of speculative theology.<ref name=":1" /> This reflects the close ties Ghurids held with Ash'ari scholars, also demonstrating their support for Ash'ari theological stances.

Like other Ghurids, Mu'izz al-Din of Ghor moved away from Karramism. However, unlike some of his contemporaries who leaned toward the Shafi'i school of thought, he aligned himself with the Hanafi school, which was dominant in Ghazni.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vUZpEAAAQBAJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|date=2022-07-12|isbn=978-1-4008-3324-5|language=en|first=Finbarr Barry|last=Flood|pages=101}}</ref> Consequently, he is likely to have endorsed the views of Hanafi Maturidi scholars, thereby identifying with the Māturīdī creed rather than the Ash'ari.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJc2u33fCKQC&dq=Al+Razi+Ghurid&pg=PA13|publisher=BRILL|date=2002-01-01|isbn=978-90-04-12593-3|language=en|first=Gülru|last=Necipoğlu|pages=16}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Jam afghan architecture brick decor ghor province.jpg|thumb|Ornamental bands on the [[Minaret of Jam]], bearing the [[Sura 19|19th Sura]] of the [[Koran]].]]
The Ghurids were great patrons of [[Persian culture]] and [[Persian literature|literature]]. The ''[[Čahār maqāla]]'', a work of Persian prose, was written by the poet [[Nizami Aruzi]] and dedicated to prince Abu’l-Ḥasan Ḥosām-al-Dīn ʿAlī.{{sfn|Yūsofī|2015}}

Ghurid contributions laid the basis for a [[Persianization|Persianized]] state in the [[Indian subcontinent]].{{sfn|Bosworth|2001b}}<ref>''Persian Literature in the Safavid Period'', Z. Safa, The Cambridge history of Iran: The Timurid and Safavid periods, Vol. 6, Ed. Peter Jackson and Laurence Lockhart,(Cambridge University Press, 1986), 951; "''...Ghurids and Ghurid mamluks, all of whom established centres in India where poets and writers received ample encouragement.''".</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Patel |first1=Alka (University of California) |title=The Coming of the Mongols |date= 2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78673-383-2 |pages=19–25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbqKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 |language=en}}</ref> However, most of the literature produced during the Ghurid era has been lost. They also transferred [[Iranian architecture|Persian architecture]] to India.{{sfn|Hambly|Asher|1994|pp=242–250}} According to [[Amir Khusrau]] (died 1325), the Indians learned Persian because of the influence of the "Ghurids and Turks."{{sfn|Auer|2021|p=30}} The notion of Persian kingship served as the basis for the imperial formation, political and cultural unity of the Ghurids.{{sfn|Auer|2021|p=12}}

Out of the Ghurid state grew the [[Delhi Sultanate]] which established the Persian language as the official court language of the region – a status it retained until the late [[Mughal Empire|Mughal era]] in the 19th century.

There was a strong Turkic presence among the Ghurids, since Turk slave-soldiers formed the vanguard of the Ghurid armies.<ref name="BA41"/> There was intense amalgamation between these various ethnic groups: "a notable admixture of Tajik, Persian, Turkish and indigenous Afghan ethnicities therefore characterized the Shansabanis".<ref name="BA41">{{cite book |last1=Avari |first1=Burjor |title=Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-58061-8 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC&pg=PA41 |language=en}}</ref> At least until the end of the 13th century when they ruled the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk Sultanate]] in India, the Turks in the Ghurid realm maintained their ethnical characteristics, continuing to use Turkish as their main language, rather than Persian, and persisting in their rude and bellicose ways as "men of the sword", in opposition to the Persian "men of the pen".{{sfn|Eaton|2019|pp=48–49}}

<gallery>
File:Cheheltan-chisht.-2.jpg|The two [[mausoleum]]s of [[Chisht]] (the western was built in 1167)
File:Cheheltan-chisht.-1.jpg|The eastern mausoleum of Chisht (built in 1194)
File:Shah-i Mashhad-1.jpg|Ruins of the ''Shah-i Mashhad'' [[madrasa]] (built in 1176)
File:Ghurid arch of Qala-e-Bost.jpg|Ghurid arch in [[Qala-e-Bost]]
File:Great Mosque of Herat. Brick iwan with remains of Ghurid inscriptions. 1200-1201 CE (corrected for perspective).jpg|[[Great Mosque of Herat]]: Ghurid entrance (''[[iwan]]'') with remains of Ghurid inscriptions. 1200–1201 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Finbarr Barry |title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter |date=2022 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-3324-5 |pages=105–106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vUZpEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 |language=en}}</ref>
File:Friday Mosque keyhole arch (Ghaznavid style).jpg|Friday Mosque keyhole arch (Ghaznavid style)
File:Friday Mosque, Ghiyath al-Din mausoleum, interior of portal.jpg|[[Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad|Ghiyath al-Din]] mausoleum, interior of portal
File:Friday Mosque, Ghiyath al-Din mausoleum, kufic inscriptions.jpg|Ghiyath al-Din mausoleum, kufic inscriptions
File:Friday Mosque, Ghiyath al-Din mausoleum, naskhi inscription.jpg|Ghiyath al-Din mausoleum, naskhi inscription
</gallery>

===Metalwork of the Ghurid period===
[[File:Ewer in the name of Mahmud b. Muhammad al-Harawi Khurasan, Herat, dated A.H. Sha'ban 577 (December 10, 1181-January 7, 1182).jpg|thumb|Ewer inscribed in the name of Mahmud b. Muhammad al-Harawi Khurasan, at [[Herat]], and dated A.H. Sha'ban 577 (December 10, 1181–January 7, 1182). [[Georgian National Museum]]. Exhibit [[Commons:Category:Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs|"''Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs''"]] (2016), [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].<ref name="SRC"/>]]
An important metalwork school was located in [[Herat]] during the Ghurid period, following the conquest of the Seljuk city by the Ghurids in 1175.<ref name="FBF"/> In the Islamic world, [[Inlay|inlaid metalworking]], consisting of patterned silver inlays in a brass background, was first developed in the region of [[Khurasan]] in the 12th century, by silversmiths facing a shortage of silver.<ref name="Raby 2012">{{cite book |last1=Raby |first1=Julian |editor1-last=Porter |editor1-first=Venetia |editor2-last=Rosser-Owen |editor2-first=Mariam |title=Metalwork and Material Culture in the Islamic World |date=2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85773-343-6 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/19550/fsg_Julian%20Raby_%202012%20Mosul_watermarked.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=18 November 2022 |chapter=The Principle of Parsimony and the Problem of the 'Mosul School of Metalwork' |pages=11–85}}</ref> By the mid-12th century, [[Herat]] in particular had already gained a reputation for its high-quality inlaid metalwork, with works such as the [[Bobrinski Bucket]] (dated inscription of 1163).<ref name="Raby 2012"/>

A series of remarkable ewers is attributed to this Herat school of metalwork at the time of Ghurid rule, during the 1180–1200 period. One of them, now in the [[Georgian National Museum]], is marked with a poem in Persian which specifically records its manufacture in Herat in 1181–1182, and permits the attribution and dating of this group of ewers to 1180–1200 in Herat, at the time of Ghurid rule.<ref name="MET Ewer">{{cite web |title=Ewer |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/450513 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Met Ghurid">{{Cite web |title=Ewer |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/450513 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en |quote=At the time that this ewer and the group of long-necked ewers to which it relates were produced, Herat was under the control of the Ghurids, not the Seljuqs, but evidence strongly suggests that these pieces were exported to centers in Seljuq Iran and elsewhere.}}</ref><ref name="SRC"/>

{{blockquote|My ewer is the most beautiful ewer of all time. Who in this world has anything like this today? Everyone who has seen it has said it is very beautiful. No one has seen its equal, for it is unparalleled

Look at the ewer from which spirit is born. It is the water of life that flows from it. Any stream that comes from it into the hand. Creates a new pleasure every moment

Look at the ewer that is praised by everyone. It would be worthy of service to an honored person like you
Every eye that sees it opens wide. And says that nothing could be better than this

This water vessel is made in [[Herat]]. Who else could product anything like it (in the world)? Although the seven stars the Planets of the celestial sphere lift their heads high, May they look favorably upon him who produces such a ewer

Mercy be on him who makes such a ewer. May he be given silver and gold for making it. May good fortune come to him and caress him in friendship. May affliction be removed and given to his enemies
|Ewer in the name of Mahmud b. Muhammad al-Harawi Khurasan, Herat, dated A.H. Sha'ban 577 (December 10, 1181–January 7, 1182). Brass; raised, repousse, engraved, inlaid with copper and silver. [[Georgian National Museum]], Janashia Museum of Georgia, Tbilisi (19-2008;32).<ref>[https://64.media.tumblr.com/20d3d8b4809ab280c5f5faf156ce9155/28249581c1d7df84-7b/s1280x1920/ea99fb38d959b15d969bd2b609bdee6728afa06a.jpg Metropolitan Museum of Art notice]</ref><ref name="SRC">{{cite book |last1=Canby |first1=Sheila R. |last2=Beyazit |first2=Deniz |last3=Rugiadi |first3=Martina |last4=Peacock |first4=A. C. S. |title=Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs |date= 2016 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-589-4 |page=155, item 85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPrjCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155 |language=en}}</ref>}}

The practice of inlaying "required relatively few tools" and the technique spread westward, perhaps by Khurasani artisans moving to other cities.<ref name="Raby 2012"/> By the turn of the 13th century, the silver-inlaid-brass technique had reached [[Mosul]] under the Turkic [[Zengid dynasty]] (area of modern [[Iraq]]).<ref name="Raby 2012"/>

== Coinage ==

=== Overview ===
The Ghurid dynasty produced a wide variety of coinage, which indicates the administrative organization of the empire and expresses their imperial power. The presence of these Ghurid coins confirms their control over key cities such as [[Herat]], [[Balkh]], [[Bamyan|Bamiyan]], and [[Ghazni]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=O'Neal |first=Michael |title=Proceedings of the Eighth European Conference of Iranian Studies. Volume II: Studies on Iran and the Persianate World after Islam |publisher=State Hermitage Publishers |year=2020 |isbn=978-5-93572-911-0 |location=Saint Petersburg |pages=200–214 |language=en |chapter=Some New Numismatic Evidence for Ghurid History}}</ref> This evidence also offers clear data for identifying periods of territorial shift, and establishing the hierarchy between various leaders.<ref name=":0" />
=== Physical Characteristics ===
Ghurid coins were primarily made of two metals: Silver (Dirham) and Copper ([[Fals|Fulus]]). Gold coins were occasionally issued as well.<ref name=":6">Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. "Coinage." Edited by Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, and Devin J. Stewart. Brill, 2007–present. Accessed 4 November 2025.</ref> The coins were generally epigraphic and non-pictorial, consisting of [[Arabic]] inscriptions in decorative [[Kufic]] or [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] script in circular bands. These inscriptions would include the ruler's name and title(s), and would sometimes include verses from the [[Quran]] referencing divine help or victory.<ref>O’Neal, Michael. "Some New Numismatic Evidence for Ghurid History." ''Proceedings of the Eighth European Conference of Iranian Studies'' (2020): 207–210.</ref><ref>Flood, Finbarr Barry. "Islamic Identities and Islamic Art: Inscribing the Qur’an in Twelfth-Century Afghanistan." ''Studies in the History of Art'' 74 (2009): 94–96.</ref> This epigraphic design followed a long standing Islamic coinage tradition. This tradition was established during the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] period, they replaced figural imagery with Quranic text to show religious identity and their political authority.<ref name=":6" /> Continuing to use these designs connected them to Islamic artistic and religious traditions, while also reinforcing the dynasty's authority and religious devotion.

=== Key Mints ===
[[File:Ghurids (Ghur & Ghazna). Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad. AH 558-599 AD 1163-1203. Baldat Herat mint. Dated AH 599 (AD 1202-3).jpg|thumb|Silver dirham of Ghiyāth al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Sām, Herat mint (c. 1202 CE), showing circular Kufic script typical of Ghurid coinage.]]Evidence of mint names and inscriptions have been used to identify several primary centers of Ghurid coin production. These include [[Herat]], [[Balkh]], [[Ghazni]], [[Bamyan|Bamiyan]], and [[Firuzkuh]].<ref name=":0" /> Each mint documents different stages in the dynasty's political geography.

'''Herat''' was one of the earliest and most successful mints. It issued dirhams under [[Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad|Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad Ibn Sam]] when the city of Herat was conquered by the Ghurids in the middle of the twelfth century.<ref name=":0" />

'''Balkh''' coins date back to around 1190 and show periods of Ghurid control followed by non-Ghurid control, until around 1196 CE, which suggest the Ghurids had lost and recovered the city several times.<ref name=":0" />

'''Ghazni''' coin inscriptions identify [[Muhammad of Ghor|Muʿizz al-Dīn Muhammad Ibn Sam]], indicating his authority over eastern territories.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Ghurids (Bamiyan). Baha' al-Din Sam. AH 588-602 AD 1192-1206. Wakhsh mint.jpg|thumb|Coin of Bahaʾ al-Din Sam struck at the Bamiyan–Wakhsh mint (AH 588–602 / AD 1192–1206).]]
'''Bamiyan''' coins were produced under [[Baha al-Din Sam I|Bahāʾ al-Dīn Sām]] and represent a semi-autonomous branch of the Ghurid family that retained the right to produce coins under their own name while being subject to the authority of their Ghurid overlords.<ref name=":0" />

'''Fīrūzkūh''' was the capital of the Ghurid dynasty and this mint was probably used to produce ceremonial or high value coins.<ref name=":0" />

The different inscriptions across these mints indicate political changes. For example, coins from Herat and Balkh show patterns of loss and recovery. This reflects the varying levels of territorial control of the Ghurids.<ref name=":0" /> Therefore, coinage was not just about producing money, they also served as an administrative instrument and represented power.

=== Legacy ===
The Ghurid dynasty had fallen by the early 13th century, but their influence on the Islamic monetary system remained strong. The early coins of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] followed the same Ghurid weight and inscription standards.<ref name=":0" />The Ghurid numismatic model became the basis for the developing Indo-Islamic coinage systems for centuries to follow.

== Architecture ==
The region was split into numerous different political rules and they all had fortified palaces and towers. Each palace was used as a way to protect and defend its inhabitants.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=MWNF - Museum With No Frontiers |url=https://islamicart.museumwnf.org/dynasties/dynasty/62/en |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=islamicart.museumwnf.org}}</ref> Architecture was functional but also a way to display wealth and power. There are numerous examples of minarets, towers, and mosques constructed to commemorate victories. An example of this can be seen with the [[Minaret of Jam]], which is thought to be a monument built as a symbol of triumph.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Pinder-Wilson |first=Ralph |date=2001 |title=Ghaznavid and Ghūrid Minarets |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4300603 |journal=Iran |language=en |volume=39 |pages=155–186 |doi=10.2307/4300603|jstor=4300603 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Ghurid Architectural style did not fall under one label. It was not specifically Persian nor was it distinctly Islamic, but rather what is described as an imperial architectural culture, which features mosques, towers, and minarets.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=Alka |date=2007 |title=Architectural Cultures and Empire: The Ghurids in Northern India (ca. 1192–1210) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049362 |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |volume=21 |pages=35–60 |jstor=24049362 |issn=0890-4464}}</ref> The architectural productions of the Ghurid dynasty was heavily reused and reconfigured from later cultures to articulate new religious and political identities.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Flood |first=Finbarr B. |date=2001 |title=Ghūrid Architecture in the Indus Valley: The Tomb of Shaykh Sādan Shahīd |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629582 |journal=Ars Orientalis |volume=31 |pages=129–166 |jstor=4629582 |issn=0571-1371}}</ref> There are not many still standing, but the [[Minaret of Jam]] still exists today.

==List of rulers==
{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:5%;"|Coinage
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Titular Name(s)
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Personal Name
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:7%;"| Reign
|-
|
| style="text-align:center;"|''Amir'' {{Nastaliq|امیر}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Amir Banji]] {{Nastaliq|امیر سوری}}
| style="text-align:center;"|8th-century  
|-
|
| style="text-align:center;"|''Malik'' {{Nastaliq|ملک}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Amir Suri]] {{Nastaliq|امیر سوری}}
| style="text-align:center;"|9th-century – 10th-century 
|-
|
| style="text-align:center;"|''Malik'' {{Nastaliq|ملک }}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Muhammad ibn Suri]] {{Nastaliq|محمد بن سوری}}
| style="text-align:center;"|10th-century – 1011 
|-style="background:lightblue"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=4|'''''As vassals of the [[Ghaznavid Empire]]'''''
|- style="background:lightblue"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|''Malik'' {{Nastaliq|ملک }}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Abu Ali ibn Muhammad]] {{Nastaliq|ابوعلی بن محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1011–1035
|- style="background:lightblue"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|''Malik'' {{Nastaliq|ملک }}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Abbas ibn Shith]] {{Nastaliq|عباس بن شیث}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1035 – 1060
|- style="background:lightblue"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|''Malik'' {{Nastaliq|ملک }}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Muhammad ibn Abbas]] {{Nastaliq|محمد بن عباس}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1060 – 1080
|- style="background:lightblue"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|''Malik'' {{Nastaliq|ملک }}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Qutb al-din Hasan]] {{Nastaliq|قطب‌ الدین حسن}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1080 – 1100

|-style="background:yellow"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=4|'''''As vassals of the [[Seljuk Empire]]'''''
|- style="background:yellow"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|''Abul-Muluk'' {{Nastaliq|ابولملک}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Izz al-Din Husayn]] {{Nastaliq|عز الدین حسین}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1100–1146
|- style="background:yellow"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|''Malik'' {{Nastaliq|ملک }}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sayf al-Din Suri]] {{Nastaliq|سیف‌ الدین سوری}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1146–1149
|- style="background:yellow"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|''Malik'' {{Nastaliq|ملک }}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Baha al-Din Sam I]] {{Nastaliq|بهاء الدین سام}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1149
|- style="background:yellow"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|''Malik'' {{Nastaliq|ملک }} ''Sultan al-Muazzam'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان المعظم}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ala al-Din Husayn]] {{Nastaliq|علاء الدین حسین}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1149–1161

|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=4|'''''As independent rulers'''''
|-
|
| style="text-align:center;"|''Malik'' {{Nastaliq|ملک }}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sayf al-Din Muhammad]] {{Nastaliq|سیف‌ الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1161–1163
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ghurids (Ghur & Ghazna). Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad. AH 558-599 AD 1163-1203. Baldat Herat mint. Dated AH 599 (AD 1202-3).jpg|100px|Ghurids (Ghur & Ghazna). Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad. AH 558–599 AD 1163–1203. Baldat Herat mint. Dated AH 599 (AD 1202–3).]]
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Abul-Fateh'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان ابوالفتح}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad]] {{Nastaliq|غیاث‌ الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1163–1203
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Mu'izz_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206.jpg|100px|Coin of [[Muhammad of Ghor]], AH 599–602 1171–1206 CE]] [[File:Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad bin Sam. AH 599-602 AD 1171-1206. Pagoda coin with. Lakshmi seated facing.jpg|100px|Indian coinage ([[Pagoda (coin)|Pagoda]]) of Muhammad of Ghor. ''Obverse'': [[Lakshmi]] seated facing. ''Reverse'': ''śri maha/[mi]ra mahama/da sama'' in [[Devanagari]].]]
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Shahāb-ud-din Muhammad Ghori'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان شهاب‌ الدین محمد غوری }}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Muhammad of Ghor]] {{Nastaliq|معز الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1203–1206

|-style="background:lightgreen"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=4|'''''As vassals of the [[Khwarazmian Empire]]'''''
|- style="background:lightgreen"
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud. AH 602-609 AD 1206-1212.jpg|100px|Coin of Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud. AH 602–609 1206–1212 CE]]
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud]] {{Nastaliq|غیاث‌ الدین محمود}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1206–1212
|- style="background:lightgreen"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Baha al-Din Sam III]] {{Nastaliq|بهاء الدین سام}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1212–1213
|- style="background:lightgreen"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ala al-Din Atsiz]] {{Nastaliq|علاء الدین دراست}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1213–1214
|- style="background:lightgreen"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Zia al-Din Ali|Ala al-Din Ali]] {{Nastaliq|علاء الدین علی}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1214–1215
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" | [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarazmian]] conquest
|}

===Bamiyan Branch===
{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:5%;"|Coinage
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Titular Name(s)
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Personal Name
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:7%;"| Reign
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=4|'''''As independent rulers'''''
|-
|
| style="text-align:center;"|''Malik'' {{Nastaliq|ملک }}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Fakhr al-Din Masud]] {{Nastaliq|فخرالدین مسعود}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1152–1163
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ghurids (Bamiyan). Shams al-Din Muhammad. AH 558-588 AD 1163-1192.jpg|100px|Ghurids (Bamiyan). Shams al-Din Muhammad. AH 558–588 AD 1163–1192.]]
| style="text-align:center;"|''Malik'' {{Nastaliq|ملک }}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Masud]] {{Nastaliq|شمس‌ الدین محمد بن مسعود}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1163–1192
|-
|
| style="text-align:center;"|''Malik'' {{Nastaliq|ملک }}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Abbas ibn Muhammad Ghuri|Abbas ibn Muhammad]] {{Nastaliq|عباس بن محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1192
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ghurids (Bamiyan). Baha' al-Din Sam. AH 588-602 AD 1192-1206. Wakhsh mint.jpg|100px|Ghurids (Bamiyan). Baha' al-Din Sam. AH 588–602 AD 1192–1206. Wakhsh mint.]]
| style="text-align:center;"|''Malik'' {{Nastaliq|ملک }} ''Abul-Mu'ayyid'' {{Nastaliq|ابوالمؤید}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Baha al-Din Sam II]] {{Nastaliq|بهاء الدین سام}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1192–1206

|-style="background:lightgreen"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=4|'''''As vassal of the [[Khwarazmian Empire]]'''''
|- style="background:lightgreen"
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Jalal_al-Din_Ali.jpg|100px|Coin of Jalal_al-Din_Ali.]]
| style="text-align:center;"|''Malik'' {{Nastaliq|ملک }}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Jalal al-Din Ali]] {{Nastaliq|جلال‌ الدین علی}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1206–1215
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" | [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarazmian]] conquest
|}
*''Green shaded row signifies Ghurid vassalage under the [[Khwarazmian dynasty]].''
{{clear}}

==Ghurid family tree==
{{chart top| Ghurid dynasty family tree |width=100%|collapsed=yes}}
{{Tree chart/start}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | SUR | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SUR = [[Amir Suri]] (9th-century-10th-century) | border=1}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | MIS | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MIS = [[Muhammad ibn Suri]] (10th-century-1011) | border=1}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | AIM | | SIM | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AIM = [[Abu Ali ibn Muhammad]] (1011–1035) | SIM = [[Shith ibn Muhammad]] | border=1}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | AIS | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AIS = [[Abbas ibn Shith]] (1035–1060) | border=1}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | MIA | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MIA = [[Muhammad ibn Abbas]] (1060–1080) | border=1}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | border=1}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | QAH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | QAH = [[Qutb al-din Hasan]] (1080–1100) | border=1}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | border=1}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | IAH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IAH = [[Izz al-Din Husayn]] (1100–1146) | border=1}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | border=1}}
{{Tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}}
{{Tree chart| | |!| | | | |!| | | | |!| | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{Tree chart| | |!| | | | |!| | | | |!| | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{Tree chart| | |!| | | | |!| | | | |!| | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{Tree chart| | SAD | | | SHD | | | QAM | | | BAS | | NDM | | ALH | | | | | | | | FDM | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SAD = [[Sayf al-Din Suri]] (1146–1149) | SHD = [[Shuja al-Din Muhammad]] | QAM = [[Qutb al-Din Muhammad (Ghurid ruler)|Qutb al-Din Muhammad]] | BAS = [[Baha al-Din Sam I]] (1149) | NDM = [[Nasir al-Din Muhammad Kharnak]] | ALH = [[Ala al-Din Husayn]] (1149–1161) | FDM = [[Fakhr al-Din Masud]] (1152–1163) | | | | | border=1}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| border=1}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | ALZ | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | ALZ = [[Zia al-Din Ali|Ala al-Din Ali]] (1214–1215) | border=1}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | GHI | | | | MUR | | | |!| | | | | | | | | SHÅ | | | | | | GHI = [[Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad]] (1163–1202) | MUR = [[Muhammad of Ghor]] (1202–1206) | SHÅ = [[Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Masud|Shams al-Din Muhammad]] (1163–1192) | border=1}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | border=1}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | SÆF | | | ATZ | | ÆBØ | | | | BAX | | SÆF = [[Sayf al-Din Muhammad]] (1149–1157) | ATZ = [[Ala al-Din Atsiz]] (1213–1214) | BAX = [[Baha al-Din Sam II]] (1192–1206) | ÆBØ = [[Abbas ibn Muhammad]] (1192) | border=1}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | GTH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | GTH = [[Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud]] (1206–1212) | border=1}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | border=1}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | JAD | | | | ADM | | | | JAD = [[Jalal al-Din Ali]] (1206–1215) | ADM = [[Ala al-Din Muhammad (Ghurid)|Ala al-Din Muhammad]] | border=1}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | BIV | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BIV = [[Baha al-Din Sam III]] (1212–1213) | border=1}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | border=1}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

==See also==
* [[History of Afghanistan]]
* [[List of battles involving the Ghurid dynasty]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFHamblyAsher1994}}
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Auer |first1=Blain |title=In the Mirror of Persian Kings: The Origins of Perso-Islamic Courts and Empires in India |date=2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1108832311}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=C. E.|author-link=C. E. Bosworth|url=https://archive.org/details/bosworth-1977-later-ghaznavids |title=The Later Ghaznavids; Splendour and Decay: The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India 1040–1186 |date=1977 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-85224-315-2 |language=en}}
* {{Cambridge History of Iran|volume=5|last=Bosworth|first=C. Edmund|title=The Wikipedia Library |authorlink=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|chapter=The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)|pages=1–202|chapter-page=1}} {{Subscription required}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Ghaznavids | last = Bosworth | first = C. Edmund|author-link=C.E. Bosworth| url = https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghaznavids | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. X, Fasc. 6 | pages = 578–583 | location = New York | year = 2001a }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Ghurids | last = Bosworth | first = C. Edmund | url = https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. X, Fasc. 6 | pages = 586–590 | location = New York | year = 2001b }}
* {{cite book |last=Bosworth |first=C.E. |title=Medieval Central Asia and the Persianate World: Iranian Tradition and Islamic Civilisation |editor-first1=A.C.S. |editor-last1=Peacock |editor-first2=D.G. |editor-last2=Tor |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2015 |chapter=The Ghurids in Khurasan }}
* {{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=History of Medieval India:800–1700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ |year=2007|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-3226-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |authorlink=Richard M. Eaton|title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 |date=2019 |publisher=Allen Lane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ|isbn=978-0713995824}}
* {{cite book | last = Frye | first = R.N. | authorlink = Richard N. Frye | chapter = The Ghaznavids and Ghūrids | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Iranian world | year = 1975 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16yHq5v3QZAC | editor-first = R.N. | editor-last = Frye | isbn = 0-521-20093-8| pages=157–165}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica | volume=7 | fascicle=3 | title = Delhi Sultanate | last = Hambly | first = Gavin R. G. | last2 = Asher | first2= Catherine B. |url = https://iranicaonline.org/articles/delhi-sultanate | pages = 242–250 }}
* {{cite book |editor1-first = David |editor1-last = Morgan |editor2-first = Sarah |editor2-last = Stewart |title = The Coming of the Mongols |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gbqKDwAAQBAJ |year = 2017 |publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn = 978-1788312851 }}
* {{cite book |first=Roma |last=Niyogi |title=The History of the Gāhaḍavāla Dynasty |publisher=Oriental |year=1959 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJQBAAAAMAAJ |oclc=5386449 }}
* {{EI3|last=O'Neal|first=Michael|title=Ghūrids|year=2015|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_27477}}
* {{cite book |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Thapar|first=Romila|author-link=Romila Thapar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6cwDwAAQBAJ |title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |date=2004|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24225-8 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Thomas|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6h2_DwAAQBAJ |title=The Ebb and Flow of the Ghūrid Empire|date=2018|publisher=Sydney University Press |isbn=978-1-74332-542-1|language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wink|first1=André|authorlink=André Wink|title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: c.700–1800 CE |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPXvDwAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1108417747}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wink|first=Andre|author-link=Andre Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC |title=Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11th–13th Centuries |date=1991 |publisher=BRILL| isbn=9004102361 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=ČAHĀR MAQĀLA |first=Ḡolām-Ḥosayn |last=Yūsofī |year=2015 |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cahar-maqala/ }}
{{refend}}

{{Afghanistan topics}}
{{Central Asian history}}
{{Iran topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ghurid dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Iran]]
[[Category:Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Sunni dynasties]]
[[Category:History of Ghor Province]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1210s]]

News18 Bangla

2026-03-23T16:49:31Z

Aurovedacharitable:

{{Short description|Bengali news channel}}
{{One source|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = News18 Bangla
| logo = News18_Bangla_Logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_caption =
| logo_alt =
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|10 March 2014}}
| picture_format = [[16:9]] ([[576i]], [[SDTV]])
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| area = [[West Bengal]]
| headquarters = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| replaced = ETV News Bangla
| owner = [[Network18 Group]]
| sister_channels = [[Network18 Group#Owned Channels|Network18 Group channels]]
| website = {{URL|https://bengali.news18.com/}}
| webcast = [https://bengali.news18.com/live-tv/ Watch Live]
}}

'''News18 Bangla''' is a 24-hour Bengali [[News broadcasting|news channel]] owned by [[Network18 Group]]. This is a free-to-air channel and was launched on 10 March 2014. It was formerly named '''''ETV News Bangla''''' till 12 March 2018, when the channel changed its name to News18 Bangla.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2018/03/news18-completes-rebranding-renames-etv-channels/|title = News18 completes rebranding, renames ETV channels| date=20 March 2018 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website}}

{{Network 18}}
{{Television news in India}}
{{Bengali-language television channels in India|state=collapsed}}
{{Bengali-language television channels|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2014]]
[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]
[[Category:Television stations in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television channels in India]]
[[Category:Network18 Group]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{India-tv-station-stub}}

Deepali Pansare

2026-03-19T17:14:30Z

Aurovedacharitable: added basic bio needs work!

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1984)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Deepali Pansare
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|07|03|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| alma mater =
| spouse = {{marriage|''Suveer Safaya''|2014}}
| children = 1
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2008–present
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Neer Bhare Tere Naina Devi]]''|''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]''|
''[[Devyani (TV series)|Devyani]]''|''[[Aai Kuthe Kay Karte]]''}}
}}

'''Deepali Pansare''' is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Television in India|Hindi]] television and [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films. Pansare is known for portraying Suhaagi in ''[[Neer Bhare Tere Naina Devi]]'', Payal Singh Raizada in ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]'', Devyani Kelkar in ''[[Devyani (TV series)|Devyani]]'' and Sanjana Deshmukh in ''[[Aai Kuthe Kay Karte]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-20 |title=दीर्घकाळानंतर ही प्रसिद्ध अभिनेत्री करतेय मालिका विश्वात पुनरागमन, देवयानीनंतर आता साकारणार संजना |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/after-a-long-time-actress-dipali-pansare-making-comeback-in-the-serial-aai-kuthe-kay-karte-126337412.html |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=Divya Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chikoo Ki Mummy Durr Kei में एक से बढ़कर एक स्टार, Jodha Akbar-Super Dancer 2 के ये कलाकार भी हैं शामिल|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/chikoo-ki-mummy-durr-kei-serial-star-cast-real-name-story-telecast-paridhi-sharma-vaishnavi-prajapati-himanshu-malhotra-dipali-pansare-monika-khanna/|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Times Now|date=8 September 2021|language=hi}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Pansare married Suveer Safaya, a [[Kashmiri Pandit]] and [[banker]] on 10 February 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deepali Pansare to tie the knot with banker boyfriend Suveer Safaya on 10 February|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/its-a-baby-boy-407979|access-date=9 February 2014|website=tribuneindia}}</ref> The couple have a son named Ruaan, who was born in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 December 2021|title=It's a baby boy for Deepali Pansare and Suveer Safaya|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/its-a-baby-boy-407979|access-date=28 December 2021|website=tribuneindia}}</ref>

==Career==
Pansare made her acting debut in 2008 with ''[[Hum Ladkiyan]]''. She went onto portray supporting roles in shows such as ''[[Shakuntala (TV series)|Shakuntala]]'', ''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]'', ''[[Dhoondh Legi Manzil Humein]]'', ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]'', ''[[Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji]]'' and ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''.

She portrayed prominent character of Nooran in ''[[Lajwanti (TV series)|Lajwanti]]'' and Agent Gauri in ''[[Agent Raghav – Crime Branch]]''. She also portrayed episodic roles in ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]'', ''[[SuperCops vs Supervillains]]'' and ''[[Khidki]]''.

Pansare is best known for her portrayal of Suhaagi in ''[[Neer Bhare Tere Naina Devi]]'', Payal Singh Raizada in ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]'',<ref>{{cite news|title=Sanaya Irani and Barun Sobti back in IPKKND|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/iss-pyaar-ko-kya-naam-doon-to-return-with-barun-sobti-and-sanaya-irani-as-arnav-and-khushi-306932-2016-02-03|author=Vipra Shrivastava|work=India Today|date=3 February 2016|access-date=11 September 2017}}</ref> Devyani Kelkar in ''[[Devyani (TV series)|Devyani]]''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shivani Surve, Sangram Salvi and Deepali Pansare starrer popular series Devyani to rerun soon - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 June 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/shivani-surve-and-sangram-salvi-starrer-popular-series-devyani-to-rerun-soon/articleshow/76245785.cms|access-date=2020-12-02}}</ref>(her first lead role), Sanjana Deshmukh in ''[[Aai Kuthe Kay Karte]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/deepali-pansare-returns-to-acting-after-three-years/articleshow/72940510.cms|title=Deepali Pansare returns to acting after three years with 'Aai Kuthe Kay Karte'|website=The Times of India|date=23 December 2019 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224080228/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/deepali-pansare-returns-to-acting-after-three-years/articleshow/72940510.cms |archive-date=24 December 2019 }}</ref> and Kamini Joshi in ''[[Chikoo Ki Mummy Durr Kei]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mithun Chakraborty graces 'Chikoo Ki Mummy Durr Kei' with his heroic presence for their latest promo|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mithun-chakraborty-graces-chikoo-ki-mummy-durr-kei-with-his-heroic-presence-for-their-latest-promo/articleshow/85597634.cms|access-date=2021-09-28|website=The Times of India|date=24 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Pansare made her film debut with Marathi film ''[[Hello! Gandhe Sir]]'' (2010) and her Hindi film debut with ''[[Ek Thi Daayan]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite web|title=Ek Thi Daayan collects Rs 18 crores|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/box-office/Ek-Thi-Daayan-collects-Rs-18-crores/articleshow/19678728.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425212019/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-22/box-office/38734623_1_emraan-hashmi-llb-position-horror-film|url-status=live|archive-date=25 April 2013|date=22 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 July 2013}}</ref> She has been part of films including ''Sunoyona: The Beautiful Eyes'' (2015), ''[[Chalk n Duster]]'' (2016)<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQrTPP9Pa3o|title=CHALK N DUSTER - Official Trailer - Shabana Azmi, Juhi Chawla - Releasing 15th Jan, 2016|date=20 December 2015|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref> and ''[[Fraud Saiyaan]]'' (2019).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/movie-reviews/report-fraud-saiyaan-review-this-is-the-worst-fraud-there-is-2709381|title='Fraud Saiyaan' review: This is the worst fraud there is|date=18 January 2019|website=Dnaindia.com|accessdate=10 February 2019}}</ref>

Pansare portrayed Manju Shekhawat in ''[[Muskuraane Ki Vajah Tum Ho]]'' which went off air in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: Kunal Jaisingh confirms Muskurane Ki Vajah Tum Ho going off-air in September; says, I'm wrapping up my shoots|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-kunal-jaisingh-confirms-muskurane-ki-wajah-tum-ho-going-off-air-in-september-says-im-wrapping-up-my-shoots/articleshow/94268911.cms |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=11 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> She made her web debut with ''[[The Broken News]]'' in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-11 |title=Sonali Bendre announces her OTT debut with ZEE5's The Broken News: 'Feels so good to be back on sets' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/sonali-bendre-announces-her-ott-debut-with-zee5-the-broken-news-7911496/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
*''All films are in Hindi unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2010
|''[[Hello! Gandhe Sir]]''
|{{Unknown}}
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]] film
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Ek Thi Daayan]]''
|Old Man's Nurse
|
|<ref>{{cite web|last=Leopards|first=Ek Thi Daayan|title=Leopard on 'Ek Thi Daayan' sets|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/leopard-on-ek-thi-daayan-sets_113019.htm|work=8 June 2012|date=8 June 2012|publisher=Zee News|access-date=30 October 2012}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''Sunoyona: The Beautiful Eyes''
|Sunoyona
|[[English language|English]] short film
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Chalk n Duster]]''
|Naresh Patel's daughter
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/chalk-n-duster-review-very-dramatic-and-very-effective/story-d0k7oNLtp1rJuqKCWZ0b9H.html|title=Chalk N Duster review: It's a well told ethics versus greed story|date=15 January 2016|work=Hindutsan Times}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Fraud Saiyaan]]''
|Sunita
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/fraud-saiyaan/box-office/|title=Fraud Saiyaan Box Office Collection - Fraud Saiyaan Film Collection - Box Office Till Now|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=18 January 2019 |accessdate=10 February 2019}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2008
|''[[Hum Ladkiyan]]''
|{{Unknown}}
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2009
|''[[Shakuntala (TV series)|Shakuntala]]''
|Rajkumari Gauri's friend
|
|
|-
|''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]''
|Sumalatha Dalmiya
|Season 1
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010
|''[[Neer Bhare Tere Naina Devi]]''
|Suhaagi
|
|
|-
|''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''
|Mubina Khatun
|
|
|-
|2010–2011
|''[[Dhoondh Legi Manzil Humein]]''
|Nandini
|
|
|-
|2011–2012
|''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]''
|Payal Singh Raizada
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Deepali-Pansare-quits-Iss-Pyaar-Ko/articleshow/16295139.cms|author=Tejashree Bhopatkar|title=Deepali Pansare quits Iss Pyaar Ko|work=The Times of India|date=7 September 2011|access-date=11 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|''[[SuperCops Vs Super Villains|SuperCops vs Supervillains]]''
|Meenakshi
|Episodic appearance
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''
|[[Tulsi in Hinduism|Tulsi]]
|
|
|-
|2013–2014
|''[[Devyani (TV series)|Devyani]]''
|Devyani Kelkar Vikhe-Patil
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]] series
|
|-
|2015-2016
|''[[Agent Raghav – Crime Branch]]''
|Agent Gauri
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016
|''[[Lajwanti (TV series)|Lajwanti]]''
|Nooran
|
|
|-
|''[[Khidki]]''
|Shanti
|Story: "Govinda Govinda"
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji]]''
|Meenu
|
|
|-
|2019–2020
|''[[Aai Kuthe Kay Karte]]''
|Sanjana Deshmukh
|Marathi series
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Deepali Pansare misses playing 'Sanjana' in 'Aai Kuthe Kay Karte!'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/deepali-pansare-misses-playing-sanjana-in-aai-kuthe-kay-karte/articleshow/78284144.cms|website=The Times of India|date=23 September 2020 |access-date=17 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2021–2022
|''[[Chikoo - Yeh Ishq Nachaye|Chikoo Ki Mummy Durr Kei]]''
|Kamini Joshi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Dipali Pansare on her role in Chikoo Ki Mummy Durr Kei |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/negatively-charged-344161 |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''
|Barkha Rani Wagh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-10 |title='Ghum Hai Kisi...' में होगी दीपाली पंसारे की एंट्री, TRP में कहीं पीछे न छूट जाए 'Anupamaa' |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/tv-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-deepali-pansare-will-soon-enter-to-play-the-role-of-pr-3510047.html |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Muskuraane Ki Vajah Tum Ho]]''
|Manju Shekhawat
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=After playing the antagonist in Chikoo Ki Mummy Durr Kei, Deepali Pansare turns positive with Muskurane Ki Wajah Tum Ho - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/after-playing-the-antagonist-in-chikoo-ki-mummy-durr-kei-deepali-pansare-turns-positive-with-muskurane-ki-wajah-tum-ho/articleshow/91180756.cms |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=The Times of India |date=29 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Pushpa Impossible]]''
| Vasundhara Raidhan
|
|
|-
| 2023–2025
| ''Laxmichya Paulanni''
| Rohini Chandekar
| Marathi Series
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Deepali Pansare to play a pivotal role in the show Laxmichya Paulanni |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/deepali-pansare-to-play-a-pivotal-role-in-the-show-laxmichya-paulanni/articleshow/104716278.cms |website=The Times of India |date=26 October 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''[[Jhanak]]''
| Mrinalini "Meenu" Ghosh
|
| <ref>{{cite web |author=Dishya Sharma |title=Deepali Pansare has this to say about her character in Jhanak |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/deepali-pansare-has-this-to-say-about-her-character-in-jhanak-8835433.html |website=News18 India |date=April 2024 |access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2022
|''[[The Broken News]]''
|Nazneen Balsara
|1 season
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Broken News Review: Sonali Bendre Brings Remarkable Maturity, Jaideep Ahlawat Is In Splendid Form |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-broken-news-review-sonali-bendre-brings-remarkable-maturity-jaideep-ahlawat-is-in-splendid-form-2-5-stars-3057684 |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|4706056}}

