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Roja Devi Asem

2026-05-07T03:55:13Z

Aurelia2406:

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 2000)}}
{{Western name order|Asem Roja Devi}}
{{Meitei name|Asem|Roja|Devi}}
{{Update|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Roja Devi
| fullname = Asem Roja Devi
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2000|4|15}}
| height =
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
| currentclub = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| clubnumber = 6
| years1 = 2016–2017
| clubs1 = [[FC Pune City (women)|Pune City]]
| caps1 = 5
| goals1 = 1
| years2 = 2017–2018
| clubs2 = [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
| caps2 = 7
| goals2 = 2
| years3 = 2020–2021
| clubs3 = [[KRYPHSA F.C.|KRYPHSA]]
| caps3 = 7
| goals3 = 2
| years4 = 2022–2023
| clubs4 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
| caps4 = 11
| goals4 = 6
| years5 = 2023–
| clubs5 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| caps5 = 45
| goals5 = 7
| nationalyears1 = 2018
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 = 4
| nationalgoals1 = 2
| nationalyears2 = 2018
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national under-20 football team|India U19]]
| nationalcaps2 = 4
| nationalgoals2 = 1
| nationalyears3 = 2019
| nationalteam3 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps3 = 16
| nationalgoals3 = 0
| club-update = 6 May 2026
| nationalteam-update = 9 March 2020
}}
'''Roja Devi Asem''' ({{langx|mni|Asem Roja Devi}}, born 15 April 2000) is an Indian professional [[Women's association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association football)|defender]] for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] and the [[India women's national football team|India women's national team]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saffederation.org/saff-u-18-womens-championship-india-wins-opener/|title=SAFF U-18 Women's Championship: India Wins Opener {{!}} South Asian Football Federation|last=Federation|first=S. A. F.|language=en-US|access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Asem Roja Devi |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/75577 |access-date=15 February 2020 |work=AIFF}}</ref>

== Career ==
As the [[Indian Women's League]] launched in 2016, she played for [[FC Pune City (women)|FC Pune City]] for the first season of the league. She played five matches and scored a goal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Football: FC Pune City beat Aizawl 4-0 to enter the semi-finals of the Indian Women's League |url=https://scroll.in/field/828849/football-fc-pune-city-beat-aizawl-4-0-to-enter-the-semi-finals-of-the-indian-women-s-league |accessdate=15 February 2020 |work=Scroll.in |date=8 February 2020}}</ref> In the next season, for 2017–18, she played for [[Eastern Sporting Union]] and scored 2 goals. For the 2019–20 season she played for the [[Kryphsa F.C.]] and scored 2 goals in 7 matches.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gokulam Kerala crowned champions of Indian Women's League after dramatic final vs KRYPHSA FC |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/iwl-2020-gokulam-kerala-crowned-indian-womens-league-champions-kryphsa-fc-3-2-final-1646561-2020-02-14 |accessdate=15 February 2020 |work=The India Today |date=14 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fantastic four' Kryphsa outplay Baroda to reclaim pole position |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/fantastic-four-kryphsa-outplay-baroda-to-reclaim-pole-position |accessdate=15 February 2020 |work=AIFF |date=31 January 2020}}</ref>

==Honours==

'''India'''
* [[SAFF Women's Championship]]: [[2019 SAFF Women's Championship|2019]]
* [[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] Gold medal: [[Football at the 2019 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|2019]]

'''KRYPHSA'''
*[[Indian Women's League]] runner-up: [[2019–20 Indian Women's League season|2019–20]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Gokulam Kerala crowned champion of IWL 2020 – As it happened |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/gokulam-kerala-vs-kryphsa-live-iwl-indian-womens-league-sabitra-bhandari-anju-tamang-ratanbala-kamala-devi-karishma-manisha-grace-football/article30813472.ece |website=Sportstar |date=13 February 2020 }}</ref>

'''Gokulam Kerala'''
*[[Indian Women's League]]: [[2022–23 Indian Women's League season|2022–23]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Gokulam Kerala steamroll Kickstart to complete hat-trick of Hero IWL titles|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/gokulam-kerala-steamroll-kickstart-to-complete-hat-trick-of-hero-iwl-titles|access-date=21 May 2023 |website=the-aiff.com|publisher=All India Football Federation|date=21 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522160849/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/gokulam-kerala-steamroll-kickstart-to-complete-hat-trick-of-hero-iwl-titles|archive-date=22 May 2023}}</ref>

'''Manipur'''
* [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]: [[2021–22 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2021–22]], [[2023–24 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2023–24]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Manipur champions for the 22nd time in Sr Women's NFC for Rajmata Jijabai Trophy |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/manipur-champions-for-the-22nd-time-in-sr-womens-nfc-for-rajmata-jijabai-trophy |website=AIFF |date=15 May 2024 }}</ref>
* [[National Games of India|National Games]] Gold medal: [[2022 National Games of India|2022]]<ref>{{cite web |title=National Games 2022, October 10 HIGHLIGHTS: Manipur wins women's football gold; Tamil Nadu tops Group A in men's volleyball |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/national-games/national-games-2022-october-10-live-updates-results-highlights-gujarat/article65991366.ece |website=Sportstar |date=10 October 2022 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/75577 Asem Roja Devi] at All India Football Federation
* {{GSA player|roja-devi/153336}}
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/article/roja-devi-goal-gives-manipur-23rd-sr-womens-nfc-for-rajmata-jijabai-trophy Roja Devi Goals]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Ashem}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]
[[Category:Women's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Eastern Sporting Union players]]
[[Category:KRYPHSA FC players]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Kickstart FC players]]
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC Women players]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in football]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Perfect Family (Indian TV series)

2026-05-03T18:02:09Z

Aurelia2406: Starting a entry

{{Infobox television
| genre = Comedy-drama
| creator = Palak Bhambri
| director = Sachin Pathak
| starring =
* [[Gulshan Devaiah]]
* [[Neha Dhupia]]
* [[Manoj Pahwa]]
* [[Seema Pahwa]]
* [[Girija Oak Godbole]]
* Kaveri Seth
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes = 8
| producer =
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]]
* Ajay Rai
* Mohit Chhabra
| company = [[JAR Pictures]]
| network = [[YouTube]]
| released = {{Start date|2025|11|27}}
}}
'''Perfect Family''' is a 2025 Indian Hindi-language dramedy web series produced by actor [[Pankaj Tripathi]] in his debut as a producer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2025-11-19 |title=Pankaj Tripathi Makes Producer Debut With ‘Perfect Family,’ Indian Pay-Model YouTube Series (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/pankaj-tripathi-producer-perfect-family-youtube-series-1236585320/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pande |first=Shreyas |date=2025-12-01 |title=Pankaj Tripathi on producing ‘Perfect Family’, dealing with mental health and his plans to direct films |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pankaj-tripathi-interview-on-producing-perfect-family-dealing-with-mental-health-his-plans-to-direct-films/article70338304.ece |access-date=2026-01-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pankaj Tripathi Makes Production Debut With 'Perfect Family'; Series To Launch on YouTube With Structured Pay Model |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/pankaj-tripathi-makes-production-debut-with-perfect-family-series-to-launch-on-youtube-with-structured-pay-model |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref> Created by Palak Bhambri and directed by Sachin Pathak, the series premiered on the JAR Series YouTube channel on 27 November 2025. It stars [[Gulshan Devaiah]], [[Neha Dhupia]], [[Manoj Pahwa]], [[Seema Pahwa]], [[Girija Oak]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-19 |title=Pankaj Tripathi makes producer debut with Perfect Family, to launch as India’s first YouTube series |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/pankaj-tripathi-makes-producer-debut-with-perfect-family-to-launch-as-indias-first-youtube-series-1398551 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> The eight-episode show blends humor and drama while exploring family dynamics, emotional well-being, and the use of therapy to navigate conflicts.<ref name="Keshri">{{Cite web |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |date=2025-12-01 |title=Perfect Family review: A real, raw look at imperfect relationships |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/perfect-family-review-karkaria-family-therapy-healing-mental-health-2828764-2025-12-01 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Gulshan Devaiah]] as Vishnu Karkaria
* [[Neha Dhupia]] as Megha
* [[Manoj Pahwa]] as Somnath Karkaria
* [[Seema Pahwa]] as Kamla
* [[Girija Oak|Girija Oak Godbole]] as Neeti
* Kaveri Seth as Pooja
* Hirva Trivedi as Daani
* Abhi Khajuria as Ashok
* Ronav Vaswani as Daksh
* [[Priyank Tatariya]] as Sumit Mangtani

== Premise ==
The series follows the Karkaria family, whose outwardly perfect life begins to unravel when their youngest daughter struggles at school.<ref name=":57">{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-12-06 |title=Perfect Family Series Review: A perceptive exploration of dysfunctionality and generational trauma |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/review/2025/Dec/06/perfect-family-series-review-a-perceptive-exploration-of-dysfunctionality-and-generational-trauma |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Confronted with emotional challenges and familial tensions, the family attends therapy together, leading to self-reflection, confrontations, and comedic situations.<ref name=":57" /> The show addresses themes of mental health, family relationships, and societal expectations through a balance of humor and drama.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-20 |title=A quirky Punjabi family confronts mental health with humour and heart |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/a-quirky-punjabi-family-confronts-mental-health-with-humour-and-heart/articleshow/125456238.cms? |access-date=2026-01-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Production ==
Perfect Family marks Pankaj Tripathi’s debut as a producer, co-produced by Ajay Rai of [[JAR Pictures]] and Mohit Chhabra.<ref name=":58">{{Cite news |last=SNEHANJALI |first=M |title=Pankaj Tripathi makes his debut as producer with Perfect Family, India’s first YouTube pay-model series |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/bollywood/pankaj-tripathi-makes-his-debut-as-producer-with-perfect-family-india-s-first-youtube-pay-model-series-article-13687012.html |access-date=12 January 2026 |work=Money Control}}</ref> The series was created by Palak Bhambri and directed by Sachin Pathak, produced specifically for YouTube with a structured pay model: the first two episodes were free, and the remaining six were available through a one-time payment.<ref name=":58" />

== Reception ==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the series 3.5/5, calling it "beautifully relatable" and praising its introduction to therapy without becoming preachy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=2025-11-29 |title=Perfect Family review: A beautifully relatable series |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/perfect-family-review-a-beautifully-relatable-series-10391945/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' praised the ensemble cast especially Manoj Pahwa and Seema Pahwa and noted the series "resists the glossy facade" of a typical family drama, portraying messy relationships and gradual emotional growth.<ref name="Keshri"/> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave three stars, describing it as "a sincere look at therapy and trauma" but noting overuse of flashbacks and narrative muddiness.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-30 |title=Perfect Family review: A sincere look at therapy and trauma, which could have benefited more from a crisper narrative |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/perfect-family-review-a-sincere-look-at-therapy-and-trauma-which-could-have-benefited-more-from-a-crisper-narrative-101764506515505.html |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' noted that tighter editing could have improved the storytelling, but praised the cast for bringing emotional depth and believability.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/perfect-family/perfect-family-season-1/seasonreview/125608415.cms |title=Perfect Family Season 1 Review: An intimate portrait of an imperfect family |last=Srivastava |first=Abhishek |date=2025-11-28 |access-date=2026-01-11 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Scroll.in]] highlighted the show’s honesty in portraying family conflicts, calling it "full of home truths about family relationships."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2025-11-28 |title=‘Perfect Family’ review: Many home truths in a show about a dysfunctional clan |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1088829/perfect-family-review-many-home-truths-in-a-show-about-a-dysfunctional-clan |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Firstpost]] rated it 2.5/5, praising performances by Manoj Pahwa and Gulshan Devaiah but describing the show as "innocuous and imperfect" and sometimes familiar in its depiction of family dynamics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-28 |title=Pankaj Tripathi's 'Perfect Family' Review: Manoj Pahwa and Gulshan Devaiah shine in this innocuous, imperfect show |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pankaj-tripathis-perfect-family-web-series-review-manoj-pahwa-and-gulshan-devaiah-shine-in-this-innocuous-imperfect-show-13954866.html/amp |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251213235622/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pankaj-tripathis-perfect-family-web-series-review-manoj-pahwa-and-gulshan-devaiah-shine-in-this-innocuous-imperfect-show-13954866.html/amp |archive-date=2025-12-13 |access-date=2026-01-11 |work=Firstpost |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt38984161}}

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]

Venkateshwar Reddy

2026-04-26T16:18:07Z

Aurelia2406:

{{Short description|Indian politician from Telangana}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = G Venkateshwar Reddy
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|05|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Dilsukhnagar, [[Hyderabad District, India|Hyderabad district]]
| office2 = Vice Chairman of MSME<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/venkateshwar-reddy-appointed-vice-chairman-of-nbmsme/articleshow/27661468.cms?from=mdr|title=Venkateshwar Reddy appointed Vice-chairman of NBMSME|date=19 December 2013|publisher=|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency =
| term = 2013–2016
| predecessor = [[Oscar Fernandes]]
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Prathyusha Gunreddy
| children = Naineisha Reddy Gunreddy , Aarshiv Reddy Gunreddy
| website =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| occupation = Politician , Business man
}}

'''G Venkateshwar Reddy'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/gunreddyvenkateshwarreddy/ |title=G Venkateshwar Reddy - Home |publisher=Facebook |date= |accessdate=2019-05-10}}</ref> (born 14 May 1981) is a politician from [[Indian National Congress]] from Telangana. The government appointed him as the Vice-chairman of the National Board of [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises]] for a term of three years 2013-2016.<ref name=it>{{cite news|title=Reddy appointed Vice-chairman of NBMSME|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-19/news/45377630_1_micro-msmes-promotion|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119072158/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-19/news/45377630_1_micro-msmes-promotion|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-01-19|publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinthala Venkateshwar Reddy |url=https://myneta.info/ap09/candidate.php?candidate_id=516}}</ref>

== Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises==
The government appointed G Venkateshwar Reddy as the Vice-chairman of the National Board of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (NBMSME) for a period of three years (2013-2016)<ref name="indiatimes.com"/>
He helped many entrepreneurs by granting loans and advances under Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme which was under his supervision.
He helped nearly 5000 new entrepreneurs throughout the country with the Scheme PMEGP (Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://msme.gov.in/schemes/pm-employment-generation-program-and-other-credit-support-schemes |title=PM Employment Generation Program and other Credit Support Schemes | Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises |publisher=Msme.gov.in |date=2018-07-30 |accessdate=2019-05-10}}</ref> He has conducted awareness programmes at Hyderabad and Bangalore and also all over the country and he has also conducted EDP Programmes to new entrepreneurs and students in NB-MSME, Hyderabad.{{Citation needed|date= March 2022}}

==Political career==
From the age of intermediate, he took active participation in Congress party programmes and became a key party activist.{{Citation needed|date= March 2022}} He was elected as secretary of [[Indian Youth Congress]] in his college days. He was also elected as General Secretary Greater Hyderabad Youth Congress Committee. He is the present [[Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee|TPCC]] general secretary.{{Citation needed|date= March 2022}}

==Positions held==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= March 2022}}
* Vice Chairman, MSME
* State General Secretary, TPCC
* Secretary youth congress
* General secretary Greater Hyderabad Committee

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*http://www.venkateshwarreddy.com/gallery.html
*{{Facebook | id= gunreddyvenkateshwarreddy | name= G Venkateshwar Reddy | link=yes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Venkateshwar}}
[[Category:People from Hyderabad district, India]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

International Institute of Information Technology Bangalore

2026-04-26T06:12:03Z

Aurelia2406:

{{Short description|Research university in Bangalore, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = International Institute of Information Technology Bangalore
| image_name = IIIT Bangalore Logo.svg
| mottoeng = Knowledge is Supreme
| type = [[Deemed University]]
| established = 18 September 1998
| address = 26/C, Opposite Infosys Gate 1, Electronics City Phase 1, Hosur Road
| city = [[Electronics City]], [[Bangalore]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| coor = {{coord|12|50|41|N|77|39|47|E|type:edu_region:IN_dim:200|display=inline,title}}
| postalcode = 560100
| country = [[India]]
| academic_staff = 54
| director = Dr. Debabrata Das<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iiitb.ac.in/faculty/debabrata-das|title=Debabrata Das|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703122932/https://www.iiitb.ac.in/faculty/debabrata-das|archive-date=3 July 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>
| chairman = [[Kris Gopalakrishnan]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| campus_size = {{Convert|9|acre}}
| language = [[English language|English]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.iiitb.ac.in}}
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]], [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]
}}

The '''International Institute of Information Technology Bangalore''' (abbreviated '''IIIT Bangalore''' or '''IIITB''') is a [[research university|research]] [[deemed university]] located in [[Electronics City]], [[Bangalore]], India. It is a registered not-for-profit society and one of three autonomous "International" IIITs in India — alongside [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad|IIIT Hyderabad]] and [[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi|IIIT Delhi]] — that operate independently of the standard government-funded or [[Public–private partnership|Public-Private Partnership]] (PPP) model used by other IIITs. As of 2024, the institute is self-funded through research, innovation, and internally generated revenues, and receives no direct government or industry grants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.careers360.com/iiit-bangalore-hyderabad-allahabad-ppp-fail-fund-crisis-btech-information-technology-vadodara-sri-city-placements-package-fees|title=Funding crisis, dismal placements: Is the IIIT experiment failing?|website=Careers360}}</ref> It is governed by a Board chaired by [[Kris Gopalakrishnan]], co-founder of [[Infosys]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Governing Body of IIIT Bangalore|url=https://www.iiitb.ac.in/governing-body|access-date=30 July 2020|website=www.iiitb.ac.in}}</ref>

== History ==
The university was established on 18 September 1998 as the '''International Institute of Information Technology''', with its campus at International Tech Park, Bangalore. Prof. S. Sadagopan, who had earlier served at [[IIT Kanpur]] and [[IIM Bangalore]], became its founding Director. The institute relocated to its present campus in [[Electronics City]] in August 2003. On 4 July 2021, at the institute's 21st convocation, Prof. Sadagopan handed over the directorship to Prof. Debabrata Das.

== Academics ==
The university offers B.Tech, Integrated M.Tech (Dual Degree B.Tech + M.Tech), M.Tech, M.S. (Research), M.Sc. (Digital Society), and Ph.D. degrees across various specialisations. It also offers postgraduate diploma and certificate programmes.<ref>{{cite news|title=IIITB-UpGrad partner to launch a Software Engineering course|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/iiitb-upgrad-partner-to-launch-a-software-engineering-course/articleshow/59987502.cms|work=The Economic Times|access-date=9 August 2017}}</ref>

=== Rankings ===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = College
| NIRF_E_2024 = 74
| NIRF_E_2025 = 69
}}

=== Competitive Programming ===
IIIT Bangalore has qualified for the World Finals of the [[International Collegiate Programming Contest]] (ICPC) twice, in 2017 and 2018. The student-run club CAMP (Club for Algorithms, Math and Programming) trains students for programming contests including the ICPC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iiitb.ac.in/committees-clubs/clubs/CAMP|title=CAMP|website=www.iiitb.ac.in}}</ref> The institute offers a value-added course in competitive programming, which saw 40% student enrolment in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|last=T.R|first=Jahnavi|date=2024-01-24|title=Which is the top pick of courses at IIITB|url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/top-pick-at-iiitb-is-course-that-helps-humans-solve-problems-that-baffle-even-ai-tools/article67769516.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Student life ==

=== Hostels ===
IIIT Bangalore is a fully residential campus. It has three hostels: Lilavati (women's hostel) with around 260 single-occupancy rooms, and Bhaskara and Visveswaraya (men's hostels) with a combined 754 single-occupancy and 76 triple-occupancy rooms. A shared mess and canteen are located in Bhaskara hostel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Residential Life at IIIT Bangalore|url=https://www.iiitb.ac.in/residential-life|access-date=30 July 2020|website=www.iiitb.ac.in}}</ref>

=== Festivals ===
* '''Synergy''' – Annual three-day technical festival held in November, featuring hackathons, coding contests, and entrepreneurship challenges.
* '''Infin8''' – Annual three-day cultural festival, first held in 2015, typically held in January, featuring concerts, competitions, and cultural events.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Infin8|url=https://www.iiitb.ac.in/events-and-festivals/events/infin8|access-date=2021-10-05|website=www.iiitb.ac.in}}</ref>
* '''Spandan''' – Annual intra-sports festival primarily for alumni to compete with current students and staff.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spandan|url=https://www.iiitb.ac.in/events-and-festivals/events/spandan|access-date=2021-10-05|website=www.iiitb.ac.in}}</ref>
* '''Umang''' – Annual inter-college sports festival attracting students from across Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Events and Festivals|url=https://www.iiitb.ac.in/events-and-festivals|access-date=2021-10-05|website=www.iiitb.ac.in}}</ref>

== Innovation ==
IIIT Bangalore established its Innovation Centre in 2009. The centre runs annual thematic accelerator programmes for startups working on frontier technologies including AI, Mobile Apps, Bots, Conversational Interfaces, and Augmented Reality.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ic.iiitb.ac.in/|title=IIITB Innovation Centre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320050618/https://ic.iiitb.ac.in/|archive-date=20 March 2022|website=ic.iiitb.ac.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Education in Bangalore}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:International Institute of Information Technology Bangalore}}
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Deemed universities in Karnataka]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1998]]

Samyukt Kisan Morcha

2026-04-26T03:59:23Z

Aurelia2406: created a entry more to come

{{Short description|Umbrella body of Indian farmers' unions}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Sanyukt Kisan Morcha
| native_name =
| logo =
| image =
| caption =
| abbreviation = SKM
| predecessor =
| formation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|2020|11|07}}
| founders =
| status = Active
| purpose = United Front of Farmers' unions
| headquarters =
| region_served = [[India]]
| num_members =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| key_people =
| parent_organization =
| affiliations = [[All India Kisan Sangharsh Coordination Committee]]
| website = {{twitter|kisanektamorcha}}
| extinction = 
| general_secretary =
}}

'''Samyukta Kisan Morcha''' (SKM) ({{literally|Joint Farmers' Force|United Farmers Front}}<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-27|title=Farmers back at protest camp after deep challenge to PM Modi|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/farmers-back-at-protest-camp-after-deep-challenge-to-pm-modi-protester-farmers-narendra-modi-india-tens-of-thousands-b1793250.html|access-date=2021-03-14|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref>), formed in November 2020, is a coalition of over four hundred [[India]]n farmers' unions to coordinate [[satyagraha]] (non-violent resistance) against the [[2020 Indian agriculture acts|three farm acts]] initiated by the central government in September of the same year.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web Singh, S., & Siddiqui, S. (Eds.). (2024). A People's History of the Farmers' Movement, 2020–2021 (1st ed.). Routledge India. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003496625/people-history-farmers-movement-2020%E2%80%932021-shamsher-singh-sabah-siddiqui?refId=6885716e-729f-4a1a-b6fa-c3de83a5a1a7&context=ubxhttps://doi.org/10.4324/9781003496625|date=December 25, 2020| </ref>

In opposing the three farm laws, the SKM asserted that laws were an unwelcome imposition on the farmers,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Yadav|first=Yogendra|date=December 10, 2020|title=Modi Govt Gave an Unwanted Gift to Farmers. Now It Can't Even Handle Rejection|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/modi-govt-gave-an-unwanted-gift-to-farmers-now-it-cant-even-handle-rejection/564174/|access-date=January 19, 2021|website=ThePrint}}</ref> violated the constitution,<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Sainath|first=P|date=December 10, 2020|title=And You Thought It's Only about Farmers?|url=https://ruralindiaonline.org/articles/and-you-thought-its-only-about-farmers/|access-date=January 19, 2021|website=People’s Archive of Rural India}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Boparai, Aadil|first=Salman Khurshid|date=December 12, 2020|title=Farm Laws Alter Bargaining Landscape in Favour of Corporate Players|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/farmers-protest-agri-laws-apmc-msp-congress-bjp-7101450/|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Bishwajit|date=January 20, 2021|title=How the Parliament Overstepped in Bringing the Three Farm Laws|url=https://thewire.in/category/politics/all|access-date=January 20, 2021|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Mitra|first=Barun S|date=February 18, 2021|title=Everyone Agrees Farm Reforms Are Needed. Here's How Modi Govt Can Break Political Deadlock|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/farm-reforms-needed-how-modi-govt-can-break-political-deadlock/606339/|access-date=February 18, 2021|website=ThePrint}}</ref> were anti-farmer<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> and pro-[[big business]].<ref name="Jagga">{{Cite news|last=Jagga|first=Raakhi|date=November 24, 2020|title="Awaiting Farmer Unions in Delhi, Courtesy DSGMC: Langar, Rooms."|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/awaiting-farmer-unions-in-delhi-courtesy-dsgmc-langar-rooms-7063305/.|access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Sanyukt Kisan Morcha has a seven-member committee to coordinate the work of the Morcha.|date=January 1, 2021|title=Sanyukt Kisan Morcha to Continue Movement till Fulfillment of Demands|url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2021/1/1/Sanyukt-Kisan-Morcha-to-continue-movement-till-fulfillment-of-demands.html|access-date=January 15, 2021|website=The hitavada.com}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news|last=Parul|first=|date=January 11, 2021|title=Sainath: Farm Protest Is in Defence of Democracry, We're Reclaiming Republic|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/sainath-farm-protest-is-in-defence-of-democracry-were-reclaiming-republic-7141167/|access-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=D’Souza|first=Faye|date=September 22, 2020|title=P Sainath Explains Why Farmers Are Protesting|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDDUdkA2Cjk&t=528s|access-date=January 19, 2021|website=Zoom}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Kashyap|first=Sunil|date=December 17, 2020|title=The rise of Modi is the rise of certain corporate houses: RLD's Jayant Chaudhary|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/interview/jayant-chaudhary-rld-farmers-protests-bjp-rss-uttar-pradesh-narendra-modi-media|access-date=February 19, 2021|website=Caravan}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Sainath|first=P|date=September 22, 2020|title=Farm Bills Will Benefit Big Corporates, Not Farmer|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qj8kocgupy4|access-date=January 19, 2021|website=Newsclick}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite news|last=Hebbar|first=Nistula|date=February 11, 2021|title=Parliament Proceedings {{!}} Farm Laws Only to Benefit Two Friends, Says Rahul Gandhi|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-proceedings-farm-laws-only-to-benefit-two-friends-says-rahul-gandhi/article33811781.ece|access-date=February 19, 2021}}</ref>

== History ==
The SKM formed in November 2020 is made up of over four hundred Indian farmers' unions. Its purpose is to oppose the three farm acts that the [[Narendra Modi]] led [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) aims to implement. The farmers' method is [[Satyagraha| Satyagraha]] (non-violent resistance) protest against the decision by [[2020 Indian agriculture acts|three farm acts]].<ref name=":1" />

The SKM has held eleven rounds of talks with the government to repeal the three farm bills, and make law to guarantee [[Minimum support price (India)|minimum support price]] (MSP) for 23 crops<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Shiv Inder|date=January 7, 2021|title=Image That Modi Government Doesn't Retract Statements Is Shattered: BKU (EU) Head Joginder Ugrahan|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/agriculture/image-that-modi-government-doesnt-retract-statements-is-shattered-bku-ekta-|access-date=January 14, 2021|website=The Caravan}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite news|last1=Mishra|first1=Himanshu Shekhar|last2=Prabhu.|first2=Sunil|date=January 15, 2021|title=120% Fail' Says Farmer Leader After 9th Round Of Talks With Centre|work=NDTV.com|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ninth-round-of-centre-farmer-talks-start-as-congress-protests-against-laws-2352939|access-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref> without success.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Government of India|first=Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare|date=January 15, 2021|title=9th Round of Talks between Government and Farmers Unions Held In Vigyan Bhawan|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1688868|access-date=January 15, 2021|website=Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare}}</ref><ref name=":21" />{{When|date=March 2021}}

=== Protest camps ===
In November, the SKM decided to take their protest to Delhi to draw attention to their cause.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} The protesters were not allowed to enter Delhi. They made plans to try to enter national highway.<ref name="Jagga" /> The number of farmers concentrated around the borders of Delhi grew. Police deployed against farmers, who remain peaceful cloistered in their make shift camps, are from MHA forces, Haryana, Delhi, and UP Police.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

The largest concentration of farmers in Haryana are at Tikri, and Shingu-Kundli borders.{{When|date=March 2021}}

Similar action by the UP and Delhi police on the Delhi-UP border caused farmers to be concentrated in [[Ghazipur, Delhi|Ghazipur]], and Chila (Noida-Delhi road), on the UP-Delhi border. Haryana police action on the Haryana and Rajasthan Border, caused farmers concentrations near [[Shahjahanpur Village, Neemrana|Shahjaha]]<nowiki/>pur, where the farmers face the Haryana and the [[Rajasthan Police|Rajasthan police]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Punia, Mandeep|first=|date=January 2, 2021|title="Far from Delhi, Frustrated with Leadership, Farmers at Rajasthan Sit-in Break Barricades."|work=The Caravan|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/news/farmers-protest-shahjahanpur-border-rajasthan-police-yogendra-yadav|access-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chabbra|first=Ronak|date=January 18, 2021|title=Eyes on R-Day Tractor Parade, Women Take Charge of Protest at Rajasthan-Haryana Border|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Eyes-R-Day-tractor-parade-women-charge-protest-rajasthan-haryana-border|access-date=January 19, 2021|website=NewsClick}}</ref>

These farmer's protests are opposed by police barricades, armed police and paramilitary forces. The protest sites have evolved into ramshackle camps of trolley tractors, tents and tarps. The farmers have remained without government, medical, electricity or civic support.{{When|date=March 2021}}

By January 2020, many protesting farmers had come in by rotation from Punjab and Haryana. Estimates of the camp populations in and around Delhi, mostly in Haryana, varied between 100,000 and 300,000.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pasricha|first=Anjana|date=December 8, 2020|title=India Farmer Protest Shuts Down Transportation, Food Markets Nationwide|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2467870774/citation/12AC51FE78544AD1PQ/4|access-date=|website=Voice of America News / FIND. Washington, United States: Federal Information & News Dispatch, LLC}}</ref> In addition to farmers' camps on the Delhi borders, there are farmer and SKM supporter gatherings in [[Palwal]]. This camp was caused by a decision of the [[Haryana Police]] to stop the protesters there.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kaushal|first=Ravi|date=January 1, 2021|title=In Haryana's Palwal, the Farmers Protest Brings Down Longstanding Barriers|work=Newsclick|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Haryana-Palwal-Farmers-Protest-Brings-Down-Longstanding-Barriers|access-date=January 19, 2021}}</ref>

On 26 January, [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]], the SKM held a rally and the protesters tried to enter [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-26|title=India's Republic Day marked with massive farmer protests|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/indias-republic-day-marked-with-massive-farmer-protests-farmers-tractors-capital-tens-of-thousands-new-delhi-b1792621.html|access-date=2021-03-14|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":14" /> There was a clash between the protesters and police, which lead to injuries on both sides and the death of one protester. The SKM claimed the peaceful protest had been sabotaged by outside groups. The day after the protesters where back at the camps on the edge of capital.<ref name=":14" />

On 9 October 2021, Farmer unions termed the [[Lakhimpur Kheri massacre]] an "[[Terrorism|act of terror]]" that was part of a larger conspiracy to break the 10-month-old [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|farmers’ protest]]. The union said that this "massacre" during the farmer's movement was analogous to the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] during the [[Indian freedom movement]]. The unions and Samyukt Kisan Morcha (SKM) planned several protests calling for the immediate dismissal and arrest of Union minister of state for home, Ajay Mishra Teni, and his son Ashish.<ref name="terror act">{{cite news |title=Farmer unions term Lakhimpur Kheri carnage 'a terror act' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/farmer-unions-term-lakhimpur-kheri-carnage-a-terror-act/cid/1834063 |access-date=13 October 2021 |work=telegraphindia.com |date=10 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lakhimpur Kheri incident 'terror attack', part of 'pre-planned conspiracy', SKM alleges |url=https://theprint.in/india/lakhimpur-kheri-incident-terror-attack-part-of-pre-planned-conspiracy-skm-alleges/748397/ |date=9 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Jaiswal">{{cite news |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Anuja |title=Lakhimpur Kheri incident no less than a terror attack, says Jayant Chaudhary, seeks UAPA against minister, son {{!}} Agra News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/lakhimpur-kheri-incident-no-less-than-a-terror-attack-says-jayant-chaudhary-seeks-uapa-against-minister-son/articleshow/86846660.cms |access-date=13 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=7 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

===2022 state assembly elections===
SKM campaigned against the ruling BJP by organizing public meetings and rallies asking farmers to not vote for BJP.<ref name="Farmers BBC 4 Feb 2022">{{cite news |title=यूपी चुनाव में योगी आदित्यनाथ और अमित शाह की नई टेंशन क्या है? |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-60257089 |access-date=8 February 2022 |work=BBC News हिंदी |date=4 February 2022 |language=hi}}</ref> SKM had organised the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]] against the controversial [[2020 Indian agriculture acts|three farm acts]] which were passed by the BJP-led [[Union Government of India|Union Government]] in the [[BJP]] controlled [[Parliament of India]] in September 2020. These laws were eventually withdrawn by the Union government.<ref name="Farmers BBC 4 Feb 2022" />

On 31 January 2022, the farmer leaders observed "''Vishwasghat Diwas''" (treachery day) across India after the Union government failed to fulfill promises that were made to the farmers during the withdrawal of agitation against three farm laws. SKM leaders have warned that the farm laws may be re-introduced if BJP wins the elections.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anti-farmer laws may be back if BJP returns to power: SKM |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/antifarmer-laws-may-be-back-if-bjp-returns-to-power-skm-101644421294182.html |access-date=9 February 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Politics ==
They see the three farm acts as has unwelcome impositions on farmers,<ref name=":5" /> violating the constitution,<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":4" /> being anti-farmer,<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> and pro [[big business]].<ref name="Jagga" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />

The members of Samyukta Kisan Morcha (SKM) and its supporters although ideologically diverse are united by their commitment to strategy of peaceful andolan (movement); and by the common minimum program of getting the Government to repeal the three farm acts, and make law to guarantee [[Minimum support price (India)|minimum support price]] (MSP) for 23 crops.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":21" />

== Organization ==
The SKM coalition includes farmers’ Unions from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and other States. Other members include several regional affiliates of the [[Bharatiya Kisan Union|Bhartiya Kisan Union]] (BKU), including BKU (Rakesh Tikait faction), BKU Lakhowal (Harinder Singh Lakhowal), BKU Dakaunda (Buta Singh Burjgill), BKU Doaba (Manjit Singh Rai), BKU-Sidhupur, BKU-Rajewal and BKU- [[Gurnam Singh Charuni|Chaduni]]. Other farmer's organisations that form part of SKM include: Krantikari Kisan Union, [[All India Kisan Sabha|Akhil Bharatiya Kisan Sabha]] (AIKS), Jamhoori Kisan Sabha (Kulwant Singh Sandhu), Kul Hind Kisan Federation (Prem Singh Bhangu), Satnam Singh Pannun, [[Punjab Kisan Union]], SinghKrantikari Kisan Union and Swaraj India.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=18 January 2021|title=Farmer's protest|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/farmers-protest-joint-platform-distances-itself-from-political-outreach-of-member/article33599323.ece|access-date=|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Balaji|first=R|date=December 17, 2020|title=Supreme Court to Form Panel on Farmers' Agitation|work=The Telegraph onLine|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/supreme-court-to-form-panel-on-farmer-protest/cid/1800798|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217003120/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/supreme-court-to-form-panel-on-farmer-protest/cid/1800798|archive-date=December 17, 2020|url-status=live|access-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref>

=== Coordination Committee and Leaders ===
Samyukta Kisan Morcha represents the farmers' union in talks with the government, issues statements on behalf of all the unions, and coordinates the strategy and tactics between the disparate groups. SKM has a seven-member coordination committee which coordinates the work of the 'Morcha', engages in outreach with other farmers' unions, decides and coordinates media policy, briefs the media, addresses press conferences, issues statements, decides on strategy and tactics of the movement, responds to government letters and actions.<ref name=":1" />

The Seven Member Committee includes Jagjit Singh Dallewal (President BKU-Sidhupur), Dr. Darshan Pal (President Krantikari Kisan Union), [[Atul Kumar Anjan]] (National general secretary of [[All India Kisan Sabha]]), [[Hannan Mollah]] (National general secretary of [[All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)]]); [[Balbir Singh Rajewal]] (president BKU-Rajewal), [[Ashok Dhawale]] (National President of [[All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)|All India Kisan Sabha]]), [[Yogendra Yadav]] (President and founder of Swaraj India), [[Gurnam Singh Charuni|Gurnam Singh Chaduni]], Shiv Kumar Kakka.<ref name=":3" />

=== Legal Advisers ===
The lawyers advising the movement in its negotiations with the Government, and Supreme court on issues of law include [[Colin Gonsalves]], Dushyant Dave, [[Prashant Bhushan]] and [[H. S. Phoolka|H S Phoolka]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Press Trust of India|first=|date=December 17, 2020|title=Farmer Leaders to Consult Senior Lawyers to Decide next Course of Action|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/farmer-leaders-to-consult-senior-lawyers-to-decide-next-course-of-action/articleshow/79783234.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218192453/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/farmer-leaders-to-consult-senior-lawyers-to-decide-next-course-of-action/articleshow/79783234.cms|url-status=live|archive-date=December 18, 2020|access-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref>

=== Supporters ===
Samyukta Kisan Morcha has relationships with over 500 national farm and workers' unions with which it coordinates its action. Protests echoing the demands of the SKM, and in coordination with its actions and programs have taken place in large number of states including [[Maharashtra]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Assam]], and [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Firstpost|date=December 22, 2020|title=Decision on next Round of Talks with Centre to Be Taken Tomorrow, Say Protesting Farmers|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/farmers-protest-live-updates-no-invite-from-agri-minister-for-meeting-yet-says-bkus-rakesh-tikait-9134321.html|access-date=December 30, 2020|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Schmall, Emily|first=|date=December 4, 2020|title=Indian Farmers' Protests Spread, in Challenge to Modi|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/04/world/asia/india-farmers-protest-pollution-coronavirus.html|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kisan Ekta Morcha.|date=December 31, 2020|title=Latest Speech Balbir Singh Rajewal ਨੇ ਕੀਤਾ ਵੱਡਾ ਐਲਾਨ4 ਜਨਵਰੀ ਦੀ ਰਣਨੀਤੀ ਬਾਰੇ ਦੱਸਿਆ।|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XslKNcHqgE8|access-date=December 31, 2020|website=Kisan Ekta Morcha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=The Hindu|first=|date=January 11, 2021|title=Rally in Support of Farmers' Stir|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2476496680/citation/DD7305B3922F439EPQ/13|access-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Newsclick Report|date=January 26, 2021|title=Farmers Take to Roads Across Country on Republic Day, Several Detained in Gujarat|url=https://www.newsclick.in/farmers-roads-across-country-republic-day-several-detained-gujarat|access-date=January 26, 2021|website=NewsClick}}</ref> In addition, increasing number of trade union organizations have extended their support to program and actions of the SKM.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Caravan|first=Desk|date=December 14, 2020|title=Delhi's 50 Organisations Join Hands to Show Solidarity with Protesting Farmers|url=https://clarionindia.net/delhis-50-organisations-join-hands-to-show-solidarity-with-protesting-farmers/|access-date=January 18, 2021|website=Caravan|archive-date=December 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214161405/https://clarionindia.net/delhis-50-organisations-join-hands-to-show-solidarity-with-protesting-farmers/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta, Moushumi Das|date=January 20, 2021|title=Modi Govt Offers to 'suspend' Farm Laws until Standoff Is Resolved, Awaits Farmers' Response|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/modi-govt-offers-to-suspend-farm-laws-until-standoff-is-resolved-awaits-farmers-response/589212/|access-date=January 20, 2021|website=The Print}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bharatiya Kisan Union]]
* [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]]
* [[2021 Farmers' Republic day parade]]
* [[2021 Republic Day Red Fort Incident]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{twitter|kisanektamorcha}}
* {{YouTube|channel=UC4mGFTV86AR8VeJmusu1QWQ|KisanEktaMorcha}}

{{Agriculture in India}}

[[Category:Nonviolent resistance movements]]
[[Category:Political organizations established in 2020]]
[[Category:Agricultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisers of 2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]]

Shyama Charan Tripura

2026-04-25T17:54:47Z

Aurelia2406: created the data more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shyama Charan Tripura
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1939 (1350 T.E)
| birth_place =
| death_date = 12 June 2010 (1421 T.E)
| death_place =
| party = *[[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]]
*[[Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra]]
| occupation =
| known_for = Founder of [[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti|TUJS]]
| office = Member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Santirbazar Assembly constituency|Santirbazar]]
| term_start = 1983<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/1983-election-results.html|title=List of Successful Candidates in Tripura Assembly Election in 1983|website=Election India}}</ref>
| term_end = 1988
| predecessor = [[Drao Kumar Riang]]
| successor = Gour Sankar Reang
| office1 = Member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Chawamanu Assembly constituency|Chawamanu]]
| term_start1 = 1998
| predecessor1 = [[Purna Mohan Tripura]]
| term_end1 = 2008
| successor1 = [[Nirajoy Tripura]]
}}

'''Shyama Charan Tripura''' is an Indian politician and social activist from [[Tripura]]. He was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) representing [[Chawamanu Assembly constituency|Chawamanu]] in 1998<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1998/tripura/138/25|title=1998 Vidhan Sabha / Assembly election results Tripura|website=India Votes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/tripura/1998/|title=Tripura Assembly Election 1998|website= Latestly}}</ref> and 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_Feb_2003/StatReport2003_TP.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura" (PDF)|website=Election Commission of India |date=18 December 2008|access-date=26 Dec 2022}}</ref> He won from Chhawmanu<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2003-election-results.html|title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2003|website=Elections.In}}</ref> twice and from [[Santirbazar Assembly constituency|Santibazar]] once as an MLA.{{cn|date=January 2023}}

He was an active voice for tribal rights.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Shekhar|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19870131-tribal-bengali-strife-in-tripura-shows-indications-of-getting-out-of-hand-798462-1987-01-30|title=Tribal-Bengali strife in Tripura shows indications of getting out of hand|website=India Today}}</ref>

He was the founder of [[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]] and [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura]] along with [[Harinath Debbarma]].<ref name="Samaddar">{{cite book|author=Ranbir Samaddar|title=The Politics of Autonomy: Indian Experiences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=STmKAAAAMAAJ|date=2005|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=0-7619-3453-7|pages=227}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/chhawmanu-tripura-assembly-constituency|title=List of all MLA from Chhawmanu Assembly Constituency Seat|website=Result University}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1983–1988]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1998–2003]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra politicians]]
[[Category:Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti politicians]]
[[Category:Activists from Tripura]]

Girish Chandra Tripathi

2026-04-24T18:44:18Z

Aurelia2406: new article

{{Short description|26th Vice-chancellor of BHU (2014-2017)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Girish Chandra Tripathi.jpg
| caption = Tripathi as the VC of [[BHU]]
| order = Chairman of Uttar Pradesh State Council of Higher Education
| appointer = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 25 January 2020
| office1 = Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University
| order1 = 26th
| term_end1 = 26 November 2017
| term_start1 = 27 November 2014
| appointer1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| predecessor1 = [[Lalji Singh]]
| succeeded1 = [[Rakesh Bhatnagar]]
}}

'''Girish Chandra Tripathi''' (G.C. Tripathi) is the chairman of the Higher Education Council [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=प्रो. गिरीश चंद्र त्रिपाठी बने उच्च शिक्षा परिषद के अध्यक्ष Lucknow News|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-professor-girish-chandra-tripathi-named-as-chairman-of-state-higher-education-council-19970942.html|access-date=2022-02-22|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=बीएचयू के पूर्व कुलपति गिरीश चंद्र त्रिपाठी बने उत्तर प्रदेश उच्च शिक्षा परिषद के अध्यक्ष|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/administration/ex-vc-of-bhu-girish-chandra-tripathi-becomes-chairman-of-up-higher-education-council/articleshow/73617660.cms|access-date=2022-02-22|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref> Previously, he was the 26th [[Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University|vice-chancellor of Banaras Hindu University]] (27 November 2014 to 26 November 2017) and professor of [[Economics]] at the [[University of Allahabad]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-01|title=GC Tripathi retires as BHU V-C, but continues to serve as IIT-BHU chairman|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ex-bhu-vice-chancellor-girish-chandra-tripathi-holds-iit-board-meeting-in-violation-of-act-4962430/|access-date=2022-02-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of vice-chancellors of Banaras Hindu University]]
* [[Banaras Hindu University women's rights protest]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathi, Girish Chandra}}
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of Banaras Hindu University]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Abhijan (1962 film)

2026-04-24T07:43:35Z

Aurelia2406: Creating a entry more to come

{{short description|1962 film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Abhijan
| image = Abhijan 1962 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Satyajit Ray]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Abhijan''|[[Tarashankar Bandopadhyay]]}}
| producer = Abhijatrik
| screenplay = Satyajit Ray
| starring = [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] [[Waheeda Rehman]] [[Ruma Guha Thakurta]] Gnyanesh Mukherjee Charuprakash Ghosh [[Rabi Ghosh]] [[Arun Roy]]
| distributor =
| cinematography = [[Soumendu Roy]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1962|09|28|}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
}}[[File:অভিযান - বাংলা চলচ্চিত্র (১৯৬২).webm|thumb|The film]]
'''''Abhijan''''' ({{langx|bn|অভিযান}}, {{Translation|The Expedition}}) is a 1962 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language film directed by [[Satyajit Ray]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Abhijan Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/abhijan/movieshow/61255860.cms |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>

== Plot ==
[[Soumitra Chatterjee]] plays Narsingh, a taxi driver. Narsingh is a proud and hot-tempered [[Rajput]] with a passion for his car, a vintage 1930 [[Chrysler]] and his [[Rajput]] heritage. Being a descendant of a royal Rajput family, his self-esteem is reflected through his inability to accept insult and defeat, as a result of which he even takes part in a small race with his car. He does not want to be the one who falls behind and develops a strong hatred for women and mankind in general. As a result of reckless driving, while overtaking the car which carried the district inspector, his licence is taken from him. He is utterly destroyed by it, since the cab was his life after his wife had left him for good. Deeply affected by the insult and a feeling of rootlessness, he decides to go back to the land of [[rajput]] where his true rajput lineage will be respected. While on an aimless journey, Narsingh is picked up by Sukharam who is a local [[Marwaris|Marwari]] businessman with a record of smuggling and human trafficking.

Sukharam (Charuprakash Ghosh) offers him a handsome fee to transport some goods which actually is opium. The realisation of the immoral trade puts Narsingh in a compromising position, but he decides to join hands with Sukharam anyway. After all no one he saw was truly following the path of law and morality, not even his ideal and beloved Neeli ([[Ruma Guha Thakurta]]).

Neeli runs away with the crippled lover of hers and Narsingh's deep distrust of women deepens. As a result, even after knowing that Gulabi is a victim of Sukharams trafficking he forces her to sleep with him without any emotional involvement. At this point he is almost on the verge of becoming the one he used to hate, the lawless ones who also fail to face the world.

Gulabi ([[Waheeda Rehman]]), on the other hand is a melancholy, demonstrative and beautiful village widow. Gulabi is instinctively drawn to Narsingh. In spite of losing her dignity, she still looks at the bright side of life and has trust that Narsingh is not immoral. She is attracted to him from the beginning and ready for a physical relationship, though not as a prostitute which Sukharam intended her to be at that time, but as a village girl.

After he decides to join the gang of smugglers consisting of a legal deal and selling his car, he finds that all his friends that had been with him for so long, including Rama, and Neeli's brother, have abandoned him. He gets the money and social status he wanted but reduces himself to [[Mama Bhagne]], a symbol of someone carrying the baggage of his own sin on his head, until he topples and is reduced to mere pebbles with no dignity. He changes, and rescues Gulabi just in time, before she was to be sold to the same lawyer who was a member of the smuggling racket he had thought of joining.

The tension of the good and evil collapses and the old car makes another journey into nothingness but with a halo of light ahead of it, the light of love.

== Cast ==
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as Narsingh
* [[Waheeda Rehman]] as Gulabi
* [[Ruma Guha Thakurta]] as Neeli
* [[Rabi Ghosh]] as Rama
* Gnyanesh Mukherjee as Joseph
* Charuprakash Ghosh as Sukharam
* Arun Roy as Naskar

== Preservation ==
The [[Academy Film Archive]] preserved ''Abhijan'' in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preserved Projects |url=http://www.oscars.org/academy-film-archive/preserved-projects?title=&filmmaker=satyajit+ray&category=All&collection=All |website=Academy Film Archive}}</ref>

== Analysis and legacy==
The film gives the famous Ray flavour in its composition, flow and dialogues, and use of symbols. Its protagonist has been called a "prototype" for the character of the cynical cab driver in [[Martin Scorsese]]'s ''[[Taxi Driver]]'' (1976).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shubhajit Lahiri |date=5 June 2009 |title=Satyajit Ray – Auteur Extraordinaire (Part 2) |url=http://culturazzi.org/review/people-celebrities-artists/satyajit-ray-part2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629210720/http://culturazzi.org/review/people-celebrities-artists/satyajit-ray-part2 |archive-date=29 June 2009 |access-date=19 July 2009 |publisher=Culturazzi }}</ref> Scorsese himself has credited Satyajit Ray as an inspiration for his own work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chris Ingui |title=Martin Scorsese hits DC, hangs with the Hachet |url=http://media.www.gwhatchet.com/media/storage/paper332/news/2002/03/04/Arts/Martin.Scorsese.Hits.Dc.Hangs.With.The.Hachet-195598.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826214118/http://media.www.gwhatchet.com/media/storage/paper332/news/2002/03/04/Arts/Martin.Scorsese.Hits.Dc.Hangs.With.The.Hachet-195598.shtml |archive-date=26 August 2009 |access-date=6 June 2009 |publisher=Hatchet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jay Antani |year=2004 |title=Raging Bull: A film review |url=http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/reviews/Raging-Bull |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208084836/http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/reviews/Raging-Bull |archive-date=8 December 2007 |access-date=4 May 2009 |publisher=[[Filmcritic.com]] }}</ref>

== Awards ==
;[[National Film Awards]]
* [[10th National Film Awards|1962]]: [[National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film|All India Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film]]<ref name="10thaward">{{Cite web |title=10th National Film Awards |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm10thNFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929062243/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm10thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=29 September 2015 |access-date=9 September 2011 |publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]] }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*Satyajit Ray, ''[[The Inner Eye]]'' – [[W. Andrew Robinson]], {{ISBN|1-86064-965-3}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070616222726/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/abhijan.htm ''Abhijan''] at satyajitray.org
* {{IMDb title|0055724|অভিযান Abhijan (The Expedition)}}

{{National Film Award Second Best Feature Film}}
{{Satyajit Ray}}

[[Category:Films directed by Satyajit Ray]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:1962 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Satyajit Ray]]
[[Category:Second Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1962 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]]

Lawngtlai West Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:29:50Z

Aurelia2406: made a entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lawngtlai West
| type= SLA
| state = [[Mizoram]]
| established = 2008
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (Lawngtlai West highlighted).png
| constituency_no = 37
| district = [[Lawngtlai district|Lawngtlai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[C. Ngunlianchunga]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:29542}}
}}

'''Lawngtlai West''' is one of the 40 [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It was established in 2008 after the passing of the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008''.<ref name=delimitation2008/>

It is part of [[Lawngtlai district]], and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2023, it is represented by C. Ngunlianchunga of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.{{update after|2029|1}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| C. Ramlunha<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|-
|[[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3667-mizoram-2013/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=3| [[C. Ngunlianchunga]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Lawngtlai West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[C. Ngunlianchunga]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 11,296
|percentage = 45.30
|change = {{decrease}}3.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = V. Zirsanga
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 10,864
|percentage = 43.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Lalnunsema
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes = 2,312
|percentage = 9.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = J.B. Rualchhinga
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 319
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 81
|percentage = 0.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 432
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage = 83.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Lawngtlai West <ref name=election2018>{{cite web|title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[C. Ngunlianchunga]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:10681}}
|percentage = 48.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ramhluna|party=Mizo National Front|votes={{formatnum:9885}}|percentage=45.23|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes={{formatnum:136}}|percentage=0.62|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=796|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:21856}}|percentage=83.52|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}

{{coord|22.163|92.806|display=title}}

[[Category:Lawngtlai district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Lawngtlai]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

List of Monuments of National Importance in Sarnath circle, Uttar Pradesh

2026-04-12T13:02:00Z

Aurelia2406:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
This is a list of [[Monument of National Importance|Monuments of National Importance]] (ASI) as officially recognized by and available through the website of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in Sarnath circle of the [[India]]n state [[Uttar Pradesh]] formed in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |last1=India |first1=Times of |title=The Sarnath Circle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-sarnath-circle-of-archaeological-survey-of-india-asi-will-be-inaugurated-by-the-asi-director-general-pravin-srivastava-on-saturday-the-sarnath-circle-the-27-th-circle-of-asi-came-into-existence-on-september-2-2013-comprising-of-the-parts-of-patna-and-lucknow-circles-/articleshow/30799689.cms |website=Times of India |publisher=Times of India |access-date=2 April 2026}}</ref> Earlier 112 Monuments of National Importance in Uttar Pradesh were recognized by the ASI in Patna circle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_uttarpradesh_patna.asp|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Patna - Archaeological Survey of India|last=|first=|date=|website=asi.nic.in|publisher=|access-date=2016-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508064601/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_uttarpradesh_patna.asp|archive-date=8 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Sarnath circle, the 27th circle of ASI, came into existence on September 2, 2013 comprising the 112 monuments of Patna Circle and 30 monuments of Lucknow Circle. As per 2019 Parliament Assurance the total is 143 monuments.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Archaeological Survey of India |first1=Government of India |title= Explanation note for monuments in Sarnath Circle |url=https://asi.nic.in/admin/whatsnew/download/460 |publisher=ASI |access-date=2 April 2026}}</ref>

The Centre Government has delisted 18 monuments from the list of Protected Monuments as they were found to have ceased to be of national importance as per the provisions of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.<ref name="DEL">{{cite web |last1=Press Information Bureau |first1=Govenrment of India |title=DELISTING OF MONUMENTS FROM PROTECTED LIST |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2226920&reg=3&lang=2 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=PIB GOI |access-date=3 April 2026}}</ref>

Monument locations which are not marked on '''Google Map'''; are as per Government of India and Archeological Survey of India published Android App "'''INDIAN HERITAGE'''"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Heritage |first1=Indian |title=Indian Heritage |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.bisagn.indianheritage&hl=en_IN&pli=1 |website=GOOGLE PLAY |publisher=GOI |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref>

{{GeoGroupTemplate}}

== List of monuments ==
{{ASI Monument header|state_iso=IN-UP|Circle=Patna}}
! style=min-width:6em |
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S1
| description = [[Allahabad Fort]]
| location = [[Prayagraj]]
| address =
| district = [[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
| lat = 25.43
| lon = 81.87666667
| image = Allahabad Fort2.JPG
|commonscat=Allahabad Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S1-a
| description = Allahabad Fort: [[Ashoka Pillar]] (Inscribed stone pillar)
| location = Prayagraj
| address =
| district = Prayagraj
| lat = 25.43131
| lon = 81.87502
| image = Ashoka_pillar,_Allahabad,_c.1900.jpg
|commonscat=Allahabad Pillar
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S1-b
| description = Allahabad Fort: Zanana Palace
| location = Prayagraj
| address =
| district = Prayagraj
| lat = 25.42933
| lon = 81.87697
| image = Pavilion in the fort of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. Coloured a Wellcome V0050467.jpg
|commonscat=Zanana Palace Allahabad Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S2
| description = Cemeteries in Kydganj
| location = Prayagraj
| address =
| district = Prayagraj
| lat = 25.4386
| lon = 81.8607
| image = Centre NW Kydganj Cemetery Allahabad Jan24 A7C 08613.jpg
|commonscat=Kydganj Cemetery
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S3
| description = [[Khusru Bagh]]
| location = Prayagraj
| address =
| district = Prayagraj
| lat = 25.44195
| lon = 81.82038
| image = Khusru Bagh 7.JPG
|commonscat=Khusro Bagh
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S3-a
| description = Khusru Bagh: Enclosure wall and Gateway of Khusru Bagh
| location = Prayagraj
| address =
| district = Prayagraj
| lat = 25.44
| lon = 81.82081
|image=Khusro Bagh 16.jpg
|commonscat=Khusro Bagh
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S3-b
| description = Khusru Bagh: Tomb of Bibi Tamolan
| location = Prayagraj
| address =
| district = Prayagraj
| lat = 25.442424
| lon = 81.819707
| image = Allahabad, Khusru bagh, Bibi Tamolan tomb.jpg
|commonscat=Bibi Tamolan's tomb
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S3-c
| description = Khusru Bagh: Tomb of [[Khusrau Mirza|Sultan Khusru]]
| location = Prayagraj
| address =
| district = Prayagraj
| lat = 25.442283
| lon = 81.822157
| image = Sultan khusru.JPG
|commonscat=Sultan Khusro's tomb
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S3-d
| description = Khusru Bagh: Tomb of Sultan Khusru's Mother (Shah Begum, born [[Manbhawati Bai]])
| location = Prayagraj
| address =
| district = Prayagraj
| lat = 25.442351
| lon = 81.820924
| image = Allahabad, Khusru bagh, Shah Begum tomb 2015-11-12.jpg
|commonscat=Shah Begum (Khusro's mother) tomb
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S3-e
| description = Khusru Bagh: Tomb of [[Sultan-un-Nissa Begum|Nithar Begum]] Sultan Khusru's Sister
| location = Prayagraj
| address =
| district = Prayagraj
| lat = 25.442324
| lon = 81.821540
| image = Tomb of Nisar Begum at Khusro Bagh Allahabad.jpg
|commonscat=Nithar (Khusro's sister) tomb
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S4
| description = Canopy of Queen Victoria's Memorial in Chandrashekhar Azad Park (old Alfred park)
| location = Prayagraj
| address =
| district = Prayagraj
| lat = 25.45365
| lon = 81.84919
| image = Queen Victoria's Memorial in Alfred park,Allahabad, U.P., India...jpg
|commonscat=Queen Victoria Memorial in Alfred park
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S5
| description = Small high mound, the ancient site of a large Hindu Temple
| location = Bara
| address =
| district = Prayagraj
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S6
| description = The area of the waste land divided by a ravine into two large mounds called "Garha and Garhi"
| location = Bhita
| address =
| district = Prayagraj
| lat = 25.30633
| lon = 81.78674
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S7
| description = Large stone dwelling house said to have been the residence of the two heroes of Aalha and Udal cir. 8th century AD
| location = Chilla Gauhani
| address =
| district = Prayagraj
| lat = 25.31417
| lon = 81.71504
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S8
| description = Standing figure identified by Fuhrer as Buddha Asvaghosha with a five-headed snake canopy and worshipped under the name of Srigari Devi
| location = Deora
| address =
| district = Prayagraj
| lat = 25.31736
| lon = 81.79259
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S9
| description = A rocky hall on the south face of the top bearing an inscription of three lines of Indo-Scythian period in red paint with some rude drawings of men and animals
| location = Ginja Hill
| address =
| district = Prayagraj
| lat = 25.19412
| lon = 81.73903
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S10
| description = Ruined forts of Samudra Gupta and Hansagupta
| location = Jhusi
| address =
| district =Prayagraj
| lat = 25.42562
| lon = 81.90007
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S11
| description = Cave known as Sita-ki-rasoi containing an inscription in characters of the 9th century AD
| location = Mankawar
| address =
| district = Prayagraj
| lat = 25.30681
| lon = 81.79934
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S12
| description = Garhwa fort
| location = Sheorajpur
| address =
| district = Prayagraj
| lat = 25.22615
| lon = 81.5859
|image=Garhwa fort- temple.jpg
|commonscat=Garhwa Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S13
| description = Extensive mound called Hatgauha Dih
| location = Shiupur
| address =
| district = Prayagraj
| lat = 25.53633
| lon = 81.80617
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S14
| description = Large mound called Surya Bhita
| location = Singraur
| address =
| district = Prayagraj
| lat = 25.59292
| lon = 81.64217
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S15
| description = Archaeological Site and remains
| location = Sringverpur
| address =
| district = Prayagraj
| lat = 25.58731
| lon = 81.64193
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S16
| description = Old Nawabi Mosque
| location =[[Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar|Akbarpur]]
| address =
| district = [[Ambedkar Nagar district|Ambedkar Nagar]]
| lat = 26.42701
| lon = 82.53292
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S17
| description = Monuments of Captains Wilsons and Jones and eleven privates of 13th Infantry
| location = Azamgarh
| address =
| district = [[Azamgarh District|Azamgarh]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S18
| description = Mutiny Monuments
| location = Azamgarh
| address =
| district = Azamgarh
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S19
| description = Old British Cemetery
| location = Azamgarh
| address =
| district = Azamgarh
| lat = 26.07774
| lon = 83.19004
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S20
| description = Ancient site called Garba-ka-kot or Rajbhar-ka-lot
| location = Garhwa
| address =
| district = Azamgarh
| lat = 25.95842
| lon = 83.34862
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S21
| description = Ancient Site measuring 7 acres and 800 links in Khasra No. 384
| location = Garhwa
| address =
| district = Azamgarh
| lat = 25.95626
| lon = 83.34384
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S22
| description = Tomb of Abhiman
| location = Mehnagar
| address =
| district = Azamgarh
| lat = 25.88300015
| lon = 83.11666817
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S23
| description = Inscribed stone Pillar
| location = Pakri
| address =
| district = Azamgarh
| lat = 25.76029
| lon = 83.14464
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S24
| description = A Banyan grove containing traces of ancient building<ref name="DEL"/> '''(Delisted)'''
| location = Amavey
| address =
| district = [[Ballia District|Ballia]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S25
| description = A mound 20' high apparently formed of solid brick work where the Prithvinath lingam and a copper plate grant were found
| location = Pachran
| address =
| district = [[Balrampur District|Balrampur]]
| lat = 27.37945
| lon = 81.95726
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S26
| description = Long Mound
| location = Bairant
| address =
| district = Chandalui
| lat = 25.45291
| lon = 83.25262
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S27
| description = Small conical mound of ruins called Devi-ka-sthan
| location = Bairant
| address =
| district = Chandalui
| lat = 25.45292
| lon = 83.25138
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S28
| description = Ancient site consisting of ruined fort
| location = Bairant
| address =
| district = Chandalui
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S29
| description = Large rectangular shaped mound
| location = Bairant
| address =
| district = Chandalui
| lat = 25.45327
| lon = 83.25367
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S30
| description = Large mound of brick ruins
| location = Dhanapur
| address =
| district = Chandalui
| lat = 25.45024
| lon = 83.34903
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S31
| description = Three sites with megaliths on the western and north eastern of the hill
| location = Hathinia Hill
| address =
| district = Chandalui
| lat = 25.02175
| lon = 83.16594
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S32
| description = Khera or Mound representing the ancient Sukalpura
| location = Sukalpura
| address =
| district = Chandalui
| lat = 25.32912
| lon = 83.26053
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S33
| description = Conical Stupa-shaped mound
| location = Amaoni
| address =
| district = Deoria
| lat = 26.47651
| lon = 83.61027
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S34
| description = Inscribed Monolith of rough grey sandstone remains locally known as 'Lat' or 'Gada' of Parasram
| location = Bhagalpur
| address =
| district = Deoria
| lat = 26.17053
| lon = 83.86895
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S35
| description = Inscribed stone pillar
| location = Kahaon (ancient Kakubha)
| address =
| district = Deoria
| lat = 26.26929
| lon = 83.85451
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S36
| description = Two ruined Temples
| location = Kahaon
| address =
| district = Deoria
| lat = 26.26867
| lon = 83.85643
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S37
| description = Ancient Site
| location = Khukhunda and Sajhwar
| address =
| district = Deoria
| lat = 26.39559
| lon = 83.8567
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S38
| description = Long low mound of ruins
| location = Khukhunda
| address =
| district = Deoria
| lat = 26.39602
| lon = 83.85553
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S39
| description = Ancient Site
| location = Rudarpur
| address =
| district = Deoria
| lat = 26.46101
| lon = 83.60956
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S40
| description = High square shaped mound
| location = Rudarpur
| address =
| district = Deoria
| lat = 26.46151
| lon = 83.60394
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S41
| description = Extensive mound
| location = Sohnag
| address =
| district = Deoria
| lat = 26.14097
| lon = 83.89709
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S42
| description = Dih or mound apparently the remains of a Buddhist stupa
| location = Tarakulwa
| address =
| district = Deoria
| lat = 26.62884
| lon = 83.89007
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S43
| description = Three mounds known as Mani-Parbat, Kuber Parbat and Sugrib Parbat
| location = [[Ayodhya]]
| address =
| district =[[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
| lat = 26.79345
| lon = 82.19983
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S44
| description = Bani Khanam's Tomb
| location = [[Faizabad]]
| address =
| district = [[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
| lat = 26.79156
| lon = 82.14421
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S45
| description = Gulab Bari
| location = [[Faizabad]]
| address =
| district = [[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
| lat = 26.77988
| lon = 82.15753
|image=Nawab's Tomb at Gulab Bari.jpg
|commonscat=Gulab Bari
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S46
| description = Tomb of Bahu-Begum
| location = [[Faizabad]]
| address =
| district = [[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
| lat =26.76613
| lon =82.14467
| image = Tomb of Bahu Begam.jpg
|commonscat=Bahu Begum ka Maqbara
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S47
| description = Tomb of Hazi Iqbal, Eunuch of Sadar Jahan Begum including the mosque & the whole compound enclosing them
| location = [[Faizabad]]
| address =
| district = [[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
| lat = 26.77888
| lon = 82.17584
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S48
| description = Tomb of Shuja-ud-daula
| location = [[Faizabad]]
| address =
| district = [[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
| lat = 26.77988
| lon = 82.15753
| image =Gulabbari.JPG
|commonscat=Gulab Bari
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S49
| description = Mound known as Masaon-Dih
| location = Aonrihar
| address =
| district = Ghazipur
| lat = 25.55275
| lon = 83.20554
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S50
| description = Bridge on the Ganga Nadi
| location = Bhimapur
| address =
| district = Ghazipur
| lat = 25.61447
| lon = 83.2015
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S51
| description = Bhitari Gupta-pillar with an inscription of Skanda-Gupta standing in the ruined fort
| location = Bhitari
| address =
| district = Ghazipur
| lat = 25.5642
| lon = 83.28964
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S52
| description = Entire ruined fort enclosure with projecting corners towers and numerous mounds
| location = Bhitari
| address =
| district = Ghazipur
| lat = 25.57111
| lon = 83.28526
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S53
| description = Remains of the Gupta period
| location = Bhitari
| address =
| district = Ghazipur
| lat = 25.57233
| lon = 83.28916
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S54
| description = Mound of ruins with remains of temples and other buildings
| location = Dildarnagar
| address =
| district = Ghazipur
| lat = 25.43026
| lon = 83.66506
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S55
| description = Dih or mound of ruins called Suiri-ka-Raj
| location = Ghazipur
| address =
| district = Ghazipur
| lat = 25.52807
| lon = 83.48933
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S56
| description = Lord Cornwallis Tomb
| location = Ghazipur
| address =
| district = Ghazipur
| lat = 25.55876
| lon = 83.54573
|image=Ghazipur1.JPG
|commonscat=Tomb of Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S57
| description = Stone lat or pillar standing on the Western end of a mound of brick ruins and the capital the pillar lying on the ground closeby.
| location = Latiya
| address =
| district = Ghazipur
| lat = 25.39574
| lon = 83.57664
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S58
| description = High Khera
| location = Masaondi
| address =
| district = Ghazipur
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S59
| description = Mound of ruins
| location = Masaondi
| address =
| district = Ghazipur
| lat = 25.53894
| lon = 83.19826
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S60
| description = Two statues representing Varaha or the Boar incarnation and Krishan with Gopis
| location = Saidpur
| address =
| district = Ghazipur
| lat = 25.53841
| lon = 83.19056
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S61
| description = Extensive brick-builder
| location = Shaikhanpur
| address =
| district = Ghazipur
| lat = 25.73263
| lon = 83.66343
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S62
| description = Mound covered with bricks with the ruins of the temple of Asokanath Mahadeva
| location = Hathili
| address =
| district = [[Gonda district|Gonda]]
| lat = 26.99358
| lon = 82.10571
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S63
| description = Extensive remains of a very large ancient city
| location = Barhi
| address =
| district = Gorakhpur
| lat = 26.65969
| lon = 83.57729
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S64
| description = A Series of enormous mounds
| location = Barhiapur or Bhadar Khas
| address =
| district = Gorakhpur
| lat = 26.55117
| lon = 83.20027
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S65
| description = Three high conical mounds of brick which are evidently the ruins of stupas
| location = Chaora
| address =
| district = Gorakhpur
| lat = 26.65938
| lon = 83.5509
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S66
| description = Extensive Mound
| location = Gopalpur
| address =
| district = Gorakhpur
| lat = 26.35075
| lon = 83.35515
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S67
| description = Large and high mound, the ruins of the ancient Domangarh
| location = Gorakhpur
| address =
| district = Gorakhpur
| lat = 26.76197
| lon = 83.3338
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S68
| description = Ancient site covered with mounds of brick ruins and containing an ancient masonry well
| location = Gugaha
| address =
| district = Gorakhpur
| lat = 26.44055
| lon = 83.43896
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S69
| description = Atala Masjid
| location = Jaunpur
| address =
| district = Jaunpur
| lat = 25.75275
| lon = 82.69057
| image = Atala Masjid.jpg
|commonscat= Atala Masjid
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S70
| description = Cemetery of seven kings of the Sharqi Dynasty
| location = Jaunpur
| address =
| district = Jaunpur
| lat = 25.75029
| lon = 82.69336
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S71
| description = Fort
| location = Jaunpur
| address =
| district = Jaunpur
| lat = 25.74964
| lon = 82.68851
| image = Jaunpur Fort.JPG
|commonscat=Shahi Qila, Jaunpur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S72
| description = Hamam or Turkish Bath in the Old Fort
| location = Jaunpur
| address =
| district = Jaunpur
| lat = 25.74928
| lon = 82.68817
| image = Hamam Jounpur.JPG
|commonscat=Hamam or Turkish Bath in the Old Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S73
| description = Jhanjhari Masjid
| location = Jaunpur
| address =
| district = Jaunpur
| lat = 25.74329
| lon = 82.70082
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S74
| description = Juma Masjid
| location = Jaunpur
| address =
| district = Jaunpur
| lat = 25.75915
| lon = 82.68503
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S75
| description = Khalis Mukhalis or Chan Ungli Masjid
| location = Jaunpur
| address =
| district = Jaunpur
| lat = 25.7577
| lon = 82.67243
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S76
| description = Khanqah or tombs of Sharqi kings of Jaunpur and the chamber for the royal mourner
| location = Jaunpur
| address =
| district = Jaunpur
| lat = 25.75973
| lon = 82.68505
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S77
| description = Lal masjid (Lal Darwaja)
| location = Jaunpur
| address =
| district = Jaunpur
| lat = 25.76991
| lon = 82.67069
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S78
| description = Qalich Khan ka Maqbara
| location = Jaunpur
| address =
| district = Jaunpur
| lat = 25.74793
| lon = 82.66922
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S79
| description = Rouza of Shah Firoz
| location = Jaunpur
| address =
| district = Jaunpur
| lat = 25.74866
| lon = 82.69813
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S80
| description = Stone group of a gigantic lion standing on a small elephant. It is lying on Akbar's bridge.
| location = Jaunpur
| address =
| district = Jaunpur
| lat = 25.74829
| lon = 82.68449
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S81
| description = Tomb of Nawab Ghazi Khan
| location = Jaunpur
| address = Sarai mujahid
| district = Jaunpur
| lat = 25.7495
| lon = 82.67904
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S82
| description = Gateway of Hazrat Chirag-i-Hiud's Palace
| location = Zafrabad
| address =
| district = Jaunpur
| lat = 25.69735
| lon = 82.73412
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S83
| description = Sheikh Burhan's Mosque
| location = Zafrabad
| address =
| district = Jaunpur
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S84
| description = Walls of the old Kankar Fort of Jayachandra
| location = Zafrabad
| address =
| district = Jaunpur
| lat = 25.69566
| lon = 82.7313
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S85
| description = Fort attributed to Jay Chandra
| location = Karra
| address =
| district = Kaushambi
| lat = 25.6991
| lon = 81.36793
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S86
| description = Ancient fortress (representing the ancient Kaushambi)
| location = Kosam
| address =
| district = Kaushambi
| lat = 25.34517
| lon = 81.38695
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S87
| description = Artificial cave in the fane of the hill of Pabhosa hill
| location = Pabhosa
| address =
| district = Kaushambi
| lat = 25.35377
| lon = 81.3154
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S88
| description = Traces of a large brick building on the summit of Pabhosa hill
| location = Pabhosa
| address =
| district = Kaushambi
| lat = 25.35528
| lon = 81.3173
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S89
| description = Circular shaped mound and the remains of a stupa
| location = Chetiaon
| address =
| district = Kushinagar
| lat = 26.67505
| lon = 84.03895
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S90
| description = Large dih or mound
| location = Chetiaon
| address =
| district = Kushinagar
| lat = 26.6749
| lon = 84.03807
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S91
| description = Large flat-topped mound of ruins called Jharmatiya
| location = Chetiaon
| address =
| district = Kushinagar
| lat = 26.69377
| lon = 84.10882
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S92
| description = Mound of Brick ruins called Asmanpur dih
| location = Chetiaon
| address =
| district = Kushinagar
| lat = 26.62783
| lon = 84.0415
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S93
| description = Mound of ruins called Sareya
| location = Chetiaon
| address =
| district = Kushinagar
| lat = 26.68543
| lon = 84.00622
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S94
| description = Mound in eastern extension of the stupa site at S.No.3
| location = Chetiaon
| address =
| district = Kushinagar
| lat = 26.67654
| lon = 84.04297
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S95
| description = Ancient site known as Fazilnagar ka kot
| location = Fazilnnagar
| address =
| district = Kushinagar
| lat = 26.68383
| lon = 84.0549
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S96
| description = 1) A lofty mound of solid brickwork, called deisthan or Rambhar Bhavani
2) An oblong mound called the fort of Matha Kuar which is covered with broken bricks and on which stands a much ruined brick stupa, a large statue of buddha, the ascetic; a colossal statue representing Buddha's Nirvan
3) A low square mound covered with broken bricks near the barrows scattered over plain to the north and east of the great mound
| location = Kasia
| address =
| district = Kushinagar
| lat = 26.73916
| lon = 83.8907
|image=Mahaparinirwana Temple Kushinagar.jpg
|commonscat=Parinirvana Stupa
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S97
| description = Large mound covered with broken bricks and a few statues
| location = Padrauna
| address =
| district = Kushinagar
| lat = 26.88525
| lon = 83.97613
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S98
| description = Mound of brick ruins
| location = Sahiya
| address =
| district = Kushinagar
| lat = 26.1417
| lon = 83.90187
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S99
| description = Ancient Site
| location = Ghosi
| address =
| district = Mau
| lat = 26.10813
| lon = 83.53617
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S100
| description = Ancient site and archaeological remains
| location = Radrauli
| address =
| district = Maharjganj
| lat = 27.32559
| lon = 83.4211
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S101
| description = Several caves in the Top Hill
| location = Adhesar
| address =
| district = Mirza pur
| lat = 24.63273
| lon = 82.31327
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S102
| description = Ruined Stone Fort Lalitpur
| location = Ahraura
| address =
| district = Mirza pur
| lat = 24.985
| lon = 83.03333
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S103
| description = Bhardari Devi ka Pahar containing Asokan inscription
| location = Ahravrakhas
| address =
| district = Mirza pur
| lat = 25.03645
| lon = 83.03714
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S104
| description = Remains of Three Small Linga Temple circa 1000AD.<ref name="DEL"/>'''(Delisted)'''
| location = Ahugi
| address =
| district = Mirza pur
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S105
| description = Ruins of a Saiva Temple
| location = Ahugi
| address =
| district = Mirza pur
| lat = 24.78801
| lon = 82.30913
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S106
| description = Inscribed Pillar
| location = Belkhara
| address =
| district = Mirza pur
| lat = 25.00082
| lon = 83.03677
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S107
| description = Mound known as Sangram Sahi-ki--Pahari
| location = Bhagdewar
| address =
| district = Mirza pur
| lat = 25.12352
| lon = 82.45319
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S108
| description = Cave called khoh containing two early Kutila inscriptions on the rock inside
| location = Bhulli
| address =
| district = Mirza pur
| lat = 25.05697
| lon = 83.04515
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S109
| description = British Cemetery
| location = Chunar
| address =
| district = Mirza pur
| lat = 25.1221
| lon = 82.87463
| image = Cemetery Chunar.jpg
|commonscat=British Cemetery, Chunar
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S110
| description = Durga Khoh
| location = Chunar
| address =
| district = Mirza pur
| lat = 25.09215
| lon = 82.86935
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S111
| description = Inscribed slab
| location = Halliya
| address =
| district = Mirza pur
| lat = 24.82598
| lon = 82.32384
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S112
| description = British Cemetery
| location = Mirza pur
| address =
| district = Mirza pur
| lat = 25.19256
| lon = 82.89258
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S113
| description = Iftekhar Khan's Tomb
| location = Saryan Sikandarpur
| address =
| district = Mirza pur
| lat = 25.12288
| lon = 82.89486
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S114
| description = A life sized figure locally known as Sankata Devi
| location = Sheopur
| address =
| district = Mirza pur
| lat = 25.16485
| lon = 82.49505
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S115
| description = British Cemetery
| location = Sultanpur
| address =
| district = Mirza pur
| lat = 25.15721
| lon = 82.58604
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S116
| description = Remains of temple on an island in the bed of the river at Ramgayaghat including two inscribed stones
| location = Vindhyachal
| address =
| district = Mirza pur
| lat = 25.17263
| lon = 82.4919
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S117
| description = Fragments of sculptures, one of which is a Krishnasthambha lying on the bank of the Ganga on a chabutra at the Ramgaya ghat.
| location = Vindhyachal
| address =
| district = Mirza pur
| lat = 25.17101
| lon = 82.49074
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S118
| description = Kantil Fort
| location = Vindhyachal
| address =
| district = Mirza pur
| lat = 25.15794
| lon = 82.52058
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S119
| description = Kharasthi Devi remains of a Mediaeval Temple
| location = Vindhyachal
| address =
| district = Mirza pur
| lat = 25.16179
| lon = 82.4848
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S120
| description = British Cemetery
| location = Gopiganj
| address =
| district = Santravidas nagar
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S121
| description = Ancient Site
| location = Jungle Belhar
| address =
| district = Siddharth Nagar
| lat = 26.95991
| lon = 83.02698
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S122
| description = Pakka masonry Fort
| location = Vijay Garh
| address =
| district = Sonbhadra
| lat =
| lon =
| image = Vijay Garh Fort on the Hill top.jpg
|commonscat=Vijaygarh Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S123
| description = Mosque
| location = Isauli
| address =
| district = Sultanpur
| lat = 26.40589
| lon = 81.84962
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S124
| description = Large dih called Majhangaon with brick-towers on the four corners
| location = Sultanpur
| address =
| district = Sultanpur
| lat = 26.2812
| lon = 82.08208
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S125
| description = Cemetery
| location = Chaitganj
| address =
| district = Varanasi
| lat = 25.3072
| lon = 82.98473
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S126
| description = Remains of a Fine Massive brick fort
| location = Chandravati
| address =
| district = Varanasi
| lat = 25.46398
| lon = 83.12947
| image = Fort under water, Chandravati.jpg
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S127
| description = Ancient Buddhist Site known as [[Chaukhandi Stupa]]
| location = Ganj and Baraipur
| address =
| district = Varanasi
| lat = 25.37401
| lon = 83.02358
| image = Chaukhandi Stupa 2.JPG
|commonscat=Chaukhandi Stupa
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S128
| description = Old Ruined Kot (Fortress)
| location = Hetampur
| address =
| district = Varanasi
| lat = 25.39376
| lon = 83.34721
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S129
| description = Ancient buddhist site of Sarnath, including the [[Dhamek Stupa]], Jagat Singh Stupa, the monastery and all the monuments excavated by Mr. Certal in 1984-85 with an area of 53.04 acres, including government land measuring 21.94 acres
| location = Paraipur, Khajuhi Ganj(Varanasi)
| address =
| district = Varanasi
| lat = 25.3809
| lon = 83.02451
| image = Sarnath1.jpg
|commonscat=Dhamekh Stupa
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S130
| description = Closed Cemetery
| location = Rajghat
| address =
| district = Varanasi
| lat = 25.33061
| lon = 83.03795
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S131
| description = Tomb of Lal Khan
| location = Rajghat
| address =
| district = Varanasi
| lat = 25.32609
| lon = 83.03466
| image = Tomb of Lal Khan.jpg
|commonscat=Tomb of Lal Khan
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S132
| description = The whole area to the east of the Buddhist site explored by the Archaeological department extending up to the limits of the lake named Narokhar
| location = Sarnath
| address =
| district = Varanasi
| lat = 25.38042
| lon = 83.03128
| image = Sarnath Excaveted Site 02.JPG
|commonscat= Main Archaeological Site of Sarnath
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S133
| description = Graves of European Officers
| location = Shivala
| address =
| district = Varanasi
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S134
| description = Ancient Mound
| location = Tilmapur
| address =
| district = Varanasi
| lat = 25.36478
| lon = 83.03924
| image = Tilmapur.jpg
|commonscat=Ancient Mound, Tilmapur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S135
| description = Dharahra Mosque (Aurangzeb Mosque )
| location = Varanasi
| address =
| district = Varanasi
| lat = 25.31535
| lon = 83.01787
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S136
| description = Lt. Col. Pogson's Tomb
| location = Varanasi
| address =
| district = Varanasi
| lat = 25.3202
| lon = 82.97029
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S137
| description = Mutiny Monuments
| location = Varanasi
| address =
| district = Varanasi
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S138
| description = Observatory of Mansingh
| location = Varanasi
| address =
| district = Varanasi
| lat = 25.30763
| lon = 83.01077
| image = Observatory of Man Singh.jpg
|commonscat=Man Singh Observatory
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S139
| description = Pahlapur inscribed Lat or monolith now standing in the compound of the Queen's College
| location = Varanasi
| address =
| district = Varanasi
| lat = 25.32978
| lon = 82.99746
| image = Prahladpu Inscribed Lat.jpg
|commonscat=Prahladpur Inscribed Pillar
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S140
| description = Tablet on the Treasury Building<ref name="DEL"/> '''(Delisted)'''
| location = Varanasi
| address =
| district = Varanasi
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S141
| description = Telia Nala Buddhist Ruins<ref name="DEL"/> '''(Delisted)'''
| location = Varanasi
| address =
| district = Varanasi
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S142
| description = Two Graves at Old Artillery lines
| location = Varanasi
| address =
| district = Varanasi
| lat = 25.32531
| lon = 82.97715
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-UP-S143
| description = Victoria Memorial
| location = Varanasi
| address =
| district = Varanasi
| lat = 25.31482
| lon = 83.00435
| image = Victorian Memorial.jpg
|commonscat=Victoria Memorial, Varanasi
}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Lalitpur district]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Lucknow circle/North]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Lucknow circle/South]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Agra district]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Agra circle]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in India]] for other Monuments of National Importance in India
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Monuments in India}}

[[Category:Lists of Monuments of National Importance in Uttar Pradesh|Patna circle]]

S. Ramachandran (Kalasapakkam)

2026-04-11T23:39:46Z

Aurelia2406: Starting data - done

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Ramachandran
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1960|6|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = Desurpalayam
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the Legislative Assembly, Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Kalasapakkam Assembly constituency|Kalasapakkam]]
| term_start1 = 2001
| term_end1 = 2006
| predecessor1 = [[P. S. Thiruvengadam]]
| successor1 = [[Agri S. S. Krishnamurthy]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Agriculture, Business
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''S. Ramachandran''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. Hailing from [[Tiruvannamalai]] town in the [[Tiruvannamalai district]], he completed his education up to the tenth grade.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} Representing the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party, he contested and won the [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Kalasapakkam Assembly constituency]].<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO Twelfth Assembly 2001. Chennai-600009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. April 2002. p. 130-132.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/kalasapakkam-tamil-nadu-assembly-constituency | title=Kalasapakkam Assembly Constituency Election Result | accessdate=7 January 2026}}</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalasapakkam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramachandran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=75,880 |percentage=58.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Thiruvengadam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,990 |percentage=35.95% |change=-23.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Raju |party=Independent politician |votes=3,103 |percentage=2.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. A. Rajamanickam |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,328 |percentage=1.78% |change=+0.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chandra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,051 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,890 |percentage=22.10% |change= -6.18% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=130,721 |percentage=69.12% |change= -5.10% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 189,131 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.07% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Chakla Mandvi Chinch Bunder Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:19:01Z

Aurelia2406: new a stub - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chakla Mandvi Chinch Bunder
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 50,559
| mla = Salebhai Abdul Kadar
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Chakla Mandvi Chinch Bunder Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Salebhai Abdul Kadar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chakla Mandvi Chinch Bunder <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Salebhai Abdul Kadar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,485 |percentage = 72.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tayabani Sale Mohmed Tayab |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 5,573 |percentage = 24.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maheshwari Padamsi Manekji |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 802 |percentage = 3.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,912 |percentage = 47.73% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 22,860 |percentage = 45.21% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 22,860}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,559 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Lalit Mohan Tripura

2026-04-04T15:09:47Z

Aurelia2406: made bio - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Lalit Mohan Tripura
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| image_upright =
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958-1-1|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://tripuraassembly.nic.in/current%20members%20profilenew.pdf | title=IMPORTANT ABBREVIATIONS | access-date=2024-07-24 | website=tripuraassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
| birth_place = Gandachera
| spouse = Smt. Suyendri Tripura
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| order =
| office = Member of [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| status = 
| term_start = 2008
| term_end = 2018
| alongside = 
| monarch =
| president =
| governor_general =
| taoiseach =
| chancellor =
| governor =
| deputy =
| lieutenant =
| vicechair =
| succeeding = 
| constituency = [[Raima Valley Assembly constituency|Raima Valley]]
| majority =
| predecessor = Rabindra Debbarma
| successor = [[Dhananjoy Tripura]]
}}
'''Lalit Mohan Tripura''' is an Indian politician and the former member of the Tripura Legislative Assembly for the two consecutive terms from 2008 to 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2008 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2008-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in |access-date=22 January 2023}}</ref> He has been a member of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] since 1982. In the 2018 Tripura Assembly election he were defeated by the [[Indigenous Peoples Front of Tripura]] candidate Dhananjoy Tripura by the margin of 1,922 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Tripura 2018 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2018/tripura/264/25 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2018 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2018-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in |access-date=22 January 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripura, Lalit Mohan}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tripuri people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2013–2018]]

{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Shaktipata

2026-04-04T09:16:15Z

Aurelia2406: created initial data with sources

{{Short description|Transmission of spiritual energy}}
{{italic title}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Shaktipata''' ({{Langx|sa|शक्तिपात|translit=śaktipāta}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maharaj |first=Ayon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0bnDwAAQBAJ&dq=%C5%9Baktip%C4%81ta&pg=PT311 |title=The Bloomsbury Research Handbook of Vedanta |date=2020-05-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-06325-9 |pages=311 |language=en}}</ref> or '''Shaktipat''' in [[Hinduism]] is the '''transmission''' (or conferring) of [[spiritual energy]] upon one person by another or directly from the deity. ''Shaktipata'' can be transmitted with a sacred word or [[mantra]], or by a look, thought or touch – the last usually to the [[ajna chakra]] or [[agya chakra]] or [[third eye]] of the recipient.

''Shaktipata'' is considered an act of grace (''Anugraha'') on the part of the guru or the divine. It cannot be imposed by force, nor can a receiver make it happen.<ref>Abhinavagupta, The Kula Ritual, as Elaborated in Chapter 29 of the Tantrāloka, John R. Dupuche, page 154</ref> The very consciousness of the god or guru is held to enter into the [[Atman (Hinduism)|Self]] of the disciple, constituting an initiation into the school or the spiritual family ([[Kaula (Hinduism)|kula]]) of the guru.<ref>Abhinavagupta: The Kula Ritual, as Elaborated in Chapter 29 of the Tantrāloka, John R. Dupuche, Page 131</ref> It is held that ''shaktipata'' can be transmitted in person or at a distance, through an object such as a flower or fruit.<ref>Satyananda Saraswati, ''Kundalini Tantra'', Yoga Publications Trust (1984), p. 46.</ref>

==Etymology==
The term shaktipata is derived from [[Sanskrit]], from ''[[shakti]]'' "(psychic) energy" and ''pāta'', "to fall".<ref name="Abhinavagupta, The Kula Ritual page 155">''Abhinavagupta : the Kula ritual, as elaborated in chapter 29 of the Tantrāloka'', John R. Dupuche, 2003, page 155</ref>

==Levels of intensity==

===Levels===
In [[Kashmir Shaivism]], depending on its intensity, ''shaktipata'' can be classified as:

* ''{{lang|sa-Latn|tīvra-tīvra-śaktipāta}}'' - the so-called "Super Supreme Grace" - produces immediate identity with ''Shiva'' and liberation; such a being goes on to become a [[siddha]] master and bestows grace from his abode (''Siddhaloka''), directly into the heart of deserving aspirants<ref name="Kashmir Shaivism Page 66">Kashmir Shaivism, The Secret Supreme, [[Lakshman Joo]], Page 66</ref>
* ''{{lang|sa-Latn|tīvra-madhya-śaktipāta}}'' - "Supreme Medium Grace" - such a being becomes spiritually illuminated and liberated on his own, relying directly on ''Shiva'', not needing initiation or instruction from other exterior [[guru]]. This is facilitated by an intense awakening of his spiritual intuition (''pratibhā'') which immediately eliminates ignorance<ref name="Kashmir Shaivism Page 66"/>
* ''{{lang|sa-Latn|tīvra-manda-śaktipāta}}'' - "Supreme Inferior Grace" - the person who received this grace strongly desires to find an appropriate [[guru]], but he does not need instruction, but a simple touch, a look or simply being in the presence of his master is enough to trigger in him to the state of illumination<ref name="Kashmir Shaivism Page 66"/>
* ''{{lang|sa-Latn|madhya-tīvra-śaktipāta}}'' - "Medium Supreme Grace" - a disciple who receives this grace desires to have the instruction and initiation of a perfect [[guru]]; in time he becomes enlightened. However, he is not totally absorbed into this state during his lifetime and receives a permanent state of fusion with ''Shiva'' after the end of his life<ref>Kashmir Shaivism, The Secret Supreme, [[Lakshman Joo]], Page 67</ref>
* ''{{lang|sa-Latn|madhya-madhya-śaktipāta}}'' - "Medium Middle Grace" - such a disciple will receive initiation from his [[guru]] and have an intense desire to attain liberation, but at the same time he still has desire for various enjoyments and pleasure; after the end of his life, he continues to a paradise where he fulfills all his desires and after that he receives again initiation from his master and realizes permanent union with ''Shiva''<ref name="Kashmir Shaivism Page 68">Kashmir Shaivism, The Secret Supreme, [[Lakshman Joo]], Page 68</ref>
* ''{{lang|sa-Latn|madhya-manda-śaktipāta}}'' - "Medium Inferior Grace" - is similar to "Medium Middle Grace" except that in this case the aspirant desires worldly pleasures more than union with ''Shiva''; he needs to be reincarnated again as a spiritual seeker to attain liberation<ref name="Kashmir Shaivism Page 68"/>
* ''{{lang|sa-Latn|manda}}'' - "Inferior Grace" - for those who receive this level of grace, the aspiration to be united with ''Shiva'' is present only in times of distress and suffering; the grace of ''Shiva'' needs to work in them for many lifetimes before spiritual liberation occurs<ref>Kashmir Shaivism, The Secret Supreme, Lakshman Jee, Page 69</ref>

===Table===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! style="width:25%; font-weight:normal" | Type of spiritual grace
! style="width:25%; font-weight:normal" | When is the moment of liberation?
! style="width:25%; font-weight:normal" | What one needs in order to attain liberation?
! style="width:25%; font-weight:normal" | What is the defining quality of the recipient?
|-
| style="background:#f0f0f0" | ''tīvra-tīvra-śaktipāta'' Super Supreme Grace
| immediate
| nothing exterior, only the grace of ''Shiva''
| capability to abandon duality
|-
| style="background:#f0f0f0" | ''tīvra-madhya-śaktipāta'' Supreme Medium Grace
| immediate
| nothing exterior, only the grace of ''Shiva''
| intuition of nonduality{{refn|group=note|[[Abhinavagupta]] distinguishes here between two sublevels:
* those whose intuition (''pratibhā'') is firm
* those whose intuition is hesitant, who need more practice in order to stabilize; they would take a [[guru]], study the scriptures or practice yoga<ref name="Abhinavagupta, The Kula Ritual page 155"/>}}
|-
| style="background:#f0f0f0" | ''tīvra-manda-śaktipāta'' Supreme Inferior Grace
| after meeting a perfect [[guru]]
| the presence of a physical [[guru]]
| total surrender to his [[guru]]
|-
| style="background:#f0f0f0" | ''madhya-tīvra-śaktipāta'' Medium Supreme Grace
| at the end of life in this physical plane
| the initiation and instruction of a [[guru]]
| intense spiritual aspiration
|-
| style="background:#f0f0f0" | ''madhya-madhya-śaktipāta'' Medium Middle Grace
| after living for some time in a paradise
| the initiation and instruction of a [[guru]]
| spiritual aspiration is more intense than worldly desires
|-
| style="background:#f0f0f0" | ''madhya-manda-śaktipāta'' Medium Inferior Grace
| in the next physical incarnation
| the initiation and instruction of a [[guru]]
| lower aspiration than worldly desires
|-
| style="background:#f0f0f0" | ''manda'' Inferior Grace
| after many lifetimes of incremental progress
| the initiation and instruction of a [[guru]] and lot of time
|
|}

==Descriptions==
Swami [[Muktananda]], in his book ''Play of Consciousness'', describes in great detail his experience of receiving shaktipata initiation from his guru [[Bhagawan Nityananda]] and his spiritual development that unfolded after this event.<ref name=POC>{{cite book|last=Muktananda|first=Swami|title=Play of Consciousness|year=1978|publisher=Siddha Yoga Publications|isbn=0-911307-81-8}}</ref>

[[Paul Zweig]] has written of his experience of receiving ''shaktipata'' from [[Muktananda]].<ref>Paul Zweig, in John White (editor), ''Kundalini, Evolution, and Enlightenment'' ({{ISBN|1-55778-303-9}})</ref> In the same book [[Itzhak Bentov]] describes his laboratory measurements of kundalini-awakening through ''shaktipata'',<ref>Itzhak Bentov, ''Micromotions of the body as a factor in the development of the nervous system'', in John White (editor), ''Kundalini, Evolution, and Enlightenment'' ({{ISBN|1-55778-303-9}})</ref> a study held in high regard by the late [[Satyananda Saraswati]], founder of the [[Bihar School of Yoga]], and by [[Hiroshi Motoyama]], author of ''Theories of the Chakras''.

[[Barbara Brennan]] describes shaktipata as the projection of the guru's "[[Aura (paranormal)|aura]]" on the disciple who thereby acquires the same mental state, hence the importance of the high spiritual level of the guru. The physiological phenomena of rising [[Kundalini energy|kundalini]] then naturally manifest.<ref>Barbara Brennan, ''Hands of Light''</ref>

In his book, Building a Noble World, [[Shiv R. Jhawar]] describes his shaktipata experience at Muktananda's public program at Lake Point Tower in Chicago on September 16, 1974 as follows:

"Baba [Swami Muktananda] had just begun delivering his discourse with his opening statement: 'Today's subject is meditation. The crux of the question is: What do we meditate upon?' Continuing his talk, Baba said: 'Kundalini starts dancing when one repeats Om Namah Shivaya.' Hearing this, I mentally repeated the mantra, I noticed that my breathing was getting heavier. Suddenly, I felt a great impact of a rising force within me. The intensity of this rising kundalini force was so tremendous that my body lifted up a little and fell flat into the aisle; my eyeglasses flew off. As I lay there with my eyes closed, I could see a continuous fountain of dazzling white lights erupting within me. In brilliance, these lights were brighter than the sun but possessed no heat at all. I was experiencing the thought-free state of "I am," realizing that "I" have always been, and will continue to be, eternal. I was fully conscious and completely aware while I was experiencing the pure "I am," a state of supreme bliss. Outwardly, at that precise moment, Baba shouted delightedly from his platform, "Mene kuch nahi kiya; kisiko shakti ne pakda" ("I didn't do anything. The Energy has caught someone"). Baba noticed that the dramatic awakening of kundalini in me frightened some people in the audience. Therefore, he said, 'Do not be frightened. Sometimes kundalini gets awakened in this way, depending upon a person's type.<ref>Jhawar, Shiv R. (2004) Building a Noble World, Page 84 ({{ISBN|0-9749197-0-5}})</ref>

== Related concepts ==
{{anchor|Pranahuti}}

In [[Sahaj Marg]], yogic transmission is named Pranahuti ([[Devanagari]]: {{lang|sa|प्राणाहूति}}, [[IAST]]: ''{{IAST|prāṇāhūti}}'') from ''[[Prana|prāṇā]]'', "life force" and ''āhūti'', "offering".<ref name="ShabdKosh - Ahuti">{{cite web |title=aahuti - Meaning in English |url=https://www.shabdkosh.com/dictionary/kannada-english/aahuti/aahuti-meaning-in-english |website=www.shabdkosh.com |access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref> It is described as "the gracious and conscious offering of the life force or spirit by the Guru into the disciple’s heart."<ref>{{cite book |last=Joyce |first=Janine |title=Human spirituality and coming together in peace, looking through two lenses |date=2014 |url=https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10523/5992/JoyceJanineM2015PhD.pdf;jsessionid=04F81FB4DEF8848052F4C2E463665375?sequence=1 |publisher=[[University of Otago]] (PhD thesis) |location=Otago, New Zealand |pages=44, 105–106}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Powell |first=C. |year=1996 |title=A Sahaj Marg Companion: The Natural Path |location=India |publisher=Sahaj Marg Spirituality Foundation |page=170}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ramana Maharshi]]
* [[Dhyanyogi Madhusudandas]]
* [[Diksha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Worship in Hinduism}}

[[Category:Shaivism]]
[[Category:Kashmir Shaivism]]
[[Category:Hindu tantra]]
[[Category:Tantric practices]]
[[Category:Hindu prayer and meditation]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Spiritual faculties]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Hindi words and phrases]]

List of BCCI domestic tournaments and teams

2026-04-01T09:46:13Z

Aurelia2406: made new article - done

{{short description|Indian domestic cricket tournament and teams}}

This is a list of domestic cricket teams and tournaments governed by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI). It includes 38 regional and others institutional teams representing Indian states, union territories, and government bodies, along with the major domestic competitions in which they participate, such as [[Ranji Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://documents.bcci.tv/smart-images/1687166819760_BCCI_2023-24_Domestic_Season-GroupingsandQualifications.pdf |title=BCCI 2023–24 Domestic Season Schedule |publisher=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=10 November 2023}}</ref>

==List of tournaments==
=== Men’s Senior Tournaments ===

The Men’s Senior tournaments are the pinnacle of domestic cricket for senior male cricketers in India. These include the premier first-class, List A, and T20 tournaments.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Men’s Senior Tournaments
! Tournament Name
! Format
! Current Winner
! Last Tournament
|-
| '''[[Ranji Trophy]]'''
| [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]] (1st title)
| [[2025–26 Ranji Trophy|2025-26]]
|-
| '''[[Duleep Trophy]]'''
| [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]
(7th title)
| [[2024–25 Duleep Trophy|2025-26]]
|-
| '''[[Irani Trophy]]'''
| [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] (3rd title)
| [[2025–26 Irani Cup|2025-26]]
|-
| '''[[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]'''
| [[List A cricket|List A]]
| [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] (1st title)
| [[2025–26 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2025-26]]
|-
| '''[[Deodhar Trophy]]'''
| [[List A cricket|List A]]
| [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] (9th title)
| [[2023 Deodhar Trophy|2023]]
|-
| '''[[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]'''
| [[Twenty20|T20]]
| [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]] (1st title)
| [[2025–26 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2025-26]]
|}

=== Women’s Senior Tournaments ===

The Women’s Senior tournaments provide a competitive platform for senior female cricketers in India. These tournaments mirror the men's categories but are focused on women's cricket.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Women’s Senior Tournaments
! Tournament Name
! Format
! Current Winner
! Last Tournament
|-
| '''[[Senior Women's Inter Zonal Multi-Day Trophy]]'''
| [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| [[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]] (1st title)
| [[2023–24 Senior Women's Inter Zonal Multi-Day Trophy|2023-24]]
|-
| '''[[Senior Women's One-Day Trophy]]'''
| [[List A cricket|List A]]
| [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]] (2nd title)
| [[2025–26 Senior Women's One Day Trophy|2025-26]]
|-
| '''[[Senior Women's Inter Zonal One-Day Trophy]]'''
| [[List A cricket|List A]]
| [[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]] (1st title)
| [[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day|2022-23]]
|-
| '''[[Senior Women's T20 Trophy]]'''
| [[Twenty20|T20]]
| [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] (1st title)
| [[2025–26 Senior Women's T20 Trophy|2025-26]]
|-
| '''[[Senior Women's Inter Zonal T20 Trophy]]'''
| [[Twenty20|T20]]
| [[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]] (1st title)
| [[2023–24 Senior Women's Inter Zonal T20|2023-24]]
|}

=== Men’s Youth Tournaments ===

The Men’s Youth tournaments focus on young male cricketers, providing them with opportunities to showcase their talent at the national level.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Men’s Youth Tournaments
! Tournament Name
! Format
! Current Winner
! Last Tournament Date
|-
| '''[[C. K. Nayudu Trophy]]'''
| [[First-class cricket|Under-23 First-class]]
| Punjab Under-23 (2024–25)
| 2024-25
|-
| '''Mens Under-23 State A Trophy'''
| [[List A cricket|Under-23 List A]]
| Tamil Nadu Under-23 (2025–26)
| 2024-25
|-
| '''[[Cooch Behar Trophy]]'''
| [[First-class cricket|Under-19 First-class]]
| Tamil Nadu Under-19 (2024–25)
| 2024-25
|-
| '''[[Vinoo Mankad Trophy]]'''
| [[List A cricket|Under-19 List A]]
| Gujarat Under-19 (2024)
| 2024
|-
| '''Vijay Merchant Trophy'''
| [[First-class cricket|Under-16 First-class]]
| Uttar Pradesh Under-16 (2024–25)
| 2024-25
|}

=== Women’s Youth Tournaments ===

The Women’s Youth tournaments give young female cricketers the chance to develop and display their skills on a national stage.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Women’s Youth Tournaments
! Tournament Name
! Format
! Current Winner
! Last Tournament Date
|-
| '''Women's Under-23 One-Day Trophy'''
| [[List A cricket|Under-23 List A]]
| Haryana Women's Under-23 (2024)
| 2024
|-
| '''Women's Under-23 T20 Trophy'''
| [[Twenty20|Under-23 T20]]
| Delhi Women's Under-23 (2025)
| 2025
|-
| '''Women's Under-19 One-Day Trophy'''
| [[List A cricket|Under-19 List A]]
| Uttar Pradesh Women's Under-19 (2025)
| 2025
|-
| '''Women's Under-19 T20 Trophy'''
| [[Twenty20|Under-19 T20]]
| Tamil Nadu Women's Under-19 (2024)
| 2024
|-
| '''Women's Under-15 One-Day Trophy'''
| [[List A cricket|Under-15 List A]]
| Bengal Women's Under-15 (2024)
| 2024
|}

=== Franchise Level Tournaments ===

The BCCI also oversees franchise-level tournaments, which provide opportunities for regional and private teams to participate in competitive cricket.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Tournament Name
! Format
! Current Winner
! Last Tournament Date
|-
| '''[[Indian Premier League|Indian Premier League (IPL)]]'''
| [[Twenty20|T20]]
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] (2025)
| [[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]]
|-
| '''[[Women’s Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League (WPL)]]'''
| [[Twenty20|T20]]
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)]] (2026)
| [[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026]]
|}

==List of teams==
The following is the list of Indian domestic teams representing cities, regions, states, union territories and organizations in inter-state competitions:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" | Team
! rowspan="2" | {{Tooltip|State|City/ Region/ State(s)/ Union Territory(ies)/ Organization}}
! rowspan="2" | Governing Body
! rowspan="2" | {{Tooltip|Years|Years playing (Senior-level Cricket)}}<ref name="cric">{{cite web|title= Records / in India / Combined First-class, List A and Twenty20 / Result summary|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=12;id=6;type=host#|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref>
! colspan="4" | Men's
! colspan="3" | Women's
|-
! Senior
! U-23
! U-19
! U-16
! Senior
! U-23
! U-19
|-
| [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] || [[Andhra Pradesh]] || [[Andhra Cricket Association]] || 1994– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]] || [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || [[Arunachal Cricket Association]] || 2018– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Assam cricket team|Assam]] || [[Assam]] || [[Assam Cricket Association]] || 2002– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] || [[Gujarat]]'s city of [[Vadodara]] || [[Baroda Cricket Association]] || 1943– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] || [[West Bengal]] || [[Cricket Association of Bengal]] || 1943– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]] || [[Bihar]] || [[Bihar Cricket Association]] || 1943–2004, 2018– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]] || [[Chhattisgarh]] || [[Chhattisgarh State Cricket Sangh]] || 2016– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]] || [[Chandigarh]] || [[Union Territory Cricket Association]] || 2019– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] || [[Delhi]] || [[Delhi & District Cricket Association]] || 1943– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] || [[Goa]] || [[Goa Cricket Association]] || 1989– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] || * [[Gujarat]] {{small|(shared)}} * [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] * [[Daman district, India|Daman]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] || [[Gujarat Cricket Association]] || 1935– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] || [[Haryana]] || [[Haryana Cricket Association]] || 1991– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] || [[Himachal Pradesh]] || [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association]] || 1999– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] || [[Telangana]] || [[Hyderabad Cricket Association]] || 1934– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]] || [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || [[Jammu and Kashmir Cricket Association]] || 1999– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]] || [[Jharkhand]] || [[Jharkhand State Cricket Association]] || 2004– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || [[Karnataka]] || [[Karnataka State Cricket Association]] || 1934– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] || [[Kerala]] || [[Kerala Cricket Association]] || 1997– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || [[Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association]] || 1995– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] || [[Maharashtra]] {{small|(shared)}} || [[Maharashtra Cricket Association]] || 1935– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]] || [[Manipur]] || [[Manipur Cricket Association]] || 2018– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]] || [[Meghalaya]] || [[Meghalaya Cricket Association]] || 2018– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]] || [[Mizoram]] || [[Cricket Association of Mizoram]] || 2018– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || [[Maharashtra]]'s city of [[Mumbai]] || [[Mumbai Cricket Association]] || 1892– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]] || [[Nagaland]] || [[Nagaland Cricket Association]] || 2018– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]] || [[Odisha]] || [[Odisha Cricket Association]] || 1949– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]] || [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] || [[Cricket Association of Pondicherry]] || 2018– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] || [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association]] || 1993– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] || [[Indian Railways]] || [[Railways Sports Promotion Board]] || 2001– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{xmark}}
|-
| [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] || [[Rajasthan]] || [[Rajasthan Cricket Association]] || 2002– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] || * [[Gujarat]]'s region of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and [[Kutch district|Kutch]] * [[Diu district|Diu]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] || [[Saurashtra Cricket Association]] || 1948– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Services cricket team|Services]] || [[Indian Armed Forces]] || [[Services Sports Control Board]] || 1949– || {{tick}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}}
|-
| [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]] || [[Sikkim]] || [[Sikkim Cricket Association]] || 2018– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] || 1934– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]] || [[Tripura]] || [[Tripura Cricket Association]] || 2002– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || [[Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association]] || 1935– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]] || [[Uttarakhand]] || [[Cricket Association of Uttarakhand]] || 2018– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] || [[Maharashtra]]'s region of [[Vidarbha]] || [[Vidarbha Cricket Association]] || 2003– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|}

===Status of states' representation===
The following states have representation other than "One State One Team" in the competitions:
{| class=wikitable style="margin:0; font-size:90%; text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | '''States with multiple teams'''
|-
| '''State''' || '''Team'''
|-
|[[Gujarat]] ||
* Baroda
* Gujarat
* Saurashtra
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]||
* Maharashtra
* Mumbai
* Vidarbha
|-
! colspan="2" | '''States/UTs with representation under another team(s)'''
|-
| '''State/union territory''' || '''Team'''
|-
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
||
* Gujarat for Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman
* Saurashtra for Diu
|-
|[[Telangana]]
||
* Hyderabad
|-
! colspan="3" | '''States/UTs with no representation'''
|-
| '''State/union territory''' || '''Team'''
|-
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|rowspan="3" | <big>'''No Team'''</big>
|-
|[[Lakshadweep]]
|-
|[[Ladakh]]
|}

===National-level teams===
The following is the list of Indian domestic teams representing the national level teams for domestic tournaments and tour games:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" | Team
! rowspan="2" | {{Tooltip|Years|Years playing}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Records / in India / All matches / Result summary|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=13;id=6;type=host#|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 May 2018}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | International
! colspan="3" | Domestic
|-
! Men's
! Women's
! Men's Senior
! Women's Senior
! Men's U-19
|-
| [[India A cricket team|India A]] || 1999– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}}
|-
| [[India national under-19 cricket team|India under-19s]] || 1979– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}}
|-
| [[Board President's XI (India)|BCCI President's XI]] || 1964– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}}
|-
| [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || 1960– || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{tick}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}}
|-
| India B || 2000– || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{xmark}}
|-
| India Blue || 2006– || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| India Green || 2006– || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| India Red || 2006– || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|}

* '''Note 1''': The participation records are up to 2017–18 season.

* India C is one of the national and domestic level teams.