{{Portal bar|Films|Television}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pansare, Deepali}}
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1984 births]]

Ranjabati Sircar

2026-03-15T04:04:15Z

Aurovedacharitable: Put up initial post w/ sources - done

{{Short description|Indian dancer and choreographer (1963–1999)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ranjabati Sircar
| birth_date = {{birth date|1963|3|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Nsukka]], [[Nigeria]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1999|10|23|1963|3|29|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[India]]
| occupation = Dancer, choreographer
| known_for = Nava Nritya (New Dance)
| mother = Manjusri Chaki-Sircar
}}

'''Ranjabati Sircar''' (29 March 1963 – 23 October 1999) was an Indian dancer and choreographer noted for her contributions to experimental and contemporary Indian dance forms.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Naseem |title=Ranjabati Sircar |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/nov/18/guardianobituaries3 |work=The Guardian |date=18 November 1999 |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{cite news |title=Ranjabati Sircar, 36, Indian Choreographer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/16/arts/ranjabati-sircar-36-indian-choreographer.html |work=The New York Times |date=16 November 1999 |access-date=5 October 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="indy">{{cite news | title=Obituary: Ranjabati Sircar |last=Dove |first=Simon |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-ranjabati-sircar-1132891.html |work=The Independent |date=17 November 1999 |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sircar was born in [[Nsukka]], [[Nigeria]] and spent much of her childhood in upstate [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref name="guardian" /><ref name="indy" /> She was the only child of dancer Manjusri Chaki-Sircar (1934–2000), a leading figure in Indian classical and experimental dance.<ref name="guardian" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Purkayastha |first1=Prarthana |title=Indian Modern Dance, Feminism and Transnationalism |date=2014 |pages=108–137 |journal=Springer Nature |doi=10.1057/9781137375179_5 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137375179_5 |access-date=5 October 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sircar later studied at [[Jadavpur University]] in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], where she earned two degrees and received several academic honours.<ref name="guardian" /><ref name="nyt" /> Though she showed potential for an academic career, she chose to pursue dance, following her mother's experimental artistic direction.<ref name="guardian" />

== Career ==
Together with her mother, Sircar founded the ''Dancers’ Guild'' in Calcutta, an institution dedicated to ''Nava Nritya'' (also known as ''Navanritya''), a contemporary Indian dance form blending classical and folk movements with modern influences.<ref name="guardian" /><ref name="nyt" /> Her work incorporated elements of [[yoga]] and [[martial arts]] and explored themes such as [[spirituality]], [[environmentalism]] and female identity.<ref name="guardian" />

Sircar travelled extensively and worked in international collaborations. In 1983, she studied in [[Great Britain]] on a [[British Council]] scholarship and later became the first artistic director of Yuva, the national [[South Asian]] youth dance company in Britain. Her choreography ''Thirsting Earth'' earned the [[Time Out (magazine)|''Time Out'']]/[[Dance Umbrella]] Award.<ref name="guardian" />

== Later life and death ==
Sircar continued to choreograph and perform internationally, collaborating with artists across Europe and India.<ref name="guardian" /> She lived in Calcutta until her death on 23 October 1999 at the age of 36. The cause of death was not publicly known.<ref name="nyt" /><ref name="indy" /> At the time of her death she was involved in fundraising for a new school under the Dancers’ Guild.<ref name="guardian" />

==See also==
* [[List of dancers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sircar, Ranjabati}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:Contemporary dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]

S. P. Balasubrahmanyam

2026-03-11T05:44:43Z

Aurovedacharitable: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian playback singer (1946–2020)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Sripathi Panditaradhyula|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| image = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam at the 'Gurkha' Audio Launch.jpg
| caption = Balasubrahmanyam at the Gurkha Audio Launch
| native_name_lang = బాలు
| birth_name = Sripathi Panditaradhyula Balasubrahmanyam
| alias = SPB, Gaana Gandharva, Paadum Nila
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1946|06|04}}
| birth_place = Konetammapeta, [[Nellore district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2020|09|25|1946|06|04}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| genre = [[Playback singer|Playback]]<ref name="timesofindia">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/veteran-singer-sp-balasubrahmanyam-donates-his-ancestral-home-to-shri-kanchi-kamakoti-math/articleshow/74132294.cms |title=SPB donates his ancestral home in Nellore to kanchi math |website=The Times of India |date=14 February 2020 |access-date=25 September 2020 |archive-date=9 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309201340/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/veteran-singer-sp-balasubrahmanyam-donates-his-ancestral-home-to-shri-kanchi-kamakoti-math/articleshow/74132294.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actor|music director|voice actor|producer}}
| years_active = 1966–2020
| module = {{Infobox person
| embed = yes
| honours = {{plainlist|
* [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2021) (posthumously)
* [[Padma Bhushan]] (2011)
* [[Padma Shri]] (2001)
}}
}}
}}
'''Sripathi Panditaradhyula Balasubrahmanyam''' (4 June 1946 – 25 September 2020), commonly known as '''SPB''' or '''Balu''', was an Indian [[playback singer]], television presenter, actor, music composer, [[Voice acting|dubbing artist]], and film producer.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Demu |first1=Blessey |title=SPB was not just a singer, but a multifaceted personality |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/spb-was-not-just-a-singer-but-a-multifaceted-personality/article32699795.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 September 2020 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926013719/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/spb-was-not-just-a-singer-but-a-multifaceted-personality/article32699795.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> He was widely regarded as one of the greatest Indian singers of all time.{{Refn|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=25 September 2020 |title=SP Balasubrahmanyam: A gifted South Indian singer who ruled Bollywood for decades |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sp-balasubrahmanyam-a-gifted-south-indian-singer-who-ruled-bollywood-for-decades-1725323-2020-09-25 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |quote=SP Balasubrahmanyam was undoubtedly one of the greatest singers the Indian sub-continent has ever produced.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-04 |title=Remembering S.P Balasubrahmanyam on his birth anniversary: Some of his best Hindi songs |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/remembering-s-p-balasubrahmanyam-on-his-birth-anniversary-some-of-his-best-hindi-songs-10755611.html |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=Firstpost |language=en |quote=S. P. Balasubrahmanyam is regarded as one of the greatest Indian singers of all time.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=2020-09-25 |title=The best of S.P. Balasubrahmanyam |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-best-of-sp-balasubrahmanyam/article32697234.ece |access-date=2022-08-09 |issn=0971-751X |quote=S.P. Balasubrahmanyam was one of the greatest playback singers of all time in Indian cinema.}}</ref>}} He worked in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films and sang in a total of 16 languages.<ref name=":2" />

Balasubrahmanyam was born into a Telugu family with a strong musical background in [[Nellore district|Nellore]], [[Madras Presidency|Madras Province]], [[British Raj|British India]](present-day [[Nellore district|Nellore]], [[Andhra Pradesh|Andra Pradesh]], [[India]]). Despite initially pursuing engineering, his passion for music led him to a successful career in playback singing, starting with his debut in the Telugu film ''[[Sri Sri Sri Maryada Ramanna]]'' in 1966, composed by his mentor, [[S. P. Kodandapani]]''.<ref name=":0" />'' Over his career, he received six [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|National Film Awards for Best Male Playback Singer]] for his performances in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], and [[Hindi]], along with 25 [[Andhra Pradesh]] state [[Nandi Awards]] for his work in [[Telugu cinema]]. Additionally, he was honoured various state awards from [[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka]] and [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] governments,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/spb-to-be-honoured-news-telugu-kkfsm1ehhja.html |title=SPB to be honoured |website=[[Sify]] |date=24 March 2009 |access-date=1 May 2011 |archive-date=29 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429190247/http://www.sify.com/movies/spb-to-be-honoured-news-telugu-kkfsm1ehhja.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> four [[Filmfare Awards South]] and a [[Filmfare Award]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/08/08/stories/2008080850380200.htm |title=Friday Review Hyderabad / Events : The stars shimmered bright |date=8 August 2008 |access-date=1 May 2011 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629053409/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/08/08/stories/2008080850380200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to some sources, he held the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for recording the highest number of songs by a singer with over 50,000 songs in 16 languages.{{Refn|<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=25 September 2020 |title=SP Balasubrahmanyam: Legendary Indian singer dies |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53789574 |access-date=25 September 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925180510/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53789574 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2016 |title=Have lost count of songs sung, says record holder S.P. Balasubrahmanyam |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-briefs/have-lost-count-of-songs-sung-says-record-holder-s-p-balasubrahmanyam/ |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327161410/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-briefs/have-lost-count-of-songs-sung-says-record-holder-s-p-balasubrahmanyam/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=SP Balasubrahmanyam Dies at 74: 5 Facts About The Guinness Record Holder |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/coronavirus/sp-balasubrahmanyam-dies-at-74-5-facts-about-the-guinness-record-holder/62937/1 |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=Forbes India |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927085809/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/coronavirus/sp-balasubrahmanyam-dies-at-74-5-facts-about-the-guinness-record-holder/62937/1 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} On 8 February 1981, he set a record by recording 28 songs in Kannada in a single day, along with 19 songs in Tamil and 16 in Hindi, which has also been called a record.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Murali |first=S. |title=S.P. Balasubrahmanyam: The end of an era |date=25 September 2020 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sp-balasubrahmanyam-the-end-of-an-era/article32695994.ece#:~:text=He%20has%20the%20rare%20distinction,pm%20on%208%20February%2C%201981 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926020903/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sp-balasubrahmanyam-the-end-of-an-era/article32695994.ece#:~:text=He%20has%20the%20rare%20distinction,pm%20on%208%20February%2C%201981 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

In recognition of his contributions, Balasubrahmanyam received the [[NTR National Award]] from the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] in 2012,<ref>{{cite news |date=5 April 2017 |title=S.P. Balasubrahmanyam, Hema Malini bag NTR awards |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/spb-hema-malini-bag-ntr-awards/article17821614.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405062557/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/spb-hema-malini-bag-ntr-awards/article17821614.ece |archive-date=5 April 2017 |access-date=5 April 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> the [[Harivarasanam Award]] from the [[Government of Kerala]] in 2015,<ref>{{cite web |date=21 June 2015 |title=Devotional Songs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/devotional-songs/article7338521.ece |access-date=20 February 2022 |quote=Mr. Balasubrahmanyam was addressing a function at the Sabarimala Sannidhanam on Saturday after receiving the Harivarasanam Award instituted by the State government. |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and was named the [[IFFI Indian Film Personality of the Year Award|Indian Film Personality of the Year]] at the [[47th International Film Festival of India]] in 2016.<ref name=":3">{{cite news |date=20 November 2016 |title=SP Balasubrahmanyam honoured with centenary award |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sp-balasubrahmanyam-honoured-with-centenary-award-116112000607_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121114429/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sp-balasubrahmanyam-honoured-with-centenary-award-116112000607_1.html |archive-date=21 November 2016 |access-date=21 November 2016 |newspaper=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> The Government of India honored him with the [[Padma Shri]] in 2001, the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2011, and the [[Padma Vibhushan]] [[Posthumous award|posthumously]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 January 2011 |title=SPB wins Padma Bhushan, no Bharat Ratna this year |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/chennai/spb-wins-padma-bhushan-no-bharat-ratna-year-615 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430053926/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/chennai/spb-wins-padma-bhushan-no-bharat-ratna-year-615 |archive-date=30 April 2011 |access-date=2 May 2011 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Priyanka |date=25 January 2021 |title=SPB honoured with Padma Vibhushan posthumously; KS Chithra gets Padma Bhushan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/spb-padma-vibhushan-ks-chitra-padma-bhushan-7161363/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125174519/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/spb-padma-vibhushan-ks-chitra-padma-bhushan-7161363/ |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> He died on 25 September 2020 in [[Chennai]] after complications from [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=25 September 2020 |title='Paadum Nila' S.P. Balasubrahmanyam no more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/paadum-nila-sp-balasubrahmanyam-no-more/article32693844.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925164732/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/paadum-nila-sp-balasubrahmanyam-no-more/article32693844.ece |archive-date=25 September 2020 |access-date=25 September 2020 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

S.P Balasubrahmanyam's bronze statue was unveiled by Telangana IT Minister [[D. Sridhar Babu|D.Sridhar Babu]] along with former vice-president of India [[Venkaiah Naidu|M.Venkaiah Naidu]] at [[Ravindra Bharathi]], [[Hyderabad]] on 15 December 2025.<ref name="S.P. Balasubrahmanyam’s statue unveiled at Ravindra Bharathi in Hyderabad">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=S.P. Balasubrahmanyam’s statue unveiled at Ravindra Bharathi in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/sp-balasubrahmanyams-statue-unveiled-at-ravindra-bharathi-in-hyderabad/article70399848.ece |access-date=17 December 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=15 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217174142/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/sp-balasubrahmanyams-statue-unveiled-at-ravindra-bharathi-in-hyderabad/article70399848.ece |archive-date=17 December 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Explained: The controversy over SPB statue unveiling at Hyderabad’s Ravindra Bharathi">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Explained: The controversy over SPB statue unveiling at Hyderabad’s Ravindra Bharathi |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/explained-the-controversy-over-spb-statue-unveiling-at-hyderabads-ravindra-bharathi |access-date=17 December 2025 |publisher=The News Minute |date=15 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217175233/https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/explained-the-controversy-over-spb-statue-unveiling-at-hyderabads-ravindra-bharathi |archive-date=17 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Celebs hail unveiling of SP Balasubrahmanyam’s bronze statue at Ravindra Bharathi">{{cite news |title=Celebs hail unveiling of SP Balasubrahmanyam’s bronze statue at Ravindra Bharathi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/celebs-hail-unveiling-of-sp-balasubrahmanyams-bronze-statue-at-ravindra-bharathi/articleshow/126031466.cms |access-date=17 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=17 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217175133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/celebs-hail-unveiling-of-sp-balasubrahmanyams-bronze-statue-at-ravindra-bharathi/articleshow/126031466.cms |archive-date=17 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="Legendary singer SP Balasubrahmanyam's statue unveiled in Hyderabad">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Legendary singer SP Balasubrahmanyam's statue unveiled in Hyderabad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2025/Dec/16/legendary-singer-sp-balasubrahmanyams-statue-unveiled-in-hyderabad |access-date=17 December 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=16 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217175110/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2025/Dec/16/legendary-singer-sp-balasubrahmanyams-statue-unveiled-in-hyderabad |archive-date=17 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Sripathi Panditaradhyula Balasubrahmanyam was born in Konetammapeta in [[Nellore district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] into a [[Telugu Brahmins|Telugu Brahmin]] family.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 September 2020 |title=SPB was not just a singer, but a multifaceted personality |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/spb-was-not-just-a-singer-but-a-multifaceted-personality/article32699795.ece |access-date=26 September 2020 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926013719/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/spb-was-not-just-a-singer-but-a-multifaceted-personality/article32699795.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Murali |first=S. |date=25 September 2020 |title=S.P. Balasubrahmanyam: The end of an era |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sp-balasubrahmanyam-the-end-of-an-era/article32695994.ece |access-date=25 September 2020 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926020903/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sp-balasubrahmanyam-the-end-of-an-era/article32695994.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> His father, S. P. Sambamurthy, was a [[Harikatha]] artist who also acted in plays.<ref name="Early life">{{cite news |author=Suganthy Krishnamachari |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article595994.ece |title=Arts / Music : Motivating, musically |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 August 2010 |access-date=2 May 2011}}</ref> His mother was Sakunthalamma, who died on 4 February 2019.<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sp-balasubrahmanyam-loses-his-mother/articleshow/67847082.cms |title=SP Balasubrahmanyam loses his mother |website=The Times of India |date=5 February 2019 |access-date=6 February 2019 |archive-date=6 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206212203/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sp-balasubrahmanyam-loses-his-mother/articleshow/67847082.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> He had two brothers and five sisters, including singer [[S. P. Sailaja]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/05/stories/2005120501970200.htm |title=Kerala / Thiruvananthapuram News : S.P.Balasubramaniam shares memories with music buffs |date=5 December 2005 |access-date=2 May 2011 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235506/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/05/stories/2005120501970200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2014/03/25214939/SP-Balasubramaniam-world-recor.html |title=Tamil Cinema news – Tamil Movies – Cinema seithigal |access-date=1 April 2014 |archive-date=1 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401061354/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2014/03/25214939/SP-Balasubramaniam-world-recor.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mirchi9.com/movienews/rumours-rife-s-p-balasubrahmanyam-health/ |title=Rumours Rife on SPB Health |date=8 September 2017 |access-date=30 September 2017 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330170814/https://www.mirchi9.com/movienews/rumours-rife-s-p-balasubrahmanyam-health/ |url-status=live}}</ref> His son [[S. P. Charan]] is also a popular South Indian singer, actor and producer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2020 |title=SP Charan on SPB's health: He's eager to leave the hospital as early as possible |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/spb-is-eager-to-leave-the-hospital-as-early-as-possible-6606658/ |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923093944/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/spb-is-eager-to-leave-the-hospital-as-early-as-possible-6606658/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:S. P. Balasubrahmanyam.jpg|thumb|Balasubrahmanyam in 1986]]

Balasubrahmanyam developed an interest in music at an early age, studied musical notations and learned music on his own. He enrolled at the [[JNTU College of Engineering Anantapur]] with the intention of becoming an engineer. He said that at the time his only dream was to fulfil his father's ambition and become an engineer and get a government job.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vivan |first=Sridhar |date=25 September 2020 |title=SP Balasubrahmanyam: The Accidental Singer |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/sp-balasubrahmanyam-the-accidental-singer/articleshow/78314117.cms |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>''<ref name=":1" />''

Balasubrahmanyam continued to pursue music during his engineering studies and won awards at singing competitions. He discontinued his studies early due to [[typhoid]] and joined as an associate member of the Institution of Engineers, [[Chennai]].<ref name="TheHinduAward2012">{{cite news |last=Murali |first=S. |date=25 September 2020 |title=S.P. Balasubrahmanyam: The end of an era |journal=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sp-balasubrahmanyam-the-end-of-an-era/article32695994.ece |url-status=live |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926020903/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sp-balasubrahmanyam-the-end-of-an-era/article32695994.ece |archive-date=26 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="67thBirthdayBlurb">{{cite web |date=4 June 2013 |title=SP.Balasubrahmanyam's 67th Birthday |url=http://www.andhra365.in/2013/06/spbalasubrahmanyams-67th-birthday.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407081546/http://www.andhra365.in/2013/06/spbalasubrahmanyams-67th-birthday.html |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=22 July 2013 |quote=Today, S.P. Balasubrahmanyam is celebrating his 67th birthday. He was born on 4 June 1946 into a Telugufamily in Nellore. Balasubrahmanyam started singing from a very young age. After dropping out from an engineering program in JNTU, he got his first break in 1966, when he sang for ''Sri Sri Sri Maryada Ramanna'' and he has sung over 40,000 songs. The State Government of AP presented the Nandi Award to Balasubrahmanyam 25 times. The Government of India honoured him with a Padma Bhushan award in 2011 and also presented him with six National Awards.}}</ref> In 1964, he won the first prize in a music competition for amateur singers organized by the Madras-based Telugu Cultural Organization.

He was the leader of a light music troupe composed of Anirutta (on the harmonium), [[Ilaiyaraaja]] (on guitar and later on harmonium), Baskar (on percussion) and [[Gangai Amaran]] (on guitar).<ref>''Dinathanthi'', Nellai Edition, 11 August 2006, p. 11.</ref> He was selected as the best singer in a singing competition which was judged by [[S. P. Kodandapani]] and [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artistopia.com/s-p-balasubrahmanyam |title=SP Balasubrahmanyam |publisher=Artistopia.com |access-date=1 May 2011 |archive-date=19 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719013528/http://www.artistopia.com/s-p-balasubrahmanyam |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.networkbase.info/pageS._P._Balasubramanyam.html |title=S. P. Balasubramanyam – Photos and All Basic Informations |publisher=Networkbase.info |access-date=1 May 2011 |archive-date=31 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331220511/http://www.networkbase.info/pageS._P._Balasubramanyam.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Often visiting music composers seeking opportunities, his first audition song was "Nilave Ennidam Nerungadhe". It was rendered by veteran playback singer [[P. B. Sreenivas]], who used to write and give him multi-lingual verses in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Sanskrit]], [[English language|English]] and [[Urdu]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article786498.ece |title=Arts / Music : An unsung genius |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 September 2010 |access-date=12 June 2011 |archive-date=7 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607045952/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article786498.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music career ==
{{See also|List of Hindi songs recorded by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|List of Kannada songs recorded by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|List of Telugu songs recorded by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|[[List of Tamil songs recorded by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]}}

=== 1960s–1970s ===
Balasubrahmanyam debuted as a playback singer on 15 December 1966 with the song "Emiyee Vinta Moham" for ''[[Sri Sri Sri Maryada Ramanna]]'', a [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film scored by his mentor, [[S. P. Kodandapani]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=14 April 2011 |title=Andhra Pradesh News : Telugu will thrive forever, says Balu |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/14/stories/2011041452160500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419211913/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/14/stories/2011041452160500.htm |archive-date=19 April 2011 |access-date=2 May 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="RLA">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/15/stories/2006081505050400.htm |title=Andhra Pradesh / Hyderabad News : Raja-Lakshmi award for S.P. Balasubrahmanyam |date=15 August 2006 |access-date=12 June 2011 |archive-date=5 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805044235/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/15/stories/2006081505050400.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=5 October 2020 |title=A very RARE picture of SP Balasubrahmanyam goes viral |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-very-rare-picture-of-sp-balasubrahmanyam-goes-viral/articleshow/78487419.cms |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The first non-Telugu song that he recorded was in [[Kannada]] in 1966 for the film ''[[Nakkare Ade Swarga]]'', starring [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|T. R. Narasimharaju]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/201139/of-soulful-strains.html |title=Of soulful strains |work=Deccan Herald |date=29 October 2011 |access-date=14 November 2013 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610223509/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/201139/of-soulful-strains.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alkahera-alyoum.com/viewvideo/17160/wikispeaks/s-p-balasubrahmanyam-wiki-article |title=S. P. Balasubrahmanyam – Wiki Article |access-date=14 November 2013 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610202944/http://www.alkahera-alyoum.com/viewvideo/17160/wikispeaks/s-p-balasubrahmanyam-wiki-article |url-status=usurped}}</ref> He recorded his first [[Tamil language|Tamil]] song "Athaanodu Ippadi Irundhu Eththanai Naalaachu", a duet with [[L. R. Eswari]] under the musical direction of [[M. S. Viswanathan]] for the film ''Hotel Ramba'', which never released. The song "Medante Meda Kaadu" from the film ''[[Sukha Dukhalu]]'' (1968) composed by Kondandapani brought him recognition in Telugu cinema.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-26 |title=మేడంటే మేడా కాదు |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/sp-balasubramanyam-first-song-introduced-his-relative-sp-kodandapani-1317532 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref>

Other early songs he sang were duets with P. Susheela, "Iyarkai Ennum Ilaya Kanni" in the 1969 film ''[[Shanti Nilayam]]'', starring [[Gemini Ganesan]], and "Aayiram Nilavae Vaa" for [[M. G. Ramachandran]] in ''[[Adimaippenn]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2014/03/26213901/mgr-introduce-sp-balasubramani.html |title=Tamil Cinema news – Tamil Movies – Cinema seithigal |access-date=1 April 2014 |archive-date=30 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330004704/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2014/03/26213901/mgr-introduce-sp-balasubramani.html |url-status=live}}</ref> His first song with S. Janaki was "Pournami Nilavil Pani Vizhum Iravil" in [[Kanni Penn]]. He was then introduced to the Malayalam film industry by [[G. Devarajan]] in the film ''Kadalppalam''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/07/12/stories/2010071250650400.htm |title=Metro Plus Kochi / Columns : KADALPAALAM 1969 |date=12 July 2010 |access-date=12 June 2011 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629045317/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/07/12/stories/2010071250650400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> As per Balasubrahmanyam, "Ye Divilo Virisina Parijathamo" from the 1973 Telugu film ''[[:te:కన్నెవయసు|Kannevayasu]]'' composed by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]] gave an amazing turning point to his singing career.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=2020-03-06 |title=S. P. Balasubrahmanyam in nostalgic mode: 'I sat under a mango tree and cried' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/s-p-balasubrahmanyam-in-nostalgic-mode-i-sat-under-a-mango-tree-and-cried/article30998378.ece |access-date=2022-08-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[File:SP Balasubrahmanyam Felicitates KJ Yesudas.jpg|thumb|Balasubrahmanyam and his wife being congratulated by [[K. J. Yesudas]] and his wife]]

Balasubrahmanyam recorded the most songs on a single day by any singer.<ref>{{Cite news |title=SPB has recorded the maximum number of songs in a single day – The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/SPB-has-recorded-the-maximum-number-of-songs-in-a-single-day/articleshow/47564790.cms |access-date=15 August 2020 |website=The Times of India |date=6 June 2015 |language=en}}</ref> He had recorded 21 songs in Kannada for the composer [[Upendra Kumar]] in Bangalore from 9:00 am to 9:00 pm on 8 February 1981 and 19 songs in Tamil, 16 songs in Hindi in a day.<ref name="entertainment.oneindia.in">{{cite web |title=S P Balasubramaniam |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/s-p-balasubramaniam/biography.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707131909/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/celebs/s-p-balasubramaniam/biography.html |archive-date=7 July 2014 |access-date=14 November 2013 |work=FilmiBeat}}</ref> In his words, "There were days when I used to record 15–20 songs, but only for [[Anand–Milind|Anand Milind]]. And I would take the last flight back to Chennai."<ref name="MumbaiMirrorSalsVoice">{{cite news |last=Thakkar |first=Mehul S |title=Salman's voice now belongs to Shah Rukh |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Salmans-voice-now-belongs-to-Shah-Rukh/articleshow/20236261.cms |access-date=22 July 2013 |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |date=24 May 2013 |archive-date=8 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608034806/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Salmans-voice-now-belongs-to-Shah-Rukh/articleshow/20236261.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=T. Krithika Reddy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article77605.ece |title=Life & Style / Metroplus : Swinging sixties |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 January 2010 |access-date=2 May 2011 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011195305/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Swinging-sixties/article16836714.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1970s, he also worked with [[M. S. Viswanathan]] in Tamil movies for actors such as M. G. Ramachandran, [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and Gemini Ganesan. He recorded duets with [[P. Susheela]], [[S. Janaki]], [[Vani Jayaram]] and [[L. R. Eswari]]. Balasubrahmanyam's association with [[Ilaiyaraaja]] began even before Ilaiyaraaja came to the cine field. In the early days, he used to sing in towns and villages all over south India and Ilaiyaraaja, then an unknown harmonium and guitar player accompanied him in his concerts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vignessh |date=16 August 2020 |title=The story of an enduring friendship for 5 decades – SPB and Ilayaraja |url=https://thefederal.com/news/the-story-of-an-enduring-friendship-for-5-decades-spb-and-ilayaraja/ |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=The Federal |language=en-US |archive-date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006133251/https://thefederal.com/news/the-story-of-an-enduring-friendship-for-5-decades-spb-and-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 1980s ===
Balasubrahmanyam gained international recognition with the 1980 film ''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]''. The film is considered to be one of the best films ever to emerge from the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=8IIFA.pdf |title=Directorate of Film Festival |publisher=Iffi.nic.in |access-date=1 January 2013 |archive-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101233112/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=8IIFA.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Directed by [[K. Viswanath]], the film's soundtrack was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]] and led to an increase in the usage of [[Carnatic music]] in Telugu cinema as well as in other languages. Not a classically trained singer, he used a "film music" aesthetic in recording the songs.<ref name="CAMBRIDGE">{{cite book |editor-last=Dalmia |editor-first=Vasudha |title=The Cambridge companion to modern Indian culture |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-73618-3 |page=248 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hyIWIe4T0YC&q=Balasubramaniam+singer&pg=PA248 |author1=Sadana, Rashmi |date=5 April 2012}}</ref> Balasubrahmanyam received his first [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] for his work. His first work in Hindi films was in the following year, in ''[[Ek Duuje Ke Liye]]'' (1981),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/sp-balasubrahmanyam-the-accidental-singer/articleshow/78314117.cms |title=SP Balasubrahmanyam: The Accidental Singer |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> for which he received another [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for Best Male Playback Singer.<ref name="Most no of songs">{{cite news |date=3 February 2006 |title=Entertainment Hyderabad / Events : In honour of a legend |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/02/03/stories/2006020301430200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101225852/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/02/03/stories/2006020301430200.htm |archive-date=1 January 2014 |access-date=2 May 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
[[File:SP Balasubrahmanyam Felicitates KJ Yesudas-1.jpg|thumb|left|Balasubrahmanyam in 2019]]
Balasubrahmanyam began to record more songs in Telugu and other South Indian languages, especially for [[Ilaiyaraaja]] with [[S. Janaki]], the trio considered to be highly successful in the [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] film industry from the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s. The songs were based on classical music, such as in ''[[Saagara Sangamam]]'' (1983) and ''[[Rudraveena (film)|Rudraveena]]'' (1988), for which Ilaiyaraaja and Balasubrahmanyam won [[National Film Awards|National Awards]] for [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Director]] and Best Male Playback Singer respectively.<ref name="carnatic">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/03/06/stories/2010030652600300.htm |title=Metro Plus Visakhapatnam / Music : Balu live and lively |date=6 March 2010 |access-date=2 May 2011 |archive-date=5 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505173807/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/03/06/stories/2010030652600300.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> South Indian actor [[Chiranjeevi]] said that SPB's voice is one of the main reasons for his success.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chiranjeevi: It's the darkest day for the world of music |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chiranjeevi-its-the-darkest-day-for-the-world-of-music/articleshow/78313567.cms |access-date=24 September 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=25 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1989, Balasubrahmanyam was the playback singer for actor [[Salman Khan]] in ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya]]''.<ref name="KnewToddler">{{cite news |last=Kadam |first=Prachi |title=I knew Rahman as a toddler: SP Balasubrahmanyam |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1352465/report-i-knew-rahman-as-a-toddler-sp-balasubrahmanyam |access-date=22 July 2013 |newspaper=DNA India |date=25 February 2010}}</ref> The [[Maine Pyar Kiya#Soundtrack|soundtrack]] for the film won a [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] for the song ''Dil Deewana''. For much of the next decade, Balasubrahmanyam continued as the "romantic singing voice" on the soundtracks of Khan's films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/218530.aspx |title=HindustanTimes-Print |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 April 2007 |access-date=12 June 2011 |archive-date=29 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929083614/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/218530.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref> Notable among these was ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]'' which became the [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films#Highest-grossing Bollywood films throughout history|highest-grossing Hindi film of all time]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=350&catName=QmlnZ2VzdCBCbG9ja2J1c3RlcnMgRXZlcg== |title=The Biggest Blockbusters Ever in Hindi Cinema |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=4 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021185350/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=350&catName=QmlnZ2VzdCBCbG9ja2J1c3RlcnMgRXZlcg%3D%3D |archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> Balasubrahmanyam's duet with [[Lata Mangeshkar]], "[[Didi Tera Devar Deewana]]", was very popular.<ref name="TheBeat">{{cite journal |title=The Beat |journal=The Beat |year=1992 |volume=11 |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAk5AQAAIAAJ&q=playback+Balasubrahmanyam |publisher=Bongo Productions |location=University of California |access-date=27 August 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011195309/https://books.google.com/books?id=FAk5AQAAIAAJ&q=playback+Balasubrahmanyam&dq=playback+Balasubrahmanyam&hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref> SP Balasubrahmanyam became identified as Salman Khan's voice in the 90s just like [[Kishore Kumar]] became [[Rajesh Khanna]]'s voice through the 70s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2015/06/04/sp-balasubrahmanyam-the-voice-that-introduced-us-to-salman-khan |title=B'day Jukebox: SP Balasubrahmanyam Was Salman Khan's 90s Voice |date=4 June 2015 |website=The Quint |access-date=18 April 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503014717/http://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2015/06/04/sp-balasubrahmanyam-the-voice-that-introduced-us-to-salman-khan |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=S P Balasubramanyam: The voice that made Salman Khan sing – Nishad N |url=https://www.saddahaq.com/s-p-balasubramanyam-the-voice-that-made-salman-khan-sing |website=saddahaq.com |access-date=14 December 2017 |archive-date=14 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214182943/https://www.saddahaq.com/s-p-balasubramanyam-the-voice-that-made-salman-khan-sing |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== 1990s ===
[[File:S P Balasubrahmanyam K S Chithra.jpg|thumb|left|Balasubrahmanyam and [[K. S. Chitra]] performing at ''Celebrating 50 years of musical journey of S. P. Balasubrahmanyam'' on 9 December 2016 at Duty Free Tennis Stadium, Dubai]]
In the 1990s, he worked with composers such as [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], [[M. M. Keeravani]], [[Hamsalekha]], [[S. A. Rajkumar]] and [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] among others, but his association with [[A. R. Rahman]] turned out be a major success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2020 |title=#RIPSPB: The journey of a legend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ripspb-the-journey-of-a-legend/photostory/78312190.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925140532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ripspb-the-journey-of-a-legend/photostory/78312190.cms |archive-date=25 September 2020 |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Balasubrahmanyam recorded three songs for [[A. R. Rahman]] in the latter's debut film ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]''. He had a long-time association with Rahman right from ''Roja''. Other popular songs include "July Maadham" from ''[[Pudhiya Mugam]]'', which also marked the debut of singer [[Anupama (singer)|Anupama]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 February 2002 |title=Singer with style |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/singer-with-style/article28593191.ece |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> "Mannoothu Manthayilae" from ''[[Kizhakku Cheemayile]]'' which was a folk number and he almost sang all songs in the musical love story ''[[Duet (1994 film)|Duet]]'' and "Thanga Thaamarai" from ''[[Minsara Kanavu]]'' which fetched him, the sixth and latest of his [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|National Film Awards for Best Male Playback Singer]] to date.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S P Balasubrahmanyam, Thank You for the Music |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/s-p-balasubrahmanyam-thank-you-for-the-music-2300905 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926053018/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/s-p-balasubrahmanyam-thank-you-for-the-music-2300905 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=40,000 songs in 16 languages: Here are some rare pictures of legendary singer SP Balasubrahmanyam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2020/jun/04/40000-songs-in-16-languages-here-are-some-rare-pictures-oflegendary-singer-sp-balasubrahmanyam-102884.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929105527/https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2020/jun/04/40000-songs-in-16-languages-here-are-some-rare-pictures-oflegendary-singer-sp-balasubrahmanyam-102884.html |archive-date=29 September 2020 |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Balasubrahmanyam's association with [[Hamsalekha]] began after the latter's successful venture ''[[Premaloka]]'' in Kannada. Balasubrahmanyam sang the most songs for Hamsalekha in Kannada. He received his fourth National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer for the song "Umandu Ghumandu" from the Kannada film ''[[Ganayogi Panchakshari Gavayi]]'' (1995), which was a [[Hindustani classical music]]-based composition by Hamsalekha.<ref name="carnatic" />

=== 2000–2020 ===
[[File:Singer Sripathi Panditaradhyula Balasubramanyam.jpg|thumb|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam performing in Singapore]]
In 2013, Balasubrahmanyam recorded the title song for ''[[Chennai Express]]'', singing for the lead actor [[Shah Rukh Khan]], under the music direction of [[Vishal–Shekhar]], breaking his 15-year hiatus from [[Bollywood|Hindi cinema]] music.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/chennai-express-ttitle-track-teaser-released-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukone-164115-2013-05-22 |title=Balasubramaniam returns with Chennai Express title track |work=India Today |date=23 May 2013 |access-date=19 July 2013 |archive-date=9 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709230031/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/chennai-express-ttitle-track-teaser-released-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukone/1/272636.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

SPB is the only singer having a long spanning career of 54 years having at least two songs to record per day, even in his last days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=27 September 2020 |title=Was hospitalisation of SPB needed? |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/my-voice/was-hospitalisation-of-spb-needed-648130 |access-date=24 September 2021 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2020, SPB crooned a song on humanity titled "Bharath Bhoomi" which was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] as a tribute to the people such as police, doctors, nurses and janitors who have been significantly working amid [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=30 May 2020 |title=Ilaiyaraaja and SPB join hands for 'Bharath Bhoomi' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ilaiyaraajas-tribute-song-on-covid-19/article31709650.ece |access-date=15 August 2020 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629064035/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ilaiyaraajas-tribute-song-on-covid-19/article31709650.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> The video song was officially unveiled by Ilaiyaraaja through his official [[YouTube]] account on 30 May 2020 in both Tamil and Hindi languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2020 |title=A song of tribute: Ilayaraja's salute to COVID-19 warriors |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/310520/a-song-of-tribute-ilayarajas-salute-to-covid-19-warriors.html |access-date=15 August 2020 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814093713/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/310520/a-song-of-tribute-ilayarajas-salute-to-covid-19-warriors.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maestro Ilaiyaraaja pays tribute to COVID-19 warriors, releases song sung by SPB |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/may/30/maestro-ilaiyaraaja-pays-tribute-to-covid-19-warriors-releases-song-sung-by-spb-2149984.html |access-date=15 August 2020 |website=The New Indian Express |date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819230248/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/may/30/maestro-ilaiyaraaja-pays-tribute-to-covid-19-warriors-releases-song-sung-by-spb-2149984.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Selected discography==
He also worked as a composer for 45 films:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muralidharan |first=Kavitha |date=25 September 2020 |title=Remembering 'Sigaram': SPB's pride as a music composer |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/remembering-sigaram-spb-s-pride-music-composer-133921 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231164904/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/remembering-sigaram-spb-s-pride-music-composer-133921 |archive-date=31 December 2021 |access-date=9 November 2020 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/s-p-balasubrahmanyam|title=S P Balasubrahmanyam : Kannada Singer| Actor Age, Movies, Biography, Photos|website=chiloka.com}}</ref>
{{colbegin}}
*''[[Toorpu Velle Railu]]'' (1979; Telugu)<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2020 |title=SPB sir sang wonderful songs for me over the years: Mohan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/spb-sir-sang-wonderful-songs-for-me-over-the-years-mohan/articleshow/77572698.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518160240/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/spb-sir-sang-wonderful-songs-for-me-over-the-years-mohan/articleshow/77572698.cms |archive-date=18 May 2022 |access-date=16 May 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*''[[Thudikkum Karangal (1983 film)|Thudikkum Karangal]]'' (1983; Tamil)
*''[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]'' (1985; Telugu)
*''Devarelliddane'' (1985; Kannada)
*''[[Bete (1986 film)|Bete]]'' (1986; Kannada)
*''[[Sowbhagya Lakshmi]]'' (1987; Kannada)
*''[[Ramanna Shamanna]]'' (1988; Kannada)
*''Jockey'' (1989; Kannada)
*''[[Sigaram]]'' (1991; Tamil)
*''[[Thaiyalkaran]]'' (1991; Tamil)
*''[[Belliyappa Bangarappa]]'' (1992; Kannada)
*''[[Muddina Maava]]'' (1993; Kannada)
*''Angaiyalli Apsare'' (1993; Kannada)
*''[[Unnai Charanadaindhen]]'' (2003; Tamil) (songs only)

{{Colend}}

== Other work ==
{{See also|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam filmography}}

=== Voice acting ===
Balasubrahmanyam accidentally became a dubbing artist with K. Balachander's film ''Manmadha Leela'' (1976), the dubbed Telugu version of ''[[Manmadha Leelai (1976 film)|Manmadha Leelai]]'', providing voice-over for [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref>{{cite web |author=sales@andhravilas.net |url=http://andhravilas.com/movienews.asp?id=90961&curPage=18 |title=Chit chat with S. P. Balasubramaniam – Andhravilas.com -Telugu Cinema, Telugu Movies, India News & World News, Bollywood, Songs |date=26 March 2009 |access-date=2 May 2011 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707141241/http://andhravilas.com/movienews.asp?id=90961&curPage=18 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> He has also provided [[voice-over]]s for various artists, including Kamal Haasan, [[Rajinikanth]], [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Salman Khan]], [[K. Bhagyaraj]], [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Girish Karnad]], [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Arjun Sarja]], [[Nagesh]], [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] and [[Raghuvaran]] in various languages. He was assigned as the default dubbing artist for Kamal Haasan in Telugu-dubbed versions of Tamil films. For the Telugu version of ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'', he gave voice to seven characters (including the female character) out of ten characters played by Kamal Haasan.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707141241/http://andhravilas.com/movienews.asp?id=90961&curPage=18 Chit chat with S. P. Balasubramaniam – Andhravilas.com -Telugu Cinema, Telugu Movies, India News & World News, Bollywood, Songs :]}} 26 March 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2012.</ref> He was awarded the [[Nandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist]] for the films ''[[Annamayya (film)|Annamayya]]'' and ''Sri Sai Mahima''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2000.html |title=Telugu Cinema Etc |website=www.idlebrain.com |access-date=9 February 2014 |archive-date=15 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015051332/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2000.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He dubbed for [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] for the Tamil version of the movie ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]'' in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamilcinemanews123.blogspot.in/2012/04/spb-and-chinmayi-voice-for-balakrishna_02.html |title=SPB and Chinmayi voice for Balakrishna and Nayanthara in Sri Rama Rajyam movie – Tamil Cinema News – Latest News on Kollywood |date=2 April 2012 |access-date=23 September 2014 |archive-date=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814215535/http://tamilcinemanews123.blogspot.in/2012/04/spb-and-chinmayi-voice-for-balakrishna_02.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> He also dubbed for [[Ben Kingsley]] in the Telugu-dubbed version of ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/SPB-naturally/article15937688.ece |title=SPB, naturally |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 March 2009 |access-date=4 April 2017}}</ref>

=== Television shows and films ===
[[File:SP Balasubrahmanyam and KJ Yesudas at Abbas Cultural’s Kalaivizha 2017 – 25 Years of Celebrating Art Event.jpg|thumb|S. P. B with [[K. J. Yesudas]]]]
Balasubrahmanyam hosted and judged Telugu musical [[reality TV]] show ''[[Padutha Theeyaga]]'', which marked his television debut. Starting from 1996, the show is credited for unearthing singing talents from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]. Singers like [[Usha (singer)|Usha]], [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]], [[Gopika Poornima]], [[Mallikarjun]], [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], [[N. C. Karunya]], [[Smita]] etc., have debuted in the show.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2020 |title='పాడుతా తీయ‌గా' ప్రోగ్రాంకు ఊపిరి పోసేదెవ‌రు? |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/padutha-teeyaga-programme-by-sp-balu-83347 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011195315/https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/padutha-teeyaga-programme-by-sp-balu-83347 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=[[Namasthe Telangana]] |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2020 |title=RIP SPB: A household name in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rip-spb-a-household-name-in-andhra-pradesh-telangana-892776.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929020217/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rip-spb-a-household-name-in-andhra-pradesh-telangana-892776.html |archive-date=29 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> He also hosted and judged Kannada musical reality TV show ''[[Ede Thumbi Haaduvenu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2021 |title=Sandalwood Remembers SPB With Yedhe Tumbi Haduvenu, Colors Kannada Viewers Emotional |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/sandalwood/sandalwood-remembers-spb-yedhe-tumbi-haduvenu-colors-kannada-viewers-emotional |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref> Balasubrahmanyam also appeared in other shows such as ''Paadalani Undi, Endaro Mahanubahvulu'' and ''Swarabhishekam.''<ref>{{Cite news |title=SP Balasubramanyam is no more; From Paadutha Teeyaga to his last show Samajavargamana, here's a look at his TV shows |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sp-balasubramanyam-is-no-more-from-paadutha-teeyaga-to-his-last-show-samajavargamana-heres-a-look-at-his-tv-shows/articleshow/78314494.cms |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=The Times of India |date=25 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Balasubrahmanyam was married in 1969 to Savithri and has two children, a daughter Pallavi, and a son [[S. P. Charan]], also a playback singer and film producer.