===Regional Teams===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Regional Cricket Teams of India
|-
! Zone
! Member Teams / States
|-
| [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]
| [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]], [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]], [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]], [[Services cricket team|Services]]
|-
| [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]
| [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]], [[Goa cricket team|Goa]], [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]], [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]], [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]], [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]], [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]]
| [[Assam cricket team|Assam]], [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]], [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]], [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]], [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]], [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
|-
| [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]], [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]], [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]], [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|-
| [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]
| [[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]], [[Railways cricket team|Railways]], [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]], [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|-
| [[North East Zone cricket team|North East Zone]]
| [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]], [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]], [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]], [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
|}

==See also==
* [[List of members of the Board of Control for Cricket in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cricket in India}}
{{BCCI Members}}

[[Category:First-class cricket teams in India|*]]
[[Category:India cricket-related lists]]

Al-Kawakib al-Durri

2026-03-30T03:36:20Z

Aurelia2406: Creating the article w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Book by Rashid Ahmad Gangohi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Al-Kawakib al-Durri sharh Jami al-Tirmidhi
| image = Cover of Al-Kawakib al-Durri sharh Jami al-Tirmidhi.jpg
| caption = Arabic cover
| author = [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]]
| title_orig = الکوکب الدری شرح جامع الترمذی
| orig_lang_code = ar
| country = [[India]]
| language = Arabic
| subject = ''[[Sahih al-Tirmidhi]]''
| genre = Commentary
| media_type = Print
| oclc =
| dewey = 297.125
| published =
| congress = BP135.A158 R37
| editors = {{Unbulleted list|Yahya Kandhlawi|[[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]}}
| website = [https://www.zakariyyabooks.com/product/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%8A/ zakariyyabooks.com]
}}
'''''Al-Kawakib al-Durri sharh Jami al-Tirmidhi''''' ({{langx|ur|الکوکب الدری شرح جامع الترمذی}}) is a multi-volume commentary on ''[[Sahih al-Tirmidhi]]'', which is based on the teachings of [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]]. The lessons were originally recorded in Arabic by his student, Yahya Kandhlawi, and later expanded upon with extensive footnotes by Yahya's son, [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]].<ref name=":TLOUD">{{Cite book |last1=Kajee |first1=Imraan |url=https://spirituallight.co.za/node/141 |title=The legacy of the Ulama of Deoband |last2=Kajee |first2=Moosa |publisher=Spiritual Light |year=2018 |isbn=979-8861344210 |location=South Africa |pages=50 |language=en |access-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925151938/http://spirituallight.co.za/node/141 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Taqi |first=Muhammad Rizwan |access-date=13 June 2023 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of Karachi]] |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/8794 |language=ur |page=127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830111142/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/8794 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |trans-title=A research study of the religious and academic services of Maulana Muhammad Zakaria Kandhalvi |script-title=ur:مولانہ محمد زکريا کاندھلوی رحمتہ اللہ عليہ کی دينی و علمی خدمات کا تحقيقی مطالعہ |year=2005 |location=Pakistan |url-status=live}}</ref> The initial version, consisting of two volumes, was published in India in 1933 and 1934, while the subsequent version, including additional footnotes by Zakariyya Kandhlawi, was published in four volumes.<ref name=":DUOB">{{Cite thesis |last=Kaleem |first=Mohd |title=Contribution of Old boys of Darul uloom Deoband in Hadith Literature |access-date=24 October 2023 |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |language=ur |pages=421–422 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024044219/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |script-title=ur:علم حدیث میں فضلاۓ دار العلوم دیوبند کی خدمات |year=2017 |location=India |url-status=live |hdl=10603/364028}}</ref>

== Features ==
This book effectively presents the arguments of the [[Hanafi school]] on controversial issues, incorporating customary nouns and covering basic, literary, and syntactical rules. It also provides a comprehensive approach to reconciling conflicting hadiths and delves into the objectives of [[Sharia]].{{Sfn |Bibi |Yousaf |Ullah |2021 |p=227}}<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Khatoon |first=Aaisha |title=Aazadi ke Baad Hindustan ki Khidmaat e Hadith |access-date=24 October 2023 |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364027 |language=ur |pages=125–127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024064943/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364027 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |trans-title=Contribution of India in Hadith Literature After Independence |script-title=ur:آزادی کے بعد ندستان کی خدمات حدیث |year=2017 |location=India |url-status=live |hdl=10603/364027}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Kamal |first=Mohd Arif |title=Ulema e Hind ki Bisween Sadi Nisf Awwal mein Khidmat e Hadith Tanquidi Mutala |access-date=26 October 2023 |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364940 |language=ur |pages=132–134 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101061946/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364940 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |script-title=ur:علماۓ ہند کی بیسویں صدی نصف اول میں خدماتِ حدیث: تنقیدی مطالعہ |year=2020 |location=India |url-status=live |hdl=10603/364940}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Hafiz Atif Iqbal, a PhD scholar at the [[University of Malaya]], praised the author's unique approach to interpreting A'Hadith using [[Fiqh]] principles, setting it apart from other scholars' interpretations. He commends the author for offering fresh insights while building upon the work of previous scholars, resulting in a comprehensive understanding of religious obligations and commands.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sarwar |first1=Hafiz Ghulam |last2=Iqbal |first2=Hafiz Atif |date=2022 |script-title=ur: الكوكب الدري علی جامع الترمذي اور فقہ الحدیث (ایک تحقیقی وتقابلی جائزہ) |trans-title=Kawkab Ad-Durri 'Ala Jami' At-Tirmidhi And Fiqhul Hadith: A Research & Analaytical Review |url=https://rushdjournal.com/index.php/rushd/article/view/63 |url-status=live |journal=Rushd Journal |language=ur |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=156 |issn=2414-3138 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329073315/https://rushdjournal.com/index.php/rushd/article/view/63 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |access-date=13 June 2023}}</ref> Fahmeeda Bibi, a professor at [[University of Swabi]], describes this concise yet comprehensive commentary as one of the most notable works on hadith.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bibi |first1=Fahmeeda |last2=Yousaf |first2=Muhammad Shuaib |last3=Ullah |first3=Abrar |date=2021 |script-title=ur: مولانا رشید احمد گنگوہی کا الکواکب الدری شرح جامع ترمذی میں اسلوب ومنہج کا تحقیقی و تجزیاتی جائزہ |trans-title=Research and analytical review of approach/style and methodology of Maulana Rasheed Ahmad Gangohi in Al-Kawakib Al-Durri Sharh Jami al-Tirmidhi |url=http://www.al-azhaar.org/index.php/alazhar/article/view/260 |url-status=live |journal=Al-Azhār |language=ur |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=225 |doi=10.46896/alazhr.v7i02.260 |doi-broken-date=30 March 2026 |issn=2519-6707 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125142108/http://www.al-azhaar.org/index.php/alazhar/article/view/260 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=13 June 2023}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
In 2019, Hafiz Ghulam Sarwar completed his PhD thesis titled ''An Analytical Study of Fiqh al-Hadith in Lami al-Darari and Al-Kawakib al-Durri'' in Urdu at the Sheikh Zayed Islamic Centre, [[University of the Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Sarwar |first=Hafiz Ghulam |access-date=30 June 2023 |type=PhD |publisher=Sheikh Zayed Islamic Centre, [[University of the Punjab]] |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/12541 |language=ur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809015708/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/12541 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |trans-title=An analytical study of Fiqh al-Hadith in Lami al-Darari and Al-Kawakib al-Durri. |script-title=ur:لا مع الدراری، الکوکب الدری اور فقہ الحدیث (ایک تحقیقی وتجزیاتی مطالعه) |year=2019 |location=Pakistan}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Deobandi hadith studies]]
* [[Works of Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

* {{Cite book |last=Adrawi |first=Asir |author-link=Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi |url=https://archive.org/download/Maktaba-Maulana-Nizamuddin-Aseer-Adravi-Sahib/Dabistan-i-Deoband-Ki-Ilmi-Khidmaat.pdf |script-title=ur:دبستان دیوباند کی علمی خدمات |title=Dabistan-i Deoband ki Ilmi Khidmaat |publisher=Darulmuaallifeen |year=1995 |location=Deoband, UP, India |pages=98–102 |language=ur |oclc=47964786}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Hossain |first=Abu Sayyim Md. Tofazzal |trans-title=Mawlana Zakaria Kandhalovi (Rh.): Life and Study of Hadith |date=2024 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of Dhaka]] |url=http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3317 |language=bn |script-title=bn:মাওলানা যাকারিয়া কান্দালবী (রহ.): জীবন ও হাদীস চর্চা}}

== External links ==
* ''[https://besturdubooks.net/al-kaokab-ud-durri/ Al-Kawakib al-Durri sharh Jami al-Tirmidhi]''
{{Zakariyya Kandhlawi}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Deobandi hadith literature]]
[[Category:Books by Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]
[[Category:Books by Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]]
[[Category:Islamic literature]]
[[Category:Sunni literature]]
[[Category:20th-century Arabic-language books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian religious texts]]
[[Category:Commentaries on Sunan al-Tirmidhi]]

Bloomington, Indiana

2026-03-30T03:18:40Z

Aurelia2406: Done

{{Use American English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bloomington, Indiana
| settlement_type = [[List of municipalities in Indiana|City]]
| nickname =
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|border = infobox
|total_width = 280
|perrow = 1/2
|caption_align = center
|image1 = Bloomington IN Kirkwood.jpg
|caption1 = Downtown Bloomington
|image2 = IUSampleGates.JPG
|caption2 = [[Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University]]
|image3 = Buskirk-Chumley Theater.jpg
|caption3 = [[Buskirk-Chumley Theater]]
|image4 = IU Art Museum.jpg
|caption4 = [[Eskenazi Museum of Art]]
|image5 = Indiana Assembly Hall interior (16100187018).jpg
|caption5 = [[Simon Skjodt Assembly Hall|Assembly Hall]]
}}
| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| image_flag = Flag of Bloomington, Indiana.svg
| image_seal = Seal of Bloomington, Indiana.png
| image_blank_emblem = Logo of Bloomington, Indiana.svg
| blank_emblem_type = Logo
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| mapframe-point = none
| pushpin_map = Indiana#USA
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_label = Bloomington
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{USA}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Indiana}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Indiana|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Monroe County, Indiana|Monroe]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of townships in Indiana|Townships]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bloomington Township, Monroe County, Indiana|Bloomington]], [[Perry Township, Monroe County, Indiana|Perry]], [[Richland Township, Monroe County, Indiana|Richland]], [[Van Buren Township, Monroe County, Indiana|Van Buren]]
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Kerry Thomson ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
| area_note =
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1818
| established_title1 = Incorporated
| established_date1 = 1827
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web |title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_18.txt |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=March 16, 2022 |archive-date=March 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318023320/https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_18.txt |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 60.69
| area_land_km2 = 60.22
| area_water_km2 = 0.48
| unit_pref = Imperial
| population_footnotes =
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| pop_est_footnotes =
| population_total = 79168
| population_metro = 175506
| population_density_sq_mi = 3405.08
| population_density_km2 = 1314.72
| timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset = −5
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = −4
| area_total_sq_mi = 23.43
| area_land_sq_mi = 23.25
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.18
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/>
| elevation_ft = 804
| coordinates = {{Coord|region:US-IN|format=dms|display=it}}
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s
| postal_code = 47401–47408
| area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
| area_code = [[Area codes 812 and 930|812 & 930]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS]] code
| blank_info = {{FIPS|18|05860}}
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] ID
| blank1_info = 2394196<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|2394196}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|www.bloomington.in.gov}}
}}

'''Bloomington''' is a city in [[Monroe County, Indiana]], United States, and its [[county seat]].<ref name="GR6">{{cite web |url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |access-date=June 7, 2011 |title=Find a County |publisher=National Association of Counties |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |archive-date=May 31, 2011 }}</ref> The population was 79,168 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/bloomingtoncityindiana,US/PST045219 |title=QuickFacts: Bloomington city, Indiana; United States |publisher=US Census |access-date=August 13, 2021 |archive-date=December 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210101829/http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/bloomingtoncityindiana,US/PST045219 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the [[List of municipalities in Indiana|seventh-most populous city]] in Indiana and the fourth-most populous outside the [[Indianapolis metropolitan area]]. It is the home of [[Indiana University Bloomington]], the flagship campus of the [[Indiana University]] system. Established in 1820, IU Bloomington enrolls over 45,000 students.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://news.iu.edu/stories/2021/09/iu/releases/01-record-number-students-of-color-bloomington-shatters-enrollment-record.html |title=IU enrolls record number of students of color; IU Bloomington shatters enrollment records |publisher=Indiana University |date=September 1, 2021 |access-date=September 15, 2021 |archive-date=September 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914180918/https://news.iu.edu/stories/2021/09/iu/releases/01-record-number-students-of-color-bloomington-shatters-enrollment-record.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The city was established in 1818 by a group of settlers from [[Kentucky]], [[Tennessee]], the [[Carolinas]], and [[Virginia]] who were so impressed with "a haven of blooms" that they called it Bloomington.<ref name="about/history">{{cite web |author=Monroe County History Center |url=https://bloomington.in.gov/about/history |title=History of Bloomington and Monroe County |publisher=City of Bloomington, Indiana |access-date=July 6, 2017 |archive-date=September 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915220542/https://bloomington.in.gov/about/history |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the principal city of the [[Bloomington metropolitan area, Indiana|Bloomington metropolitan area]] in south-central Indiana, which had 161,039 residents in 2020. Bloomington has been designated a [[Tree City USA]] since 1984.<ref>{{cite web |title=2015 Tree City USA Communities in Indiana |url=https://www.arborday.org/programs/treecityusa/treecities.cfm?chosenstate=Indiana |publisher=Arbor Day Foundation |access-date=November 7, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107160220/https://www.arborday.org/programs/treecityusa/treecities.cfm?chosenstate=Indiana |archive-date=November 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bloomington Recognized by The Arbor Day Foundation as a Tree City of the World |url=https://bloomington.in.gov/news/2021/03/25/4803 |publisher=City of Bloomington |date=March 25, 2021 |access-date=February 9, 2022 |archive-date=May 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518091423/https://bloomington.in.gov/news/2021/03/25/4803 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city was also the location of the [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]–winning 1979 movie ''[[Breaking Away]]'', featuring a reenactment of Indiana University's annual [[Little 500]] bicycle race.

==History==
The area in which Bloomington is situated was previously inhabited by the [[Delaware people|Delaware]], [[Potawatomi]], [[Miami people|Miami]], and [[Eel River Miami]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://usg.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=eb6ca76e008543a89349ff2517db47e6 |title=ArcGIS Web Application |website=usg.maps.arcgis.com |access-date=September 15, 2021 |archive-date=September 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921111845/https://usg.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=eb6ca76e008543a89349ff2517db47e6 |url-status=live }}</ref> 

Bloomington was [[plat]]ted in 1818.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoflawrenc00indi |title=History of Lawrence and Monroe Counties, Indiana: Their People, Industries, and Institutions |publisher=B.F. Bowen |year=1914 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyoflawrenc00indi/page/435 435]}}</ref> A post office has been in operation at Bloomington since 1825.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=IN&county=Monroe |title=Monroe County |publisher=Jim Forte Postal History |access-date=September 5, 2015 |archive-date=November 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121124224/http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=IN&county=Monroe |url-status=live }}</ref> Bloomington was incorporated in 1827.<ref>{{cite book |last=Blanchard |first=Charles |title=Counties of Morgan, Monroe and Brown, Indiana: Historical and Biographical |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_vyqC5iVmYtYC |year=1884 |publisher=F.A. Battey & Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_vyqC5iVmYtYC/page/n467 463]}}</ref>

The current city logo was adopted on January 6, 1986, by the [[Common Council of the City of Bloomington|Bloomington Common Council]].<ref name="resolution-86-02">''[https://bloomington.in.gov/index.php/council/legislation/Resolution/1986/86-02 To Approve and Adopt a New Logo for the City of Bloomington]'', Bloomington Common Comm. Res. 86-02. (Ind. 1986).</ref> It was a combination of [[peony]] and [[trout lily]], inspired by both [[Quilting|quilt]] patterns used by regional folk artists in 19th century and the shape of [[Courthouse Square Historic District (Bloomington, Indiana)|Downtown Square]].<ref name="resolution-86-02" />

The following locations and buildings are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]:<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref><ref name="nps">{{cite web |date=April 4, 2014 |title=Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 3/24/14 through 3/28/14 |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/weekly-list-2014-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503082136/https://www.nps.gov/nr/listings/20140404.htm |archive-date=May 3, 2017 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>

* [[Elias Abel House]]
* [[Blair-Dunning House]]
* [[Bloomington City Hall]]
* [[Bloomington West Side Historic District]]
* [[Cantol Wax Company Building]]
* [[Coca-Cola Bottling Plant (Bloomington, Indiana)|Coca-Cola Bottling Plant]]
* [[Cochran-Helton-Lindley House]]
* [[Courthouse Square Historic District (Bloomington, Indiana)|Courthouse Square Historic District]]
* [[Hinkle-Garton Farmstead]]
* [[Home Laundry Company]]
* [[Illinois Central Railroad Freight Depot (Bloomington, Indiana)|Illinois Central Railroad Freight Depot]]
* [[Johnson's Creamery]]
* [[Legg House (Bloomington, Indiana)|Legg House]]
* [[Millen House]]
* [[Millen-Chase-McCalla House]]
* [[Monroe Carnegie Library]]
* [[Monroe County Courthouse (Indiana)|Monroe County Courthouse]]
* [[Morgan House (Bloomington, Indiana)|Morgan House]], [[John L. Nichols House|J.L. Nichols House and Studio]]
* [[North Washington Street Historic District (Bloomington, Indiana)|North Washington Street Historic District]]
* [[Indiana University Bloomington#Facilities and architecture|The Old Crescent]]
* [[Princess Theatre (Bloomington, Indiana)|Princess Theatre]]
* [[Prospect Hill Historic District (Bloomington, Indiana)|Prospect Hill Historic District]]
* [[Second Baptist Church (Bloomington, Indiana)|Second Baptist Church]]
* [[Seminary Square Park]]
* [[Steele Dunning Historic District]]
* [[University Courts Historic District]],
* [[Vinegar Hill Historic District]]
* [[Wicks Building]]
* [[Woolery Stone Company]]
* [[Andrew Wylie House]]

Many [[African Americans]] moved to Bloomington from [[Virginia]], [[North Carolina]], [[South Carolina]], [[Ohio]], [[Tennessee]] and [[Kentucky]] during the 1860s through the 1880s. Bloomington also attracted [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]] [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]] from South Carolina.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bloomington.in.gov/about/walking-tours/african-american-history |title=Local African-American History Walking Tour |website=City of Bloomington, Indiana}}</ref><ref name="about/history" />

==Geography==
According to the 2010 census, Bloomington has a total area of {{convert|23.359|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|23.16|sqmi|sqkm|2}} (or 99.15%) is land and {{convert|0.199|sqmi|sqkm|2}} (or 0.85%) is water.<ref name="census-g001">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1805860 |title=G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1 |access-date=July 28, 2015 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213082627/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1805860 |archive-date=February 13, 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="GR1">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=April 23, 2011 |date=February 12, 2011 |title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990 |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824085937/https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bloomington is an area of [[Karst|irregular limestone terrain]] characterized by sinks, ravines, fissures, underground streams, sinking streams, springs and caves.<ref name=maxwell/> It is in the rolling hills of south Central Indiana, resting on the intersection of the [[Norman Upland]] and the [[Mitchell Plain]]. The city's relatively varied topography is a sharp contrast to the flatter terrain more typical of central to northern portions of Indiana.

[[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCB]] pollution, associated with [[Westinghouse Electric (1886)|Westinghouse]]'s operations, long was a concern in the area.<ref>{{citation |first=Jim |last=Mellowitz |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1985/10/21/pcb-solution-creates-more-controversy/ |title=Pcb Solution Creates More Controversy |date=October 21, 1985 |work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2506&dat=19851020&id=fqBJAAAAIBAJ&pg=1134,6414224 |title=PCBs: Toxic Chemical Waste A Tragic Legacy For Ind. Town |newspaper=The News and Courier |date=October 20, 1985}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A number of sites,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bloomington.in.gov/documents/viewDocument.php?document_id=3001 |title=PCBs |work=in.gov |access-date=February 18, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202041705/http://bloomington.in.gov/documents/viewDocument.php?document_id=3001 |archive-date=February 2, 2015 }}</ref> in particular, Bennett's Dump and Lemon Lane Landfill at the northwestern edge of the city and Neal's Landfill in the county, were listed as [[Superfund]] sites. Clean-up operations at the Bennett Quarry site, started in 1983, were largely completed by 2000,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0501343 |title=Superfund Information Systems Home - US EPA |work=epa.gov |access-date=February 18, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014150442/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0501343 |archive-date=October 14, 2013 }}</ref> while cleanups at the other sites were completed in 2012.

===Water===
[[File:Griffy Lake - DSCF4382.JPG|thumb|left|[[Griffy Lake]], once the central source of drinking water for the city]]
Bloomington is on comparatively high ground, the summit of the divide between the basins of the West Fork and East Fork of Indiana's [[White River (Indiana)|White River]]. Accordingly, there are no major watercourses within the city, nor is much [[groundwater]] available for wells.<ref name=maxwell>{{citation |first=Donal H. |last=Maxwell |title=Impounded water in Bloomington, Ind. |pages=159–161 |journal=Municipal and County Engineering: Design, Construction, Maintenance, and Operation of All Public Works |volume=60 |issue=1 |date=January 1921 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZRNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA160}}</ref> The largest stream within the city is [[Clear Creek (Salt Creek)|Clear Creek]], with its eastern branch known on the Indiana University campus as the Campus River, formerly the Jordan River.

Because natural lakes or rivers or groundwater are absent from the city and its environs, a number of dams have been constructed on nearby creeks over the last 100 years to provide for the water needs of Bloomington and Monroe County. Early 20th-century damming projects occurred at locations southwest of the city, the most notable being the Leonard Springs Dam. Because of the limestone formations underlying the reservoirs and the dams, water kept seeping from the reservoirs through naturally developing underground channels. Despite all efforts, the city was never able to fully stop the leakage and had to resort to pumping leaking water back to the reservoir.<ref name=maxwell/>

By the 1920s, a more radical solution was needed to deal with the water crisis. A new reservoir, known as [[Griffy Lake]], was constructed in a more geologically suitable area north of the city.<ref name=maxwell/> (It is now within Bloomington's official city limits.) Later, in the 1950s, two much larger reservoirs, [[Lake Lemon]] and [[Monroe Lake]] were created in the northeastern and southeastern parts of Monroe County. Monroe Lake was created by the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|US Army Corps of Engineers]] for flood control but has since been used to supply the city and the county with water. The water pumping station at Griffy Lake was mothballed until May 2020.<ref name=citywater>[http://bloomington.in.gov/documents/viewDocument.php?document_id=3011#streams Water Basics: Stream] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916035852/http://bloomington.in.gov/documents/viewDocument.php?document_id=3011 |date=September 16, 2012 }} (City of Bloomington)</ref>

Presently, the city is supplied with drinking water from Monroe Lake, via the Monroe Water Treatment Plant on S. Shields Ridge Rd. Originally opened in 1967, it was expanded in 2014, and now is capable of producing 30 million gallons of water per day.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bloomington.in.gov/locations/monroe-water-treatment-plant |title=Monroe Water Treatment Plant | City of Bloomington, Indiana |website=bloomington.in.gov |access-date=July 1, 2020 |archive-date=July 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702202520/https://bloomington.in.gov/locations/monroe-water-treatment-plant |url-status=live }}</ref> The sewer water from the northern part of the city is treated at the Blucher Poole Wastewater Treatment Plant (constructed 1968) and discharged into the [[Bean Blossom Creek]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bloomington.in.gov/locations/blucher-poole-wastewater-treatment-plant |title=Blucher Poole Wastewater Treatment Plant | City of Bloomington, Indiana |website=bloomington.in.gov |access-date=July 1, 2020 |archive-date=July 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703163442/https://bloomington.in.gov/locations/blucher-poole-wastewater-treatment-plant |url-status=live }}</ref> The sewer water from the southern half of the city goes to Dillman Road Wastewater Treatment Plant (constructed 1982) and is then discharged into the [[Clear Creek (Salt Creek tributary)|Clear Creek]].<ref name="citywater"/>
<ref name=plan2004>{{Cite web|url=http://www.co.monroe.in.us/tsd/Documents.aspx?Command=Core_Download&EntryId=5865|title=Unincorporated Monroe County Storm Water Quality Management Plan. Part B. April 2004}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bloomington.in.gov/locations/dillman-road-wastewater-treatment-plant |title=Dillman Road Wastewater Treatment Plant | City of Bloomington, Indiana |website=bloomington.in.gov}}</ref>

===Climate===
Bloomington has a [[hot-summer humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfa''). South Central Indiana receives an abundance of rain, with a yearly average of nearly 50 inches.

{{Weather box
| location = Bloomington, Indiana ([[Indiana University Bloomington]]) 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1895–present
| single line = Y
| Jan record high F = 78
| Feb record high F = 76
| Mar record high F = 86
| Apr record high F = 91
| May record high F = 97
| Jun record high F = 104
| Jul record high F = 110
| Aug record high F = 104
| Sep record high F = 103
| Oct record high F = 96
| Nov record high F = 84
| Dec record high F = 74
| year record high F = 110
| Jan avg record high F = 60.4
| Feb avg record high F = 65.4
| Mar avg record high F = 74.6
| Apr avg record high F = 81.2
| May avg record high F = 87.1
| Jun avg record high F = 92.1
| Jul avg record high F = 93.8
| Aug avg record high F = 93.5
| Sep avg record high F = 90.8
| Oct avg record high F = 82.4
| Nov avg record high F = 71.5
| Dec avg record high F = 62.1
| year avg record high F = 95.1
| Jan high F = 37.0
| Feb high F = 41.8
| Mar high F = 52.4
| Apr high F = 64.4
| May high F = 73.8
| Jun high F = 81.9
| Jul high F = 85.1
| Aug high F = 84.5
| Sep high F = 78.5
| Oct high F = 66.3
| Nov high F = 52.7
| Dec high F = 41.2
| year high F = 63.3
| Jan mean F = 28.8
| Feb mean F = 32.5
| Mar mean F = 42.1
| Apr mean F = 53.4
| May mean F = 63.3
| Jun mean F = 71.8
| Jul mean F = 75.0
| Aug mean F = 74.0
| Sep mean F = 67.1
| Oct mean F = 55.3
| Nov mean F = 43.4
| Dec mean F = 33.5
| year mean F = 53.3
| Jan low F = 20.6
| Feb low F = 23.3
| Mar low F = 31.7
| Apr low F = 42.3
| May low F = 52.7
| Jun low F = 61.7
| Jul low F = 64.9
| Aug low F = 63.5
| Sep low F = 55.8
| Oct low F = 44.4
| Nov low F = 34.1
| Dec low F = 25.8
| year low F = 43.4
| Jan avg record low F = 0.4
| Feb avg record low F = 5.0
| Mar avg record low F = 15.0
| Apr avg record low F = 28.1
| May avg record low F = 38.1
| Jun avg record low F = 49.4
| Jul avg record low F = 55.5
| Aug avg record low F = 54.4
| Sep avg record low F = 42.6
| Oct avg record low F = 31.9
| Nov avg record low F = 20.3
| Dec avg record low F = 8.3
| year avg record low F = -2.5
| Jan record low F = −21
| Feb record low F = −20
| Mar record low F = −2
| Apr record low F = 17
| May record low F = 21
| Jun record low F = 36
| Jul record low F = 46
| Aug record low F = 41
| Sep record low F = 26
| Oct record low F = 17
| Nov record low F = −2
| Dec record low F = −20
| year record low F = −21
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 3.78
| Feb precipitation inch = 2.95
| Mar precipitation inch = 3.66
| Apr precipitation inch = 5.21
| May precipitation inch = 5.36
| Jun precipitation inch = 5.41
| Jul precipitation inch = 4.58
| Aug precipitation inch = 3.38
| Sep precipitation inch = 3.81
| Oct precipitation inch = 3.82
| Nov precipitation inch = 3.93
| Dec precipitation inch = 3.49
| year precipitation inch = 49.38
| Jan snow inch = 7.1
| Feb snow inch = 4.2
| Mar snow inch = 1.3
| Apr snow inch = 0.1
| May snow inch = 0.0
| Jun snow inch = 0.0
| Jul snow inch = 0.0
| Aug snow inch = 0.0
| Sep snow inch = 0.0
| Oct snow inch = 0.1
| Nov snow inch = 0.2
| Dec snow inch = 4.5
| year snow inch = 17.5
| unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
| Jan precipitation days = 11.6
| Feb precipitation days = 9.6
| Mar precipitation days = 10.7
| Apr precipitation days = 12.4
| May precipitation days = 13.2
| Jun precipitation days = 11.2
| Jul precipitation days = 9.8
| Aug precipitation days = 7.8
| Sep precipitation days = 7.5
| Oct precipitation days = 8.8
| Nov precipitation days = 9.3
| Dec precipitation days = 11.2
| year precipitation days = 123.1
| unit snow days = 0.1 in
| Jan snow days = 4.7
| Feb snow days = 3.4
| Mar snow days = 1.0
| Apr snow days = 0.1
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.1
| Nov snow days = 0.3
| Dec snow days = 2.7
| year snow days = 12.3
| source 1 = [[NOAA]]<ref name=nws>{{cite web |url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=ind |title=NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date=May 29, 2021 |archive-date=May 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530184523/https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=ind |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=NCEI>
{{cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00120784&format=pdf |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=Station: Bloomington Indiana UNIV, IN |work=U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020) |access-date=May 29, 2021}}</ref>
| date=November 2011}}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1850= 1305
|1860= 2419
|1870= 1032
|1880= 2756
|1890= 4018
|1900= 6460
|1910= 8838
|1920= 11595
|1930= 18227
|1940= 20870
|1950= 28163
|1960= 31357
|1970= 43262
|1980= 52044
|1990= 60633
|2000= 69291
|2010= 80405
|2020= 79168
|footnote=Source: US Census Bureau
}}

Bloomington is the principal city of the [[Bloomington metropolitan area, Indiana]], a [[metropolitan statistical area]] that covers [[Greene County, Indiana|Greene]], Monroe, and [[Owen County, Indiana|Owen]] counties<ref>[https://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metro_general/2006/List4.txt Metropolitan statistical areas and components] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526063716/http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metro_general/2006/List4.txt |date=May 26, 2007 }}, [[Office of Management and Budget]], May 11, 2007. Accessed July 30, 2008.</ref> and had a combined population of 160,874 according to the 2023 [[American Community Survey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census profile: Bloomington, IN Metro Area |url=https://censusreporter.org/profiles/31000US14020-bloomington-in-metro-area/ |access-date=February 26, 2025 |website=Census Reporter |language=en |archive-date=December 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208145618/https://censusreporter.org/profiles/31000US14020-bloomington-in-metro-area/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2020 census ===
The official 2020 census figures for Bloomington report a population of 79,168 people,<ref name="U.S. Census Website">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=U.S. Census Website |url=https://www.census.gov/ |access-date=February 26, 2025 |website=United States Census Bureau |language=en |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709054630/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref> although this number, a decrease of 1.5% since 2010, has been called into question since the timing of the count corresponded with the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] lockdown period when many Indiana University students had left the city to complete the Spring 2020 academic semester with their families at home.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ladwig |first=Boris |title=Census results show Bloomington lost population, became more diverse in past decade |url=https://www.heraldtimesonline.com/story/news/local/2021/08/12/census-bureau-reports-bloomington-down-1-200-residents-since-2010/8114189002/ |access-date=February 26, 2025 |website=The Herald-Times |language=en-US |archive-date=September 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924144814/https://www.heraldtimesonline.com/story/news/local/2021/08/12/census-bureau-reports-bloomington-down-1-200-residents-since-2010/8114189002/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 18, 2021 |title=Bloomington among college towns challenging results of 2020 census |url=https://fox59.com/news/bloomington-among-college-towns-challenging-results-of-2020-census/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203102714/https://fox59.com/news/bloomington-among-college-towns-challenging-results-of-2020-census/ |archive-date=December 3, 2021 |access-date=February 26, 2025 |work=Fox 59 |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the 2023 [[American Community Survey]] estimates, the [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|racial and ethnic makeup]] of the city was 77.8% White alone, 4.8% Black alone, 0.2% American Indian and Alaska Native alone, 10.5% Asian alone, 5.3% two or more races, and 5.6% Hispanic or Latino.<ref name="U.S. Census Website"/>

===2010 census===
As of the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]],<ref name="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web |title=U.S. Census website |url=https://www.census.gov/ |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=December 11, 2012 |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709054630/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref> there were 80,405 people, 31,425 households, and 11,267 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|3471.7|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 33,239 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1435.2|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 83.0% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 4.6% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.3% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 8.0% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.1% [[Race (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 1.2% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 3.0% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] residents of any race were 3.5% of the population.

There were 31,425 households, of which 16.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.3% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 64.1% were non-families. 38.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.76.

The median age in the city was 23.3 years. 11.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 44.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23% were from 25 to 44; 13.3% were from 45 to 64; and 7.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.3% male and 49.7% female.

===2000 census===
As of the census<ref name="GR2">{{cite web |title=U.S. Census website |url=https://www.census.gov/ |access-date=January 31, 2008 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709054630/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref> of 2000, there were 69,291 people, 26,468 households, and 10,454 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|3,511.1|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 28,400 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1,439.1|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 87.03% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 4.24% [[Black (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.29% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 5.26% [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Asian]], 0.07% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 1.10% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 2.01% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] residents of any race were 2.49% of the population. 22.9% were of German, 10.2% Irish, 9.1% English and 8.4% American ancestry according to [[Census 2000]]. 89.3% spoke only English at home, while 2.9% spoke Spanish, 1.3% [[korean language|Korean]], 1.1% German and 1.0% [[Standard Mandarin|Chinese]] or [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]].

There were 26,468 households, out of which 17.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 29.2% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 60.5% were non-families. 39.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.76.

In the city, 12.7% of the population was under the age of 18, 42.3% was from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 12.6% from 45 to 64, and 7.9% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $25,377, and the median income for a family was $50,054. Males had a median income of $32,470 compared to $26,100 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,481. About 10.3% of families and 29.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.3% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.

==Government==
{{see also|List of mayors of Bloomington, Indiana}}

==Economy==
[[File:Kirkwood Avenue, West, 121-125, Old First National Bank Building, Bloomington Courthouse Square HD.jpg|thumb|Intersection of Kirkwood and College, [[Courthouse Square Historic District (Bloomington, Indiana)|Courthouse Square Historic District]]]]
The Bloomington and [[Monroe County, Indiana|Monroe County]] region is home to major employers representing a diverse collection of fields, including education, the [[life sciences]], advanced manufacturing and technology.<ref>{{cite web |title=Local Businesses |url=http://comparebloomington.us/major_employers.php |access-date=March 19, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326140846/http://www.comparebloomington.us/major_employers.php |archive-date=March 26, 2013 }}</ref> The Bloomington Economic Development Corporation (BEDC) is dedicated to fostering economic growth and development in Monroe County. BEDC works to attract, retain, and support businesses and residents.

Bloomington is a regional economic center anchored by [[Indiana University]] and home to a diverse business community involved in pharmaceuticals, medical devices, advanced manufacturing, defense industry, technology, health care, and the arts. Bloomington's concentration of employment in the life sciences is six times greater than the U.S. average, and employment in the technology sector has grown by over 80 percent in recent years.<ref name="Facts & Figures">{{cite web |title=Facts & Figures |url=http://comparebloomington.us/econ_dashboard.php |access-date=March 19, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015051826/http://www.comparebloomington.us/econ_dashboard.php |archive-date=October 15, 2012 }}</ref> Companies based in Bloomington include [[Cook Group]], [[Author Solutions]], OneWorld Enterprises, BloomingFoods, Bloomington Tutors, and Singota Solutions.

[[Otis Elevator Company]] had a production plant in Bloomington from 1965 to 2012. The site at 1425 South Curry Pike was acquired by plastics lid and cap maker Phoenix's Enclosures in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://elevatorworld.com/news/daily-news/company-old-otis-factory-plans-to-expand/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2026-02-01 |archive-date=2024-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229180840/https://elevatorworld.com/news/daily-news/company-old-otis-factory-plans-to-expand/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other historic factories include an [[RCA Corporation|RCA]] plant which made color TVs (later as Thomson Consumer Electronics and Cook Pharmaica), a [[General Electric]] refrigerator plant (vacant but acquired by Cook Group), and the Showers Brothers furniture factory (partially occupied by Indiana University and as Bloomington City Hall).{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==Education==
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Bloomington North High School.jpg
| caption1 = [[Bloomington High School North]]
| image2 = Bloomington South High School.jpg
| caption2 = [[Bloomington High School South]]
}}

===Primary and secondary===
Bloomington is served by the public [[Monroe County Community School Corporation]], which includes 14 elementary schools, three middle schools, [[Bloomington High School North]], [[Bloomington High School South]], [[Bloomington Graduation School]], and [[Bloomington Academy]].

Private high schools include [[Harmony School (Indiana)|Harmony School]], [[Lighthouse Christian Academy (Bloomington, Indiana)|Lighthouse Christian Academy]], and Seven Oaks Classical School.

===Higher education===
[[Indiana University Bloomington]] is the [[flagship university|flagship campus]] of [[Indiana University]], with over 40,000 students.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tableau.bi.iu.edu/t/prd/views/uirr_sr_est_official_enrollment_public/EnrollmentTrends?:embed=y&:showShareOptions=true&:display_count=no&:showVizHome=no |title=Enrollment Trends |website=Indiana University |access-date=January 4, 2020 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801230432/https://tableau.bi.iu.edu/t/prd/views/uirr_sr_est_official_enrollment_public/EnrollmentTrends?:embed=y&:showShareOptions=true&:display_count=no&:showVizHome=no |url-status=live}}</ref> It is [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|classified]] among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".<ref>{{cite web |title=Carnegie Classifications Institution Profile |publisher=Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching |url=http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=151351 |access-date=September 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913040236/http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=151351 |archive-date=September 13, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Bloomington is also home to a campus of [[Ivy Tech Community College Bloomington]], the state's public community college system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ivytech.edu/campuses/ |title=Campus Information |publisher=Ivy Tech |access-date=June 20, 2014}}</ref>

===Library===
Bloomington has two public library locations, the downtown library and the southwest branch. Both are branches of the [[Monroe County Public Library]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mcpl.info/geninfo/hours-and-locations |title=Hours & Locations |date=January 23, 2012 |publisher=Monroe County Public Library |access-date=March 10, 2018 |archive-date=March 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311021815/https://mcpl.info/geninfo/hours-and-locations |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Media==

===Newspapers===
* ''[[The Herald-Times]]''
* ''[[Indiana Daily Student]]''

===Magazines===
* ''[[Bloom Magazine]]''

===Television===
* [[WTIU]] is a PBS station owned by Indiana University along with its sister radio station WFIU, an NPR station.
* [[WTTV]] is licensed to Bloomington but is based out of Indianapolis as well as its sister station WXIN, which are both owned by Nexstar Media Group.

Bloomington also receives stations from Indianapolis and is part of the Indianapolis market.

A five-channel [[public-access television]] station is housed in the [[Monroe County Public Library]]. The station, known as Community Access Television Services or CATS, was established in 1973 and serves as a "dedicated constitutional forum".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://catstv.net/about.php |title=About CATS |website=catstv.net}}</ref> In April 1995, ''[[Rox (American TV series)|Rox]]'', a program produced at CATS (then Bloomington Community Access Television, or BCAT), became the first TV series distributed via the web, with an episode titled "Global Village Idiots".<ref>{{cite news |first=Josh |last=Quittner |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,134084,00.html |title=Radio Free Cyberspace |magazine=Time |date=May 1, 1995 |archive-date=January 18, 2016 |access-date=November 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118173045/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,134084,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Radio stations===
* W203BL 88.9 FM. Owned by and broadcasts Air 1 Radio Network, which is a Christian music radio station.
* [[W241CD]] 96.1 FM also called Rock 96.1 The Quarry is a rock radio station that plays programming from Westwood One including "96 Rock" WFTK Cincinnati based morning hosts JD & Bridget. It is a sister station to WGCL and WTTS, which are also owned by Sarkes Tarzian, Inc. Tarzian was a prominent figure in town.
* [[WBWB]] 96.7 FM, also called B97, is a Top 40 radio station and it is a sister station to WHCC.
* [[WCLS]] 97.7 FM is the Local classic rock music station.
* [[WCYI-LP|WCYI]] 104.1 FM is an ultra low powered religious FM radio station broadcast out of St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church.
* [[WFHB]] 91.3 and 98.1 in Bloomington, 100.7 in Nashville and 106.3 in Ellettsville. It is the Local Community radio station.
* [[WFIU]] 103.7 FM, The NPR station in town. Owned by Indiana University.
* [[WGCL (AM)|WGCL]] WGCL AM 1370 and 98.7 FM. WGCL is the local news talk radio station and is a sister station to WTTS and Rock 96.1 The Quarry.
* [[WHCC]] 105.1 FM, also called Hoosier Country 105, is a local country station which is also one of the flagship stations of Indiana Hoosiers Sports Network along with The Fan 1070 AM. Sister station to WBWB.
* [[WIUX]] 99.1 FM, The local student radio station of Indiana University. It is a low powered station.
* [[WMYJ-FM|WMYJ]] 88.9 FM, also called MyJoy Radio, is a Southern Gospel radio station that is licensed to Oolitic, Indiana, and serves the Bloomington, Indiana area.
* [[WOMB]] 89.9 FM, also called With Our Mother Blessed, is a Christian radio station licensed to Ellettsville, Indiana.
* [[WTTS]] 92.3 FM is technically licensed to Trafalgar, Indiana. It transmits to Bloomington and Indianapolis. It is an Adult Album Alternative station. Sister station to WGCL and Rock 96.1 The Quarry Owned by Sarkes Tarzian, Inc.
* [[WVNI]] 95.1 and 107.7 FM is also called spirit 95, which is a Christian contemporary music station broadcasting from Nashville, Indiana.

==Transportation==
[[File:Bus station, Third and Walnut, Bloomington.jpg|thumb|Bloomington Transit Center]]

===Airports===
* [[Monroe County Airport (Indiana)|Monroe County Airport]] (no scheduled commercial flights)
* [[Indianapolis International Airport]] (nearest commercial airport, {{convert|50|mi|km}} away)

=== Bicycling ===
Bloomington is a gold-rated bicycle-friendly community by the [[League of American Bicyclists]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bloomington.in.gov/transportation/bike/ |title=Biking in Bloomington |work=City of Bloomington |access-date=January 30, 2018 |archive-date=January 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130091951/https://bloomington.in.gov/transportation/bike/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There are several significant bike trails in and around the city, most notably the [[B-Line Trail]], which runs north to south for almost four miles through downtown Bloomington and Switchyard Park. The B-Line leads into the [[Bloomington Rail Trail]] to the south, which in turn branches into the Clear Creek Trail and the Limestone Greenway. A branching east to west trail running along 7th street, dubbed the 7-Line, was constructed in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bloomington.in.gov/engineering/projects/7th |title=The 7-Line |work=City of Bloomington |access-date=June 25, 2020}}</ref>

Bloomington and Indiana University briefly ran a dockless bikeshare program called Pace, which launched in June 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianapublicmedia.org/news/bloomington-bike-share-150223/ |title=Five Things You Need To Know About Bloomington's New Bike Share |work=Indiana Public Media |access-date=January 10, 2019 |archive-date=July 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704175004/https://indianapublicmedia.org/news/bloomington-bike-share-150223/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> The program was cancelled after less than a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theindychannel.com/news/local-news/pace-bike-share-to-leave-bloomington-as-e-scooters-move-in |title=Pace bike share to leave Bloomington as e-scooters move in |work=RTV6 Indianapolis |date=May 6, 2019 |access-date=June 25, 2020}}</ref>

===Highways===
* {{Jct|state=IN|I|69}}
* {{Jct|state=IN|SR|37}}
* {{Jct|state=IN|SR|45}}
* {{Jct|state=IN|SR|46}}
* {{Jct|state=IN|SR|48}}
* {{Jct|state=IN|SR|446}}

For many years, Bloomington was one of the largest cities without an interstate or freeway.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} However, the city gained interstate access in December 2015 when the [[Interstate 69 in Indiana|Interstate 69]] expansion between [[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]] and [[Indianapolis]] reached Bloomington.

[[Indiana State Road 37|State Road 37]] used to serve as the main highway through Bloomington, running as a four-lane expressway on the west side of the city. However, since the statewide completion of I-69 in August 2024, SR 37 ends on the south side of Bloomington at an interchange with the interstate.

[[Indiana State Road 45|State Road 45]] (SR 45) and [[Indiana State Road 46|State Road 46]] (SR 46) run through Bloomington together on a four-lane highway known as the "bypass."

[[Indiana State Road 48|State Road 48]] (SR 48) starts as a four-lane highway on the city's west side before narrowing to two-lanes at Oard Rd outside the city limits.

[[Indiana State Road 446|State Road 446]] (SR 446) runs as a minor state highway from Bloomington's east side through [[Monroe Lake|Lake Monroe]] and the [[Hoosier National Forest]].

===Public transportation===
Local bus service is provided by [[Bloomington Transit]].

Bus service to Indianapolis is provided by Miller Transportation bus lines.

==Notable people==

Note: This list does not include students attending Indiana University except for locals. Please see [[List of Indiana University (Bloomington) people]] for famous alumni.
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[David Anspaugh]], director of ''[[Hoosiers (film)|Hoosiers]]'' and ''[[Rudy (film)|Rudy]]''
* [[Kenny Aronoff]], drummer
* [[Brett Anderson (American musician)|Brett Anderson]], lead vocalist of rock band ''[[The Donnas]]''
*[[Jason Ayers]], [[WWE]] referee
* [[David Baker (composer)|David Baker]], symphonic jazz composer
* [[Dee Bradley Baker]], voice actor
* [[Tony Baldwin]], college softball coach
* [[Arija Bareikis]], actress
* [[Paul Baribeau]], folk punk singer and musician
* [[Joshua Bell]], violinist
* [[Abraham Benrubi]], actor
* [[Kent Benson]], basketball player
* [[Diane Bish]], organist, concert and recording artist, composer and conductor
* [[Lil Bub]], famous cat, internet sensation
* [[Joseph O. Butcher]], Major General in the Marine Corps
* [[Meg Cabot]], author
* [[Hoagy Carmichael]], singer-songwriter
* [[Calbert Cheaney]], basketball player, assistant coach for the College Park Skyhawks
* [[Chris Clavin]], singer-songwriter, [[Plan-It-X Records]] owner
* [[Terri Conn]], actress
* [[William Cook (entrepreneur)|William Cook]], founder of Cook Inc.
* [[James Counsilman]], US Olympic swimming coach
* [[John Merle Coulter]], former president of Indiana University
* [[Althea Crome]], micro-knitter
* [[Malcolm Dalglish]], [[hammered dulcimer]] player, composer, and choral director
* [[Grey Damon]], actor
* [[John Darnielle]], singer-songwriter
* [[Krista Detor]], musician
* [[Joe Dowell]], singer-songwriter
* [[Wilson V. Eagleson]] II, [[U.S. Army Air Force]] officer, decorated [[Tuskegee Airmen]] fighter pilot;<ref name="CAF2">{{cite web |title=Tuskegee Airmen Pilot Roster |url=https://cafriseabove.org/the-tuskegee-airmen/tuskegee-airmen-pilot-roster/ |website=CAF Rise Above |access-date=August 11, 2020 |archive-date=April 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417142030/https://cafriseabove.org/the-tuskegee-airmen/tuskegee-airmen-pilot-roster/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>NCPedia. "Wilson Vash Eagleson II - A Tuskegee Airman 1920 - 2006". Doris McLean Bates. Reprinted with permission from the Tar Heel Junior Historian, Fall 2003. Tar Heel Junior Historian Association, NC Museum of History. https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/eagleson-wilson</ref> raised in Bloomington. Son of IU's first African American woman graduate
* [[Andy Fillmore]], Canadian Member of Parliament for [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]]
* [[Mick Foley]], former professional wrestler and author
* [[Karen Joy Fowler]], author
* [[Rex Grossman]], former NFL quarterback
* [[David F. Hamilton]], Judge on the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit]]
* [[Bobby Helms]], singer, "[[Jingle Bell Rock]]", "[[My Special Angel]]", "[[Fraulein (song)|Fraulein]]"
* [[Douglas Hofstadter]], cognitive scientist
* [[Jordan Hulls]], basketball player
* [[Elaine Irwin Mellencamp]], model
* [[Jared Jeffries]], basketball player, Retired
* [[David Starr Jordan]], former president of Indiana University and [[Stanford University]]
* [[Kraig Kinser]], an [[Auto Racing Club of America|ARCA]] driver
* [[Sheldon Kinser]], Indy car driver
* [[Steve Kinser]], race car driver
* [[Alfred Kinsey]], founder of [[Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction]]
* [[Amelia Laskey]], ornithologist
* [[Brad Leftwich]], musician
* [[Ross Lockridge Jr.]], novelist, author of ''[[Raintree County (novel)|Raintree County]]''
* [[Austin Lucas]], singer-songwriter
* [[Sara Lund]], musician
* [[Cory Martin]], shot putter
* [[Sean May]], former NBA basketball player
* [[John Mellencamp]], musician
* [[Maurice Mierau]], writer
* [[Denny Miller]], actor
* [[Carrie Newcomer]], musician
* [[Thubten Jigme Norbu]], brother of [[Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama]]
* [[Shohaku Okumura]], Zen Buddhist author and teacher
* [[Elinor Ostrom]], Nobel Prize–winner, political scientist
* [[Jeff Overton]], [[PGA Tour]] golfer
* [[Angelo Pizzo]], screenwriter and producer of ''[[Hoosiers (film)|Hoosiers]]'' and ''[[Rudy (film)|Rudy]]''
* [[Kevin Pritchard]], NBA front office executive
* [[Scott Rolen]], former Major League Baseball player
* [[David Lee Roth]], lead singer of band [[Van Halen]]
* [[Alfred Ryors]], former president of Indiana University
* [[Jeff Sagarin]], statistician for sports, contributor to ''[[USA Today]]''
* [[Ronnie Schneider (tennis)|Ronnie Schneider]], ATP tennis player
* [[Frithjof Schuon]], philosopher and mystic
* [[György Sebők]], pianist
* [[János Starker]], cellist
* [[John Strohm (musician)|John Strohm]], singer, guitarist, and lawyer
* [[Sarkes Tarzian]], engineer, inventor, and broadcaster
* [[Jill Bolte Taylor]], neuroanatomist
* [[Herman B Wells]], former president and chancellor of Indiana University
* [[Camilla Williams]], opera singer
* [[Collett E. Woolman]], founder of Delta Air Lines
* [[Andrew Wylie (college president)|Andrew Wylie]], first president of Indiana University
* [[Max August Zorn|Max Zorn]], mathematician
{{div col end}}


== In popular culture ==
*The 1979 film ''[[Breaking Away]]'' is about four teens from Bloomington. It was filmed around the city.
*[[Karen Kingsbury]]'s book series featuring the Baxter family (which comprises a large number of her works) is centered in Bloomington.
*In the 1988 film ''[[Ernest Saves Christmas]]'', the now-former Santa Claus (who goes back to using his real name, Seth Applegate) informs the character Harmony Starr that he knows about her real identity, that being Pamela Trenton, and that she is originally from Hampton Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana.
*In the ''[[Star Trek]]'' universe, Captain [[Kathryn Janeway]] was born on May 20, 2336, in Bloomington, Indiana (as stated in the 2000 episode "[[Imperfection (Star Trek: Voyager)|Imperfection]]").{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} A monument to this was constructed in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bloomingtonian.com/2022/10/23/star-trek-actor-kate-mulgrew-visits-captain-janeway-statue-in-bloomington-indiana/ |title=Bloomington, IN |date=October 23, 2022 |access-date=July 20, 2024 |archive-date=July 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720221021/https://bloomingtonian.com/2022/10/23/star-trek-actor-kate-mulgrew-visits-captain-janeway-statue-in-bloomington-indiana/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*In the popular video game ''[[Overwatch (video game)|Overwatch]]'', hero character Soldier: 76 is from Bloomington, Indiana.
*Patricia Highsmith used Bloomington as the model for the fictional town of Chalmerston in her 1983 novel ''[[People Who Knock on the Door]]''
*The novel ''[[Stranger Things|Stranger Things: Suspicious Minds]]'' centers on Terry Ives and her friends, and is set in Bloomington during the years 1969–1970.
*The novel ''People from Bloomington'' by [[Budi Darma]] explores the peculiar circumstances and encounters of people <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/671545/people-from-bloomington-by-budi-darma-foreword-by-intan-paramaditha-translated-with-an-introduction-by-tiffany-tsao/ |title=Penguins Classics: People from Bloomington |access-date=August 4, 2025 |archive-date=June 10, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610014344/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/671545/people-from-bloomington-by-budi-darma-foreword-by-intan-paramaditha-translated-with-an-introduction-by-tiffany-tsao/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Points of interest==
* Constellation Stage and Screen – local professional theater and film series (merger of [[Bloomington Playwrights Project|Bloomington Playwright's Project]], Cardinal Stage, and Pigasus Institute)
* [[Courthouse Square Historic District (Bloomington, Indiana)|Downtown historic district]]
* [[Indiana University Bloomington]]
* [[Kinsey Institute|Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction (Bloomington)]]
* [[Lake Lemon]] – located approximately 10 miles northeast of Bloomington.
* [[Griffy Lake]]
*Captain Janeway Birthplace Statue – Bloomington, Indiana is the birthplace of fictional Captain [[Kathryn Janeway]], from the show [[Star Trek: Voyager]].

== Sister cities ==
Bloomington has the following [[Town twinning|sister cities]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sistercities.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2019-SCI-Impact-Annual-Report-Final.pdf |title=Sister Cities International: 2019 Annual Report |access-date=September 15, 2021 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206195736/https://sistercities.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2019-SCI-Impact-Annual-Report-Final.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

* {{flagdeco|CUB}} [[Santa Clara, Cuba|Santa Clara]], Villa Clara, Cuba
* {{flagdeco|NIC}} [[Posoltega]], Chinandega, Nicaragua

Since 2022, the city has also had a relationship via Sibling Cities USA with [[Palo Alto, California]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Visiting Delegations |url=https://www.paloalto.gov/Departments/City-Manager/Visiting-Delegations |website=www.paloalto.gov |access-date=March 29, 2026}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Indiana|United States}}
* [[List of public art in Bloomington, Indiana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bloomington, Indiana}}
{{wikivoyage|Bloomington (Indiana)|Bloomington, Indiana}}
* [http://www.bloomington.in.gov/ City of Bloomington, Indiana website]
* [http://www.chamberbloomington.org/ Greater Bloomington Chamber of Commerce]
* [https://www.visitbloomington.com/ Tourism Website]
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Bloomington (Indiana)|display=Bloomington|volume=4|pages=86-87}}

{{Monroe County, Indiana}}
{{County Seats of Indiana}}
{{Indiana}}
{{All-American City Award Hall of Fame|state=collapsed}}
{{IUB}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bloomington, Indiana| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Indiana]]
[[Category:Cities in Monroe County, Indiana]]
[[Category:County seats in Indiana]]
[[Category:Bloomington metropolitan area, Indiana]]
[[Category:1818 establishments in Indiana]]

Competition Act, 2002

2026-03-26T11:11:27Z

Aurelia2406:

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Competition Act, 2002
| imagesize = 150
| long_title = An Act to give, keeping in view of the economic development of the country, for the establishment of a Commission to prevent practices having adverse effect on competition, to promote and sustain competition in markets, to protect the interests of consumers and to ensure freedom of trade carried on by other participants in markets, in India, and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
| citation = [http://www.cci.gov.in/sites/default/files/cci_pdf/competitionact2012.pdf Act No. 12 of 2003]
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_assented = 13 January 2003
| date_commenced = 31 March 2003
| introduced_by = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| repeals = [[The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969]]
| status = in force
}}

The '''Competition Act, 2002''' was enacted by the [[Parliament of India]] and governs Indian competition law. It replaced [[The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969]]. Under this legislation, the [[Competition Commission of India]] was established to prevent the activities that adversely affected competition in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1113485/|title = Sub-section 1 of Section 7 of Competition Act 2002|access-date = 3 November 2015|publisher = Indian Kanoon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = CCI will be in full operation next year|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/cci-will-be-in-full-operation-next-year/article1909354.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2007-09-11|access-date = 2015-11-19|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN}}</ref> This act extends to the entirety of India.

It is a tool to implement and enforce competition policy and to prevent and punish anti-competitive business practices by firms and unnecessary Government interference in the market. Competition law is equally applicable on written as well as oral agreements and arrangements between or among enterprises and persons.

The Competition Act, 2002 was amended by the Competition (Amendment) Act, 2007 and again by the Competition (Amendment) Act, 2009.

The Act establishes a Commission which is duty bound to protect the interests of free and fair competition (including the process of competition), and as a consequence, protect the interests of consumers. Broadly, the commission's duty is:
* To prohibit the agreements or practices that have or are likely to have an appreciable adverse effect on competition in a market in India (e.g. horizontal and vertical agreements and conduct);
* To prohibit the abuse of dominance in a market;
* To prohibit acquisitions, mergers, amalgamations etc. between enterprises which have or are likely to have an appreciable adverse effect on competition in market(s) in India.

In addition to this, the Competition Act envisages its enforcement with the aid of mutual international support and enforcement network across the world.

==History==
To regulate advertising, in 1984, Parliament inserted a chapter on unfair trade practices in the '''Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/zAwaIsYu54i7oKNZ8aPV7J/New-law-statutory-body-imperative-to-foster-fair-trade-prac.html|title=New law, statutory body imperative to foster fair trade practices in India|last=Pathak|first=Akhileshwar|date=2016-04-18|work=[[Livemint]] }}</ref>

The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission was constituted in the year 1970.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8P2Vt2vz_cC|title=Restrictive Trade Practices and Public Interest|last=Singh|first=Ravi Karan|date=1989-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170991724|language=en}}</ref>

The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 had its genesis in the Directive Principles of State Policy embodied in the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/annual_reports/annualreport2007/Eng/CHAPTER4.pdf|title=THE MONOPOLIES AND RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT, 1969 POLICY, PROVISIONS AND PERFORMANCE}}</ref> It received the assent of the [[President of India]] on 27 December 1969.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xX0Ff6p_f5QC|title=The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969|year=1970|publisher=Georg Thieme Verlag }}</ref> The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act was intended to curb the rise of concentration of wealth in a few hands and of monopolistic practices.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxJ_AgAAQBAJ|title=Legal Aspects of Business|date=2013-01-01|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=9781259026584 }}</ref> It was repealed in September 2009. The Act has been succeeded by The Competition Act, 2002.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

The Competition Bill, 2001 was introduced in [[Lok Sabha]] by [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]] [[Arun Jaitley]] on 6 August 2001.<ref>{{citation |title=Competition Bill introduced |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/08/07/stories/0207000q.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 August 2001 }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Definitions ==
* '''Acquisition:''' Acquisition means, directly or indirectly, acquiring or agreeing to acquire shares, voting rights or assets of any enterprise or control over management or assets of any enterprise.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1113485/|title = Section 2(a) of Competition Act 2002|publisher = Indian Kanoon}}</ref>
* '''Cartel:''' Cartel includes an association of producers, sellers, distributors, traders or service providers who, by agreement among themselves, limit control or attempt to control the production, distribution, sale or price of goods or provision of services.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1113485/|title = Section 2(c) of Competition Act 2002|publisher = Indian Kanoon}}</ref>
* '''Dominant position:''' It means a position of strength, enjoyed by an enterprise, in the relevant market which enables it to operate independently of competitive forces prevailing in the market or affect its competitors or consumers in its favour.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1113485/|title = Section 4 (explanation) of Competition Act 2002|publisher = Indian Kanoon}}</ref>
* '''Predatory pricing:''' Predatory pricing means the sale of goods or provision of services, at a price which is below the cost of production of the goods or provision of services, with a view to reduce competition or eliminate the competitors.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1113485/|title = Section 4 (explanation) of Competition Act 2002|publisher = Indian Kanoon}}</ref>
* '''Rule of reason:''' It is the analysis of any activity under the challenge on the basis of business justification, competitive intent, market impact, impact on competition and on consumer. It is the logic behind the conclusion for any order.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

== Salient Features ==

=== Anti-Competitive Agreements ===

Enterprises, persons or associations of enterprises or persons, including cartel, shall not enter into agreements in respect of production, supply, distribution, storage, acquisition or control of goods or provision of services, which cause or are likely to cause an '''"appreciable adverse impact'''" on competition in India. Such agreements would consequently be considered void. Agreements which would be considered to have an appreciable adverse impact would be those agreements which-
* Directly or indirectly determine sale or purchase prices,
* Limit or control production, supply, markets, technical development, investment or provision of services,
* Share the market or source of production or provision of services by allocation of inter alia geographical area of market, nature of goods or number of customers or any other similar way,
* Directly or indirectly result in bid rigging or collusive bidding.

=== Types of agreement ===
A 'horizontal agreement' is an agreement for co-operation between two or more competing businesses operating at the same level in the market.
A vertical agreement is an agreement between firms at different levels of the supply chain. For instance, a manufacturer of consumer electronics might have a vertical agreement with a retailer according to which the latter would promote their products in return for lower prices.

=== Abuse of dominant position ===
There shall be an abuse of dominant position if an enterprise imposes directly or indirectly unfair or discriminatory conditions in purchase or sale of goods or services or restricts production or technical development or create hindrance in entry of new operators to the prejudice of consumers. The provisions relating to abuse of dominant position require determination of dominance in the relevant market.
Dominant position enables an enterprise to operate independently or affect competitors by action<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1113485/|title = Section 4 of Competition Act 2002|publisher = Indian Kanoon}}</ref>

=== Combinations ===
The Act is designed to regulate the operation and activities of combinations, a term, which contemplates acquisition, mergers or amalgamations. Combination that exceeds the threshold limits specified in the Act in terms of assets or turnover, which causes or is likely to cause adverse impact on competition within the relevant market in India, can be scrutinized by the commission.

=== Competition Commission of India ===
[[Competition Commission of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = About CCI {{!}} Competition Commission of India|url = http://www.cci.gov.in/about-cci|website = www.cci.gov.in|date = 24 June 2015|access-date = 2015-11-19}}</ref> is a body corporate and independent entity possessing a common seal with the power to enter into contracts and to sue in its name. It is to consist of a chairperson, who is to be assisted by a minimum of two, and a maximum of six, other members.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Organogram {{!}} Competition Commission of India|url = http://www.cci.gov.in/organogram|website = www.cci.gov.in|date = 6 July 2015|access-date = 2015-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = 'CCI to act as nodal agency to check anti-competitive practices'|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/cci-to-act-as-nodal-agency-to-check-anticompetitive-practices/article2176935.ece|website = The Hindu Business Line|access-date = 2015-11-19}}</ref>
It is the duty of the commission to eliminate practices having adverse effect on competition, promote and sustain competition, protect the interests of consumers and ensure freedom of trade in the markets of India. The commission is also required to give opinion on competition issues on a reference received from a [[statutory authority]] established under any law and to undertake competition advocacy, create public awareness and impart training on competition issues.

Commission has the power to inquire into unfair agreements or abuse of dominant position or combinations taking place outside India but having adverse effect on competition in India, if any of the circumstances exists:
* An agreement has been executed outside India
* Any contracting party resides outside India
* Any enterprise abusing dominant position is outside India
* A combination has been established outside India
* A party to a combination is located abroad.
* Any other matter or practice or action arising out of such agreement or dominant position or combination is outside India.
To deal with cross border issues, Commission is empowered to enter into any [[Memorandum of understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] or arrangement with any foreign agency of any foreign country with the prior approval of Central Government.

=== Review of orders of Commission ===
Any person aggrieved by an order of the commission can apply to the commission for review of its order within thirty days from the date of the order. Commission may entertain a review application after the expiry of thirty days, if it is satisfied that the applicant was prevented by sufficient cause from preferring the application in time. No order shall be modified or set aside without giving an opportunity of being heard to the person in whose favour the order is given and the Director General where he was a party to the proceedings.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1113485/|title = Section 37 of Competition Act 2002|publisher = Indian Kanoon}}</ref>

=== Appeal ===
Any person aggrieved by any decision or order of the Commission may file an appeal to the Supreme Court within sixty days from the date of communication of the decision or order of the commission. No appeal shall lie against any decision or order of the commission made with the consent of the parties.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1113485/|title = Section 40 of Competition Act 2002|publisher = Indian Kanoon}}</ref>

=== Penalty ===
If any person fails to comply with the orders or directions of the Commission shall be punishable with fine which may extend to ₹ 1 lakh for each day during which such non compliance occurs, subject to a maximum of ₹ 10 [[crore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1113485/|title = Section 43 of Competition Act 2002|publisher = Indian Kanoon}}</ref>

If any person does not comply with the orders or directions issued, or fails to pay the fine imposed under this section, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which will extend to three years, or with fine which may extend to ₹ 25 crores or with both.

Section 44 provides that if any person, being a party to a combination makes a statement which is false in any material particular or knowing it to be false or omits to state any material particular knowing it to be material, such person shall be liable to a penalty which shall not be less than rupees fifty lakhs but which may extend to rupees one crore, as may be determined by the commission.

==See also==
* [[National Competition Policy (India)]]
* [[Competition Commission of India]]
*[https://www.livelaw.in/law-firms/articles/arbitrability-of-competition-disputes-in-the-indian-context-152244?infinitescroll=1#_ftnref9 Arbitrability Of Competition Disputes In The Indian Context]
{{Portal|Law}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.cci.gov.in/ Competition Commission of India]
* [http://compat.nic.in/ Competition Appellate Tribunal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310132838/http://compat.nic.in/ |date=10 March 2013 }}
* [http://164.100.47.4/newlsbios_search/Bill_texts_pre.aspx?Bill_ID=1526&House=Lok%20Sabha The Competition Bill, 2001]
* [http://164.100.47.4/newlsbios_search/Bill_texts_pre.aspx?Bill_ID=513&House=Lok%20Sabha The Competition (Amendment) Bill, 2006]
* [http://164.100.47.4/newlsbios_search/Bill_texts_pre.aspx?Bill_ID=2725&House=Lok%20Sabha The Competition (Amendment) Bill, 2007]
* [http://164.100.47.4/newlsbios_search/Bill_texts_pre.aspx?Bill_ID=3381&House=Lok%20Sabha The Competition (Amendment) Bill, 2009]
* [http://compat.nic.in/ Competition Appellate Tribunal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310132838/http://compat.nic.in/ |date=10 March 2013 }}
* [http://ncp.ncc.gov.au/ National Competition Council]

{{Competition law by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Competition Act, 2002}}
[[Category:Competition law]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2002]]
[[Category:Vajpayee administration]]
[[Category:2002 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Marketing in India]]
[[Category:Corporate governance in India]]
[[Category:2002 in Indian economy]]

Karimnagar

2026-03-25T18:13:28Z

Aurelia2406: fixed details and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karimnagar
| native_name =
| other_name = Elagandula
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = Teen minar Elgandal fort Karimnagar.jpg
| image_alt =
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name1 = Sri [[Gangula Kamalakar]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/assemblymemprofile | title=Legislative Assembly - Telangana-Legislature | access-date=3 January 2024 | archive-date=3 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903082429/https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/assemblymemprofile | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
| leader_name2 = Sri [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanjay Kumar Bandi
|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/sanjay-kumar-bandi |website=india.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207035337/https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/sanjay-kumar-bandi |archive-date=2021-12-07 |access-date=2025-01-28}}</ref>
| image_caption = [[Elgandal Fort]] in Karimnagar
| nickname = City of Granites
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Karimnagar (Telangana)
| coordinates = {{coord|18|26|19.0|N|79|07|43.7|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{start date and age|1905||}}
| established_title1 = Incorporated (Municipal Council)
| established_date1 = {{start date and age|1931||}}
| established_title2 = Incorporated (Municipal Corporation)
| established_date2 = {{start date and age|2005||}}
| named_for = Syed Kareemullah Shah Quadri
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Karimnagar Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Shri Kolagani Srinivas<ref>https://telanganatoday.com/bjp-wins-karimnagar-municipal-corporation-mayor-post-with-34-votes</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="profile">{{cite web|title=Basic Information of Municipality|url=http://mckarimnagar.in/basic-information-of-municipality-2/|website=Karimnagar Municipal Corporation|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=24 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524023927/http://mckarimnagar.in/basic-information-of-municipality-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 204.50
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 297
| population_total = 493,997
| population_as_of = 2025
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 797447 ([[Satavahana Urban Development Authority|SUDA]])
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Telangana by population|4th(Telangana)]]
| population_demonym = Karimnagari, Karimnagaris
| population_footnotes = <ref name="profile" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=605020|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 981.4 [[female|♀]]/[[male|♂]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = HDI
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 = HDI Category
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| blank4_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank4_info_sec1 = 89.9
| blank_name_sec2 = Planning agency
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Satavahana Urban Development Authority]] ([[Satavahana Urban Development Authority|SUDA]])
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 505001 to 505010,505481,505451,505469,505527
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-878-
| registration_plate = '''TG–02 / AP-15 (Old Number)'''<ref>{{cite web|title=District Codes |url=http://www.transport.telangana.gov.in/html/registration-districtcodes.html |publisher=Government of Telangana Transport Department|access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://karimnagar.telangana.gov.in/|Karimnagar Official Website}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-TG]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Karimnagar''', formerly known as '''Elagandula''',<ref>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Karimnagar|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2801_PART_B_DCHB_KARIMNAGAR.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=20 November 2015|page=9}}</ref> is a city and District Headquarters in the Indian state of [[Telangana]]. Karimnagar is a major [[urban agglomeration]] in the state. It is the 4th largest City after Hyderabad,Warangal and Nizamabad in the state and Municipal Corporation headquarters of the [[Karimnagar district]].<ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Karimnagar|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2803_PART_B_DCHB_Karimnagar.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=2 October 2016|pages=12,364}}</ref><ref name="map">{{cite web|title=Karimnagar District Mandals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part3.pdf|publisher=Census of India|access-date=2 October 2016|pages=50,110}}</ref> It is situated on the banks of [[Maner River|Manair River]], which is a tributary of the [[Godavari River]]. It is the third largest and fastest growing urban settlement in the state, according to the 2011 census. It has registered a population growth rate of 45.46% and 38.87% {{citation needed|date=December 2018}} respectively over the past two decades between 1991 and 2011, which is the highest growth rate among major cities of Telangana.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.epw.in/journal/2014/37/reports-states-web-exclusives/skewed-urban-development-telangana.html|title=Skewed Urban Development in Telangana|journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=5 June 2015|volume=50|issue=23|pages=7–8 }}</ref> It serves as a major educational and health hub for the northern districts of Telangana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telanganafocus.com/karimnagar.html|title=Welcome to Telangana Focus.com|access-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217023857/http://www.telanganafocus.com/karimnagar.html|archive-date=17 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is a major [[Central business district|business center]] and widely known for its agricultural and [[granite]] industries, earning the nickname "City of Granites."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-telangana/industrial-policy-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-karimnagar/article7314798.ece|title=Industrial policy a shot in the arm for Karimnagar|first=K.M.|last=Dayashankar|newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/150516/granite-factories-flourish-in-karimnagar.html|title=Granite factories flourish in Karimnagar|date=15 May 2016 | last = Padala | first = Santosh | website = Deccan Chronicle }}</ref>

It has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a [[smart city]] under PM [[Narendra Modi]]'s flagship [[Smart Cities Mission]] by replacing [[Hyderabad]] based on the request from the former [[Chief Minister of Telangana]] [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/karimnagar-replaces-hyderabad-in-smart-city-plan/article8737829.ece|title=Karimnagar replaces Hyderabad in Smart City plan|date=17 June 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
In the olden days, this place was known as {{transliteration|te|ISO|Veligandula}}, {{transliteration|te|ISO|Tellakandula}}.<ref>{{cite news |editor=Khalimastanvali|date=11 August 2024|title=Fort: ఈ కోట అందాలు చూడాలంటే రాసిపెట్టుండాలి!|url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/telangana/elgandal-fort-check-details-inside-slm-knr-kmv-local18-2552219-page-2.html|work= News 18|access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref> Poet Veligandala Narayya who was the principal disciple of Poet [[Potana]] hailed from this place. During the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] [[era]], the village was named ''Karimnagar'' by an Elgandala [[Qiladar]], Syed Karimuddin.<ref name="history">{{cite web|title=About Karimnagar {{!}} Karimnagar Corporation|url=http://mckarimnagar.in/about-karimnagar/|website=mckarimnagar.in|access-date=2 October 2016|archive-date=22 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022030627/http://mckarimnagar.in/about-karimnagar/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Asaf Jahi Dynasty ===
During the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty|Asaf Jahi Dynasty]] (1724–1948), Karimnagar was part of the [[Hyderabad State]] under the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams]]. The region grew in importance due to its strategic location, contributing to agriculture, trade, and military activities.

=== Modern era ===
It became a [[district]] in 1905. In the 1920s, serving under the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], the District Collector [[John Hunter (colonial administrator)|Sir John Hunter]] oversaw construction of the [[clock tower]] which still stands in the city centre today. In 1937, [[:te:జనాబ్ షేక్ హాన్ బిన్ షేక్ సలేహ్ సాహబ్|Janab Shaikhaan Sahab]] built the [[:te:జ్యూబిలీ కమాన్|Karimnagar Kaman]] to commemorate the Nizam's Silver Jubilee.

It was previously part of princely [[Hyderabad State]] and then became part of Hyderabad state in 1948 after the Hyderabad state was annexed into the Indian Union. It then became part of [[Andhra Pradesh]] state on 1 November 1956 after merging the Telugu speaking region of Hyderabad state with Andhra state.

At the beginning of the [[21st century]], the city was connected by railway on the [[Peddapalli–Nizamabad line|Peddapalli-Nizamabad line]]. After almost 6 decades of [[Telangana movement|Telangana statehood movement]], on 2 June 2014 it became part of newly formed state of Telangana by [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014]].

== Demographics ==
{{Historical population
| source = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://data.gov.in/node/551261/download |title=Page Redirection|website=data.gov.in |date=21 January 2022}}</ref>
| 1901 | 5752
| 1911 | 8347
| 1921 | 9399
| 1931 | 10903
| 1941 | 17437
| 1951 | 23826
| 1961 | 31554
| 1971 | 48918
| 1981 | 86125
| 1991 | 148583
| 2001 | 218302
| 2011 | 297447
}}
Karimnagar has a population of 397,447 within its corporation limits, according to 2011 census, making it the Third largest city in Telangana state. Karimnagar Urban Agglomeration comprising Municipal Corporation and Urban Development authority of 689,985.City out growths include Bommakal (with a population of 9,031), Arepalle (6,987), Alugunur (6,164), Chinthakunta (3,437) and Sitharampur (3,017). Besides these outgrowths, there are many sub-urban areas on the outskirts, which are merged into corporation limits. It is the most densely populated city in Telangana, with a density of 11,114 persons per km2.

Karimnagar city has a literacy rate of 85.82%, which is highest urban literacy rate in Telangana state. Karimnagar urban agglomeration has a literacy rate of 84.93% which is almost equal to the National Urban average of 85%. The literacy rate for males and females for Karimnagar urban region stood at 91.06% and 78.69% respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/355-karimnagar.html|title=Karimnagar Metropolitan Urban Region Population 2011–2019 Census|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/DDW_PCA2803_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx|title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables}}</ref>
{{bar box
|width=250px
|barwidth=100px
|title=Religions in Karimnagar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/391-karimnagar.html|title=Karimnagar City Population Census 2011 – Andhra Pradesh|work=census2011.co.in}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=December 2018}}
|titlebar=#E5E4E2
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percentage
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindu]]|orange|77.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|#00693E|20.7}}
{{bar percent|[[Christians|Christian]]|#5218FA|1.3}}
{{bar percent|Others|#FF007F|0.9}}
}}

== Climate ==
[[File:LMD Water.jpg|thumb|left|Dense Clouds over LMD Reservoir at Karimnagar]]
Karimnagar experiences dry inland climatic conditions with hot summers and cool winters.<ref>[http://www.mustseeindia.com/Karimnagar-weather Weather conditions/Climate in the city of Karimnagar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226121611/http://www.mustseeindia.com/Karimnagar-weather |date=26 February 2011 }}. Mustseeindia.com.</ref> The city of Karimnagar gets most of its rainfall from the Southwest [[monsoon]]. The summer season is extremely hot, but temperatures decline with the onset of the monsoons, and the winter season is generally cool. The most popular tourist season is from November to February.

The summer season starts in March and can continue through early June. During this period temperatures range from a minimum of 27 °C to a maximum of 39 °C. The highest recorded temperature in the area is around 48 °C. Nights are much cooler, and the humidity is around 50%. October and November experiences increased rainfall from the Northeast monsoon. During this time, daytime temperatures average around 30 °C. The winter season starts in December and lasts through February. During this time, temperatures range from a minimum of 10 °C to a maximum of 35 °C.
{{Weather box
|location= Karimnagar
|metric first= yes
|single line= yes
|Jan high C= 29
|Feb high C= 32
|Mar high C= 37
|Apr high C= 40
|May high C= 42
|Jun high C= 34
|Jul high C= 30
|Aug high C= 29
|Sep high C= 31
|Oct high C= 32
|Nov high C= 29
|Dec high C= 28
|Jan low C= 13
|Feb low C= 16
|Mar low C= 22
|Apr low C= 26
|May low C= 28
|Jun low C= 26
|Jul low C= 24
|Aug low C= 23
|Sep low C= 22
|Oct low C= 20
|Nov low C= 16
|Dec low C= 12
|Jan precipitation mm= 32
|Feb precipitation mm= 8
|Mar precipitation mm= 43
|Apr precipitation mm= 17
|May precipitation mm= 41
|Jun precipitation mm= 162
|Jul precipitation mm= 204
|Aug precipitation mm= 126
|Sep precipitation mm= 133
|Oct precipitation mm= 75
|Nov precipitation mm= 48
|Dec precipitation mm= 18
|source= [http://www.sunmap.eu/weather/asia/india/state-of-andhra-pradesh/karimnagar Sunmap]
|date= July 2012
}}

== Civic administration ==
[[File:Mck image.jpg|thumb|Karimnagar Municipal Corporation logo]]
[[Karimnagar Municipal Corporation]] is the civic body that administers the city. It was constituted as a third grade municipality in the year 1952, as a second grade in 1959, first grade in 1984, special grade in 1996, selection grade in 1999 and finally upgraded to [[corporation]] in 2005.<ref name="history" />

The city is served by [[Karimnagar Police Commissionerate]].

Despite the city growing in leaps and bounds, the area of the civic body remaining unaltered. Ever since the municipality was upgraded into corporation in 2005, the merger of adjoining villages on the outskirts with the Corporation was being met with wide opposition from local village authorities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/opposition-to-merger-of-villages-into-civic-body/article2028445.ece|title=Opposition to merger of villages into civic body|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/10-karimnagar-villages-to-be-merged-with-corporation/article3243240.ece|title=10 Karimnagar villages to be merged with Corporation|newspaper=The Hindu |date=21 January 2006 }}</ref>

It belongs to the [[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency]].

The area is served by [[TSNPDCL]].

== Sports ==

United [[Karimnagar district]] has produced many sports persons from the rural level in sports like [[Karate]], [[Cricket]], [[Kabaddi]], Kho-Kho and many other sports. [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar]] Sports Complex is the primary sports complex in the city of Karimnagar. The sports complex has a main stadium used for sports like [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]], [[Cricket]], [[association football|Football]], an indoor stadium, a hockey field, swimming pool, kho-kho grounds, basketball courts. Another indoor stadium was built inside SRR college.

== Healthcare ==
[[File:Apollo karimnagar.jpg|thumb|[[Apollo Hospitals]], Karimnagar]]
Karimnagar has evolved into a major health center for its surrounding districts because it is centrally located to all the nearby [[Districts]] and [[Talukas]] like [[Jagtial]], [[Siricilla]], [[Ramagundam]], [[Peddapalli, Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]], [[Mancherial]], [[Siddipet]], [[Komaram Bheem district|Komaram Bheem]], [[Manthani]], [[Huzurabad]], [[Jammikunta]], [[Husnabad]], [[Sultanabad, Peddapalli district|Sultanabad]], [[Vemulawada, Rajanna Sircilla district|Vemulawada]], [[Korutla]], [[Metpally|Metpalli]], [[Choppadandi|Choppadhandi]], [[Manakondur]], [[Bejjanki]], [[Thimmapur, Karimnagar district|Thimmapur]], [[Dharmapuri, Telangana|Dharmapuri]], [[Kodimial|Kodimyal]], Malyal, Gangadhara and [[Kalva Srirampur]].

Patients come from all over the surrounding districts. Karimnagar has three medical institutions, [[Government Medical College, Karimnagar|Government Medical College]], Chalmeda Anand Rao Institute of Medical Sciences, and Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences. There is also a cancer hospital in the city. The Newly opened Mother and Child care hospital is next to the Government hospital. Government Civil Hospital is the dominant medical institution.<ref>[http://ekarimnagar.com/Dmc.asp?MCatId=1&SCatId=125&Page=352&title=Karimnagar%20Hospitals Major hospitals in Karimnagar]. Ekarimnagar.com.</ref>

== Tourism ==
[[File:Cablebridge.jpg|thumb|Cable bridge]]
[[File:Deer Park at Karimnagar.JPG|thumb|Deer Park at Karimnagar]]
[[File:Sunsetkarimnagar.jpg|thumb|View from Manair Dam]]

[[Lower Manair Dam|Lower Manair Dam (LMD)]] is one of the largest dams in the state of Telangana. LMD is a major tourism spot for people of Karimnagar and the surrounding area. The dam has boating facilities.

Ujwala park and Deer park near LMD are another major part of the city's tourism.

The [[Karimnagar Cable Bridge]] has been constructed on [[Maner River|Manair River]] between Housing Board Colony and Sadashivpalli, opened in 2023, it shortens the distance to Warangal by 7 KM.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/ktr-likely-to-inaugurate-karimnagar-cable-bridge-on-april-14 | title=KTR likely to inaugurate Karimnagar cable bridge on April 14 | date=24 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindudayashankar.com/news/minister-instructs-authorities-to-expedite-works-for-inauguration-of-cable-stayed-bridge-by-january-2023/#:~:text=KARIMNAGAR%3A%20Minister%20for%20Civil%20Supplies,inauguration%20by%20January%201%2C%202023. | title=Minister instructs authorities to expedite works for inauguration of cable-stayed bridge by January 2023 | date=8 November 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/k-t-rama-rao-shares-stunning-photos-karimnagar-cable-bridge-8676921/lite/ | title=K T Rama Rao shares stunning photos of Karimnagar cable bridge that is set to open today | date=21 June 2023 }}</ref> The bridge is part of the large Manair Riverfront project which has been proposed by the [[Chief minister|Chief Minister]] of [[Telangana]] after his ministers visited Sabarmati riverfront in [[Ahmedabad]] on [[Sabarmati River|Sabarmati]] river.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/410-cr-manair-riverfront-project-within-one-and-a-half-years/article65687056.ece | title=₹410-cr. Manair riverfront project within one and a half years | newspaper=The Hindu | date=26 July 2022 }}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2013}}
[[Telugu language|Telugu]] is the major language spoken in Karimnagar; [[Urdu]] is also widely spoken. The typical attire includes the traditional [[Sari|Chira]] and [[Dhoti|Pancha]], and also modern dress styles. [[Kurta|Kurta Pajama]] is also worn by many. [[Karimnagar Silver Filigree]] is one of the local silverware handicrafts.

=== Religious worships and festivals ===
The spring festival of [[Bathukamma]] is typical in this region. Other major Hindu festivals celebrated in the region include [[Ugadi]], [[Sri Ramanavami]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Vinayaka Chavithi]], [[Holi]], [[Krishna Janmashtami|Sri Krishna Janmashtami]], [[Dassera|Dasara]], [[Deepavali]], [[Pongal (festival)|Sankranti]], and [[Maha Sivaratri]]. Muslims in this area also celebrate [[Eid-ul-Fitr]], [[Eid al-Adha]], [[Ramadan]] (ninth month of the Islamic calendar), [[Laylat al-Qadr]] (Shab-e-Qadr), [[Isra and Mi'raj]] (Shab-e-Meraj), Shab-e-barat ([[Mid-Sha'ban]]), Milad-un-Nabi ([[Mawlid]]) and [[Muharram]] ([[Day of Ashura]]). These are usually greeted with great pomp and ceremony. Christians in this area celebrate Christmas and [[Good Friday]].

ISKCON Metpally-
Sri Sri Radha Govardhandhari Temple, Raja Rajeshwara Swamy Temple at [[Vemulawada, Rajanna Sircilla district|Vemulawada]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=vemulawada|first1=Lord shiva|title=temple|url=http://www.vemulawadatemple.org/|publisher=Vemulawada Temple}}</ref>
Narasimha Temple at [[Dharmapuri, Jagtial district]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Temple|first1=Sri Laxmi Narasimha Swamy|title=Narasimha Swamy Temple|url=http://www.srilakshminarasimha.org/|website=www.srilakshminarasimha.org/|ref=Sri Laxmi Narasimha Swamy Temple|access-date=7 March 2015|archive-date=16 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116084204/http://www.srilakshminarasimha.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Anjaneya Temple at Kondagattu, Jagtial District,<ref>{{cite web|last1=TEMPLE|first1=Sri Anjaneya Swamy|title=JAI Hanuman|url=http://www.kondagattu.org/index1.htm|website=www.kondagattu.org/index1.htm|publisher=Temple Developers|ref=Lord Hanuman|access-date=7 March 2015|archive-date=14 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214013859/http://www.kondagattu.org/index1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Veerabhadra Temple at [[Kothakonda Jatara]] are some of the prominent and famous religious destinations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kothakondatemple.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726020637/http://kothakondatemple.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 July 2011|title=Welcome Sri Veerabadra Swamy Devasthanam, Kothakonda Temple.org, Bheemadevarapalli mandal in Karimnagar district.|work=kothakondatemple.org}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{See also|Telugu cuisine}}

''Sakinalu'' a local snack made from [[rice]], [[gingelly]] seeds and [[ajwain]] during [[Pongal (festival)|Sankranti]] festival<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dayashankar |first1=K. m |title=Sakinalu's aroma hangs in the air |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/sakinalus-aroma-hangs-in-the-air/article6787253.ece |access-date=25 May 2019 |work=The Hindu|date=14 January 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref> And Biryani is a common cuisine of the state. Sarvapindi is another traditional snack native to the Telangana state. Kudumulu are of two types, one made with just rice flour are called kudumula while the other type made with rice flour and beans are called
gudlakudumulu.

== Economy ==

The economy of Karimnagar comes from mainly three sectors [[Agriculture]], industry, and services. There are many granite [[Quarry|quarries]] on the city outskirts near Baopet, and many Agro based industries, [[Paddy field|Paddy]] and [[cotton]] are the major crops produced in Karimnagar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajeev |first=M. |date=2022-12-30 |title=After sand sales TSMDC now eyeing dimensional stone mining |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/after-sand-sales-tsmdc-now-eyeing-dimensional-stone-mining/article66321000.ece |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Lower Manair Dam in Karimnagar has a capacity of 24.5 thousand million cubic feet which can irrigate 4,00,000 acres of land.

Former Information Technology minister of Telangana, [[K. T. Rama Rao|KTR]] laid the foundation stone for an IT hub for the aim of expanding IT to cities like Karimnagar, [[Warangal]], [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]], [[Khammam]] and [[Mahabubnagar]]. The IT Tower was completed and inaugurated in 2020.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2020/jul/20/kt-rama-rao-to-inaugurate-karimnagar-it-tower-2172137.html | title=KT Rama Rao to inaugurate Karimnagar IT Tower | date=20 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=NewsTAP |date=2023-12-16 |title=Minister Sridhar Babu wants IT to expand to Warangal, Karimnagar, Khammam, Nizamabad |url=https://www.newstap.in/telangana/minister-sridhar-babu-wants-it-to-expand-to-warangal-karimnagar-khammam-nizamabad-1509906 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=www.newstap.in |language=en}}</ref>

Four [[farmers market|integrated markets]], a central building to accommodate farmers and grocers wishing to sell their food items, are under construction as of the year 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.siasat.com/telangana-karimnagar-to-have-four-integrated-markets-2547533/ | title=Telangana: Karimnagar to have four integrated markets | date=15 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2025-01-08 |title=Integrated vegetable market to open soon in Karimnagar town |url=https://telanganatoday.com/integrated-vegetable-market-to-open-soon-in-karimnagar-town |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

Karimnagar is nationally renowned for its [[Silver Filigree of Karimnagar|silver filigree]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=GI-tagged Karimnagar silver filigree set to add lustre to Ambani mega wedding |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/gi-tagged-karimnagar-silver-filigree-set-to-add-lustre-to-ambani-mega-wedding/articleshow/110318306.cms |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Transport ==
[[File: Karimnagar Railway Station - Front Facade 2025.jpg |thumb|[[Karimnagar railway station]]]]
[[File:Karimnagar Railway Station.jpg|thumb|right|A train halts at the railway station in Karimnagar.]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi laying the Foundation Stone for Manoharabad-Kothapalli Railway Line, in Telangana.jpg|thumb|[[Kothapalli–Manoharabad line|Kothapalli-Manoharabad railway]] foundation stone being laid]]

Karimnagar is connected to other major cities and towns by means of road. [[State Highway 1 (Telangana)|State Highway 1]] which connects with the [[Hyderabad]]–Karimnagar–[[Mancherial]] Highway coal-belt corridor passes through town. In addition, State highways 7, 10, [[State Highway 11 (Telangana)|11]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dyashankar|first1=K. M.|title=For State Highway-1, double is trouble|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/for-state-highway1-double-is-trouble/article4832453.ece|access-date=20 May 2016|work=The Hindu|date=20 June 2013}}</ref> and [[National Highway 563 (India)|National Highway 563]] which connects [[Jagtial]]–Karimnagar–[[Warangal]]–[[Khammam]].

=== Airway ===

[[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]] in Hyderabad is the nearest airport at a distance of 210 km by road. There are three [[Helipad]]s in the city inside the district [[collectorate]]. The other two nearest airports to Karimnagar are [[Ramagundam Airport]] and [[Warangal Airport]] which are closed, but may be reopened in the future under the [[UDAN]] scheme.

=== Road ===
Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar]] Bus Station, in the center of the city is the second biggest bus station in the State of Telangana after Hyderabad bus station.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bus Stations |url=http://www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in/BusStations.php |website=[[TSRTC]] |access-date=20 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610082644/http://www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in/BusStations.php |archive-date=10 June 2016 }}</ref>

72 [[Electric Vehicle Charging]] Stations were approved for Karimnagar in 2023 and will operate under the [[Public–private partnership|Private Public Partnership]] model.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/ev-charging-stations-to-come-up-in-karimnagar-2 | title=EV charging stations to come up in Karimnagar | date=3 September 2023 }}</ref>

=== Railway ===
[[Karimnagar railway station]] provides rail connectivity to the city, located on the [[Peddapalli–Nizamabad section]] of [[New Delhi–Chennai main line]]. It is under the jurisdiction of [[Secunderabad railway division]] of the [[South Central Railway zone]].

Karimnagar is connected to cities like [[Mumbai]] with a weekly Super fast express, [[Hyderabad]] with [[Kacheguda railway station|Kachiguda]] passenger daily, [[Tirupati]] with a biweekly super fast express and [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]] with a [[Diesel multiple unit|DEMU]] train.<ref>{{cite web|title=Evolution of Guntur Division |url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1446709035601-Genearal%20data-01-11-15.pdf |website=South Central Railway |access-date=30 November 2015 |page=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208185851/http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1446709035601-Genearal%20data-01-11-15.pdf |archive-date= 8 December 2015 }}</ref> In October 2023, the Karimnagar-Nizamabad [[MEMU]] was extended up to [[Bodhan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/hyderabad/2023/Oct/08/four-train-services-extended-to-be-flagged-off-from-telanganaon-october-9-2621915.html | title=Four train services extended, to be flagged off from Telangana on October 9 - the New Indian Express | date=9 October 2023 }}</ref>

The [[Kothapalli–Manoharabad line|Kothapalli-Manoharabad railway line]] will reduce the travel time from Karimnagar to Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/jun/16/age-old-wait-ends-siddipet-sircilla-gajwel-set-for-rail-connectivity-2466192.html#:~:text=The%20Manoharabad%2DKothapalli%20new%20railway,crossing%20stations%20and%20five%20halts) | title=Age-old wait ends; Siddipet, Sircilla & Gajwel set for rail connectivity | date=16 June 2022 }}</ref> It is scheduled to be completed by 2025.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pipanews.com/railway-line-completed-between-gajwel-kodakandla-pipa-news/ | title=Railway line completed between Gajwel – Kodakandla. Pipa News | date=28 October 2022 }}</ref> The Manoharabad - Siddipet portion of the line was [[inaugurated]] on 3 October 2023.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/pm-to-commission-two-new-railway-lines-in-telangana/article67357830.ece/ | title=PM to commission two new railway lines in Telangana | newspaper=The Hindu | date=28 September 2023 | last1=Geetanath | first1=V. }}</ref>

In 2023, construction work began at the railway station to add a second and third platform, part of the [[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme]], a modernization and expansion effort by the government.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/pm-modi-to-virtually-launch-modernisation-work-on-21-railway-stations-in-ts/article67145851.ece/ | title=PM Modi to virtually launch modernisation work on 21 railway stations in TS | newspaper=The Hindu | date=2 August 2023 }}</ref>

== Media ==
The Telugu News publishers in the city are [[Janam Sakshi]], [[Maithri Channel]], [[Eenadu]], [[ABN Andhra Jyothi]]. Apart from the local language, there are also English papers such as [[The Hans India]].

== Education ==
[[File:Crescentcollegeknr.jpg|thumb|Crescent College]]
Karimnagar is a major education center in north-western Telangana. There are many schools and intermediate colleges in the city. Karimnagar has technology institutes,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vgsek.ac.in/ |title=Vaageswari College of Engineering |access-date=2025-01-28}}</ref> medical colleges,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.caims.in/ |title=Chalmeda Ananda Rao Institute of Medical Sciences |location= |publisher= |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211051320/https://www.caims.in/ |archive-date=2024-12-11 |access-date=2025-01-28}}</ref> and law colleges.

;Universities

* [[Satavahana University]], Karimnagar<ref>[http://www.satavahana.ac.in// Satavahana University]. Satavahana.ac.in.</ref>
* [[Jyothishmathi College of Engineering and Technology#Sister Colleges and Schools|Jyothishmathi College of Engineering and Technology]], Karimnagar
*[[Government Medical College, Karimnagar]]

==Notable people==


* [[P. Jairaj|Paidi Jairaj]]
* [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
* [[Gangula Kamalakar]]
* [[N. Kumarayya]]
* [[Malyala Rajaiah]]
* [[Midde Ramulu]]
* [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
* [[C. Narayana Reddy]]
* [[G. Ram Reddy]]
* [[Siva Reddy]]
* [[Surender Reddy]]

== See also ==
*[[List of cities and towns in Telangana]]
*[[List of districts of Telangana|List of districts in Telangana]]
* [[Telangana]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Geographic Location
|Northwest = [[Nanded]]
|North = [[Ramagundam]], [[Godavarikhani]], [[Bellampalli]], [[Manchiryal]], [[Adilabad]]
|Northeast = [[Raipur]]
|West = [[Sircilla]], [[Kamareddy]], [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]
|Centre = Karimnagar
|East = [[Rajahmundry]], [[Bhadrachalam]] [[Kothagudem]]
|Southwest = [[Medak]], [[Sangareddy]]
|South = [[Suryapet]], [[Nalgonda]], [[Siddipet]]
|Southeast = [[Warangal]], [[Khammam]]
}}

== External links ==
*[http://karimnagarcorporation.telangana.gov.in/ Karimnagar Municipal Corporation]

{{Telangana}}
{{Karimnagar district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Karimnagar| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Telangana]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Karimnagar district]]
[[Category:District headquarters of Telangana]]

Rampurhat

2026-03-22T13:51:35Z

Aurelia2406: update section also and added references based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rampurhat
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[City]] and [[Municipality]]
| image_skyline = Aerial view of Rampurhat.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Aerial view of Rampurhat
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.17|N|87.78|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Birbhum District|Birbhum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = {{bulleted list|Rampurhat Municipality|[[Tarapith Rampurhat Development Authority]]}}
| leader_title1 = MP
| leader_name1 = [[Satabdi Roy]]
| leader_title2 = MLA
| leader_name2 = [[Asish Banerjee]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jnnurmwestbengal.gov.in/DIS/MUNI_DLB_Rampurhat.htm |title=Municipalities Name |access-date=8 May 2016 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514004710/http://jnnurmwestbengal.gov.in/DIS/MUNI_DLB_Rampurhat.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| registration_plate = WB45/WB46 (Rampurhat RTO)
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 16.32
| area_metro_km2 = 95.79
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=TRDA|url=https://www.sudawb.org/wbdma_oldversion/HTM/MUNI_TRDA.htm}}</ref>
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 57,833
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census data"/>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30|
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 731224 (Rampurhat Head Post Office)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = +91-03461 (Rampurhat Telephone Exchange)
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]]
constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|42, Birbhum]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]]
constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Rampurhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rampurhat]], [[Hansan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hansan]]
| website = {{URL|birbhum.gov.in}} {{URL|wbtrda.org}}
| footnotes = {{URL|rampurhatmunicipality.com}}
}}
'''Rampurhat''' is a [[city]] in the [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] district of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It serves as the administrative headquarters of [[Rampurhat subdivision|Rampurhat]], the most populous subdivision in the Birbhum district. The city is known for its religious significance, its markets, and the area's natural environment. Rampurhat, located near the [[West Bengal]]–[[Jharkhand]] border, enjoys excellent connectivity with [[National Highway 14]] passing through the city and [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat Railway Junction]] being one of the busiest in eastern India.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|15|0|N|87|50|0|E}}| float=left|caption=Cities and towns in Rampurhat subdivision of Birbhum district. M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly.
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|25|20|N|87|51|27|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Murarai | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Murarai]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|33|25|N|87|51|54|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Ambhua | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Ambhua]] (CT)|
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|33|43|N|87|48|44|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Barua Gopalpur| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Barua Gopalpur]] (CT)|
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|27|45|N|87|55|30|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Kashimnagar| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Kashimnagar]] (CT)|
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|7|20|N|87|53|25|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Bishnupur| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Bishnupur, Birbhum]] (CT)|
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|4|45|N|87|44|50|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Fatehpur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Fatehpur, Birbhum]] (CT)|
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|17|38|N|87|50|20|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Nalhati | numbered7=M| mark-title7= [[Nalhati]] (M)|label-color7=#800000
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|11|10|N|87|46|38|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Rampurhat | numbered8=M| mark-title8= Rampurhat (M)|shape-color8=black| label-size8=13|label-color8=black 
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|59|37|N|87|45|53|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Mayureswar| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Mayureswar]] (R)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|8|45|N|87|50|32|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Margram| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Margram]] (R)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|6|30|N|87|47|50|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Tarapith| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Tarapith]] (R)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|4|42|N|87|42|46|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Mallarpur| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Mallarpur]] (R)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|25|35|N|87|54|40|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Paikar| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Paikar]] (R)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|18|44|N|87|57|44|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Lohapur| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Lohapur]] (R)|shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|57|49|N|87|44|45|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Kotasur| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Kotasur]] (R)|shape-color15=#A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|12|5|N|87|52|56|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Hansan| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Hansan, Birbhum]] (R)|shape-color16=#A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|3|0|N|87|50|52|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Ekachakra| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Ekachakra]] (R)|shape-color17=#A40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|56|18|N|87|50|6|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Lokpara| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Lokpara]] (R)|shape-color18=#A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|3|15|N|87|41|43|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Madian| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Madian, Birbhum]] (R)|shape-color19=#A40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|8|50|N|87|52|49|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Basoa| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Basoa]] (R)|shape-color20=#A40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|11|50|N|87|43|30|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Chakmandala| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Chakmandala]] (R)|shape-color21=#A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|55|0|N|87|47|45|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Satpalsa| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Satpalsa]] (R)|shape-color22=#A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23.8982|87.8249}}| label23=Mayurakshi River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23= 0| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|24.2475|87.7596}}| label24=Brahmani River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=-10| label-pos24=right| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|mark-coord25={{coord|24.5118|87.6521}}| label25=Bansloi River| label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25= 10| label-pos25=right| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none
|mark-coord26={{coord|24.0046|87.4722}}| label26=Dwaraka River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26= 0| label-pos26=right| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|32|5|N|87|49|20|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Rajgram| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Rajgram, West Bengal|Rajgram]] (R)|shape-color27=#A40000
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|16|0|N|87|31|0|E}}|arc-textA= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-120| arc-gapA=5.5| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Rampurhat is located at 24.17 North and 87.78 East.<ref>[http://rathnasree.htmlplanet.com/r1.pdf Coordinates]</ref>

===Police station===
Rampurhat police station has jurisdiction over Rampurhat municipality and [[Rampurhat I]] CD Block.<ref name=handbook2008>{{cite web| url = http://birbhum.nic.in/dept/BAES_DIST_STAT_BK_2008.pdf |title = District Statistical Handbook 2008, Birbhum |work = Table 2.1 | publisher= Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://birbhumpolice.org/policestation.php | title = Birbhum Police | work = Police Stations | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 30 January 2018 | archive-date = 12 February 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180212131641/http://birbhumpolice.org/policestation.php | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Rampurhat I CD block are located at Rampurhat.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1908_PART_B_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Birbhum, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of Birbhum with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 February 2018 }}</ref>

===Overview===
The northern portion of Rampurhat subdivision (shown in the map alongside) is part of the Nalhati Plains, a sub-micro physiographic region, and the southern portion is part of the Brahmani-Mayurakshi Basin, another sub-micro physiographic region occupying the area between the [[Brahmani River (Birbhum)|Brahmani]] in the north and the [[Mayurakshi River|Mayurakshi]] in the south. There is an occasional intrusion of [[Rajmahal Hills]], from adjoining [[Santhal Pargana division|Santhal Parganas]], towards the north-western part of the subdivision. On the western side is Santhal Parganas and the border between West Bengal and Jharkhand can be seen in the map. Murshidabad district is on the eastern side. A small portion of the [[Padma River]] and the border with Bangladesh (thick line) can be seen in the north-eastern corner of the map.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 15: Physiography | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 30 January 2018}}</ref> 96.62% of the population of Rampurhat subdivision live in the rural areas and 3.38% live in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census - Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 30 January 2018 }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==

As of the 2011 census Rampurhat had a total population of 57,833, of whom 29,611 were male and 28,222 were female. The literacy rate in Rampurhat city stands at 85.71%, surpassing the state average of 76.26%. Among its residents, the male literacy rate is approximately 90.36%, while the female literacy rate is 80.86%. Scheduled Castes (SC) are 23.69% of the population, and Scheduled Tribes (ST) are 1.95%.<ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=358378|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref>
{{bar box
|title=''Religions in Rampurhat''<ref name="https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801665-rampurhat-west-bengal.html"/>
|titlebar=#28457D
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindu]]|orange|77.83}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|green|21.56}}
{{bar percent|[[Christian]]|blue|0.35}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.27}}
}}

==Economics==
Rampurhat, with "hat" signifying a marketplace, serves as a central hub for local trade and commerce in the region. The principal economic activities are outlined as follows:

'''Stone quarries and crushing industries'''

The city is known for its stone quarries and crushing industries, which are vital to the local economy by supplying construction materials and providing jobs, especially for workers in the unorganized sector. This industrial belt employs people from [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] District and [[Santhal Pargana division|Santhal Pargana]], with around 350 crushers operating in the area. It plays a key role in supplying stone chips throughout [[West Bengal]]. Despite its economic benefits, these industries pose environmental concerns, including air pollution and health risks such as Silicosis for workers. On a positive note, the office of the Assistant Labour Commissioner in Rampurhat plays a key role in protecting the legal rights of workers, particularly those in the unorganized sector in stone quarries and crushing industries.

'''Industrial Park '''

An industrial park for light industries is planned at Barsal mouza, located along NH-14, within the Rampurhat Urban Node. This project is proposed under Phase I of the [[Tarapith Rampurhat Development Authority|TRDA]]’s development plan.

'''Agriculture and livestock'''

Agriculture drives the local economy, with rice, wheat, mustard, and vegetables as the primary crops. Seasonal farming and livestock activities play a significant role in supporting the livelihoods of the rural community. Livestock farming, including the rearing of cattle, goats, and poultry, contributes to both income and the overall economy of the area.

'''Banking'''

The city has several nationalized and private banks to support economic growth, including State Bank of India, Union Bank, and Central Bank of India. The Birbhum District Cooperative Bank Ltd. is the oldest bank and plays a role in the success story of the city.

The healthcare sector and tourism also represent key economic drivers in the region.

==Tourism==

Rampurhat is mainly known for its historical significance, being a major center of several ancient temples, making it a popular destination for tourists and history. Hundreds of hotels were established there for people with religious interest.

* [[Tarapith]] is a tourist and pilgrimage destination in West Bengal, attracting a steady stream of devotees throughout the year. Visitors come not only from the state but also from neighboring regions like Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, and Assam. Located 9 km from [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat Railway Station]], Tarapith is home to the Maa Tara Temple, a prominent Tantric shrine dedicated to the goddess Tara. This temple holds special significance as one of the 52 Shakti Peethas in India.Tarapith is also closely associated with the revered Tantric saint [[Bamakhepa]], who worshipped at the temple and spent much of his time in the nearby [[Shmashana|cremation grounds]]. His [[ashram]], situated on the banks of the Dwarka River, is another spiritual landmark close to the temple. The Tarapith Maha Smashan, a sacred cremation ground near the temple, is famous for its Tantric rituals. A pink-colored temple dedicated to Saint Bamakhepa stands near the Maa Tara Temple. The area is steeped in ancient legends, including the belief that the third eye of Sati fell here, adding to its spiritual significance.
* [[Ekachakra|Ekchakra]] Dham, situated in Birchandrapur, lies 20 km from Rampurhat Railway Station and 10 km from Tarapith, and holds great spiritual and historical importance. It is the birthplace of [[Nityananda]] Rama, a prominent figure in the [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]] tradition and a devoted disciple and companion of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]. Born in 1474 CE, Nityananda is venerated alongside Chaitanya Mahaprabhu as Gaura-Nitai, especially at [[Nabadwip|Nabadwip Dham]]. The Dham is also known for attractions like Mala Tala, Hantugada Tirtha, Pandava Tala, and Bankima Raya Mandira. According to Hindu tradition, Ekchakra Dham is believed to have been a resting place for the five [[Pandava]]s during their exile, adding a mythological dimension to its spiritual importance.

'''[https://wbtdcl.wbtourismgov.in/property-details/5b15186a2926714bfbcbf5a7e56ac8d48ed3eff662ab036bb6c1fb1ae21f7bb107ed9fb3269d1d6a514629060c373d5c311bb2a1283a26b068b057a5e632837etNvVvMxYOiMghGS85GWkSOZyPG%2BuGO5uwqMnG1tFWrE%3D Tarabitan Tourism Property]''', situated in Rampurhat near the Circuit House, is a premier 3-star tourist lodge managed by the West Bengal Tourism Development Corporation ([[West Bengal Tourism Development Corporation|WBTDCL]]) under the Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal. It is involved in promoting tourism in the city.

Rampurhat New Town, Rangamati Park and Gandhi Park is another popular local attraction, providing a recreational area especially for children.

==Civic administration==

The Rampurhat Municipality is responsible for managing all the civic services in the city, ensuring smooth functioning and maintenance. It is structured into 18 distinct wards, each playing a role in organizing and addressing local needs and concerns within the city. The [[Tarapith Rampurhat Development Authority]] is a government agency functioning under the Department of Urban Development & Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal. Its mission is to improve the quality of life in the city by introducing modern facilities and upgrading the infrastructure for the benefit of the residents.

==Education==

=== Medical Colleges ===
*[[Rampurhat Government Medical College and Hospital]]
*Government College of Nursing, RPHGMCH

=== General Colleges ===
*[[Rampurhat College]] (Affiliated to [[University of Burdwan|Burdwan University]])
*Asleha Girls College

=== Engineering / Management / Polytechnic ===
*[[Rampurhat Government Polytechnic]]

=== Teachers Training Centre ===
*Gurukul Teachers Training Centre
*Rampurhat Teachers Training College

===State Government High Schools===
* Rampurhat Jitendralal Vidyabhaban (named "Best School" in 2020, estd. 1955)
* Rampurhat High School (oldest school of Rampurhat, estd. 1886)
* Rampurhat Girls' High School (estd. 1900)
* Rampurhat High School for Girls
* Rampurhat Railway Adarsha Vidyamandir
*Hazi Moulabaksh High Madrasah

===Private Schools===
* St. Paul's School, Rampurhat (ICSE & ISC affiliated)
* [[Delhi Public School Society|Delhi Public School, Rampurhat]] (CBSE affiliated)
* [[The Heritage Academy, Kolkata|The Heritage School]] (CBSE affiliated)
* St.Xavier's World Public School (CBSE affiliated)
* [[St. Paul's School (New Hampshire)|St Pauls International School]] (CBSE affiliated)
* Gurukul Public School (CBSE affiliated)<ref>{{Cite web |url-status=live |archive-date=Feb 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206051217/https://gurukulps.in/ |title=Gurukul Public School |website=gurukulps.in |language=en |access-date=15 August 2023 |url=https://gurukulps.in/}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
[[Rampurhat Government Medical College and Hospital]] (RPHGMCH) is the only and largest tertiary referral government medical institution in [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] district. It was upgraded from Rampurhat District Hospital in 2018. The facility features 21 departments and accommodates 626 beds. A 150-bed Mother and Child Hub is currently under construction at the hospital. The Nabarun Urban Health Centre, located at Gandhi Park, provides healthcare services to the residents of Rampurhat city.

The city has many private nursing homes and diagnostic centers, making it an important healthcare hub for the district and the [[Santhal Pargana division|Santhal Pargana]] region.
{| class="wikitable"
!Category
!Block
!Hospital Name
!Post Office
!Beds
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centre]]
| rowspan="4" |Rampurhat-I
|Kastagora PHC
|Kastagora
|6
|-
|Baidara PHC
|[[Haridaspur, Birbhum|Haridaspur]]
|10
|-
|Udaypur PHC
|Dekhuria
|6
|-
|Narayanpur PHC
|Narayanpur
|10
|-
| rowspan="3" |Rampurhat-II
|Tarapur PHC
|Tarapur
|6
|-
|[[Margram]] PHC
|[[Margram]]
|10
|-
|[[Dunigram]] PHC
|[[Dunigram]]
|6
|-
|Block Primary Health Centre
|Rampurhat-I
|[[Chakmandala]] BPHC
|[[Chakmandala]]
|15
|-
|Rural Hospital
|Rampurhat-II
|[[Basoa|Baswa]] RH
|[[Basoa|Baswa]]
|30
|-
|Urban Primary Health Centre
| -
|Nabarun UPHC (Near Gandhi Park)
|[[Rampurhat]]
|30
|-
|Govt. Medical College & Hospital
| -
|[[Rampurhat Government Medical College and Hospital|'''Rampurhat Government Medical College and Hospital (RPHGMCH)''']]
|[[Rampurhat]]
|626
|-
|Veterinary Hospital
| -
|Rampurhat Veterinary Hospital (at Dakbangla Para)
|[[Rampurhat]]
| -
|}

==Culture==

Rampurhat has a rich tradition of cultural activities, including fairs , circuses and entertainment events for which it is referred to as the '''“Entertainment Hub of Birbhum”'''.A number of schools teach music, dance, recitation and drama. Every year during Dol Utsab, a big programme is arranged at Netaji Subhas Muktomancha, involving multiple cultural performance groups. Rabindra Jayanti is celebrated in the town participated by many cultural groups from different localities. During Saraswati Puja, cultural programmes are organized in the schools. The local tribal people, mostly Santhals, frequently arrange for programmes representing their cultural aspects.

==Food==
Rampurhat is celebrated for its signature dessert, [[ras malai]], known for its rich, creamy texture and delightful taste. Over time, it has earned a special place in the culinary traditions of the region, gaining popularity and recognition throughout the state.

==Transport==
{{Main|Rampurhat Junction railway station}}
{{Main|National Highway 14 (India)}}
{{Main|National Highway 114A (India)}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Mode of Transport
!
!Details
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''Roadway'''
|[[South Bengal State Transport Corporation|SBSTC Bus Depot]]
|The city enjoys excellent connectivity through major [[National highways of India|national highways]], including [[National Highway 14 (India)|NH 14]] and [[National Highway 114A (India)|NH 114A]]. There is a [[South Bengal State Transport Corporation]] ([[South Bengal State Transport Corporation|SBSTC]]) bus depot in the city, providing daily government-run bus services to major destinations across [[West Bengal]]. The journey from Rampurhat to [[Kolkata]] ([[Esplanade]]), via [[Tarapith]], Kuli, Futisanko, and [[Bardhaman|Burdwan]], takes around 4.5 to 5 hours.These services provide seamless connectivity from Rampurhat to numerous key locations, such as [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]], [[Karunamoyee metro station|Karunamoyee]], [[Siliguri]], [[Asansol]], [[Durgapur]], [[Balurghat]], [[Berhampore]], [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]], [[Raiganj]], [[Lalgola]], [[Bankura]], [[Purulia]], [[Arambagh]], [[Dankuni]], [[Haldia]], [[Jhargram]], [[Falta, South 24 Parganas|Falta]], [[Barasat]], [[Garia]], [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], [[Habra]], and several other important destinations. Lotus Press More Bus Stand serves as a key stop for all long-route [[South Bengal State Transport Corporation|SBSTC]], NBSTC & [[West Bengal Transport Corporation|WBTC]] buses, ensuring convenient access to the city.
|-
|Rampurhat New Bus Stand & Terminus
|It is located adjacent to the [[South Bengal State Transport Corporation|SBSTC]] Depot, serves as a vital hub connecting various parts of the [[Rampurhat subdivision]], including [[Rajgram, West Bengal|Rajgram]], [[Jajigram]], [[Lohapur]], [[Nalhati]] and [[Murarai]]. It also facilitates travel to other major cities/towns within the region, such as [[Suri Sadar subdivision|Siuri]], [[Asansol]], [[Durgapur]], [[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]], [[Jangipur, Murshidabad|Jangipur]], [[Berhampore]], [[Katwa]], and [[Nabadwip]]. It is operated by private bus owners.
|-
|Inter-State Bus Terminus
|It is located near Choi phuko at [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat Junction]]. The terminal offers hourly bus services throughout the day to destinations such as [[Shikaripara, Dumka|Sikaripara]], [[Dumka]], [[Deoghar]] and [[Jasidih]]. It plays a vital role in improving railway accessibility for the [[Santhal Pargana division|Santhal Parganas]] region. Private bus operators manage its operations.
|-
|Rickshaws
|E-rickshaws (toto) are a convenient and popular option for traveling around different parts of the city, and paddle rickshaws are also available for those who prefer them. Auto rickshaws are also available, primarily serving as transportation to popular tourist spots such as [[Tarapith]].
|-
|'''Railway'''
| colspan="2" |Rampurhat Junction railway station is the seventh busiest railway stations of [[Eastern Railway zone]] and it is the largest and busiest railway station of [[Birbhum]] district of [[West Bengal]]. It is a NSG-3 Category and Class A station. The station is under [[Howrah railway division]] is the third busiest station in this division. It is 207 kilometres (shortest route) away from [[Howrah railway station|Howrah Junction]]. Many mail, express, superfast, passenger and MEMU trains pass through and originate from the [[Rampurhat Junction railway station]]. Train service are available from Rampurhat to Kolkata, Chennai, Coimbatore, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, New Jalpaiguri, Agartala, Guwahati, Delhi, Surat, Dhanbad, Patna, Ranchi, Visakhapatnam, Thiruvananthapuram, Bhubaneswar, Ernakulam etc. The junction connects Rampurhat with [[Jasidih–Dumka–Rampurhat line|Dumka - Deoghar - Jasidih]].
|-
|'''Airway'''
| colspan="2" |Rampurhat Helipad was constructed to provide helicopter services and promote tourism in the area. [[Indian Air Force]]'s Rampurhat Airbase Station is situated at Surichua near the [[Jharkhand]] - [[West Bengal|Bengal]] border of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAF plans to make Birbhum aerodrome permanent base |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/iaf-plans-to-make-birbhum-aerodrome-permanent-base/cid/1792130}}</ref> It is administered by the [[Ministry of defence|Ministry of Defense]] under the [[Government of India]]. This airbase is being included under the '''[https://www.civilaviation.gov.in/sites/default/files/migration/RCS-V4.pdf UDAN RCS 4.0]''' scheme to operate as a public and commercial airport, enabling regular public transportation services.The nearest domestic airport is [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport]], 87 km away, while [[Deoghar Airport]] is 135 km from the city. The [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Airport]] in [[Kolkata]] is the closest airport for international travel.
|}

==New Infrastructure - Ring Road==
To enhance intra-regional mobility in Rampurhat city, plans have been made for the development of a '''[[Ring road|Ring Road]]''' encircling the Rampurhat urban node, stretching from Barsal mouza in the south to Batail mouza in the north, designed to bypass regional traffic along the [[National Highway 14 (India)|Kharagpur–Morgram Highway]]. As part of this initiative, a bypass road is also proposed from Barsal mouza to Nischintapur in the west to ease congestion and divert traffic from [[National Highway 114A (India)|Dumka Road]]. A new road from Batail mouza to Dumka Road ( Suricua Air Base) through Boro Pharai, Chakaipur and Kusumba has also been constructed as part of the proposed ring road plan. All roads included in this [https://wbtrda.org/planning/ludcp/LUDCP%20Report_TRDA%20Final.pdf ring road project] are planned to have a uniform width of 30 metres.

==Post office==
Rampurhat has a delivery head post office, with PIN 731224. Non-delivery sub offices with the same PIN are Mahajanpatty PO, Nischintapur PO and Railpar Birbhum PO.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/birbhum/birbhum/lohapur | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180202130621/http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/birbhum/birbhum/lohapur | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 2 February 2018 | title = Birbhum Postal Zip Code Finder by Post Office | publisher = pincodezip.in |access-date = 1 February 2018}}</ref>

The post office offers banking services along with an ATM. It also functions as a [[Post Office Passport Seva Kendra|Passport Seva Kendra]].

==Notable residents==
*[[Nityananda|Nityananda Prabhu]], Religious reformer
*[[Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda]], chemist, educationist and writer.
*[[Bamakhepa]], Indian Hindu saint
*[[Purna Das Baul Samrat]], Indian musician and singer
*[[Surojit Chatterjee]], Indian Musician

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.birbhumtoday.com/|title=Birbhum TODAY|website=Birbhum TODAY|access-date=2019-02-16}}

{{Birbhum District}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Birbhum topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Birbhum district]]

East Pakistan

2026-03-21T07:39:55Z

Aurelia2406: fix formatting after review and fixed typos

{{Short description|Former provincial wing of Pakistan (1956–1971)}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = East Pakistan
| native_name = {{native name|bn|পূর্ব পাকিস্তান}} {{native name|ur|{{nq|مشرقی پاکستان}}}}
| common_name = East Pakistan
| status = [[Administrative units of Pakistan|Administrative unit]] of [[Pakistan]]
| flag_p1 =
| p1 = East Bengal
| s1 = Provisional Government of Bangladesh
| flag_s1 = Flag of Bangladesh (1971).svg
| anthem = [[Torana-i-Pakistan]]
| image_map = East Pakistan (orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption = Location of Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) in green and present-day Pakistan (then the Western wing of Pakistan) in light green
| flag_type_article =
| image_coat = File:Emblem of East Pakistan (1970–1971) (Green version).svg
| symbol = Emblem of East Pakistan
| symbol_type = Emblem
| capital = [[Dacca]]
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = {{Hlist|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|[[English language|English]]}}
| languages_type = Native languages
| languages = {{Hlist|[[Chakma language|Chakma]]|[[Kokborok|Tripuri]]|[[Rakhine language|Marma]]|[[Tanchangya language|Tanchangya]]}}
| religion =
| demonym = {{Hlist|Bengali|East Pakistani|Pakistani}}
| government_type = [[Autonomy|Self-governing wing]] subject to the [[Government of Pakistan|federal government]]
| legislature = [[Provincial Assembly of East Pakistan|Provincial Assembly]]
| area_km2 = 148460
| population_census = 44,251,826<ref name="bangla"/>
| population_census_year = 1951
| title_leader = [[Chief minister (Pakistan)|Chief Ministers]]
| leader1 = [[Abu Hussain Sarkar]]
| year_leader1 = 1955–1956, 1958
| leader2 = [[Ataur Rahman Khan]]
| year_leader2 = 1956–1958, 1958
| title_representative = [[Governor (Pakistan)|Governors]]
| representative1 = [[Amiruddin Ahmad]]
| year_representative1 = 1955–1956
| representative2 = [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]
| year_representative2 = 1956–1958
| representative3 = [[Zakir Husain (governor)|Zakir Husain]]
| year_representative3 = 1958–1960
| representative4 = [[Ghulam Faruque Khan]]
| year_representative4 = 1962
| representative5 = [[Abdul Motaleb Malik]]
| year_representative5 = 1971
| title_deputy = Administratora
| deputy1 = Azam Khan
| year_deputy1 = 1960–1962
| deputy2 = [[Abdul Monem Khan]]
| year_deputy2 = 1962–1969
| deputy3 = [[Mirza Nurul Huda]]
| year_deputy3 = 1969
| deputy4 = Lt. Gen. [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan]], [[Pakistan Army|PA]]
| year_deputy4 = 1969, 1971
| deputy5 = [[Vice admiral (Pakistan)|VADM]], [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan]], [[Pakistan Navy|PN]]
| year_deputy5 = 1969–1971
| deputy6 = Lt Gen, [[Tikka Khan]], PA
| year_deputy6 = 1971
| deputy7 = Lt Gen, [[A. A. K. Niazi]], PA
| year_deputy7 = 1971
| date_start = 29 February
| event1 = [[Legal Framework Order, 1970|Legal Framework Order]]
| date_event1 = 1 July 1970
| year_start = 1956
| event_start = [[One Unit Scheme|Establishment]]
| date_end = 16 December
| year_end = 1971
| event_end = [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|Disestablished]]
| currency = [[Pakistani rupee]]
| time_zone = [[UTC+06:00]]
| today = [[Bangladesh]]{{efn|See territorial exchanges between Bangladesh and India ([[India–Bangladesh enclaves]]).}}
}}
{{History of Bangladesh}}
{{Former administrative units of Pakistan}}
'''East Pakistan'''{{efn|{{ublist|{{langx|bn|পূর্ব পাকিস্তান|Purbô Pakistan|engvar=in}}, {{IPA|bn|ˈpuɾboˑ ˈpakistan|pron}}|
{{langx|ur|مشرقی پاکستان|Maśriqī Pākistān|engvar=in}}, {{IPA|ur|məʃɾɪqiː paːkɪstaːn|pron}}}}}} was the eastern province of [[Pakistan]] between 1956 and 1971, restructured and renamed from the province of [[East Bengal]] and covering the territory of the modern country of [[Bangladesh]]. Its land borders were with India and [[Burma]], with a coastline on the [[Bay of Bengal]]. To distinguish this region from India's state [[West Bengal]] (which is also known as "Indian Bengal"), East Pakistan was known as "Pakistani Bengal". East Pakistanis were popularly known as "Pakistani Bengalis". In 1971, East Pakistan became the newly independent state Bangladesh, which means "country of [[Bengal]]" or "country of [[Bengalis]]" or "land of [[Bengalis]]" in the [[Bengali language]].