Having no formal training, Balasubrahmanyam considered [[S. P. Kodandapani]], who gave him his first singing offer and mentored him in his early career, to be his [[guru]]. He would reminisce about him throughout his life and would often pay tributes to him.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> He named his [[Recording studio|recording theatre]] after him. He also named his film [[production company]] after him as 'Sri Kodandapani Film Circuits'.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-07 |title=Happy Birthday Kamal Haasan: Legendary Telugu films of the legendary actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-kamal-haasan-legendary-telugu-films-of-the-legendary-actor/photostory/66537624.cms |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He also idolised [[Mohammed Rafi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rafi, the singer SPB idolised |date=10 Sep 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rafi-the-singer-spb-idolised/articleshow/78323737.cms |work=India Times |last=Sitapathi |first=Rao |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231004224605/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rafi-the-singer-spb-idolised/articleshow/78323737.cms?frmapp=yes&from=mdr}}</ref><ref>{{cite video |title=SP Bala Subramanyam Explaining Deewana Hua Badal Song By Mohammed Rafi to Sonu Nigam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fsE5muS7fog |via=YouTube |access-date=20 March 2021 }}</ref>

== Illness and death ==
[[File:S.P. Balasubrahmanyam’s statue at Ravindra Bharathi in Hyderabad 8858.jpg|thumb|S.P. Balasubrahmanyam’s statue at Ravindra Bharathi in Hyderabad]]
On 5 August 2020, Balasubrahmanyam tested positive for [[COVID-19]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] and was admitted to MGM Healthcare in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2020 |title=Renowned Singer SP Balasubrahmanyam's health deteriorates; moved to ICU on life support |publisher=Mumbai Live |agency=Mumbai Live |url=https://mumlive.co/jhfM1yD |access-date=14 August 2020}}</ref> Subsequently, his health deteriorated and he was shifted to the [[intensive care unit]] in a critical state. He required a ventilator and [[extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]] (ECMO) support. It was reported that his age (74 years) and multiple co-morbidities, such as [[diabetes]], that worsened his condition.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2020 |title=Covid-19: SP Balasubrahmanyam remains critical after testing positive, put on life support |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sp-balasubramaniam-who-tested-positive-remains-critical-singer-put-on-life-support/articleshow/77546328.cms |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011195314/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sp-balasubramaniam-who-tested-positive-remains-critical-singer-put-on-life-support/articleshow/77546328.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Manveena Suri and Amy Woodyatt |title=Famed Indian film singer SP Balasubrahmanyam on life support |url=https://www.cnn.com/2070/08/14/entertainment/sp-balasubrahmanyam-life-support-covid-19/index.html |access-date=15 August 2020 |website=CNN}}</ref> Filmmakers and musicians from the Tamil film industry met virtually and live-streamed a mass prayer on August 20, while Telugu and Kannada film industries had the same of their own on different dates. Candlelight vigils were held by fans outside the hospital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu comes together, prays for singer SP Balasubrahmanyam's recovery |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/aug/20/tamil-nadu-comes-together-prays-for-singer-sp-balasubrahmanyams-recovery-2186125.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=20 August 2020 |access-date=20 August 2020 |archive-date=21 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821203358/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/aug/20/tamil-nadu-comes-together-prays-for-singer-sp-balasubrahmanyams-recovery-2186125.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/mass-prayer-meet-organised-by-sandalwood-for-sp-balasubrahmanyam-in-bengaluru/articleshow/77927004.cms |title=Mass prayer meet organised by Sandalwood for SP Balasubrahmanyam in Bengaluru |website=The Times of India|date=4 September 2020 }}</ref> On 7 September 2020, Balasubrahmanyam tested negative for the coronavirus, although he remained using a ventilator and ECMO. He started showing signs of recovery, including light speech and physical activities.<ref name="Tests negative">{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=7 September 2020 |title=SP Balasubrahmanyam health update: Singer tests coronavirus negative, still on ventilator |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sp-balasubrahmanyam-health-update-singer-tests-coronavirus-negative-still-on-ventilator-1719475-2020-09-07 |access-date=7 September 2020 |website=[[India Today]] |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907140829/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sp-balasubrahmanyam-health-update-singer-tests-coronavirus-negative-still-on-ventilator-1719475-2020-09-07 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, the hospital released a statement on 24 September stating that he became "extremely critical" and was on "maximal life support".<ref>{{Cite news |title=SP Balasubrahmanyam's health extremely critical; doctors claim he his on 'maximal life support' |publisher=Mumbai Live |url=https://mumlive.co/3czY88e |access-date=25 September 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011195317/https://www.mumbailive.com/en/music-dance/sp-balasubrahmanyam-health-condition-extremely-critical-and-doctors-say-he-is-on-maximal-life-support-in-chennai-55846 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Balasubrahmanyam died on 25 September 2020 at 1:04 pm ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) of [[cardio-respiratory arrest]] after over a month-long hospitalisation.<ref name="spb death">{{Cite web |last=Abishek Jerold |title=SP Balasubramahmanyam dies at age 74 |date=25 September 2020 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/legendary-singer-sp-balasubrahmanyam-dies-at-74-in-chennai-1725054-2020-09-25 |access-date=25 September 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925175400/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/legendary-singer-sp-balasubrahmanyam-dies-at-74-in-chennai-1725054-2020-09-25 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was buried at his farm house in Thamaraipaakkam, [[Thiruvallur district]] with state honours on 26 September 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2020 |title=SP Balasubrahmanyam buried at his farmhouse with state honours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sp-balasubrahmanyam-buried-at-his-farmhouse-with-state-honours-6616597/ |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928102347/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sp-balasubrahmanyam-buried-at-his-farmhouse-with-state-honours-6616597/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam}}

[[File:M. Venkaiah Naidu presents the centenary award to the Legendary Singer, Shri S.P. Balasubrahmanyam, at the inauguration of the 47th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2016), in Panaji, Goa.jpg|thumb|Then Vice President [[Venkaiah Naidu]] presenting the centenary award to S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
Throughout his career, Balasubrahmanyam has won awards not only for playback singing, but also for music direction, acting, dubbing and producing. He has won six [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|National Film Awards for Best Male Playback Singer]]. He was also awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2001 and the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2011 and [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2021 ([[Posthumous award|Posthumously]]).
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam}}
* {{Facebook | id= SPB | name= S. P. Balasubrahmanyam }}
* {{Instagram | id= ispbofficial | name= S. P. Balasubrahmanyam }}
* {{YouTube|c=UCrSit4ra9GmGH6Z0SczTATg}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{National Film Award Best Male Playback Singer}}{{Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu}}{{IFFI - Indian Film Personality of the year Award}}
{{NTR National Award}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer}}
{{SIIMA Lifetime Achievement Award}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Music Director}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Padma Bhushan Award recipients 2010–2019}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balasubrahmanyam, S. P.}}
[[Category:S. P. Balasubrahmanyam| ]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Bhajan singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Best Male Playback Singer National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2008]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Sanskrit-language singers]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:People from Nellore]]

Jammu Airport

2026-03-09T20:05:26Z

Aurovedacharitable: minor edit

{{Short description|Airport serving Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Jammu Airport
| image = Jammu Airport.png
| image-width = 240
| caption =
| IATA = IXJ
| ICAO = VIJU
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label = '''IXJ'''
| type = Public/Military
| owner = [[Indian Air Force]]<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=65078 | title=Evaluation of Patna And Jammu Airport | publisher=[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Indian Ministry of Civil Aviation]] | date=19 August 2010 | access-date=27 November 2016}}</ref>
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| owner-oper =
| city-served = [[Jammu (city)|Jammu]]
| location = Jammu, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| metric-elev = y
| elevation-f = 1,029
| elevation-m = 314
| coordinates = {{coord|32|41|21|N|074|50|15|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time]]
| utc = +5:30
| website = [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/jammu Jammu Airport]
| metric-rwy = y
| r1-number = 18/36
| r1-length-f = 8,000
| r1-length-m = 2,438
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 1,614,167 ({{increase}} 10.8%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 13,520 ({{increase}} 19.1%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 1,054 ({{increase}} 20.2%)
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Jammu Airport''', officially known as '''Jammu Civil Enclave'''<ref name="aaigi" /> {{airport codes|IXJ|VIJU}}, is a [[domestic airport]] serving [[Jammu (city)|Jammu]], the [[winter capital]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. It is located {{cvt|6.1|km}} south of the city centre and {{cvt|14|km}} from the [[India–Pakistan border]].

==Infrastructure==

===Terminal 1===
The {{convert|14,500|m2|adj=on}} terminal can only handle domestic flights. It has 5 gates and 20 check-in desks.<ref name="aaiti">{{cite web | url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/jammu_technicalinfo.jsp | title=Jammu: Technical information | work=[[Airports Authority of India]] | date=25 June 2014 | access-date=27 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128195208/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/jammu_technicalinfo.jsp | archive-date=28 November 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A store selling traditional packaged food items, a shoe shop, a restaurant, and a souvenir store and information desk for pilgrims travelling to the [[Vaishno Devi]] temple are among the amenities available in the terminal.<ref name="aaipi">{{cite web | url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/jammu_passengerinfo.jsp | title=Jammu: Passenger information | work=[[Airports Authority of India]] | date=12 September 2016 | access-date=27 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128195245/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/jammu_passengerinfo.jsp | archive-date=28 November 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Terminal 2===
In September 2021, Aviation Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia announced that there would be a new terminal of 45,000 square meters, and an investment worth rupees 700 crores would be made.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/jk-govt-to-handover-122-acres-of-land-to-aai-to-build-new-airport-terminal-at-jammu/article37318528.ece|title = J&K govt to handover 122 acres of land to AAI to build new airport terminal at Jammu|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 3 November 2021}}</ref>

==Night landing==

"The launch of night flights encourages investment by boosting the local economy, improving air connectivity and increasing the number of tourists in the region. It also allows residents of the Jammu district to travel to the state capital and beyond. It will provide the flexibility that has been coveted for," LG Sinha said.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

According to airport authorities, new carpet construction on the runway has been completed and a runway approach light system, including a series of light strips with flashing lights, has been installed and is in operation. Therefore, nighttime operations have begun at all other facilities already installed and in operation at Jammu Airport, including Instrument Landing System (ILS), CAT1 Lights, PAPI. The extended 1,300-foot runway will be integrated with the existing runway and all related work was meant to be completed by August 31, 2021. Jammu Airport extended its business hours in early 2019, but due to delayed runway expansion, the night flight system was put on hold.

On July 17, 2021, it was announced that Jammu Airport was capable of handling night flights. The first scheduled night flight was by Go Air on July 23, 2021.

The [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=IN57042 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20161221042938/http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=IN57042 | url-status=usurped | archive-date=21 December 2016 | title=Jammu -- VIJU | work=[[DAFIF]] | date=October 2006 | access-date=27 November 2016}}</ref> runway, 18/36, has dimensions {{convert|2042|x|45|m}}.<ref name="aaiti" /> It can handle [[Instrument landing system#ILS categories|CAT I instrument landing system]] approaches. The apron has space to park three [[Airbus A320]] aircraft and three [[Boeing 737]].<ref name="aaiti" />

==Airlines and destinations==
[[File:GoAir Airbus A320 over Jammu Airport.JPG|thumb|An aircraft over the airport]]

{{Airport-dest-list|3rdcoltitle={{Abbr|Refs.|References}}|3rdcolunsortable=yes

|[[Air India]]|[[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport|Leh]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]], [[Srinagar Airport|Srinagar]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airindia.in/time-table.htm|title=Air India Timetable|work=Air India|access-date=12 January 2020}}</ref>

|{{nowrap|[[Air India Express]]}}|[[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Hindon Airport|Ghaziabad]], [[Srinagar Airport|Srinagar]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/international/air-india-express-expands-domestic-reach-with-new-flights-to-jammu-and-port-blair/114617727|title=Air India Flights from jammu and port blair|work=Air India Express|access-date=28 November 2024}}</ref>

|{{nowrap|[[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]]}}|[[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/alliance-air-to-commence-dehradun-jammu-service-in-mar-2023-1193010|title=Alliance Air to commence Dehradun-Jammu service in Mar-2023|work=CAPA|accessdate=24 March 2023}}</ref>

|[[IndiGo]]|[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]],<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.flightsfrom.com/IXJ |title=IndiGo flight network from Jammu|work=FlightsFrom|accessdate=29 May 2025}}</ref> [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]],<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.flightsfrom.com/IXJ |title=IndiGo flight network from Jammu|work=FlightsFrom|accessdate=29 May 2025}}</ref> [[Chandigarh Airport|Chandigarh]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/indigo-to-commence-chandigarh-jammu-service-in-apr-2024-1252321|title=IndiGo to commence Chandigarh-Jammu service in Apr-2024|work=CAPA|accessdate=7 March 2024}}</ref> [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]],<ref>{{cite web |title=IndiGo Aug – Oct 2024 Domestic Network Additions |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240814-6eaug24in |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref> [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport|Indore]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/aviation/story/indigo-announces-6-new-domestic-routes-check-list-here-419469-2024-02-29|title=IndiGo announces 6 new domestic routes; check list here|work=Business Today|accessdate=28 February 2024}}</ref> [[Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport|Leh]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]], [[Srinagar Airport|Srinagar]]|

|[[SpiceJet]]|[[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Srinagar Airport|Srinagar]] |<ref name="SpiceJet Flight Schedules">{{cite web|url= https://www.spicejet.com/Schedules.aspx|title=SpiceJet flight schedules|website=www.spicejet.com}}</ref>
}}

== Statistics ==
{{Airport-Statistics|iata=IXJ}}

==Access==
The airport is located {{convert|8|km}} southwest of the city of Jammu, along [[Ranbir Singh Pora|Ranbir Singh Pura]] Road.<ref name="aaigi">{{cite web | url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/jammu.jsp | title=Jammu: General information | work=[[Airports Authority of India]] | date=5 September 2016 | access-date=27 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223032451/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/jammu.jsp | archive-date=23 December 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="book2014">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mJQBAAAQBAJ | title=Kashmir: Jammu, Kashmir Valley, Ladakh, Zanskar | publisher=Bradt Travel Guides | year=2014 | location=Chalfont St Peter | pages=230 | isbn=978-1-84162-396-2 | author1=Lovell-Hoare, Sophie | author2=Lovell-Hoare, Max}}</ref> There is a car park with 80 spaces. Bus, taxi and car rental services provide transportation to the city.<ref name="aaipi" />

==Incidents and accidents==

* On 9 January 2017, Air India 821, an [[Air India]] [[Airbus A320-200]] on a scheduled flight from Delhi, overran runway 36 at Jammu on landing. The aircraft touched down at a distance of 2,400 feet from the runway threshold. Four of the eight main landing gear tires burst during the rollout and the aircraft came to a stop on soft ground 8 metres from the edge of the runway. Smoke was observed in the rear cabin and an evacuation ensued. The investigation revealed the serious incident was caused by the late touchdown and reduced deceleration rate due to improper application of the brakes. None of the 143 occupants was injured.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hradecky |first1=Simon |title=Incident: India A320 at Jammu on Jun 9th 2017, overran runway on landing |url=https://avherald.com/h?article=4aa1c154&opt=0 |website=The Aviation Herald |access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref>
* On 27 June 2021, there were twin blasts at the IAF station of the airport, which was suspected to be a terror attack. The blasts took place within five minutes during the night of the day. The first blast was heard at 1:37 AM IST, while the second one was on the ground, and blasted at 1:42 AM IST. The first bomb damaged one building by blowing of its roof, while the other one exploded on an empty area, outside the airport. It injured two army personnel, but they were soon recovered and the impacted building was repaired.<ref>{{Cite web|author1=Bhat, Sunil, Sandhu, Kamaljit|title=Twin explosions rock Air Force-operated area of Jammu airport– Highlights|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/story/mysterious-blast-air-force-station-jammu-police-on-spot-1819845-2021-06-27|website=India Today|date=27 June 2021|access-date=25 April 2023|language=en}}</ref>
* On 10 April 2025, one of the leased Indian Army Heron Mk2 crashed at [[Satwari Airport]] at around 2:45 pm IST while returning from a reconnaissance mission. The incident, under investigation, occurred after loss of control while landing. The aircraft crashed into an IAF tower at the airport injuring an [[Defence Security Corps|DSC]] personnel (Naik Surinder Pal).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajuria |first=Ravi Krishnan |date=2025-04-11 |title=Army’s UAV crashes into IAF tower at Technical airport, Jammu, soldier critically injured |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/armys-uav-crashes-into-iaf-tower-at-technical-airport-jammu-soldier-critically-injured-101744312556784.html |access-date=2025-04-11 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of busiest airports in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Jammu Airport}}
*{{ASN|IXJ|Jammu-Satwari Airport}}
*[https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/jammu Jammu Airport] at the Airports Authority of India

{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jammu (city)]]
[[Category:Transport in Jammu]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Tirumala Dhruva Bera

2026-03-04T06:45:51Z

Aurovedacharitable: corrected information further and updated info after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
'''Tirumala Dhruva Bera''' is the name given to the deity of Lord [[Venkateswara]] in [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. ''Dhruva Bera'' is the official terminology used for the main deity of a temple with the exact translation being ''The Immovable image'' and as the name suggests, the deity is stationary and other deities are used for ''pujas'', ''sevas'' that requires the deity's presence outside the {{Transliteration|hi|garbha griham}} (sanctum sanctorum). Other terms used for Dhruva Bera include ''Moolavar'' or ''Moola Virat'' (Main Deity), ''Achala'' (Constant).

Tirumala Dhruva Bera is considered to be [[Swayambhu]] - self-manifested and not created by human. According to [[Legend of Tirumala|Sri Venkatachala Mahatyam]], Lord Venkateswara came to reside in this sacred spot to provide blessings to devotees in the ''[[Kali Yuga]]''. The deity does not conform to the ''agamas'' (rules) for making a deity, thus furthering the belief that the temple's deity is Swayambhu.

==Deity description==
The holy idol stands approximately ten feet tall<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10QgAAAAMAAJ&q=makuta|title=Sri Venkateswara, the lord of the seven hills, Tirupati, Page 17, P.Sitapati, 1968|publisher=[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|TTD]] | accessdate=2007-05-10|year=1968}}</ref> and stands on a platform of about 18 inches. The platform follows a simple lotus design, and the details of the inscription on the platform are unknown to anyone except the temple's {{Transliteration|hi|archakas}} (priests). The platform is usually covered in [[Ocimum tenuiflorum|tulsi]] leaves except on Thursday afternoon and during the Friday abhishekam.<ref name = 'Tirumalatemple'>{{cite book |first=Dr. N. |last=Ramesan|title=The Tirumala Temple |year=1981 |publisher=[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]|location=[[Tirumala]]}}</ref>

The face of the deity displays exquisite features, with the nose neither flat nor overly prominent. The eyes are prominent and have the outline of '[[Urdhva Pundra|tirunamam]]' though it is not projected out of the deity. The eyes are partially covered with the ''tirunamam'' made of ''pachakarpuram'' (raw [[camphor]]), and the black line in the middle of the tirunamam is made of ''Kasturi'' (wild [[turmeric]]) powder and [[musk]] paste. The size, shape and details of the namam are governed by strict rules laid by the [[Vaikhanasas|Vaikhanasa Agama]] book. The deity has a self-manifested crown up to the forehead and ''jatajuta'' (real curly hair) resting on the shoulder. The chest is estimated to be between 36 and 40 inches in width, and the waist would be between 24 and 27 inches, though there has never been a formal measurement of these statistics. Since the upper body is bare, features of the chest are prominently seen, with the main feature being the image of a sitting Goddess [[Lakshmi]] (Vishnu's wife) carved on the right side of the chest. This image of Lakshmi is called Vyuha Lakshmi (Lakshmi of the body) and is near the [[Shrivatsa|Srivatsa]] mark. The deity has 4 arms. The upper arms are positioned to hold his weapons. The ''[[Sudarshana Chakra]]'' is placed on the upper right arm, while the ''[[Panchajanya]]'' - Vishnu's [[Shankha|conch]] is placed on the upper left arm. The lower right arm is in the ''Varada Hasta'' (blessing) pose - palm facing outward towards the onlooker to signal the blessing nature of the lord. The lower left arm is in the ''Katyavalambita'' pose - palm facing the lord with the thumb nearly parallel to the waist. The deity is seen with a [[dhoti]] worn waist downwards. Both knees are slightly bent forward to indicate that the Lord is willing to come to the devotee's rescue. The shoulder of the lord has marks resembling scars made by constant wearing of bow and pack of arrows, though the deity is not in the ''Tribhanga pose'' (unlike [[ Rama |Tirumala Rama idol]])<ref name="Tirumalatemple"/>

===Ornaments===
Tirumala Dhruva Bera has many ornaments as seen on the deity. The largest ornament is the holy [[diamond]] crown, studded with a huge [[ruby]] or [[emerald]] stone. The ''[[Upanayana|yagnopavitam]]'' (sacred thread made of three gold wires) is seen on the bare chest of the lord running from the left shoulder to the right waist. Four sets of [[necklace]]s are seen on the deity. The removable symbol of Lakshmi is placed on the right chest while the removable [[Padmavati (Hinduism)|Padmavati]] symbol is on the left chest. The Chakra, Conch shell and Blessing hand are usually covered in gem-studded gold ornaments. The deity also has a two-inch ''[[vaddanam|katibandham]]'' (gold waist belt) running over the dhoti. The arms have snake-shaped [[armlet]]s, and the legs have ornaments near the ankle. The lord also has huge ear studs shaped like fishes. The lord has a coin necklace and a special garland made of 108 gold-encrusted [[shaligram]] stones.<ref name="Tirumalatemple"/> The holy feet are also plated with gold and rubies.

==Seva to deity ==

===Daily seva===
The lord gets complete attention during most of the rituals conducted in the ''garbha griha''. Afterwards, the Lord is woken up during the [[Suprabhatam]] Seva. ''Shuddhi'' (cleansing) is performed by removing flowers from the previous day and apportioning holy water brought from the ''Akasha Ganga'' tank for the day's prayer. During the Thomala Seva, the gold ''kavacham'' (armour) of the feet is removed and abhishekam is done daily to it. [[Bhoga Srinivasa]], the silver ''Kautuka beram'' of the temple receives full abhishekam every day in place of the Main idol. [[Sahasranamarchana]] - recital of 1,000 names of Lord Srinivasa is performed to the main deity after the completion of Tomala seva. ''Naivedyam'' (food offerings) are made thrice during the day and are preceded by recital from various scriptures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_programme_otherrituals.htm#bell1|title=First Bell|publisher=[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|TTD]] | accessdate=2007-05-10}}</ref> Following the first naivedyam (also called First Bell), verses from the [[Naalayira Divya Prabandham|Prabandham]] is read. Before the mid-day and second naivedyam (also called ''Second Bell''), ''Ashthottaranama'' (108 names of the Lord) is read and this is a private service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_programme_otherrituals.htm#bell2|title=Second Bell|publisher=[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|TTD]] | accessdate=2007-05-10}}</ref>The rituals of Tomala Seva, Archana and Naivedyam is conducted in the evening after [[Malayappa swami]] returns from Sahasra Deepalankarana Seva (lighting of 1000 lamps) and is called ''Night Kainkaryams''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_programme_otherrituals.htm#nightpuja | title=Night Kainkaryams |publisher=[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|TTD]] | accessdate=2007-05-10}}</ref> Naivedyam is offered to other deities only after apportionment of the same to the main deity. The Bhoga Srinivasa idol is then ritually placed on a swing and lullled to sleep by the songs of [[Annamacharya]].

===Weekly sevas===
Apart from these daily sevas, [[Ashtadala Pada Padmaaradhana Seva]] is conducted every Tuesday after the second bell. During the ceremony, the priests reads each of the 108 names of the Lord while offering a gold lotus to the feet of the lord after the recital of the name. On completion of archana for the lord's consorts Lakshmi, Bhumi and Padmavati, two kinds of ''[[Arti (Hinduism)|arati]]'' is shown to the Lord.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirumala.org/sevas_weekdes.htm#ashtadala |title=Ashtadala Pada Padmaaradhana Seva |publisher=[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|TTD]] |accessdate=2007-05-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515104539/http://www.tirumala.org/sevas_weekdes.htm#ashtadala |archivedate=2007-05-15 }}</ref> On Thursdays, the main idol's ornaments are temporarily removed and the shape of the namam is decreased. This is to make the holy eyes and feet visible to the devotees. [[Tiruppavada Seva]] is performed to the main idol in the Tirumaamani mantapam inside the sanctum sanctorum. During the seva, large quantities of ''[[pulihora]]'' (tamarind rice) heaped in trapezoidal or pyramidal shape along with sweetmeats like [[Kheer|payasam]], [[Tirupati laddu|laddu]]s, [[Jalebi|jilebis]], [[appam]] deposited on the edges is offered to the Lord with appropriate mantras.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirumala.org/sevas_weekdes.htm#tiruppavada |title=Tiruppavada Seva |publisher=[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|TTD]] |accessdate=2007-05-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515104539/http://www.tirumala.org/sevas_weekdes.htm#tiruppavada |archivedate=2007-05-15 }}</ref> On Fridays, Abhishekam is performed on the main idol accompanied by the chanting of pancha suktas (five [[Rigveda|suktas]] (texts that please the deity) - Purusha Suktam, [[Śrī Sūkta|Sri Suktam]], Narayana Suktam, Bhoo Suktam and Nila Suktam) and prabandhams.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirumala.org/sevas_weekdes.htm#abhishekam |title=Abhishekam |publisher=[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|TTD]] |accessdate=2007-05-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515104539/http://www.tirumala.org/sevas_weekdes.htm#abhishekam |archivedate=2007-05-15 }}</ref> The idol abhishekam consists of water, milk and turmeric-sandalwood paste. The paste is applied to the Vyuha Lakshmi carving, which is then given to any lucky devotee. The Vyuha Lakshmi imprint is said to bring auspiciousness, material and spiritual wealth.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Main Deity (Dhruva Bera)}}
[[Category:Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]
[[Category:Tirumala Idols]]

Double Barrel (2015 film)

2026-03-03T20:38:29Z

Aurovedacharitable: added first entry w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Double Barrel
| image = Double Barrel film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
*[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]
*[[Santhosh Sivan]]
*[[Arya (actor)|Arya]]
*Shaji Nadesan
*Lijo Jose Pellissery
}}
| writer = Lijo Jose Pellissery
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Prithviraj Sukumaran
*[[Indrajith Sukumaran]]
*Arya
*[[Chemban Vinod Jose]]
*[[Sunny Wayne]]
*[[Swathi Reddy]]
*[[Isha Sharvani]]
}}
| music = [[Prashant Pillai]]
| cinematography = [[Abinandhan Ramanujam]]
| editing = {{Plainlist|
*[[Manoj (Malayalam film editor)|Manoj]]
*[[Sathyaraj Natarajan]]
}}
| studio = August Cinema [[Amen Movie Monastery]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|08|28|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/double-barrel-movie-review-by-audience-live-updates-arya-prithviraj-indrajith-starrer-644528|title='Double Barrel' Movie Review by Audience|work=IBM Times|date=28 August 2015|access-date=28 August 2015|archive-date=30 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830233403/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/double-barrel-movie-review-by-audience-live-updates-arya-prithviraj-indrajith-starrer-644528|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR Convert|16|c}}<ref name="budget">{{cite news |author= Express News Service |title= Star War on Screen |url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Star-War-on-Screen/2015/08/24/article2989777.ece |accessdate= 24 August 2015 |work= [[The New Indian Express]] |date= 24 August 2015 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20151105105831/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Star-War-on-Screen/2015/08/24/article2989777.ece |archivedate= 5 November 2015 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
| gross =
}}

'''''Double Barrel''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[parody film|parody]] [[gangster film]] written, directed, and co-produced by [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]. It was jointly produced by August Cinema and [[Amen Movie Monastery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/lijo-pellissery-to-start-double-barrel-news-malayalam-offjvqfehcesi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120111939/http://www.sify.com/movies/lijo-pellissery-to-start-double-barrel-news-malayalam-offjvqfehcesi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 November 2014|title=Lijo Pellissery to start 'Double Barrel'|work=Sify|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref> The film stars an [[ensemble cast]], including [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Chemban Vinod Jose]], [[Sunny Wayne]], [[Swathi Reddy]], [[Isha Sharvani]], [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]], [[Poornima Indrajith]], [[Anil Radhakrishnan Menon]], [[Thomas Berly]], [[Sherrin Varghese]], [[Sabumon Abdusamad]], [[Rachana Narayanankutty]], [[Anil Murali]], [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], and [[Pearle Maaney]].<ref>{{cite news|last=C Pillai|first=Radhika|title=Double Barrel to have a huge star cast!|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Double-Barrel-to-have-a-huge-star-cast/articleshow/38965270.cms|accessdate=16 October 2017|agency=TNN|work=The Times Of India|date=24 July 2014|archive-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925190559/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Double-Barrel-to-have-a-huge-star-cast/articleshow/38965270.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/arya-enters-mollywood-news-malayalam-ojkoHocabhfhc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911014728/http://www.sify.com/movies/arya-enters-mollywood-news-malayalam-ojkoHocabhfhc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 September 2014|title=Arya Enters Mollywood|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref> [[Prashant Pillai]] composed the music, while the cinematography and editing were handled by [[Abinandhan Ramanujam]] and [[Manoj (Malayalam film editor)|Manoj]]-[[Sathyaraj Natarajan]].

''Double Barrel'' was released on 28 August 2015. It mostly received mixed to negative reviews from critics and [[Box-office bomb|disappointed at the box office]]. However, the film has achieved a [[cult following]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==Plot==
Laila and Majnu are two precious stones which have value only if they are together. The stones are now possessed by a crime boss called "Don" in [[Goa]], who tries to sell them in order not to lose them to his son, Gabbar, whom he despises. Don approaches two experienced gangsters named Pancho and Vinci and offers it for a price of {{INR}}10 crore, and the duo agrees and asks for a week time to arrange the money. Gabbar's [[underboss]], Billy, learns about this and offers Pancho and Vinci {{INR}}100 crores to buy it. Pancho and Vinci get {{INR}}5 crore from Blacky, which actually belongs to the Tarkovs, a [[Russian mafia|Russian mob]] in Goa. For the remaining {{INR}}5 crore, they plan to rob the [[Indian black money|black money]] of Podiyadis, a local [[hawala]] gang in Kerala. While the deal happens, things get mixed up, which leads to a big [[Gang#Gang violence|gang war]] between all the groups. However, Pancho and Vinchi escape from the gang war with the money and join Laila and Majnu.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Pancho
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Vinci
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] as Majnu
* [[Sunny Wayne]] as Silent
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as Diesel
* Master Varghese as Kid
* [[Isha Sharvani]] as Shaolin Sweety
* [[Swathi Reddy]] as Laila
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as He (young couple husband)
* [[Pearle Maaney]] as She (young couple wife)
* [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] as Billy
* Steev Thekkanath as Gabbar, Don's son
* [[Thomas Berly]] as Don
* [[Sherrin Varghese]] as Tarkov
* Parvathi Menon as Lady Tarkov
* [[Poornima Indrajith]] as Smitha
* [[Anil Radhakrishnan Menon]] as Mario Benzo/Boss
* Bineesh Kodiyeri as Vincent
* [[Sajid Yahiya]] as Chaplie
* [[Anil Murali]] as Podiyadi Soman
* [[Sabumon Abdusamad]] as Podiyadi Martin
* [[Rachana Narayanankutty]] as Kochumary
* [[Manesh Kumar]] as Ummer
* John as Blacky
* Shaji Nadesan as Unnibaby
* Sujith Vasudev as Husband at hotel, Kid's father
* Muthumani as Wife at Hotel, Kid's mother
* Baiju Thekkekara as Jesus
* Sunny as Uncle Django
{{colend}}

==Production==
''Double Barrel'' was announced on 2014 as a gangster comedy movie in the backdrop of [[Goa]], starring brothers [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] and [[Indrajith Sukumaran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2014/may/21/where-the-wild-meets-the-wit-615585.html|title=Where the Wild Meets the Wit|work=The New Indian Express|date=21 May 2014|access-date=16 October 2017|archive-date=17 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017043550/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2014/may/21/Where-the-Wild-Meets-the-Wit-615585.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The climax was shot using four Red Dragon 6K cameras.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Manu |first1=Meera |title=A keen eye for cinematography |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/250418/a-keen-eye-for-cinematography.html |accessdate=9 June 2018 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=25 April 2018 |archive-date=8 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608224827/https://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/250418/a-keen-eye-for-cinematography.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Double Barrel'' was made at an estimated cost of {{INR Convert|16|c}}.<ref name=budget/>

== Release ==
''Double Barrel'' was released in theatres on 28 August 2015. [[Surya TV]] and [[Sun NXT]] bought the satellite and digital rights.<ref name="BO">{{cite web|title=ഓണം റിലീസ്: ബോക്‌സോഫീസ് കളക്ഷനില്‍ മുന്നില്‍ മോഹന്‍ലാലോ മമ്മൂട്ടിയോ?|url=http://malayalam.filmibeat.com/news/onam-releases-2015-box-office-collection-reports-024896.html#slide20953|publisher=[[One India|Filmibeat.com]]|author=Aswini|date=12 September 2015|accessdate=12 September 2015|archive-date=13 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913024339/http://malayalam.filmibeat.com/news/onam-releases-2015-box-office-collection-reports-024896.html#slide20953|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
Asha Prakash of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Other than the visual spectacle of seeing some major actors in the industry in their clownish avatars in the most impressive of settings, there is nothing much to engage the viewer. The shooting and killing seem never-ending and the jokes tedious".<ref>{{cite news|author=Asha Prakash|title=Double Barrel Movie Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Double-Barrel/movie-review/48731110.cms|accessdate=23 November 2015|agency=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 August 2015|archive-date=17 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217024012/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Double-Barrel/movie-review/48731110.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Veeyen of ''Nowrunning.com'' gave 1.5 out of 5 stars and criticized the script, musical score, humour and direction, while concluding as "'Double Barrel' sends the spoof genre on a downward spiral with a relentlessly unexciting script. Real crazy indeed".<ref>{{cite web|author=Veeyen|title=Double Barrel Review|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/15473/malayalam/double-barrel/5197/review/|publisher=Nowrunning.com|date=30 August 2015|accessdate=23 November 2015|archive-date=11 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211173817/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/15473/malayalam/double-barrel/5197/review|url-status=live}}</ref>

Moviebuzz of ''[[Sify.com|Sify]]'' heavily criticized the film and described it as a "flawed experiment", adding that, "The script is messy and some of the characters are so badly written that they just come and go in between without any impact in the whole narrative. The overindulgence of the makers is evident, ignoring the hapless viewers in the process".<ref>{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz|title=Double Barrel|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/double-barrel-review-Telugu-pi3rDMeefhaef.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024140704/http://www.sify.com/movies/double-barrel-review-Telugu-pi3rDMeefhaef.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 October 2015|website=[[Sify]]|date=30 August 2015|accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> ''IndiaGlitz.com'' gave 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "'Double Barrel' not only is the content insane, so is the presentation", and said that the film fails to engage.<ref>{{cite web|author=IndiaGlitz|title=Double Barrel Movie Review - All Bangs But No Fire|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/double-barrel-malayalam-movie-review-19446.html|website=IndiaGlitz.com|accessdate=23 November 2015|date=August 29, 2015|archive-date=5 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205013103/http://www.indiaglitz.com/double-barrel-malayalam-movie-review-19446.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Double Barrel
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Prashant Pillai]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = August 26, 2015
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:51
| label = Orange Music
| producer = Prashant Pillai
| prev_title = [[Chandrettan Evideya]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Rockstar (2015 film)|Rockstar]]
| next_year = 2015
}}
[[Prashant Pillai]], who had composed for all of Lijo Jose Pelliserry's earlier films, composed the songs and background score of the film.