East Pakistan was formed with [[West Pakistan]] at the reorganisation of [[One Unit Scheme]] orchestrated by the 3rd prime minister of Pakistan, [[Mohammad Ali of Bogra|Mohammad Ali]]. The [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956]] replaced the [[Pakistani monarchy]] with an [[Islamic republic]]. Bengali politician [[H.S. Suhrawardy]] served as the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] between 1956 and 1957 and a Bengali bureaucrat [[Iskander Mirza]] became the first [[President of Pakistan]]. The [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état]] brought general [[Ayub Khan]] to power. Khan replaced Mirza as president and launched a crackdown against pro-democracy leaders. Khan enacted the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1962]] which ended universal suffrage. By 1966, [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] emerged as the preeminent opposition leader in Pakistan and launched the [[Six point movement|six-point movement]] for autonomy and democracy. The [[1969 uprising in East Pakistan]] contributed to Ayub Khan's overthrow. Another general, [[Yahya Khan]], usurped the presidency and enacted [[martial law]]. In 1970, Yahya Khan organised [[1970 Pakistani general election|Pakistan's first federal general election]]. The [[Awami League]] emerged as the single largest party, followed by the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]. The military junta stalled in accepting the results, leading to civil disobedience, the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], [[1971 Bangladesh genocide]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1359141 |title=Special report: The Breakup of Pakistan 1969-1971 |date=23 September 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |location=[[Pakistan]] |access-date=16 December 2017 |archive-date=16 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216060125/https://www.dawn.com/news/1359141 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh|persecution of Biharis]].

The [[East Pakistan Provincial Assembly]] was the legislative body of the territory, it was the largest provincial legislature in Pakistan and elections were held only twice in 1954 and 1970. During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, most Bengali members elected to the Pakistani National Assembly and the East Pakistani provincial assembly became members of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh.

Due to the strategic importance of East Pakistan, the Pakistani union was a member of the [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]]. The economy of East Pakistan grew at an average of 2.6% between 1960 and 1965. The federal government invested more funds and foreign aid in West Pakistan, even though East Pakistan generated a major share of exports. However, President Ayub Khan did implement significant industrialisation in East Pakistan. The [[Kaptai Dam]] was built in 1965, and the [[Eastern Refinery]] was established in [[Chittagong]]. [[Dacca]] was declared as the ''second capital'' of Pakistan and planned as the home of the national parliament. The government recruited American architect [[Louis Kahn]] to design the national assembly complex in [[Dhaka|Dacca]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://architectuul.com/architecture/national-assembly-building-of-bangladesh|title=National Assembly Building of Bangladesh|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007030617/https://architectuul.com/architecture/national-assembly-building-of-bangladesh|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of East Pakistan}}

===One Unit and Islamic Republic===
[[File:HSS and Eisenhower.jpg|thumb|Suhrawardy (middle) with US President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] and Secretary of State [[John Foster Dulles]]]]

In 1955, Prime Minister [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]] implemented the [[One Unit]] scheme which merged the four western provinces into a single unit called West Pakistan by the Establishment of West Pakistan Act, 1955 while East Bengal was renamed as East Pakistan by the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|1956 Constitution of Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan - Political decline and bureaucratic ascendancy |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan/Political-decline-and-bureaucratic-ascendancy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107105103/https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan/Political-decline-and-bureaucratic-ascendancy |archive-date=7 November 2018 |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref>

Pakistan ended its dominion status and adopted a [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|republican constitution]] in 1956, which proclaimed an Islamic republic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2024 |title=PARLIAMENTARY HISTORY |url=https://na.gov.pk/en/content.php?id=75 |access-date=29 August 2024 |website=National Assembly of Pakistan}}</ref> The populist leader [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|H. S. Suhrawardy]] of East Pakistan was appointed prime minister of Pakistan. As soon as he became the prime minister, Suhrawardy initiated legal work reviving the joint electorate system. There was strong opposition and resentment to the joint electorate system in West Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rais |first=Rasul |date=2024 |title=Religious Radicalism and Security in South Asia |url=https://dkiapcss.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/PagesfromReligiousRadicalismandSecurityinSouthAsiach19.pdf |access-date=29 August 2024 |website=Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies}}</ref> The Muslim League had taken the cause to the public and began calling for the implementation of a separate electorate system. In contrast to West Pakistan, the joint electorate was highly popular in East Pakistan. The tug of war with the Muslim League to establish the appropriate electorate caused problems for his government.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maksud |first1=Syed Abul |title=THE PIONEER OF DEMOCRACY |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/the-pioneer-democracy-139390 |access-date=27 December 2025 |work=The Daily Star |date=8 September 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

The constitutionally obliged National Finance Commission Program (NFC Program) was immediately suspended by Prime Minister Suhrawardy despite the reserves of the four provinces of West Pakistan in 1956. Suhrawardy advocated for the USSR-based Five-Year Plans to centralise the national economy. In this view, East Pakistan's economy would be quickly centralised and all major economic planning would be shifted to West Pakistan.{{Citation needed|date= February 2022}}

Efforts leading to centralising the economy were met with great resistance in West Pakistan when the elite monopolist and the business community angrily refused to adhere to his policies.{{Citation needed|date= February 2022}} The business community in Karachi began its political struggle to undermine any attempts of financial distribution of the US$10 million ICA aid to the better part of East Pakistan and to set up a consolidated national shipping corporation. In the financial cities of West Pakistan, such as [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Quetta]], and [[Peshawar]], a series of major labour strikes against the economic policies of Suhrawardy were supported by the elite business community and the private sector.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dr Rajkumar |date=2020-01-10 |title=Sea of difference between East and West Pakistan |url=https://thekootneeti.in/2020/01/10/sea-of-difference-between-east-and-west-pakistan-op-ed-dr-rajkumar-singh/ |access-date=2022-04-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815060446/https://thekootneeti.in/2020/01/10/sea-of-difference-between-east-and-west-pakistan-op-ed-dr-rajkumar-singh/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Furthermore, in order to divert attention from the controversial One Unit Program, Prime Minister Suhrawardy tried to end the crisis by calling a small group of investors to set up small businesses in the country. Despite many initiatives and holding off the NFC Award Program, Suhrawardy's political position and image deteriorated in the four provinces in West Pakistan. Many nationalist leaders and activists of the Muslim League were dismayed by the suspension of the constitutionally obliged NFC Program. His critics and Muslim League leaders observed that with the suspension of the NFC Award Program, Suhrawardy tried to give more financial allocations, aids, grants, and opportunities to East Pakistan than West Pakistan, including West Pakistan's four provinces. During the last days of his Prime ministerial years, Suhrawardy tried to remove the economic disparity between the Eastern and Western wings of the country but to no avail. He also tried unsuccessfully to alleviate the food shortage in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=1 July 2003 |title=H. S. Suhrawardy Becomes Prime Minister |url=https://storyofpakistan.com/h-s-suhrawardy-becomes-prime-minister/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=[[Story Of Pakistan]] |language=en-US |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127180629/https://storyofpakistan.com/h-s-suhrawardy-becomes-prime-minister/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Suhrawardy strengthened relations with the United States by reinforcing Pakistani membership in the [[Central Treaty Organization]] and the [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]]. Suhrawardy also promoted relations with the [[China|People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955–1957, China, Volume III - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v03/d220 |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=history.state.gov |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127180430/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v03/d220 |url-status=live }}</ref>

His contribution in formulating the 1956 constitution of Pakistan was substantial as he played a vital role in incorporating provisions for civil liberties and universal adult franchise in line with his adherence to the parliamentary form of liberal democracy.{{Citation needed|date= February 2022}}

===Era of Ayub Khan===
[[File:Queenelizabeth-chittagongG1.jpg|thumb|[[Elizabeth II]], seen here visiting Chittagong in 1961, was Pakistan's Queen until 1956.]]

In 1958, President [[Iskandar Mirza]] enacted martial law as part of a [[1958 Pakistani military coup|military coup]] by the [[Pakistan Army]]'s chief [[Ayub Khan]]. Roughly after two weeks, President Mirza's relations with Pakistan Armed Forces deteriorated leading Army Commander General Ayub Khan relieving the president from his presidency and forcefully exiling President Mirza to the United Kingdom. General Ayub Khan justified his actions after appearing on national radio declaring that: "the armed forces and the people demanded a clean break with the past...". Until 1962, the martial law continued while Field Marshal Ayub Khan purged a number of politicians and civil servants from the government and replaced them with military officers. Ayub called his regime a "revolution to clean up the mess of black marketing and corruption". Khan replaced Mirza as president and became the country's [[Strongman (politics)|strongman]] for eleven years. Martial law continued until 1962 when the government of Field Marshal Ayub Khan commissioned a constitutional bench under Chief Justice of Pakistan Muhammad Shahabuddin, composed of ten senior justices, each five from East Pakistan and five from West Pakistan. On 6 May 1961, the commission sent its draft to President Ayub Khan. He thoroughly examined the draft while consulting with his cabinet.

In January 1962, the cabinet finally approved the text of the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1962|new constitution]], promulgated by President Ayub Khan on 1 March 1962, which came into effect on 8 June 1962. Under the 1962 constitution, Pakistan became a [[presidential republic]]. [[Universal suffrage]] was abolished in favour of a system dubbed 'Basic Democracy'. Under the system, an [[Electoral College (Pakistan)|electoral college]] would be responsible for electing the president and national assembly. The 1962 constitution created a gubernatorial system in West and East Pakistan. Each province ran its own separate provincial gubernatorial governments. The constitution defined a division of powers between the central government and the provinces. [[Fatima Jinnah]] received strong support in East Pakistan during her failed bid to unseat Ayub Khan in the [[1965 Pakistani presidential election|1965 presidential election]].

[[Dhaka|Dacca]] was declared as the ''second capital'' of Pakistan in 1962. It was designated as the legislative capital and [[Louis Kahn]] was tasked with designing a [[Jatiya Sangsad|national assembly complex]]. Dacca's population increased in the 1960s. Seven natural gas fields were tapped in the province. The petroleum industry developed as the Eastern Refinery was established in the port city of Chittagong.

===Six Points===
[[File:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Announcing 6 Points At Lahore.jpg|thumb|[[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] announcing the Six Points]]

In 1966, [[Awami League]] leader [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] announced the [[Six point movement|six-point movement]] in [[Lahore]]. The movement demanded greater provincial autonomy and the restoration of democracy in Pakistan. Mujib-ur-Rahman was indicted for [[treason]] during the [[Agartala Conspiracy Case]] after launching the six-point movement. He was later released in the [[1969 uprising in East Pakistan]]. Ayub Khan resigned in March 1969. Below includes the historical six points:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=All you need to know about the Six-Point Movement in East Pakistan |url=https://cri.org.bd/2021/06/16/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-six-point-movement-in-east-pakistan/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Centre for Research and Information |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{blockquote|
* The Constitution should provide for a Federation of Pakistan in its true sense based on the [[Lahore Resolution]], and the parliamentary form of government with supremacy of a Legislature directly elected on the basis of universal adult franchise.
* The federal government should deal with only two subjects: Defence and Foreign Affairs, and all other residual subjects should be vested in the federating states.
* Two separate, but freely convertible currencies for two wings should be introduced; or if this is not feasible, there should be one currency for the whole country, but effective constitutional provisions should be introduced to stop the flight of capital from East to West Pakistan. Furthermore, a separate Banking Reserve should be established and separate fiscal and monetary policy be adopted for East Pakistan.
* The power of taxation and revenue collection should be vested in the federating units and the federal centre would have no such power. The federation would be entitled to a share in the state taxes to meet its expenditures.
* There should be two separate accounts for the foreign exchange earnings of the two wings; the foreign exchange requirements of the federal government should be met by the two wings equally or in a ratio to be fixed; indigenous products should move free of duty between the two wings, and the constitution should empower the units to establish trade links with foreign countries.
* East Pakistan should have a separate military or paramilitary force, and Navy headquarters should be in East Pakistan.}}

===Final years===
[[File:1971 Instrument of Surrender WaPo.jpg|thumb|Surrender of Pakistan in December 1971]]
Muhammad Ayub Khan was replaced by general [[Yahya Khan]] who became the [[Chief Martial Law Administrator]]. Khan organised the [[1970 Pakistani general election]]. The [[1970 Bhola cyclone]] was one of the deadliest natural disasters of the 20th century. The cyclone claimed half a million lives. The disastrous effects of the cyclone caused huge resentment against the federal government. After a decade of military rule, East Pakistan was a hotbed of [[Bengali nationalism]]. There were open calls for [[self-determination]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=1971: Bangladesh's "Liberation War" |url=https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2022-01-18/1971-bangladeshs-liberation-war |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=Workers' Liberty |date= 18 January 2022 |first1=Sacha |last1=Ismail |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url= https://archive.today/20240624235239/https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2022-01-18/1971-bangladeshs-liberation-war |archive-date= 24 June 2024 }}</ref>

When the federal general election was held, the Awami League emerged as the single largest party in the Pakistani parliament. The League won 167 out of 169 seats in East Pakistan, thereby crossing the half way mark of 150 in the 300-seat [[National Assembly of Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Huda |first=Muhammad Nurul |date=23 June 2020 |title=71 years of Awami League |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/straight-line/news/71-years-awami-league-1918781 |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=The Daily Star |type=Opinion |language=en}}</ref> In theory, this gave the League the right to form a government under the [[Westminster]] tradition. But the League failed to win a single seat in West Pakistan, where the Pakistan Peoples Party emerged as the single largest party with 81 seats. The [[military junta]] stalled the transfer of power and conducted prolonged negotiations with the League. A [[civil disobedience]] movement erupted across East Pakistan demanding the convening of parliament. Mujib-ur- Rahman announced a struggle for independence from Pakistan during a speech on 7 March 1971 and called for a [[Non-cooperation movement (1971)|non-cooperation movement]] from the Bengali populace. Between 7–26 March, East Pakistan was virtually under the popular control of the Awami League. On Pakistan's Republic Day on 23 March 1971, the first [[flag of Bangladesh]] was hoisted in many East Pakistani households. Pakistan Army was ordered to immediately launch a crackdown on 26 March whose purpose was to curb the resistance, some of these operations include [[Operation Searchlight]]<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Operation Searchlight}}</ref> and the [[1971 Dhaka University massacre]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2023 |title=The Past has yet to Leave the Present: Genocide in Bangladesh |url=https://hir.harvard.edu/the-past-has-yet-to-leave-the-present-genocide-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=[[Harvard International Review]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 March 2022 |title='Operation Searchlight' opened gates of hell: Pakistan Major |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/operation-searchlight-opened-gates-of-hell-pakistan-major |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=en |agency=[[Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha]]}}</ref> This led to the [[Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmad |first=Mohiuddin |date=26 March 2024 |title=Our Independence Day |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/opinion/op-ed/9gismb3shd |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=en}}</ref>

As the Bangladesh Liberation War and the [[1971 Bangladesh genocide]] continued for nine months, East Pakistani military units like the [[East Bengal Regiment]] and the [[Bangladesh Rifles|East Pakistan Rifles]] defected and formed the [[Bangladesh Forces]]. The [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]] allied with neighbouring India which intervened in the final two weeks of the war and secured the [[surrender of Pakistan|surrender of Pakistan's eastern command]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2023 |title=Vijay Diwas: How India won the 1971 War in under two weeks |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/vijay-diwas-1971-war-india-pakistan-bangladesh-9070725/ |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Boissoneault |first1=Lorraine |title=The Genocide the U.S. Can't Remember, But Bangladesh Can't Forget |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/genocide-us-cant-remember-bangladesh-cant-forget-180961490/ |access-date=5 June 2024 |magazine=Smithsonian |language=en}}</ref>

====Role of the Pakistani military====
With Ayub Khan ousted from office in 1969, Commander of the Pakistani Army, [[General Yahya Khan]] became the country's second ruling chief martial law administrator. Both Bhutto and [[Shaikh Mujibur Rahman|Mujib]] strongly disliked General Khan, but patiently endured him and his government as he had promised to hold an election in 1970. During this time, strong nationalistic sentiments in East Pakistan were perceived by the Pakistani Armed Forces and the central military government. Therefore, Khan and his military government wanted to divert the nationalistic threats and violence against non-East Pakistanis. The [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan|Eastern Command]] was under constant pressure from the Awami League and requested an active-duty officer to control the command under such extreme pressure. The high [[flag rank]] officers, junior officers, and many high command officers from Pakistan's Armed Forces were highly cautious about their appointment in East-Pakistan, and the assignment of governing East Pakistan and appointment of an officer was considered highly difficult for the Pakistan High Military Command.
[[File:Yahya and Nixon.jpg|left|thumb|Third president of Pakistan, [[Yahya Khan]], with [[Richard Nixon]] in 1970]]
[[File:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 1971.jpg|thumb|[[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] in 1971]]
East Pakistan's Armed Forces, under the [[military administration]]s of Major-General [[Muzaffaruddin]] and Lieutenant-General [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan]], used an excessive amount of show of military force to curb the [[1969 uprising in East Pakistan|uprising]] in the province. With such action, the situation became highly critical and civil control over the province slipped away from the government. On 24 March, dissatisfied with the performance of his generals, Yahya Khan removed General Muzaffaruddin and General Yaqub Khan from office on 1 September 1969. The appointment of a military administrator was considered quite difficult and challenging with the crisis continually deteriorating. Vice-Admiral [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan]], [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[Pakistan Navy]], had previously served as political and military adviser of East Pakistan to former President Ayub Khan. Having such a strong background in administration, and being an expert on East Pakistan affairs, General Yahya Khan appointed Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan as [[Martial law|Martial Law Administrator]], with absolute authority in his command. He was relieved as naval chief and received an extension from the government.{{Citation needed|date= February 2022}}

The tense relations between East and West Pakistan reached a climax in 1970 when the Awami League, the largest East Pakistani political party, led by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], (Mujib), won a landslide victory in the national elections in East Pakistan. The party won 160 of the 162 seats allotted to East Pakistan, and thus a majority of the 300 seats in the Parliament. This gave the Awami League the constitutional right to form a government without forming a coalition with any other party. Khan invited Mujib to [[Rawalpindi]] to take the charge of the office, and negotiations took place between the military government and the Awami Party. Bhutto was shocked with the results and threatened his fellow [[Pakistan Peoples Party|Peoples Party]] members if they attended the inaugural session at the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]], famously saying he would "break the legs" of any member of his party who dared enter and attend the session. However, fearing East Pakistani separatism, Bhutto demanded Mujib to form a coalition government. After a secret meeting held in [[Larkana]], Mujib agreed to give Bhutto the office of the presidency with Mujib as prime minister. General Yahya Khan and his military government were kept unaware of these developments and under pressure from his own military government, refused to allow Mujib-ur-Rahman to become the prime minister of Pakistan. This increased agitation for greater autonomy in East Pakistan. The military police arrested Mujib and Bhutto and placed them in [[Adiala Jail]] in Rawalpindi. The news spread like a fire in both East and West Pakistan, and the struggle for independence began in East Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dummett |first=Mark |date=16 December 2011 |title=Bangladesh war: The article that changed history |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201 |access-date=12 June 2022 |work=BBC News |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508091712/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The senior high command officers in Pakistan Armed Forces, and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, began to pressure General Yahya Khan to take armed action against Mujib and his party. Bhutto later distanced himself from Yahya Khan after he was arrested by Military Police along with Mujib. Soon after the arrests, a high-level meeting was chaired by Yahya Khan. During the meeting, high commanders of the Pakistan Armed Forces unanimously recommended an armed and violent military action. East Pakistan's Martial Law Administrator [[Vice Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan|Admiral Ahsan]], Governor of East Pakistan, and Air Commodore [[Zafar Masud (air commodore)|Zafar Masud]], [[Air Officer Commanding]] of [[Dacca]]'s only airbase, were the only officers to object to the plans. When it became obvious that military action in East Pakistan was inevitable, Admiral Ahsan resigned from his position as martial law administrator in protest, and immediately flew back to [[Karachi]], West Pakistan. Disheartened and isolated, Admiral Ahsan took early retirement from the Navy and quietly settled in Karachi. Once [[Operation Searchlight]] and [[Operation Barisal]] commenced, Air Marshal Masud flew to West Pakistan, and unlike Admiral Ahsan, tried to stop the violence in East Pakistan. When he failed in his attempts to meet General Yahya Khan, Masud too resigned from his position as AOC of Dacca airbase and took retirement from Air Force.

Lieutenant-General Sahibzada Yaqub Khan was sent into East Pakistan in an emergency, following a major blow of the resignation of Vice Admiral Ahsan. General Yaqub temporarily assumed the control of the province, he was also made the corps-commander of [[Eastern Command (Pakistan)|Eastern Corps]]. General Yaqub mobilised the entire major forces in East Pakistan.

Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman made a declaration of independence at Dacca on 26 March 1971. All major Awami League leaders including elected leaders of the National Assembly and Provincial Assembly fled to neighbouring India and an [[Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh|exile government]] was formed headed by Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman. While he was in a Pakistan prison, [[Syed Nazrul Islam]] was the acting president with [[Tajuddin Ahmad|Tajuddin Ahmed]] as the prime minister. The exile government took oath on 17 April 1971 at Mujib Nagar, within East Pakistan territory of Kushtia district, and formally formed the government. Colonel MOG Osmani was appointed the Commander in Chief of [[Bangladesh Forces|Liberation Forces]] and whole East Pakistan was divided into eleven sectors headed by eleven sector commanders. All sector commanders were Bengali officers who had defected from the Pakistan Army. This started the nine-month long [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] in which the [[Mukti Bahini|freedom fighters]], joined in December 1971 by 400,000 [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian soldiers]], faced the [[Pakistani Armed Forces]] of 365,000 plus paramilitary and [[Razakars (Bangladesh)|collaborationist forces]]. An additional approximately 25,000 ill-equipped civilian volunteers and police forces also sided with the Pakistan Armed Forces. Bloody [[guerrilla warfare]] ensued in East Pakistan.

The Pakistan Armed Forces were unable to counter such threats. With no intel and low morale, they performed poorly and were inexperienced in guerrilla tactics, Pakistan Armed Forces and their assets were defeated by the Bangladesh Liberation Forces. In April 1971, Lieutenant-General Tikka Khan succeeded General Yaqub Khan as the Corps Commander. General Tikka Khan led the massive violent and [[massacre]] campaigns in the region. He is held responsible for killing hundreds of thousands of Bengali people in East Pakistan, mostly civilians and unarmed peoples. For his role, General Tikka Khan gained the title of "Butcher of Bengal". General Khan faced an international reaction against Pakistan, and therefore, General Tikka was removed as Commander of the Eastern front. He installed a civilian administration under Abdul Motaleb Malik on 31 August 1971, which proved to be ineffective. However, during the meeting, with no high officers willing to assume the command of East Pakistan, Lieutenant-General [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]] volunteered for the command of East Pakistan. Inexperienced and the large magnitude of this assignment, the government sent Rear-Admiral [[Mohammad Shariff]] as Flag Officer Commanding of Eastern Naval Command (Pakistan). Admiral Shariff served as the deputy of General Niazi when doing joint military operations. However, General Niazi proved to be a failure and ineffective ruler. Therefore, [[A. A. K. Niazi|General Niazi]] and Air Commodore [[Inamul Haque Khan]], AOC, PAF Base Dacca, failed to launch any operation in East Pakistan against Indian or its allies. Except for Admiral Shariff who continued to keep pressure on the Indian Navy until the end of the conflict. Admiral Shariff's effective plans made it nearly impossible for the Indian Navy to land its naval forces on the shores of East Pakistan. The Indian Navy was unable to land forces in East Pakistan and the Pakistan Navy was still offering resistance. The [[Indian Army]], entered East Pakistan from all three directions of the province. The [[Indian Navy]] then decided to wait near the Bay of Bengal until the Army reached the shore.

The Indian Air Force dismantled the capability of the Pakistan Air Force in East Pakistan. Air Commodore [[Inamul Haque Khan]], Dacca airbase's AOC, failed to offer any serious resistance to the actions of the Indian Air Force. For the most part of the war, the IAF enjoyed complete dominance in the skies over East Pakistan.

On 16 December 1971, the Pakistan Armed Forces surrendered to the [[Mitro Bahini|joint liberation forces]] of [[Mukti Bahini]] and the Indian Army, headed by Lieutenant-General [[Jagjit Singh Arora]], the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) of the Eastern Command of the Indian Army. Lieutenant General AAK Niazi, the last corps commander of [[Eastern Command (Pakistan)|Eastern Corps]], signed the [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|Instrument of Surrender]] at about 4:31 pm. Over 93,000 personnel, including Lt. General Niazi and Admiral Shariff, were taken as [[prisoners of war]].

On 16 December 1971, the territory of East Pakistan was handed over to the Indian Army under the [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|surrender agreement]] from West Pakistan and in the [[Simla Agreement]] became the newly independent state of [[Bangladesh]]. The Eastern Command, civilian institutions, and paramilitary forces were disbanded in the following months.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

==Geography==
In contrast to the desert and rugged mountainous terrain of West Pakistan, East Pakistan featured the [[Bengal delta|world's largest delta]], 700 rivers, and tropical hilly jungles. The Chittagong Division of East Pakistan was home to hill ranges and forests (mainly in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] and Sylhet). The [[Khulna Division]] and parts of the Dacca and Chittagong Divisions were largely Deltaic. East Pakistan was almost entirely an alluvial plain which consists of lower course of the [[Padma River|Padma]] and [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna.]] Climatically, East Pakistan was essentially humid, hot climate with heavy to very heavy rainfall. The implication of East Pakistan's heavy rainfall was that the main crops that were grown in East Pakistan were rice, tea, and jute.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Kazi S. |title=A Geography of Pakistan |publisher=Pakistan Branch, Oxford University Press |year=1969 |edition=2nd |location=Karachi}}</ref>

===Administrative geography===
East Pakistan inherited 17 districts from British Bengal.

In 1960, Lower Tippera was renamed Comilla.

In 1969, two new districts were created with Tangail separated from Mymensingh and Patuakhali from Bakerganj.

East Pakistan's districts are listed in the following.
[[File:Dominion of Pakistan & Indian Controlled Kashmir (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|400px|East and West Pakistan]]
[[File:1962 East Pakistan Map.jpg|thumb|Provincial Map of East Pakistan, 1962]]

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col"| Division
! scope="col"| East Pakistani District
! scope="col"| Current Bangladeshi Districts
|-
| rowspan="4" scope="row" | Dacca Division
| Dacca District
| [[Dhaka Division]] (without [[Greater Faridpur]])
|-
| Faridpur District
| [[Greater Faridpur]]
|-
| [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh District]]
| [[Mymensingh Division]] and [[Kishoreganj District|Kishoreganj]]
|-
| [[Tangail District]]
| [[Tangail District|Tangail (Part of Greater Mymensingh)]]
|-
| rowspan="5" scope="row" | Chittagong Division
| [[Chittagong Hill Tracts|Hill Tracts District]]
| [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]
|-
| Chittagong District
| [[Chittagong District|Chittagong]], [[Cox's Bazar District|Cox's Bazar]]
|-
| Comilla (Lower Tippera) District
| [[Comilla District|Comilla]], [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]], [[Brahmanbaria District|Brahmanbaria]]
|-
| Noakhali District
| [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]], [[Feni District|Feni]], [[Lakshmipur District|Lakshmipur]]
|-
| [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet District]]
| [[Sylhet District|Sylhet]], [[Moulvibazar District|Moulvibazar]], [[Habiganj District|Habiganj]], [[Sunamganj District|Sunamganj]]
|-
| rowspan="5" scope="row" | Rajshahi Division
| Bogra District
| [[Bogra District|Bogra]], [[Joypurhat District|Joypurhat]]
|-
| Dinajpur District
| [[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur]], [[Thakurgaon District|Thakurgaon]], [[Panchagarh District|Panchagarh]]
|-
| Rajshahi District
| [[Rajshahi District|Rajshahi]], [[Nawabganj District|Nawabganj]], [[Natore District|Natore]], [[Naogaon District|Naogaon]]
|-
| Rangpur District
| [[Rangpur Division]] (without [[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur]], [[Thakurgaon District|Thakurgaon]], [[Panchagarh District|Panchagarh]])
|-
| Pabna District
| [[Pabna District|Pabna]], [[Sirajganj District|Sirajganj]]
|-
| rowspan="5" scope="row" | Khulna Division
| [[Backergunge District|Bakerganj District]]
| [[Barisal District|Barisal]], [[Jhalokati District|Jhalokati]], [[Pirojpur District|Pirojpur]]
|-
| Jessore District
| [[Jessore District|Jessore]], [[Jhenaidah District|Jhenaidah]], [[Narail District|Narail]], [[Magura District|Magura]]
|-
| Khulna District
| [[Khulna District|Khulna]], [[Satkhira District|Satkhira]], [[Bagerhat District|Bagerhat]]
|-
| Kushtia District
| [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]], [[Meherpur District|Meherpur]], [[Chuadanga District|Chuadanga]]
|-
| Patuakhali District
| [[Patuakhali District|Patuakhali]], [[Barguna District|Barguna]], [[Bhola District|Bhola]]
|-
|}

==Economy==
[[File:Kaptai Dam 1965.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Kaptai Dam]] in 1965]]
[[File:East Pakistan.ogv|thumb|1971 documentary film about East Pakistan]]
[[File:Ayub Khan & A K Khan.jpg|thumb|President Ayub Khan (left) with Bengali industrialist [[Abul Kashem Khan]] (right) in Chittagong]]
[[File:Adamjee Jute Mills Entrance 1950.gif|thumb|Entrance to the [[Adamjee Jute Mills]], the world's largest jute processing plant, in 1950]]
At the time of the [[Partition of British India]], [[East Bengal]] had a [[plantation economy]]. The [[Chittagong Tea Auction]] was established in 1949 as the region was home to the world's largest tea plantations. The [[Dhaka Stock Exchange|East Pakistan Stock Exchange Association]] was established in 1954. Many wealthy Muslim immigrants from India, [[Burma]], and former British colonies settled in East Pakistan. The [[Ispahani family]], Africawala brothers, and the Adamjee family were pioneers of industrialisation in the region. Many of modern Bangladesh's leading companies were born in the East Pakistan period.

An airline founded in British Bengal, [[Orient Airways]], launched the vital air link between East and West Pakistan with [[DC-3]] aircraft on the [[Dacca]]-[[Kolkata|Calcutta]]-[[Delhi]]-[[Karachi]] route. Orient Airways later evolved into [[Pakistan International Airlines]], whose first chairman was the East Pakistan-based industrialist [[Mirza Ahmad Ispahani]].

By the 1950s, East Bengal surpassed [[West Bengal]] in having the largest [[jute]] industries in the world. The [[Adamjee Jute Mills]] was the largest jute processing plant in history and its location in Narayanganj was nicknamed the ''[[Dundee]] of the East''. The Adamjees were descendants of [[Adamjee Haji Dawood|Sir Haji Adamjee Dawood]], who made his fortune in [[British Burma]].

Natural gas was discovered in the northeastern part of East Pakistan in 1955 by the [[Burmah Oil Company]]. Industrial use of natural gas began in 1959. The [[Shell Oil Company]] and [[Pakistan Petroleum]] tapped 7 gas fields in the 1960s. The industrial seaport city of [[Chittagong]] hosted the headquarters of [[Padma Oil Company|Burmah Eastern]] and [[Jamuna Oil Company|Pakistan National Oil]]. Iran, an erstwhile leading oil producer, assisted in establishing the [[Eastern Refinery]] in Chittagong.

The [[Comilla Model]] of the Pakistan Academy for Rural Development (present-day [[Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development]]) was conceived by [[Akhtar Hameed Khan]] and replicated in many developing countries.

In 1965, Pakistan implemented the [[Kaptai Dam]] hydroelectric project in the southeastern part of East Pakistan with American assistance. It was the sole hydroelectric dam in East Pakistan. The project was controversial for displacing over 40,000 indigenous people from the area.

The centrally located metropolis Dacca witnessed significant urban growth.

<gallery>
Central Dacca in East Pakistan.jpg|Central business district in Dacca, 1960s
Chittagong port 1960.jpg|Chittagong Port in 1960
Dacca East Pakistan 1967.jpg|Baitul Mukarram Market Area, Dacca, 1967
East Pakistan Emblem (1956-1970).svg|Emblem of East Pakistan till 1970
Pakistani rupee pre-1971.jpg|Pakistani banknotes included [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]] until 1971.
East Pakistan helicopter poster.jpg|A poster of the [[East Pakistan Helicopter Service]]
Stamp of New Dacca Railway Station.jpg|Pakistani Postage stamp issued on the occasion of first anniversary of New Railway Station—Dacca in 1969
</gallery>

===Economic discrimination and disparity===
Although, East Pakistan had a larger population, West Pakistan dominated the divided country politically and received more money from the common budget. According to the [[World Bank]], there was much economic discrimination against East Pakistan, including higher government spending on West Pakistan, financial transfers from East to West, and the use of the East's foreign exchange surpluses to finance the West's imports.

The discrimination occurred despite the fact that East Pakistan generated a major share of Pakistan's exports.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto; width:550px;text-align:center;"

|-

!width=16%| Year

!width=28%| Spending on West Pakistan (in millions of [[Pakistani rupee]]s)

!width=28%| Spending on East Pakistan (in millions of Pakistani rupees)

!width=28%| Amount spent on East as percentage of West

|-

| 1950–55 || style="text-align:right;"| 11,290 || style="text-align:right;"| 5,240 || style="text-align:right;"| 46.4

|-

| 1955–60 || style="text-align:right;"| 16,550 || style="text-align:right;"| 5,240 || style="text-align:right;"| 31.7

|-

| 1960–65|| style="text-align:right;"|33,550 ||align="right"| 14,040 || style="text-align:right;"| 41.8

|-

| 1965–70 ||align="right"|51,950 ||align="right"| 21,410 || style="text-align:right;"| 41.2

|-

| '''Total''' ||align="right"|'''113,340''' ||align="right"| '''45,930''' || style="text-align:right;"| '''40.5'''

|-

| colspan="4" | ''Source: Reports of the Advisory Panels for the Fourth Five Year Plan 1970–75, Vol. I, published by the planning commission of Pakistan.''

|}

The annual rate of growth of the gross domestic product per capita was 4.4% in West Pakistan versus 2.6% in East Pakistan from 1960 to 1965. Bengali politicians pushed for more autonomy, arguing that much of Pakistan's export earnings were generated in East Pakistan from the exportation of Bengali jute and tea. As late as 1960, approximately 70% of Pakistan's export earnings originated in East Pakistan, although this percentage declined as international demand for jute dwindled. By the mid-1960s, East Pakistan was accounting for less than 60% of the nation's export earnings, and by the time Bangladesh gained its independence in 1971, this percentage had dipped below 50%. In 1966, Mujib demanded that separate foreign exchange accounts be kept and that separate trade offices be opened overseas. By the mid-1960s, West Pakistan was benefiting from Ayub's "Decade of Progress" with its successful [[Green Revolution]] in wheat and from the expansion of markets for West Pakistani textiles, while East Pakistan's standard of living remained at an abysmally low level. Bengalis were also upset that West Pakistan, the seat of the national government, received more foreign aid. However, East Pakistan did nonetheless benefit from industrialisation and development, which was discerned by the Kaptai Dam in the Chittagong Hill Tracts for instance.

Economists in East Pakistan argued a "Two Economies Theory" within Pakistan itself, which was founded on the Two-Nation Theory with India. The so-called Two Economies Theory suggested that East and West Pakistan had different economic features which should not be regulated by a federal government in Islamabad.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.epw.in/journal/2016/28/book-reviews/birth-bangladesh.html |title=Birth of Bangladesh |date=5 June 2015 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=51 |issue=28 |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-date=19 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219111615/http://www.epw.in/journal/2016/28/book-reviews/birth-bangladesh.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Demographics and culture==
[[File:TheDailyIttefaq.png|thumb|''[[The Daily Ittefaq]]'', edited by [[Tofazzal Hossain Manik Miah|Tofazzal Hossain]], was the leading Bengali newspaper in Pakistan.]]
[[File:Flag of Bangladesh (1971).svg|thumb|The first Bangladeshi flag was hoisted on 23 March 1971 across East Pakistan, as a protest on Republic Day.]]
East Pakistan was home to 55% of Pakistan's population. The largest ethnic group of the province were [[Bengalis]], who in turn were the largest ethnic group in [[Pakistan]]. [[Bengali Muslims]] formed the predominant majority, followed by [[Bengali Hindus]], [[Bengali Buddhists]] and [[Bengali Christians]]. East Pakistan also had many tribal groups, including the [[Chakma people|Chakmas]], [[Marma people|Marmas]], [[Tanchangya people|Tangchangyas]], [[Tripuri people|Tripuris]], [[Garo people|Garos]], [[Bisnupriya Manipuri people|Manipuris]], [[Santhal people|Santhals]] and [[Bawm people|Bawms]]. They largely followed the religions of [[Buddhism]], [[Christianity]] and Hinduism. East Pakistan was home to immigrant Muslims from across the [[Indian subcontinent]], including [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Sindh]], [[Gujarat]], the [[Northwest Frontier Province]], [[Assam]], [[Orissa Province|Orissa]], the [[Punjab]] and [[Kerala]]. A small [[Armenians in Bangladesh|Armenian]] and [[History of the Jews in Bangladesh|Jewish]] minority resided in East Pakistan.

The [[Asiatic Society of Pakistan]] was founded in [[Old Dhaka|Old Dacca]] by [[Ahmad Hasan Dani]] in 1948. The [[Varendra Research Museum]] in [[Rajshahi]] was an important center of research on the [[Indus Valley civilization|Indus Valley civilisation]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} . The [[Bangla Academy]] was established in 1954.

Among East Pakistan's newspapers, ''[[The Daily Ittefaq]]'' was the leading Bengali language title; while ''[[Holiday (newspaper)|Holiday]]'' was a leading English title.

At the time of partition, East Bengal had 80 cinemas. The first movie produced in East Pakistan was The Face and the Mask in 1955. [[Pakistan Television]] established its second studio in Dacca after Lahore in 1965. [[Runa Laila]] was Pakistan's first pop star and became popular in India as well. [[Shabnam]] was a leading actress from East Pakistan. [[Feroza Begum (singer)|Feroza Begum]] was a leading exponent of Bengali classical [[Nazrul geeti]]. [[Jasimuddin]] and [[Abbasuddin Ahmed]] promoted Bengali folk music. [[Munier Chowdhury]], [[Syed Mujtaba Ali]], [[Nurul Momen]], [[Sufia Kamal]] and [[Shamsur Rahman (poet)|Shamsur Rahman]] were among the leading literary figures in East Pakistan. Several East Pakistanis were awarded the [[Sitara-e-Imtiaz]] and the [[Pride of Performance]].

===Religion===

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Pakistan (1951 Official Census)<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7452/1/1422_1951_POP.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2021| url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309190410/lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7452/1/1422_1951_POP.pdf}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 85.9
|color1 = Darkgreen
|label2 = [[Hinduism in Pakistan|Hinduism]]
|value2 = 12.9 
|color2 = DarkOrange
|label3 = [[Christianity in Pakistan|Christianity]]
|value3 = 0.7
|color3 = Dodgerblue
|label4 = Other
|value4 = 0.5
|color4 = Grey
}}

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in East Pakistan (1951 Census)<ref name="auto"/>
| label1 = [[Islam]]
| value1 = 76.8
| color1 = DarkGreen
| label2 = [[Hinduism]]
| value2 = 22
| color2 = DarkOrange
| label3 = [[Christianity]]
| value3 = 0.3
| color3 = Dodgerblue
| label4 = Others
| value4 = 0.9
| color4 = Grey
}}
As per the 1951 census, East Pakistan had a population of 44,251,826 people, of which 76.9% (~34,029,654) followed [[Islam]], 22.0% (~9,735,402) people followed [[Hinduism]] and 1.1% (~486,770) people followed other religions: [[Buddhism]], [[Christianity]] and [[Animism]].<ref name="bangla">{{Cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Population |title=Population |website=Banglapedia |access-date=10 September 2021 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401041939/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Population |url-status=live |date=17 June 2021}}</ref> According to the 1961 census, Muslims made up 80.4% of the population, Hindus were 18.4%, and the remaining 1.2% belonged to other religions, mainly Christianity and Buddhism.<ref name="D'Costa2011">{{citation|last=D'Costa|first=Bina|title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivzKjY5LncIC&pg=PA100|pages=100–|year=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-56566-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanaullah |first=M. |date=1962 |title=Second and Third Release from the Second Population Census of Pakistan, 1961 |url=https://thepdr.pk/index.php/pdr/article/view/32/32 |journal=The Pakistan Development Review |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=106–113 |doi=10.30541/v2i1pp.106-113 |doi-broken-date=8 December 2025 |jstor=41258062 |issn=0030-9729 |doi-access=free |access-date=6 December 2025 }}</ref>

==Military==
{{Main|Eastern Command (Pakistan)|East Bengal Regiment|Border Guard Bangladesh#Pakistan|East Pakistan Civil Armed Force|l3 = East Pakistan Rifles}}

=== Strength ===
[[File:India Bangladesh border US Army Map Service.jpg|right|thumb|The Indo-East Pakistan border as shown by the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]], c. 1960]]
Since its unification with Pakistan, the [[Structure of the Pakistan Army|East Pakistan Army]] had consisted of only 1 [[Infantry|infantry brigade]] made up of two battalions, the 1st East Bengal Regiment and the [[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|1/14]] or 3/8 Punjab Regiment in 1948. These two battalions fielded only five rifle companies between them (an infantry battalion normally had five companies).<ref>Major Nasir Uddin, Juddhey Juddhey Swadhinata, pp49</ref> This weak brigade was under the command of Brigadier Ayub Khan (acting Major-General – [[General Officer Commanding|GOC]] of 14th Army Division), together with the [[East Pakistan Rifles]], which was tasked with defending East Pakistan during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]].<ref>Major Nasir Uddin, Juddhey Juddhey Swadhinata, pp47, pp51</ref> The [[Structure of the Pakistan Army|East Pakistan Army]] had barely 150,000 troops (50,000-70,000 regular soldiers) at it's peak despite needing at least 250,000 personals to act strongly in any major armed conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muktijuddho (Bangladesh Liberation War 1971) - attack on East Pakistan Rifles (EPR) - History of Bangladesh |url=https://www.londoni.co/index.php/history?id=116 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423022740/https://www.londoni.co/index.php/history?id=116 |archive-date=2025-04-23 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=www.londoni.co |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Siddiq Salik |url=http://archive.org/details/Witness-to-Surrender-Siddiq-Salik-Bangla-V1 |title=Witness To Surrender - Siddiq Salik (Bangla Version-1)}}</ref>The military was composed with estimated 6,000 personals from [[East Bengal Regiment]] divided in six battalions. The paramilitary [[Border Guard Bangladesh|East Pakistan Rifles]] (EPR) was built with around 12,000-15,000 personals on duty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Palit |first=d k |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.111545 |title=The Lightning Campaign The Indo Pakistan War 1971 |date=1965}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1971: The blitzkrieg in East Pakistan – I By Maj Gen Sukhwant Singh {{!}} সংগ্রামের নোটবুক |url=https://songramernotebook.com/archives/367906 |access-date=2026-03-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> However, during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971 civil war]], [[East Pakistan Civil Armed Force]] (EPCAF) was created to replace [[Border Guard Bangladesh|EPR]] and it had 23,000-25,000 personals where it was divided into at least seventeen wings. [[East Pakistan Civil Armed Force|EPCAF]] also had additional 17 planes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=লে. জে. এ. এ. কে. নিয়াজি |url=http://archive.org/details/the-betrayal-of-east-pakistan |title=দ্য বিট্রেয়াল অভ ইস্ট পাকিস্তান - লে. জে. এ. এ. কে. নিয়াজি}}</ref>

The [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]], [[Pakistan Marines|Marines]], and the [[Pakistan Navy|Navy]] had little presence in the region. Only 1 PAF combatant squadron, [[List of Pakistan Air Force Squadrons|''No. 14 Squadron Tail Choppers'']], was active in East Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Airforce |first=Pakistan |date=2022 |title=History of Pakistan Air Force (1947-1971) |url=https://paf.gov.pk/#/history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826081717/https://paf.gov.pk/#/history |archive-date=2022-08-26 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=paf.gov.pk |language=en}}</ref> This combatant squadron was commanded by [[Squadron Leader]] [[Parvaiz Mehdi Qureshi]], who later became a four-star general. The army also had only 15 [[combat aircraft]] alongside with EPCAF's 17 [[Military aircraft|planes]] to thwart any Indian retaliations during the [[India–Pakistan war of 1965|1965 war]] and [[India–Pakistan war of 1971|1971 war]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jahan |first=Rounaq |url=http://archive.org/details/pakistanfailurei0000jaha |title=Pakistan: failure in national integration |date=1972 |publisher=New York, Columbia University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-231-03625-2}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The East Pakistan military personnel were trained in combat diving, demolitions, and guerrilla/anti-guerrilla tactics by the advisers from the [[Special Service Group Navy|Special Service Group (Navy)]], who were also charged with intelligence data collection and management cycle. The East Pakistan Navy had only 1 active-duty combatant destroyer, the [[List of active ships of the Pakistan Navy|PNS ''Sylhet'']] alongside with 1 submarine ''[[PNS Ghazi]]'' (which was repeatedly deployed in the West), 4 gunboats which were inadequate to function in deep water.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Real story of submarine PNS Ghazi and the mystery behind its sinking - Looking back |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/real-story-of-submarine-pns-ghazi-and-the-mystery-behind-its-sinking/many-objections/slideshow/56085882.cms |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> The joint special operations were managed and undertaken by the Naval Special Service Group (SSG(N)) who was assisted by the army, air force, and marines unit. The entire service, the Marines were deployed in East Pakistan, initially tasked with conducting exercises and combat operations in [[riverine]] areas and at the near shoreline. The small directorate of [[Naval Intelligence of Pakistan|Naval Intelligence]] (while the headquarters and personnel, facilities, and directions were coordinated by West) had a vital role in directing special and reconnaissance missions, and intelligence gathering also was charged with taking reasonable actions to slow down the Indian threat. The armed forces of East Pakistan also consisted of the paramilitary organisation, the ''[[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]]'' from the intelligence unit of the [[ISI (Pakistan)|ISI's]] Covert Action Division (CAD).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gazette |first=The Dacca |title=The East Pakistan Razakars Ordinance, 1971, An Ordinance |url=http://www.icsforum.org/library/files/420_GovernmentofEastPakistan1971.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235644/http://www.icsforum.org/library/files/420_GovernmentofEastPakistan1971.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-04 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=www.icsforum.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Raymond A. |date=1969 |title=Military Nation-Building in Pakistan and India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20671117 |journal=World Affairs |volume=132 |issue=3 |pages=219–234 |issn=0043-8200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260306055110/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20671117 |archive-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

Despite the racial discrimination by [[Pakistan Army|Pakistani army]] who under-represented [[Bengalis]] in the Pakistan military in the name of ethnic superiority, many [[Bengalis|Bengali]] officers could still be notably praised and awarded for there service for the [[Pakistan|Republic of Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=NDC |first=Brigadier General (retd) Md Bayezid Sarwar |date=2025-09-26 |title=Heroic deeds of Bengali soldiers in 1965 India-Pakistan war |url=https://viewsbangladesh.com/heroic-deeds-of-bengali-soldiers-in-1965-indiapakistan-war/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Views Bangladesh |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116030629/https://viewsbangladesh.com/heroic-deeds-of-bengali-soldiers-in-1965-indiapakistan-war/|archive-date=16 November 2025}}</ref> Notable military officers like [[M. A. G. Osmani|M.A.G. Osmani]] (received [[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War]], [[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Jamhuria]], [[Pakistan Medal|Pakistan Tamgha]]), [[Ziaur Rahman]] ( received [[Hilal-i-Jur'at]]), [[Saiful Azam]] (received [[Sitara-e-Jurat]]), [[Mohammad Ishfaqul Mazid]], [[Shafaat Jamil]], [[Khaled Mosharraf]], [[Mahmudur Rahman Majumdar]], [[Sayed Farooq-ur-Rahman]], [[Mohammad Ziauddin (officer)]].

=== Engagements ===

* [[Nachole Uprising]]

* [[Rohingya conflict#Mujahideen (1947–1954)|First Rohingya Rebellion]]

* [[Tufail Mohammad#1958 border clashes|1958 Pakistan-India border skirmishes]]
* [[India–Pakistan war of 1965|1965 India–Pakistan War]]
* [[1969 East Pakistan mass uprising]]
* [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]

==== Battles ====
{{Main|Indo-Pakistani air war of 1965|Timeline of Bangladesh Liberation War}}

'''1965 India–Pakistan War'''

* [[List of aerial victories during the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]]

'''Bangladesh Liberation War'''
* [[India–Pakistan naval war of 1971|India–Pakistan naval fights of 1971]]
**[[Operation Jackpot]]

* [[Mostafa Kamal (Bir Sreshtho)#Battle of Daruin|Battle of Daruin]]

* [[Z Force (Bangladesh)#Nakshi Border Outpost Attack|Nakshi Border Outpost Attack]]

* [[Z Force (Bangladesh)#Battle at Ghashipur|Battle at Ghashipur]]
* [[Battle of Dhalai]]
* [[Meghna Heli Bridge|Operation Cactus Lilly]]
* [[Battle of Garibpur]]
* [[Battle of Sylhet]]
* [[Battle of Garibpur|Battle of Gazipur]]
* [[East Pakistan Air Operations (1971)|East Pakistan Air Operations]]
** [[Operation Kilo Flight]]
** [[Tangail Airdrop]]
* [[Battle of Boyra]]
* [[Battle of Hilli]]
* [[Battle of Kushtia]]
* [[Battle of Shiromoni]]
* [[Operation Barisal]]
* [[Battle of Kamalpur|First Battle of Kamalpur]]
* [[Defence of Kamalpur|Second Battle of Kamalpur]]

* [[Bangladesh genocide|Bangladesh Genocide]]
** [[Operation Searchlight]]
** [[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals]]

== Governors ==
'''Political Party'''{{Legend|{{party color|Pakistan Muslim League}}|[[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]]}}
{{Legend|{{party color|Krishak Sramik Party}}|[[Krishak Sramik Party]]}}
{{Legend|gray|[[Independent Politician|Independent]]}}
{{Tree list}}
*{{Legend|{{party color|military}}|[[Pakistan Armed Forces|Military Governor]]}}
{{Tree list/end}}

'''Legend'''

{{Legend|#e6e6aa|Acting Governor}}
{{Legend|pink|Functioned and exercised power as Governor by the order of [[President of Pakistan|president]] without being appointed as one}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+List of Governors of East Pakistan
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |#
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" style="width:120px;"|Portrait
! rowspan="2" |Governor
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" |Political Party
! rowspan="2" |President
|-
!Term start
!Term end
!Time in office
|-
| style="background-color:gray; color:white;" |'''[-]'''
| style="background:#e6e6aa;" |[[File:Amiruddin_Ahmad.jpg|164x164px]]
| style="background:#e6e6aa;" |[[Justice]]
[[Amiruddin Ahmad]] (acting){{Efn|Justice [[Amiruddin Ahmad]], Chief Justice of [[Dhaka High Court]], was appointed acting Governor on the resignation of Justice [[Muhammad Shahabuddin]]}}

(1895-1965)
| style="background:#e6e6aa;" |As Governor of [[East Bengal]]:
{{Date table sorting|1955|6|14|}}<ref name=":83">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-25 |title=amiruddin - THE BANGABHABAN : The President House of Bangladesh |url=http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/amiruddin.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425081002/http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/amiruddin.html |archive-date=25 April 2013 }}</ref>
----As Governor of East Pakistan:
{{Date table sorting|1956|02|29||format=dmy}}
| style="background:#e6e6aa;" |{{Date table sorting|1956|3|9||format=dmy}}<ref name=":83" />
| style="background:#e6e6aa;" |As Governor of East Bengal: {{ayd|1955|6|14|1956|2|29}}
----As Governor of East Pakistan:
{{ayd|February 29, 1956|March 9, 1956}}
----As Governor of Eastern Wing:
{{ayd|14 June 1955|March 9, 1956}}
| style="background:#e6e6aa;" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Iskander Mirza]]
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Krishak Sramik Party}}; color:white" |1
|[[File:A_k_fazlul_hoque.jpg|160x160px]]
|''[[Sher-e-Bangla]]'' [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]
(1873 - 1962)
|{{Date table sorting|1956|3|9||format=dmy}}<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-25 |title=fazluhuq - THE BANGABHABAN : The President House of Bangladesh |url=http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/fazluhuq.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425081037/http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/fazluhuq.html |archive-date=25 April 2013 }}</ref>
|{{Date table sorting|1958|3|31||format=dmy}}{{Efn|[[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Iskander Mirza]] removed [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]] as governor on 31 March 1958 on the advice of the [[Feroz Khan Noon|Noon cabinet]] for allegedly overstepping his limits as a constitutional Governor. [[A. K. Fazlul Huq|Huq]] had dismissed [[Ataur Rahman Khan|Ataur Rahman's]] Ministry of [[Awami League]] that had not been defeated on the [[Provincial Assembly of East Pakistan|floor of the House]], and had installed Mr. [[Abu Hussain Sarkar]] of his own party [[Krishak Sramik Party]] as [[Chief Minister of East Pakistan|Chief Minister]].}}<ref name=":92" /><ref name=":252">{{Cite news |date=1 April 1958 |title=করাচীর নির্দেশে পূর্ব পাকিস্তানের গভার্নর মিঃ ফজলুল হকের নাটকীয়ভাবে পদচ্যুত |trans-title=Governor of East Pakistan Mr. Fazlul Haq Dramatically Removed by Orders from Karachi |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kQ3OY8vI16501RGOqqw5z8bUnCXil-vE/view |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=The Jugantor |pages=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128040003/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kQ3OY8vI16501RGOqqw5z8bUnCXil-vE/view |archive-date=28 January 2025 |language=Bengali}}</ref>
|{{ayd|March 9, 1956|March 31, 1958}}
|[[Krishak Sramik Party]]
|- style="background:#e6e6aa;"
! style="background-color: gray; color:white" |'''[-]'''
|[[File:Acting Governor of East Pakistan Muhammad Hamid Ali (1958).jpg|156x156px]]
|[[Muhammad Hamid Ali]]
(acting){{Efn|[[Muhammad Hamid Ali]], Chief Secretary to the Governor of East Pakistan, was appointed Acting Governor in pursuance of the provisions of Article 70 of the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|Constitution]] following the removal of [[A. K. Fazlul Huq|Sher-e-Bangla A. K. Fazlul Huq]] from the office}}

(1906-1972)
|{{Date table sorting|1958|4|1||format=dmy}}<ref name=":102">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-25 |title=hamidali - THE BANGABHABAN : The President House of Bangladesh |url=http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/hamidali.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425081107/http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/hamidali.html |archive-date=25 April 2013 }}</ref><ref name=":252" />
|{{Date table sorting|1958|5|3||format=dmy}}<ref name=":102" /><ref name=":242">{{Cite news |date=3 May 1958 |title=পূর্ব পাকিস্তানের নয়া গভর্নর |trans-title=The New Governor of East Pakistan |url=https://songramernotebook.com/archives/248800 |work=The Azad |pages=1 |language=Bengali}}</ref>
|{{ayd|April 1, 1958|3 May 1958}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background-color: gray; color:white" |2
|[[File:Sultanuddin_Ahmad.jpg|160x160px]]
|[[Sultanuddin Ahmad]]
(1902-1977)
|Appointment:<ref name=":112">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-25 |title=sultanuddin - THE BANGABHABAN : The President House of Bangladesh |url=http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/sultanuddin.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425081237/http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/sultanuddin.html |archive-date=25 April 2013 }}</ref>
{{Date table sorting|1958|4|26||format=dmy}}
----Sworn in:<ref name=":112" /><ref name=":242" />
{{Date table sorting|1958|5|3||format=dmy}}
|{{Date table sorting|1958|10|10||format=dmy}}{{Efn|[[Sultanuddin Ahmad]] was removed from office on 10 October 1958 soon after the promulgation of [[1958 Pakistani military coup|Martial Law in Pakistan]] on 7 October}}<ref name=":112" /><ref name=":1102">{{Cite news |date=12 October 1958 |title=Zakir Hussain installed as new governor |url=https://songramernotebook.com/archives/491801 |work=Bangladesh Observer (known as Pakistan Observer during Publication)}}</ref>
|{{ayd|3 May 1958|10 October 1958}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background-color: gray; color:white" |3
|[[File:Zakir_Husain_(governor).jpg|160x160px]]
|[[Zakir Husain (governor)|Zakir Husain]]
(1898-1971)
|Appointment:<ref name=":122">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-25 |title=zakirhusain - THE BANGABHABAN : The President House of Bangladesh |url=http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/zakirhusain.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425081253/http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/zakirhusain.html |archive-date=25 April 2013 }}</ref>
{{Date table sorting|1958|10|10||format=dmy}}
----Sworn in:<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":1102" />
{{Date table sorting|1958|10|11||format=dmy}}
|{{Date table sorting|1960|4|14||format=dmy}}<ref name=":122" />
|{{ayd|11 October 1958|14 April 1960}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
| style="padding:0;" |<div style="padding:10;">[[Iskander Mirza]]</div>
----<div style="padding:10;">[[Ayub Khan]]</div>
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|military}};" |4
[[File:Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png|30x30px]]
|[[File:General_Azam_Khan_(cropped).jpg|120x120px]]
|[[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
[[Azam Khan (general)|Azam Khan]]

(1908-1994)
|{{Date table sorting|1960|4|15||format=dmy}}<ref name=":132">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-25 |title=azamkhan - THE BANGABHABAN : The President House of Bangladesh |url=http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/azamkhan.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425081007/http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/azamkhan.html |archive-date=25 April 2013 }}</ref>
|{{Date table sorting|1962|5|10||format=dmy}}<ref name=":132" />
|{{ayd|15 April 1960|10 May 1962}}
|[[Pakistan Army|Military]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Ayub Khan]]
|- style="background:#e6e6aa;"
| style="background-color:gray; color:white;" |'''[-]'''
|
|[[Syed Hashim Raza]]
(acting){{Efn|[[Syed Hashim Raza]] was Acting Governor of the province during the absence of General [[Azam Khan (general)|Azam Khan's]] official visit to [[West Germany]].}}