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = {{center|{{big|''Double Barrel'' track listing}}}}
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 26:51
| title1 = Athala Pithala
| lyrics1 = Shabaraeesh Varma
| extra1 = Arun Kamath, Shabaraeesh Varma, Rahul R. Govinda, Gagan Baderiya
| length1 = 03:19
| title2 = Om Hare
| lyrics2 = P. S. Rafeeque
| extra2 = Franco
| length2 = 03:30
| title3 = Amour Amour
| lyrics3 = Gilles Denizot (French), [[Prashant Pillai]] (English)
| extra3 = Gilles Denizot
| length3 = 04:57
| title4 = Mohabbat
| lyrics4 = P. S. Rafeeque
| extra4 = [[Shahabaz Aman]], Preeti Pilai
| length4 = 03:45
| title5 = Selfie
| lyrics5 = Shabaraeesh Varma
| extra5 = Shabaraeesh Varma, K. S. Krishnan, [[Prashant Pillai]]
| length5 = 02:45
| title6 = Kadala Varuthu
| lyrics6 = Shabaraeesh Varma
| extra6 = Shabaraeesh Varma
| length6 = 02:36
| title7 = Bum Attam
| lyrics7 = K. S. Krishnan
| extra7 = K. S. Krishnan
| length7 = 02:51
| title8 = Shakeela
| lyrics8 =
| extra8 = [[Prashant Pillai]], Gagan Baderiya
| length8 = 04:40
| title9 = Athala Pithala Reprise
| lyrics9 = Shabaraeesh Varma
| extra9 = Arun Kamath, Shabareesh Varma
| length9 = 01:58
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4930814}}

{{Lijo Jose Pellissery}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2015 crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films directed by Lijo Jose Pellissery]]

Chakma people

2026-02-14T06:59:41Z

Aurovedacharitable: expanded content

{{short description|Ethnic group from the Indian subcontinent}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Chakma
| native_name = 𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦
| native_name_lang = ccp
| flag =
| flag_caption =
| image = Chakma and their culture.jpg
| image_caption = Chakma [[Bizhu|Bizu]] festival in New Delhi
| total = {{circa}} 750,000 to 1,000,000
| total_year = 2011–2022
| total_source = 
| total_ref =
| genealogy =
| regions = [[Bangladesh]],<ref name="LoC-1990">{{cite book |title=Library of Congress Subject Headings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aswHhUQG4okC&pg=PA709 |year=1990 |volume=I |edition=13th |publisher=Cataloging Distribution Service, Library of Congress |page=709 |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921112209/https://books.google.com/books?id=aswHhUQG4okC&pg=PA709 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[India]]<ref name="LoC-1990" /> and [[Myanmar]]
| region1 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| pop1 = 483,299 (2022)
| ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2023-09-27-09-50-a3672cdf61961a45347ab8660a3109b6.pdf |title=Table 1.4 Ethnic Population by Group and Sex |year=2021 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics |page=33 |access-date=22 November 2022 |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315104610/http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2022-07-28-14-31-b21f81d1c15171f1770c661020381666.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region2 = {{flag|India}}
| pop2 = 228,281 (2011)
| ref2 = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191/download/13303/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=15 August 2022 |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604072054/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191/download/13303/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX |url-status=live}} See 'Chakma'. Since Chakma are not recorded as an ethnicity in all states where they live (such as Arunachal Pradesh) language is the best method to estimate their population in India.</ref>
| region3 = {{nbsp|10}} [[Mizoram]]
| pop3 = 92,850
| region4 = {{nbsp|10}} [[Tripura]]
| pop4 = 84,269
| region5 = {{nbsp|10}} [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| pop5 = 47,073
| region6 = {{nbsp|10}} [[Assam]]
| pop6 = 3,166
| region7 = {{nbsp|10}} [[West Bengal]]
| pop7 = 175
| region8 = {{nbsp|10}} [[Meghalaya]]
| pop8 = 159
| region9 = {{nbsp|10}} [[Nagaland]]
| pop9 = 156
| region10 = {{flag|Myanmar}}
| pop10 = 43,100
| ref10 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://portal.moea.gov.mm/ethnicity/C-0004/7 |title=Rakhine Ethnic groups and areas of residence |website=Ministry of Ethnic Affairs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925044012/https://portal.moea.gov.mm/ethnicity/C-0004/7 |archive-date=25 September 2024}}</ref>
| languages = [[Chakma language|Chakma]]
| religions = '''Predominantly''': [[Theravada Buddhism]] '''Minority''': {{hlist|[[Christianity]]<ref name="Encyclopedia-Britannica"/><ref name="mizoram-tribal-2020">{{citation
|last = Chakravarty
|first = Ankita
|title = Socio-Economic and Cultural Status of Tribes
|publisher = Social Welfare & Tribal Affairs Department, Government of Mizoram
|year = 2020
|url = https://repository.tribal.gov.in/upload/bitstream/123456789/61938/1/TRMZ_2020_book1.pdf
|location = Aizawl, Mizoram
}}</ref>}}
| related = [[Daingnet people|Daingnet]], [[Tanchangya people|Tanchangya]], [[Marma people|Marma]] and other [[Jumma people]]
}}
{{Chakma Sidebar}}
[[File:Map of Chakma People in Bangladesh.png|thumb|Map showing the percentage of Chakma population by [[Upazila]]]]
[[File:Chattogram Division districts map.png|thumb|Colour-coded map of the districts of [[Chittagong Division]] in Bangladesh, including the Chittagong Hill Tracts ([[Khagrachhari District|Khagrachhari]], [[Rangamati Hill District|Rangamati]], and [[Bandarban District|Bandarban district]]s) on the easternmost border to India and Myanmar. |alt=]]

The '''Chakma''' or '''Changhma people''' ({{langx|ccp|𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦}}, 𑄌𑄇𑄴𑄟), are an ethnic group and nation native to the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Rakhine State|Western Myanmar]]. They are the largest indigenous group as well as the second largest ethnic group of the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] region of southeastern [[Bangladesh]]. They also form the majority in [[Chakma Autonomous District Council]] of [[Mizoram]]. Significant Chakma populations are found in the [[northeast India]]n states of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Tripura]], [[Assam]] and [[Rakhine State]] of Myanmar.

The Chakma possess strong ethnic affinities to [[Tibeto-Burman]]-speaking groups in Northeast India. Due to a historical [[language shift]] aimed at consolidating intertribal power, the Chakma adopted the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] [[Chakma language|Chakma]] language, which is closely related to [[Pali]] and to the [[Chittagonian language]] spoken in adjacent regions.<ref name="Faquire-2019">{{cite news |author=ABM Razaul Karim Faquire |title=The mystery behind creation of Chakma speech variety |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/the-mystery-behind-creation-of-chakma-speech-variety-1546610511 |work=The Financial Express |date=4 January 2019 |access-date=18 February 2022 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218132940/https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/the-mystery-behind-creation-of-chakma-speech-variety-1546610511 |url-status=live}}</ref> Most modern Chakma people practice [[Theravada Buddhism]], due to 19th-century reforms and institutionalisation by [[Queen regnant]] [[Kalindi (rani)|Rani Kalindi]]. In [[Myanmar]], Chakma people are known as [[Daingnet people|Daingnet]] and are one of the 135 officially recognised ethnic groups in Myanmar.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} They are also referred as "Saks", "Sakmas" or "Tsakmas".

The Chakmas are divided into 31 [[clan]]s or ''gozas''.<ref name="Faquire-2019"/> The community is headed by the [[Chakma Raja]], whose status as a tribal head has been historically recognised by the [[British Raj|government of British India]] and the [[government of Bangladesh]].

==Etymology==
[[File:Portuguese map of CHT.jpg|thumb|Portuguese map of Chittagong Hill Tracts. ''Chacomas'' on the Eastern bank of the river Karnaphuli and Arracan (present [[Rakhine State]] of [[Myanmar]]) can be seen on the extreme right]]
According to [[Pamela Gutman]] ''Chakma'' derives from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''śaktimāna,'' which means powerful and great.<ref>{{cite book |author=Pamela Gutman |title=Ancient Arakan |year=1976 |publisher=Australian National University Press |page=14}}</ref> The name was given to the Chakmas by one of the Burmese kings during the [[Bagan Era]]. Burmese kings hired Chakmas as ministers, advisers, and translators of Buddhist [[Pali]] texts. As employees of the king, the Chakmas wielded power in the Burmese court that was disproportionate to their number. The Burmese people still refer to Chakmas as ''Sak'' (သက်) or ''Thet,'' which are shortened and corrupted forms of ''śaktimāna''.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}
The modern linguistic study suggests that the term "Chakma" originates from two constituent words: "Tsak" and "Ma". In this context, "Tsak" is believed to be derived from "[[Shakya|Shak]]" which is associated with the [[Shakya]] clan, and "Ma" signifies "man" in [[Tibeto-Burmese]] languages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pannalal Majumdar |url=http://archive.org/details/the-chakmas-of-tripura_202205 |title=The Chakmas Of Tripura, 2nd Edition |date=2013 |publisher=Tribal Research & Cultural Institute, Govt. of Tripura |pages=38–39}}</ref> The Chakma script shows similarities to [[Brahmi|Brahmi script]] suggesting Chakmas may descend from the Shakya lineage.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sumana Bhattacharyya |url=http://archive.org/details/20231021_20231021_2209 |title=A linguistic study of Chakma |date=2004 |publisher=University Of Calcutta |page=1 |quote=The Chakma script shows similarities to Brahmi script, indicating cultural links. There's a theory suggesting Chakmas may descend from the Shakya lineage of ancient India.}}</ref>

==History==
Bijak of the Chakmas says that the Chakmas were part of Buddha's [[Sakya (tribe)|Sakya]] clan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pannalal Majumdar |url=http://archive.org/details/the-chakmas-of-tripura_202205 |title=The Chakmas Of Tripura, 2nd Edition |date=2013 |publisher=Tribal Research & Cultural Institute, Govt. of Tripura |page=38 |quote=Bijak of the Chakmas we can easily take into our considerations that the Chakmas went to Burma from India in far ancient times. As the Chakmas regard them as the desendents from the shakya clan.}}</ref> They gradually migrated to [[Arakan]] and extended their territory to the nearby hills of the Chittagong Hill Tracts.<ref name="Encyclopedia-Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chakma |title=Chakma | people |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-date=3 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003232915/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chakma |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Rakhine people]] referred to the Chakmas as ''Saks,'' ''Theks,'' ''or Thaikhs''. In 1546 CE, while the Arakanese king [[Min Bin]] was fighting a battle with the Burmese, the ''Sak'' king attacked Northern Arakan Roma and occupied the Arakanese-controlled Chacomas of the Northern [[Arakan Mountains]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Sir Arthur P.Phayre |title=History of Burma |year=1883 |publisher=Trübner & Co. |page=79 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280882/page/n18/mode/1up}}</ref>

[[Diego de Astor]] created a map of [[Bengal]], which was published as ''Descripção do Reino de Bengalla'' in the book ''Quarta decada da Asia'' (Fourth decade of Asia) by [[João de Barros]] in 1615. The map shows an area named ''Chacomas'' on the eastern bank of the [[Karnaphuli|Karnaphuli River]] in what is now [[Chittagong|Chittagong Bangladesh]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.europeana.eu/en/item/10501/bib_rnod_25464 |title=Descripção do Reino de Bengalla |author=Diego de Astor}}</ref> suggesting that the Chakmas inhabited this area during the time.

The Arakan king [[Min Razagyi]] (1593–1612) conquered the areas and styled himself as the highest and most powerful king of Arakan, Chacomas, and Bengal in a 1607 letter to Portuguese mercenary [[Filipe de Brito e Nicote]]. After the Chakmas were defeated by the Arakanese, they migrated to the present Chittagong Hill Tracts and founded their capital city Alekyangdong (present-day [[Ali Kadam Upazila|Alikadam]]). From Alekyangdong, they continued north and settled in present-day [[Rangunia Upazila|Rangunia]], [[Raozan Upazila|Raozan]], and [[Fatikchhari Upazila|Fatikchari Upazilas]] of Chittagong District.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sugata Chakma |title=Parbattya Chattagramer Upajati O Sangskriti |pages=19–20}}</ref>

In 1666, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Governor of Bengal, [[Shaista Khan]], defeated the Arakanese, [[Mughal conquest of Chittagong|conquered Chittagong]], and renamed it Islamabad.<ref>{{cite book |editor=R. C. Majumdar |editor-link=R. C. Majumdar |year=1974 |title=The Mughul Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/mughulempire00bhar/page/n6/mode/2up |series=The History and Culture of the Indian People |volume=VII |location=Bombay |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |page=230}}</ref> Mughal rule, however, was confined to the plain areas of Chittagong early on, leaving the Chakmas largely unaffected. The Mughals eventually demanded tribute from the Chakmas after a trade dispute developed between the two groups.<ref name="Chakma">{{cite book |author=Saradindu Shekhar Chakma |title=Ethnic Cleansing in Chittagong Hill Tracts |pages=23–35}}</ref>{{rp|23}}

In 1713, the conflict was resolved, and a stable relationship developed between the Chakmas and the Mughals; the latter never demanded complete subjugation of the former. The Mughals also rewarded the Chakma king Shukdev Roy; he established a new capital in his name in an area still known as Shukbilash. Ruins of the royal palace and other historic buildings still exist. Subsequently, the capital was shifted to Rajanagar, [[Ranighat Palace|Ranirhat]], Rangunia Upazila, Chittagong District.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022|reason=This paragraph needs references to reliable sources.}}

The Mughals signed a treaty with [[Jallal Khan]], [[Raja]] of the Chakma, in 1715. While the Mughals controlled significant amounts of [[yam (vegetable)|yam]] and cotton crops in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT), the Chakma's independence from the Mughals was recognised.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022|reason=This paragraph needs references to reliable sources.}}

=== The East India Company ===
Three years after the [[Battle of Plassey]], [[Mir Qasim]], the new [[Nawab]] of [[Murshidabad]], rewarded the East India Company with Chittagong, [[Burdwan]] and [[Midnapur]]. On 5 January 1761, company representative [[Harry Verelst (colonial governor)|Harry Verelst]] took charge of Chittagong from [[Subedar]] Mohammad Reza Khan, but the Chakma king Sher Doulat Khan, who was practically independent though nominally paid tribute to the Mughals, did not accept the [[hegemony]] of the company and its demand for increased taxes.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

Encroachments on the Chittagong Hill Tracts by the British led to a protracted war between the [[East India Company]] and the Chakmas from 1777 to 1787.<ref name="Minahan-2002">{{cite encyclopedia |author=James Minahan |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World |title=Jummas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfnWCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA847 |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Press |volume=II |isbn=978-0-313-07696-1 |page=847}}</ref> The East India Company launched four offensives against the Chakmas in 1770, 1780, 1782 and 1785. In 1785, the Company started peace negotiations with the Chakma king Jan Baksh Khan, son of Sher Doulat Khan.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} In 1787 a peace treaty was signed in [[Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Government of Bangladesh |title=The District Gazetteer of Chittagong Hill Tracts |page=35}}</ref> Raja Jan Baksh Khan pledged loyalty to the British in exchange for autonomy in administering Chakma territory.<ref name="Minahan-2002" />

The main provisions of the treaty between Governor-General [[Lord Cornwallis]] and the Chakma king were as follows:<ref>{{cite book |author=Suniti Bhushan Qanungo |year=1998 |title=Chakma Resistance to British Domination 1772–1798 |location=Chittagong |publisher=Suniti Bhushan Qanungo |page=52 |oclc=54822598}}</ref>
* The East India Company recognised [[Jan Baksh Khan]] as the Raja of the Chakmas
* It was agreed that revenue collection was the responsibility of the Raja
* The British government would preserve tribal autonomy and migration from the plains would be restricted
* Jan Baksh Khan was bound by the treaty to maintain peace in his territory
* British troops would remain in the Chakma territory, not to terrify the Chakmas but to protect the land from hostile tribes

In 1829, Halhed, then Commissioner of Chittagong, reaffirmed that:
{{blockquote| The hill tribes were not British subjects but merely tributaries and we recognized no right on our part to interfere with their internal arrangements. The near neighborhood of a powerful and stable government naturally brought the chiefs by degree under control and every leading chief paid to the Chittagong collector a certain tribute or yearly gifts. These sums were at first fluctuating in amount but gradually were brought to a specific and fixed limit, eventually taking the shape not of tribute but of revenue to the state.<ref name="Talukder-1988">{{Cite book |last=S. P. Talukder |title=The Chakmas, Life and Struggle |publisher=Gian Publishing House |year=1988 |isbn=978-81-212-0212-1 |pages=35–36, 50, 190}}</ref>{{rp|36}}}}

Jan Baksh Khan shifted his capital to a new place near present-day [[Rangunia]], naming it Rajanagar. After Jan Baksh's death in 1800, his son Tabbar Khan became king but died shortly after. In 1802, Tabbar Khan's younger brother Jabbar Khan became king and ruled for ten years. After his death, his son Dharam Baksh Khan became king in 1812 and ruled until his death in 1832. Without any male heir, the government appointed Suklal Dewan as manager. [[Kalindi (rani)|Rani Kalindi]], the widow of Dharam Baksh Khan, applied to the government to allow her to run state affairs. The government accepted her application and in 1844 issued an order to that effect.<ref>{{cite book |author=Biraj Mohan Dewan |title=Chakma Jatir Itibritto |page=195}}</ref> In 1846, the annual revenue payable to the company was reset to 11,803.00[[Rs.]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

After the great [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny]] in 1857, the British government assumed direct control of the administration of India, including the Chittagong Hill Tracts, which were not yet formally separated from Chittagong, from the East India Company. The territorial jurisdiction of the Chakma Raja, however, was fixed by a proclamation dated 6th [[Shraavana]] 1170M.S (1763 CE) by the company as "All the hills from the [[Feni River]] to the Sangoo and from Nizampur Road in Chittagong to the hills of Kooki Raja".<ref name="Talukder-1988" />{{rp|35}}

After Rani Kalindi's death in 1873, her grandson Harish Chandra became the Chakma Raja and was vested with the title [[Rao Bahadur|Roy Bahadur]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

=== British colonial rule ===
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2022}}
After the war with the British, the Chakmas became very weak militarily. The [[Lushai]] used to make frequent raids on British subjects because their hunting ground was converted to tea gardens by the British in [[Cachar]], [[Noakhali]], [[Comilla]], and other neighbouring tracts under [[Kalindi (rani)|Rani Kalindi]]. They raided the Chittagong Hill Tracts and the neighbouring tracts in 1847, 1848, 1859, and 1860.<ref name="Chakma"/>{{rp|29}} As a consequence, with a view to paying attention to the areas experiencing repeated raids and to protecting the people from the aggression of the independent tribes living further east but primarily to occupy the Chakma land, the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal recommended the removal of the hill tracts from the regulation district and the appointment of a superintendent over the tribes. Both of these recommendations were adopted by Act XXII in 1860, which came into effect on 18 August of that year.<ref name="Chakma" />{{rp|29}} The Hill Tracts were separated from Chittagong district, a superintendent was appointed for the Chittagong Hill Tracts, and its headquarters were established at [[Chandraghona]]. The hills in his charge were henceforth known as the Hill Tracts of the Chittagong. For the next few years, attention focused on preserving peace on the frontier. In 1869, the headquarters were shifted to [[Rangamati Hill District|Rangamati]]. The official designation of the post of superintendent was changed to Deputy Commissioner and full control of matters about revenue and justice throughout the Hill Tracts was vested in his office.

The frontier situation put pressure on the Chakma chief to shift his capital, and in 1874, he did so, from Rajanagar to Rangamati. At that time, cotton was grown in the Chittagong Hill Tracts and was important to the British for their mills, so effective control of the Chittagong Hill Tracts was also important for them.

In 1881, the government divided the Chittagong Hill Tracts into [[Chakma Circle]], [[Bohmong Circle]], and [[Mong Circle]]. Each circle was headed by a chief.<ref name="Chakma" />{{rp|30}} Chakma circle was headed by a Chakma, Bohmong circle by a Bohmong and the Burmese circle by a [[Hmong people|Mong]]. The Chakma circle was centrally located and inhabited mainly by the Chakmas, the Bohmong circle was under the rule of a Bohmong chief of Arakanese extraction, and the Mong circle was also inhabited by Arakanese speaking clans with some [[Tripura]] immigrants and headed by another ruler of Arakanese extraction. The division occurred because the British government was not in favour of the power of the Chakma chief, who controlled the hill tribes. Further, the government was increasingly concerned about the political and administrative affairs of the tracts. Hence, they wished to lay the foundation of administration in a restricted manner with the following objectives:<ref name="Chakma" />{{rp|30}}
* To supervise the rule of the Chakma chief and curtail some of his powers
* To protect British subjects from the [[Kuki people|Kuki]] (the name given to the Lushai by the British)
* To preserve peace in the frontier areas so cotton could be grown and made available for British mills

After the creation of a separate district and the three circles, the [[Kuki people|Kuki]] (Lushai) threat to the Chittagong Hill Tracts and other adjoining areas did not stop. The [[Mara people|Shendus]] made occasional raids in the Hill Tracts between 1865 and 1888 and killed many people, including Lt. Steward and his survey party. In 1872, 1,890 military offensives were launched simultaneously into [[Lushai Hills]] (Mizoram) from Chittagong district and Burma in collaboration with the governments of Bengal, [[Assam]] and Burma, and the whole of the CHT was brought under British control.

Autonomous police forces were created by the Hill Tract tribes in 1881. Tribals complained to Britain after the Hill Tracts experienced attempts at penetration by lowlander Bengali Muslims.<ref name="Minahan-2002" />

On 1 April 1900, the South and the North Lushai Hills (then a part of the Chittagong Hill Tracts) were merged to form the district of [[Assam Province]] with headquarters at [[Aizawl]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 1995 |work=The Weekly Kagoj}}{{Title missing|date=October 2023}}</ref> The [[Lushai hills]] were now the [[Mizoram]] state of India.

Later, the British through the Deputy Commissioner took over absolute control of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (including the Chakma circle) after the implementation of the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts manual]]. The Chittagong Hill Tracts (Lushai Hills) were again designated an "Excluded Area" under the [[Government of India Act 1935]].<ref name="Chakma" />{{rp|35}}

Local tribes demanded an independent state for the Chittagong Hill Tract because Bengalis and the tribals did not share a religion, language, or ethnicity, and they asked for their own independent area in the 1930s when the [[Indian independence movement|Indian national movement]] was launched. During [[World War II]], to retain Chakma loyalty in the face of Japanese advances, local British officials guaranteed the tribals that the Chittagong Hill Tracts would be split of separately in the event of Indian independence.<ref name="Minahan-2002" />

=== After independence ===
In British India, there was a measure of security and protection afforded to the non-Muslim and non-Bengali Chittagong Hill Tract Chakmas and other tribal people.<ref name="Avari-2012">{{cite book |author=Burjor Avari |year=2012 |title=Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTXgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA245 |publisher=Routledge |page=245 |isbn=978-1-136-21226-0 |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921112209/https://books.google.com/books?id=mTXgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA245 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bengal and Assam did not govern the CHT during this period. Rather the CHT was a distinct administrative unit that enjoyed a large degree of self-rule.<ref name="Chakma-2016">{{cite book |author=Bhumitra Chakma |year=2016 |chapter=The CHT and the Peace Process |editor1=Ali Riaz |editor2-last=Mohammad Sajjadur Rahman |title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Bangladesh |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nC9-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA306 |publisher=Routledge |page=306 |isbn=978-1-317-30877-5 |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921112209/https://books.google.com/books?id=nC9-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA306 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite the CHT being 97.2–98.5% non-Muslim, it was given to Pakistan by the Boundary Commission Chairman Sir [[Cyril Radcliffe]] in 1947 upon [[Partition of India|independence]].<ref name="Chakma-2016" /> Native Chakmas made up most of the officials except for some British during British India rule.<ref name="Talukder-1988" />{{rp|190}} Pakistan received the CHT from Radcliffe after the issue of Punjab districts and the CHT revised boundaries were pushed onto him by [[Lord Mountbatten]] on 17 August 1947.<ref>{{cite book |title=Earth Touch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p7V-AAAAMAAJ |year=1998 |publisher=Society for Environment & Human Development |page=12 |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921112210/https://books.google.com/books?id=p7V-AAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> The decision by Radcliffe to draw this boundary paved the way for future war, violence, and conflict.<ref>{{cite book |author=Willem van Schendel |title=The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KqTIhTWuAXcC&pg=PA264 |year=2005 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-145-4 |pages=48–49 |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921112210/https://books.google.com/books?id=KqTIhTWuAXcC&pg=PA264 |url-status=live}}</ref> The 1956 Pakistani Constitution, which designated the CHT as an "excluded area," kept things as they were. It was the fact that the CHT was governed under a different set of rules since 1900 in order to prevent mainlanders from acquiring ownership of the tribal land. The CHT underwent a significant change when the Pakistani armed forces overthrew the government in 1958 and renamed the protected area "Tribal Area." Finally, the 1962 Constitution was amended in 1963 to repeal the earlier designation, making the CHT accessible to all non-tribals.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Kallol Debnath |author2=Kunal Debnath |title=Refugee Crises and Third-World Economies: Policies and Perspectives |publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-83982-191-2 |editor-last=Das |editor-first=Sourav Kumar |edition=1st |location=Bingley |page=142 |chapter=Chakma Refugees in Arunachal Pradesh: Their Inclusion and Setback |doi=10.1108/978-1-83982-190-520201015 |s2cid=219929406 |editor-last2=Chowdhary |editor-first2=Nidhi}}</ref><ref name="Talukder-1988" />{{rp|50}} As a result, Chakmas' jhum cultivation was hampered, and numerous unauthorised settlers invaded this territory. The [[Constitution of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi Constitution]] does not refer to any group (inclusive of Bengalis) as indigenous.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Jyrki Käkönen |author2=Sanjay Chaturvedi |year=2005 |title=Globalization: Spaces, Identities and (In)securities |location=New Delhi |publisher=South Asian Publishers |page=239 |isbn=978-81-7003-284-7 |quote=The indigenous Jumma peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHTs) consisting of Chakmas, Marmas, Tripuras, Khiyangs, Lushais, Khumis, Chaks, Murungs, Bowms and Pankoos, are not recognised by the Constitution of Bangladesh.}}</ref>

As in India's Tripura State, the Chakmas lived in Bangladesh before it gained its independence. Recent migrations of ethnic Bengalis into traditionally Chakma regions of Bangladesh have raised tensions in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Successive governments have dealt forcefully with Chakma uprisings and finally ended the conflict with [[Chittagong Hill Tracts#History|the 1997 peace treaty]]. This force and the construction of Kaptai Dam by the then-Pakistan government in Chakma areas which submerged cultivable lands and displaced thousands resulted in the migration during 1964–1969 of a large population of Chakmas into [[Diyun]], Arunachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/article/851111/open-letter-dear-rajnath-singh-the-limited-citizenship-for-chakmas-is-too-little-too-late |title=Open letter: Dear Rajnath Singh, the 'limited citizenship' for Chakmas is too little, too late |author=Mahendra Chakma |work=Scroll.in |date=21 September 2017 |access-date=5 February 2020 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211053928/https://scroll.in/article/851111/open-letter-dear-rajnath-singh-the-limited-citizenship-for-chakmas-is-too-little-too-late |url-status=live}}</ref>

Many Buddhist Chakmas migrated from [[East Pakistan]] (now Bangladesh) to India.<ref>{{cite book |author=Satchidananda Dhar |year=1989 |title=Religion in Socio-Economic Life of India |publisher=Chatterjee Publisher |page=107 |isbn=978-81-85089-00-3 |quote=After the partition of India in 1947, many Bengali Buddhists have migrated from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) [to India] ... including the migration of the tribal Chakma Buddhists.}}</ref> Projects for infrastructure development negatively impacted CHT tribals starting in the 1950s.<ref name="Strategic-Analysis-1996">{{Cite journal |last=Behera |first=Ajay Darshan |date=October 1996 |title=Insurgency in the Bangladesh Hills: Chakmas' Search for Autonomy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHpTAAAAYAAJ |journal=Strategic Analysis |volume=19 |issue=7 |pages=988–989}}</ref> These included the [[Kaptai Dam]] hydro-electric project, built-in 1959–1963 by the Pakistan government, with the assistance of the [[United States Agency for International Development]], to provide electricity for much of East Pakistan. The project flooded forty per cent of the farmland in the Chittagong Hill Tracts and displaced nearly 100,000 Chakmas. About sixty per cent were resettled, and forty per cent fled to India.<ref>{{cite book |author=Christian Gerlach |author-link=Christian Gerlach |year=2010 |title=Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&pg=PG171 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=171–172 |isbn=978-0-521-70681-0 |access-date=24 June 2019 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921112711/https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&pg=PG171 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chakmas made up 90% of the 10,000 people whose 54,000 acres of farmland were flooded in 1962 by the Karnafuli power plant and Kaptai Dam. Inept relocation and insufficient compensation were offered to the Chakmas.<ref name="Strategic-Analysis-1996" /> India used [[North-East Frontier Agency|NEFA]] as a resettlement area for Chakma refugees.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jayanta Kumar Ray |author-link=Jayanta Kumar Ray |year=2010 |title=India's Foreign Relations, 1947–2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NnfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PG363 |publisher=Routledge |page=363 |isbn=978-0-415-59742-5 |access-date=23 May 2022 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921112712/https://books.google.com/books?id=-NnfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PG363 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Chittagong Hill Tracts Chakma population was estimated at 250,000 in 1964. The CHT was described as being hilly, forested, a verdant green landscape filled with fountains of water.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Anwar Hussain |title=The Origin of the Chakmas |magazine=Illustrated Weekly of Pakistan |volume=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZocAQAAMAAJ |date=14 June 1964 |page=18 |quote=a lush green country of wooded hills, jumping fountains and quick-flowing streams ... the quarter of a million strong Chakma tribe of the idyllic Chittagong Hill Tracts.}}</ref> A deputy commissioner administered the Chittagong Hill Tracts Division under Pakistani rule.

[[Manabendra Narayan Larma]] requested autonomy in 1970. Tripura state had to deal with the issue of Chakma families.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dipannita Chakraborty |year=2004 |title=Land question in Tripura |location=New Delhi |publisher=Akansha Publishing House |page=42 |isbn=978-81-87606-57-4 |quote=Religious persecution, ethnic violence which had its roots in economic reasons forced the Chakmas to enter India en masse ... 50,000 Chakma refugees entered Tripura in April 1986 ... by July 1989 their number rose to 67,000.}}</ref> Agriculture, employment, and education are dominated by Chakmas compared to Arunachal natives because they are more skilled and have a higher literacy rate.<ref>{{cite book |author=Girin Phukon |title=Ethnicity and polity in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4iAAAAAMAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=South Asian Publishers |page=265 |oclc=50712718 |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921112713/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4iAAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> The hill tribes' conflict with Bangladesh caused the exodus of 50,000 Chakmas to India from the Chittagong Hill Tracts. A 1992 deal between India and Bangladesh arranged that Bangladesh would take them back.<ref>{{cite book |author=Swan Sik |year=1994 |title=Asian Yearbook of International Law: 1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50I_5Y600z0C&pg=PA366 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=978-0-7923-2239-9 |pages=366– |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921112713/https://books.google.com/books?id=50I_5Y600z0C&pg=PA366 |url-status=live}}</ref> A March 1997 agreement between Chakma leaders and Bangladesh provided for the repatriation to Bangladesh of Chakma refugees in Tripura.<ref>{{cite book |author=Prithvi Ram Mudiam |year=2001 |chapter=Security in South Asia: Need for a New Definition |editor=Sudhir Jacob George |title=Intra and inter-state conflicts in South Asia |publisher=South Asian Publishers |page=54 |isbn=978-81-7003-249-6 |quote=India's ... concession to Bangladesh over the sharing of the Ganga waters (12 December 1996) was reciprocated by the latter in signing an agreement with Chakma leaders (9 March 1997). It provided for the return of the Chakma refugees sheltered in Tripura to Bangladesh.}}</ref> Both East Pakistan's partition and Bangladesh's independence caused an influx into India of Chakma refugees.<ref>{{cite book |author=Chunnu Prasad |year=2010 |chapter=Refugees and Human Rights: Comparative Studies between Chakmas in India and Biharis in Bangladesh |editor=M. R. Biju |title=Developmental Issues in Contemporary India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGFw4Xyl4d8C&pg=PA240 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Concept Publishing |page=240 |isbn=978-81-8069-714-2 |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921113214/https://books.google.com/books?id=pGFw4Xyl4d8C&pg=PA240 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1960s, hundreds of Muslim families from other parts of East Pakistan were resettled in the Matamuhuri Valley region of Alikadam, Feni Valley regions of Belchari and Tulanchari, and the regions of Lama, Bandarban, and Ramgarh.<ref>{{cite book |author=Chandrika Basu Majumdar |year=2003 |title=Genesis of Chakma Movement in the Chittagong Hill Tracts |publisher=Progressive Publishers |pages=37–38 |isbn=978-81-8064-052-0}}</ref>

[[Tridev Roy]] continued to collaborate with Pakistani forces and declined to join the freedom movement of Bangladesh. Pakistani president [[Yahya Khan]] assigned a south-east Asian diplomatic post to Tridiv Roy during the war as a reward for his collaboration. Roy chose the Pakistani side, fearing that an independent Bangladesh would likely have democratic rule and he might lose his feudal interests. Pakistan retained his support and allegiance, Roy agreed on 25 March, and in exchange British artillery would refrain from shelling the CHT capital, [[Rangamati]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Salil Tripathi |year=2016 |title=The Colonel Who Would Not Repent: The Bangladesh War and Its Unquiet Legacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyTUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT285 |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=280–281 |isbn=978-0-300-22102-2 |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921113217/https://books.google.com/books?id=DyTUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT285 |url-status=live}}</ref> Roy believed Bangladesh would not award autonomy to CHT and the Chakmas and earned the enmity of the [[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami League]] by rejecting [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]'s offer to stand as the Awami League candidate.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 September 2012 |title=The Raja who gave away his kingdom |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/438375/the-raja-who-gave-away-his-kingdom/ |newspaper=The Express Tribune |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=11 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311020243/https://tribune.com.pk/story/438375/the-raja-who-gave-away-his-kingdom/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Autonomy was refused to the CHT tribals.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ishtiaq Ahmed |title=State, Nation and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czSm7cmhgA0C |year=1998 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-85567-578-0 |pages=232– |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921113216/https://books.google.com/books?id=czSm7cmhgA0C |url-status=live}}</ref> CHT hills people were enrolled as Mujahids and [[Razakar (Pakistan)|Razakars]] by the Pakistan army during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] of 1971.<ref name="Strategic-Analysis-1996" />

The Bangladesh government provided financial support for thousands of [[Bengalis]] to settle in the tracts. By 1981, a third of the population of the tracts were Bengali migrants.<ref>{{cite book |author=Myron Weiner |year=1993 |title=International Migration and Security |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5NONAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Westview Press |page=159 |isbn=978-0-8133-8774-1 |quote=[The] Bangladesh government allocated funds to thousands of Bengali families to settle in the tracts, arguing that the area was less crowded than the rest of densely populated Bangladesh. By 1981 Bengali migrants constituted a third of the population of the tracts. |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921113217/https://books.google.com/books?id=5NONAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Weiner-1993" /> [[Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti]] (PCJSS; Chittagong Hill Tracts Peoples Solidarity Association), which was founded by Chakmas, demanded a halt to Bengali settlement, settlers returning lands to CHT natives, and autonomy.<ref name="Weiner-1993">{{cite journal |author=Myron Weiner |title=Rejected Peoples and Unwanted Migrants in South Asia |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=21 August 1993 |volume=28 |issue=34 |pages=1737–1746 |jstor=4400049}}</ref> On 7 January 1973, [[Shanti Bahini]] (Peace Force) was founded as the military army of PCJSS.<ref>{{cite book |author=Saradindu Mukherji |title=Subjects, citizens, and refugees: tragedy in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, 1947–1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9-6AAAAIAAJ |year=2000 |publisher=Indian Centre for the Study of Forced Migration |page=42 |isbn=978-81-85990-61-3 |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921113217/https://books.google.com/books?id=m9-6AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> In an effort to win independence for the Chittagong Hill Tracts, the Shanti Bahini launched guerrilla attacks against the government.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Timothy L. Gall |editor2=Susan B. Gall |year=2012 |title=Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures |edition=2nd |volume=1 |publisher=UXL |isbn=978-1-4144-8671-0 |page=158 |quote=In 1973, the Shanti Bahini (Peace Force) began to stage violent attacks against the government to try to win independence for the Chittagong Hill Tracts.}}</ref> Jumma guerrillas made up of Shanti Bahini forces.<ref>{{cite book |author=Willem van Schendel |year=2005 |title=The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KqTIhTWuAXcC&pg=PA264 |publisher=Anthem Press |pages=269– |isbn=978-1-84331-145-4 |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921112210/https://books.google.com/books?id=KqTIhTWuAXcC&pg=PA264 |url-status=live}}</ref> The party heads of PCJSS are mostly Chakma because of their 59% literacy rate, which is more than other CHT tribes, so they control the PCJSS.<ref>{{cite book |author=Girin Phukon |year=2002 |title=Ethnicity and polity in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4iAAAAAMAAJ |publisher=South Asian Publishers |page=85 |oclc=50712718 |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921112713/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4iAAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the war, most of the Pahadis remained passive, although the [[Mukti Bahini]] enrolled some. In 1971, the Pakistan army enrolled CHT hill men. After the war, Tridev Roy maintained his allegiance to Pakistan, which he supported in the war.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/remove-name-chakma-king-tridib-structure-anti-liberation-1971-1409089 |title=Remove name of Chakma king Tridib from structures |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=22 May 2017 |access-date=21 September 2017 |archive-date=21 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921144416/http://www.thedailystar.net/country/remove-name-chakma-king-tridib-structure-anti-liberation-1971-1409089 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1970, he served as independent in the [[Parliament of Pakistan]] while serving as Raja of the Chakma.<ref>{{cite book |author=Saradindu Mukherji |year=2000 |title=Subjects, citizens, and refugees: tragedy in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, 1947–1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9-6AAAAIAAJ&q=pakistan+recruited+chakmas |publisher=Indian Centre for the Study of Forced Migration |isbn=978-81-85990-61-3 |page=37 |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921113721/https://books.google.com/books?id=m9-6AAAAIAAJ&q=pakistan+recruited+chakmas |url-status=live}}</ref> The Awami League candidate Sheikh Mujibur Rahman lost the election to Roy.<ref name="Indian-Express-2017">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/chittagongs-former-chakma-raja-who-left-bangladesh-to-live-in-pak-4851886/ |title=Chittagong's former Chakma raja who left Bangladesh to live in Pakistan |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=19 September 2017 |access-date=21 September 2017 |archive-date=21 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921144140/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/chittagongs-former-chakma-raja-who-left-bangladesh-to-live-in-pak-4851886/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Roy was in Southeast Asia when Bangladesh came under Indian army control in December 1971. Bhutto assigned the position of Minorities Affairs Minister to Roy and he helped lobby the United Nations (UN) for Pakistan after the war. The post of ambassador and tourism was also awarded to Roy.<ref name="Indian-Express-2017" /> Roy represented Pakistan when it protested at the UN over Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 September 2012 |title=Raja Tridiv Roy dies |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/750125/raja-tridiv-roy-dies-2 |newspaper=Dawn |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=23 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223201638/http://www.dawn.com/news/750125/raja-tridiv-roy-dies-2 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pakistan retained the allegiance of only [[Nurul Amin]] and Tridiv Roy among their East Pakistan MPs.<ref name="Subramanian-2009">{{cite news |author=Nirupama Subramanian |date=16 December 2009 |title=A Chakma in Pakistan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/A-Chakma-in-Pakistan/article16853536.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |type=Opinion |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229225844/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/A-Chakma-in-Pakistan/article16853536.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Roy refused to join Bangladesh because the hill tracts were not granted autonomy and stayed on Pakistan's side despite Mujib trying to urge Tridiv to quit Pakistan.<ref name="Subramanian-2009" />