(1910-2003)
|{{Date table sorting|1961|7|1||format=dmy}}<ref name=":142">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-25 |title=hashimraza - THE BANGABHABAN : The President House of Bangladesh |url=http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/hashimraza.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425081112/http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/hashimraza.html |archive-date=25 April 2013 }}</ref>
|{{Date table sorting|1961|8|5||format=dmy}}<ref name=":142" />
|{{ayd|1 July 1961|5 August 1961}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background-color: gray; color:white" |5
|[[File:Ghulam_Faruqe_Khan.jpg|120x120px]]
|[[Ghulam Faruque Khan]]
(1899-1992)
|{{Date table sorting|1962|5|11||format=dmy}}<ref name=":152">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-25 |title=faruque - THE BANGABHABAN : The President House of Bangladesh |url=http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/faruque.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425081031/http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/faruque.html |archive-date=25 April 2013 }}</ref>
|{{Date table sorting|1962|10|25||format=dmy}}{{Efn|Unable to cope with the political problems of East Pakistan, [[Ghulam Faruque Khan]] resigned from office.}}<ref name=":152" />
|{{ayd|11 May 1962|25 October 1962}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Pakistan Muslim League}}; color:white" |6
|[[File:Abdul_Monem_Khan.jpg|160x160px]]
|[[Abdul Monem Khan]]
(1899-1971)
|{{Date table sorting|1962|10|28||format=dmy}}<ref name=":162">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-09 |title=monemkhan - THE BANGABHABAN : The President House of Bangladesh |url=http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/monemkhan.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409085649/http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/monemkhan.html |archive-date=9 April 2013 }}</ref>
|{{Date table sorting|1969|3|23||format=dmy}}<ref name=":162" />
|{{ayd|28 October 1962|23 March 1969}} (Longest Serving)
|[[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]]
|-
! style="background-color: gray; color:white" |7
|[[File:Mirza_Nurul_Huda_Brussels_1976.jpg|160x160px]]
|[[Mirza Nurul Huda]]
(1919-1991)
|{{Date table sorting|1969|3|23||format=dmy}}<ref name=":172">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-08 |title=nurulhuda - THE BANGABHABAN : The President House of Bangladesh |url=http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/nurulhuda.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408020135/http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/nurulhuda.html |archive-date=8 April 2013 }}</ref>
|{{Date table sorting|1969|3|25||format=dmy}}{{Efn|With the promulgation of Martial Law throughout Pakistan and the abrogation of the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1962|constitution]] in the evening of 25 March, [[Mirza Nurul Huda]]'s tenure of governorship came to an abrupt end after just 60 hours.}}<ref name=":172" />
|{{ayd|23 March 1969|25 March 1969}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|military}};" |8

| style="background-color: pink;" |[[File:Muzaffaruddin.jpg|155x155px]]
| style="background-color: pink;" |[[Major General]]
[[Muzaffaruddin]]{{Efn|On 25 March 1969 [[General Yahya Khan]] proclaimed [[martial law]] and divided the country into two administrative zones: [[West Pakistan]] (Zone 'A') and East Pakistan (Zone 'B'). [[Muzaffaruddin]] was the [[General Officer Commanding]] of the 14th Division and became Martial Law Administrator, Zone 'B'. On 8 April 1969, Yahya Khan issued an order directing that the Martial Law Administrators of Zone 'A' and 'B' would perform the functions and powers of the Governors of [[West Pakistan|West]] and East Pakistan respectively. Thus Muzaffaruddin became Martial Law Administrator and also exercised the powers and functions of Governor of East Pakistan.|name=Marshall Law}}

(Martial Law Administrator)
| style="background-color: pink;" |{{Date table sorting|1969|3|25||format=dmy}}<ref name=":182">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-09 |title=muzaffar - THE BANGABHABAN : The President House of Bangladesh |url=http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/muzaffar.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409085729/http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/muzaffar.html |archive-date=9 April 2013 }}</ref>
| style="background-color: pink;" |{{Date table sorting|1969|8|23||format=dmy}}<ref name=":182" />
| style="background-color: pink;" |{{ayd|25 March 1969|23 August 1969}}
| style="background-color: pink;" |[[Pakistan Army|Military]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Yahya Khan]]
|- style="background-color: pink;"
! style="background-color: {{party color|military}};" |9

|[[File:Sahabzada_Yaqub_Khan.jpg|155x155px]]
|[[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
[[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan]]{{Efn|Appointed as Martial Law Administrator of Zone 'B' and exercised the powers and functions of the Governor of East Pakistan.}}

(1920-2016)

(Martial Law Administrator)
|{{Date table sorting|1969|8|23||format=dmy}}<ref name=":192">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-09 |title=yaqubkhan - THE BANGABHABAN : The President House of Bangladesh |url=http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/yaqubkhan.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425081248/http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/yaqubkhan.html |archive-date=25 April 2013 }}</ref>
|{{Date table sorting|1969|9|1||format=dmy}}{{Efn|On 8 April 1969, [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Yahya Khan]] issued an order directing that the Martial Law Administrators would perform the functions and powers of the Governor. However, a notification issued by the [[Cabinet of Pakistan|cabinet secretariat]] on 1 September 1969 cancelled the order of 8 April 1969 and directed Martial Law Administrators to refrain from performing the functions of Governor in their respective provinces with immediate effect. [[Lieutenant general|Lt. General]] [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan|Yaqub Khan]] remained Martial Law Administrator until [[Vice Admiral]] [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan|S. M. Ahsan]] took over as the new Governor of East Pakistan on 1 September 1969}}<ref name=":192" />
|{{ayd|23 August 1969|1 September 1969}}
|[[Pakistan Army|Military]]
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|military}};" |10

|
|[[Vice Admiral]]
[[Syed Mohammad Ahsan]]

(1921-1989)
|{{Date table sorting|1969|9|1||format=dmy}}<ref name=":202">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-25 |title=ahsan - THE BANGABHABAN : The President House of Bangladesh |url=http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/ahsan.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425080956/http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/ahsan.html |archive-date=25 April 2013 }}</ref>
|{{Date table sorting|1971|3|1||format=dmy}}<ref name=":202" />
|{{ayd|1 September 1969|1 March 1971}}
|[[Pakistan Navy|Military]]
|- style="background-color: pink;"
! style="background-color: {{party color|military}};" |11

|[[File:Sahabzada_Yaqub_Khan.jpg|155x155px]]
|[[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
[[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan]]{{Efn|Appointed the "head of civil administration in the province" and exercised the functions and powers of Governor from 1 March 1971 until the arrival of [[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]] [[Tikka Khan]] on 7 March 1971.}}

(1920-2016)

(Head of Civil Administration)
|{{Date table sorting|1971|3|1||format=dmy}}<ref name=":192" />
|{{Date table sorting|1971|3|7||format=dmy}}<ref name=":192" />
|{{ayd|1 March 1971|7 March 1971}}
|[[Pakistan Army|Military]]
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|military}};" |12

|[[File:Tikka_Khan.png|143x143px]]
|[[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
[[Tikka Khan]]

(1915-2002)
|Appointment:<ref name=":212">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-09 |title=tikkakhan - THE BANGABHABAN : The President House of Bangladesh |url=http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/tikkakhan.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409094534/http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/tikkakhan.html |archive-date=9 April 2013 }}</ref>
{{Date table sorting|1971|3|6||format=dmy}}
----Sworn in:<ref name=":212" />
{{Date table sorting|1971|3|7||format=dmy}}
----Officially announced:<ref name=":212" />
{{Date table sorting|1971|3|9||format=dmy}}
|{{Date table sorting|1971|9|3||format=dmy}}<ref name=":212" />
|{{ayd|7 March 1971|3 September 1971}}
|[[Pakistan Army|Military]]
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Pakistan Muslim League}}; color:white" |13
|[[File:Abdul Motaleb Malik 1958.jpg|207x207px]]
|[[Abdul Motaleb Malik]]
(1905-1977)
|Appointment:<ref name=":222">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-09 |title=malik - THE BANGABHABAN : The President House of Bangladesh |url=http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/malik.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409094145/http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/malik.html |archive-date=9 April 2013 }}</ref>
{{Date table sorting|1971|8|31||format=dmy}}
----Sworn in:<ref name=":222" />
{{Date table sorting|1971|9|3||format=dmy}}
|{{Date table sorting|1971|12|14||format=dmy}}{{Efn|[[Abdul Motaleb Malik]] along with his cabinet resigned on 14 December after realising that [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|Pakistani defeat]] was imminent and sought refuse in [[InterContinental Dhaka|Hotel Intercontinental]], seeking the protection of the [[Red Cross]] flag.}}<ref name=":222" />
|{{ayd|3 September 1971|14 December 1971}}
|[[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]]
|- style="background-color: pink;"
! style="background-color: {{party color|military}};" |14

|[[File:Amir_Abdullah_Khan_Niazi.png|148x148px]]
|[[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
[[A. A. K. Niazi]]{{Efn|Commander of the [[Eastern Command of the Pakistan Army]] and as the supreme authority of Pakistan in its eastern wing, functioned and exercised power as the Governor of East Pakistan after the resignation of [[Abdul Motaleb Malik]] during the last 48 hours of [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]}}

(1915-2004)

(Supreme Authority of East Pakistan)
|{{Date table sorting|1971|12|14||format=dmy}}<ref name=":232">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-09 |title=niazi - THE BANGABHABAN : The President House of Bangladesh |url=http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/niazi.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409094159/http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/niazi.html |archive-date=9 April 2013 }}</ref>
|{{Date table sorting|1971|12|16||format=dmy}}<ref name=":232" />
|{{ayd|14 December 1971|16 December 1971}}
|[[Pakistan Army|Military]]
|}

==Chief ministers==

'''Political Party'''{{Legend|{{party color|Pakistan Muslim League}}|[[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]]}}
{{Legend|{{party color|Krishak Sramik Party}}|[[Krishak Sramik Party]]}}
{{Legend|{{party color|United Front (East Pakistan)}}|[[United Front (East Pakistan)|United Front]]}}
{{Legend|{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}|[[Awami League]]}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |#
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" style="width:120px;"|Portrait
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" |Political Party
! rowspan="2" |Governor
! rowspan="2" |Governor-General/ President
|-
!Term start
!Term end
!Time in office
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Pakistan Muslim League}}; color:white"| 1
|[[File:Khawaja Nazimuddin.jpg|120px]]
| [[Khawaja Nazimuddin|Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin]]
(1894 – 1964)
| {{Date table sorting|1947|8|15|}}
|{{Date table sorting|1948|9|4|}}
|{{ayd|1947|8|15|1948|9|4}}
| [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]]
| [[Frederick Chalmers Bourne|Sir Frederick Chalmers Bourne]]
| [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Pakistan Muslim League}}; color:white"| 2
|[[File:Nurul amin.jpg|120px]]
| [[Nurul Amin]]
(1893 – 1974)
|{{Date table sorting|1948|9|14|}}
|{{Date table sorting|1954|4|3|}}
|{{ayd|1948|9|14|1954|4|3}}
| [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]]
| [[Feroz Khan Noon|Sir Feroz Khan Noon]]
| style="padding:0;" |<div style="padding:10;">[[Khawaja Nazimuddin|Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin]]</div>
----<div style="padding:10;">[[Malik Ghulam Muhammad]]</div>
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Front (East Pakistan)}}; color:white" |3
|[[File:A_k_fazlul_hoque.jpg|160x160px]]
|''[[Sher-e-Bangla]]'' [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]
(1873 - 1962)
|{{Date table sorting|1954|4|3|}}
|{{Date table sorting|1954|5|29|}}
|{{ayd|1954|4|3|1954|5|29}}
| [[United Front (East Pakistan)|United Front]]
| [[Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Malik Ghulam Muhammad]]
|-
! style="background-color:gray; color:white;" |'''[-]'''
|[[File:Logo of the Governor of East Pakistan.svg|160x160px]]
|''Vacant'' ('''[[Governor of East Pakistan|Governor's rule]]''')
|{{Date table sorting|1954|5|29|}}
|{{Date table sorting|1955|6|20|}}
|{{ayd|1954|5|29|1955|6|20}}
| [[N/A]]
| -
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Krishak Sramik Party}}; color:white" |4
|[[File:Abu Hosain Sarkar.jpg|120px]]
| [[Abu Hussain Sarkar]]
(1894 - 1969)
| As Chief minister of East Bengal:
{{Date table sorting|1955|6|20|}}
----As Chief minister of East Pakistan:
{{Date table sorting|1956|2|29}}
|{{Date table sorting|1956|8|30|}}
|As Chief minister of East Bengal:
{{ayd|1955|6|20|1956|2|29}}
----As Chief minister of East Pakistan:
{{ayd|1956|2|29|1956|8|30}}
----As Chief minister of Eastern Wing
{{ayd|1955|6|20|1956|8|30}}
| [[Krishak Sramik Party]]
|style="padding:0;" |<div style="padding:10;">[[Iskander Mirza]]</div>
----<div style="padding:10;">[[Thomas Hobart Ellis|Sir Thomas Hobart Ellis]] (Acting)</div>
----<div style="padding:10;">[[Muhammad Shahabuddin]] (Acting)</div>
|style="padding:0;" |<div style="padding:10;">[[Malik Ghulam Muhammad]]</div>
----<div style="padding:10;">[[Iskander Mirza]]</div>
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}; color:white" |5
|[[File:Ataur_Rahman_Khan.jpg|120px]]
| [[Ataur Rahman Khan]]
(1907 - 1991)
| {{Date table sorting|1956|9|1|}}
|{{Date table sorting|1958|3|31|}}
|{{ayd|1956|9|1|1958|3|31}}
| [[Awami League]]
|style="padding:0;" |<div style="padding:10;">[[Amiruddin Ahmad]] (Acting)</div>
----<div style="padding:10;">''[[Sher-e-Bangla]]'' [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]</div>
|rowspan="2" |[[Iskander Mirza]]
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Krishak Sramik Party}}; color:white" |(4)
|[[File:Abu Hosain Sarkar.jpg|120px]]
| [[Abu Hussain Sarkar]]
(1894 - 1969)
| {{Date table sorting|1958|3|31|}}
|{{Date table sorting|1958|4|1|}}
|{{ayd|1958|3|31|1958|4|1}}
| [[Krishak Sramik Party]]
|style="padding:0;" |<div style="padding:10;">''[[Sher-e-Bangla]]'' [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]</div>
----<div style="padding:10;">[[Muhammad Hamid Ali]] (Acting)</div>
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}; color:white" |(5)
|[[File:Ataur_Rahman_Khan.jpg|120px]]
| [[Ataur Rahman Khan]]
(1907 - 1991)
| {{Date table sorting|1958|4|1|}}
|{{Date table sorting|1958|6|18|}}
|{{ayd|1958|4|1|1958|6|18}}
| [[Awami League]]
|style="padding:0;" |<div style="padding:10;">[[Muhammad Hamid Ali]] (Acting)</div>
----<div style="padding:10;">[[Sultanuddin Ahmad]]</div>
|style="padding:0;" |<div style="padding:10;">[[Iskander Mirza]]</div>
----<div style="padding:10;">[[Ayub Khan]]</div>
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Krishak Sramik Party}}; color:white" |(4)
|[[File:Abu Hosain Sarkar.jpg|120px]]
| [[Abu Hussain Sarkar]]
(1894 - 1969)
| {{Date table sorting|1958|6|18|}}
|{{Date table sorting|1958|6|22|}}
|{{ayd|1958|6|18|1958|6|22}}
| [[Krishak Sramik Party]]
|[[Sultanuddin Ahmad]]
|rowspan="3" |[[Ayub Khan]]
|-
! style="background-color:gray; color:white;" |'''[-]'''
|[[File:Logo of the Governor of East Pakistan.svg|160x160px]]
|''Vacant'' ('''[[Governor of East Pakistan|Governor's rule]]''')
|{{Date table sorting|1958|6|22|}}
|{{Date table sorting|1958|8|25|}}
|{{ayd|1958|6|22|1958|8|25}}
| [[N/A]]
| -
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}; color:white" |(5)
|[[File:Ataur_Rahman_Khan.jpg|120px]]
| [[Ataur Rahman Khan]]
(1907 - 1991)
| {{Date table sorting|1958|8|25|}}
|{{Date table sorting|1958|10|7|}}
|{{ayd|1958|8|25|1958|10|7}}
| [[Awami League]]
|[[Sultanuddin Ahmad]]
|-
|}

==Legacy in Pakistan==
The trauma was extremely severe in [[Pakistan]] when the news of secession of East Pakistan as [[Bangladesh]] arrived—a psychological setback,<ref name="Haqqani2005"/> complete and humiliating defeat that shattered the prestige of the Pakistan Armed Forces.<ref name="Haqqani2005">{{cite book |last=Haqqani |first=Hussain |title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PP1 |year=2005 |publisher=United Book Press |isbn=978-0-87003-214-1 |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207173053/https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PP1 |url-status=live }}, Chapter 3, pp 87.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Tariq |year=1983 |title=Can Pakistan Survive? The Death of a State |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=98–99 |isbn=0-14-02-2401-7 |quote=The defeat of the Pakistan army traumatized West Pakistan and considerably dented the prestige of the armed services ... The defeat suffered in Dacca and the break-up of the country traumatized the population from top to bottom.}}</ref> The governor and martial law administrator, Lieutenant-General [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]], was defamed, his image was maligned and he was stripped of his honours.<ref name="Haqqani2005"/> The people of [[Pakistan]] could not come to terms with the magnitude of the defeat, and spontaneous demonstrations and mass protests erupted on the streets of major cities in (West) Pakistan.<ref name="Haqqani2005"/> General [[Yahya Khan]] surrendered powers to Nurul Amin of the [[Pakistan Muslim League]], the first and last [[Vice President of Pakistan|vice-president]] and [[prime minister of Pakistan]].<ref name="Haqqani2005"/>

Prime Minister Amin invited then-President [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] to take control of [[Pakistan]] in a colourful ceremony where Bhutto gave a daring speech to the nation on [[Pakistan Television|national television]].<ref name="Haqqani2005"/> At the ceremony, Bhutto waved his fist in the air and pledged to his nation to never again allow the surrender of his country like what happened with East Pakistan. He launched and orchestrated the large-scale [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|atomic bomb project]] in 1972.<ref name="The Atlantic">{{cite magazine |last=Langewiesche |first=William |date=November 2005 |title=The Wrath of Khan |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/11/the-wrath-of-khan/4333/3/ |magazine=The Atlantic |access-date=31 July 2016 |quote=Thirty-four years later it may seem obvious that the loss of Bangladesh was a blessing—but it is still not seen so today in Pakistan, and it was certainly not seen so at the time ... One month after the surrender of Pakistan's army in Bangladesh [Bhutto] called a secret meeting of about seventy Pakistani scientists ... He asked them for a nuclear bomb, and they responded enthusiastically. |archive-date=24 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824213019/http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/11/the-wrath-of-khan/4333/3 |url-status=live }}</ref> In memorial of East Pakistan, the [[Bangladeshis in Pakistan|East-Pakistan diaspora]] in Pakistan established the East-Pakistan colony in Karachi, Sindh.<ref>{{cite news |last=Abbas Naqvi |date=17 December 2006 |title=Falling back |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006\12\17\story_17-12-2006_pg12_3 |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Pakistan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805231755/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C12%5C17%5Cstory_17-12-2006_pg12_3 |archive-date=5 August 2011 |access-date=25 March 2012 |quote=Few people in Karachi's Chittagong Colony can forget Dec 16, 1971 – the Fall of Dhaka}}</ref> In accordance, the East-Pakistani diaspora also composed patriotic tributes to Pakistan after the war; songs such as "Sohni Dharti" (lit. "Beautiful Land") and "Jeevay, Jeevay Pakistan" (lit. "long-live, long-live Pakistan"), were composed by Bengali singer [[Shahnaz Rahmatullah]] in the 1970s and 1980s.

According to [[William Langewiesche]], writing for ''[[The Atlantic]]'', "it may seem obvious that the loss of Bangladesh was a blessing"<ref name="The Atlantic"/>—but it has never been seen that way in Pakistan.<ref name="The Atlantic"/> In the book ''Scoop! Inside Stories from the Partition to the Present'', Indian politician [[Kuldip Nayar]] opined, "Losing East Pakistan and Bhutto's releasing of Mujib did not mean anything to Pakistan's policy—as if there was no liberation war".<ref name="Nayar2006">{{cite book |last=Nayar |first=Kuldip |title=Scoop!: Inside Stories from Partition to the Present |date=1 October 2006 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-8172236434 |pages=213 pages |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/forum/2006/december/bhuttonmujib.htm |access-date=25 March 2012 |archive-date=15 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515230956/http://www.thedailystar.net/forum/2006/december/bhuttonmujib.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Bhutto's policy, and even today the policy of [[Pakistan]], is that "she will continue to fight for the honour and integrity of [[Pakistan]]".<ref name="Nayar2006"/>

==See also==
* [[Archer Blood|The Blood telegram]]
* [[Bangladesh–Pakistan relations]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
* [[East Pakistan football team]]
* [[List of East Pakistan first-class cricketers]]
* [[Partition of India]]
* [[Provincial Government of East Pakistan]]
* [[West Pakistan]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd Government of Bangladesh]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060127012942/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/ Government of Pakistan]

{{Language Movement}}
{{Bangladesh–Pakistan relations}}
{{Irredentism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:East Pakistan| ]]
[[Category:Former provinces of Pakistan|East]]
[[Category:Former exclaves]]
[[Category:Enclaves and exclaves]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Late modern Bengal]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Liberation War|E]]
[[Category:Post-independence history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:1950s in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:1960s in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:1970s in Pakistan]]
[[Category:1970s in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Former countries in South Asia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1956]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1971]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:1971 disestablishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:1971 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:20th century in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Rai Technology University

2026-03-19T13:32:22Z

Aurelia2406: adjust details based on references and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|image =
|image_size = 200 px
|name = Rai Technology University
|motto =
|established = 2013
|type =[[Private university|Private]]
|endowment =
|chairman =
|Pro-chancellor =
|vice_chancellor=
|president =
|city = [[Doddaballapur]], [[Bangalore]]
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|country = [[India]]
|coor =
|publictransit =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|staff =
|website = {{url|http://www.raitechuniversity.in/}}
|footnotes =
}}

'''Rai Technology University (RTU)''' is an Indian private university located in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=12&Unitype=3 | title=Private University Karnataka | publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]] | accessdate=29 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/305116/wannabe-private-universities-fail-look.html | title=Wannabe private universities fail to look beyond Bangalore | publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] | work=Asha Krishnaswamy | date=13 January 2013 | accessdate=29 October 2015}}</ref>

Approved by the [[Government of Karnataka]] and the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC), RTU began operations in 2014 under the governance of the Rai Foundation.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

==Campus==

The 85-acre main campus is situated at 11th Mile, Mallohalli, on the Doddaballapura-Nelamangala Main Road.

==Academic Programs==

RTU offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and PhD programs through the following colleges:
*College of Engineering and Computer Applications
*College of Commerce and Management Studies
*College of Sciences

==Collaborations==

RTU has established collaborations with institutes and companies both in India and internationally.{{cn|date=January 2025}} One notable{{cn|date=January 2025}} partnership is the MoU with the Information Sharing and Analysis Center (ISAC), aimed at building credible and ethical cybersecurity professionals under the National Security Database.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Education}}
{{Universities in Karnataka}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Private universities in India]]
[[Category:Universities in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2013]]

{{Karnataka-university-stub}}

Warangal

2026-03-17T10:56:31Z

Aurelia2406: minor update

{{Short description|Major city in Telangana, India}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Warangal
| other_name = Orugallu, Ekashila Nagaram
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = WarangalMontage.jpg
| image_size = 300
| image_alt = Montage of Warangal city images.
| image_caption = Clockwise from top: City view as seen from Govindarajula hill, [[Kakatiya University]], [[Warangal Fort]], [[Thousand Pillar Temple]], [[Kakatiya Kala Thoranam]]
| map_alt =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Warangal (Telangana)
| coordinates = {{coord|17.968900|N|79.594100|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Warangal district]]
| nickname = [[Warangal Tri-City|Tri-City]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = {{start date and age|1163||}}
| founder = [[Kakatiya dynasty]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation]] [[Kakatiya Urban Development Authority|KUDA]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Gundu Sudha Rani]]
| leader_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="profile">{{cite web |title=Budget Estimates for the Year 2017–2018 and Revised Budget Estimates for the Year 2016–2017 |url=https://gwmc.gov.in/RTI%20pdfs/Chapter-XII.pdf |website=Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation |access-date=6 June 2019 |page=3}}</ref><ref name="metro">{{cite web|title=About Kakatiya Urban Development Authority|url=http://kuda.co.in/about.php|website=Kakatiya Urban Development Authority|access-date=6 July 2020|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301193646/http://kuda.co.in/about.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| total_type = [[City]]
| area_total_km2 = 406.97
| area_metro_km2 = 1805
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 288
| population_total = 557802
| population_as_of = 2018
| population_footnotes = <ref name="aboutgwmc">{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://gwmc.gov.in/aboutUs.aspx|website=[[GWMC]]|access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="totalpop">{{cite web|title=STATEMENT SHOWING THE REVENUE VILLAGE WISE 2011 CENSUS POPULATION FIGURES IN WARANGAL DISTRICT|url=https://gwmc.gov.in/attachments/CENSUS-2011-POPULATION.pdf|website=[[GWMC]]|access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="profile" />
| population_density_km2 = 2000
| population_urban = 1005938
| population_metro = 1080490
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Telangana by population|2nd (Telangana)]]
| population_demonym = Warangalite,
Kakatiyan
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 506001–506019
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91–0870]]
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|TG-24 AP-36 (Former)]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.gwmc.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
}}
'''Warangal''' ({{ipa|te|ʋɐrɐŋɡɐl|lang|Tu-వరంగల్.oga}}), also known as '''Orugallu''', is a city in the [[India]]n state of [[Telangana]] and the district headquarters of Warangal district. It is the second largest city in Telangana with a population of 811,844 per [[2011 Census of India]],<ref name="aboutgwmc" /><ref name="totalpop" /> and spreading over an {{convert|406|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="profile" />
Warangal served as the capital of the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] which was established in 1163. The monuments left by the Kakatiyas include fortresses, lakes, temples and stone gateways which, in the present, helped the city to become a popular tourist attraction. The [[Kakatiya Kala Thoranam]] was included in the [[emblem of Telangana]] by the state government and Warangal is also touted as the cultural capital of Telangana.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mahender|first=Adepu|date=25 August 2018|title=Cultural capital of Telangana awaits State auditorium|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Warangal-Tab/2018-08-25/Cultural-capital-of-Telangana-awaits-State-auditorium/407555|access-date=12 October 2021|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-telangana/Warangal-city-may-not-be-divided/article14625930.ece|title=Warangal city may not be divided|last=Rao|first=Gollapudi Srinivasa|date=7 September 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=16 December 2017|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

It is one of eleven cities in the country to have been chosen for the [[Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana]] scheme by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hridayindia.in/warangal/|title=Warangal {{!}} Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY)|website=hridayindia.in|access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref> It was also selected as a ''[[smart city]]'' in the "fast-track competition", which makes it eligible for additional investment to improve urban infrastructure and industrial opportunities under the [[Smart Cities Mission]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Lucknow-Warangal-among-13-smart-cities-announced-by-govt./article14337157.ece|title=Lucknow, Warangal among 13 smart cities announced by govt.|date=24 May 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=13 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108143347/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Lucknow-Warangal-among-13-smart-cities-announced-by-govt./article14337157.ece|archive-date=8 November 2020}}</ref>

[[UNESCO]] has included Warangal in its Global Network of Learning Cities (GNLC) in recognition of the city's outstanding efforts to make lifelong learning a reality for all at the local level.<ref name="UNESCO-GNLC">{{cite web|title=UNESCO Global Network of Learning cities - Warangal, India|url=https://www.uil.unesco.org/en/learning-cities/warangal|access-date=29 November 2024|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>

The three urban cities: [[Kazipet]], [[Hanamkonda]] and Warangal are together known as [[Warangal Tri-City]]. The three cities are connected by the National Highway 163 ([[Hyderabad]]–[[Bhuvanagiri, Telangana|Bhuvanagiri]]–Warangal–[[Bhopalpatnam]]). The major stations are Kazipet Junction railway station and Warangal railway station.
[[File:Kakatiya Kala Toranam also called Warangal Gate at Warangal Fort Telangana.jpg|thumb|Warangal Fort]]

== Etymology ==
During the 160 years of [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] rule between 1163 and 1323 CE, Warangal was referred to by various names like ''Orugallu'', ''Ekashila Nagaram'', or ''Omatikonda''; all these mean a 'single stone', referring to a huge granite boulder present in the Warangal fort.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hridayindia.in/warangal/ |title = HRI Day India| date=21 August 2023 }}</ref> When the Kakatiya dynasty was defeated by [[Delhi Sultanate]] in 1323 CE, ruler [[Juna Khan]], Crown Prince of [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]], conquered the city and renamed it as Sultanpur.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jayapalan |first1=N. |title=History of India |date=2001 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |isbn=978-81-7156-928-1 |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&pg=PA34 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7ZZzk8cXh8C&q=warangal+named+as+sultanpur&pg=PA86 | title=Series-16 Indian History–Medieval India}}</ref> Later [[Musunuri Nayaks]] recaptured Warangal in 1336 CE and named it Orugallu again.

== History ==
{{Main|Kakatiya dynasty}}
{{multiple image
| align = center
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 400
| image1 = Warangal years ago.jpg
| caption1 = Warangal years ago
| image2 = Warangal ei1-63.jpg
| caption2 = Sculptures at Warangal Fort
| image3 = Kakatiyas well at warangal.jpg
| caption3 = Kakatiyas well at Warangal
}}
Warangal was the ancient capital of the Kakatiya dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |title=Historic Landmarks of the Deccan |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.106468 |last=Haig |first=Thomas Wolseley |author-link=Wolseley Haig |year=1907 |place=Allahabad |publisher=The Pioneer Press |page=66}}</ref> It was ruled by many kings such as Beta Raja I, Prola Raja I, Beta Raja II, Prola Raja II, [[Rudradeva]], Mahadeva, Ganapathideva, [[Prataparudra]] and [[Rani Rudrama Devi]] who is the only woman to rule over Telugu region. Beta Raja I is the founder of Kakatiya Dynasty and ruled the kingdom for 30 years and was succeeded by his son Prola Raja I who shifted his capital to [[Hanamkonda]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Kakatiya Dynasty (Kakatiya Empire, Kakatiyas)| url=https://www.importantindia.com/9551/kakatiya-dynasty/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920063344/http://www.importantindia.com:80/9551/kakatiya-dynasty/| archive-date=20 September 2017|url-status=usurped |date=13 December 2013}}</ref>

During the rule of Ganapathideva, the capital was shifted from Hanamkonda to Warangal.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/warangal/wa01.html | title=Ancient India| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130010224/http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/warangal/wa01.html| archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref> Kakatiya Period Inscriptions praised Warangal as the best city within the Telugu region, up to shores of the ocean.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&q=warangal+best|title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra|last=Cynthia|first=Talbot|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=20 September 2001|isbn=978-0-19-803123-9|page=37}}</ref> The Kakatiyas left many monuments, including a fortress, four massive stone gateways, the Swayambhu temple dedicated to [[Shiva]], and the [[Ramappa temple]] situated near Ramappa Lake. The cultural and administrative distinction of the Kakatiyas was mentioned by [[Marco Polo]]. After the defeat of [[Prataparudra II]], the [[Musunuri Nayaks]] united 72 Nayak chieftains and captured Warangal from [[Delhi Sultanate]] and ruled for fifty years. After the demise of the Nayaks, Warangal was part of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] and then the Sultanate of [[Golconda]].

The [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]] conquered [[Golconda]] in 1687, and it remained part of the Mughal empire until the southern provinces of the empire split away to become the state of [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]] in 1724, which included the Telangana region and some parts of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]]. Hyderabad was annexed to India in 1948, and became an [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] called Hyderabad state. In 1956, Hyderabad state was partitioned as part of the [[States Reorganisation Act]], and Telangana, the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking region of Hyderabad state, which includes Warangal, became part of Andhra Pradesh. After the Telangana movement, Telangana state was formed on 2 June 2014, Warangal became a part of Telangana State.

== Geography and climate ==
{{stack begin}}{{climate chart
|Warangal
|15|30|15
|18|33|5
|22|37|5
|26|40|7
|28|42|15
|28|37|50
|25|32|85
|25|31|170
|23|33|160
|22|33|70
|18|31|10
|14|29|0
|source=[http://www.mustseeindia.com/Warangal-weather mustseeindia.com]
|float=right
}}{{stack end}}
{{multiple image
| align = center
| total_width = 440
| image1 = Waddepally lake 13122015.jpg
| caption1 = [[Waddepally Lake]]
| image2 = Bhadrakali Lake, Warangal.JPG
| caption2 = [[Bhadrakali Lake]]
}}
Warangal is located at {{Coord|18.0|N|79.58|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 266 metres (873 feet).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/maps/e6s7/Warangal/|title = Warangal topographic map, elevation, relief}}</ref> It is settled in the eastern part of [[Deccan Plateau]] made up of granite rocks and hill formations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourism-of-india.com/deccan-plateau.html|title=Deccan Plateau, Andhra Pradesh – Things to do in Andhra Pradesh|access-date=28 July 2015}}</ref> which left the region barren making the cultivation dependent on seasonal rainfall. There are no major rivers flowing near the city, making it reliant on the [[Kakatiya Canal]], which originates from [[Sriram Sagar Project]], to meet the city's water requirements.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Three-towns-in-the-grip-of-water-crisis/article16623715.ece|title=Three towns in the grip of water crisis|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=28 July 2015|date=25 April 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204122821/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Three-towns-in-the-grip-of-water-crisis/article16623715.ece|archive-date=4 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/india_information/drinking.htm|title=Drinking Water|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702082705/http://nih.ernet.in/rbis/india_information/drinking.htm|archive-date=2 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Located in the semi-arid region of Telangana, Warangal has a predominantly hot and dry climate. Summer starts in March, and peaks in May with average high temperatures in the {{convert|42|C|F}} range. The [[monsoon]] arrives in June and lasts until September with about {{convert|550|mm|in|abbr=on}} of precipitation. A dry, mild winter starts in October and lasts until early February, when there is little humidity and average temperatures in the {{convert|22|-|23|C|F}} range. Many hill rocks and lakes are located around warangal. Padmakshi hill, mettu gutta, hanumathgiri gutta, ursu gutta and [[Govinda Rajula Gutta]] are famous hills with temples.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.padmakshi.org/about|title=About – Welcome to Padmakshi Temple|access-date=28 July 2015}}</ref>

[[Bhadrakali Lake]], [[Dharmasagar, India|Dharmasagar]] lake and [[Waddepally Lake]] are the three lakes which add scenic beauty and are the major sources of drinking water.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/2365607|title=Lake Water Quality and its Interaction with Aquifers in Warangal City|author=D. Thhatikkonda|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407114835/https://www.academia.edu/2365607/Lake_Water_Quality_and_its_Interaction_with_Aquifers_in_Warangal_City|archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Warangal city (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/398-warangal.html|title=Warangal City Population Census 2011 – Andhra Pradesh}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|83.41}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|14.39}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.65}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|grey|0.55}}
|caption=†Includes [[Sikh]]s, [[Jainism|Jains]] 
}}

{{Historical population
| source = <ref name="Census 1951-61">{{cite book|title=Process of urban fringe development: A model|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buz5csyXFmwC|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=25|last=Gopi|first=K.N|year=1978|access-date=6 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="Census Hyderabad">{{cite web|title=Economy, population and urban sprawl a comparative study of urban agglomerations of Banglore and Hyderabad, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques|url=http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Seminars/Details/Seminars/PDE2007/Papers/IYER_Neelakantan_paperNairobi2007-project.pdf|last1=Iyer|first1=Neelakantan Krishna|last2=Kulkarni|first2=Sumati|last3=Raghavaswam|first3=V.|page=21|date=13 June 2007|publisher=circed.org|access-date=10 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201030200/http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Seminars/Details/Seminars/PDE2007/Papers/IYER_Neelakantan_paperNairobi2007-project.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="greater Hyderabad">{{cite web|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|page=11|year=2011|publisher=Government of India|access-date=10 December 2012}}</ref>
| 1901 | 31186
| 1911 | 48342
| 1921 | 46791
| 1931 | 62119
| 1941 | 92808
| 1951 | 133130
| 1961 | 160000
| 1971 | 210040
| 1981 | 338910
| 1991 | 447657
| 2001 | 530636
| 2011 | 830281
}}
{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], the city has population of {{formatnum:627449}}, which later increased to the present population of 830,281, including the expanded city limits.<ref name="aboutgwmc" /><ref name="totalpop" /><ref name="profile" />

The major religion in Warangal is [[Hinduism]], with 83% of the population adhering to it. [[Islam]] is the largest minority, at 14%. There are small communities of Christians, Jews, and Buddhists.

== Government and politics ==
=== Civic administration ===
{{Main|Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation}}
[[File:WarangalCorporation.jpg|thumb|Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation]]
[[Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation]] is the civic body of the city, which oversees the civic needs. Established in 1899, it is one of the oldest urban local bodies in India.<ref name="profile" /> City planning is governed by the [[Kakatiya Urban Development Authority]] (KUDA), constituted in 1982 by the local government for the planning, development and management of the Kakatiya Urban Development Area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kuda.in/profile.html|title=Kakatiy Urban Development Authority|publisher=Kuda.in|access-date=19 April 2014|archive-date=9 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309062647/http://www.kuda.in/profile.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has its jurisdictional area spread over {{Convert|1805|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, covering 19 [[mandals]], 181 villages in the three districts of [[Warangal district]], [[Hanamkonda district|Hanamkonda]] and [[Jangaon district|Jangaon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=KUDA |url=http://www.kuda.in/Objectives.html |website=www.kuda.in |access-date=6 June 2019 |archive-date=17 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617132459/http://www.kuda.in/objectives.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, the corporation has bagged a total of eleven awards in various categories, such as conservation, sanitation, heritage, etc.<ref name="profile" />{{rp|6}}<ref>{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=Warangal model for solid waste management |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/warangal-model-for-solid-waste-management/article4832289.ece |access-date=6 June 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=20 June 2013 |language=en-IN|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205191224/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/warangal-model-for-solid-waste-management/article4832289.ece |archive-date=5 December 2020 }}</ref> For electoral purpose, the city is divided into 58 [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|electoral wards]], of which 50% are reserved for women. A total of thirty seats are reserved for [[Backward Class|BC{{'}}s]] (19), [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC{{'}}s (9) and ST{{'}}s (2)]] respectively.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reservation of wards finalised in Warangal, Khammam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/reservation-of-wards-finalised-in-warangal-khammam/article8242821.ece |access-date=6 June 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=16 February 2016 |language=en-IN|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205185037/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/reservation-of-wards-finalised-in-warangal-khammam/article8242821.ece |archive-date=5 December 2020 }}</ref>

In October 2012, the corporation conducted ''Clean Cities Championship'', which invited professionals from 57 municipalities across the state for effective waste management and was won by [[Khammam Municipal Corporation]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/Trash-driving/article15616669.ece|title=Trash driving|last=Acharya|first=Keya|date=24 November 2012|work=The Hindu|access-date=7 April 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205182319/https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/Trash-driving/article15616669.ece|archive-date=5 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2012/11/making-waste-management-a-sport-in-india/|title=Making Waste Management a Sport in India|website=www.ipsnews.net|date=22 November 2012 |access-date=7 April 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201150112/http://www.ipsnews.net/2012/11/making-waste-management-a-sport-in-india/|archive-date=1 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|last1=Malhotra|first1=Meghna|last2=Baradi|first2=Manvita|last3=Centre -UMC|first3=Urban Management|title=Compendium Of Good Practices in Solid Waste Management, March 2015|url=https://www.academia.edu/22906452|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406141137/https://www.academia.edu/22906452/Compendium_Of_Good_Practices_in_Solid_Waste_Management_March_2015|archive-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> Following the event, Warangal became the first city in India to achieve 100% door-to-door [[Municipal solid waste|MSW collection]]. About 70% of households started practising two-bin MSW segregation into wet and dry waste. 420 cement bins and 128 dumpsters were removed from locations across Warangal making it a no dump city.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Malhotra|first1=Meghna|last2=Baradi|first2=Manvita|last3=Centre -UMC|first3=Urban Management|title=Compendium Of Good Practices in Solid Waste Management, March 2015|url=https://www.academia.edu/22906452|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406141137/https://www.academia.edu/22906452/Compendium_Of_Good_Practices_in_Solid_Waste_Management_March_2015|archive-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> GWMC was able to reduce the MSW going to landfill by 30% to 40%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.npcindia.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/7.2-Annex-for-NPC-Warangal.pdf|title=National Productivity Council India: Clean Cities Championship Case Study|access-date=7 April 2019|archive-date=7 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407083747/http://www.npcindia.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/7.2-Annex-for-NPC-Warangal.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the dumpyard with significantly reduced load is, in phases, being converted into a nature park with [[vermicompost]]ing sheds.<ref name="auto1"/>

=== Municipal finance ===

According to financial data published on the CityFinance Portal of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,<ref>{{cite web |title=Warangal Municipal Corporation Finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/warangal |publisher=CityFinance Portal, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref> the Warangal Municipal Corporation reported total revenue receipts of ₹144 crore (US$17 million) and total expenditure of ₹216 crore (US$26 million) in 2022–23. Tax revenue accounted for about 37.5% of the total revenue, while the corporation received ₹0.46 crore in grants during the financial year.

=== Law and order ===
[[File:WL police vehicle.jpg|thumb|Police patrol vehicle in Warangal]]
The urban police district, which is responsible for maintaining law and order in city and agglomerated areas around Warangal was converted into a Police Commissionerate by the state government in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2015/jan/26/warangal-to-get-police-commissionerate-709761.html|title=Warangal to Get Police Commissionerate|work=The New Indian Express|date=26 January 2015 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129173751/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2015/jan/26/Warangal-to-Get-Police-Commissionerate-709761.html|archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/telangana/warangal-the-police-commissionerate-206818|title=వరంగల్.. ఇక పోలీసు కమిషనరేట్|access-date=28 July 2015|date=25 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322183547/https://www.sakshi.com/news/telangana/warangal-the-police-commissionerate-206818|archive-date=22 March 2020}}</ref> Inspector General will be working as police commissioner who is also given magisterial powers. There are around 71 police stations present under [[Warangal Police Commissionerate]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://warangalpolice.gov.in/JurPS.aspx|title=Jurisdiction of Police Stations|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-date=3 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203164303/http://warangalpolice.gov.in/JurPS.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===
There are hospitals in the city for [[health care]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141029/nation-current-affairs/article/biomedical-wastes-pose-threat-lives|title=Biomedical wastes pose a threat to lives|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=29 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309221731/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141029/nation-current-affairs/article/biomedical-wastes-pose-threat-lives|archive-date=9 March 2020}}</ref> The [[Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital]] is the largest hospital in the city, serving the patients from the [[Adilabad]], [[Khammam]] and [[Karimnagar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=MGM, A 'Super Specialty' Hospital Sans Specialists and Nurses |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2015/feb/23/mgm-a-super-specialty-hospital-sans-specialists-and-nurses-720641.html |access-date=6 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=23 February 2015|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318233103/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2015/feb/23/MGM-A-Super-Specialty-Hospital-Sans-Specialists-and-Nurses-720641.html |archive-date=18 March 2020 }}</ref>

== Economy ==

{{As of|2011}} [[census of India]], Warangal is one of the Indian cities that has seen rapid growth of urbanisation from 19%–28%, alongside cities such as [[Gandhinagar]], [[Kozhikode]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/high-growth-north-yet-to-match-spatial-spread-of-south-west/|title=High growth North yet to match spatial spread of South, West|work=The Indian Express|date=7 April 2014|access-date=15 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201093149/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/high-growth-north-yet-to-match-spatial-spread-of-south-west/|archive-date=1 December 2020}}</ref>

Agriculture is the main economic activity with irrigation depending mainly on monsoon and seasonal rainfalls. Major crops are [[paddy (unmilled rice)|paddy]], [[cotton]], [[mango]] and [[wheat]]. Warangal benefits from the Godavari lift irrigation scheme which is designed to lift water from the [[Godavari]] river to irrigate drought prone areas in the Telangana region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://irrigation.cgg.gov.in/OngMaj/GodavariLiftIrrigationSchemeDetail.htm |title=Detailed Profile of the Project |publisher=Irrigation.cgg.gov.in |date=23 May 2003 |access-date=19 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326105439/http://irrigation.cgg.gov.in/OngMaj/GodavariLiftIrrigationSchemeDetail.htm |archive-date=26 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city hosts second-biggest [[grain trade|grain market]] of Asia, located in Enumamula.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiagrowing.com/Telangana/Warangal/Hanamkonda/Enumamula|title=Enumamula Village, Hanamkonda Mandal, Warangal |publisher=India Growing |access-date=19 April 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326103159/http://www.indiagrowing.com/Telangana/Warangal/Hanamkonda/Enumamula |archive-date=26 March 2014 }}</ref>

[[Information Technology]] is another sector in which the city is making steady progress with its Incubation centre at [[Madikonda]]. Recently [[Tech Mahindra]] & [[Cyient]] have opened their development centres and many other IT majors like [[Mindtree]], quadrant resource will be opening their offices shortly.<ref>{{cite web|author=Special Correspondent |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-Telangana/stpiwarangal-woos-investors/article5647745.ece|title=STPI-Warangal woos investors|work=The Hindu|date=3 February 2014|access-date=19 April 2014}}{{deadlink|date=September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/it-incubation-centre-inaugurated-in-warangal-116021900844_1.html | title=IT Incubation Centre inaugurated in Warangal | work=Business Standard | date=19 February 2016 | access-date=5 July 2016 | author=Press Trust of India| url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307154831/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/it-incubation-centre-inaugurated-in-warangal-116021900844_1.html | archive-date=7 March 2020 }}</ref>

In 2023, [[Kone]], a leading elevator manufacturer, opened an office in Warangal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KONE Elevator opens new office in Warangal |url=https://www.bizzbuzz.news/national/kone-elevator-opens-new-office-in-warangal-1275594 |website=Bizz Buzz |date=22 December 2023 |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref>

Healthcare is another important industry in Warangal. The [[Warangal Multi Super Speciality Hospital]] is expected to be completed in 2024.

== Transport ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| width = 220
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Warangaltraffic.jpg
| caption1 = Traffic on Warangal roads
| image2 = Main entrance Kazipet.JPG
| caption2 = [[Kazipet Junction railway station|Kazipet railway station]]
| image3 = Warangal railway station.jpg
| caption3 = [[Warangal railway station]]
| image4 =
| caption4 = [[Warangal Airport]]
}}

=== Roadway ===
The city is connected to major cities and towns by means of road and railways. [[National Highway (India)|National]] and [[state highways]] that pass through the city are [[National Highway 163 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 163]], connecting [[Hyderabad]] and [[Bhopalpatnam]]; [[National Highway 563 (India)|NH 563]] connecting [[Ramagundam]] and [[Khammam]]; State highway 3. [[TSRTC]] operates buses to various destinations from Hanamkonda and Warangal bus stations of the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bus Stations|url=http://www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in/BusStations.php|website=[[TSRTC]]|access-date=20 May 2016|archive-date=10 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610082644/http://www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in/BusStations.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nearly 78 City buses run in various routes across the city and sub urban areas while 45 city buses run from city to nearby villages.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Guntur-still-awaits-city-RTC-services/articleshow/43761506.cms|title=Guntur still awaits city RTC services|work=The Times of India|date=29 September 2014 |access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127040728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Guntur-still-awaits-city-RTC-services/articleshow/43761506.cms|archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref>

In 2024, it was reported that the construction on [[National Highway 563 (India)|NH 563]] to make it a four lane highway were nearly complete.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swamy |first=Thirunagari Venkateswara |title=Work intensifies on NH-563 linking Jagtial to Khammam |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/khammam/work-intensifies-on-nh-563-linking-jagtial-to-khammam-863834 |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=The Hans India |date=10 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Railway ===
Warangal has two railway stations namely, [[Kazipet railway station|Kazipet]] and [[Warangal railway station|Warangal]] on the important [[New Delhi-Chennai main line]] of [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karimnzp.appr.gov.in/en/hidden/-/asset_publisher/di5XrVERUf8s/content/transport-information/|title=KARIMNAGAR-District Panchayat|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213150901/http://www.karimnzp.appr.gov.in/en/hidden/-/asset_publisher/di5XrVERUf8s/content/transport-information/|url-status=dead}}</ref> They are administered under the jurisdiction of the [[Secunderabad railway division]] of [[South Central Railway zone]]. Kazipet Junction shelters both Electric and Diesel Loco sheds with a capacity of holding 175 and 142 locomotives.<ref>{{cite news|title=ELS / KZJ|url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?id=0,1,291,357,950,952|access-date=15 October 2016|work=South Central Railway}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,357,950,951|title=South Central Railway|website=scr.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> Kazipet town, Vanchanagiri, Pendial,
[[Hasanparthy Road railway station]] are the other railway stations within the city limits. The construction of third railway line between Balharshah and Kazipet was sanctioned at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|24.032|b|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/New-rail-line-between-Kazipet-and-Ballarshah/articleshow/53852215.cms|title=New rail line between Kazipet and Ballarshah – Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=15 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930161924/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/New-rail-line-between-Kazipet-and-Ballarshah/articleshow/53852215.cms|archive-date=30 September 2020}}</ref>

In October 2023, the [[Hadapsar]]-[[Hyderabad]] Express was extended to Kazipet.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/hyderabad/2023/Oct/08/four-train-services-extended-to-be-flagged-off-from-telanganaon-october-9-2621915.html | title=Four train services extended, to be flagged off from Telangana on October 9 - the New Indian Express | date=9 October 2023 }}</ref>

A [[RapidX]] rail line has been proposed from Warangal to Hyderabad.<ref name="Hyderabad RRTS New Indian Express">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/feb/18/telanganato-take-up-regional-rapid-transit-system-2420902.html|title=Telangana to take up Regional Rapid Transit System|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=18 February 2022}}</ref>

=== Airway ===
Warangal has an [[Warangal Airport|airport]] built by the Nizams at Mamnoor in 1930. It was largest airport in undivided India with 1,875 acres of land, a 6.6-km runway, a pilot and staff quarters, a pilot training centre and more than one terminal. Many cargo services and Vayudoot services were served. During the [[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China war]], it served as a hangar for government aircraft due to Delhi airport being a target in combat. It remained in service until 1981.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Nizam-era-airport-lies-neglected/articleshow/9402208.cms|title=Nizam-era airport lies neglected – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 July 2011 |access-date=13 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020152607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Nizam-era-airport-lies-neglected/articleshow/9402208.cms|archive-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>

This airport is currently being used as NCC Training Centre by No. 4(A) air squadron for gliding sorties, skeet shooting and aero-modeling.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mamnoor airport to function only after 2030|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140921/nation-current-affairs/article/mamnoor-airport-function-only-after-2030|access-date=15 October 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=21 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229085616/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140921/nation-current-affairs/article/mamnoor-airport-function-only-after-2030|archive-date=29 February 2020}}</ref> There is no scheduled commercial air service from this airport at present.

On 31 July 2023, the State Cabinet of Telangana approved the proposal to develop Mamnoor Airport. The proposal calls for the acquisition and subsequent allocation of the last 253 acres of required land to the [[Airports Authority of India|Airport Authority of India]] for purposes of constructing a terminal building as well as extending the existing runway to accommodate larger aircraft such as the [[Boeing 747]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-cabinet-approves-development-of-warangals-mamnoor-airport | title=Telangana Cabinet approves development of Warangal's Mamnoor airport | date=31 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/telangana/2023/Aug/16/telangana-government-plan-to-develop-mamnoor-airport-triggers-realty-boom-2605690.html | title=Telangana government plan to develop Mamnoor airport triggers realty boom - the New Indian Express | date=8 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=KUMAR |first=N. RAVI |date=2024-01-18 |title=Telangana pursuing plans for 3 new airports, revival of 3 facilities: Roads & Buildings Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/plans-for-three-new-airports-in-telangana-and-revival-of-three-more-are-being-pursued-said-roads-and-buildings-minister-komatireddy-venkat-reddy/article67752158.ece |access-date=2024-05-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The funds to acquire the remaining land were approved and released in November 2024, in the amount of ₹205 crores.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-11-17 |title=Government allocates ₹205 crore for Telangana's Mamnoor airport expansion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/government-allocates-205-crore-for-mamnoor-airport-expansion/article68879068.ece |access-date=2024-11-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Educational institutes ==
[[File:Nitw 1.8k Hostel for Boys.jpg|thumb|[[National Institute of Technology, Warangal|NIT Warangal]], established in 1959]]
[[File:KMC building cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Kakatiya Medical College]]]]

Both government and private institutions have their presence in the city. On 2nd September 2022, Warangal joined the [[UNESCO]] Global Network of Learning Cities (GNLC).<ref name="UNESCO-GNLC-date">{{cite web|title=UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities: 77 new members from 44 countries|url=https://www.uil.unesco.org/en/articles/unesco-global-network-learning-cities-77-new-members-44-countries|access-date=29 November 2024|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>

===Universities and colleges===


* [[Kakatiya Institute of Technology and Science]]
* [[Kakatiya Medical College]]
* [[Kakatiya University]]
* [[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
* [[National Institute of Technology, Warangal]]
* [[SR Engineering College]]
* [[SR University]]
* [[Vaagdevi College of Engineering]]
* Vaagdevi Engineering College

===Schools===


* [[Delhi Public School, Warangal]]
* [[Platinum Jubilee High School, Warangal|Platinum Jubilee High School]]
* [[Srinivasa Ramanujan Concept School]]
* [[St. Gabriel's High School]]
* [[Hyderabad Public School]]
* [[Greenwood High School (Warangal)|Greenwood High School]]

== Culture ==
[[File:A few Tourist attraction spots in Warangal Tri-Cities.jpg|thumb|few tourist attraction spots in Warangal Tri-Cities]]
The residents of the city are often referred as ''Warangalites''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Paying tribute to new State in style|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/paying-tribute-to-new-state-in-style/article7273396.ece|access-date=15 October 2016|work=The Hindu|date=2 June 2015|language=en-IN|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204120730/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/paying-tribute-to-new-state-in-style/article7273396.ece|archive-date=4 December 2020}}</ref> The [[Warangal Fort]], [[Thousand Pillar Temple]] and the [[Ramappa Temple]] are included in the list of [[World Heritage Sites]] recognised by [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Centre|first1=UNESCO World Heritage|title=The Glorious Kakatiya Temples and Gateways – UNESCO World Heritage Centre|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5889/|website=whc.unesco.org|access-date=28 June 2016|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308083849/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5889/|archive-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> [[Bhadrakali Temple, Warangal|Bhadrakali Temple]], [[Padmakshi Temple]], Mettu Gutta, [[Govinda Rajula Gutta]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Warangal]], [[Syed Shah Afzal Biabani|Kazipet Dargah]], Ursu Gutta, and Erragattu Gutta are the other notable destinations of various religions. Bhadrakali Lake, Waddepally Lake, and Dharmasagar Lake are the water bodies notable for tourism.<ref>{{cite web|title=Regions ::: Visit Telangana – Official Tourism Information for Telangana|url=http://www.telanganatourism.gov.in/partials/destinations/regions/warangal.html|website=www.telanganatourism.gov.in|access-date=28 June 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Badrakali Temple Warangal.jpg|thumb|Bhadrakali Temple in Warangal]]

[[Bhadrakali Temple, Warangal|Bhadrakali Temple]] lake is being developed into the largest first Geo-Bio-Diversity cultural park in the country, with promenades, historic caves, suspension bridges, natural trails, nesting ground and ecological reserves.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/warangals-cultural-heritage-set-to-get-a-boost-under-hriday-project/article7507399.ece|title=Destination Warangal|date=6 August 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=13 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125001733/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/warangals-cultural-heritage-set-to-get-a-boost-under-hriday-project/article7507399.ece|archive-date=25 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Not-Hyderabad-Warangal-now-tourism-hotspot/articleshow/49351037.cms|title=Not Hyderabad, Warangal now tourism hotspot | Hyderabad News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=14 October 2015 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105180101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Not-Hyderabad-Warangal-now-tourism-hotspot/articleshow/49351037.cms|archive-date=5 November 2019}}</ref>

The [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]] awarded Warangal as the best heritage city, at the National Tourism Awards for the year 2014–2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/madhya-pradesh-received-award-for-comprehensive-development-of-tourism-2944373/|title=Madhya Pradesh receives award for comprehensive development of tourism|date=30 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201094808/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/madhya-pradesh-received-award-for-comprehensive-development-of-tourism-2944373/|archive-date=1 December 2020}}</ref> This is the third time in a row for the city to get this award.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/Warangal-wins-best-heritage-city-award/article14545178.ece|title=Warangal wins best heritage city award|newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 August 2016|via=www.thehindu.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201065225/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/Warangal-wins-best-heritage-city-award/article14545178.ece|archive-date=1 December 2020}}</ref>

===Festivals===

Festivals in the city include, a floral festival of [[Bathukamma]] being celebrated by women of the city, worshiping the goddess with different flowers for nine days.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/bathukamma-festivities-in-the-air/article6442465.ece|title=Bathukamma: Festivities in the air|author=Special Correspondent|work=The Hindu|date=24 September 2014 |access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118143829/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/bathukamma-festivities-in-the-air/article6442465.ece|archive-date=18 January 2021}}</ref> The women carry their ''Bathukamma'' to the nearest temple of their locality, then they clap, sing and dance rhythmically around the Bathukamma.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/bathukamma-festivities-to-begin-from-sept-24/article6432089.ece|title=Bathukamma festivities to begin from Sept. 24|author=Gollapudi Srinivasa Rao|work=The Hindu|date=21 September 2014 |access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229091519/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/bathukamma-festivities-to-begin-from-sept-24/article6432089.ece|archive-date=29 February 2020}}</ref> Along with Bathukamma, [[Bonalu]] is also declared as a state festival on 15 June 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Bonalu-Bathukamma-declared-state-festivals/articleshow/36677768.cms|title=Bonalu, Bathukamma declared state festivals|work=The Times of India|date=17 June 2014 |access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228193000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Bonalu-Bathukamma-declared-state-festivals/articleshow/36677768.cms|archive-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> Other festivals are, [[Sammakka Saralamma Jatara]] (Medaram Jatara), a popular religious congregation in the honour of Goddess at [[Medaram]] of [[Warangal district]].