==== Refuge in India ====
[[Meghalaya]] and Tripura were destinations of Buddhist Chakma refugees fleeing from the war started by plains-dwelling Muslim Bangladeshis settling the CHT, as well as the government of Bangladesh implementing a military police force to expel Chittagong Hill Tracts natives.<ref>{{cite book |author=Amalendu De |title=Religious Fundamentalism and Secularism in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFYqAAAAYAAJ&q=pakistan+chakma+bangaldesh |year=1996 |publisher=Suryasensa Prakasani |page=43 |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921113721/https://books.google.com/books?id=JFYqAAAAYAAJ&q=pakistan+chakma+bangaldesh |url-status=live}}</ref> "The Muslim World" complained about alleged immigration from Bangladesh to Arakan by Buddhists of [[Magh people|Magh]] and Chakma background.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Muslim World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74VtAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=Motamar al-Alam al-Islami; World Muslim Congress |page=142 |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921113722/https://books.google.com/books?id=74VtAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1974, the [[Garo people]] were stripped of their property by the [[Vested Property Act (Bangladesh)|XLVI Vested and Non-President Property Act]] by Bangladesh and affected by the 1964 Enemy Property Ordinance.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ellen Bal |title=They Ask If We Eat Frogs: Garo Ethnicity in Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JahG6Is2VboC&pg=PA206 |year=2007 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-230-446-9 |pages=206– |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921113722/https://books.google.com/books?id=JahG6Is2VboC&pg=PA206 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lands in CHT were taken by Bengali colonists; the hill peoples of the CHT were not afforded any cultural or ethnic recognition, and sympathy from successive Bangladesh governments, despite culture and ethnicity being used as an argument against Pakistan by Bengalis during the war.<ref name="Avari-2012" /> A 1997 peace agreement ended the over the twenty-year-long war on autonomy between Bangladesh and the Chittagong Hill Tracts Jumma inhabitants.<ref>{{cite book |author=Zahid Shahab Ahmed |year=2012 |title=Regionalism and Regional Security in South Asia: The Role of SAARC |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NfTsCwAAQBAJ&q=pakistan+jumma+fought&pg=PT50 |publisher=Routledge |page=16 |isbn=978-1-4094-6769-4 |access-date=2 October 2020 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921113723/https://books.google.com/books?id=NfTsCwAAQBAJ&q=pakistan+jumma+fought&pg=PT50 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Chittagong Hill Tracts showed that only Bengalis were to be beneficiaries of [[Bengali nationalism]] and its "liberalism", which was aimed against the hegemony of Pakistan. Even the "pro-minority" and participant of the CHT peace agreement, the Awami League, refused to grant the status of Adibashi, declaring that according to the constitution, Bengali is the nationality and Bangladeshi is citizenship and refused to acknowledge that Bangladesh had indigenous people. Bengali nationalism is part of the BNP's ideology. Jumma nationalism was spawned from Bengali nationalism due to the hegemony exerted by the Bengalis.<ref>{{cite book |author=Rita Manchanda |year=2015 |title=SAGE Series in Human Rights Audits of Peace Processes: Five-Volume Set |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bipPDAAAQBAJ&q=pakistan+jumma+fought&pg=RA4-PA51 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-93-5150-213-5 |pages=4– |access-date=2 October 2020 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921113723/https://books.google.com/books?id=bipPDAAAQBAJ&q=pakistan+jumma+fought&pg=RA4-PA51 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The rights of CHT natives were ignored when the Rangmati Kaptai Dam was built. Because the CHT Jummas were apathetic towards Bangladeshi independence, the Bengali majority regarded them as disloyal.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Paul Bellamy |editor1=Karl DeRouen, Jr. |editor2=Uk Heo |year=2007 |chapter=Asian Conflicts |title=Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROTNEAAAQBAJ&q=pakistan+jumma+fought&pg=PA35 |volume=I |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=35 |isbn=978-1-85109-919-1 |access-date=31 August 2023 |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831024643/https://books.google.com/books?id=ROTNEAAAQBAJ&q=pakistan+jumma+fought&pg=PA35 |url-status=live}}</ref> No autonomy was awarded to the Chittagong Hill Tracts in the Bangladesh Constitution of 1972.<ref>{{cite book |author=Chandrika Basu Majumdar |year=2003 |title=Genesis of Chakma Movement in Chittagong Hill Tracts |publisher=Progressive Publishers |page=114 |isbn=978-81-8064-052-0}}</ref> The Chakma conflict is both a religious and ethnic problem in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite book |author=D. D. Khanna |title=Sustainable development: environmental security, disarmament, and development interface in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HsjsAAAAMAAJ&q=pakistan+chakma+bangaldesh |year=1997 |publisher=Macmillan India |page=68 |isbn=978-0-333-93046-5 |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921113936/https://books.google.com/books?id=HsjsAAAAMAAJ&q=pakistan+chakma+bangaldesh |url-status=live}}</ref> The Chittagong Hill Tracts saw tribal Chakma leave the area due to religious and ethnic strife caused by Bangladesh's [[Islamisation]] policy. The Chittagong Hill Tracts was colonised by Northern [[Myanmar|Burmese]] and Bangladeshi Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |author=N. N. Vohra |year=2001 |title=Culture, Democracy And Development in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QNuAAAAMAAJ&q=pakistan+chakma+bangaldesh |publisher=Shipra Publications |isbn=978-81-7541-070-1 |page=63 |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921113903/https://books.google.com/books?id=1QNuAAAAMAAJ&q=pakistan+chakma+bangaldesh |url-status=live}}</ref> The label "genocidal" has been used to describe actions by the Bangladeshi government upon the non-Islamic Chittagong Hill Tracts Jumma natives.<ref>{{cite book |author=George Ninan |title=Transcending Boundaries: Perspectives on Faith, Social Action & Solidarity: a Festschrift in Honour of Bishop A. George Ninan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2jZAAAAMAAJ&q=pakistan+jumma+bangaldesh |year=1995 |publisher=Vikas Adhyan Kendra |page=303 |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921113903/https://books.google.com/books?id=X2jZAAAAMAAJ&q=pakistan+jumma+bangaldesh |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1972, the prime ministers of India and Bangladesh made a pact in which India agreed to grant citizenship, under §5(1)(a) of [[Indian nationality law|the Citizenship Act, 1955]], to Chakma refugees who had entered India prior to 1971. Despite this, the state of Arunachal Pradesh has taken no action on applications by Chakmas for citizenship, effectively blocking them.<ref name="nujslawreview">{{cite journal |last1=Izzat |first1=Moosa |title=The Chakmas' Struggle for Citizenship: Breaking Down India's Citizenship Acquisition Regime |url=https://nujslawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/15.3-4.Izzat_.pdf |journal=NUJS Law Review |date=July–December 2022 |volume=15 |issue=3–4 |pages=346–358}}</ref> The persecution of the ethnic tribes of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, of which the Chakma are the predominant ethnicity, has been greatly reduced after the 1997 [[Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Sharon O'Brien |year=2004 |title=The Chittagong Hill Tracts |editor-first=Dinah |editor-last=Shelton |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes against Humanity |publisher=Macmillan Library Reference |pages=176–177}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hidden Bangladesh: Violence and Brutality in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. |website=Amnesty International UK |date=21 August 2015 |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/groups/wirksworth-and-district/hidden-bangladesh-violence-and-brutality-chittagong-hill-tracts |access-date=22 September 2021 |archive-date=18 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018053423/https://www.amnesty.org.uk/groups/wirksworth-and-district/hidden-bangladesh-violence-and-brutality-chittagong-hill-tracts |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Indian representation ====
The Chakmas now have representation in the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]], [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tripura.nic.in/ |title=Tripura State Portal |access-date=19 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207161605/http://www.tripura.nic.in/ |archive-date=7 December 2018 }}</ref> and [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ttaadc.nic.in/council.htm |title=Profile of CEM and EM |website=Tripura Tribal Area Autonomous District Council |access-date=19 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307220048/http://www.ttaadc.nic.in/council.htm |archive-date=7 March 2011}}</ref> The only seat of political power and identity is the [[Chakma Autonomous District Council]] in India, the legitimacy of which is questioned by the [[Mizo people]]. There are another 80,000 Chakmas in [[Rakhine state]], Myanmar, who are known as [[Daingnet people]].

In 2015, the Supreme Court of India directed the government of India and the state government of Arunachal Pradesh to finalise the conferment of citizenship on eligible Chakmas.<ref name="nujslawreview" />

==Population==
===Bangladesh===
According to 2022 census, Chakmas are the largest ethnic group in [[Rangamati Hill District]] (42.67%) and second largest in [[Khagrachhari District]](24.53%).<ref name="Popdata">{{cite web |title=বাংলাদেশ পরিসংখ্যান ব্যুরো |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/site/page/b432a7e5-8b4d-4dac-a76c-a9be4e85828c |website=bbs.portal.gov.bd |access-date=11 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

They are the largest ethnic group in [[Juraichhari Upazila]] (91.15%), [[Naniarchar Upazila]] (79.89%), [[Barkal Upazila]] (69.33%), [[Bagaichhari Upazila]] (66.19%), [[Dighinala Upazila]] (53.38%), [[Lakshmichhari Upazila]] (51.33%), [[Panchhari Upazila]] (44.04%) and [[Mahalchhari Upazila]] (43.52%).<ref name="Popdata"/>

{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}{{row hover highlight}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text defaultleft col2right hover-highlight"
! Upazila
! District
! Percentage of Chakma<ref name="Popdata"/>
|-
|[[Juraichhari Upazila]]
|[[Rangamati Hill District]]
|align=center| 91.15%
|-
|[[Naniarchar Upazila]]
|[[Rangamati Hill District]]
|align=center| 79.89%
|-
|[[Barkal Upazila]]
|[[Rangamati Hill District]]
|align=center| 69.33%
|-
|[[Bagaichhari Upazila]]
|[[Rangamati Hill District]]
|align=center| 66.19%
|-
|[[Dighinala Upazila]]
|[[Khagrachhari District]]
|align=center| 53.38%
|-
|[[Lakshmichhari Upazila]]
|[[Khagrachhari District]]
|align=center| 51.33%
|-
|[[Panchhari Upazila]]
|[[Khagrachhari District]]
|align=center| 44.04%
|-
|[[Mahalchhari Upazila]]
|[[Khagrachhari District]]
|align=center| 43.52%
|-
|[[Rangamati Sadar Upazila]]
|[[Rangamati Hill District]]
|align=center| 41.23%
|-
|[[Khagrachhari Sadar Upazila]]
|[[Khagrachhari District]]
|align=center| 27.13%
|-
|[[Belaichhari Upazila]]
|[[Rangamati Hill District]]
|align=center| 26.68%
|-
|[[Kawkhali Upazila, Rangamati|Kaukhali Upazila]]
|[[Rangamati Hill District]]
|align=center| 25.92%
|-
|[[Langadu Upazila]]
| [[Rangamati Hill District]]
| align='center' |23.74%
|-
|[[Guimara Upazila]]
|[[Khagrachhari District]]
|align=center| 7.37%
|-
|[[Matiranga Upazila]]
| [[Khagrachhari District]]
| align='center' |3.12%
|-
|[[Ramgarh Upazila]]
|[[Khagrachhari District]]
|align=center| 2.77%
|-
|[[Kaptai Upazila]]
|[[Rangamati Hill District]]
|align=center| 2.25%
|-
|[[Manikchhari Upazila]]
|[[Khagrachhari District]]
|align=center| 1.93%
|-
|[[Thanchi Upazila]]
|[[Bandarban District]]
|align=center| 1.67%
|-
|[[Bandarban Sadar Upazila]]
|[[Bandarban District]]
|align=center| 1.49%
|-
|Others
|align=center| _
|align=center| <1%
|-
|}

===India===
India hosts around 228,000 Chakmas according to the 2011 Census, primarily in [[Mizoram]] (≈92,850), Tripura (≈84,269), [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (≈47,073), [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]], Meghalaya, and Nagaland. They are recognised in India as a Scheduled Tribe across these northeastern states.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2023 |title=Who are Chakmas? Unraveling the Mystery of Northeast India |url=https://vyonika.com/who-are-chakmas-unraveling-the-mystery/ |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=Vyonika |language=en-US}}</ref>

The construction of the [[Kaptai Dam]] in the 1960s displaced tens of thousands, roughly 100,000 Chakmas were relocated to India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chakravarty |first=Ipsita |date=30 July 2017 |title=50 years on, Chakma refugees from Bangladesh are still denied citizenship rights in Arunachal |url=https://scroll.in/article/845129/50-years-on-chakma-refugees-from-bangladesh-are-still-denied-citizenship-rights-in-arunachal |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chakma: Culture and Festival, Bangladesh Tourism, Bangladesh Tour & Travel Guide |url=https://priobangla.net/bangladesh-tourist-spots/details/chakma-culture-and-festival--442/ |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=priobangla.net}}</ref>

In 1972, under India's Sixth Schedule, the [[Chakma Autonomous District Council]] (CADC) was created within [[Mizoram]]. Its headquarters is in [[Kamalanagar]]. CADC covers around 686 km² and governs administrative, educational, and judicial functions for Chakma-majority areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2025 |title=Chakma Autonomous District Council – The official website of the Chakma Autonomous District Council, Mizoram, India |url=https://www.cadc.gov.in/ |access-date=24 July 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> In recent years there have been demands for elevating CADC to union territory status, referred to as "Chakmaland".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram: Minority report |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2009/23/commentary/mizoram-minority-report.html%20Mizoram:%20minority-report.%20Economic%20and%20Political%20Weekly%20Mizoram:%20Minority%20report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Taba Ajum |date=21 September 2017 |title=SC verdict on Chakmas, Hajongs could prove catastrophic for Arunachal |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2017/09/21/sc-verdict-on-chakmas-hajongs-could-prove-catastrophic-for-arunachal/ |access-date=2 March 2021 |newspaper=Arunachal Times}}</ref>

Chakma communities in Arunachal Pradesh were settled between 1964 and 1969 after displacement owing to the Kaptai Dam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commentary: Pre-eminent Issues of Governance in Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.vifindia.org/print/4589 |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=www.vifindia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chakmas of Arunachal Pradesh – CRDO |url=https://crdo.chakma.in/chakmas-of-arunachal-pradesh/ |access-date=24 July 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> However, since the 1980s some regional groups in Arunachal contested the rights of Chakma settlers, at times viewing them as migrants.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The fear of being unsettled haunts the Chakmas, Hajongs of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/northeastern-view-the-fear-of-being-unsettled-haunts-the-chakmas-hajongs-of-arunachal-pradesh-101713973509653.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=24 April 2024}}</ref>

In Tripura, Chakmas settled there over the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2022 |title=The Great Exodus of the Chakmas and Its Aftermath: An Overview |url=https://chakmalibrary.net/2022/02/15/the-great-exodus-of-the-chakmas-and-its-aftermath-an-overview/ |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=Chakma Digital Library |language=en}}</ref> They speak Chakma but are often bilingual in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. As a Scheduled Tribe, they enjoy educational initiatives, yet still face occasional political contention.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2025 |title=Tripura rally seeks identification, deportation of illegal immigrants |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/tripura-rally-seeks-identification-deportation-of-illegal-immigrants/articleshow/122304211.cms |access-date=24 July 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Culture==
The Chakmas are people with their own culture, folklore, literature and traditions.

===Traditional attire===
Traditional clothing is a significant part of almost every culture. Chakma women wear [[Pinon hadi]]. The ''pinon'' (𑄛𑄨𑄚𑄮𑄚𑄴) and the ''hadi'' (𑄈𑄘𑄨) are colourfully handwoven with various designs. The design is first embroidered on a piece of cloth known as ''Alam''. Chakma men wear Siluhm (𑄥𑄨𑄣𑄪𑄟𑄴) & Dudi(𑄘𑄪𑄘𑄨) as their traditional outfit.

===Jhum===
In the past, most Chakmas practised [[slash-and-burn]] cultivation (''[[jhum]]'') as their main occupation. However, many Chakmas today have adopted plough cultivation and some have taken up poultry farming.<ref name="Human-2004">{{Cite book |title=Human: The Definitive Visual Guide |publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-7566-0520-2 |editor=Robert Winston |location=New York |page=441}}</ref>

=== Traditional house ===
Traditional temporary homes of the Chakma are called ''mawnógawr''. A ''mawnógawr'' is constructed with [[bamboo]] and [[Thatching|thatch]], and supported on wooden logs.<ref name="Human-2004" />

===Festival===
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2022}}
Chakmas celebrate various Buddhist festivals. The most important is Buddha Purnima<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/72786/buddha-purnima-celebrated-in-rangamati |title=Buddha Purnima celebrated in Rangamati |work=New Age |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614100145/https://www.newagebd.net/article/72786/buddha-purnima-celebrated-in-rangamati |url-status=live}}</ref> or internationally known as [[Vesak]]. It is also known as Buddha Birthday worldwide. This is the anniversary of three important events in Buddha's life—his birth, his attainment of [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]], and his death. It is observed on the full moon day of the month of [[Vaisakha]] (usually in May).

On this and other festival days, Chakmas put on their best clothes and visit the temple. There, they offer flowers to the image of Buddha, light candles, and listen to sermons from the priests. Alms (offerings) are given to the poor, and feasts are held for the priests.

The three-day festival known as Biju/Bizu or Chakma New Year,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/india/tripura/biju-festival |title=Biju Festival in Tripura in 2022 |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614100135/https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/india/tripura/biju-festival |url-status=live}}</ref> celebrated with much enthusiasm. This Chakma New Year followed the same Indian calendar that shares the same date of the New Year. This Biju is also celebrated on the same date by various Buddhist countries such as Myanmar [[Sangrai]], Thailand [[Songkran]], Cambodia, Laos, India, Bangladesh, Sinhalese New Year and a few other Asian countries. Houses are decorated with flowers, young children pay special attention to the elderly to win their blessings, visiting Buddhist monasteries, and preparing festive and traditional Chakma dishes for guests are some of the important things.

==== Bizu ====
[[Bizhu|Bizu]] is the most important socio-religious festival of the Chakma.<ref>{{cite book |author=James Minahan |year=2012 |title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-659-1 |page=113 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC |language=en |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921113906/https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC |url-status=live}}</ref> Bizu is a [[Buddhist festival]] and public holiday in Tripura.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 April 2008 |title=Chakmas celebrate Bizhu festival in Tripura |language=en |work=Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/04/14/chakmas-celebrate-bizhu-festival-tripura-1208161860.html |access-date=2 January 2021 |archive-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927001149/https://www.oneindia.com/2008/04/14/chakmas-celebrate-bizhu-festival-tripura-1208161860.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Govt Holiday List 2021 pdf – Bank Holidays in Tripura 2021 – Tripura Government Holidays 2021 – Holidays 2021 Tripura Government – Tripura Govt Holidays 2021 – Tripura Government Holidays 2021 pdf download |url=https://www.cgstaffportal.in/holiday-list-2021-tripura-government/ |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Central Govt Employees News |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122222840/https://www.cgstaffportal.in/holiday-list-2021-tripura-government/ |url-status=live}}</ref> This festival gave birth to the [[Bizhu#Bizhu dance|Bizu dance]]. The festival lasts for three days and begins one day before the last day of the month of [[Chaitra]], falling in the month of April. The first day is known as ''Phool Bizu''. On this day, household items, clothes are cleaned and washed, food items are collected to give the house a new look with the veil of different flowers.
[[File:Ful Biju-Chengi river-Khagrachori-Biplob Rahman.jpg|thumb|Chakmas celebrating the Bizu festival at Khagrachhari.]]
The second day is known as ''Mhul Bizu''. This day starts with the bath in the river. People wear new clothes and make rounds of the village. Women wear ''pinon'' and ''hadi'' while men wear ''silum'' and ''dudi''. They also enjoy specially made vegetable curry known as "Paa Zawn Tawn", different homemade sweets like Bawraa-pyi-de, Tsaan-yei pyi-de, Khaw Ga Pyi-de, and Beng Pyi-de; and take part in different traditional sports. The day ends with the Bizu dance.

The last day, which is known as ''Gawz che Pawz che dyin'' involves the performances of different socio-religious activities. In the context of its nature, some say that Bizu is a festival, which revolves around agricultural activities because it is celebrated in mid-April when the earth is just drenched with the first rain and the zhum sowing is taken up. And it is believed that with the objective of getting a rich harvest, worship of the earth was arranged, which later on took the form of a festival. However, of late it has lost its agricultural character.

==== Buddha Purnima ====
It is celebrated on the full moon day in the month of Vaisakha.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/buddha-purnima-2021-festival-marks-birth-anniversary-of-founder-of-buddhism-9653361.html |title=Buddha Purnima 2021: Festival marks birth anniversary of founder of Buddhism |work=Firstpost |date=26 May 2021 |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614100135/https://www.firstpost.com/india/buddha-purnima-2021-festival-marks-birth-anniversary-of-founder-of-buddhism-9653361.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It encompasses the birth, enlightenment ([[Nirvana (Buddhism)|nirvāna]]), and passing away ([[Parinirvana|Parinirvāna]]) of Buddha. On the day of the worship, devotees go to the monastery with ''Shíyong or Qi Yawng'' (offerings of rice, vegetable and other fruits and confectioneries). The Buddhist monks known as ''Bhante'' lead the devotees for the chanting of verses composed in Pali<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pali-language |title=Pāli language |date=6 June 2023 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503050430/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pali-language |url-status=live}}</ref> in praise of the holy triple gem:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mahidol.ac.th/budsir/triple.htm |title=Part 3 The Triple Gem (Ti-ratana) |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518052243/https://www.mahidol.ac.th/budsir/triple.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> the Buddha, the Dharma (his teachings), and the Sangha (his disciples). Apart from this, other practices such as lighting thousands of lamps and releasing ''Phanuch Batti'' (an auspicious lamp made of paper in the form of a balloon) are also done as and when possible.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

=== Chakma cuisine ===
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2022}}
[[Bamboo shoot]]s are a traditional dish for the Chakma people, and they call it ''Bhaz-chuu-ryì''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bangalorechakmasociety.com/culture |title=Bangalore Chakma Society – Culture |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614100433/https://www.bangalorechakmasociety.com/culture |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shrimp paste]] and [[fish paste]] are their traditional ingredients for cooking, these are called sidol.

The staple food of the Chakmas is rice, supplemented by [[millet]], corn (maize), vegetables, and [[Mustard plant|mustard]]. The vegetables include yams, pumpkins, melons, and cucumbers. Vegetables and fruit gathered from the forest may be added to the diet. Fish, poultry, and meat are eaten.

Some typical Chakma dishes include fish, vegetables, and spices stuffed into a length of bamboo and cooked in a low fire; foods wrapped in banana leaves and placed beside a fire; and eggs that are aged until they get fermented.

The Chakma tend to mainly cook over an open fire. They eat many types of food (including meats) with rice being a staple, but they usually avoid beef.<ref name="Human-2004" />

===Sports and games===
Gudu hara, or Ha-do-do, also known as [[kabaddi]], is a game played throughout the Chakma region. Two teams stand on either side of a central line. They take turns sending a player into opposing territory to touch as many people as they can during the space of one breath, while at the same time saying "Ha-do-do." If the player runs out of breath or is caught by their opponents, they are out. On the other hand, if the player successfully returns to their own territory, the players they have tagged must leave the game.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/kabaddi |title=Kabaddi | sport |date=28 April 2023 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016163436/https://www.britannica.com/sports/kabaddi |url-status=live}}</ref>

Gyilhei hara{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} is a game that can be played between two teams or two individuals. A special type of seed called ''gyi-lhei'' is used to play the game. ''Gyilhei'' seeds are found and grown in wild forests of hills and are similar to bean seeds but bigger in size. When the time comes, the large beans dry out and the seeds known as ''gyilhei'' are ready to be collected for use in the game.

Other pastimes include Nadeng Hara, played with a spinning top; and various wrestling games. Pawti hara is a complex traditional game that is played by two teams. Due to how sophisticated its rules are, it is becoming less and less common.

=== Religion ===
The vast majority of the Chakma are followers of [[Theravada Buddhism]],<ref name="Encyclopedia-Britannica" /> a religion that they have practised for centuries.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chow Chandra Manche |date=2019 |title=Theravada Buddhism in North-East India: a study of the Tai-Khamtis |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335229270 |journal=International Journal of Social Research |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=28–37}}</ref> A minority of Chakmas practice Christianity.<ref>{{Cite book |author=James Minahan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA112 |title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-59884-659-1 |page=112 |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921113906/https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA112 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to a 2011 census report, there are 93,411 people who follow Buddhism in Tripura, [[Mizoram]], India. 7.3% are Christians, as the largest minority. Hinduism follows Christianity as the second-largest minority. This is then followed by Islam and other religious beliefs.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe population by religious community – Mizoram |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14/ST-15-00-014-DDW-2011.XLS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513205719/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14/ST-15-00-014-DDW-2011.XLS |archive-date=13 May 2021 |access-date=9 February 2020 |website=census.gov.in}}</ref>

== Language ==
{{main|Chakma language}}

The Chakmas originally spoke a language belonging to the [[Tibeto-Burman]] family, which belongs to the [[Jingpho–Luish languages|Jingpo-Luish]] tree. But at present days, their language shares many common words or loan words from the [[Hindi]], [[Pali]], [[Sanskrit]], English, [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] languages, due to long years of influence of [[Bengal]]. Many linguists now consider the modern Chakma language (known as ''Changma Bhaz'' or ''Changma Hawdha'') part of the Eastern [[Indo-Aryan language]] group. Changma language is written in its own script, the [[Chakma script]], also known as ''Awzhapath/Awjhapat''. Chakma is written in an alphabet that allows for its cursive form, and is almost identical to the [[Mon Homme|Mon-Khmer]] and the [[Tai Tham script|Lanna]] (Chiangmai) characters, which was formerly in use in [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Thailand]] and southern parts of [[Burma]].<ref>{{Ethnologue25|ccp}}</ref> The Chakma script although remains widely unused, with many Chakmas unable to read or write it.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Keeping the Chakma script alive: One young man's mission in Rangamati|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/culture/news/keeping-the-chakma-script-alive-one-young-mans-mission-rangamati-4003406|website=The Daily Star|date=6 October 2025|access-date=27 November 2025|language=en|first=Rikors|last=Chakma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangladesh ethnic minorities in great pain for not knowing their native language|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-ethnic-minorities-in-great-pain-for-not-knowing-their-native-language|website=Bangladesh ethnic minorities in great pain for not knowing their native language|access-date=27 November 2025|language=en|last=bdnews24.com}}</ref>

==Genetics==
The Chakma are strongly related to [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] groups in [[Northeast India]], Southeast Asia and East Asia. The MtDNA of Chakma suggest close clustering with Indian Tibeto-Burman groups especially the Marma and Tripuri. The Y Chromosome Paternal DNA suggest an overwhelming majority of East Asian haplotypes. More than 60% of the Chakma sampled skewed towards Southeast-Asian specific haplogroups mainly [[Haplogroup O-M122|Haplogroup O2]] and [[Haplogroup O3]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=N. N. Gazi |author2=R. Tamang |author3=V. K. Singh |author4=A. Ferdous |author5=A. K. Pathak |author6=M. Singh |author7=S. Anugula |author8=P. Veeraiah |author9=S. Kadarkaraisamy |author10=B. K. Yadav |author11=A. G. Reddy |author12=D. S. Rani |author13=S. S. Qadri |author14=L. Singh |author15=G. Chaubey |author16=K. Thangaraj |display-authors=5 |year=2013 |title=Genetic structure of Tibeto-Burman populations of Bangladesh: evaluating the gene flow along the sides of Bay-of-Bengal |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=10 |article-number=e75064 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...875064G |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075064 |doi-access=free |pmc=3794028 |pmid=24130682}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{Main articles|List of people of Chakma descent}}

==See also==
* [[Jumma people]]
* [[Ethnic groups in the Chittagong Hill Tracts]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=van Schendel |first=Willem |year=2002 |chapter=Bengalis, Bangladeshis, and Others: Chakma Visions of a Pluralist Bangladesh |editor-last=Jahan |editor-first=Rounaq |editor-link=Rounaq Jahan |title=Bangladesh: Promise and Performance |location=Dhaka |publisher=University Press |pages=65–106 |isbn=978-984-05-1542-4}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{cite book |last=van Schendel |first=Willem |year=2012 |chapter=Chakmas, The |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chakmas,_The |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030730143456/http://shobak.org/jumma_comments.php?id=52_0_10_0_C Interview with the Chakma King]

{{Ethnic groups in Bangladesh}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}
{{Scheduled tribes of India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakma People}}
[[Category:Chakma| ]]
[[Category:Chakma people| ]]
[[Category:Adivasi]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi Buddhists| ]]
[[Category:Buddhist communities of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Buddhist communities of India]]
[[Category:Buddhist communities of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Tripura]]
[[Category:History of Chittagong Division]]
[[Category:People from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Bandarban District]]
[[Category:People from Chittagong Division]]
[[Category:People from Khagrachhari District|.]]
[[Category:People from Rangamati District|.]]
[[Category:Refugees in India]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Mizoram]]

Baroda Cricket Association

2026-02-12T06:44:58Z

Aurovedacharitable:

{{Short description|Governing body of cricket in Vadodara city of Gujarat state, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox sport governing body
|name = Baroda Cricket Association
|abbrev = BCA
|logo =
|sport = [[Cricket]]
|image = BarodaCricketAssociationLogo.png
|caption = Baroda Cricket Association Logo
|jurisdiction = [[Baroda]], Gujarat, India
|founded = {{Start date|1937}}
|aff = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]
|affdate =
|region =
|regionyear =
|headquarters = BCA House, Vadodara
|location = [[Vadodara]]
|president = Pranav Amin
|director =
|chairman =
|chairperson =
|chair =
|secretary = Ajit Lele
|key staff =
|url = https://cricketbaroda.com
|countryflag =
}}
'''Baroda Cricket Association''' is the governing body of the [[cricket]] activities in the [[Vadodara]] city of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]] and the [[Baroda cricket team]]. It is affiliated to the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]].

Many past and present [[India national cricket team]] players, such as [[Nayan Mongia]], [[Zaheer Khan]], [[Vaibhav Patel]], and [[Irfan Pathan]] played at some point.

==History==

Cricket was introduced to [[Vadodara]] city by [[Maharaja of Baroda]] [[Sayajirao Gaekwad]] in 1934 and [[Moti Bagh Stadium]] was the home of the Baroda cricket. Since then Baroda has emerged as [[Ranji Trophy]] Champions in the year 1942-43, 1946–47, 1949–50, 1957–58 and 2000-01.

Maharaja [[Fatehsinghrao Gaekwad]] was [[List of presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India|President of BCCI]] from 1963 to 1965 & had gone to [[England]] as a Manager of Indian Team in the year 1952 & later was sent to [[Pakistan]] as a Manager to create good-will between the two countries & played an important role in establishing good relations.<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/220516/anurag-thakur-is-not-bcci-s-youngest-president.html Anurag Thakur is not BCCI’s youngest President]</ref><ref>[https://www.bhaskar.com/news-keyreco/GUJ-VAD-OMC-fatehsinghrao-gaekwad-was-first-youngest-bcci-president-at-age-of-33-5332132-PHO.html?seq=2 fatehsinghrao gaekwad was first youngest BCCI]</ref>

Baroda had produced many cricketers of international level in the past such as [[Vijay Hazare]], [[Gogumal Kishenchand]], [[Jayasinghrao Ghorpade]], [[Deepak Shodhan]]<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/993291.html When I met India's oldest living Test cricketer]</ref> & in the present generation [[Datta Gaekwad]], [[Chandu Borde]], [[Kiran More]], [[Anshuman Gaekwad]], [[Nayan Mongia]], [[Jitendra Patel]].

Currently, [[Irfan Pathan]], [[Yusuf Pathan]], and [[Zaheer Khan]]. There are also young players like [[Pinal Shah]], [[Ajitesh Argal]] who are knocking the doors of International Cricket.

In January 2015, [[Memorandum of Understanding]] was signed between [[Government of Gujarat]] and Baroda Cricket Association for the stadium and will be located at [[Kotambi]] on the outskirts of [[Vadodara]] with the cost of Rs. 100 crores to develop 29 acres of land.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Vadodara-to-get-world-class-cricket-stadium-after-six-decades/articleshow/45924454.cms Vadodara to get world-class cricket stadium after six decades]</ref>

In January 2016, Memorandum of Understanding was signed between [[Reliance Industries Ltd]] and Baroda Cricket Association for leasing [[Reliance Stadium]] which will be renovated will have a capacity of 40,000 [[Audience|spectators]] as well as include facilities like floodlights, dressing room, [[swimming pool]], [[gym]]nasium and other cricketing facilities. The ground will also be renamed after [[Dhirubhai Ambani]] as Dhirubhai Ambani Cricket Stadium.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Baroda-Cricket-Association-adopts-MoU-resolution/articleshow/50633166.cms Baroda Cricket Association adopts MoU resolution]</ref><ref>[http://deshgujarat.com/2016/01/19/pact-for-dhirubhai-ambani-stadium-cleared-by-bca-managing-committee/ Pact for Dhirubhai Ambani stadium cleared by BCA]</ref>

==Tournament==

* Maharani [[Shantadevi]] [[Coca-Cola]] Cup Inter School Under-16s Tournament
* Capt [[Vijay Hazare]] Under-16 Three-Day Tournament
* Baroda Under-16 Invitation Tournament
* [[Jaisinghrao Surve]] Under-19 [[One Day International|One-Day]] Tournament
* Late [[Mamasaheb Ghorpade]] Under-19 Three-Day Tournament
* HH Maharaja [[Fatehsinghrao Gaekwad]] Two Day Tournament
* [[HD Zaveri]] Three Day Premier League
* Late [[Jaywant Lele]] Under-19 one-day all India Invitation Tournament

==Home ground==

* [[Moti Bagh Stadium]] - Hosted three [[One Day International|ODIs]] and now mostly used for [[Ranji Trophy]] matches
* [[Reliance Stadium]] - Hosted 10 [[One Day International|ODIs]] since 1994 to 2010
* [[Baroda Cricket Association Stadium]] - Used since 2024. Hosted 01 Mens' [[One Day International|ODI]] on 11 January 2026.

==International Umpire==

* [[Sanjay Hazare]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{BCCI Members}}

[[Category:Cricket governing bodies in India]]
[[Category:Sport in Vadodara]]
[[Category:Cricket in Vadodara]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1937]]
[[Category:1937 establishments in India]]

Sid Makkar

2026-02-12T02:44:05Z

Aurovedacharitable: brief improved citations based on references additionally and corrected details for clarity

{{short description|Film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sid Makkar
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Siddharth Makkar
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra, India|Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2006–present
| spouse =
| known_for =
}}
'''Siddharth Makkar''', popularly known as '''Sid Makkar''', is an Indian actor who works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[English cinema|English]] language films and television.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 May 2021 |title=Sid Makkar: With the OTT boom, I am finally getting what I deserve - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sid-makkar-with-the-ott-boom-i-am-finally-getting-what-i-deserve/articleshow/82909368.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Career==
Sid began acting after studying at the [[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]]. He has worked in Indian, American, British and Australian films. His works include the very successful [[John Madden]] directed ''[[The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]]'' with [[Judi Dench]] and [[Dev Patel]], the cult favourite ''[[Sense8]]'' Season 2 ([[Netflix]]) by the Wachowski's and the Australian film 'Save your Legs'.

Sid has played leading parts in Indian series like 'Spotlight', 'Six', and films like ''[[Hacked (film)|Hacked]]'', ''[[Turning 30]]'' and [[Zoya Akhtar]]'s first film ''[[Luck by Chance]]''. He played the protagonist, a detective in the 1850s, [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]-era series 'Dariba Diaries' and received much acclaim.

With his love for theatre, he has gravitated towards playing the titular role in the hit Bollywood musical ''[[Zangoora]]''. He essayed the role of [[Gautama Buddha]] in Lushin Dubey's ''[[Buddha]]'' and worked on other dramatic plays like 'Where did I Leave my Purdah' directed by [[Lillete Dubey]] and "Art" directed by Mahabanoo Mody Kotwal and Kaizaad Kotwal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/brunch/in-bed-with-sid-makkar-i-wear-perfume-to-bed-says-the-actor-101633795600242.html|title=In Bed With Sid Makkar: I wear perfume to bed, says the actor|date=9 October 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2006
|''Offshore''
|Ajay Tiwari
|English
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
|''[[Luck by Chance]]''
|Sameer
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Straight (2009 film)|Straight]]''
|Rajat
|Hindi
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Dus Tola]]''
|Ravi
|Hindi
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Turning 30]]''
|Rishabh Puri
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2012
|''[[The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]]''
|Jay
|English
|
|-
|''Talk to Me''
|
|English
|Short film
|-
|''[[Save Your Legs!]]''
|Tusshar Rai
|English
|
|-
|''[[Chaurahen]]''
|
|English
|
|-
|2015
|''[[The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]]''
|Jay
|English
|
|-
|2017
|''The Big Fat City''
|Puneet
|Hindi
|
|-
|2020
|[[Hacked (film)|''Hacked'']]
|Om Kapoor
|Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-08|title=Vikram Bhatt's 'Hacked' starring Hina Khan to release on February 7|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/080120/vikram-bhatts-hacked-starring-hina-khan-to-release-on-february-7.html|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''377 AbNormal''
|Keshav
|Hindi
|[[ZEE5]] film<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-26|title=377 Ab Normal movie review: Indian LGBTQ community deserves a better film than this patchy, soulless affair|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/377-ab-normal-movie-review-indian-lgbtq-community-deserves-a-better-film-than-this-patchy-soulless-affair-6326611.html|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Corvid's Head''
|Harmesh
|English, Hindi
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Saiyaara (film)|Saiyaara]]''
|Vinit Rawal
|Hindi
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Platform
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''[[Sense8 (season 2)|Sense8]]''
|Ajay
|[[Netflix]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=+Gayatri T.|date=2016-05-30|title=Actor Sid Makkar Currently Handling a Handful of Projects|url=https://ajournalistreveals.com/actor-sid-makkar-currently-handling-a-handful-of-projects/|access-date=2021-01-08|website=A Journalist Reveals|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''Rain''
|Abhay
|[[YouTube]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vikram Bhatt's Rain: Here's a look at the first episode of Sid Makkar, Priya Banerjee's web series|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/discussion/vikram-bhatts-rain-heres-look-first-episode-sid-makkar-priya-banerjees-web-series|access-date=2021-01-08|website=PINKVILLA|date=22 June 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Spotlight 2 (web series)|Spotlight]]''
|Romesh
|[[Viu (streaming media)|VIU]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven]]''
|Bilal
|[[Amazon Video]]
|
|-
|''Faceless''
|
|[[JioCinema]]
|
|-
|2020
|''State of Siege: 26/11''
|Sontosh Dutta
|[[ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ZEE5's State of Siege: 26/11 to uncover the untold stories of Mumbai attacks|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/digital/zee5-webseries-state-of-siege-2611-on-mumbai-attacks-46669|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Mumbai Live|date=14 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Six''
|Kashish Sura
|[[Disney]] + [[Hotstar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/film-theatre/six-starring-mandira-bedi/|title=10 Things To Know About Web Series Six Starring Mandira Bedi|date=27 May 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Barun Rai and the House on the Cliff''
|
|
|
|-
|2024
| ''[[Raisinghani vs Raisinghani]]''
|Akshat Mehra
|[[SonyLIV]]
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2006
|''[[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyaan]]''
|Satyakam Kapadia
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Once experimental shows start getting TRPs, producers will try out new concepts - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Once-experimental-shows-start-getting-TRPsproducers-will-try-out-new-concepts/articleshow/49356641.cms|access-date=2021-01-08|website=The Times of India|date=15 October 2015 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2007-2008
|''Mere Apne''
|Shankar
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 22, 2008|title=Sizzler: Sid Makkar|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080303-sizzler-sid-makkar-735537-2008-02-22|access-date=2021-01-08|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sid is no more single! - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sid-is-no-more-single/articleshow/2650208.cms|access-date=2021-01-08|website=The Times of India|date=26 December 2007 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2008
|''[[Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki]]''
| Arjuna
|
|-
|2014-2015
|''Dariba Diaries''
|Mirza Jaan Nawaz
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Coutinho|first=Natasha|date=2014-12-15|title=With Dariba Diaries, Sid's on the case|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141215/entertainment-tvmusic/article/dariba-diaries-sid%E2%80%99s-case|access-date=2021-01-08|website=DeccanChronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-12-19|title=Dariba Diaries series being telecast on Epic|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/dariba-diaries-series-being-telecast-on-epic/|access-date=2021-01-08|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2015-2016
|''[[Lajwanti (TV series)|Lajwanti]]''
|Sunderlal Bharadwaj
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=coutinho|first=natasha|date=2015-10-18|title=We share a good chemistry: Sid Makkar|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151017/entertainment-tvmusic/article/we-share-good-chemistry-sid-makkar|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-23|title='Lajwanti' is a proper story with a finite end: Sid Makkar on his new show based on partition|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/love-in-the-time-of-partition/|access-date=2021-01-08|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2016–2017
|''[[Ye Hai Mohabbatein]]''
|Vidyut
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ye Hai Mohabbatein: This actor will play the new man in Ishita's life - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ye-Hai-Mohabbatein-This-actor-will-play-the-new-man-in-Ishitas-life/articleshow/55325224.cms|access-date=2021-01-08|website=The Times of India|date=9 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Dhadkan Zindaggi Kii]]''
| Nikhil Sardesai
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-will-play-a-feminist-in-dhadkan-and-i-identify-with-this-character-sid-makkar/articleshow/88276700.cms|title=Exclusive! I will play a feminist in Dhadkan and I identify with this character: Sid Makkar - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=14 December 2021 }}</ref>
|}

=== Theatre ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role(s)
|-
|2010
|''[[Zangoora]]''
|Zangoora
|-
|
|''Where did I Leave my Purdah''
|Vinay, Suhel and Dushyant
|-
|
|''Buddha''
|Prince Siddhartha / Gautama Buddha
|-
|
|''Lift Kara De''
|Goldy
|-
|
|''[[Art (play)|Art]]''
|Serge
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm1822358}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Makkar Sid}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Rajendra Lahiri

2026-02-10T02:49:49Z

Aurovedacharitable: clean up

{{short description|Indian revolutionary (1901–1927)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajendra Nath Lahiri
| image = Rajendranath Lahiri painting.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1901|06|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Pabna District|Pabna]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1927|12|17|1901|06|29|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_cause = [[Execution by hanging]]
| occupation = [[Revolutionary]]
| movement = [[Indian independence movement]]
| education = [[Banaras Hindu University]]
| organization = [[Hindustan Republican Association]]
| father = [[Kshitish Mohan Lahiri]]
}}

'''Rajendra Nath Lahiri''' (29 June 1901 — 17 December 1927), known simply as '''Rajendra Lahiri''', was an Indian [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|revolutionary]], who was a mastermind behind the [[Kakori conspiracy]] and Dakshineshwar bombing. He was an active member of the [[Hindustan Republican Association]], aimed at ousting the [[British Raj|British]] from India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Engineer|first=Asghar Ali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XQCYl6T1vIC&dq=Rajen+Lahiri&pg=PA112|title=They Too Fought for India's Freedom: The Role of Minorities|date=2006|publisher=Hope India Publications|isbn=978-81-7871-091-4|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Rajendra Lahiri was born on 29 June 1901 in the village of Lahiri Mohanpur in a [[Bengali Brahmin]] family of [[Pabna District]], [[Bengal Presidency]] (now in [[Bangladesh|Lahiri Mohanpur, ullapara, Sirajgonj, Bangladesh]]). His father, [[Kshitish Mohan Lahiri]], owned a large estate there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aicc.org.in/new/some-prominent-martyrs.php |publisher=All India Congress Committee |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329035309/http://aicc.org.in/new/some-prominent-martyrs.php |archivedate=2009-03-29 |title=Some Prominent Martyrs of India's Freedom Struggle |accessdate=18 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Official Website of West Bengal Correctional Services, India – Martyrs for India's Freedom|url=http://wbcorrectionalservices.gov.in/history_martyrs.html|access-date=2022-02-25|website=wbcorrectionalservices.gov.in}}</ref>

==Dakshineswar bomb incident==
Lahiri took part in the [[Dakshineswar]] bombing incident and absconded. He went to [[Varanasi|Benares]] and started studying. He was a M.A. student in Department of History, [[Banaras Hindu University]] when the revolutionary activities started in [[United Provinces (British India)|United Provinces]] (now [[Uttar Pradesh]]). He joined the [[Hindustan Republican Association]] along with some of his Bengali friends.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-17|title=Rajendra Lahiri Death Anniversary: अंग्रेजों ने दो दिन पहले क्यों दे थी फांसी|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/knowledge/rajendra-lahiri-death-anniversary-revolutionary-was-hanged-two-days-ahead-viks-3903037.html|access-date=2022-02-25|website=News18 हिंदी|language=hi}}</ref>

==Kakori conspiracy==
He was the mastermind behind the [[Kakori train robbery]] on 9 August 1925. He was arrested and tried in the previous bomb case of Dakshineswar in Bengal and sent to jail for ten years rigorous imprisonment. When the legal proceedings started in [[Lucknow]] for the train robbery, he was also included in the [[Kakori conspiracy]] case and tried with several other revolutionaries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Rajendranath Lahiri, the Revolutionary Who Threw Away His 'Sacred' Thread|url=https://thewire.in/history/rajendranath-lahiri-indian-revolutionary|access-date=2022-02-25|website=The Wire}}</ref>

==Death==
He was found guilty after a long trial and was hanged in the [[Gonda district]] jail on 17 December 1927, two days before the scheduled date, along with [[Thakur Roshan Singh]], [[Ashfaqulla Khan|Ashfaq Ullah]] and [[Ram Prasad Bismil]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lahiri, Rajendra}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1927 deaths]]
[[Category:Executed Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:20th-century executions by British India]]
[[Category:People from Pabna District]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:People executed by British India by hanging]]
[[Category:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]

United Way Mumbai

2026-02-06T06:05:54Z

Aurovedacharitable: made the post needs work

{{Short description|Mumbai-based non-profit organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

'''United Way Mumbai''' is a [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit organisation]].<ref>https://give.do/discover/VQI/united-way-mumbai/</ref> addressing social challenges across urban<ref>{{cite web | url=https://the4thwheel.com/united-way-mumbai/ | title=United Way Mumbai | Baseline Study for Mumbai 360 - The4thWheel | date=15 June 2021 }}</ref> and rural [[India]]. As part of the global [[United Way]] network with operations in 36 countries,<ref>{{cite web |year=2025 |title=United Way Worldwide - ESG News & Media |url=https://www.leadersmag.com/issues/2025.1_Jan/PDFs/LEADERS_Williams_United_Way_Worldwide.pdf |website=LEADERS Magazine}}</ref> this [[Mumbai]]-based non-profit collaborates with corporations,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/business/lifes-good-when-lifes-shared-lg-india-expands-blood-donation-initiative-across-india-945066 | title=Life's Good when Life's Shared: Lg India Expands Blood Donation Initiative Across India | date=12 February 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web | url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/hsbc-india-launches-swachh-sankalp-along-with-the-social-lab-tsl-and-united-way-mumbai-uwm/81861931.html | title=HSBC India launches "Swachh Sankalp" along with the Social Lab (TSL) and United Way Mumbai (UWM) }}</ref> non-government organisations (NGOs), government agencies,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.apnnews.com/united-way-mumbai-and-rto-mumbai-central-launch-the-two-wheeler-simulator-training/ | title=United Way Mumbai and RTO, Mumbai Central launch the two-wheeler simulator training | date=18 June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-reading-carnival-organised-for-underprivileged-students | title=Mumbai: Reading carnival organised for underprivileged students }}</ref> and individuals to implement solutions in health, education, financial security,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://businessnewsthisweek.com/business/united-way-mumbai-supports-3331-micro-women-entrepreneurs-in-mumbai/ | title=United Way Mumbai supports 3331 micro women entrepreneurs in Mumbai | date=23 March 2022 }}</ref> and climate<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/happiness-quest/story/20211115-how-united-way-mumbai-works-towards-improving-beaches-1872932-2021-11-05 | title=How United Way Mumbai works towards improving beaches | date=5 November 2021 }}</ref> and community resiliency.

== History and network ==
United Way Mumbai established in 2002 is a member of the international [[United Way|United Way network]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.unitedway.org/news/galvanizing-young-leaders | title=Galvanizing Young Leaders | United Way Worldwide }}</ref> which has a 130+ year legacy of fostering community development.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://hbr.org/2018/09/united-ways-ceo-on-shifting-a-century-old-business-model | title=United Way's CEO on Shifting a Century-Old Business Model | journal=Harvard Business Review | date=September 2018 }}</ref> United Way Mumbai is one of the Indian chapters,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.devex.com/organizations/united-way-of-mumbai-31018 | title=United Way of Mumbai | Devex }}</ref> as it is also joined by several other regional chapters in Delhi, [[Bengaluru]], [[Chennai]], Baroda,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/united-way-eyes-world-record-for-hosting-highest-number-of-people/articleshow/10243642.cms | title=United Way eyes world record for hosting highest number of people | work=The Times of India | date=5 October 2011 }}</ref> and [[Hyderabad]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/united-way-of-hyderabad-making-collective-impact | title=United Way of Hyderabad making collective impact | date=7 March 2021 }}</ref> – each focusing on localised issues within their respective communities.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://avpn.asia/impact-organisations/united-way-mumbai/ | title=United Way Mumbai | AVPN | work=AVPN }}</ref>

== Geographical reach ==
The organisation has developed a national footprint through partnerships, and extended its initiatives to multiple states of [[India]], including [[Assam]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/driving-social-impact-visas-pledge-with-united-way-mumbai20231102130053/ | title=Driving Social Impact: Visa's Pledge with United Way Mumbai }}</ref> [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Delhi]],<ref name="auto1"/> [[Gujarat]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/united-way-mumbai-and-totalenergies-foundation-champion-road-safety-awareness-with-helmet-distribution-across-3-cities-in-india/ | title=United Way Mumbai and TotalEnergies Foundation champion Road Safety Awareness with Helmet Distribution across 3 cities in India – India Education | Latest Education News | Global Educational News | Recent Educational News }}</ref> [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana]], and [[West Bengal]], among others.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.csrmandate.org/united-way-mumbai-joins-forces-with-citizen-volunteers-to-save-the-planet/ | title=United Way Mumbai Joins Forces with Citizen Volunteers to Save the Planet | CSR Mandate | date=23 April 2022 }}</ref>

By collaborating with local NGOs, [[Corporation|corporate]] partners,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thecsrjournal.in/building-strong-corporate-ngo-partnerships-united-way-mumbai/ | title=Building Strong Corporate-NGO Partnerships | date=18 May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://clubm15.clubmahindra.com/about-us/social-responsibility | title=ClubMahindra15 }}</ref> and government agencies,<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.morningkashmir.com/united-way-mumbai-successfully-commemorates-rashtriya-poshan-maah-with-poshan-mela-to-combat-child-malnutrition-in-karjat/ | title=United Way Mumbai Successfully Commemorates Rashtriya Poshan Maah with Poshan Mela to Combat Child Malnutrition in Karjat - Morning Kashmir | date=30 September 2023 }}</ref> United Way Mumbai's programmes drive social impact<ref>{{cite web | url=https://blog.dataogram.com/posts/united-way-mumbai-accelerating-community-interventions-with-the-aim-of-lasting-impact/ | title=United Way Mumbai: Accelerating community interventions with the aim of lasting impact }}</ref>

== Role in the Mumbai Marathon ==
Since 2009, United Way Mumbai has served as the official philanthropy partner<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tatamumbaimarathon.procam.in/philanthropy/introduction | title=Tata Mumbai Marathon | Philanthropy | Introduction }}</ref> for India's largest sporting fundraising platform,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://socialinnovationsjournal.org/75-disruptive-innovations/2826-the-tata-mumbai-marathon-india-s-biggest-social-impact-fundraising-platform | title=The Tata Mumbai Marathon -- India's Biggest Social Impact Fundraising Platform }}</ref> the [[Mumbai Marathon]] (previously called the Standard Chartered Mumbai Marathon and now the Tata Mumbai Marathon<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tatamumbaimarathon.procam.in/|title=Welcome to the Tata Mumbai Marathon!|website=tatamumbaimarathon.procam.in}}</ref> due to sponsorship by the [[Tata Group]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tatatrusts.org/media/events/tata-trusts-raise-awareness-support-five-causes-tata-mumbai-marathon-2020 | title=Tata Trusts to raise awareness and support for five causes at the Tata Mumbai Marathon 2020 - Events - Tata Truts }}</ref> In this capacity, the organisation promotes philanthropy<ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/what-the-mumbai-marathon-truly-mean-for-the-tata-group-orhow-the-tata-mumbai-marathon-is-an-embodiment-of-grit-excellence-commitment-passion/articleshow/62644487.cms?from=mdr | title=Run for good: Mumbai Marathon, with more than 44,000 participants, raises Rs 26 cr for charity | work=The Economic Times | date=25 January 2018 }}</ref> through sports<ref>{{cite web | url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/philanthropy-through-sports-the-opportunity-of-a-lifetime/112938865 | title=Philanthropy through sports: The opportunity of a lifetime - ET BrandEquity }}</ref> enabling participating [[NGOs]] to leverage the [[fundraising]] potential of the event. To do this, the non-profit facilitates connections between runners, non-runners, corporate partners<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fintechbiznews.com/lenders-banks/hdfc-bank-employees-run-in-tata-mumbai-marathon-|title=HDFC Bank Employees Run In Tata Mumbai Marathon}}</ref> and participating charities, raising funds for an extensive list of social causes through its digital platform.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/tata-mumbai-marathon-2025-ngos-corporates-and-citizens-come-together-to-raise-rs-43-crores | title=Tata Mumbai Marathon 2025: NGOs, Corporates and Citizens Come Together to Raise Rs 43 Crores }}</ref>

In 2009, the event raised approximately INR 7.75 crore, which increased to INR 45.95 crore by 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.csrmandate.org/tata-mumbai-marathon-2020-raises-inr-45-90-crores-for-philanthropic-causes/ |title=Tata Mumbai Marathon 2020 Raises INR 45.90 Crores for Philanthropic Causes | CSR Mandate |date=28 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/society/tata-mumbai-marathon-2018-breaks-all-charity-records-raises-more-than-25-crore-for-259-ngos-19611 |title=Tata Mumbai Marathon 2018 breaks all charity records; raises more than ₹25 Crore for 259 NGOs |date=16 January 2018}}</ref> The 2024 edition, on the other hand, set a philanthropic record, with over INR 58 crores raised before race day.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-marathon-2024-sets-fundraising-record-267-ngos-raise-rs-58-cr-for-various-causes-23330320 |title=Mumbai Marathon 2024 sets fundraising record, 267 NGOs raise Rs 58 cr for various causes |date=17 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/mumbai-marathon-65000-run-for-a-change-tomorrow-could-bring/articleshow/117378217.cms?from=mdr |title=Mumbai Marathon: 65,000 run for a change tomorrow could bring |work=The Economic Times |date=19 January 2025 |last1=Periwal |first1=Nikita}}</ref> By April 2024, the total funds raised had reached INR 72.39 crore,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/topnews/tata-mumbai-marathon-philanthropy-awards-2024-7239-crores-raised-by-tmm-through-268-ngos-surpassing-records | title=Tata Mumbai Marathon Philanthropy Awards 2024: 72.39 Crores Raised by TMM Through 268 NGOs Surpassing Records }}</ref> benefiting 268 NGOs. The same year saw over 12,000 individuals run to promote diverse causes, supported by 1,157 fundraisers and 179 corporate partners. Additionally, 24,083 individual donors contributed to the fundraising efforts.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tatamumbaimarathon.procam.in/news-media/latest-news/inr-72-39-crores-raised-for-humanitarian-causes-by-ng-os-corporates-and-citizens-at-the-tata-mumbai-marathon-2024 | title=INR 72.39 Crores raised for Humanitarian Causes by NGOs, Corporates, and citizens at the Tata Mumbai Marathon 2024 }}</ref>

In the 20th edition of the Tata Mumbai Marathon in January 2025, United Way Mumbai, serving as the official philanthropy partner, helped raise approximately ₹43 crore (about US $5.2 million) to date, with participation from 269 NGOs, corporations, and individuals. The event affirmed its status as India's largest philanthropic sporting platform, having cumulatively raised over ₹429 crore since inception.<ref>{{cite news |title=Running for a cause: Tata Mumbai Marathon 2025 raises Rs 43 crore for charity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/running-for-a-cause-tata-mumbai-marathon-2025-raises-rs-43-crore-for-charity/articleshow/117245860.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2025-01-15 |access-date=2025-09-09}}</ref>

Since its inception, the TMM has raised over INR 429.60 crores,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://businessindia.co/magazine/philanthropy/running-for-a-cause | title=Running for a cause | date=28 January 2025 }}</ref> benefiting more than 1,000 NGOs across various causes<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pune.news/events-experiences/the-tata-mumbai-marathon-a-legacy-of-endurance-community-and-brand-power-293076/#google_vignette | title=The Tata Mumbai Marathon: A Legacy of Endurance, Community, and Brand Power | date=20 January 2025 }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Mumbai]]
{{improve categories|date=June 2025}}
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Charities based in India]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]

Milan (1995 film)

2026-01-31T17:27:51Z

Aurovedacharitable: rd update

#REDIRECT [[Milan (1994 film)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from incorrect disambiguation}}
}}

Ibrahim Rauza

2026-01-21T04:19:33Z

Aurovedacharitable: Creating post

{{Short description|Building in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Ibrahim Rauza
| image = Ibrahim Roza.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|16|49|37|N|75|42|7|E|region:IN-KA_type:landmark|display=it}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| status = [[Mosque]] and [[mausoleum]]
| functional_status = Active
| administration = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| location = [[Bijapur]], [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| patron = Taj Sultana
| religious_features_label =
| religious_features =
| architect = Malik Sandal
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]
| founded_by = Adil Shahi Dynasty
| year_completed = {{AH|1036|link=yes}}
| map_type = India Karnataka
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the tomb complex in [[Karnataka]]
| dome_quantity = Two {{small|(one each for the mausoleum and mosque)}}
| minaret_quantity = {{circa|Ten}} {{small|(maybe more)}} {{small|(four each for the mausoleum and mosque)}}
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation2 = MANI | designation2_offname = Ibrahim Rauza | designation2_type = | designation2_criteria = | designation2_date = | delisted2_date = | designation2_partof = | designation2_number = N-KA-D150 | designation2_free1name = | designation2_free1value = | designation2_free2name = | designation2_free2value = | designation2_free3name = | designation2_free3value =
| embedded = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=250|frame-align=center|zoom=13|type=point|marker=landmark|stroke-width=2|plain=yes|frame-latitude=16.826944|frame-longitude=75.701944}} Location of the tomb complex in [[Bijapur]] }}
}}

The '''Ibrahim Rauza''', also known as the '''Ibrahim Rawza''', ({{literally|Ibrahim's tomb}}) is a funerary complex featuring a [[mausoleum]], a [[mosque]] and extensive gardens, located in [[Bijapur]] (now Vijayapura), in the state of [[Karnataka]], India. The buildings are very similar in style, with a fountain between them. Following the example of many [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]] monuments, the buildings are raised on a plinth within an enclosed gated space. The complex was built in {{AH|1036|link=yes}} by Taj Sultana, the wife of Sultan [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cousens |first=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2goAAAAYAAJ&dq=Ibrahim+Rauza&pg=PA53 |title=Bijapur, the Capital of the Adil Shahi Kings: A Guide to Its Ruins |date=1905 |publisher=Scottish Mission Industries Company |pages=54–58 |language=en}}</ref> The construction process reflects the magnificence of the building that took more than eight years to finish. It is by far one of the most remarkable artistic achievements of the [[Adil Shahi dynasty]], who established a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] Sultanate in Bijapur in the 15th century and ruled for almost two hundred years.

Because of its magnificent skyline, the Ibrahim Rauza complex became commonly known as "The Black Taj Mahal"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Hema |date=19 Nov 2013 |title=Bijapur's black Taj |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-bijapur-s-black-taj-1277130}}</ref> or "The Taj of the South".<ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Muqarnas]]|volume=33|date=2016|title=Book Culture, Royal Libraries, and Persianate Painting in Bijapur, circa 1580‒1630|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26551683|first=Keelan|last=Overton|pages=91–154 |doi=10.1163/22118993_03301P006 |jstor=26551683}}</ref> The complex is a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]], administered by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].

== Etymology ==
The word "Rauza" or "Rawza" comes originally from the Arabic word (روضة), which means a garden. Its use for funerary complexes started with the Mausoleum of the Prophet Muhammad in [[Medina]], which the Prophet himself called a Rawda (Rawza).{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} The term was then adopted in Iran for the mausolea of Sufi saints and became significantly popular during the [[Ilkhanate|Ilkhanid]] period.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} Afterwards, the term reached India under Persian influence and became used for most Islamic funerary structures, not limited to Sufi shrines.

== History ==

=== Patronage ===
[[File:"Portrait_of_Ibrahim_'Adil_Shah_II_of_Bijapur",_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_MET_DT2793.jpg|thumb|274x274px|Portrait of Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II of Bijapur]]
[[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]], the sultan this complex was named after, was one of the great patrons of art and architecture in Bijapur. During his reign, Bijapur reached its peak in terms of economic and artistic development.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haidar |first=Navina Najat and Marika Sardar |title=Sultans of Deccan India, 1500-1700: Opulence and Fantasy |date=2015 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |location=New York |pages=77–84}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Alfieri |first=Bianca Maria and F. Borromeo |title=Islamic Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. |date=2000 |publisher=Calmann & King Publishing |location=London |pages=162–7}}</ref> Since the sultan was buried in this outstanding complex, it was long thought that he was also its patron. However, the Persian inscriptions on the mausoleum's walls reveal that the complex was built by his wife Taj Sultana either originally for herself or for her husband.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Hutton |first=Deborah |date=2005 |title=Carved in Stone: The Codification of a Visual Identity for the Indo-Islamic Sultanate of Bīdjāpūr |journal=Archives of Asian Art |volume=55 |issue=55 |pages=65–78|doi=10.1484/aaa.2005.0006 }}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite journal |last=Michell |first=George |date=2015 |title=Indic Themes in the Design and Decoration of the Ibrahim Rauza in Bijapur |journal=Sultans of Deccan India, 1500-1700: Opulence and Fantasy |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |publication-place=New York |pages=236–250}}</ref> Yet, with the early death of Ibrahim Adil Shah II and his daughter Zehra Sultana and their entombment in her mausoleum, the complex was transformed into a family mausoleum, where another four family members were also buried later.<ref name=":14"/>

Taj Sultana was the second wife of Ibrahim Adil Shah II. However, she was probably aiming at establishing her position as the primary queen of Ibrahim Adil Shah II by embarking on building this masterpiece.<ref name=":25"/> Moreover, Taj Sultana's son, Muhammad, eventually reached the throne at the age of fourteen, after a fierce rivalry with his half-brother.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |author=Wannell, Bruce |date=2015 |title=The Epigraphic Program of the Ibrahim Rauza in Bijapur |journal=Sultans of Deccan India, 1500-1700: Opulence and Fantasy |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |publication-place=New York |pages=252–267}}</ref> Therefore, after the death of her husband, Taj Sultana, who held the foremost position of the Queen Mother, must have sealed her position in the court and become even more powerful.<ref name=":32"/>

Not only do the inscriptions mention Taj Sultana as the actual patron, but also the emphasis given to her across the inscriptional programme suggests that she might have built the mausoleum for herself.<ref name=":14"/> While Ibrahim Adil Shah II and Zehra Sultana were commemorated in a couple of lines, the inscriptions dedicated to Taj Sultana are distributed in three locations, each about six lines long.<ref name=":14"/> However, most of the Quranic verses mention the Prophet Ibrahim, the sultan's namesake, indicating the centrality of Ibrahim Adil Shah II in the complex.<ref name=":32"/>

=== Workers and craftsmen ===
The overseer of the complex's construction work was also mentioned in the inscriptions. His name was Malik Sandal, an Abyssinian eunuch who rose up the military ranks and became a prominent figure in Ibrahim Adil Shah's court.<ref name=":32"/><ref name=":14"/> Malik Sandal was thought to be involved in designing the complex, although recent scholarship has positioned him as only the overseer of the project or the "sar-i kar".<ref name=":14"/> He was extremely loyal to Taj Sultana and he continued to manage the project even after her death. He is also thought to have contributed a sum of his own money towards the completion of the complex, according to an interpretation of two Persian lines in the mausoleum. The lines say "She spent one and a half ''lakh huns'', but nine hundred more were added thereto," <ref name=":14"/> which Hutton interpreted as Sandal adding nine hundred ''huns'' of his own money.<ref name=":14"/>

Since the inscriptions took the lead role in ornamenting this complex, the calligrapher's signature was also inscribed on its walls. His name was Sayyid Naqi al-Din al-Husaini, and he signed his name several times either in square or triangular frames in various locations in the complex.<ref name=":32" />

== Architecture ==

=== Location ===
[[File:Schematic_map_of_Bijapur_fort.jpg|thumb|Location of Ibrahim Rauza in old Bijapur]]
The complex is located just outside the main Western gate of the old city of [[Bijapur]], which is called the Mecca Darwaza. The location is significant because the gate, as its name indicates, used to lead to the main pilgrimage route. It was also located on the connecting road between Bijapur and Nauraspur, the new city built by [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]].<ref name=":25"/>
[[File:Ibrahim Rauza Plan.jpg|thumb|Ibrahim Rauza Plan]]

=== Plan ===
The overall space is contained by an almost square wall dotted with cells including residential rooms, a kitchen and a storeroom, surrounding the main features of the complex, which are the mausoleum and the mosque.<ref name=":25"/><ref name=":14"/> Both are raised on a plinth and connected to the outer wall by a pathway leading from the outer gateway to a stair flight flanked by two domed pillars. Between them is a basin and a fountain in addition to a cistern underneath. The plinth is not at the centre but is positioned rather slightly towards the northeast.

The interior plans of the mosque and the mausoleum are significantly different from each other despite the similarity of their outer appearance. The mosque, which is located on the right side for the viewer entering the complex from the outer gate, is of a hypostyle plan with three rows of arcades in the prayer hall, each consisting of five bays. The mausoleum, on the other hand, consists of a rectangular structure, surrounded by two concentric rectangles of pillars forming a double veranda.

=== The mausoleum ===
[[File:Bijapur_Ibrahim_Rauza_mosque.jpg|thumb|283x283px|The mausoleum of the Ibrahim Rauza complex]]
Although the mosque and the mausoleum share similar design features, especially their overall profiles, the mausoleum is the focus of artistic craftsmanship in the complex. It is slightly bigger than the mosque and is adorned with exquisite stone carvings, including calligraphic perforated stone carved windows (''[[Jali]]''). The whole complex bears a significant amount of calligraphy not seen elsewhere in the Islamic monuments of the Indian subcontinent.

Both the mausoleum and the mosque have a bulbous dome, which has a distinctive base of lotus petals. However, the dome of the mausoleum is larger in diameter. The symbolism of the lotus extends beyond the Islamic sphere to the Buddhist tradition, where it signifies purity and transcendence. The design became popular during the Adil Shahi period as it became associated with their concept of the ideal ruler, inspired by Buddhist sources.<ref name=":14"/>

The mausoleum has four corner domed towers with six small turrets on each side above the unidentical arches beneath them. The three central arches are almost identical in size, flanked by other significantly smaller ones, while the outermost arches are almost identical to the central three. This arrangement is a quite distinctive feature in the mausoleum.  

The upper parts of the mausoleum and the mosque are the focal point of microarchitectural elements such as the small turrets, bearing small domes identical to the main dome, the slender minarets, and the lotus-bud finials.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Lambourn |first=Elizabeth A. |authorlink= Elizabeth Lambourn |date=2010 |title=A Self-Conscious Art? Seeing Micro-Architecture in Sultanate South Asia |journal=Muqarnas |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=121–156|doi=10.1163/22118993_02701007 }}</ref> These elements borrow from the overall structure, in a treatment called self-imaging, which was inspired by [[Hindu architecture]].<ref name=":4" /> The crenelations on the rooftop and the stone brackets supporting the hanging eaves show a mixture of classical Islamic stylized vegetal ornamentation along with Indian elements such as the hanging bosses. All of these elements were finely carved in stone, showing exquisite craftsmanship.[[File:Ibrahim_Rauza_Tomb_-_2.jpg|thumb|233x233px|View from the first veranda- the mausoleum of the Ibrahim Rauza complex]]Under the hanging eaves, the arcades lead to a double veranda, where the inner one is topped by a flat roof. The ceiling of the outer veranda is plain while the inner veranda's ceiling is highly decorated with stone carvings showing the typical Indian motifs of floral medallions within a square. The ceiling panels also feature the swastika element, which is a repeated motif in the mausoleum. The pillars leading to the inner veranda are rectangular, their shafts are highly decorated with floral carvings and their capitals show a curvilinear design.<ref name=":14"/>

The four sides of the burial chamber bear four engaged columns on each side, reflecting the same decoration programme of the pillars. The chamber appears to be rising on its own plinth, giving the engaged column a shorter almost square-like appearance. The plinth itself is also decorated with rectangular carved stone panels, where some of them bear lotuses. The chamber has four entrances with wooden doors, each surrounded by three densely carved calligraphic bands. Each of these doors is also flanked by two windows, which are in turn bordered by three calligraphic bands. The window tympanums show magnificent calligraphic carved stone screens, which are reminiscent of the iconic Indian [[Jali]], making them a distinct innovation. The doors are made of [[teak]]wood.<ref name="kannadasiri">{{Cite web |title=Heritage Areas |url=http://kannadasiri.kar.nic.in/heritage/heritage_areas.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820205534/http://kannadasiri.kar.nic.in/heritage/heritage_areas.htm |archive-date=20 Aug 2009 |accessdate=2009-11-28 |work=Bijapur |publisher=Office Of the Commissioner, Archaeology, Museums & Heritage, Mysore: Government of Karnataka}}</ref><ref name="city">{{Cite web |title=A brief History |url=http://www.bijapurcity.gov.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051030192813/http://www.bijapurcity.gov.in/ |archive-date=30 October 2005 |accessdate=2011-11-28 |publisher=Bijapur Cith Municipal Council |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="tribune">{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Partha S. |date=2002-03-24 |title=Where echoes of history resound |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020324/spectrum/heritage.htm |accessdate=2009-11-28 |work=The Tribune}}</ref><ref name="tourist">{{Cite web |title=Places to visit |url=http://www.bijapuronline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=53 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221095226/http://www.bijapuronline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=53 |archive-date=21 December 2008 |accessdate=2009-11-28 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Rozah">{{Cite web |title=Ibrahim Rozah Tomb |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/i/019pho0000254s3u00046000.html |accessdate=2009-11-28 |publisher=British Library On-Line Gallery |archive-date=2012-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021155218/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/i/019pho0000254s3u00046000.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Inside the burial chamber lie six stone cenotaphs of Ibrahim Adil Shah II and his family members including his wife Taj Sultana; the patron of the complex.<ref name=":25"/> The interior stands in striking contrast to the heavily ornamented façade since it is almost devoid of any ornamentation. However, its monumental size of forty-two feet square and thirty-three feet high and utter simplicity make the cenotaphs stand out with their curved imposing design. Although the cenotaphs vary in size, their design is fairly similar.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

=== The mosque ===
[[File:Ibrahim_Rauza_-_Mosque.jpg|thumb|227x227px|Ibrahim Rauza mosque]]
The outer appearance of the mosque shares many features with the mausoleum including the dome, the four slender minarets, the turrets and the ornate crenelations. It is more of a traditional style of a series of arches, leading to pendentives bearing squinch-net-like design, reminiscent of the influential [[Timurid architecture|Timurid]] tradition. The mosque still has some distinctive features such as a stone-carved lotus medallion connected to a stone-carved chain hanging from the ceiling.<ref name=":14"/> The minarets could also have had hanging carved chains similar to the ones still preserved in the [[Kali Masjid, Jalna#:~:text=Kali Masjid, also known as,visitors from around the world.|Kali Masjid, Jalna]], although they are now lost.<ref name=":14" /> Unlike the tomb, which is mostly made of stone, the mosque's main decorative material is mostly plaster and stucco, especially in the interior.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

The qibla wall has several mihrabs, a classic feature of many Indo-Islamic mosques. The main mihrab, however, is distinctive by a small, angled cave-like chamber bearing two rows of miniature mihrab designs on each of its ten sides.<ref name=":25"/> The mihrab has an elegant frame of carved stucco.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

=== The water works ===
The old city of Bijapur depended primarily on receiving water from two huge water tanks built outside the city. The Ibrahim Rauza complex received water from the Western tank coming from a nearby village called Torvi.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Raghubans |first=Kishore |date=2014 |title=Deccan Sultanate Water Works at Bijapur with Special Reference to Gol Gumbaz and Ibrahim Rouza |journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |pages=198–222}}</ref>

The Ibrahim Rauza complex bears a series of water structures including a cistern, a trough, feeder channels and, most prominently, a fountain between the mosque and the mausoleum. the remains of at least thirteen water features still exist in the complex despite being out of use.<ref name=":5" />

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Islam|India}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:17th-century religious buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:Bijapur, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bijapur district]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1620s]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1627]]
[[Category:Sultanate of Bijapur]]
[[Category:Tombs in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Deccan sultanates]]

Supreme Court metro station

2026-01-18T22:09:55Z

Aurovedacharitable: fixed structure per sources

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Supreme Court
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}
| image = Supreme Court metro station.jpg
| style = Delhi Metro
| address =
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
| other =
| structure = Elevated
| platform = {{ubl|[[Side platform]]|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=main}} / {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=branch}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|L}}}}
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Available
| bicycle =
| opened = {{Start date and age|2006|November|11|df=y}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Blue|left=Mandi House|right=Indraprastha}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Blue Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''The Supreme Court metro station''', formerly known as Pragati Maidan metro station,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-02|title=Delhi metro's Pragati Maidan station will be renamed as Supreme Court station|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-metro-s-pragati-maidan-station-will-be-renamed-as-supreme-court-station-11577926770867.html|access-date=2021-08-28|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> is situated on the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]] of the Delhi Metro.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|title=Station Information|access-date=2010-06-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It provides access to the [[Supreme Court of India]], the [[Bharat Mandapam|Pragati Maidan]] exhibition center, and the nearby ITO office area.

== Station layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=main}} / {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=branch}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Indraprastha}}
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Mandi House}} '''''Change at the next station for '''{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Pragati Maidan railway station]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information|work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|blue line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2006]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway stations in New Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}

Kesha Khambhati

2026-01-18T18:29:07Z

Aurovedacharitable: Creating a info

{{Short description|Indian model and actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kesha Khambhati
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|2|8}}
| birth_name =
| othername =
| birth_place = [[Surat]], [[India]]
| yearsactive = 2014-present
| height =
| education =
| occupation = Model, actress
}}

'''Kesha Khambhati''' is an Indian model and actress who has appeared in Telugu and Tamil films. After making her debut in Telugu cinema with ''[[Heart Attack (2014 film)|Heart Attack]]'' (2014), Kesha appeared in a leading role in [[Saran (director)|Saran]]'s ''[[Aayirathil Iruvar]]'' (2017).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/Kesha-Khambhati-The-surti-is-gunning-for-more-Telugu-films-after-her-recent-film-Heartless/articleshow/30904188.cms|title=Kesha Khambhati gunning for more Telugu films|website=indiatimes.com|access-date=21 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/theatre/Kesha-Khambhati-The-actress-keen-to-make-more-glam-moves-to-Telugu-films/articleshow/30933392.cms|title=Surti girl Kesha Khambhati keen on making more glam moves in Telugu film industry|website=indiatimes.com|access-date=21 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bollyworm.com/image-gallery/hot/kesha-khambati-left-us-speechless-pictures/|title=Kesha Khambati is at her boldest in these pictures! - Bollyworm|website=bollyworm.com|access-date=21 September 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
Kesha made her debut by appearing in an [[item number]] in the Telugu film, ''[[Shadow (2013 film)|Shadow]]'' (2013) featuring in the title track.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} In early January 2014, Kesha was cast in director [[Saran (director)|Saran]]'s Tamil film, ''[[Aayirathil Iruvar]]'' and was set to appear alongside two other debutants in roles opposite [[Vinay Rai|Vinay]]. Despite completing shoot, the film's release was stalled and did not have a theatrical release until September 2017.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} Kesha's first acting role release was in [[Puri Jagannadh]]'s Telugu romantic drama film, ''[[Heart Attack (2014 film)|Heart Attack]]'' (2014), where she featured as Priya, alongside [[Nithiin]] and [[Adah Sharma]]. She shot for the film in India and Thailand, and labelled the film as a "turning point" of her career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Heart-Attack-has-a-unique-theme-Kesha-Khambhati/articleshow/29440821.cms|title=Heart Attack has a unique theme: Kesha Khambhati|website=indiatimes.com|access-date=21 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/hollywood/heart-attack-will-be-turning-point-in-my-career-kesha_149803.html|title='Heart Attack' will be turning point in my career: Kesha|date=26 January 2014|website=india.com|access-date=21 September 2017}}</ref> In 2015, she appeared in the low-budget Telugu comedy ''Best Actors'' in an ensemble cast.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/best-actors-telugu-movie-review-19777|title=Best Actors review. Best Actors Telugu movie review, story, rating - IndiaGlitz Telugu|website=indiaglitz.com|access-date=21 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiantalks.com/romantic-movie-best-actors-telugu-movie-review-rating-first-day-collection-report/12535|title=Romantic Movie Best Actors Telugu Movie Review, Rating First Day Collection -Report - TheIndianTalks|date=12 May 2016|website=theindiantalks.com|access-date=21 September 2017|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921192850/https://www.theindiantalks.com/romantic-movie-best-actors-telugu-movie-review-rating-first-day-collection-report/12535|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2016, following the death of television actress [[Pratyusha Banerjee]], her boyfriend Rahul Raj Singh was brought to the media's attention. Along with another actress, Heer Patel, Kesha Khambati also brought a separate a court case against Singh. Kesha accused Singh of becoming close to her in order to take money from her, and sought a value of two [[lakh]] rupees to be returned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-celebs-embroiled-in-controversies/photostory/50029367.cms|title=TV celebs embroiled in controversies - The Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=21 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.desimartini.com/news/bollywood/pratyusha-banerjee-suicide-revelations-left-us-shocked/article31696.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418105750/http://www.desimartini.com/news/bollywood/pratyusha-banerjee-suicide-revelations-left-us-shocked/article31696.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2016|title=Pratyusha Banerjee Suicide: Revelations That Left Us Shocked!|website=Desimartini|access-date=21 September 2017}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Shadow (2013 film)|Shadow]]'' || || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Special appearance
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Heart Attack (2014 film)|Heart Attack]]'' || Priya || Telugu ||
|-
| 2015 || ''Best Actors'' || || Telugu ||
|-
|rowspan="1"|2017 || ''[[Aayirathil Iruvar]]'' || Urmila Naidu || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khambati, Kesha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1989 births]]

Pamba River

2026-01-17T21:33:29Z

Aurovedacharitable: cleanup page per sources and updated info

{{Short description|River in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Pamba River
| name_other = Pampa River
| native_name ={{native name|ml|പമ്പ നദി}}
| image =
| image_caption =
| map = Pamba.PNG
| map_caption = Labelled map of Pamba River {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center |type=shape|id=Q2634049|stroke-color=#0000FF|stroke-width=2 |type2=line|id2=Q2634049|stroke-color2=#0000FF|stroke-width2=2}}
| source1_location = Pulachimala
| mouth_location = [[Vembanad Lake]] & [[Thottappally Spillway]]
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| length = {{convert|176|km|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|1,650|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|109|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| basin_size = {{convert|2,235|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
}}
The '''Pamba River''' (also called '''Pampa River''') is the third longest river in the Indian state of [[Kerala]], after [[Periyar (river)|Periyar]] and [[Bharathappuzha]], and the longest river in the erstwhile former princely state of [[Travancore]]. The [[Sabarimala Temple]], dedicated to [[Ayyappa|Lord Ayyappa]], is located on the banks of the river Pamba.