===Cuisine===

The cuisine of the city is mainly of Deccan dishes. Breakfast items include Idli, Dosa, Wada and Puri . Rice with a variety of curries including curd is consumed as the main meal.

== Notable people ==


*[[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]], film actress
*[[Tharun Bhascker]], film director and actor
*[[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]], music director
*[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]], lyricist
*[[Daasarathi]], poet
*[[Rudrama Devi]], the only woman to rule over Telugu region
*[[Manisha Eerabathini]], playback singer
*[[Arjun Erigaisi]], chess grandmaster
*[[Kothapalli Jayashankar]], professor
*[[Manju Latha Kalanidhi]] journalist
*[[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]], cricketer
*[[Nerella Venu Madhav]], impressionist and ventriloquist
*[[Pothana]], poet
*[[Chukka Ramaiah]], educationist
*[[Kaloji Narayana Rao]], poet
*[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], former Prime Minister of India
*[[Eesha Rebba]], film actress
*[[Rudradeva]] (r. c. 1158-1195), the first Kakatiya king who ruled parts of the present-day Telangana and Andhra Pradesh
*[[Palkuriki Somanatha]]
*[[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]], film director




== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite journal |title=From Delhi to the Deccan: Newly Discovered Tughluq Monuments at Warangal-Sult̤ānpur and the Beginnings of Indo-Islamic Architecture in Southern India |first1=Phillip B. |last1=Wagoner |first2=John Henry |last2=Rice |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=61 |issue=1 |year=2001 |pages=77–117 |jstor=3249963|doi=10.2307/3249963 }} {{subscription required}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}


{{Warangal topics}}
{{Telangana}}
{{Municipalities of Telangana}}
{{Hanamkonda district}}
{{Warangal Rural district}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Warangal| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Telangana]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:District headquarters of Telangana]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Warangal district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Hanamkonda district]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]

V. P. Khalid

2026-03-15T06:34:28Z

Aurelia2406: created a biography w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian Malayalam actror}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1951
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2022|6|24|1951}}
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1967–2022
| spouse =
| children = [[Khalid Rahman]] [[Shyju Khalid]] Jimshi Khalid
| parents =
| relatives =
}}

'''V. P. Khalid''', also known as '''Cochin Nagesh''' (1951 – 24 June 2022) was an Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] actor and theatre artist. Khalid was a member of several professional drama troupes.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-06-24 |title=Actor V. P. Khalid dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/actor-v-p-khalid-dead/article65560212.ece |access-date=2023-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Marimayam' fame VP Khalid passes away during film shoot |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/06/24/marimayam-fame-vp-khalid-passes-away.html |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> In 1973, he made his movie debut through [[Periyar (1973 film)|Periyar]] directed by [[P. J. Antony]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Malayalam actor VP Khalid no more: Mammootty, Manju Warrier, and other M-Town celebs pay tribute – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malayalam-actor-vp-khalid-no-more-mammootty-manju-warrier-and-other-m-town-celebs-pay-tribute/articleshow/92431473.cms |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=The Times of India |date=24 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He rose to fame among the television audience for his role as ‘Sumeshettan’ in Malayalam series [[Marimayam]], aired in [[Mazhavil Manorama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=He is irreplaceable: Marimayam actors remember late co-star Khalid {{!}} TV – Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/malayalam/he-is-irreplaceable-marimayam-actors-remember-late-co-star-khalid/videoshow/96475252.cms |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref> He died on 25 June 2022 at a film location in [[Vaikom]] after suffering a cardiac arrest.

==Career==
Khalid started his career as a drama artist at the age of 16.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nirmal |title=V P Khalid : സൈക്കിള്‍ യജ്ഞം മുതല്‍ 'മറിമായം' വരെ; മരണം വരെ കലാകാരനായിരിക്കാന്‍ ആഗ്രഹിച്ച ഖാലിദ് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/special-entertainment/vp-khalid-death-remembrance-marimayam-rdyzuz |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref> He came as a replacement in that play and won the best comedian award for his performance in the play.<ref>{{Cite web |title='തോന്നിയ സ്റ്റെപ്പുകളിലെ തോന്നിയ അഭ്യാസം'; വി.പി. ഖാലിദ് അങ്ങനെ കൊച്ചിൻ നാഗേഷ് ആയി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/remembering-late-actor-vp-khalid-1.7635795 |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=Mathrubhumi |date=25 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He was a member of several professional drama troupes such as Alleppey Theatres and Cochin Sanathana. Khalid had acted in plays like Dracula, Ancham Thirumurivu and Ezhunallathu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കൊച്ചിയിൽ ഇത്രയും സിനിമാക്കാരുള്ള വേറെ വീടുണ്ടോ? 'മറിമായം സുമേഷേട്ടൻ' നമ്മൾ വിചാരിക്കുന്ന ആളല്ല! |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/love-n-life/2021/01/30/actor-vp-khalid-exclusive-interview-on-life-and-family.html |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> In 1973, he made his big screen debut. He is known for his roles in movies such as [[Kanalkkattu|Kanal Kaattu]], [[Sunday Holiday]], [[Ponnapuram Kotta]], [[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]], [[Vikruthi]] and [[Puzhu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala: Actor V P Khalid dies of cardiac arrest |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/jun/24/kerala-actor-v-p-khalid-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-2469267.html |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=The New Indian Express|date=24 June 2022 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khalid, V.P.}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]

Munawwar Sultan Nadwi

2026-03-15T02:33:34Z

Aurelia2406: made new entry - done

{{Short description|Indian mufti and writer (born 1979)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Munawwar Sultan Nadwi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1979|02|10}}
| birth_place = Bishanpur, Ekhata, [[Madhubani district]], Bihar, India
| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] [[Al Mahadul Aali Al Islami, Hyderabad]]
| occupation = Islamic scholar, mufti, researcher, teacher, author
| organization = Majlis-e-Tahqiqat-e-Shariah (Nadwatul Ulama)
| known_for = Fiqhi and research works; compilation of ''Fatawa Nadwatul Ulama''
| notable_works= ''Nadwatul Ulama ka Fiqhi Mizaj aur Abna-e-Nadwa ki Fiqhi Khidmāt''; ''Khawatīn ke Shar‘i Masa’il''; ''Fiqh-e-Islami ke Masādir''
}}

'''Munawwar Sultan Nadwi''' (born 10 February 1979) is an Indian Islamic scholar, jurist, and author associated with [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]], Lucknow. He studied ''fiqh'' at Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama and completed advanced training in ''ifta'' and ''Qadha'' at [[Al Mahadul Aali Al Islami, Hyderabad]]. He serves as the Office Secretary and Academic Fellow of the ''Majlis-e-Tahqiqat-e-Shariah'' and teaches classical Islamic jurisprudence at Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama.

== Early life and education ==
Munawwar Sultan Nadwi was born on 10 February 1979 in Bishanpur neighbourhood, Ekhata, [[Madhubani district]], Bihar, India.<ref name="Ubaid">{{cite book |last1=Rahmani |first1=Ubaid Akhtar |last2=Nadwi |first2=Muhammad |title=Narm Dam-e-Guftagu, Garm Dam-e-Justuju |publisher=Bazm-e-Abideen |location=Shaheen Nagar, [[Hyderabad, Deccan]] |edition=First |year=2023 |page=361 |language=ur}}</ref>{{sfn|Nadwi|2012|pp=27, 29–30, 397}}<ref name="hashmi" /> He received his early education at Madrasa Islamia Tofanpur, followed by studies at Madrasa Chashma-e-Faiz, [[Malmal]]. He later joined [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]],{{sfn|Nadwi|2012|pp=27, 29–30}} completing ''‘Alimiyyah'' in 1999 and ''Fadhilat'' (specialization in fiqh) in 2001. He then studied ''Ifta'' and ''Qadha'' at [[Al Mahadul Aali Al Islami, Hyderabad]] and completed his course in 2003, where he also benefited from [[Khalid Saifullah Rahmani]].{{sfn|Nadwi|2012|p=32}}<ref name="majlis">{{cite web |title=Majlis ke Mu'awinīn – Mufti Munawwar Sultan Nadwi |url=https://mtsnadwa.org/%d9%85%d8%ac%d9%84%d8%b3-%da%a9%db%92-%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%86%db%8c%d9%86/ |website=Majlis-e-Tahqiqat-e-Shariyah |access-date=28 October 2025 |language=ur}}</ref><ref name="hashmi">{{cite web |last=Hashmi Nadwi |first=Zainul Abidin |date=29 October 2025 |title=Mufti Munawwar Sultan Nadwi: Ek Sahib-e-Ilm, Sahib-e-Qalam aur Sahib-e-Kirdar 'Aalim-e-Deen |url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/229715 |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=Baseerat Online |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rahmani |first=Khalid Saifullah|author-link=Khalid Saifullah Rahmani|url=https://archive.org/details/BESTUBOOKSKF/KITAB_UL_FATAWA_VOL_01/page/n269/mode/1up |title=Kitab al-Fatawa |publisher=Zamzam Publishers |editor-last=Mazahiri |editor-first=Ubaidullah Suleman |volume=1 |location=[[Urdu Bazaar, Karachi]] |date=August 2007 |page=270 |language=ur}}</ref>

In 2002, he launched an annual journal, ''Nishan-e-Manzil'', from his hometown Ekhatha, where he served as its founding editor-in-chief. Only two issues were published.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ekhathawi |first=Shaeq |title=Tazkira Shu'ara-e-Madhubani |date=April 2024 |publisher=Shafi‘ah Book Depot |edition=First |volume=1 |location=Ekhatha, [[Madhubani district]], Bihar |pages=29–30 |language=ur}}</ref>

== Career ==
After completing his studies, Nadwi was appointed as a compiler of fatwas at the Dar al-Ifta of [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]].{{sfn|Nadwi|2012|p=32}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nadwi |first=Muhammad Razi-ul-Islam |date=March 2019 |editor-last=Rif‘at |editor-first=Muhammad |title=Naqd-o-Tabsirah: Bank Interest ke Masarif |url=https://zindagienau.com/issue/1903/ |journal=Monthly Zindagi Nau |language=ur |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=93–94 |issn=2394-8671}}</ref><ref name="hashmi" /> He is also a teacher at Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama,<ref>{{cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Qamar Shaban |title=ʿAbqariyyat ʿAbd Allah ʿAbbas al-Nadwi |publisher=Majmaʿ al-Bahth al-ʿIlmi |year=2009 |edition=First |location=[[New Delhi]] |page=89 |language=ar |oclc=713559433}}</ref>{{Sfn|Khan |2010|24, 30}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Nilanjana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awCeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT166 |title=Beyond the Madrasa: Muslim Communities and Educational Institutes in India Today |date=2022-12-30 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-80130-9 |page=166 |language=en}}</ref> where he teaches ''al-Hidayah'' and ''as-Sirajiyyah''.<ref name="majlis" /> He serves as the Office Secretary and Academic Fellow at ''Majlis-e-Tahqiqat-e-Shariah'',<ref name="majlis" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-02-14 |title=ندوۃ العلماء میں لیگل لیٹریسی کورس کا اختتام |trans-title=Conclusion of the Legal Literacy Course at Nadwatul Ulama |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ur/!state/legal-literacy-course-begins-at-nadwatul-ulama-in-lucknow-of-uttar-pradesh-urn24021401672 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=[[ETV Bharat News]] |language=ur}}</ref> Deputy Editor of its quarterly ''Tahqiqat-e-Shariah'' journal,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sah Mahi Majallah Tahqiqat-e-Shariyah, Lucknow |url=https://mtsnadwa.org/magazine/ |access-date=28 October 2025 |language=ur}}</ref> and a Shariah Advisory Council member of the Indian Muslim Chamber of Commerce and Industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Advisory Board – Indian Muslim Chamber of Commerce and Industry |url=https://imcci.org/index.php?link=advisoryboard |website=imcci.org |access-date=29 October 2025 |language=ur}}</ref> He has been the Executive Editor of ''Sada-e-Marwah'' (Lucknow) since 2016.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Munawwar Sultan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWZmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT195 |title=Yakahtha wa Atraf aur Yahan ki Do Namwar Shakhsiyaat |publisher=Shafi‘ Urdu Library |year=2012 |edition=First |location=Ekhata, Madhubani district, Bihar |page=398 |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=April 2019 |editor-last=Nadwi |editor-first=Manazir Hasni |editor2-last=Nadwi |editor2-first=Munawwar Sultan |title=Sarwarq o Idariyah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-82XDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |journal=Monthly Sada-e-Marwah, Lucknow |volume=3 |issue=12 |pages=1–3 |language=ur}}</ref>

In September 2024, Nadwi moderated a symposium on the ''Waqf Amendment Bill'' organized by the ''Majlis-e-Tahqiqat-e-Shariah'' at Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, Lucknow. In his introductory remarks, he stated that just as ''[[zakat]]'' provides economic strength to the Muslim community, ''[[waqf]]'' serves as a source of economic, social, and welfare development for all people, benefiting society at large.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Amendments in Waqf Law A Link to Abolish Shariat Application Act: Moulana Atiq Ahmad Bastavi |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ur/!bharat/new-amendments-in-waqf-law-a-link-to-abolish-shariat-application-act-moulana-atiq-ahmad-bastavi-urn24090402515 |website=[[ETV Bharat News]] |language=ur |date=4 September 2024 |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>

=== Scholarly recognition ===
Nadwi's scholarly works and academic involvement have been cited and acknowledged in multiple university-level research studies. His Urdu book ''Nadwatul Ulama ka Fiqhi Mizaj aur Abna-e-Nadwa ki Fiqhi Khidmaat'' (2005) has been cited in academic research as the first comprehensive study on the juristic orientation of Nadwatul Ulama and the fiqhi contributions of its graduates. The doctoral thesis ''Role of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama in Promoting Arabic Literature and Islamic Studies'' ([[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], 2008) describes it as a pioneering and unique work in its field.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Qutbuddin |first=Muhammad |title=Role of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, Lucknow, in promoting Arabic Literature and Islamic Studies: An analytical and critical study |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University |year=2008 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/17604 |type=PhD thesis |language=ar |page=339 |hdl=10603/17604 }}</ref>

The same thesis includes Nadwi's work in its bibliography as one of the principal Urdu sources (''al-Masadir al-Ra’isiyyah al-Urdiyyah'') used for the study.{{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2008|p=362}}

In another doctoral dissertation submitted to [[Aligarh Muslim University]], Nadwi was mentioned as one of the key informants and research contributors regarding the life and thought of [[Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi]]. The thesis notes that he assisted the researcher in accessing Nadwatul Ulama’s library and relevant materials, and describes him as a disciple of Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi who was serving as a teacher at the seminary at that time.<ref name="Khan">{{cite thesis |last=Khan |first=Zubair Zafar |title=A Critical Study of Moulana Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi's Islamic Thought |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/60854 |publisher=Department of Islamic Studies, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2010 |location=Aligarh, India |language=en |hdl=10603/60854 |type=PhD thesis |pages=24, 30}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
Apart from translating several Arabic works into Urdu, Nadwi has presented papers in various academic and fiqhi seminars. His scholarly and analytical articles have appeared in journals and newspapers such as ''[[Tameer-e-Hayat]]'', ''Bang-e-Hira'', ''Bahs-o-Nazar'' (Hyderabad), and ''[[The Munsif Daily]]''.<ref name="majlis" />{{sfn|Nadwi|2012|p=33}} He presently serves as an Academic Fellow at the ''Majlis-e-Tahqiqat-e-Shariah'', Nadwatul Ulama.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Faisal Ahmad Bhatkali |title=Mufti Abdul Latif Rahmani – Ahwal wa Asar |publisher=Idarah Ihya-e-Ilm wa Dawat |location=[[Lucknow]] |date=October 2024 |page=32}}</ref><ref name="Al-ba'th">{{cite journal |editor1-last=Nadvi |editor1-first=Saeed-ur-Rahman Azmi |editor1-link=Saeed-ur-Rahman Azmi Nadvi |editor2-last=Nadwi |editor2-first=Muhammad Furqan |title=Walidat al-Ustādh Munawwar Sultan al-Nadwi ila Rahmatillah Ta'ala |url=https://albasulislami.com/6-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b0-%d9%85%d9%86%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%af%d9%88%d9%8a-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%b1/ |journal=[[Al-Baas El-Islami]] |date=June 2020 |volume=62 |issue=3 |location=[[Lucknow]]|page=102 |language=ar}}</ref>{{sfn|Nadwi|2025|p=113}} His authored and edited works include:{{sfn|Rahmani|Nadwi|2023|p=361}}{{sfn|Nadwi|2012|pp=32–33}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Munawwar Sultan Nadwi's Urdu books |url=https://www.rekhta.org/authors/munawwar-sultan-nadwi/ebooks |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=[[Rekhta (website)]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="majlis" /><ref name="hashmi" />

;Authored works
* ''Nadwatul Ulama ka Fiqhi Mizaj aur Abna-e-Nadwa ki Fiqhi Khidmāt''<ref>{{cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Muhammad Imran |title=Ma'had ke Zair-e-Tarbiyat Fuzala ki Ilmi Kawishain |editor-last=Qasmi |editor-first=Ubaidullah Khan |publisher=[[Al Mahadul Aali Al Islami, Hyderabad]] |date=January 2011 |page=127 |language=ur}}</ref>
* ''Khawatīn ke Shar‘i Masā’il''
* ''Fiqh-e-Islami ke Masādir''
* ''Huquq al-Mar’ah fi Dhou’ Fatawa al-‘Ulama al-Hunood'' (Arabic)<ref>{{Cite web |title=حقوق المرأة في ضوء فتاوى العلماء الهنود |url=https://eresources.ku.edu.kw/ar/az?page=2031 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=[[Kuwait University]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Safdar Zubair |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20MEEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT616 |title=Al-Thaqāfat al-'Arabiyyah fil-Hind |date=2024-01-01 |publisher=[[King Salman Global Academy for Arabic Language]] |isbn=978-603-8444-27-6 |page=614 |language=ar}}</ref>
* ''Shimali Bihar ka ek Mardum Khaiz Qasbah (Ekhata-o-Atrāf aur Yahan ki Do Nāmwar Shakhsiyyāt)''
* ''Baink Interest ke Masārif''
* ''Majlis-e-Tahqiqat-e-Shariah Nadwatul Ulama (Mukhtasir Tareekh)''<ref name="Baig">{{Cite web |last=Nadwi |first=Raihan Baig |date=October 2024 |title=Nadwatul Ulama aur Iske Ilmi wa Tahqiqqi Idare: Ek Ta'aruf |url=https://rafeeqemanzil.com/nadwatul-ulma-k-tehqeeqi-idaare/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=Rafeeq-e-Manzil |language=ur}}</ref>
* ''Boorhe aur Mazooron ke Huqūq (Uswa-e-Nabawi ki Roshni Mein)''

;Edited and compiled works
* ''Fatawa Nadwatul Ulama'' (five volumes)
* ''Islami ‘Āili Qawāneen''<ref name="Baig" />
* ''Fiqh-e-Hanafi: Tarīkh-o-Ta'āruf'' (based on the writings of [[Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi]])
* ''Fiqh Islami aur ‘Asr-e-Hazir'' (articles of [[Mohammad Rabey Hasani Nadwi]])
* ''Milne ke Nahīn, Nāyāb Hain Hum'' (selected obituaries of Amīnuddīn Shujāuddīn)
* ''Rūbarū'' (a compilation of interviews by Amīnuddīn Shujāuddīn)
* ''Da‘wati aur Ta‘leemi Maqasid ke liye Social Media ka Istemaal''<ref>{{cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Munawwar Sultan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CKRoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |title=Da'wati aur Ta'leemi Maqasid ke liye Social Media ka Istemaal |publisher=Marwah Educational Foundation |location=Lucknow |date=11 August 2018 |language=ur}}</ref>
* ''Awaami Maqamat par Namaz ka Mas’alah''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Islahi |first=Kaleem Sifaat |date=August 2025 |title=Awāmi Maqāmāt par Namāz ka mas'alah |url=https://archive.org/details/maarif-2025-08 |journal=[[Ma'arif]] |language=ur |location=Azamgarh |publisher=[[Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy]] |volume=212 |issue=8 |pages=73–75 |issn=0974-7346}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nadwi |first=Muhammad Sadir |date=September 2025 |editor-last=Nadwi |editor-first=Raziul Islam |title=Awāmi Maqāmāt par Namāz ka mas'alah |url=https://archive.org/details/tahqeeqat-e-islami-aligarh-july-sep-2025 |journal=Quarterly Tahqiqat-e-Islami |language=ur |location=[[Aligarh]] |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=113–115}}</ref>
* ''Tadween-e-Fiqh aur Chand Aham Fiqhi Mabāhith''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tadween fiqh aur chand fiqhi mabaahis |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/book/tadween-fiqh-aur-chand-fiqhi-mabaahis/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi Centre |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nadwi, Munawwar Sultan}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama alumni]]
[[Category:People from Madhubani district]]
[[Category:21st-century Urdu-language writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]

Budaun

2026-03-13T22:53:47Z

Aurelia2406: slightly adjusted section after review additionally and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Budaun
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Bhamashah Chowk Budaun 01.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Bhamashah Chowk, Budaun
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.05|N|79.12|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = Division
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rohilkhand]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bareilly division|Bareilly]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Budaun district|Budaun]]
| established_title = Settled
| established_date = 905AD (Modern City), 220BC (Ancient City)
| founder =
| named_for = Prince Budh
| government_type =
| governing_body = Budaun Municipal Council
| leader_title1 = Chairman
| leader_name1 = Fatma Raza
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 81
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 164
| population_total = 159,221
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=2011census />
| population_density_km2 = 5489
| population_metro =
| population_metro_footnotes =
| population_rank = 17
| population_demonym = Badayuni
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 243601
| area_code = 05832
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-UP-BD]]
| registration_plate = UP-24
| unemployment_rate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}}
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|HS-TH]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = {{URL|http://www.badaun.nic.in/}}
| footnotes = Also known as 'City of Saints' or 'Madinat ul Awliya', famous for its Pedas, 'Mentha City' of India.
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]]
| leader_name2 = [[Aditya Yadav]]
| leader_title3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name3 = [[Mahesh Chandra Gupta]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], English
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 907 female/1000 male
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 73.00%
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Budaun Development Authority
| blank5_name_sec1 = Governing body
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Government of UP]] [[Government of India]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|843|mm|in}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. annual temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|27.5|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|39.8|°C|°F}}
| blank5_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank5_info_sec2 = {{convert|11.5|°C|°F}}
| official_name =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
}}
'''Budaun''' ([[Hindi–Urdu transliteration|romanised]]: Badāʾūn or Badāyūn, {{IPA|hi|bəd̪aːjũː}}) is a medieval city and headquarters of [[Budaun district]],<ref name="District census">{{cite web | url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/520-budaun.html | title=Budaun District : Census 2011 data | publisher=Indian Census 2011 | access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref> in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is located about a mile east of the [[Sot River|Sot river]], and 27 km north of the [[Ganges river|Ganges]],<ref name="badaun.nic.in">{{Cite web |url=http://badaun.nic.in/ |title=Nic Budaun Welcomes You |access-date=21 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163216/http://badaun.nic.in/ |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in the [[Rohilkhand]] [[:File:UP region map.gif|region of Uttar Pradesh]]. According to the [[List of cities in India by population|2011 census]], Budaun has a population of 159,221, which is projected to be 161,555 at present.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Population Review |title=Population of Cities in India 2023 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/cities/india}}</ref> Budaun rose to historical importance as the capital of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] for four years from 1210 CE to 1214 CE during the reign of [[Sultan]] [[Iltutmish]]. It was the most important post of Northern Frontier during [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] reign. Budaun is a big market, historically famous and religiously important city. Budaun is 230 km south-east of [[New Delhi]] and 245 km north-west of Lucknow, both taking about 6 hours by road.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/distance/new-delhi-to-badaun.html|title=Distance between New Delhi and Badaun, New Delhi to Badaun Distance}}</ref>

== Etymology and archaeology ==
Prof. Goti John referred this city was named ''Bedamooth'' in an ancient inscription based on stone scripts at the [[State Museum Lucknow|Lucknow Museum]]. Later this region was called [[Panchala]]. According to the lines on stone scripts there was a village ''Bhadaunlak'' near the city. The Muslim historian Roz Khan Lodhi said that [[Ashoka The Great]] built a Buddh Vihar and [[Chusquea quila|Quila]]; he named it ''BuddhMau'' ([[Budaun Fort]]). According to George Smith, Budaun was named after the prince Budh.<ref name="Smith1882">{{cite book|author=George Smith|title=The student's geography of India: the geography of British India : political and physical|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bm0qAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA223|access-date=17 February 2012|year=1882|publisher=John Murray|pages=223–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/badaun-shortage-of-milk-in-kilk-prodective-area-10672897.html|title = अहीर राजा बुद्ध की नगरी में दूध के लिए मारामारी}}</ref>

===Recent archaeology===
Though [[Budaun]] is an ancient as well as archaeologically rich city, it has not received much attention or importance in terms of archaeology. Recently, in a village in Budaun known as Kheda Jalalpur village, fragments of Hindu temple idols, ancient bricks have been recovered from the mound of that village. According to the [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]], these remains belong to the post-[[Gupta Period|Gupta period]] (7th-8th century).

==History==
According to the (Budaun District, Govt. of Uttar Pradesh) mythological stories, Budaun was named after prince Budh [[Ahir]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=जिले के बारे में {{!}} ज़िला बदायूँ उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार {{!}} India |url=https://budaun.nic.in/hi/%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b2%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |language=hi-IN}}</ref> The local tradition regarding this city is that it was founded in 905 A.D. by a prince whose name was Budh and after whom it was called Budaun.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Museum |first1=Indian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pf_8hvYWtsC&dq=budaun+founded+Ahir&pg=PA384 |title=Catalogue and Hand-book of the Archaeological Collections in the Indian Museum |last2=Anderson |first2=John |date=1883 |publisher=order of the trustees |language=en}}</ref> The ruins of Prasidh (a town on the [[Ramganga]]) and the coins discovered at Pachoma near [[Bareilly]] point to the existence of an [[Ahir|Ahir dynasty]] around the borders of Badaun and Bareilly in the distant past.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8wq7lDHz0EC |title=The Illustrated Weekly of India |date=1974 |publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press |pages=29 |language=en}}</ref> An inscription, probably of the 12th century, gives a list of twelve [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] kings reigning at Budaun then called Vodamāyuta. Kanauj was conquered after 1085 by Mahmūd, the son of the Ghaznavid Sultān, driving out the Rāshtrakūta chief. This the Rāshtrakūta chief then move their capital to Vodamāyuta, where they ruled until conquered by [[Qutb-ud-din Aibak]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Majumdar|first1=Ramesh Chandra|title=Ancient India|date=1977|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120804364|page=315|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&q=%22Vodamayuta%22&pg=PA315|access-date=23 May 2017|language=en}}</ref>
[[Image:Missions and missionary society of the Methodist Episcopal Church (1895) (14762905532).jpg|thumb|left|Mission House of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Budaun (1895)]]

The first authentic historical event connected with it, however, was its capture by Qutb-ud-din Aibak in 1196, after which it became a very important post on the northern frontier of the [[Delhi]] empire. In 1223, a [[mosque]] of imposing size, crowned with a dome, was built. In the 13th century two of its governors, Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, the builder of the mosque referred above, and his son [[Rukn ud din Firuz]], attained the imperial throne. In 1571 the town was burnt, and about a hundred years later, under [[Shah Jahan]], the seat of the governorship was transferred to Sahaspur-Bilari. Budaun and its district was ceded to the British government in 1801 by the [[Nawab]] of [[Oudh]].<ref name="eb">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Budaun|volume=4|page=737}}</ref>

In 1911, Budaun was a town and district of [[British Raj|British]] India, in the [[Rohilkhand]] division of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]]. At the time, an American Methodist mission maintained several girls' schools and a high school for boys.<ref name=eb/>

==Politics==
[[Aditya Yadav]] is the MP of the Budaun Constituency and is the son of [[Shivpal Singh Yadav]]. According to British historian [[M. A. Sherring|Matthew Atmore Sherring]], they came from [[Hansi]] and [[Hisar (district)|Hisar]] in [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/hindutribesandc00shergoog | page=[https://archive.org/details/hindutribesandc00shergoog/page/n266 237] | quote=Ahirs. |title = Hindu Tribes and Castes| publisher=Thacker, Spink & Company |last1 = Sherring|first1 = Matthew Atmore|year = 1872}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Budaun City (2011)<ref name=census2011>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/119-budaun.html |title=Budaun City Population Census 2011 |website=Census 2011 India |publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India |access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|55.15}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|43.94}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|0.62}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|yellow|0.21}}
{{bar percent|Others†|black|0.08}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

{{As of|2011}} census, Budaun City had a population of 159,221 (83,475 male 75,746 female = 1000/907), 39,613 (12.3%) of whom were aged 0–6. The adult literacy rate was 73.%. The widely spoken language in the city is Hindi and Awadhi. The sex ratio of Budaun city is 907 per 1000 males. Child sex ratio of girls is 882 per 1000 boys. The area of the city is 81 square km. Budaun Metro Area have a population of around 417000{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} and an area of {{cvt|103|sqkm}} With Badaun City, it includes Shekhupur, Bahedi, Islamganj, Chandanpur, Salarpur, Salarpur Industrial Estate, Shekhupur Firing Range, Padauna and Khera Buzurg.
<ref name=2011census>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 7 July 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=28770|title = Untitled Page}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:Govt Medical college Budaun 01.jpg|thumb|Budaun Medical College]]
Higher Education institutions in the city include the Government Degree College, Government Girls Degree College and NMNS Dass College,<ref>{{cite web |title=Colleges/Universities {{!}} District Budaun Government Of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://budaun.nic.in/public-utility-category/colleges/ |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref> all affiliated to [[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University]], [[Bareilly]]. The [[Government Medical College Badaun, UP|Budaun Medical College]], a full-fledged tertiary government Medical college and hospital was established in 2019. The college is affiliated with the [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]], [[Lucknow]] and is recognized by the [[National Medical Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Colleges, National Medical Commission|url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs/}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:Badaun Railway Station Shed.jpg|thumb|left|[[Budaun railway station]]]]
Badaun is well connected with the rest of the state through roads and rail services, however the city lacks an airport. The nearest airport is the [[Bareilly Airport]] – a [[Joint-use airport#Civil enclave|civil enclave]] at the [[Indian Air Force]]'s 'Trishul Air Base' in [[Izzatnagar]] neighborhood of [[Bareilly]], which is located at a distance of {{convert|60|km}} from the city. The [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], located in [[Delhi]] is the nearest International Airport.

The [[Budaun railway station]] is the primary railway station serving the city. Budaun is a Category-'NSG 05' station of the [[Indian Railways]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Number of stations - NER |url=https://ner.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1701769399327-No%20of%20Stations.pdf |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref> and is located on the Bareilly-Kasganj Rail line under the [[Izzatnagar railway division]] of the [[North Eastern Railway zone]]. Train Services in Budaun were startes after the completion of the {{convert|63|mi|km}} long ''Kasganj Extension Line'' from Bareilly to [[Soron]] in 1885 by the [[Rohilkund and Kumaon Railway]].<ref name=Admin1918>[https://archive.org/stream/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem/Bombay_Baroda_And_Central_India_Railway_System#page/n204/mode/1up "Administration Report on the Railways in India – corrected up to 31st March 1918"; Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta; page 196]; Retrieved 8 December 2016</ref>

The [[National Highway 530B (India)|National Highway 530B]] passes through the city and connects it with [[Bareilly]] and [[Mathura]].<ref>{{cite news |title=खुशखबरी : एनएच-530बी के नाम से जानिए अब मथुरा-बरेली मार्ग |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/aligarh-city-know-the-name-of-the-good-news-nh-530b-now-the-mathura-bareilly-route-18325510.html |access-date=18 April 2021 |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> A number of [[List of state highways in Uttar Pradesh|State Highways]] also pass through the city.<ref name=UPPWDSHList>{{cite web |title=Complete Road_Detail's_SH |url=http://uppwd.up.nic.in/pdf/SH_Road_List.pdf |author=Public Works Department |publisher = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] |access-date=23 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611081808/http://uppwd.up.nic.in/pdf/SH_Road_List.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2016 }}</ref> Prominent among them are the UP State Highway 18, connecting Budaun with [[Meerut]], UP State Highway 43, connecting Budaun with [[Moradabad]] & [[Farrukhabad]] and UP State Highway 51, which connects Budaun with [[Gajraula]] & [[Bijnor]]. Inter-city bus services to and from the city are operated from the Budaun bus station by the [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] and private operators. The Budaun bus station as well as the Budaun Depot come under the Bareilly region of UPSRTC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Services {{!}} Depot & Bus Stations {{!}} Official Website of Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India. |url=http://www.upsrtc.com/en/page/depot-amp;-bus-stations |website=www.upsrtc.com |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621171441/http://upsrtc.com/en/page/depot-amp;-bus-stations |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About us {{!}} Organisation Structure {{!}} Official Website of Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India. |url=http://www.upsrtc.com/en/page/organisation-structure |website=www.upsrtc.com |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621170030/http://upsrtc.com/en/page/organisation-structure |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2024}}


{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|

*[[ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni]]
*[[Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni]]
*[[Abida Ahmed]]
*[[Ada Jafri]]
*[[Ahmad Yar Khan Naeemi]]
*[[Ale Ahmad Suroor]]
*[[Alhaj Shamim Uddin]]
*[[Bekhud Badayuni]]
*[[Dilawar Figar]]
*[[Fani Badayuni]]
*[[Ghulam Mustafa Khan (singer)|Ghulam Mustafa Khan]] Hindustani classical vocalist
*[[Iltutmish]]
*[[Inayat Hussain Khan]]
*[[Iqbal Hussain Khan Bandanawazi]]
*[[Ismat Chughtai]]
*[[Jeelani Bano]]
*[[Moulvi Fakhrey Alam]]
*[[Mahesh Chandra Gupta]]
* [[Muhammad Afzal Hussain Qadri]]
*[[Nakhshabi]]
*[[Nisar Hussain Khan]]
*[[Nizamuddin Auliya]] – Sufi saint
*[[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]]
*[[Razia Sultan]]
*[[Ruknuddin Firuz]]
*[[Shabnam Romani]]
*[[Shakeel Badayuni]]
*[[Urmilesh Shankhdhar]]
*[[Zamir Ali Badayuni]]


}}

==See also==
* [[Badayuni]]
* [[Panchala]]
* [[Sotha]]
* [[Shyam Nagar]]
* [[Civil Lines, Budaun]]
* [[Great Mosque, Budaun]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category}}

{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Budaun district}}
{{Bareilly division topics}}
{{Historical regions of Rohilkhand}}
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}
}}
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Ghantaghar Bada Bazar
|North = Salarpur Industrial Area Menthol Industrial belt SriRam Nagar Colony
|Northeast = Shyam Nagar Sagar Tal Khera Navada
|East = KatraBrahampur Patiyali Sarai Khandsaari
|Southeast = Civil Lines Awas Vikas Shastri Nagar
|South = Police Lines Nekpur Samrat Ashok Nagar
|Southwest = Shekhupr Nayi Basti Lalpul
|West = Qaboolpura Sotha Chaudhari Sarai
|Northwest = Old City Jama Masjid Sheikh Patti
}}

[[Category:Budaun| ]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 10th century]]
[[Category:Rohilkhand]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]

National Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film

2026-03-13T06:36:51Z

Aurelia2406:

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox award
| name = National Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film
| subheader = National award for contributions to [[Cinema of India|Indian Cinema]]
| awarded_for = Best [[Tamil cinema|Tamil feature film]] of the year
| sponsor = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| firstawarded = 1955
| reward = {{ubl|Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus)|{{INR|2,00,000}}}}
| former name = President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Tamil (1954–1968) National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil (1969–2021)
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = ''[[Parking (2023 film)|Parking]]'' (2023)
}}

The '''National''' '''Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film''' is one of the [[National Film Awards]] presented annually by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]. It is one of several awards presented for feature films and awarded with Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus).

The [[National Film Awards]], established in 1954, are the most prominent film awards in India that merit the best of the [[Indian cinema]]. The ceremony also presents awards for films in various [[Languages of India|regional languages]].

Awards for films in seven regional language ([[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]) started from [[2nd National Film Awards]] which were presented on 21 December 1955. Three awards of "President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film", "Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film" and "Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film" were instituted. The later two certificate awards were discontinued from [[15th National Film Awards]] (1967). Since the [[70th National Film Awards]], the name was changed to "Best Tamil Feature Film".<ref>{{cite web |author=Under Secretary to the Government of India |date=14 December 2023 |title=Report on Rationalization of Awards Conferred by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting {{!}} Ministry of Information and Broadcasting {{!}} Government of India |url=https://mib.gov.in/filmsdocuments/report-rationalization-awards-conferred-ministry-information-broadcasting |access-date=28 August 2024 |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]}}</ref>

The 1954 film, directed by [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]], ''[[Malaikkallan]]'' was honoured with the first president's silver medal for Best Feature Film in Tamil. Certificate of Merit for Second and Third Best Feature Films in Tamil were received by ''[[Andha Naal]]'' and ''[[Edhir Paradhathu]]'' respectively.

== Winners ==

Award includes 'Rajat Kamal' (Silver Lotus Award) and cash prize. Following are the award winners over the years:

{| class="wikitable" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;width:40%;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"| Awards legends
|-
| style="background-color:#FF9933;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#EFECD1;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#D6E0CC;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#E0EAEA;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Best Feature Film}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! colspan="5" | List of award films, showing the year (award ceremony), producer(s) and director(s)
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:22%;"| Film(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:19%;"| Producer(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:19%;"| Director(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%;" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[2nd National Film Awards|1954 {{small|(2nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Malaikkallan]]''
| [[Pakshiraja Studios]]
| [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]]
| align="center" rowspan="3" | <ref name="2ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/2nd_nff_1955.pdf|title=2nd National Film Awards|access-date=23 August 2011 |archive-date=16 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316222437/http://dff.nic.in/2011/2nd_nff_1955.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Andha Naal]]''
| [[AVM Productions]]
| [[S. Balachander]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Edhir Paradhathu]]''
| Saravanabhava and Unity Pictures
| [[Chitrapu Narayana Rao|Ch. Narayanamoorthy]]
|-
| align="center"| [[3rd National Film Awards|1955 {{small|(3rd)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Mangaiyar Thilakam]]''
| Vaidya Films
| [[L. V. Prasad]]
| align="center" | <ref name="3rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/3rd_nff_1956.pdf|title=3rd National Film Awards|access-date=11 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322023045/http://dff.nic.in/2011/3rd_nff_1956.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[4th National Film Awards|1956 {{small|(4th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Kula Deivam (1956 film)|Kuladeivam]]''
| S. K. Pictures
| [[Krishnan–Panju]]
| align="center" | <ref name="4thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/4th_Nff.pdf|title=4th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322023133/http://dff.nic.in/2011/4th_Nff.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[5th National Film Awards|1957 {{small|(5th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Mudhalali]]''
| M. A. V. Pictures
| [[Muktha V. Srinivasan]]
| align="center" | <ref name="5thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/5th_nff.pdf|title=5th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322023312/http://dff.nic.in/2011/5th_nff.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[6th National Film Awards|1958 {{small|(6th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Thanga Padhumai]]''
| Jupitor Pictures Pvt Ltd.
| [[A. S. A. Sami|A. S. A. Samy]]
| align="center" rowspan="2" | <ref name="6thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6thNFAAward.aspx|title=6th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=3 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020054317/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=20 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Annaiyin Aanai]]''
| A. M. M. Ismayil
| [[Chitrapu Narayana Rao|Ch. Narayanamoorthy]]
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[7th National Film Awards|1959 {{small|(7th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Bhaaga Pirivinai]]''
| G. N. Velumani
| [[A. Bhimsingh]]
| align="center" rowspan="3" | <ref name="7thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/7th_nff.pdf|title=7th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 September 2011|archive-date=22 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322023502/http://dff.nic.in/2011/7th_nff.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Veerapandiya Kattabomman (film)|Veerapandiya Kattabomman]]''
| [[B. R. Panthulu]]
| [[B. R. Panthulu]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Kalyana Parisu]]''
| Sarvashri S. Krishnamurthy, T. Govindarajan and [[C. V. Sridhar]]
| [[C. V. Sridhar]]
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[8th National Film Awards|1960 {{small|(8th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (1960 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]''
| [[Jubilee Productions|Jubilee Films Pvt Ltd.]]
| [[D. Yoganand]]
| align="center" rowspan="3" | <ref name="8thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx|title=8th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=7 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012062918/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=12 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Paadhai Theriyudhu Paar]]''
| Kumari Films Pvt Ltd.
| [[Nemai Ghosh (director)|Nemai Ghosh]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Kalathur Kannamma]]''
| [[AVM Productions]]
| [[A. Bhimsingh]]
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[9th National Film Awards|1961 {{small|(9th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kappalottiya Thamizhan]]''
| Padmini Pictures
| [[B. R. Panthulu]]
| align="center" rowspan="3" | <ref name="9thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|title=9th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=8 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202115652/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EFECD1" | ''[[Pasamalar]]''
| Rajamani Pictures
| [[A. Bhimsingh]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#D6E0CC" | ''[[Kumudham]]''
| [[Modern Theatres]]
| [[Adurthi Subba Rao]]
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[10th National Film Awards|1962 {{small|(10th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Nenjil Oor Alayam]]''
| Chithralaya
| [[C. V. Sridhar]]
| align="center" rowspan="3" | <ref name="10thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm10thNFAAward.aspx|title=10th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=9 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929062243/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm10thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=29 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EFECD1" | ''[[Annai (1962 film)|Annai]]''
| [[AVM Productions]]
| [[Krishnan–Panju]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#D6E0CC" | ''[[Sarada (1962 film)|Sarada]]''
| [[A. L. Srinivasan|Al. Srinivasan]]
| [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[11th National Film Awards|1963 {{small|(11th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Naanum Oru Penn]]''
| Murugan Brothers
| [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]]
| align="center" rowspan="3" | <ref name="11thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx|title=11th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=13 September 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502124428/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EFECD1" | ''[[Karpagam]]''
| K. S. Sabarinathan
| [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#D6E0CC" | ''[[Karnan (1963 film)|Karnan]]''
| [[B. R. Panthulu]]
| [[B. R. Panthulu]]
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[12th National Film Awards|1964 {{small|(12th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kai Koduttha Dheivam]]''
| M. S. Velappan
| [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
| align="center" rowspan="3" |
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EFECD1" | ''[[Pazhani (1965 film)|Pazhani]]''
| A. P. Chinnappa
| [[A. Bhimsingh]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#D6E0CC" | ''[[Server Sundaram]]''
| [[AVM Productions]]
| [[Krishnan–Panju]]
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[13th National Film Awards|1965 {{small|(13th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kuzhandaiyum Deivamum]]''
| [[AVM Productions]]
| [[Krishnan–Panju]]
| align="center" rowspan="2" | <ref name="13thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/13th_NFA.pdf|title=13th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=15 September 2011|archive-date=22 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322023553/http://dff.nic.in/2011/13th_NFA.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EFECD1" | ''[[Thiruvilayadal (1965 film)|Thiruvilayadal]]''
| Shri Vijayalakshmi Pictures
| [[A. P. Nagarajan]]
|-
| align="center"| [[14th National Film Awards|1966 {{small|(14th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Ramu (1966 film)|Ramu]]''
| [[AVM Productions]]
| [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center"| [[15th National Film Awards|1967 {{small|(15th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Aalayam (film)|Aalayam]]''
| Sunbeam
| Thirumalai and Mahalingam
| align="center" | <ref name="15thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/15th_nff_1967.pdf|title=15th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=21 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225231524/http://dff.nic.in/2011/15th_nff_1967.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[16th National Film Awards|1968 {{small|(16th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Thillana Mohanambal]]''
| Shri Vijayalakshmi Pictures
| [[A. P. Nagarajan]]
| align="center" | <ref name="16thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/16th_nff_1970.pdf|title=16th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=22 September 2011|page=2}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[17th National Film Awards|1969 {{small|(17th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Iru Kodugal]]''
| N. Selvaraj, B. Doraisamy, N. Krishan, and V. Govindarajan
| [[K. Balachander]]
| align="center" | <ref name="17thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=17th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[18th National Film Awards|1970 {{small|(18th)}}]]
! scope="row" |''[[Raman Ethanai Ramanadi]]''
| [[P. Madhavan]]
| [[P. Madhavan]]
| align="center" | <ref name="18thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=18th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[19th National Film Awards|1971 {{small|(19th)}}]]
! scope="row" |''[[Veguli Penn]]''
| Abdul Kabar
| S. S. Devadass
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center"| [[20th National Film Awards|1972 {{small|(20th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]''
| [[P. Madhavan]]
| [[P. Madhavan]]
| align="center" | <ref name="20thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|title=20th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=26 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220349/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[21st National Film Awards|1973 {{small|(21st)}}]]
! scope="row" |''[[Dikkatra Parvathi]]''
| M. Lakshmikantha Reddy and H. M. Sanjeeva Reddy
| [[Singeetham Srinivasa Rao]]
| align="center" | <ref name="21stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/21st_nff_1973.pdf|title=21st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[22nd National Film Awards|1974 {{small|(22nd)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" | <ref name="22ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/22nd_nff_1974.pdf|title=22nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=1 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[23rd National Film Awards|1975 {{small|(23rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Apoorva Raagangal]]''
| P. R. Govindarajan and J. Duraisamy
| [[K. Balachander]]
| align="center" | <ref name="23rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/23rd_nff_1975.pdf|title=23rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[24th National Film Awards|1976 {{small|(24th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | [[25th National Film Awards|1977 {{small|(25th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Agraharathil Kazhuthai]]''
| {{dash}}
| [[John Abraham (director)|John Abraham]]
| align="center" | <ref name="25thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/25th_nff_1977.pdf|title=25th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[26th National Film Awards|1978 {{small|(26th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" | <ref name="26thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/26th_NFA.pdf|title=26th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[27th National Film Awards|1979 {{small|(27th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Pasi (film)|Pasi]]''
| G. Lalitha
| [[Durai (director)|Durai]]
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite book|title=Careers Digest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=44vNAAAAMAAJ|access-date=3 September 2013|year=1980|page=396}}
* {{cite book|title=Film World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHpTAAAAYAAJ|access-date=3 September 2013|year=1980|publisher=T.M. Ramachandran|page=217}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[28th National Film Awards|1980 {{small|(28th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Nenjathai Killathe]]''
| K. Rajgopal Chetty
| [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]
| align="center" | <ref name="28thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/28th_nff_1981.pdf|title=28th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[29th National Film Awards|1981 {{small|(29th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Thaneer Thaneer]]''
| P. R. Govindarajan and J. Duraisamy
| [[K. Balachander]]
| align="center" | <ref name="29thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/29th_nff_1982.pdf|title=29th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[30th National Film Awards|1982 {{small|(30th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Ezhavathu Manithan]]''
| Palai N. Shanmugam
| [[K. Hariharan (director)|K. Hariharan]]
| align="center" | <ref name="30thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/30th_nff_1983.pdf|title=30th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[31st National Film Awards|1983 {{small|(31st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Oru Indhiya Kanavu]]''
| T. P. Varadarajan and Vijayalakshmi Desikan
| [[Komal Swaminathan]]
| align="center" | <ref name="31stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/31st_nff_1984.pdf|title=31st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[32nd National Film Awards|1984 {{small|(32nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Achamillai Achamillai]]''
| Rajam Balachander and V. Natarajan
| [[K. Balachander]]
| align="center" | <ref name="32ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/32nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=32nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=6 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[33rd National Film Awards|1985 {{small|(33rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Muthal Mariyathai]]''
| [[Bharathiraja]]
| [[Bharathiraja]]
| align="center" | <ref name="33rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/33nfa.pdf|title=33rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[34th National Film Awards|1986 {{small|(34th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Mouna Ragam]]''
| [[G. Venkateswaran]]
| [[Mani Ratnam]]
| align="center" | <ref name="34thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/34th_NFF.pdf|title=34th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[35th National Film Awards|1987 {{small|(35th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Veedu]]''
| Kaladas
| [[Balu Mahendra]]
| align="center" | <ref name="35thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/35th_nff_1988.pdf|title=35th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[36th National Film Awards|1988 {{small|(36th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" | <ref name="36thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/36nfa.pdf|title=36th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[37th National Film Awards|1989 {{small|(37th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Pudhea Paadhai]]''
| A. Sundaram
| [[R. Parthiban]]
| align="center" | <ref name="37thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf|title=37th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[38th National Film Awards|1990 {{small|(38th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]''
| Sujatha Productions (P) Ltd
| [[Mani Ratnam]]
| align="center" | <ref name="38thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/38th_nff_1991.pdf|title=38th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" | [[39th National Film Awards|1991 {{small|(39th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Vanna Vanna Pookkal]]''
| [[Kalaipuli S. Dhanu]]
| [[Balu Mahendra]]
| align="center" | <ref name="39thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/39nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=39th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[40th National Film Awards|1992 {{small|(40th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Thevar Magan]]''
| [[Kamal Haasan]]
| [[Bharathan]]
| align="center" | <ref name="40thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf|title=40th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[41st National Film Awards|1993 {{small|(41st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadi]]''
| S. A. Rajakannu
| [[Santhana Bharathi]]
| align="center" | <ref name="41stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/41st_nff_1994.pdf|title=41st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=3 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[42nd National Film Awards|1994 {{small|(42nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Nammavar]]''
| [[B. Venkatarama Reddy]]
| [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
| align="center" | <ref name="42ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/42nd_nff_1995.pdf|title=42nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=5 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[43rd National Film Awards|1995 {{small|(43rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Anthimanthaarai]]''
| Tilaka Ganesh
| [[Bharathiraja]]
| align="center" | <ref name="43rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/43rd_nff_1996.pdf|title=43rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=6 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[44th National Film Awards|1996 {{small|(44th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]''
| Sivashakthi Pandian
| [[Agaththian]]
| align="center" | <ref name="44thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/44th_nff_1997.pdf|title=44th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[45th National Film Awards|1997 {{small|(45th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[The Terrorist (1997 film)|The Terrorist]]''
| A. Sriram
| [[Santosh Sivan]]
| align="center" | <ref name="45thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf|title=45th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=11 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[46th National Film Awards|1998 {{small|(46th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[House Full (1999 film)|House Full]]''
| [[R. Parthiban]]
| [[R. Parthiban]]
| align="center" | <ref name="46thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf|title=46th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[47th National Film Awards|1999 {{small|(47th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]''
| A. Kandasamy
| [[Bala (director)|Bala]]
| align="center" | <ref name="47thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/47th_nff_2000.pdf|title=47th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=13 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[48th National Film Awards|2000 {{small|(48th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharati]]''
| Messers Media Dreams (P) Ltd
| [[Gnana Rajasekaran]]
| align="center" | <ref name="48thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/48th_nff_2001.pdf|title=48th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=13 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[49th National Film Awards|2001 {{small|(49th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Ooruku Nooruper]]''
| L. Suresh
| [[B. Lenin]]
| align="center" | <ref name="49thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/49th_nff_2002.pdf|title=49th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[50th National Film Awards|2002 {{small|(50th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]''
| [[Mani Ratnam]] and G. Srinivasan
| [[Mani Ratnam]]
| align="center" | <ref name="50thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/50nfa.pdf|title=50th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[51st National Film Awards|2003 {{small|(51st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Iyarkai]]''
| V. R. Kumar
| [[S. P. Jananathan]]
| align="center" | <ref name="51stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf|title=51st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=15 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[52nd National Film Awards|2004 {{small|(52nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Navarasa (film)|Navarasa]]''
| Sunil Doshi
| [[Santosh Sivan]]
| align="center" | <ref name="52ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/52nd_nff_2005.pdf|title=52nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=28 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[53rd National Film Awards|2005 {{small|(53rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Aadum Koothu]]''
| Light and Shadow Movie Makers
| [[T. V. Chandran]]
| align="center" | <ref name="53rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf|title=53rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=19 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[54th National Film Awards|2006 {{small|(54th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]''
| [[S. Shankar]]
| [[Vasanthabalan]]
| align="center" | <ref name="54thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/54th_nff_2006.pdf|title=54th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=24 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[55th National Film Awards|2007 {{small|(55th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Periyar (2007 film)|Periyar]]''
| Liberty Creations Ltd.
| [[Gnana Rajasekaran]]
| align="center" | <ref name="55thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/55th_nff_2007.pdf|title=55th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[56th National Film Awards|2008 {{small|(56th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]''
| [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]]
| [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
| align="center" | <ref name="56thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/56th_nff_2008.pdf|title=56th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[57th National Film Awards|2009 {{small|(57th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Pasanga]]''
| [[M. Sasikumar]]
| [[Pandiraj]]
| align="center" | <ref name="57thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/57thNFA.pdf|title=57th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[58th National Film Awards|2010 {{small|(58th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]''
| Shibu Issac
| [[Seenu Ramasamy]]
| align="center" | <ref name="58thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/58_NFA.pdf|title=58th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[59th National Film Awards|2011 {{small|(59th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]''
| S. Muruganandham and N. Puranna
| [[A. Sarkunam]]
| align="center" | <ref name="59thaward">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=80734|title=59th National Film Awards for the Year 2011 Announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[60th National Film Awards|2012 {{small|(60th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]''
| N. Subhash Chandra Bose
| [[Balaji Sakthivel]]
| align="center" | <ref name="60thaward">{{cite press release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[61st National Film Awards|2013 {{small|(61st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Thanga Meengal]]''
| [[JSK Film Corporation]]
| [[Ram (director)|Ram]]
| align="center" | <ref name=61stNFA>{{cite press release|title=61st National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=104863|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|date=16 April 2014|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[62nd National Film Awards|2014 {{small|(62nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kuttram Kadithal]]''
| Chris Pictures and [[JSK Film Corporation]]
| G. Bramma
| align="center" | <ref name="62nd award">{{cite press release|title=62nd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=24 March 2015|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[63rd National Film Awards|2015 {{small|(63rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Visaranai]]''
| [[Wunderbar Films]]
| [[Vetrimaaran]]
| align="center" | <ref name="63rdaward">{{cite press release|title=63rd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=28 March 2016|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[64th National Film Awards|2016 {{small|(64th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Joker (2016 film)|Joker]]''
| [[Dream Warrior Pictures]]
| [[Raju Murugan]]
| align="center" | <ref name="64thawardsPDF">{{cite press release|title=64th National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 April 2017}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[65th National Film Awards|2017 {{small|(65th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[To Let (film)|To Let]]''
| Prema Chezhian
| [[Chezhiyan]]
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/south-india/tamil-film-to-let-wins-accolades-1.2207305|title=Tamil film 'To Let' wins accolades|last=Ramachandran|first=Mythily|date=18 April 2018|work=[[Gulf News]]|access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[66th National Film Awards|2018 {{small|(66th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Baaram]]''
| [[Priya Krishnaswamy]] and Ardra Swaroop
| [[Priya Krishnaswamy]]
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite press release |date= 9 August 2019|title=66th National Film Awards for 2018 announced |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192564 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[67th National Film Awards|2019 {{small|(67th)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Asuran (2019 film)|''Asuran'']]
|[[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]
|[[Vetrimaaran]]
| align="center"| <ref>{{Cite news|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=2021-03-22|title=67th National Film Awards: Complete list of winners|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/67th-national-film-awards-complete-list-updating/article34131921.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[68th National Film Awards|2020 {{small|(68th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Sivaranjiniyum Innum Sila Pengalum]]''
| Hamsa Productions
| [[Vasanth]]
| align="center"| <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2022 |first=Shweta |last=Keshri |title=68th National Film Awards Full Winners List: Suriya, Ajay Devgn jointly win Best Actor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/68th-national-film-awards-full-winners-list-suriya-ajay-devgn-jointly-win-best-actor-1978718-2022-07-22 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[69th National Film Awards|2021 {{small|(69th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kadaisi Vivasayi]]''
| Tribal Arts Production
| [[M. Manikandan]]
| align="center"| <ref>{{Cite web |title=69th National Film Awards for the year 2021 announce; Rocketry: The Nambi Effect bags best Feature Film |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1951758 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[70th National Film Awards|2022 {{small|(70th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
| [[Madras Talkies]] and [[Lyca Productions]]
| [[Mani Ratnam]]
| align="center"| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati|first=Neeshita|title=70th National Film Awards full list of winners: Brahmastra, Ponniyin Selvan Part 1, Aattam win big |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/70th-national-film-awards-full-list-of-winners-brahmastra-ponniyin-selvan-part-1-aattam-win-big-101723799613996-amp.html#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17242087084178&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com |date=2024-08-16|access-date=2024-08-21 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[71st National Film Awards|2023 {{small|(71st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Parking (2023 film)|Parking]]''
| Passion Studios and Soldiers Factory
| Ramkumar Balakrishnan
| align="center"| <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2025 |title=71st National Film Awards for the year 2023 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151537 |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://dff.nic.in/ Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]
* [http://dff.nic.in/NFA_archive.asp National Film Awards Archives]
{{National Film Award Best Tamil Feature Film}}{{National Film Awards}}
[[Category:National Film Awards (India)|Tamil]]
[[Category:Tamil cinema]]

Shambu (2005 film)

2026-03-06T05:16:03Z

Aurelia2406: created first data v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shambu
| image = Shambu (2005 film) poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = Dwarki
| writer = Dwarki
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = [[Sriimurali|Murali]] [[Manya (actress)|Manya]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = S Krishna
| editing = Nagendra Urs
| music = Ramesh Krishna
| studio = Nithin Films
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|10|19}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Shambu''''' is a 2005 Indian Kannada-language action drama film directed by Dwarki and starring [[Sriimurali|Murali]] and [[Manya (actress)|Manya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_2005_debuts.asp|title=Male and Female debuts of 2005|work=Viggy|date=2005|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321035749/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_2005_debuts.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/3151-2005-year-round-up.html|title=2005 Year Round Up|work=[[Chitraloka.com]]|date=30 December 2005|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195314/http://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/3151-2005-year-round-up.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sriimurali|Murali]] as Shambu
*[[Manya (actress)|Manya]] as Sahana
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
*[[Rangayana Raghu]]
*[[Honnavalli Krishna]]
*[[Sanketh Kashi]]
*[[Bullet Prakash]]
*[[Mandeep Roy]]
*[[Michael Madhu]]
*[[Rekha Das]]
*[[Chitra Shenoy]]
*[[Kishan Shrikanth]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by Ramesh Krishna.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6BsAa4jbs8Ol813W83TtLh|title=Shambu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|work=[[Spotify]]|date=2005|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324122255/https://open.spotify.com/album/6BsAa4jbs8Ol813W83TtLh|url-status=live}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:01
| title1 = Yenu Yenu
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length1 = 4:16
| title2 = Hengidda Hengada
| extra2 = Gururaj Hoskote, [[B. Jayashree]]
| length2 = 4:40
| title3 = Dheemthananaa
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length3 = 5:00
| title4 = Boss Boss
| extra4 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length4 = 4:59
| title5 = Radhe Radhe
| extra5 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
| length5 = 4:06
}}

== Reception ==
Film critic [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote that "''Shambhu'' comes out as a bad film from reel one and ends up as a very poor presentation that has been released in the Kannada film industry these days".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2560/kannada/shambu/606/review.htm|title=Shambu Kannada Movie Review|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=Nowrunning|date=20 October 2005|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=10 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210102333/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2560/kannada/shambu/606/review.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "Eventually, ''Shambhu'' is not for those who want to look at the brighter side of Kannada cinema. It may not even please Murali's most ardent fans".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/24shambhu.htm|title=Shambhu: A mess from Scene One|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=24 October 2005|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=18 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318230428/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/24shambhu.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> S. N. Deepak of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "The director has pulled a wafer thin story to a 145-minute long film with some twists. The first half is usual and the story picks up tempo only in the post-interval part. The action scenes, songs and fights cater to galleries. The comedy track does not relate to the story. Dialogues are punchy at some points".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/oct232005/movies16445920051022.asp|title=Shambu|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=23 October 2005|access-date=6 April 2025|first=S. N.|last=Deepak|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009192037/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct232005/movies16445920051022.asp|archive-date=9 October 2006}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*{{IMDb title|id=tt12705154}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2005 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]

Baida (film)

2026-03-04T13:56:39Z

Aurelia2406: Creating the post added tags

{{short description|Indian science fiction supernatural thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baida
| image = Baida film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Puneet Sharma
| writer = [[Sudhanshu Rai]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| producer = Puneet Sharma Sudhanshu Rai
| starring = {{Plainlist|* Sudhanshu Rai
* Manisha Rai
* Shobhit Sujay
* ⁠[[Sourabh Raaj Jain]]
* ⁠[[Hiten Tejwani]]
}}
| cinematography = Abhishek Modak
| editing = [[Pratheek Shetty]]
| music =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|03|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Baida''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Science fiction|sci-fi]] [[supernatural]] [[thriller film]] directed by Puneet Sharma and written by [[Sudhanshu Rai]].<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-31 |title=Sudhanshu Rai-Puneet Sharma, the makers of cult horror comedy Chaipatti, set to hit the theatres with sci-fi thriller BAIDA |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/sudhanshu-rai-puneet-sharma-the-makers-of-cult-horror-comedy-chaipatti-set-to-hit-the-theatres-with-sci-fi-thriller-baida-7503978/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=India.com |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104090524/https://www.india.com/entertainment/sudhanshu-rai-puneet-sharma-the-makers-of-cult-horror-comedy-chaipatti-set-to-hit-the-theatres-with-sci-fi-thriller-baida-7503978/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |title=BAIDA film review: Watch this film for its storytelling, Puneet Sharma offers a unique Bollywood entertainment |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-baida-film-review-watch-this-film-for-its-storytelling-puneet-sharma-offers-a-unique-bollywood-entertainment-3140287/amp |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-20 |title=Baida review: Good story, slow pace in Sourabh Raaj Jain's supernatural thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/baida-review-good-story-but-no-spark-in-sourabh-raaj-jain-supernatural-thriller-2696393-2025-03-20 |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The film features Sudhanshu Rai in the lead role, alongside Manisha Rai, Shobhit Sujay, [[Sourabh Raaj Jain]], [[Hiten Tejwani]] and [[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-28 |title=Sudhanshu Rai And Puneet Sharma's BAIDA To Hit The Theatres In 2025; Details Inside |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/sudhanshu-rai-and-puneet-sharma-baida-to-hit-the-theatres-in-2025-details-inside-10209377 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-22 |title=Baida movie review: A supernatural thriller that delivers some chills, but not enough |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/baida-movie-review-a-supernatural-thriller-that-delivers-some-chills-but-not-enough-7701691/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-12-28 |title=Sci-fi thriller BAIDA set to hit theaters in early 2025 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sci-fi-thriller-baida-set-to-hit-theaters-in-early-2025-1850298 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> The film was released theatrically on 21 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-12-30 |title=Sudhanshu Rai-Puneet Sharma's Sci-Fi Thriller Baida To Release In March 2025 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/sudhanshu-rai-puneet-sharmas-sci-fi-thriller-baida-to-release-in-march-2025 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-29 |title=Sci-Fi Thriller Baida To Hit Theaters In 2025, Deets Inside |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/sci-fi-thriller-baida-to-hit-theaters-in-2025-deets-inside-article-116751398/amp |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-01-14 |title=Watch: Sudhanshu Rai Reveals First Look of Sci-Fi Thriller BAIDA |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/watch-video-55-second-first-look-of-sci-fi-film-baida-is-all-goosebumps-transports-you-to-a-different-world-1854099 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Sudhanshu Rai]] as Ram Babu
* Manisha Rai
* Shobhit Sujay
* ⁠[[Sourabh Raaj Jain]] as Pishaach
* ⁠[[Hiten Tejwani]]
* [[Tarun Khanna (actor)|⁠Tarun Khanna]]
* Siddharth Banerjee
* [[Deepak Wadhwa]]
* Akhlaq Ahmad Azad
* Pradeep Kabra

== Plot ==
A former spy turned salesman while on his sales trip to a rural area in Uttar Pradesh gets entangled in a web of dimensional conspiracy when he decides to take shelter in a cottage of a mysterious Man. His race to death begins when he finds himself transported to the British India and slated to be hanged. The reality seemed distant from him as his world changed in a matter of seconds and now, he must use his spy instincts to save himself and return to the world he belonged.