The River Pamba enriches the lands of [[Pathanamthitta District|Pathanamthitta district]] and the [[Kuttanad]] area of [[Alappuzha District|Alappuzha district]] and [[Kottayam]]

==Course==
The Pamba originates at the Pulachimalai Hill in the [[Peerumedu]] Plateau in the [[Western Ghats]] at an altitude of {{convert|1670|m}}. Starting from the [[Idukki district]] and traversing a distance of {{convert|176|km}} through Pathanamthitta and Alappuzha districts, the river joins the Arabian Sea through a number of channels. Following its confluence with the [[Kakkiyar]] River it flows westwards until the Pamba is meet by the Arudhai Aar River. The Pamba heads south-east from Narayanamuzhi to the confluence of the [[Kakkattar]] River, whereafter it flows south to [[Vadasserikkara]] where it receives the [[Kallar River (Pamba)]].<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/IHD2015_final.pdf|title=Integrated Hydrological Data Book|publisher=[[Central Water Commission]]|pages=35–36|access-date=4 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402104009/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/IHD2015_final.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

One branch of Pamba called [[Varattar River (Pamba)|Varattar]] flows from [[Arattupuzha]]/[[Puthencavu|Puthenkavu]] and along [[Edanad]], [[Othera]], [[Thiruvanvandoor]], [[Eramalloor|Eramallikkara]] and flows into [[Manimala River]] at [[Kallumala|Kallumkal East side]].

Another branch of Pamba flows from [[Kuthiathode]] and joins with [[Manimala River]] at Kallumkal West side, and branches out again at [[Nedumpuram]] from [[Manimala River]] and flows along [[Thalavady]], [[Edathua]], [[Champakulam]], Pullangady, [[Nedumudy]] and empties into Vembanad Lake at [[Kainakary]]. This branch links with Mainstream Pamba River at Pullangady while continuing to flow to [[Vembanad lake]]. One branch of [[Achankovil River]] joins with Pamba at [[Paippad]]/[[Veeyapuram]], while another branch flows into Pamba again via Karichal, [[Cheruthana]]. [[Perunthenaruvi]] is the major waterfall in Pamba river between [[vechoochira]] and [[Athikkayam]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home page of Pampa Parirakshana Samithy Kerala State India|url=http://www.savepampa.org/pps/what_is_new.htm|access-date=2021-07-28|website=savepampa.org|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728123951/http://www.savepampa.org/pps/what_is_new.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:പമ്പാനദി.JPG|thumb|right|Pamba river at Aranmula]]
The river flows through [[Perunad]], [[Chittar, Kerala|Chittar]], [[Vadasserikkara]], [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]], [[Ayroor]], [[Cherukole]], [[Keezhukara]], [[Kozhencherry]], [[Maramon]], [[Aranmula]], [[Arattupuzha]], [[Edanad]], [[Puthencavu]], [[Chengannur]], [[Kallissery]], [[Pandanad]], [[Parumala]], [[Mannar, Alappuzha|Mannar]], [[Kadapra]], Melpadom, Thevery, [[Veeyapuram]], [[Thakazhy]], Pullangady, [[Pallathuruthy]] before emptying into the [[Vembanad Lake]], while another branch flows directly via [[Karuvatta]] into [[Thottappally Spillway]].

The Pamba basin extends over an area of {{convert|2235|km2}} with the entire catchment area within Kerala state. The basin is bounded on the east by the Western Ghats and on the west by the Arabian Sea. The river shares its northern boundary with the [[Manimala River]] basin, and the southern boundary with the [[Achankovil River]] basin.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

==Tributaries==
*[[Azhuthayar]]
*[[Kakkiyar]]
*[[Kakkattar]]
*[[Kallar River (Pamba)|Kallar]]
*[[Aadhi Pamba]]
*[[Varattar River (Pamba)|Varattar]]
*[[Kuttemperoor]]
*[[Utharappalli River|Utharappalliyar]]
*[[Kolarayar]]
*[[Njunungar]]
*[[Madatharuvi]]
*[[Kozhithodu]]
*[[Thanungattilthodu]]
*Moozhiyar

==Topography of the basin, reservoirs and command area==
{{See also|Geography of Kerala#Geography|Kerala backwaters}}
The Pamba basin - like all the river basins in Kerala - can be divided into three natural [[Upland and lowland|zones based on elevation]], consisting of low land or seaboard, midland and high land. The coast for a short distance along the borders of lakes is flat, retreating from it the surface roughens up into slopes which gradually combine and swell into mountains on the east. The low land area along sea coast is generally swampy and liable to be flooded during [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]] inundation. The plains/midlands succeed low land in gentle ascents and valleys interspersed with isolated low hills. The high land on the eastern portion is broken by long spurs, dense forests, extensive ravines and tangled jungles. Towering above all their slopes are Western Ghats that form eastern boundary of the basins.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report made by National Water Development Agency on Interlinking of Pamba with Vaippar |url=http://nwda.gov.in/writereaddata/sublink2images/255.pdf |access-date=11 March 2018 |archive-date=10 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110154354/http://nwda.gov.in/writereaddata/sublink2images/255.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

[[Kuttanad]] is a [[river delta]] landscape region in Kerala known for its vast paddy fields and geographical peculiarities.<ref name=fao>{{cite web |title=Kuttanad Below Sea Level Farming System {{!}} FAO |url=https://www.fao.org/family-farming/detail/en/c/283069/ |website=www.fao.org |access-date=3 November 2024}}</ref> It is in the Districts of Alappuzha, Kottayam and Pathanamthitta. The region has the lowest altitude in India, and is one of the few places in the world where farming is carried on around {{convert|4|to|10|ft|m|order=flip}} below sea level,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kerala Boat Ferries Lone Passenger To Help Her Take Exam|url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/coronavirus-lockdown4-kerala-government-boat-ferries-lone-passenger-sandra-babu-to-help-her-take-exam-2238752|last=Press Trust of India|date=1 June 2020|access-date=17 November 2020|work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/07/13/stories/2003071300600200.htm|title=Thirst below sea level|last=Suchitra|first=M|date=2003-08-13|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2020-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922101804/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/thirst-below-sea-level/article28523147.ece |archive-date=2019-09-22}}</ref> using [[rice paddies]] largely located on [[reclaimed land]] amid the delta.<ref name=fao /> Kuttanad is historically important in the ancient history of South India and is the major rice producer in the state. Farmers of Kuttanad are famous for Biosaline Farming. The United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) has declared the Kuttanad Farming System as a [[Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems|Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System]] (GIAHS) in 2013. Four of Kerala's major rivers, the Pamba, [[Meenachil River|Meenachil]], [[Achankovil]] and [[Manimala]] flow into the region.

==Endangered state==
[[File:Clean Pamba Campaign.JPG|thumb|Information board near Nadappanthal, Sabarimala to keep Pamba clean]]
Due to drought and a lack of conservation and protection by the government, the Pampa River has shrunk to a stream and is totally dry in many places. Nearby wells have also dried up. Water for farming, such as paddy fields, is scarce. Experts are calling for governmental awareness of the dire situation and the need to rein in development that is destroying the environment.<ref name=Kuttoor>{{cite news|last=Kuttoor|first=Radhakrishnan|title=As Pampa shrinks, life ebbs away|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/as-pampa-shrinks-life-ebbs-away/article5752085.ece|access-date=15 March 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 March 2014}}</ref>

The Kerala High Court has initiated steps to control the pollution of the river from the practice of some visitors to Sabarimala who throw their clothes into it.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/temple-plans-to-challenge-ban-on-throwing-clothes-in-pamba-river-english-news-1.685693 | title=Temple plans to challenge ban on throwing clothes in Pamba river | date=21 November 2015 | publisher=Mathrubhumi | access-date=18 January 2020 }}</ref> As part of the Punyam Poonkavanam project, pilgrims have been exhorted to avoid the usage of soap and oil while bathing in River Pamba. They are also requested not to throw any material, including clothes, to this [[holy river]]. At a broader level, this project aims to spread the message of cleanliness and greenness beyond Pamba and Sabarimala.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.technoparktoday.com/vsc-supports-sabarimala-clean-drive-punyam-poonkavanam/ |title = VSC supports Sabarimala Clean Drive 'Punyam Poonkavanam'}}</ref>

==Significance in Hinduism==
[[File:Pamba near sabarimala.jpg|thumb|Pamba River near Sabarimala]]
[[Ayyappan|Lord Ayyappan]] (Sri Dharmasastha) appeared to the [[Pandalam]] Raja as a child on the banks of the Pamba River. The Pamba River has been venerated as ''Ganga of kerala,'' and devotees of Lord Ayyappan believe that immersing oneself in the Pamba is equivalent to bathing in the [[Ganges River|Holy Ganges River]]. Bathing in the river, believed to absolve one's sins, is a requirement before commencing the trek through the forest to the Ayyappan Temple atop [[Sabarimala]]. Pamba is also referenced in the [[Ramayana|Valmiki Ramayana]], where Rama visited the elderly devotee [[Shabari|Sabari]]. This connection led to the mountain being named [[Sabarimala Temple|Sabarimala]], meaning "mountain of Sabari."

==Religious Conventions==
[[Cherukolpuzha Convention]], an important, annual Hindu convention, is held on the sand banks of Pamba in [[Cherukole]]. [[Maramon Convention]], the largest Christian convention in Asia, is held in [[Maramon]] at the banks of the Pamba River.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2014/river-pamba/505 |title = River Pamba, a veritable signature of a rich culture Kerala Tourism|access-date=8 August 2025}}</ref>

==Boat Racing==
[[Vallam kali]], also known as snake boat race, are traditional boat races held in Kerala in the Punnamada Lake and surrounding rivers. The [[Champakulam Moolam Boat Race]] is one of the oldest vallam kali in [[Kerala]] dating back to 1545 A.D.<ref>{{citation| title = Champakulam Moolam Boat race at Champakulam, Alappuzha (Alleppey) Kerala state, India| url = http://www.alappuzhaonline.com/champakulammoolam-boatrace.htm | publisher=alappuzhaonline.com | access-date=13 July 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Moolam Boat Race Champakulam - My-Kerala.com| url = http://www.my-kerala.com/tour/district/alappuzha/boat-race/champakulam-moolam.shtml| access-date = 26 June 2012| archive-date = 2 February 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170202095630/http://www.my-kerala.com/tour/district/alappuzha/boat-race/champakulam-moolam.shtml| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Champakulam Moolam Boat Race at zonkerala.com| url = http://www.zonkerala.com/Champakulam-Moolam-Boat-Race-2071.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Champakulam Moolam Boat Race video| url = http://www.keralatourism.org/video-clips/champakulam-moolam-boat-race-107.php}}</ref> The race is held in [[Champakulam]] on the Pamba River. The [[Aranmula Boat Race]] features [[palliyodam]]s boats is an annual race held as past of Onam festival and Vallasadya festival in [[Aranmula]].<ref>{{cite web| title =Aranmula - Unique Heritage Village in Pathanamthitta, Kerala Kerala Tourism| url =https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/aranmula-heritage-village/48/| access-date = 17 September 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Melukara]]
*[[Ayroor]]
*[[Pathanamthitta District]]
*[[Ayyappa]]
*[[Aranmula Mangattu Palace|Aranmula Palace]]
*[[Sabarigiri Hydro Electric Project]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
;Sources
*{{cite web | title=Infobox facts | work=All Kerala River Protection Council| url= http://puzhakal0.tripod.com/river.html | access-date=26 January 2006}}
* nwda.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/0413760650.pdf

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

{{Waters of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|9|30|N|76|25|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Rivers of Kerala]]
[[Category:Pamba River| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Rivers of Idukki district]]
[[Category:Rivers of Alappuzha district]]

Boraj Tawaran

2026-01-16T11:12:45Z

Aurovedacharitable: /* Festival */==Agriculture and Animal Husbandry== *In agriculture, mainly wheat and maize are cultivated. *Most of the people also do animal husbandry in which cows, buffaloes and goats are reared

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Boraj Tawaran
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Tanwara Ki Boraj Jagir, Boraj Tanwaran
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.08|N|74.06|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Salumbar district|Salumbar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block in India|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jhallara]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Malpur, Salumbar district|Malpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = [[Amar Singh Tanwar]]
| named_for = [[Tanwar]] clan
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 259
| population_total = 571
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 313027
| registration_plate = RJ-58
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Boraj Tawaran''' is a village in the [[Salumbar district]] of [[Rajasthan]], India. It comes under the [[Malpur, Salumbar district|Malpur]] [[gram panchayat]], in [[Jhallara]] [[Community development block in India|block]].<ref>"https://gramvikas.nskmultiservices.in/india/rajasthan/salumbar/jhallara/boraj-tawaran#gsc.tab=0</ref><ref>"https://villagegram.in/village/rajasthan/salumbar/jhallara/boraj-tawaran/</ref> The village is located 8 km east of Salumber. Salumbar is nearest town to Boraj Tawaran village.<ref>http://{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}/rajasthan/udaipur/salumbar/boraj-tawaran.html</ref> '''Boraj Tanwaran''' or '''Boraj Tawaran''' was also known as '''Tanwara Ki Boraj Jagir'''.<ref>Settlement Department Division Udaipur-Chittor 1955</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mowr.nic.in/mi3/RAJASTHAN/UDAIPUR/SALUMBER/start.html |title=Reports on 3rd Census of Minor Irrigation Schemes (2000-2001): Salumber |publisher=NIC-Water Resources Informatics Division |access-date=11 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714142216/http://mowr.nic.in/mi3/RAJASTHAN/UDAIPUR/SALUMBER/start.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> Around 1700 CE, a [[Thakur (Indian title)|Thakur]] of the [[Tanwar]] clan moved to Salumber during the rule of Rawat Kesari Singh [[Chundawat]] ("Rawat" is a princely title). On 13 December 1876, his descendant Thakur Tej Singh Tanwar was granted the [[jagir]] of the present-day village site to Rawat Jodh Singh Chundawat.<ref>[[Vimla Bhandari]], [[Salumbar ka Itihas]], Page-191</ref>

==School==
*Govt.Sr.Sec.School-Boraj
*Govt.Primary School-Boraj Tanwaran
==Dam and Rivers==
*Amba Mata [[Dam]] - A very beautiful dam is built between two hills at a distance of 1 km from the village, the water of which is used for irrigation in 10-12 villages through a canal. The credit for the construction of the dam goes to Amar Singh Tanwar, a descendant of Tej Singh Tanwar.
*[[Rivers]]- There are two rivers in the village which flow throughout the year.
==Features==
Boraj Tawaran Known for the Amba Mata dam, rivers, forests, hills, waterfalls and hunting ground.

==Hunting Ground==
Due to forests and hills, many wild animals are found here, Due to which earlier it was the most favorite place for hunting.
==Festival==
*Diwali- On this festival, Kesiya is sung from door to door especially by the tribal community.
*Holi- Gair dance is performed by the villagers on this festival.
*Makar Sankranti- Earlier villagers used to play gediya game on this festival.
==Agriculture and Animal Husbandry==
*In agriculture, mainly wheat and maize are cultivated.
*Most of the people also do animal husbandry in which cows, buffaloes and goats are reared.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Udaipur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Udaipur district]]

Banshari Lahiri

2026-01-15T12:55:41Z

Aurovedacharitable: new...

{{Multiple issues|
{{orphan|date=January 2026}}
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=September 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Banshari Lahiri
| image =
| image_size =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption =
| background = solo singer
| birth_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| alias =
| birth_date = 1932
| birth_place = [[Sirajganj]] [[British India]] (now [[Bangladesh]])
| origin =
| death_date =
| family =
| genre = [[Hindustani Classical Music]]
| occupation = singer
| instrument =
| years_active = 1947 – present
| label = Megaphone Records
| associated_acts =
| website =
}}
'''Banshari Lahiri''' (née Banshari Chakraborty) (born 1932) is a Bengali singer who was well-versed in [[Indian classical music]] and [[Shyama Sangeet]]. She was the mother of composer [[Bappi Lahiri]], the Disco King.<ref name="bl">{{ cite web| title = জন্মশতবর্ষে শিল্পী অপরেশ লাহিড়ী ( in Bengali -Aparesh Lahiri on his birth centenary)| url = https://banglalive.com/article-on-aparesh-lahiri-by-avik-chattopadhyay/ | access-date = 2025-06-17}}</ref>

==Biography==
Banshari Chakraborty was born to Dr. Annada Govinda Chakraborty in [[Sirajganj]], a city in [[British India]], now [[Bangladesh]]. She learned music from her father.

==Musical career==
In 1947, Megaphone Records released the first record of two songs, whose lyricist and composer were [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]] and [[Aparesh Lahiri]] respectively. With the sincere cooperation of Kamal Ghosh, owner of Megaphone Company and Aparesh Lahiri, Banshari gradually established herself in the world of Bengali music. Banshari married Aparesh. Banshari also released many popular songs with Aparesh Lahiri. In addition to basic songs, Banshari sang several songs in Bengali and Hindi films as a playback singer. Lastly, Banshari was involved in the gharana of [[Raga]]s and [[Indian classical music]]. Banshari Lahiri participated in [[Mahisasuramardini (radio programme)|Mahishasurmardini]], a widely popular early [[Bengali language|Bengali]] special dawn radio programme of [[All India Radio]] (AIR) that started in 1931, several times before 1972.<ref name="eisamay">{{ cite web | title = শৈল দেবীর কণ্ঠে 'বাজল তোমার', হেমন্তের..... ( in Bengali) | date = 20 October 2015 | url = https://eisamay.com/editorial/post-editorial/the-history-of-radio-musical-mahisasurmardini-narrated-by-abhik-bhattacharya/articleshow/49466106.cms | access-date=2025-06-17}}</ref><ref name="bl"/> Banshari's musical career came to an end in 1972 when she moved to [[Mumbai]] with her son [[Bappi Lahiri]].

Some of the most well-known songs sung by Banshari are:
*''Ichhamoyee Tara Go Tor Ichha ke Bujhte Pare'' - [[Shyama Sangeet]]
*''Nahi Mane jiyara Hamar'' - in the film Subhash Chandra released in 1964
*''Ankho Me Tum''
*''Bhool Gaye Hum Sab Kuch'' - in the 1979 film 'Tere Pyaar Mein'<ref name="saregama">{{ cite web | title =
Bansari LahiriSongs | url = https://www.saregama.com | access-date = 2025-06-17}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lahiri, Banshari}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Sirajganj]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:Indian singers]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]

Shiva Narwal

2026-01-05T22:17:38Z

Aurovedacharitable: made first stub basic info

{{Short description|Indian sport shooter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
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| name = Shiva Narwal
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| sport = [[Shooting sports|shooting]]
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{{MedalSport|Men's [[Shooting sports|shooting]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Shooting at the 2022 Asian Games|10m air pistol team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Shooting Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Airgun Championships|2022 Daegu]]|10 m air pistol}}
{{MedalGold|2022 Daegu|10 m air pistol team}}
}}
'''Shiva Narwal''' is an Indian [[Shooting sports|sport shooter]]. He won the bronze medal in the ISSF world cup 10m Air Pistol mixed event along with Palak.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/mehuli-tushar-duo-bag-indias-second-gold-medal-at-issf-world-cup-palak-shiva-clinch-bronze-article-92844559 | title=Mehuli-Tushar duo bag India's second gold medal at ISSF World Cup, Palak-Shiva clinch bronze | publisher=Times Now | date=13 July 2022 | access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref> He won the gold medal in [[Shooting at the 2022 Asian Games|Men's 10m air pistol team]] in the 2022 Asian Games.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/manu-bhaker-and-shiva-narwal-win-mixed-team-pistol-title-bhopal-7978861/ | title=Manu Bhaker and Shiva Narwal win mixed team pistol title | newspaper=The Indian Express | date=19 June 2022 | access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/shooting/national-shooting-selection-trials-shiva-narwal-asian-games-saurabh-chaudhary-air-pistol-sports-news/article33793756.ece | title=Shooting trials: 15-year-old Shiva Narwal beats Saurabh Chaudhary | publisher=Sportstar. | access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/haryanas-shiva-narwal-sweeps-mens-10m-air-pistol-t3-trials/articleshow/90987654.cms | title=Haryana's Shiva Narwal sweeps men's 10m air pistol T3 trials | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | date=21 April 2022 | access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.issf-sports.org/athletes/athlete.ashx?personissfid=SHINDM1802200601 | title=Shiva Narwal | publisher=ISSF | access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Nair 2023 h160">{{cite web | last=Nair | first=Shashank | title=Shiva Narwal overcomes family tragedy, conjunctivitis to win mixed gold with Esha Singh | website=The Indian Express | date=18 Aug 2023 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/shiva-narwal-overcomes-family-tragedy-conjunctivitis-to-win-mixed-gold-with-esha-singh-8898926/ | access-date=28 Sep 2023}}</ref><ref name="ESPN 2023 p098">{{cite web | title=Asian Games: India win men's 10m air pistol team gold after stunning comeback | website=ESPN | date=28 Sep 2023 | url=https://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/38508831/india-asian-games-hangzhou-2022-sarabjot-singh-arjun-cheema-shiva-narwal-win-gold-10m-air-pistol | access-date=28 Sep 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narwal, Shiva}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2000s births]]
[[Category:Indian male sport shooters]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games shooters for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in shooting]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-sportshooting-bio-stub}}

Himanshu Nandal

2026-01-05T22:15:40Z

Aurovedacharitable: Creating a post

{{Short description|Indian para swimmer}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Himanshu Nandal
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Himanshu Nandal
| birth_date = 2004
| birth_place = [[Rohtak|Rohtak, Haryana]]
| alma_mater =
| height =
| weight =
| country = India
| event = [[Butterfly stroke|Butterfly]], [[Freestyle swimming|Freestyle]]
| coach = Ranbir Sharma
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Para-swimming classification|Para-Swimming]]}}
| residence =
| highest_ranking =
| date_of_highest_ranking =
| current_ranking =
| date_of_current_ranking =
| handedness =
| best_result =
}}

'''Himanshu Nandal''' (born 2004) is an Indian [[Para swimming|para swimmer]] known for his national and international competitions accomplishments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-06-23 |title=Indian sports news wrap, June 23 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/indian-sports-news-wrap-june-23-updates-score-highlights/article67002441.ece |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> Born in [[Rohtak|Rohtak, Haryana]], Nandal is 100 percent visually impaired due to optic nerve failure from birth. Nandal won two gold medals and set a national record at the National Para Swimming Championship Udaipur in March 2022. He won three gold medals and set three national records at the National Para Championship Guwahati in November 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Ishita |date=2024-07-06 |title=Himanshu Nandal: Swimming to Win |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2024/Jul/06/himanshu-nandal-swimming-to-win |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Deepanshu |date=2023-10-17 |title=Asian Para Games 2023: Full list of Indian para-athletes |url=https://thebridge.in/asian-para-games/full-list-303-indian-para-athletes-44423 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Nandal comes from a family of sportspersons. His father, Balwant Singh is a former national hockey player currently with the [[Haryana Police]]. His uncle, Manjeet Nandal, represented [[India]] in [[judo]] at the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]]. Nandal initially pursued judo in 2017<ref>{{Cite news |title=Know Your Para Athlete: Himanshu Nandal |url=https://www.paralympicindia.org.in/know-your-para-athlete-himanshu-nandal |work=[[Paralympic Committee of India]]}}</ref> before transitioning to swimming in 2021 to maintain his fitness and continue his interest in sports.<ref name=":0" />

== Swimming Career ==
Nandal began his formal swimming training in October 2021 at the [[Siri Fort Sports Complex]] under coach Ranbir Sharma. Sharma used specific training methods to accommodate Nandal's visual impairment, such as physically guiding his arm movements.<ref name=":0" />

In March 2022, Nandal debuted at the National Para Swimming Championship in Udaipur, where he won two gold medals and set a national record. He continued to perform well in November 2022 at the National Para Championship in Guwahati, winning three gold medals and setting three national records. In April 2023, Nandal competed in the Citi World Para Series in [[Singapore]], qualifying for the [[Asian Para Games|Asian Para Games 2022]] in [[Hangzhou]]. In March 2024, he won three gold medals at the National Para Swimming Championship in Gwalior.<ref name=":0" />

Nandal received sponsorship from the [[National Mineral Development Corporation]], which provided approximately Rs 2 lakh for his participation in the Citi World Para Series in Singapore in May 2024. During this event, Nandal met the minimum qualification standards in the 100-meter breaststroke and the minimum entry times in the 100-meter backstroke and 200-meter individual medley, qualifying for the Paris Paralympics 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Sanuj |date=2024-07-08 |title=Himanshu Nandal Jeetne Ke Liye Swimming Karenge |url=https://swimswam.com/himanshu-nandal-jeetne-ke-liye-swimming-karenge/ |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=SwimSwam |language=hi}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
* Participated in Asian Para Games, 2022
* 21st Para National Championship 2022 - Gold medal
* 22nd Para National Championship 2022 - Gold medal

== See also ==
* [[Paralympic Committee of India]]
* [[Paralympic Games]]
* [[Summer Paralympic Games]]
* [[India at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
* [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Paralympic swimmers for India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian male swimmers]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine, Chennai

2025-12-30T03:12:49Z

Aurovedacharitable: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine
| org_group = Government of Tamil Nadu
| image =
| caption =
| pushpin_map =
| logo = 
| location = [[Grand Southern Trunk Road]], [[Tambaram Sanatorium]]
| region = [[Chennai]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|12|56|40|N|80|7|45|E|display=inline,title}}
| healthcare = Public
| type = Full-service medical center
| speciality = 
| standards = 
| emergency =
| affiliation = [[Stanley Medical College]] 
| beds = 776 (sanatorium), 120 (rehabilitation centre)
| founded = 1928
| closed = 
| website =
| other_links = 
}}

'''Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine''', popularly known as the '''Tambaram TB Sanatorium''', is a major state-owned hospital situated in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. The hospital is funded and managed by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state government of Tamil Nadu]]. It was founded in 1928.<ref name="Hindu_LabGetsNABLRecognition">{{cite news
| last = Manikandan
| first = K.
| title = GHTM lab gets NABL recognition
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 19 March 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/ghtm-lab-gets-nabl-recognition/article4523018.ece
| access-date = 24 Mar 2013}}</ref>

==History==
The hospital was established by Dr. [[David Jacob Aaron Chowry-Muthu]], a private [[tuberculosis]] specialist an MD and an MRCS, in 1928. Upon returning from the United Kingdom, he started the hospital on 9 April 1928 on the mountainside of Pachamalai (Green Hillock) in Tambaram. Spread over an area of {{convert|250|acre}}, the hospital was opened with 12 beds, and Muthu aimed to develop the hospital similar to the Mendip Hills Sanatorium in the United Kingdom. In medicine, Dr. Chowry-Muthu specialised in pulmonary tuberculosis. In an era when BCG was yet unknown, he was a strong advocate of the open air and clean surroundings cure for the dreaded disease, which meant the sequestering of patients in sanatoria. By the early 1900s, he was physician-in-charge of the Inglewood Sanatorium at the Isle of Wight. By 1910 or so, Dr. Chowry-Muthu had established the Hill Grove sanatorium at Mendip Hills, Somerset. One of his high-profile patients, albeit for a brief while in 1917, was Srinivasa Ramanujan, the mathematician.

Another of Dr. Chowry-Muthu's friends was Mahatma Gandhi, who shared his views on nature cures. Perhaps due to the latter's influence, Dr. Chowry-Muthu began spending increasing amounts of time in India from 1920 onwards. It was then that he hit upon the idea of beginning a sanatorium for tubercular patients. He acquired 250 acres of land in Tambaram and on April 9, 1928, the sanatorium, with 12 beds was inaugurated by Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar.

However, he had to move to England once again, and he sold the property to the Government of Madras on 24 March 1937. Taken over by the state government, the hospital was made into a [[sanatorium]].<ref name="GHTM_Brief">{{cite web
| title = Govt. Hospital of Thoracic Medicine
| publisher = GHTM.in
| url = http://www.ghtm.in/brief.pdf
| access-date = 24 Mar 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130914161620/http://www.ghtm.in/brief.pdf
| archive-date = 14 September 2013
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

The sanatorium grew over the next decades with the addition of several facilities such as operation theatre, additional wards, radiology block, and laboratory. The growth stagnated for a brief period during the Second World War. Upon Independence in 1947, a rehabilitation colony spread over an area of {{convert|17.14|acre}} was opened by the Indian government's then Minister of Health, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, for fully cured TB patients with facilities such as learning printing, tailoring, book binding and rattan chair making.<ref name="GHTM_Brief"/>

In 1976, more wards were created and the total bed count increased to 776. With the hospital gaining importance over the years, a new railway station named '[[Tambaram Sanatorium railway station]]' was built to serve the locality and a separate postal division with the postal index code of 600047 was created.<ref name="GHTM_Brief"/>

The institute was the participatory sanatorium in 'Madras Study', a study conducted by the Madras Chemotherapy Centre (now known as the TB Research Centre) to assess efficacy of home versus sanatorium treatment for tuberculosis. With the decline in tuberculosis cases in the region in the early 1980s, the TB sanatorium became officially known as the 'Government Hospital of TB and Chest Diseases', and, in 1986, acquired the present name as 'Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine'. With the admission of a couple of TB patients with HIV in 1993, the hospital became a HIV care and training centre.<ref name="GHTM_Brief"/>

In 2002, the Tamil Nadu–CDC collaborative project was formalized. On 1 April 2004, National ART Programme was introduced in the sanatorium. In 2005, fellowship programme for doctors on HIV was initiated. In 2007, NACO declared GHTM as a centre of excellence. In 2008, second-line ART Programme was introduced. In 2009, the centre was recognised by the Central TB Division as DOTS PLUS site. In the same year, the centre was also recognized as a post-graduate centre for MD (TB & chest) by the Medical Council of India (Stanley Medical College).<ref name="GHTM_Brief"/>

Today, the hospital remains an exclusive centre for thoracic medicine and a centre of excellence conducting research in the field of [[AIDS|HIV/AIDS]] and tuberculosis.

==The sanatorium==
The hospital is the largest AIDS care centre in the country, catering to about 300 in-patients in 8 exclusive HIV wards and 300 out-patients daily. There are separate wards for men, women, and children.<ref name="GHTM_Brief"/>

The hospital has a sanctioned strength of 776 beds, in addition to 120 beds in the rehabilitation centre. It has 31 wards with more than 1,000 in-patients at any point in time. About 1,000 out-patients (including HIV patients) visit the hospital every day. With 21 medical officers, including superintendent, deputy superintendent and resident medical officer, 122 nurses and nursing supervisors, 17 technical staff and 46 paramedical staff in the laboratory, radiology, electrical and maintenance departments, and 45 ministerial staff in the administration department, the staff strength remained constant since the 1980s. There are about 251 sanctioned house-keeping staff.<ref name="GHTM_Brief"/>

==The laboratory==
In March 2013, the hospital's laboratory received accreditation from the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) of the Department of Science and Technology. The lab is only the second laboratory to receive this recognition after the one in Madras Medical College, which is a national reference lab, and the only one to receive the same among state reference laboratories in Tamil Nadu and the [[Puducherry (union territory)|Union Territory of Puducherry]]. The state reference laboratories comes under the umbrella of national reference lab, which is a nodal institution.<ref name="Hindu_LabGetsNABLRecognition"/>

The lab is operational since the establishment of the GHTM in 1928. It was upgraded and completely renovated in 2003 with financial support from [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Center for Disease Control]], [[Government of the United States of America]], in association with the [[Government of India|Central]] and [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state governments]] and Tamil Nadu State AIDS Control Society (TANSACS). The lab has 20 staff and about 150 tests are done in the lab every day.<ref name="Hindu_LabGetsNABLRecognition"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Healthcare in Chennai]]
* [[Government General Hospital, Chennai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chennai Topics|left}}
{{Health in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1928 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Chennai]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis sanatoria]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1928]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis in India]]

Stones of India

2025-12-21T07:53:11Z

Aurovedacharitable: Enhanced and reorganized content

{{Short description|Commercial stone industry}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2013}}
[[File:A pristine historical stone in Mahasthangarh,Bogra, Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|A pristine historical stone in Mahasthangarh, Bogra, Bangladesh]]
[[India]] possesses a wide spectrum of dimensional stones including [[granite]], [[marble]], [[sandstone]], [[limestone]], [[slate]], and [[quartzite]], found across various parts of the country.

The [[stone industry]] in India has evolved to focus on the production and manufacturing of blocks, flooring slabs, structural slabs, monuments, [[tomb stone|tombstone]]s, [[sculpture]]s, [[Cobblestone|cobbles]], [[pebble]]s, and landscape garden stones.

==Tradition of stones==
India's history, dating back to [[32nd century BC|3200 BC]], has been influenced considerably by the disposition, development, and use of stones and other construction materials. [[Dimension stone]]s have also left deep imprints on the architectural heritage of the country. Innumerable [[temple]]s, [[fort]]s and [[palace]]s of [[History of India|Ancient Indian Civilisation]] have been carved out of locally available stones. The [[Taj Mahal]] at [[Agra]] was constructed from Indian marble.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-29 |title=Taj Mahal {{!}} Definition, Story, Site, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Taj-Mahal |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Some of the rock-cut structures include [[Khajuraho|Khajuraho Temple]], [[Elephanta Caves]], Lomesh rishi caves, Ellora caves and [[Konark|Konark Temple]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} Besides, all major [[Archaeological Survey of India|archaeological excavations]] have revealed exquisitely carved [[statuette]]s and [[Stone carving|carvings]] in stone. Ancient [[Buddhist]] [[monument]]s like the [[Sanchi Stupa]] of the 3rd century BC have also been carved out of stone.

This tradition of Stone Architecture has continued into the present era, with most of the important modern buildings in India such as the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Presidential House]], [[Sansad Bhavan|Parliament House]], and [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] made from high-quality [[sandstone]] of [[Rajasthan]]. The [[Bahá'í House of Worship]] of [[New Delhi]] stands as testimony to the relevance of marble in modern [[Indian architecture]].

Stones are still the mainstays of [[Civil engineering|civil construction]] in India, with stones being used extensively in [[public building]]s, [[hotel]]s, and temples. They are increasingly being used in homes, with the use of stones now penetrating amongst the growing [[middle class]] of India.

The success of the commercial stone industry solely depends on defects in rock/stone. Natural defects in ornamental/commercial the [[List of rock types|rock deposits]] adversely affect the quality of rock deposit. detection of natural defects in decorative and dimensional stone industry play vital role in the [[quality assessment]].

India is pioneer in exploration and mining of commercial rock deposits and in establishing a firm base for stone industry. India, with an estimated resource of about 1,690 million cubic metres, comprising over 160 shades of Dimension Stone Granites (DSG), accounts for about 205 of the world's resources. Of the 300 varieties being traded in the world market, nearly half of them are from India. Commercially viable granite and other rock deposits are reported from [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Gujarat]], [[Karnataka]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Orissa, India|Odisha]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], and others.

==Deposits==
===Marble===
[[Marble]] has been used for building tombs, temples and palaces. For a time, it was regarded a ''Royal Stone''. However, it is currently utilized in hotels and residences. There are many varieties.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kota stone,Cotta stone, distributors of Stones|url=https://www.kotastonesupplier.com/|location=Rajasthan, India}}</ref>
* [[Makrana]]: Makrana is the source of the marble used in the Taj Mahal. It is situated at a distance of 60&nbsp;km from Kishangarh and falls in the Nagaur district of Rajasthan. The region has various mining ranges, mainly Doongri, Devi, Ulodi, Saabwali, Gulabi, Kumari, Neharkhan, Matabhar, Matabhar Kumari, Chuck Doongri, Chosira and Pahar Kua among others.
* Rajnagar Marble: World's largest marble-producing area, with over 2,000 gang-saw units located in the nearby town of [[Udaipur]] to process the material produced. Agaria is a variety of this area, with numerous other varieties and patterns, primarily with a white base. The marble is [[Dolomite (mineral)|dolomitic]] and often has [[quartz]] intrusions.
* Andhi Marble: Located near the capital city of the state of [[Jaipur]] (also known as the 'Pink City'), it is dolomitic marble with intrusions of [[tremolite]], and is commonly known by the name of pista (pistachio) marble, because of the green coloured tremolite against an off-white background. One of the famous varieties of this area was known as Indo-Italian, owing to its resemblance to Satvario Marble. Most of the mining of this famous field is now banned by the [[Supreme Court of India]] because of the vicinity of the area to the [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]].
* Salumber Marble: Also known as [[Onyx|Onyx Marble]], it has thick bands of green and pink hint. A resemblance to Onyx Marble from [[Pakistan]] gives it this name. It is also highly dolomitic.
* Yellow Marble ([[Limestone]]): Jaisalmer stone is found in the Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan. Though it has not been [[Metamorphosis|metamorphosed]] and hence is still a [[limestone]], it is known as Yellow Marble in trade circles. It is mined in the [[Jaisalmer District]].
* Bidasar: These are ultrabasic rocks in shades of brown and green color found in [[Rajasthan]]. The criss-cross linear pattern gives it a remarkable resemblance to a photograph of a dense forest. These are also known as forest green/brown or fancy green/brown.
* [[Morwad]]: Kishangarh Marble
* Gujarat - AmbaJi White Marble: It can be compared with [[Makrana|Makarana Marble]]. It is highly calcic and is produced in a town called [[Ambaji]] (famous for its temple of [[Durga|Durga Devi]]). The marble has a very soft and waxy look and is often used by sculptors.
*Rajasthan - Abu Black: This is one of the rare black textured marble available. Only produced in the mines of Abu road, this black textured stone is a decorative marble used in temples and sculptures.
* [[Madhya Pradesh]] - Katni Range: It is famous for its beige-colored marble, which is dolomitic but highly [[crystalline]], with very fine grain size and some quartz intrusions. The marble accepts polish. Another variety in the same range is red/maroon-colored marble.
*'Jabalpur range' contains white dolomitic marble. Dolomitic marble is a metamorphic rock that forms when dolomite is subjected to high temperatures and pressures. Dolomite is a mineral composed of calcium and magnesium carbonate. When dolomite undergoes metamorphism, it recrystallizes into marble. And this newly formed marble is called dolomite marble.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.stonesmentor.com/dolomitic-marble/ | title=Dolomitic marble Properties, Advantages and Drawbacks | date=21 September 2022 }}</ref> It is often used as dolomite lumps for chemical and industrial uses.
*Indian Green Marble: It is found in Rajasthan, India; Indian Green Marble's most quarries are situated in Kesariyaji, which is 60&nbsp; km far from Udaipur, Rajasthan India. This Indian green marble is known by name all over the world. In Europe, people know Indian green marble as a Verde Guatemala. Many varieties are available in Indian green marble. Indian Green Marble is exported to Africa, Europe, Australia, the Middle East, and many Asian countries. It is found in [[Rishabhdeo]] town of [[Udaipur District]] state Rajasthan of India.

===Granite===
[[Granite]] is an igneous rock, which means it formed from magma, or melted rock. It forms deep inside the Earth under a mountain or volcano when melted rock cools or crystallizes into solid rock. Over time, wind, ice, and water wear away at the mountain or volcano above it, and the granite is exposed to the surface. India has varieties of granite in over 250 shades. As of 2005, Granite reserves in India was 37,426 million cubic meters and ranked fifth in the export of processed product. Resources are found in Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibm.nic.in/imyb2010_granite.pdf|title=Granite - Indian Minerals yearbook - 2010|publisher=Indian Bureau of Mines|access-date=11 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903112706/http://ibm.nic.in/imyb2010_granite.pdf|archive-date=3 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Sandstone===
[[File:Dholpurstonered44(2).jpg|thumb|Red and beige Dholpur stone tiles]]
[[Sandstone]] reserves in [[India]] are found over the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Gujarat]], [[Haryana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Karnataka]], [[Odisha]], [[Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[West Bengal]]. Over 90[[%]] of the deposits of [[sandstone]] are in [[Rajasthan]], spread over the districts of [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]], [[Dholpur]], [[Kota district|Kota]], [[Jodhpur]], Sawai-Madhopur, [[Bundi]], [[Chittorgarh]], [[Bikaner]], [[Jhalawar district|Jhalawar]], [[Pali district|Pali]], [[Shivpuri]], [[Khatu]] and [[Jaisalmer]].

India is among the leading countries when it comes to mining and export of sandstone. Sandstone from India is available in different [[color]]s for interior as well as exterior use. Sandstone products from India include names like Tint Mint, White Mint, Mint Fossils, Modak, Agra Red, Rainbow Sandstone, Raj Green, Teak, Buff Brown, Dhoplur Chocolate, Beige, Dholpur Pink, Lalitpur Pink, Mandana Red, Jodhpur pink, Jodhpur red, and Jaisalmer yellow.

===Slate===
[[Slate]] reserves in India are found in [[Rajasthan]][[Haryana|, Behror, Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], and [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Deposits in Rajasthan are spread over the districts of [[Alwar district|Alwar]], [[Ajmer district|Ajmer]], [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]], [[Tonk district|Tonk]], [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]], [[Pali district|Pali]], [[Udaipur district|Udaipur]], [[Churu district|Churu]], and [[Chittorgarh district|Chittorgarh]].

Few important names in slate are Jak Black, Silver Shine, Silver grey, Panther, Deoli Green, Peacock, Peacock Multi, Kund Black, Kund Multi, and so on. Being to some extent fragile in nature, it is good for interior use only and can be used in even as a washboard.

===Flaggy limestone===
Kotastone of Kota district and Yellow Limestone of Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan are the prime [[limestone]] occurrences in India. Other deposits include the Shahabad Stone of [[Gulbarga]] and the Belgaum districts of [[Karnataka]], Kadappa Stone of [[Kadapa]], [[Kurnool]] and the [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]] & [[Guntur]] districts of Andhra Pradesh, Milliolitic Limestone from [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] Region, [[Gujarat]], and 'Yellow Limestone' of [[Kutch]] district of Gujarat, amongst others.

====Limestone deposits====
Andhra Pradesh and Telangana put, together, possess 32% of the country's total reserves of limestone. World-renowned Narzi limestone is available in Kadapa district. Commercial grade limestone deposits are being exploited from [[Bethamcherla]], [[Macherla]], Neereducherla, [[Tandur]], ((shahabad)), Mudimanikyam of [[Kurnool]], [[Guntur]], [[Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh|Anantapur]], [[Rangareddy district|Rangareddy]], and [[Nalgonda]] districts are widely used in our country for paneling, and flooring purposes. Sullavai limestone of Karminagar and [[Warangal]] districts, massive limestones of Mudimanikyam, [[Nalgonda]] districts. Total India's limestones are estimated about 93,623 million tonnes. Limestones are extensively utilized for the manufacturing of [[cement]] and also building stones, particularly flooring, and roofing.

===Other dimensional stones===
There are some other dimensional stones being quarried and used in consumption, in addition to the dimensional stones already detailed above. [[Laterite]] bricks are quarried in huge quantities and are utilized as bricks in the construction of houses and for [[sidewalk|pavement]]s in the states of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], [[Karnataka]], [[Goa]], and in other parts of coastal states. The [[Felspar|felspathic]] sandstone occurring with the [[coal]] seams as overburden is also used as building stone. The huge deposits of [[basalt]] in the states of [[Maharashtra]], Karnataka, and [[Gujarat]] have been used as building stones since ancient times. Other quartzitic bands, occurring with [[phyllite]]s and [[schist]]s, are also utilized for building purposes. Khondelites from the Eastern coast are being used widely in [[sculpture]]s and as a building material. [[Felsite]] from Karnataka is being extensively used as a dimensional stone as well. India also contains many stones which are semiprecious like zoisite, apophyllite, cavansite, muscovite mica, almandine, etc.

==See also==
[[Mining in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Geography of India}}
{{Asia topic|Stones of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stones Of India}}
[[Category:Stone (material)]]
[[Category:Architecture in India]]
[[Category:Geology of India]]
[[Category:Mining in India]]
[[Category:Kishangarh]]

Basilica of Our Lady of Graces

2025-11-29T10:11:34Z

Aurovedacharitable: small adjusted layout per sources also and fixed typos

{{Short description|Church in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}

{{Infobox religious building
| name = Basilica of Our Lady of Graces
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]
| image = Front Facade of Basilica of Our Lady of Graces.jpg
| location = [[Sardhana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|display=title,inline}}
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| status = [[Minor basilica]]
| patron = [[Our Lady of Graces]]
| groundbreaking = 1809
| completed = 1822
| materials = [[Marble]]
}}

The '''Basilica of Our Lady of Graces''' is a [[Roman Catholic]] church in [[Sardhana]], 19 km north-west of [[Meerut]], in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oXWAEjcG-FsC&q=sardhana+church&pg=PA20 | title = Tourism Marketing | isbn = 9788131731826 | last1 = Devashish | first1 = Dasgupta | year = 2011}}</ref>

==Overview==
[[File:The Church Basilica of Our Lady of Graces.JPG|left|thumb|View of the exterior]]
The Basilica of Our Lady of Graces, also known as ''Churches among the Churches'', is dedicated to the [[Virgin Mary]]. The church was built by [[Begum Samru]], a Muslim Nautch girl of 14 who married a European [[mercenary soldier]], [[Walter Reinhardt Sombre]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=The Basilica of Our Lady of Graces in Sardhana, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.joinpaperplanes.com/the-basilica-of-our-lady-of-graces-in-sardhana-uttar-pradesh/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Paper Planes |language=en-US}}</ref> Samru converted to [[Roman Catholicism]] in 1781 and adopted the name Joanna Nobilis. She is regarded as the only Catholic ruler in India, and ruled the Principality of Sardhana in the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref>{{cite web |title= The Sardhana Project| url=http://www.sardhana.org.uk/}}</ref> The church is the largest in North India.<ref name="SardhanaBasilica">{{cite web|url=http://www.sardhana.org.uk/basilica.htm|title=Basilica of Our Lady of Graces (1)|publisher=sardhana.org.uk|accessdate=2014-06-06}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Side Profile of Basilica.jpg|thumb|Side profile of the basilica]]
[[Begum Samru]] inherited the Jagir of Sardhana after her husband's death in 1778.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=The Basilica of Our Lady of Graces in Sardhana, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.joinpaperplanes.com/the-basilica-of-our-lady-of-graces-in-sardhana-uttar-pradesh/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Paper Planes |language=en-US}}</ref> Subsequently, she decided to construct a church at Sardhana, dedicated to the [[Virgin Mary]]. The construction of the church cost Rs. {{lakh|4}}, a huge amount in those days. Top masons were paid the equivalent of 25 p. per day, and the labourers in shells. Two huge lakes near the church are the result of the mud that was removed to supply the building material for the church. Two dates are often given for the beginning of the church - Mr. K. M. Munshi, the noted historian, gives the date as 1809. Many are inclined to follow this date because a Latin inscription over the main door of the church puts its dedication in 1822. The other date, given by Fr. Keegan in his study of the Begum, is 1820.<ref>{{cite web |title= The Church Basilica of Our Lady of Graces, Sardhana| url=http://sardhanachurch.org}}</ref>

Begum Samru requested the Pope to make Sardhana an independent circumscription. In 1834, [[Pope Gregory XVI]] established the Apostolic Vicariate of Sardhana from the Apostolic Vicariate of Tibet-Hindustan and appointed Bishop Julius Caesar Scotti as the Apostolic Vicar. The church was the cathedral of Sardhana. However, Scotti was the only vicar apostolic, and eventually, the Apostolic Vicariate of Sardhana was merged into the Apostolic Vicariate of Agra.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Leonard Fernando, G. Gispert-Sauch|title=Christianity in India: Two Thousand Years of Faith|date=2004|publisher=Penguin Books India|page=224|isbn=9780670057696|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dgYjLCSa0wC|accessdate=25 May 2015}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The architect of the church was Antonio Reghellini, an Italian from the city of Vicenza. The church is based upon [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in [[Rome]] with a touch of [[Palladio]] and some Indian architectural influence. The altar and its surrounds are of marble set with coloured stones. Much of the rest of the interior is also in marble, and everything is of the very highest craftsmanship. It is illuminated from an octagon set in the dome, from which the sun streams in.<ref name="SardhanaBasilica"/>
<ref>Christian missions in north India, 1813–1913: a case study of ... - Page 74</ref>
[[File:Sardhana Basilica Jitendra.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Main altar of the basilica]]

Reghellini completed the church in 11 years. The church is noted for the use of semi-precious stone work, a [[Greek columns|Greek colonnaded]] veranda, an elevated altar with a stained glass dome and there are two spires and three Roman domes that add to the building's grandeur. Near the sanctuary is a majestic 18-feet-high edifice over the Begum's tomb. Carved by the Italian sculptor Adamo Tadolini and transported to Sardhana from [[Italy]] to [[Kolkata]] by ship and by boats and bullock carts from there, it depicts Begum Sumru on the throne, smoking a [[hookah]] with Europeans and Indians in audience. It depicts her with a scroll from [[Shah Alam II|Emperor Shah Alam II]] bestowing upon her the fiefdom of Sardhana after her husband's death. Also depicted are her
adopted son David Dyce Sombre and her [[Diwan (title)|diwan]], Rae Singh who was the great-grandfather of [[Motilal Nehru]].<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite news|title=A queen's magnificent church|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/a-queens-magnificent-church/996392/|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=3 September 2012}}</ref>

==Upgrade to Minor Basilica==
On 13 December 1961 [[Pope John XXIII]] decided to upgrade the church to the status of [[Minor Basilica]], a dignity that is bestowed rarely and only on churches that are both historically famous and beautiful.<ref name="tribuneindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071111/spectrum/main5.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|publisher=tribuneindia.com|accessdate=2014-06-06}}</ref> The church is only one of 23 minor basilicas in India and is the only minor basilica in [[North India]].<ref name="indianexpress" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Basilica of Our Lady of Graces}}
* [http://sardhanachurch.org/ Official website]

{{Basilicas in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basilica of Our Lady of Graces}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Basilica churches in India|Our Lady of Graces]]
[[Category:Franciscan church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Meerut district]]
[[Category:Baroque architecture in India]]
[[Category:Church buildings with domes]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1822]]
[[Category:19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in India]]
[[Category:1822 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Uttar Pradesh]]

Yapola River

2025-11-27T07:59:34Z

Aurovedacharitable: updated details

{{short description|River in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{One source|date=March 2025}}
[[File:Zanskar yapola river.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|The river at the village of [[Wanla]]]]
The '''Gyapo-La''', also known as the '''Wanla River''', is a river near [[Khalatse|Khalsi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dhruv Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ridFDwAAQBAJ&dq=yapola+river&pg=PA371 |title=The Indian Rivers: Scientific and Socio-economic Aspects |date=2017-12-30 |publisher=Springer |isbn= 9789811029844|pages=371 |language=en}}</ref> It flows into the [[Indus River]] near [[Lamayuru]].<ref name=":0" /> It is in the [[Ladakh]] region on [[India]]. It is known as Wanla River because people can see it flow through the village [[Wanla]]. This river flows through beautiful gorges and the views around it are scenic. The area is a part of [[Himalayas]]. The length of the river is not confirmed, but it is around 55 kilometer (34 miles) long. The area around it is very dry, and you would not see any forests. There are hardly any grasses and shrubs around it. Along the river, you might see willow and poplar trees.

People grow crops in small areas around river where they can get areas. The common crops of the area include [[barley]] and [[potato]], some vegetables are also grown in the area.

The Wanla monastery is located on the bank of the river.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}

{{Hydrography of Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{coord|34.3322|N|76.8371|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Indus River]]
[[Category:Geography of Ladakh]]

{{India-river-stub}}
{{Ladakh-geo-stub}}

Indore Marathon

2025-11-17T00:45:18Z

Aurovedacharitable: expanded article further and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox athletics race
| name = Indore Marathon
| bgcolour =
| colour =
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption = 2011 logo of the Marathon
| date =
| location = [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| type = [[Half-Marathon]]
| distance = 21 Km, 10, km, 5, km
| sponsor = [[Jio|Reliance Jio]]
| beneficiary =
| est = {{Start date|df=yes|2015}}
| record =
| homepage = [http://indoremarathon.in/about-indore-marathon/ Indore Marathon]
| participants =
}}
[[File:Flag Off.jpg|240px|Indore Marathon|thumb|right]]

'''Indore Marathon''' is an annual marathon race organised in [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It is organised by [[Indore Municipal Corporation]] as [[Jio|Reliance Jio]] as its title sponsor. Every Year Participants from all over [[Indore]] & from the country take part in the Marathon.<ref>[http://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indoreans-run-for-healthy-smart-city/1014043 Indoreans run for healthy & smart city]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/traffic-to-be-diverted-for-marathon-on-feb-5/articleshow/56977536.cms "Traffic to be diverted for marathon on Feb 5"]</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/indore/indore-marathon-for-sportswomen-runs-into-controversy/story-5odTQFLIbdulwcXvpoLqSM.html Marathon for sportswomen runs into controversy]</ref><ref>[http://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-citizens-to-run-for-cleaner-greener-healthy-indore/1003057 Citizens to run for cleaner, greener & healthy Indore]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/Ethiopian-marathoners-conquer-inaugural-Indore-Marathon/articleshow/46335388.cms Ethiopian marathoners conquer inaugural Indore Marathon]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/10K-people-take-part-in-IIM-I-Marathon/articleshow/54648002.cms 10K people take part in IIM-I Marathon]</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/indore/indore-gears-up-for-first-full-marathon/story-iCalFibAbGAv1r2LYMpUfN.html Indore gears up for first full marathon]</ref>

It is established in 2015 with the motto of '''Healthy and Smart Indore'''.

== Half Marathon ==

The Half Marathon (21 km) starts from outside [[Nehru Stadium, Indore|Nehru Stadium]] after passing through [[Geeta Bhawan]], [[Palasia]], [[LIG Square]], [[Teen Puliya]], LIG Square, Vijay Nagar and will end at [[Nehru Stadium, Indore|Nehru Stadium]].

== 10 Km Marathon ==

The 10 km Marathon starts from outside [[Nehru Stadium, Indore|Nehru Stadium]] after passing through [[Geeta Bhawan]], [[Palasia]], [[LIG Square]], [[Pardesipura]] and will end at [[Nehru Stadium, Indore|Nehru Stadium]].

== Prize money ==

Rs. 50,000 each for international male winner and international female winner for Half Marathon. Rs. 30, 000 each for international male winner and international female winner for 10 km Marathon and no prize money for 5 km Marathon.

== Winners==

===Marathon===
'''Key:''' {{legend2|#A9F5A9|'''Course record'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Edition
!Year
!Men's winner
!Time ([[hour|h]]:[[minute|m]]:[[second|s]])
!Women's winner
!Time ([[hour|h]]:[[minute|m]]:[[second|s]])
|-
|
|2020
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Patle Gajilal Beniram]]|IND}}
|2:37:06
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Rajkumari Rajkumari]]|IND}}
|3:29:49
|-
|colspan=6 align-text=center|''Editions 2021 and 2022 were not held due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]''
|-
|
|2023
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Savaliram Shinde]]|IND}}
|2:58:19
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Preeti Khandelwal]]|IND}}
|3:58:01
|}

===Half marathon===
'''Key:''' {{legend2|#A9F5A9|'''Course record'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Edition
!Year
!Men's winner
!Time ([[hour|h]]:[[minute|m]]:[[second|s]])
!Women's winner
!Time ([[hour|h]]:[[minute|m]]:[[second|s]])
|-
|
|2019
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Noah Kemei]]|KEN}}
|1:09:08
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Christine Muyanga]]|KEN}}
|1:18:49
|-
|
|2020
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Satendar Singh]]|IND}}
|1:07:52
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Manju Yadav]]|IND}}
|1:24:11
|-
|colspan=6 align-text=center|''Editions 2021 and 2022 were not held due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]''
|-
|
|2023
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Naveen Chouhan]]|IND}}
|1:09:35
|align=left|{{flagathlete|Raj Kumari|IND}}
|1:31:24
|-
|
|2024
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Santosh Joshi (runner)|Santosh Joshi]]|IND}}
|1:08:31
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Phoolan Pal]]|IND}}
|1:20:46
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://indoremarathon.in/about-indore-marathon/ Indore Marathon]

{{Road running competitions in India}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Indore}}

[[Category:Sport in Indore]]
[[Category:Marathons in India]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

{{India-sport-stub}}
{{marathon-stub}}

Mayi (clan)

2025-11-09T07:26:43Z

Aurovedacharitable: new a pg

The '''Mayi''' were a clan of [[Muslim Rajputs]] which controlled the Narhat-Samai chieftaincy in modern-day [[Nawada district]] of [[Bihar]].<ref name="Chatterjee1996">{{cite book|author=Kumkum Chatterjee|title=Merchants, Politics, and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar, 1733-1820|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUeqQ2buQ80C&pg=PA36|year=1996|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-10303-1|pages=36–37}}</ref><ref name="Ansari2019">{{cite book|author=Tahir Hussain Ansari|title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT134|date=20 June 2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-00-065152-2|page=134}}</ref>

==History==
The progenitor of the Mayi clan was Nuraon Khan whose family arrived in South Bihar in the 17th century from [[Delhi]].<ref name="Prakash2003">{{cite book|author=Gyan Prakash|title=Bonded Histories: Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQFvks7lahoC|date=30 October 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52658-6|pages=87–89}}</ref> Following the families conversion to [[Islam]], they retained their original clan name.

Nuraon Khan had two sons, Azmeri and Deyanut who worked for a [[Rajput]] [[King]] of [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia clan]] as revenue farmers. Kamgar Khan waged war on neighbouring [[zamindars]] and seized their land. However, he was a staff of the [[Deo Raj]] who was also expanding his chieftaincy.<ref name="Prakash2003" />
Despite the Mayi's owing much of their power to the [[Rajput]] and the Mughals, Kamgar Khan frequently defied them and attempted to assert the Mayi's independence. Eventually, [[Afghans|Afghan]] mercenaries had to be used to put down the rebellions of Kamgar Khan.<ref name="Prakash2003" />

Kamgar Khan's descendant was Akbar Ali. Under his rule, Narhat Samai was owed a large amount of unpaid revenue to the [[British East India Company]]. To escape his debts, he participated in the [[1781 revolt in Bihar|1781 revolt]] where certain zamindars attempted to rid themselves of British rule. Akbar Ali's attempt to gain independence failed however, and his estate was confiscated and he fled to Delhi.<ref name=Maharatna2007>{{cite journal | title=Explaining Chait Singh's Revolt in Bihar (1781): The Role of the Refractory Bihar Zamindars| author= Paramita Maharatna | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 68| year=2007 | pages= 565-572|jstor = 44147866}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rajput clans of Bihar]]

Tussar silk

2025-10-07T19:24:34Z

Aurovedacharitable: added article per standard format and updated info per standard format

{{Short description|Coarse silk from wild Antheraea silkworms}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
[[File:Tussore Sarees - Phulia 2016-11-12 1891.JPG|thumb|350px|Tussore silk sarees from Phulia, Nadia, India.]]

'''Tussar silk'''{{efn|alternatively spelled as tussah, tushar, tassar,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pandey|first1=Dr.S.N.|title=West Bengal General Knowledge Digest|date=1 September 2010|publisher=Upkar Prakashan|isbn=9788174822826|pages=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0F6QKfiktQC|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131094228/https://books.google.com/books?id=G0F6QKfiktQC|archive-date=31 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> tussore, tasar, tussur, or tusser}} ({{langx|sa|kosa}}) is a type of [[wild silk]], produced from the larvae of [[Antheraea|''Antheraea'' silkworms]], including ''[[Antheraea assamensis|A. assamensis]]'', ''[[Antheraea paphia|A. paphia]]'', ''[[Antheraea pernyi|A. pernyi]]'', ''[[Antheraea roylei|A. roylei]]'', and ''[[Antheraea yamamai|A. yamamai]]''. These silkworms live in the wild in forest trees belonging to ''[[Terminalia (plant)|Terminalia]]'' species and ''[[Shorea robusta]]'', as well as other food plants such as [[jamun]] and [[oak]] found in South Asia, eating the leaves of the trees on which they live.<ref name=copperwiki>{{cite web | url = http://www.copperwiki.org/index.php?title=Tussar_Silk | title = Tussar Silk | access-date = 2012-05-07 | publisher = Copper wiki | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120311015436/http://www.copperwiki.org/index.php?title=Tussar_Silk | archive-date = 11 March 2012 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=brass>{{cite web | url = http://www.brasstacksmadras.com/TF_Tussar.htm | title = Learning Centre | access-date = 2012-05-07 | publisher = Brass Tacks, Madras | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120429090534/http://brasstacksmadras.com/TF_Tussar.htm | archive-date = 29 April 2012 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Tussar silk is valued for its rich texture and natural, deep-gold colour, and varieties are produced in many countries, including China,<ref name=Jing>Su Jing, Lun Luo, ''Landlord and Labor in Late Imperial China: Case Studies from Shandong'', Harvard University Asia Center, 1978 {{ISBN|0-674-50866-1}}</ref> [[India]], [[Japan]], and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>Eliza Thompson, ''Silk'', Read Books, 2010 {{ISBN|1-4086-9508-1}}</ref>

==Process==
To kill the silkworms, the cocoons are dried in the sun. A variation of the process exists in which the silkworms are allowed to leave before the cocoons are soaked in boiling water to soften the silk, and then the fibers are reeled.<ref name=copperwiki/><ref name=brass/> Single-shelled, oval-shaped cocoons are collected and then boiled to extract the silk yarn. Boiling is a very important part in the manufacturing of silk, as it softens the cocoon and makes the extraction of silk easier. In conventional [[sericulture]], the cocoons are boiled with the larvae still inside, but if the cocoons are boiled after the larvae have left them, the silk made is then called "nonviolent silk" or "[[Ahimsa silk]]". In China, the silks are given different names when silkworms are reared on different plants, as the diet of the silkworms has an effect on the quality of the silk. For example, silk from larvae on the wild [[mulberry]] is called ''zhe'', while those on the oak ''[[Quercus dentata]]'' produce ''hu''.<ref name=Jing/>

Tussar silk is considered more textured than cultivated ''[[Bombyx mori|Bombyx]]'' or "mulberry" silk, but it has shorter fibres, which makes it less durable. It has a dull, gold sheen.<ref name=copperwiki/><ref name=brass/> As most of the cocoons are collected from the forest, it is considered by many as a forest product.{{Who|date=October 2025}}

==Production in India==
[[File:Tussore Sarees - Phulia 2016-11-12 1893.JPG|thumb|Tussar ''sarees'']]

India is the second-largest producer of tussar silk, and the exclusive producer of Indian tussar (also known as tropical tussar), which is largely tended to by [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|tribals]]. Much of it is produced in [[Bhagalpur]] (where it is called [[Bhagalpur Sari|Bhagalpur silk]]), [[Bihar]], and [[Malda district]] of [[West Bengal]]. Tussar silk is also used for [[Odisha]]'s ''[[pattachitra]]'' and West Bengal's ''[[kantha]]'' stitches. [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] also produce tussar silk.<ref name=copperwiki/><ref name=brass/> In recent years, the state of [[Jharkhand]] has emerged as the biggest producer of tussar silk.<ref>{{cite news |title=Silk Exhibition: देशके विभिन्न राज्यों की प्रसिद्ध सिल्क साड़ियों का किया गया है डिस्पले |url=http://m.bhaskar.com/news/JHA-RAN-HMU-MAT-latest-ranchi-news-034502-836082-NOR.html |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=27 August 2016 |access-date=22 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529170321/https://m.bhaskar.com/news/JHA-RAN-HMU-MAT-latest-ranchi-news-034502-836082-NOR.html |archive-date=29 May 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Bhagalpur silk===
{{main|Bhagalpur sari}}

The tussar silk-weaving industry in [[Bhagalpur]], more than a century old, has about 30,000 handloom weavers working on some 25,000 handlooms. The total value of annual trade is around Rs 100 [[crore]]s, about half of which comes from exports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aseedinternational.com/silk.htm |title=Bhagalpur Silk Handloom Cluster |publisher=Asian Society for Entrepreneurship Education & Development |access-date=2012-05-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423231024/http://www.aseedinternational.com/silk.htm |archive-date =23 April 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Uses==
The [[sari|''saree'']] is the most important tussar silk product<ref>{{cite news| url =http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/02/stories/2009080257470200.htm| title =Alluring designs in silk| access-date =2012-05-07| location =Chennai, India| date =2009-08-02| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121107104359/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/02/stories/2009080257470200.htm| archive-date =7 November 2012| work =[[The Hindu]]| df =dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url =http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/article32428.ece| title =It's worth to be at Weaves| publisher =The Hindu, 11 October 2009| access-date =2012-05-07| location =Chennai, India| date =2009-10-11| url-status =live| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120829024319/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/article32428.ece| archive-date =29 August 2012| df =dmy-all}}</ref> although it is also used as the base material for handicrafts, furnishing fabrics, and stitched apparel.<ref name=copperwiki/>

With the introduction of chemical dyes, the range of available colors has increased significantly.<ref name=copperwiki/> Some fashion designers use tussar silk in their creations. The precisely finished and designer garments produced from tussar silk are known globally and are exported worldwide.

Tussar silk is a popular additive to [[soap]]. The short silk fibers are typically dissolved in [[lye]] water, which is then added to oils to [[saponification|make soap]]. Soap made with tussar silk has a "slippery" quality and is considered more luxurious-feeling than soap made without. Tussar silk roving can be bought at soapmaking supply stores.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Commons category|Tussar silk}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Silk fibre}}
{{Saree}}

[[Category:Silk]]
[[Category:Silk production]]
[[Category:Silk in India]]
[[Category:Indian clothing]]
[[Category:Woven fabrics]]
[[Category:Antheraea]]

Shilpa Singh

2025-10-03T15:12:08Z

Aurovedacharitable: Content refined for better accuracy

{{short description|Indian beauty pageant winner}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name = Shilpa Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|02|27}}
| birth_place = [[Samastipur district|Samastipur, Bihar]], India
| birth_name = Shilpa Singh
| eye_color = Black
| hair_color = Black
| occupation =
| alma_mater = [[Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering]], [[Mumbai]]
| height = {{height|m=1.70}}
| title = I Am She – Miss Universe India 2012
| competitions =I AM She 2012 (Winner) [[Miss Universe 2012]] (Top 16)
}}
'''Shilpa Singh''' is an Indian singer, dancer, model and beauty pageant titleholder.<ref>{{cite web |website=Biharprabha |title=Bihar Girl to represent India in Miss Universe 2012 at Las Vegas |url=https://news.biharprabha.com/2012/11/bihar-girl-to-represent-india-in-miss-universe-2012-at-la-vegas/ |access-date=17 December 2012 |archive-date=16 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816193715/https://news.biharprabha.com/2012/11/bihar-girl-to-represent-india-in-miss-universe-2012-at-la-vegas/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She was the runner-up at [[I AM She – Miss Universe India]] 2012. She represented India at the [[Miss Universe 2012]] pageant at Las Vegas and became one of the semi-finalist after topping the interview preliminary competition with a score of 9.6/10.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thegreatpageantcommunity.com/2015/07/03/why-shilpa-singh-wasted-her-miss-india-title/ | title=Why Shilpa Singh wasted her 'Miss India' Title? | date=3 July 2015 | access-date=7 August 2017 | archive-date=7 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807193630/https://thegreatpageantcommunity.com/2015/07/03/why-shilpa-singh-wasted-her-miss-india-title/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=Biharprabha |title=Bihar Girl Shilpa Singh gets into Top 16 of Miss universe 2012 |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2012/12/bihar-girl-shilpa-singh-gets-into-top-16-of-miss-universe-2012-cotest/ |access-date=20 December 2012 |archive-date=22 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122054507/http://news.biharprabha.com/2012/12/bihar-girl-shilpa-singh-gets-into-top-16-of-miss-universe-2012-cotest/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=From software job to the road to Miss Universe |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1319018.ece |author=Sonali Shenoy |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=30 October 2012 |access-date=31 August 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224137/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1319018.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India's Shilpa Singh loses Miss Universe title |url=http://m.deccanherald.com/articles.php?name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F299706%2Findias-shilpa-singh-loses-miss.html |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=31 August 2016 |archive-date=11 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911035326/http://m.deccanherald.com/articles.php?name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F299706%2Findias-shilpa-singh-loses-miss.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Shilpa Singh, Miss India-Universe 2012 |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/meet-shilpa-singh-miss-india-universe-2012-522424.html |publisher=[[News18]] |date=19 November 2012 |access-date=31 August 2016 |archive-date=23 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923064147/http://www.news18.com/news/india/meet-shilpa-singh-miss-india-universe-2012-522424.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Professional life ==
Shilpa Singh graduated from the Indian School of Business in 2019 and currently works with [[Google]]. She had earlier completed her B.Tech. in computer science from ([[SVKM's NMIMS]]), [[Mumbai]].<ref name="bare_url">{{cite news |title=Bihar Girl to represent India in Miss Universe 2012 at Las Vegas |url=https://news.biharprabha.com/2012/11/bihar-girl-to-represent-india-in-miss-universe-2012-at-la-vegas/ |work=Bihar Prabha |date=5 Nov 2012 |access-date=17 December 2012 |archive-date=16 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816193715/https://news.biharprabha.com/2012/11/bihar-girl-to-represent-india-in-miss-universe-2012-at-la-vegas/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2012, Singh replaced [[Urvashi Rautela]], the original winner of I Am She 2012, who was found to be too young to compete.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Vasuki Sunkavalli]]|}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[I AM She – Miss Universe India|I AM She]]
| years=2012}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Manasi Moghe]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Miss Universe 2012 delegates|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Shilpa}}
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Miss Universe 2012 contestants]]
[[Category:People from Samastipur]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Female models from Bihar]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Asia-pageant-bio-stub}}

List of Odia films of 1975

2025-09-15T05:47:02Z

Aurovedacharitable: new new entry

{{Short description|None}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
'''This is a list of films''' produced in 1975 by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]].

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1975 in film|1975]]'''
|-
|''[[Jajabara]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Jajabar|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1399030/|access-date=2019-02-02}} {{unreliable?|date=September 2022}}</ref>||[[Trimurty]]||[[Shriram Panda]], [[Banaja Mohanty]], Hemanta Das || ||
|-
|''[[Mamata (1975 film)|Mamata]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Mamata|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0312945/|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref>||[[Byomokesh Tripathy]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujata]], [[Suresh Mahapatra|Suresh]] || ||
|-
|''[[Samaya (film)|Samaya]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Samaya|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0073652/|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref>||[[Ghanashyam Mahapatra]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Tripura Misra]], [[Shriram Panda]] || ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1975 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1975]]
[[Category:Lists of 1975 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:1975 in Indian cinema|Films, Ollywood]]
[[Category:1970s in Orissa]]

Shikha Meel Barala

2025-09-09T06:04:55Z

Aurovedacharitable:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = Shikha Meel Barala
| image = Dr Shikha Meel.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|09|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = 
| education = [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]]
| alma_mater = [[Sawai Man Singh Medical College]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Chomu Assembly constituency|Chomu]]
| term_start = 15 December 2023
| predecessor = [[Ram Lal Sharma]]
}}

'''Shikha Meel Barala''' (born 11 September 1983) is an Indian politician from the [[Indian National Congress]]. She has been serving as a Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Chomu Assembly constituency]] since 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chomu Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Dr. Shikha Meel Barala wins Chomu with 85746 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/chomu-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470654-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=India Today |date=3 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=रानी पर भारी पड़ गईं ये डॉक्टर! कौन हैं शिखा जिन पर कांग्रेस ने खेला बड़ा दांव |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/videos/election/rajasthan-elections-2023-shika-meel-barala-get-ticket-from-chomu-seat-1-8945927 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Hindustan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PCC सचिव डॉ शिखा मील के कार्यक्रम में उमड़ी भीड़! वीर तेजाजी मंदिर में आयोजित हुआ कार्यक्रम |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/jaipur/crowd-gathered-at-program-of-pcc-secretary-dr-shikha-meel-program-organized-at-veer-tejaji-temple/1877795 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Zee News}}</ref>

== Medical career ==
After completing her MBBS from [[Sawai Man Singh Medical College]], Jaipur in 2007,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/Rajasthan2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=456 |title=Dr. Shikha Meel Barala - Affidavit Information |website=MyNeta.info |access-date=2024-03-08}}</ref> Meel pursued a postgraduate degree in Obstetrics and Gynaecology from B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad. She further specialized in infertility treatment, test-tube baby technology, and laparoscopic surgery at the Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre (IKDRC), Ahmedabad.<ref name="patrika">{{Cite web |url=https://www.patrika.com/bagru-1/daughter-becomes-a-doctor-due-to-father-s-inspiration-5872555 |title=पिता से प्रेरित होकर डॉक्टर बनी बेटी |website=Patrika |access-date=2024-03-08}}</ref>

In 2014, she joined Barala Hospital and Research Centre in Chomu as a consultant gynaecologist. Over the years, she has provided medical services with a focus on women's health and maternity care.<ref name="patrika" />

== Political career ==
Shikha Meel Barala began her political journey with the [[Indian National Congress]]. In the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], she contested from the [[Chomu Assembly constituency]] and defeated the incumbent [[Ram Lal Sharma]] to become the first woman MLA from the constituency. She assumed office on 15 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chomu Assembly Election Results 2023 Live |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/chomu-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830419-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Aaj Tak}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=चौमूं की पहली महिला विधायक बनीं डॉ. शिखा मील |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/chomu/news/chomu-dr-shikha-became-the-first-woman-mla-of-chaum-132232615.html |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

== Election results ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ 2023 Chomu Assembly Election Results<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/chomu |title=Chomu Assembly Election Results 2023 |website=Times of India |access-date=2024-03-08}}</ref>
|-
! Year !! Constituency !! Candidate !! Party !! Votes !! Percentage !! Result
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2023 || rowspan="3" | Chomu || Shikha Meel Barala || {{flagicon image|Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg}} INC || 85,746 || 40.15% || Elected
|-
| Ram Lal Sharma || {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}} BJP || 80,051 || 37.48% || Runner-up
|-
| Chhuttan Lal Yadav || RLTP || 42,369 || 19.84% || Lost
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Sawai Man Singh Medical College alumni]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Women in Rajasthan politics]]

{{Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028}}

Era's Lucknow Medical College

2025-08-09T23:46:44Z

Aurovedacharitable: added initial entry first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{infobox medical college
|name = Era's Lucknow Medical College
|native_name =
|image_name =
|image_size =
|motto =
|established = 1997
|type = Private [[Medical College]]
|principal =
|students =
|undergrad =
|city = [[Lucknow]]
|state = Uttar Pradesh
|country = India
|campus = Urban
|coor = {{coord|26.878359|80.8725733|display=inline,title}}
| free_label =
| free =
|parent = [[Era University]]
|academic_affiliation = [[Era University]] (2016-present) [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University]] (1997-2016)
|website = {{url|https://elmcindia.org/}}
}}
'''Era's Lucknow Medical College''' is a private medical college in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]], established in 1997. Till 2016, it was affiliated with [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University]]. Since 2016, the college has been affiliated to the [[Era University]].<ref name="MCI">{{cite web|url=https://www.mciindia.org/CMS/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs|title=List of Colleges teaching MBBS|publisher=[[Medical Council of India]]|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102001435/https://www.mciindia.org/CMS/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medicaldialogues.in/140-medical-colleges-denied-md-ms-courses-health-ministry-releases-public-notice|title=140 Medical Colleges denied MD/MS courses: Health Ministry releases Public Notice|date=March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upmededu.gov.in/private-medical-college/|title=Private Medical College : DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL EDUCATION|website=Upmededu.gov.in|accessdate=3 December 2018|archive-date=8 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108082714/http://www.upmededu.gov.in/private-medical-college/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Notable faculty==
*[[Rajendra Prasad (pulmonologist)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] laureate (2010)

==Notable alumni==
*[[Sanghmitra Maurya]], MP<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5135|title = Members : Lok Sabha}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions in India with year of establishment missing]]

{{UttarPradesh-university-stub}}

Advocate-General of Bengal

2025-01-19T04:00:35Z

Aurovedacharitable: new

{{Short description|none}}
[[File:List_of_Advocate_General_of_Bengal.jpg|thumb|List of Advocate General of Bengal]]

The '''Advocate-General of Bengal''' was charged with advising the Government of the British administered [[Bengal Presidency]] on legal matters. The Presidency existed from 1765 to 1947. Prior to 1858, when it was administered by the [[East India Company]], the Advocate-General was the senior law officer of that company but was also the Attorney-General of the Sovereign of [[Great Britain]].

==List of Advocates-General of Bengal==
;East India Company
*Sir John Day 1780– <ref>{{cite book|title=India Courier Extraordinary: Proceedings of Parliament Relating to ..., Volume 8|page=147|first= Warren|last= Hastings}}</ref>
*Thomas Henry Davies 1786–?1792 <ref>{{cite book|title=A Political Index to the Histories of Great Britain and Ireland ..., Volume 2|first= Robert|last=Beatson|page=237}}</ref>
*[[Sir William Burroughs, 1st Baronet|Sir William Burroughs, Bt]] 1792–1801 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/burroughs-william-1753-1829|title= BURROUGHS, William (?1753-1829), of Castle Bagshaw, co. Cavan.|publisher= History of Parliament online|accessdate = 27 October 2015}}</ref>
*Edward Strettell ?1803–c.1816
*[[Robert Cutlar Fergusson]] (acting) c.1817
*[[Robert Spankie]] 1817–?1823
*[[Robert Cutlar Fergusson]] 1823–
*[[John Pearson (advocate general)|John Pearson]] 1824–1840 <ref>{{cite web|url= http://collections.britishart.yale.edu/vufind/Record/2038408|title= Yale Center for British Art|publisher= Yale|accessdate = 26 October 2015}}</ref>
*(Sir) [[Lawrence Peel (judge)|Lawrence Peel]] 1840–1842 <ref>{{cite book|title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany, Volume 33|page=295}}</ref> (afterwards [[Chief Justice of Bengal]], 1842)
*[[John Edwardes Lyall]] 1842–?1845 <ref>The Asiatic Journal</ref> (died of cholera, 1845)
*Sir [[James William Colvile]] 1845–1848 (later [[Chief Justice of Bengal]], 1855)
*[[William Ritchie (barrister)|William Ritchie]] 1855–1861 <ref>Bengal: Past and Present, Volume 64</ref>
;Government of the United Kingdom
*Thomas Hardwick Cowie 1862–1870 <ref>The India Office and Burma Office List - Page 25</ref>
*Joseph Graham 1870–1873 <ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Obituary - Joseph Graham |date=22 December 1902 |page=6 |issue=36957}}</ref>
*Sir Gregory Charles Paul 1873–1899 <ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Indian Biography|page=330}}</ref>
**Frederick Joseph Patton 1878 (acting)
**Arthur Phillips 1882, 1884-1885 (acting)
**Sir Gruffydd Humphrey Pugh Evans 1895 (acting)
*James Tisdall Woodroffe 1899–1904
*[[Lewis Pugh Pugh]] 1900–
*Peter O'Kinealy 1904– <ref>The India List and India Office List, 1905</ref>
*[[Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha|Satyendra Prasanna Sinha]] 1908–1909 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/s-p-sinha|title= S P Sinha|accessdate = 26 October 2015}}</ref>
*George Harry Blair Kenrick 1909–1916 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/000079c8-0cfe-496c-a4d6-7f6f9251e845|title=Papers of George Harry Blair Kenrick (d 1952), barrister, Advocate-General of Bengal|publisher=The National Archives|accessdate=27 October 2015}}</ref>
*[[Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha|Satyendra Prasanna Sinha]] 1916<ref>{{Citation |last=Pinakpani |title=English: List of Advocate General of Bengal or Calcutta High Court |date=2017-01-04 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:List_of_Advocate_General_of_Bengal.jpg |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref>
*Thomas Clark Pilling Gibbons 1917–1923 <ref>{{London Gazette |issue=32782 |page=2 |supp=y|date=1 January 1923}}</ref>
*[[Satish Ranjan Das]] 1922– <ref>THE EDINBURGH GAZETTE. NOVEMBER 7, 1922. Page 1728</ref>
*Sir Brojendra Lai Mitter 1925–1928 <ref>The India Office and Burma Office List - Page 784</ref>
*[[Nripendra Nath Sircar|Sir Nripendra Nath Sircar]] 1928–1934 <ref>THE EDINBURGH GAZETTE, DECEMBER 28, 1928. Page 1448</ref>
*Sir Asoka Kumar Roy 1934–1943 <ref>{{cite book|title= The Hindu Family and the Emergence of Modern India|first= Eleanor|last = Newbigin|page=235}}</ref>
*Sudhansu Mohan Bose c.1946 <ref>{{London Gazette |issue=37598 |page=2757 |supp=y|date=13 June 1946}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Attorneys General of British overseas territories}}

[[Category:British colonial attorneys general in Asia|Bengal]]
[[Category:1780 establishments in the British Empire]]