== Filming ==
The film, described as a [[Science fiction|sci-fi]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] set in India's Hindi heartland, was primarily filmed in [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], and includes elements of the local [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri dialect]] and culture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=India |date=2024-12-28 |title=कल्ट हॉरर कॉमेडी चायपत्ती के मेकर्स सुधांशु राय-पुनीत शर्मा साई-फाई थ्रिलर बैदा के साथ सिनेमाघरों में धमाल मचाने के लिए तैयार {{!}} Film makers Sudhanshu Rai and Puneet Sharma film Baida will be released in theaters in March 2025{{!}}The India Daily |url=https://www.theindiadaily.com/entertainment/film-makers-sudhanshu-rai-and-puneet-sharma-film-baida-will-be-released-in-theaters-in-march-2025-news-59072/amp |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=India Daily |language=hi}}</ref> Local artisans and sculptors were involved in the art department to ensure [[Culture|cultural]] authenticity.<ref name=":21" /> Additional scenes were shot in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Y. P. |date=2024-12-28 |title='Baida' to release in cinemas in early 2025 |url=https://yespunjab.com/baida-to-release-in-cinemas-in-early-2025/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Yes Punjab News |language=en-US}}</ref> The story follows an assassin and his interactions with various characters and situations.<ref name=":21" />

== Reception ==
Tanmayi Savadi of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film three out of five stars and wrote, "''Baida'' has all the elements that are required to make a supernatural thriller interesting. The duration is a plus point. However, the surface gloss is never erased to explore its full potential."<ref>{{cite news |title=Baida Movie Review: Sourabh Raaj Jain, Sudhanshu Rai's Supernatural Thriller Offers Slow-Burn Chills |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/baida-movie-review-sourabh-raaj-jains-supernatural-thriller-offers-slow-paced-chills-review-119268491/ |work=Times Now |date=20 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Vineeta Kumar of ''[[India Today]]'' gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "There's an effort to bring action, comedy and intriguing elements from the supernatural genre, but it doesn't make for a full-blown entertainment package despite all its potential."<ref>{{cite news |title=Baida review: Good story, slow pace in Sourabh Raaj Jain's supernatural thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/baida-review-good-story-but-no-spark-in-sourabh-raaj-jain-supernatural-thriller-2696393-2025-03-20 |work=India Today |date=20 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "While ''Baida'' boasts a compelling premise, its execution falters in several areas. The film’s low-budget constraints are evident in its choppy editing and overuse of saturated lighting, where red and green hues—intended to enhance the eerie atmosphere—often feel distracting instead."<ref>{{cite news |title=Baida Movie Review : A supernatural thriller that blurs the lines of time and reality |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/baida/movie-review/119318211.cms |work=The Times of India |date=22 March 2025 |archive-date=29 March 2025 |access-date=1 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250329035016/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/baida/movie-review/119318211.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave it one out of five stars and wrote, "Sudhanshu Rai's vanity projects fails to be either scary or cutting edge, annoying the viewer with its inefficacy."<ref>{{cite news |title=Baida review: Bad acting, subpar VFX, and an absent plot sink this vanity project that may be harmful to viewers' health |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/baida-review-bad-acting-subpar-vfx-and-an-absent-plot-sink-this-vanity-project-that-may-be-harmful-to-viewers-health-101742618824204-amp.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=22 March 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt35217961}}
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]

Dak Bangla (film)

2026-03-03T23:50:03Z

Aurelia2406: new a post - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dak Bangla
| image =
| writer = Kumar Ramsay
| producer = Reshma Ramsay
| director = [[Keshu Ramsay]]
| starring = [[Rajan Sippy]] [[Swapna (actress)|Swapna]] [[Ranjeet]] [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1955)|Mazhar Khan]] [[Marc Zuber]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1987|05|22}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''Dak Bangla''' is a [[Bollywood]] [[horror film]] directed by [[Keshu Ramsay]] and produced by Reshma Ramsay released in 1987.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dak Bangla {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dak_bangla |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Meheli |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Haunting_Bollywood/ZA7BDQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=dak+bangla+1987&pg=PA49&printsec=frontcover |title=Haunting Bollywood: Gender, Genre, and the Supernatural in Hindi Commercial Cinema |date=2017-03-01 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-1-4773-1158-5 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Ajay moves in with his wife Vaishali to a Dak Bangla as a manager and finds out that not only some bank robbers have invaded that place but also a Mummy walled in the dungeon with a dark past of kingdom era. By the time they broke the wall and try to reveal the secret, people start getting killed one-by-one by the Mummy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dak Bangla 1987 Full Movie Online - Watch HD Movies on Airtel Xstream Play |url=https://www.airtelxstream.in/movies/dak-bangla/ZEEFIVE_MOVIE_0-0-8287? |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=Airtel Xstream (Airtel TV) |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Rajan Sippy]] as Raj
*[[Swapna (actress)|Swapna]] as Sapna / Princess Sheeba
*[[Ranjeet]] as Shakaal / Khursheed Khan
*[[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1955)|Mazhar Khan]] as Munna
*[[Marc Zuber]] as Ajay
*Aloka Bedi as Vaishali
*[[Beena Banerjee]] as Diana
*[[Preeti Ganguly]] as Komal
*[[Dilip Dhawan]] as Prince Kunal
*[[Narendra Nath]] as Thakur Maan Singh
*[[Praveen Kumar Sobti]] as Ozo / Mummy
*[[Imtiaz Khan]] as Devil's priest
*[[Rajendra Nath]] as Gareebdas Daulatram
*[[Sujit Kumar]] as Jagga
*[[Viju Khote]] as Kapoor

==Soundtrack==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Welcome Welcome"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "I Love You Jaanam"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "I Love You Jaanam"
| [[Mohammed Aziz]]
|-
| "Pyare Doston Mere Doston"
| [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0260838|Dak Bangla}}

[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:1987 horror films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Films directed by Keshu Ramsay]]
[[Category:Hindi-language horror films]]

Vishwa

2026-03-03T22:08:50Z

Aurelia2406: created basic stub w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vishwa
| image = Vishwa poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Shivamani
| writer = '''Dialogues''': Surendranath R. Rajashekhar
| screenplay = Shivamani
| story = [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]''|Rajkumar Santoshi}}
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Ananth Nag]] [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] [[Suchitra Krishnamurthy]]
| producer = Gurubabu
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = Ramesh Babu
| editing = T. Shashikumar
| studio = Om Sri Guru Raghavendra Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1999|08|20}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
}}
'''''Vishwa''''' ({{translation|Universe}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by Shivamani and produced by Gurubabu. The film stars [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Ananth Nag]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] and [[Suchitra Krishnamurthy]].<ref name="supergoodmovies">{{cite web|url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/25035/sandalwood/shivarajkumar-century-100-films-list-news-details|title=Shivarajkumar Century - 100 Films List|publisher=supergoodmovies.com|accessdate=2014-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217082320/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/25035/sandalwood/shivarajkumar-century-100-films-list-news-details|archive-date=17 December 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> It is a remake of [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]'s Hindi film ''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]'' (1990).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/dec25/south.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070516034902/http://www.screenindia.com/dec25/south.htm|archive-date = 16 May 2007|title =Ghayal in Kannada|work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Vishwa
* [[Ananth Nag]] as Vijay
* [[Suchitra Krishnamurthy]] as Usha
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Indu (Vijay's Wife)
* [[Thiagarajan]] as Special Commissioner D'Souza
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]] as Barristor Girish Rao
* [[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]] as Mahatma Guttedar, Drug smuggler
* [[Mimicry Dayanand]] as Boxing coach
* [[Lohithaswa]] as Police Commissioner Joshi
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]] as Inspector Syed
*Gayathri Prabhakar
*[[Shivaram]]
*S. V. Prasad as RK alias Radhakrishnan
*Kote Prabhakar as Kote, gangster
*Manjunath Hegde
*[[Negro Johnny]]
*Killer Venkatesh
*[[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Dragger alias Madhusudhan Reddy, a gangster (uncredited)
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Hamsalekha]] who also wrote the lyrics for the songs.
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_writing = Hamsalekha
| title1 = Sagara Sagara
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]] & [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics1 = [[Hamsalekha]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Anna Anna
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] & [[Latha Hamsalekha]]
| lyrics2 = Hamsalekha
| length2 =
| title3 = Cone Ice
| extra3 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] & [[Sowmya Raoh]]
| lyrics3 = Hamsalekha
| length3 =
| title4 = Hey Budda Budda
| extra4 = [[B. Jayashree]]
| lyrics4 = Hamsalekha
| length4 =
| title5 = Arasikere
| extra5 = [[B. Jayashree]]
| lyrics5 = Hamsalekha
| length5 =
| title6 = Vishwa Vishwa
| extra6 = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]
| lyrics6 = Hamsalekha
| length6 =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uy08dgJ02sw Movie portal]
* {{IMDb title|14817170}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishwa}}
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:1999 action films]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Kalakalappu (2001 film)

2026-03-03T04:34:04Z

Aurelia2406: Creating Article

{{short description|2001 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalakalappu
| image =
| caption =
| director = Vishwa
| producer = [[A. L. Azhagappan]]
| writer = Kamalesh Kumar
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]]|[[Udhaya (actor)|Udhaya]]|[[Jaya Seal]]|[[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]]}}
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = Rajarajan
| editing = Lancy Mohan
| distributor =
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|2001|07|27|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}

'''''Kalakalappu''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Vishwa and produced by [[A. L. Azhagappan]]. The film stars [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]], with [[Udhaya (actor)|Udhaya]], [[Jaya Seal]] and [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] in supporting roles. It was released on 27 July 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalakalappu (Tamil) |url=http://actornepoleon.com/cinema/filmography/tamil-films/286-kalakalappu |access-date=2 June 2024 |website=actornepoleon.com |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207004824/http://www.actornepoleon.com/cinema/filmography/tamil-films/286-kalakalappu |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
Kuzhandhaivel alias Velu is a rich landlord in Courtallam leading a happy life with his wife Thilaka and daughter Pooja. Thilaka is none other than Velu’s niece. Velu's widowed elder sister (who is also Thilaka's mother) and Thilaka's younger sister Divya also live with them. Divya falls in love with her classmate Karna who is a rich man based out of Chennai. To win Velu's heart, Karna comes to Courtallam and works as a servant in Velu's home. Divya informs the truth about Karna and her love to Thilaka for which she agrees. But she hides this to Velu and waits for the right moment to disclose the truth.

One day, during heavy rain, Thilaka accidentally steps over a wire and passes away due to electric shock. Velu is devastated due to his wife's death. Thilaka's mother proposes to have Velu marry Divya, so that he can start a fresh life for which Velu doesn't agree. However, everyone in the family convinces him. Divya is shocked knowing the wedding plans between her and Velu. Karna calms down Divya.

There arrives Mini (Uma) who happens to be the classmate of Karna and Divya. Mini informs Divya that Karna is a womanizer and accuses him of having a relationship with her. Divya doesn't trust Mini, but is surprised to learn that Mini is pregnant. Divya breaks up with Karna and decides to marry Velu itself. Accidentally, Velu learns of the love affair between Karna and Divya following which Divya tells Velu about the real identity of Karna. This infuriates Velu, so he sends his henchmen to retrieve Karna, so that Karna can be married to Mini. Karna refuses to marry Mini for which Velu’s henchmen beat Karna. Now Mini comes to rescue and informs the truth. Actually, Mini is a very good friend of Karna and she is already married to someone else. Karna requested Mini to help him breakup with Divya, so that Divya can marry Velu as per elders' wishes. Everyone understands the good nature of Karna and decides to have him marry Divya. In the end, Karna marries Divya.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as Kuzhandhaivel
*[[Udhaya (actor)|Udhaya]] as Karna
*[[Jaya Seal]] as Thilaka
*[[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] as Divya
*[[Uma (actress)|Uma]] as Mini
*[[Ramesh Khanna]] as Sreenivasan (Mittai)
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Kozhandha
*[[Kadhal Sukumar|Sukumar]] as Kozhandha's Henchman
*[[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] as Karna's College Mate (uncredited)
}}

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaseegara - Kalakalappu - Paraseega Roja Tamil Audio Cd |url=https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cds/tamil-audio-cd-tamil-audio-cd/deva-tamil-audio-cd-tamil-audio-cd/vaseegara-kalakalappu-paraseega-roja-tamil-audio-cd/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Banumass |language=en |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602063006/https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cds/tamil-audio-cd-tamil-audio-cd/deva-tamil-audio-cd-tamil-audio-cd/vaseegara-kalakalappu-paraseega-roja-tamil-audio-cd/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Amrutha Kadalea" || Naveen, Sushmitha || [[Na. Muthukumar]] || 05:18
|-
| "Bubblu Bubblu" || Sabesh, Jayalakshmi || Kalidasan || 04:32
|-
| "Meesakara Meesakara" || [[Anuradha Sriram]] || Kasthuri Raja || 05:08
|-
| "Ottava Sinungi" || Krishnaraj, Anuradha Sriram || [[Pa. Vijay]] || 04:59
|-
| "Pongalukku Vangithanda" || Krishnaraj, S. Sathya || Kalidasan || 04:44
|}

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote that "The film has nothing much going for it. Its weak script and listless narrative style makes viewing it seem a journey longer that it actually is!"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Kalakalappu |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov134.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050324063121/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov134.asp |archive-date=24 March 2005 |work=Chennai Online |access-date=4 May 2024 }}</ref> ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' appreciated Vishwa's direction and Rajarajan's cinematography but criticised the music as "loud".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2001 |title=Kalakalappu — Love story laced with humor |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010810/rtam5.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030222150258/http://www.screenindia.com/20010810/rtam5.html |archive-date=22 February 2003 |access-date=2 June 2024 |website=Screen}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:2001 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:2001 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

The Shameless (2024 film)

2026-03-02T01:35:51Z

Aurelia2406: created the data from scratch

{{Short description|2024 romantic crime drama film by Konstantin Bojanov}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Shameless
| image = The Shameless (2024 film) poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional release poster
| director = [[Konstantin Bojanov]]
| producer =
| writer = Konstantin Bojanov
| starring = [[Anasuya Sengupta (actress)|Anasuya Sengupta]] Omara Shetty
| music = Petar Dundakov
| cinematography = Gabriel Lobos
| editing = Tom Lin
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2024|05|17|[[2024 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]]}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = India Switzerland France Bulgaria Taiwan
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''The Shameless''''' is a 2024 Hindi-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Crime film|crime]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed and written by [[Konstantin Bojanov]].<ref name=SD1>{{cite web | first=Amber | last=Wilkinson | url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/the-shameless-cannes-review/5193205.article | title='The Shameless': Cannes Review" | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526182909/https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/the-shameless-cannes-review/5193205.article |archivedate=26 May 2024 | work=[[Screen Daily]] | date=17 May 2024}}</ref> It premiered at the [[2024 Cannes Film Festival]].

==Plot==
Renuka escapes from a brothel in [[Delhi]] after killing a police officer. She starts a romance with Devika, a 17-year-old girl, after seeking refuge in a [[devadasi]] community in southern India.

==Cast==
* [[Anasuya Sengupta (actress)|Anasuya Sengupta]] as Renuka<ref name="Cineuropa">{{cite web|title=The Shameless |url=https://cineuropa.org/en/film/461817/ |website=[[Cineuropa]] |date=2024 |access-date=21 May 2024}}</ref>
* Omara as Devika

==Production==
Bojanov acquired the film rights to [[William Dalrymple]]'s ''[[Nine Lives: In Search of the Sacred in Modern India]]''. Bojanov planned on making a documentary based on four stories in the book. Bojanov toured India and started filming in [[Karnataka]] in 2014. He planned on using the footage to obtain financing for a feature-length documentary.<ref name="variety">{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=18 May 2024 |title=How India-Set Nepal-Shot 'The Shameless' Transitioned From Documentary to Adult Animation to Cannes Un Certain Regard Fiction Feature |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/the-shameless-cannes-un-certain-regard-1236007338/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520173802/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/the-shameless-cannes-un-certain-regard-1236007338/ |archive-date=20 May 2024}}</ref>

Bojanov transformed the project away from being a documentary due to the difficulty of making a film in three languages and that it would be "impossible unless I moved to India". He considered making an animated film due to difficulties obtaining financial support. He later abandoned that idea, but met Anasuya Sengupta, a character visualizer and production designer, and cast her to play the lead role.<ref name="variety" /> It took over eight months for the two lead roles to be cast.<ref name="cannes" />

Frederic Corvez and Maeva Savinien obtained $868,000 in financing for the film from Klas Film, House on Fire, and Akka Films. Additional financing was obtained from The Production Headquarters. The film was shot in Kathmandu, Nepal, as filming in India cost more after the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="variety" />

==Release==
''The Shameless'' was shown at the [[2024 Cannes Film Festival]] in the [[Un Certain Regard]] section on 17 May 2024.<ref>{{cite web|date=8 May 2024 |title=The Screenings Guide of the 77th Festival de Cannes |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/2024/the-screenings-guide-of-the-77th-festival-de-cannes/ |website=Festival de Cannes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508200110/https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/2024/the-screenings-guide-of-the-77th-festival-de-cannes/ |archive-date=8 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="cannes">{{Cite news |date=17 May 2024 |title=The Shameless, as seen by Konstantin Bojanov |work=[[Cannes Film Festival]] |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/2024/the-shameless-as-seen-by-konstantin-bojanov/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520181332/https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/2024/the-shameless-as-seen-by-konstantin-bojanov/ |archive-date=20 May 2024}}</ref> One of Bojanov's previous films, ''[[Avé (film)|Avé]]'', was also shown at Cannes.<ref name="variety" /> The film has been selected for the [[MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2024]] under the Focus South Asia section.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2024-10-10 |title='All We Imagine as Light,' 'Anora' to Bookend Mumbai Film Festival |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/all-we-imagine-as-light-anora-mumbai-film-festival-1236174127/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Ceremony date
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[Cannes Film Festival]]
| rowspan="2" | [[2024 Cannes Film Festival|24 May 2024]]
| ''[[Un Certain Regard]]''
| ''The Shameless''
| {{nom}}
| align="center" |
|-
| ''Un Certain Regard'' – Best Performance{{efn|Shared with Abou Sangare for ''[[The Story of Souleymane]]''.}}
| [[Anasuya Sengupta (actress)|Anasuya Sengupta]]
| {{won}}
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite magazine|last=Lodge|first=Guy|date=24 May 2023|title=Cannes Film Festival: 'Black Dog' Wins Un Certain Regard Award|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/reviews/cannes-film-festival-un-certain-regard-awards-1236015816/|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=24 May 2023|archive-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526183603/https://gum.criteo.com/syncframe?origin=publishertag&topUrl=variety.com&us_privacy=1---&gpp=DBABBg~BUoAAAJY.QA&gpp_sid=8|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Reception ==
A review in [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']] noted, "A remarkable lead performance illuminates radical visions of Indian womanhood"<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Adlakha |first=Siddhant |date=2024-05-17 |title='The Shameless' Review: A Remarkable Lead Performance Illuminates Radical Visions of Indian Womanhood |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/reviews/the-shameless-review-1236005411/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |magazine=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> while ''[[Screen Rant]]'' wrote, "While the plot becomes rather too overwrought for its own good – perhaps a result of the being in development since 2016 – Sengupta is never less than compelling in her first screen role."<ref name=SD1 />

A positive review in CineEuropa stated, "Despite the punchy opening shots, promising more dynamics, the charismatic protagonist and the brave portrayal of a lesbian romance in an Indian setting, which feels like a breakthrough, ''The Shameless'' relies on a conventional fable-like plot that might become tedious at times, given its predictability as well – it's clear to everyone that such a story cannot end well. But there is more to it."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-17 |title=Review: The Shameless |url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/462439/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=Cineuropa - the best of european cinema |language=en}}</ref> ''In Review Online'' was very critical of the overall production, and wrote, "''The Shameless'' is overstuffed, hurdling from plot point to plot point with no attention to subtlety, character development, or plausible behavior."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gorham |first=Luke |date=2024-05-21 |title=The Shameless — Konstantin Bojanov [Cannes '24 Review] |url=https://inreviewonline.com/2024/05/21/the-shameless/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=In Review Online |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|15437986|The Shameless}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shameless, The}}
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2024 LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Bulgarian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Bulgarian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:French crime drama films]]
[[Category:French LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Swiss crime drama films]]
[[Category:Swiss LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Taiwanese crime drama films]]
[[Category:Taiwanese LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Lesbian-related films]]
[[Category:2020s LGBTQ-related drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:2024 Swiss films]]
[[Category:2024 French films]]
[[Category:2024 Bulgarian films]]
[[Category:2024 Taiwanese films]]

Chawngbawla

2026-02-26T07:47:44Z

Aurelia2406: new new data

{{Short description|Mizo Pasalṭha}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Pasalṭha
| name = Chawngbawla
| honorific_suffix = Chhakchhuak
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Seipuia's village
| disappeared_date =
| disappeared_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| allegiance = Southern Sailo Chiefs
| branch =
| branch_label = 
| serviceyears =
| serviceyears_label =
| rank =
| rank_label =
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands =
| known_for = [[Folk hero]]
| battles = [[North-South War of the Lushai Hills|North-South War]]
| battles_label =
| awards =
| memorials =
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| children = Saizema Vawmthanga
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| module =
}}
'''Pasalṭha Chawngbawla''' was a Mizo warrior who participated in the [[North-South War of the Lushai Hills]].

==Early life==
Chawngbawla was born to a Chhakchhuak family in Seipuia's village. He was born of a under-average stature leading to many underestimating his strength. Chawngbawla performed many feats of strength in his youth. He was reputed to be a man of few words who would understate his pain and wounds. Chawngbawla was also perceived as humble with the exception of boasting of being undefeated by other challengers. His name became reputed among both the eastern and western Mizo tribes. Children began a tradition of stating a saying: ''Ka kawi Chawngbawla a tlan ngai lo''. This phrase was used during the playing of games to swear on Chawngbawla's name to a wild fruit known as ''kawi''.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=96}}

==Pasaltha==
During the [[North-South War of the Lushai Hills]], Chawngbawla participated in a raid of the Sialhmur village.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005}} Upon hearing of Chawngbawla being in the party, the village evacuated its inhabitants, and thus, Chawngbawla was forced to return without any human heads or scalps as trophies. During the return journey home, the raiding party stumbled upon a fruit orchard and began to harvest it. The owner of the orchard fired upon the men in retaliation. In response, Chawngbawla diverted attention to himself at risk to his life to let his allies escape unharmed.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=96}} As a result, the orchard owner was disarmed. Chawngbawla allowed the owner to return home unscathed after he appealed for his life. However, the orchard owner retold the events upon reaching home. This led to the village hero, Chawngzika Chawngthu (Nghatebaka), becoming enraged and forming a war party to confront Chawngbawla. Chawngzika was a Pasalṭha on par with the fame of Chawngbawla at the time.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=97}} Chawngzika chased Chawngbawla and his party. Chawngbawla consequentially hid away as Ngahatebaka chased his men, who exclaimed low morale to lure the attackers. After running enough distance, Chawngbawla ambushed and shot Chawngzika to death.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005}}

During Chawngbawla's stay at the [[zawlbuk]], there was discussion whether Chawngbawla could fight a wounded boar. This was due to the traditional belief that a wounded boar were the most desperate fighting animal which made for legendary duels. Chawngbawla was tested on this when a young hog was ensared in a trap and escaped and thus led the villagers to avoid going to their [[jhumming|jhums]]. Chawngbawla brought a boy with him to bait the boar to attack him so that he may intervene. When the boar charged at the boy, Chawngbawla was said to have drawn his ''dao'' and had broken the jaw and cut off the neck of the hog.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=97}}

In other incidents, Chawngbawla captured a baby elephant from its herd and a wild bear. Due to these feats, his eldest son was named Saizema and his niece was named Sailingi (one who roped an elephant). His other son was named Vawmthanga meaning famous as reference to when he caught a wild bear alive.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=97}}
==Legacy==
Chawngbawla died a normal death of old age in his home despite wishing to have always died with honor by an enemy or animal.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=97}} His name is also used as the name of a citrus fruit which is a cross between lemon and orange.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=96}}

Chawngbawla was one of the named battalions part of the lion brigade in the [[Mizo National Front uprising]].{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=34}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Hluna |first1=Dr. J.V |last2=Tochhawng |first2=Rini|date=2012 |title=The Mizo Uprising: Assam Assembly Debates on the Mizo Movement, 1966-1971|location=Newcastle, UK |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-44384042-2}}

*{{cite book |last1=Lalbiakthanga |title=The Mizos: A Study in Racial Personality |date=1978 |publisher=United Publishers |location=Guahati}}

*{{cite book |last=Lalthangliana |first=B. |date=2005 |title=Culture and Folklore of Mizoram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Of88DwAAQBAJ |location=Aizawl |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|isbn=978-81-230-2658-9 }}

*{{cite book |last=Zawla |first=K |date=1964 |title=Mizo Pi Pute Leh An Thlahte Chanchin |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467485/page/n1/mode/2up |location=Aizawl |publisher=Gosen Press}}
{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:Pasalṭha]]

Sardar Patel Vidyalaya

2026-02-21T04:43:51Z

Aurelia2406: updated page

{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Sardar Patel Vidyalaya
| image = Sardar Patel Vidyalaya 1.jpg
| image_size =
| location = [[Lodi Road]], [[Delhi]]
| country = [[India]]
| motto = '''विद्यैव धनमक्षयम्'''
| established = 14 August 1957
| USNWR_ranking =
| grades = Nursery till 12th
| principal = Anuradha Joshi
| head_of_school =
| dean =
| faculty = 110
| staff =
| enrollment = 1650
| athletics =
| colors =
| free_label2 = School Site
| free_text2 =
| website =
}}

'''Sardar Patel Vidyalaya''' ('''SPV''') is an education school located in Lodi Estate, [[New Delhi|New Delhi, India]]. The school is named after a leader of the [[Indian independence movement]], and independent India's first [[Home Minister]] and [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]], [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]].

==Academics==
It is a private school in India that employs [[Hindi]] as a medium of instruction in primary school. Though primarily subjects such as [[Math]], [[science]] and [[social studies]] are taught in Hindi till class 5th, students are taught '[[technical terms]]' which are the English counterparts of whatever they learnt.

Students are provided instruction in four languages. From 1st grade, it is Hindi medium. [[English Language|English]] is the medium of education from the [[Education in India#Structure|Class VI]] onwards. From Class VI, students have to choose between [[Gujarati Language|Gujarati]], [[tamil language|Tamil]], [[bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Urdu]] as their fourth language. [[Hindi]] and [[Sanskrit]] are mandatory until Class VIII. In Class IX, students are asked to choose between [[Hindi]] and [[Sanskrit]].

==Principals==
* [[Raghubhai Morarji Nayak|Raghubhai M. Nayak]]
* [[Vibha Parthasarathy]]
* Y.K. Mago
* Mukesh Shelath
* Kusum Lata Warikoo
* Vijaya Subramaniam (officiating)
* Ms. Anuradha Joshi (2007–present)

==Notable alumni==

===Administration and civil services and diplomatic services===
* [[Achal Kumar Jyoti]], [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer; Former [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]], Former [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]], Commissioner of Education Govt of Gujarat
* [[Vineeta Rai]], [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer; former Revenue Secretary, [[Government of India]]<ref name="Financial Expressarticle">{{cite web | title=Financial Express article on Vineeta Rai | url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Id-Like-To-Be-Born-A-Woman-Again/82247/0 }}</ref>
* Late [[Abhijit Sen]], [[Padma Bhushan]] and Former Member of the [[Planning commission of India|Planning Commission of India]]
* [[TCA Raghavan|TCA Raghvan]], A former [[India]]n diplomat of the [[Indian Foreign Service]] with considerable experience in South Asia policy issues and considered an expert on [[Pakistan studies]].From 2013 to 2015 he was the [[High Commissioner (Commonwealth)|High Commissioner]] of India to [[Pakistan]]. In July 2018 he was appointed Director General of the [[Indian Council of World Affairs]].

===Arts and media===
*[[Varun Badola]], television actor <ref>{{Cite web |title=Varun Badola |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1778129/bio |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=IMDb}}</ref>
* [[Richa Chaddha]], Bollywood actress <ref>{{Cite web |title=Richa visits her old school |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/nostalgic-friday-richa-chadha-visits-her-school-in-delhi-with-her-pyaar-ali-fazal20220325143435/ |access-date=2023-03-06}}</ref>
*[[Nandita Das]], film actress, director <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2009-11-16 |title=Don't always have to be old to win gold |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/don-t-always-have-to-be-old-to-win-gold/story-6aCVEvnYyCSfMuI1yw5SYJ.html |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Ketan Mehta]], film director
*[[Shahana Goswami]], Bollywood actress <ref name=":0" />
*[[Eeshit Narain]], Film Cinematographer <ref>{{Cite web |title= Eeshit Narain |url=https://www.eeshitnarain.info |access-date=2021-02-06}}</ref>
*[[Poorna Jagannathan]], Hollywood and Bollywood actor and producer
* [[Anusha Rizvi]], Bollywood film director
* [[Swara Bhaskar]], Bollywood Actress <ref name=":0" />
* [[Suraj Sharma]], film actor <ref>{{Cite web |author=Indrani Basu |date=Oct 31, 2010 |title='Life of Pi' boy loves playing the fool {{!}} Delhi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/life-of-pi-boy-loves-playing-the-fool/articleshow/6844054.cms |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Pakhi Tyrewala]], actress<ref name="toi2010">{{cite news |date=18 December 2010 |title=I am dyslexic: Pakhi Tyrewala |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-18/news-interviews/28271351_1_first-film-protective-life-delhi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822113351/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-18/news-interviews/28271351_1_first-film-protective-life-delhi |archive-date=22 August 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*[[Sudhir Pandey]], veteran TV and film actor Well known for his performances in popular [[Doordarshan]] serials like [[Buniyaad]]
*[[Shrikrishan Sharma]], a mastro of slide guitar and [[Vichitra veena|Vichitra Veena]] in [[Indian classical music|Indian Classical Music]]. He featured in programmes broadcast by [[All India Radio]] and on television for over three decades
*Aditya Arya, has played a pivotal role in the establishment of [[India Photo Archive Foundation]] and the Neel Dongre Awards/Grants for Excellence in Photography, His [[India Photo Archive Foundation]] and The Municipal Corporation of Gurugram, has set up [[Museo Camera]], in Gurugram that is dedicated to the art and history of photography.

===Literature===
*[[Aman Sethi]], Writer and Correspondent for The Hindu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aman Sethi |url=https://discovery.roundrocktexas.gov/Author/Home?author=%22Sethi,%20Aman%22 |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=Round Rock Public Library |language=en}}</ref>

===Corporate===
*[[S. Ramadorai]], CEO, [[Tata Consultancy Services]] and recipient of the [[Padma Bhushan]]
*[[Sanjay Mehrotra]], CEO of [[Micron Technology]] and co-founder of [[SanDisk]]

===Science and technology===
*[[Kapil Hari Paranjape]], Mathematician
*[[Vidyut Mohan]], social entrepreneur and [[Earthshot Prize]] winner<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-16 |title=Vidyut Mohan: Making of catalyst of Climate Protection |url=https://www.vyapaarjagat.com/entrepreneurs/vidyut-mohan-making-of-catalyst-of-climate-protection/ |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=VyapaarJagat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Academia ===

* [[Shalini Randeria]], A [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholar]] and social anthropologist/sociologist. She was Rector of the [[Institute for Human Sciences]] (IWM) in Vienna and Professor of Social Anthropology and Sociology at the [[Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies|Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (IHEID)]] in Geneva, where she was also Director of the [[Albert Hirschman Centre on Democracy]]. She holds the Excellence Chair at the [[University of Bremen]], where she leads a research group on “soft authoritarianisms"
* [[Mohit Randeria]], Professor, Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Fellow of the [[American Physical Society]], Distinguished Alumni Award, [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]] Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]].
* [[Shivaji Sondhi]], A theoretical physicist who is currently the Wykeham Professor of Physics in the Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics at the University of Oxford

=== Environmentalism ===

* [[Ashish Kothari]], has been a member of Steering Committees of the [[World Commission on Protected Areas]] (WCPA) and [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] Commission on Environmental, Economic, and Social Policy (CEESP) He has also been a teacher of environment at [[Indian Institute of Public Administration]], [[New Delhi]].

=== Sports ===

*[[Kagayama]], Indian Volleyball team
*[[Deep Dasgupta]], Indian cricket team
*[[Lt.Col.Rajpal Singh]], Indian judo
[https://csri.co.in/rajpal-singh/]
*[[Ajay Jadeja]], Indian cricket team and TV commentator
*[[Murali Kartik]], Indian cricket team
*[[Gagan Khoda]], Indian cricket team
*[[Vivek Razdan]], Indian cricket team
*[[Rahul Sanghvi]], Indian cricket team
*[[Tejaswin Shankar]], Indian Track and field <ref>{{Cite web |title=School Athletic Records Sheet |url=https://spvdelhi.org/upload/attach/983171512746584_record-sheet.pdf |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=www.google.com}}</ref>

===Law===
*[[Karuna Nundy]], Senior Advocate, Supreme Court of India
*[[Menaka Guruswamy|Maneka Guruswamy]], Senior Advocate, Supreme Court of India

==See also==
* [[List of schools in Delhi]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{official website|https://www.spvdelhi.org }}
* [http://www.spv.net The official alumni network]

[[Category:Private schools in Delhi]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1957]]
[[Category:Memorials to Vallabhbhai Patel]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Delhi]]

Tata Telcoline

2026-02-14T20:53:47Z

Aurelia2406:

{{Redirect-distinguish|Tata Xenon|Tata Nexon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Tata Telcoline
| image = Tata Xenon DLE 2013 (41656884701).jpg
| caption = Tata Xenon DLE 2013
| manufacturer = [[Tata Motors]]
| production = 1988–present
| body_style = 2-door [[pickup truck|pick-up]] 4-door [[pickup truck|pick-up]]
}}
The '''Tata Telcoline''' is a [[mid-size pickup truck]] made by the [[India]]n automaker [[Tata Motors]] since 1988. In India, it was originally known as the '''Tatamobile 206''', and since 2002, the name was changed to the '''Tata 207 DI'''. In export markets, it has been sold as the '''Tatamobile''', '''Tata Loadbeta''', '''Tata Xenon''' and '''Tata Pick Up'''.

__TOC__
{{clear}}

== First generation (1988–2008) ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Tata Telcoline
| image = Tata Pick Up 2.0 TDI Telcoline 2000.jpg
| aka = Tatamobile 206 Tata Pick-Up Tata 207 Tata TL Tata Loadbeta
| production = 1988–2006 1988–2008 (Europe)
| assembly = [[Pune]], [[India]] [[Pekan, Pahang]], [[Malaysia]]
| platform = Tata X2
| related = [[Tata Sierra]] [[Tata Estate]] [[Tata Sumo]] [[Tata Safari]]
| engine = {{ubl
| '''[[Diesel engine|diesel]]:'''
| 1948&nbsp;cc ''[[List of PSA engines#XD|Peugeot XD88]]'' [[Straight-four engine|I4]]
| 1948&nbsp;cc ''[[PSA XUD engine|483DL]]'' I4
| 1948&nbsp;cc ''[[PSA XUD engine|483DL]]'' [[Turbocharger|turbo]] I4
| 2179&nbsp;cc ''[[PSA EW/DW engine|Dicor]]'' I4
| 2956&nbsp;cc ''Dicor 497SP'' I4
}}
| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive]] [[Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine four-wheel-drive]]
| transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
| wheelbase = {{Convert|2825|-|3150|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{Convert|4585|-|5210|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{Convert|1700|-|1810|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{Convert|1600|-|1730|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{Convert|1715|-|1995|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
| caption = 1990 Tata Telcoline 2.0 TDI
}}
Introduced in July 1988, the Tatamobile 206 pick-up (the original name used in India) was designed and engineered by Telco (Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company) and was the first light commercial vehicle launched by Tata Motors after the heavy duty [[Tata 407]] (a vehicle based on the [[Mercedes-Benz T2]] design). Developed in two years,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19880831-telco-gears-up-to-make-grand-entry-into-passenger-car-market-with-launch-of-new-vehicle-797634-1988-08-31 |title=Telco gears up to make grand entry into passenger car market with launch of new vehicle |publisher=IndiaToday.in |date=31 August 1988|accessdate=25 June 2018}}</ref> the pick up sold a total of 61,691 examples in India during the 1988 and 1989 model years and 64,941 vehicles between 1989 and 1990. With the Tatamobile 206, the Indian automaker acquired 25% of the market share in the light commercial vehicle segment.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rCvsa9cNAEIC&dq=Tatamobile+206&pg=PA70 Tatamobile 206 history]</ref>

The Tatamobile 206 is a mid-size pick-up produced on a flexible body-on-frame chassis (called Tata X2 platform<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tatawestside.com/article/inside/rgNncgzFxF4=/TLYVr3YPkMU= |title=Rebuilding success stories |publisher=Tatawestside.com |date=April 2003 |accessdate=25 June 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811050851/http://tatawestside.com/article/inside/rgNncgzFxF4=/TLYVr3YPkMU= |url-status=dead }}</ref>) in both short wheelbase (single cab, 2 seats) and long wheelbase (crew cab, 5 seats) with [[rear wheel drive|rear]] or [[four wheel drive]]: the 4WD version has a higher ground clearance for improved off-road use. On the same X2 platform, Tata Motors produced the compact 3-door [[Tata Sierra]] [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] (launched in 1991), the 5-door [[Tata Estate]] wagon and the 5-door [[Tata Safari|Safari]] SUV, [[Tata Sumo|Sumo]] and [[Tata Spacio|Spacio]]. Originally in India, it was powered by a [[naturally aspirated]] 2.0-litre (1,948&nbsp;cc) diesel [[Peugeot]] ''[[List of PSA engines#XD|XD88]]'' engine (assembled under licence by Tata in India) that produced {{convert|63|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. In 1994, a Tata-built, stroked version of the unrelated [[PSA XUD engine#XUD9|Peugeot XUD9 engine]] with the same displacement as the old XD88 was added. A turbocharged version that produced {{convert|92|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} was also available.

In 1990, Tata started exporting the Tatamobile to [[South Africa]] with the name '''Telcoline''' and in 1994, Tata introduced a facelift for the Indian market with revised headlights. Tata also began exporting the vehicle to Europe. In Italy, it was sold as the '''Tata Pick-Up''' in single and crew-cab form with two trim levels: base level and ''Orciari'', a more equipped version built by Italian firm Orciari with two-tone paint, front bull-bar, alloy wheels, air conditioning and a more refined interior. The engines available in Europe were the 2.0-litre Peugeot naturally aspirated diesel (63 HP) and turbo diesel (92 HP). With the introduction of the [[Euro 3]] emission standards, the naturally aspirated version was phased out and the power of the turbocharged version was reduced to 88 horsepower.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tuttotrasporti.it/listini-nuovo/archivioLeggeri.2130-3242-PU01.html |title=Archivio veicoli commerciali leggeri: Tata Pick Up |publisher=TuttoTrasporti.it |date= |accessdate=30 June 2018}}</ref>

In 2000, Tata Motors signed an agreement with Malaysia Truck & Bus (MTB) to assemble the Telcoline in [[complete knock down]] kit form at the [[Pekan, Pahang]] plant in Malaysia for sale on the local market. The pick-up was initially sold only in the 4WD double-cab version, though later on, the single-cab version was also introduced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autoworld.com.my/news/2000/09/25/Tata-Telcoline-207-4x4-Crew-Cab/ |title=New Car Launches: Tata Telcoline 207 4×4 Crew Cab |publisher=autoworld.com.my |date=25 September 2000 |accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref>

===2002 facelift===
[[File:Tata TL pick up.jpg|thumb|left|Facelift Tata Telcoline single-cab 4WD]]

In August 2002, a more substantial facelift was introduced: new front and rear bumpers, bonnet and front grille that houses the new Tata logo. Moreover, changes are made to the mechanicals and the new 3.0-litre diesel engine is introduced (the same used in the Tata 407<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tatawestside.com/article/inside/SJAFmRyuVAw=/TLYVr3YPkMU= |title=Tata 207 to have 407's engine |publisher=Tatawestside.it |date=8 January 2002 |accessdate=30 June 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). With the new engine, Tata changed the Indian market name from Tatamobile to '''Tata 207 DI'''. The 3.0-litre (2956 cc) naturally aspirated diesel produced 58 HP but had more torque than the outgoing 2.0-litre Peugeot unit, while the turbocharged version produced 87 HP and was homologated to meet Euro 4 regulations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tatawestside.com/article/inside/rRlcLmnJIBQ=/TLYVr3YPkMU= |title=Tata Engineering launches Tata 207 DI featuring optimum performance direct injection engine |publisher=Tatawestside.it |date=14 August 2002 |accessdate=30 June 2018}}</ref>

In September 2003, a joint venture was signed between Tata Motors and [[Phoenix Venture Holdings]] ([[MG Rover]] group) for the distribution and sale of the Tata 207 DI in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tatawestside.com/article/inside/nTQXWF7y4Ew=/TLYVr3YPkMU= |title=MG Rover mulls Tata Indica diesel sourcing too |publisher=Tatawestside.com |date=17 September 2003 |accessdate=30 June 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2006 Tata introduced to the Indian market the 207 DI EX,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tatawestside.com/article/inside/MG!$$$$!qrMyeQxE=/TLYVr3YPkMU= |title=Tata Motors' new model |publisher=Tatawestside.com |date=10 January 2006 |accessdate=30 June 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a single cab version with flat load body and long wheelbase. In Europe the new 2.2 litre ''Dicor'' turbodiesel [[common rail]] engine [[Euro 4]] that produce 140 horsepower was introduced.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tuttotrasporti.it/listini-nuovo/archivioLeggeri.3242-PU01-73989-2007-2.html |title=Archivio veicoli commerciali leggeri: Tata Pick Up 2.2 Dicor 16V 4x2 PL-DC |publisher=TuttoTrasporti.it |date= |accessdate=30 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/2007/02/motori/marzo-07/tata-neww/tata-neww.html?refresh_ce |title=Nuovo Tata Pick Up. A voi la scelta... |publisher=[[La Repubblica]] |date=5 March 2007 |accessdate=31 August 2018}}</ref> The 2.2-litre was based on the design of the [[PSA EW/DW engine|2,179 cc PSA DW12 engine]] and was re-engineered by Tata and AVL.

In 2005, for the first time, Tata introduced the four-wheel drive version of the Telcoline in India. It had previously only been produced for export markets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tata.com/article/inside/mnt6qJkY2RY=/TLYVr3YPkMU= |title=Tata Motors introduces the power-packed Tata TL 4x4 |publisher=[[Tata Motors]] |date=8 December 2005 |accessdate=31 August 2018}}</ref> In India, the 4WD version was sold as the Tata TL, the rear-wheel drive version continued as the Tata 207. In 2008, export to Europe had ended, with Tata announcing its successor, the Xenon pick-up.

Today{{when?|date=July 2025}}, production continues in India with exports to South Africa.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

{{clear}}

==Second generation (2006–present)==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Second generation
| aka = Tata Xenon Tata TL Sprint Tata Yodha
| image = Tata Xenon DLE 2.2L Dicor 2010 (14519082971).jpg
| production = 2006–present
| assembly = [[Pune]], [[India]] [[Thonburi]], [[Samutprakarn]], [[Thailand]] ({{abbr|TAAP|Thonburi Automotive Assembly Plant Co., Ltd.}}) [[Khlong Sam Wa District|Bangchan (Kannayao)]], [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] ({{abbr|BGAC|Bangchan General Assembly Co., Ltd.}}) [[Pekan, Pahang]], [[Malaysia]] ([[DRB-HICOM Berhad|DRB-HICOM]])<ref>[https://paultan.org/2018/03/22/three-new-tata-models-ckd-programme-for-malaysia/ Tata Malaysia CKD programme]</ref>
| engine = 2.1L [[Multi-point fuel injection|MPFi]] ''486PL'' 16V [[petrol engine|petrol]] [[Straight-four engine|I4]] 2.1L [[Multi-point fuel injection|MPFi]] ''486PL'' 16V [[compressed natural gas|CNG]] I4 2.2L ''[[PSA EW/DW engine|VTT Dicor]]'' [[diesel engine|diesel]] I4 3.0L '' [[List of Isuzu engines#4JH1-T|Dicor]]'' turbo[[diesel engine|diesel]] I4
| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive]] [[Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|four-wheel-drive]]
| transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 6-speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
| related = [[Tata Sumo Grande]]
| wheelbase = {{Convert|2850|-|3150|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{Convert|4800|-|5125|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{Convert|1860|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{Convert|1730|-|1833|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{Convert|1750|-|1950|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
| platform = Tata X2
}}
[[File:Tata Xenon rear view.jpg|thumb|left|Tata Xenon double cab, rear view]]

Developed over 18 months, the new generation of the Tata pickup utilizes an evolved version of the previous body-on-frame X2 platform. The suspension geometry has been significantly revised, and the body incorporates a higher percentage of high-strength steel. Building on the success of the previous Telcoline, the new generation Tata is designed primarily for export to various countries, including those in [[Southeast Asia]], [[EMEA]], and [[Mercosur]]. It comes equipped with dual front [[Airbag|airbags]] and safety features such as [[Anti-lock braking system|ABS]], traction control, and downhill speed control. During the development phase, it was referred to as the ''TL Sprint'' due to reduced industrialization times. Following the launch, [[electronic stability control]] (ESC) was also introduced for export models.
[[File:Tata Xenon DLE 2.2L Dicor 2013 (11280328246).jpg|thumb|left|2013 Tata Xenon 2.2 Dicor single cab]]
The presentation took place in the form of a definitive prototype at the [[Bologna Motor Show]] in December 2006, with production starting in May 2007 at the Pune plant (India) and thereafter beginning sales in India, Europe and South Africa. The final name chosen by Tata Motors is Xenon to avoid confusion with the previous Telcoline remaining in production.<ref>[http://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/tatas-sprint-christened-xenon-india-1356 Tata TL Sprint will be called Xenon]</ref> In Europe, it is equipped with the new 2.2-litre Dicor turbodiesel common rail Euro 4 producing 140 horsepower and a 5-speed manual gearbox.

In India, its revised X2 platform also gave rise to the [[Tata Sumo|Tata Sumo Grande]].

In 2012, with the introduction of the [[Euro 5]] regulations in Europe, the 2.2 Dicor engine was revised with the introduction of VGT, DPF filter and a power rise to 150 horsepower.<ref>[https://www.tuttotrasporti.it/listini-nuovo/archivioLeggeri.2130-3804-PU01.html Archivio listino Tata Xenon Italia]</ref><ref>[https://www.trasporti-italia.com/prodotto/tata-lancia-xenon-il-pick-up-euro-5/7978 Tata Xenon Euro 5 diesel]</ref>

In 2010, the pick up started assembly in [[Thailand]] by the Tata-[[Thonburi Automotive Group|Thonburi]] [[joint venture]].<ref>[http://www.tatamotors.com/our_world/press_releases.php?ID=269&action=Pull Tata Motors & Thonburi of Thailand set up joint venture in Thailand for pickup trucks] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206043927/http://www.tatamotors.com/our_world/press_releases.php?ID=269&action=Pull |date=2010-12-06 }}</ref> In 2011, the CNG version was launched in Thailand powered by a new 2,1 litre [[straight-4]] DOHC engine with 115 HP.<ref>[https://www.theautochannel.com/news/2008/11/25/261120.html Tata Will Unveil The Xenon Super CNG At Motor Expo]</ref>
A Xenon XT (Cross Terrain) double cab 4-door, 5-seater variant was launched in 2009. The Xenon has been well received in Europe, especially in Spain and Italy.<ref>{{cite web|author=re |url=http://www.italiaspeed.com/2008/cars/industry/01/tata_xenon/1201.html |title=italiaspeed.com |publisher=italiaspeed.com |date=2008-01-13 |accessdate=2010-02-24}}</ref>

=== Safety ===
The Tata Xenon was tested by the [[Australasian New Car Assessment Program]] twice, the first with no ESC and the second a model with ESC.
{{ANCAP
|overall_stars=2
|year=2013
|reference_code=f50014
|description=Tata Xenon
|frontal_offset=11.27/16
|side_impact=16/16
|pole=Not Assessed
|seat_belt_reminders=0/3
|whiplash_protection=Not Assessed
|pedestrian_protection=Not Assessed
|electronic_stability_control=Not available
}}
{{ANCAP
|overall_stars=4
|year=2013
|reference_code=3bfb29
|description=Tata Xenon
|frontal_offset=11.27/16
|side_impact=16/16
|pole=Not Assessed
|seat_belt_reminders=0/3
|whiplash_protection=Not Assessed
|pedestrian_protection=Not Assessed
|electronic_stability_control=Standard
}}

===2017 facelift===

Xenon Yodha was launched on January 3rd 2017 as a facelifted model. Availability includes 4x2 and 4x4 variants as well as single cab and double cab layouts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Bhavik Sharma|url=https://www.team-bhp.com/news/tata-xenon-yodha-launched-rs-605-lakh|title=Tata Xenon Yodha launched at Rs. 6.05 lakh |publisher=team-bhp.com |date=2017-01-03 |accessdate=2024-11-24}}</ref>

===2022 facelift===

A second facelift called Yodha 2.0 was launched on September 2022.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sahil Kukreja|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/commercial-vehicles/tata-motors-launches-yodha-2-0-intra-v20-bi-fuel-intra-v50-highest-load-carrying-pickup-in-segment/articleshow/94451114.cms|title=Tata Motors launches Yodha 2.0, Intra V20 bi-fuel, Intra V50: Highest load carrying pickup in segment|publisher=Times of India|date=2024-11-26 |accessdate=2024-11-24}}</ref>

==Sales==
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Year
! Thailand
|-
| 2014
| 962<ref name="Thailand cars sales report 2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.headlightmag.com/salesreport_total2014/ |title=Thailand cars sales report 2014 |work=HeadlightMag.com |date=February 2015 |location=Thailand |access-date=24 Oct 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| 738<ref name="Thailand cars sales report 2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.headlightmag.com/salesreport_total2015/ |title=Thailand cars sales report 2015 |work=HeadlightMag.com |date=10 June 2016 |location=Thailand |access-date=24 Oct 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| 923<ref name="Thailand cars sales report 2016" >{{cite web |url=http://www.headlightmag.com/sales-report-december-2016/ |title=Thailand cars sales report 2016 |work=HeadlightMag.com |date=26 January 2017 |location=Thailand |access-date=24 Oct 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| 598<ref name="Thailand cars sales report 2017" >{{cite web |url=http://www.headlightmag.com/sales-report-december-2017/ |title=Thailand cars sales report 2017 |work=HeadlightMag.com |date=29 January 2018 |location=Thailand |access-date=24 Oct 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| 447<ref name="Thailand pick-up sales report 2018">{{cite web |url=http://www.headlightmag.com/sales-report-pick-up-2018-toyota-hilux-revo-champion/ |title=Thailand pick-up sales report 2018 |work=HeadlightMag.com |date=22 January 2019 |location=Thailand |language=Thai |access-date=22 Jan 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| 478<ref name="Thailand pick-up sales report 2019">{{cite web |url=http://www.headlightmag.com/sales-report-compact-pick-up-2019-thailand/ |title=Thailand pick-up sales report 2019 |work=HeadlightMag.com |date=25 February 2020 |location=Thailand |language=Thai |access-date=25 Feb 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| 139<ref name="Thailand pick-up sales report 2020">{{cite web |url=http://www.headlightmag.com/sales-report-pick-up-truck-2020/ |title=Thailand pick-up sales report 2020 |work=HeadlightMag.com |date=25 January 2021 |location=Thailand |language=th |access-date=26 Jan 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| 52<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-17|title=จำนวนรถกระบะไทยปี 2021 เผยยอดจดทะเบียนใหม่แยกรุ่น Isuzu D-Max ครองแชมป์ Revo ตามห่าง {{!}} AutoFun|url=https://www.autofun.co.th/news/จำนวนรถกระบะไทยปี-2021-เผยยอดจดทะเบียนใหม่แยกรุ่น-isuzu-dmax-ครองแชมป์-revo-ตามห่าง-39488|access-date=2022-01-18|website=AutoFun Thailand|language=th}}</ref>
|}

{{clear}}Tata Telcoline sales in Thailand (100x)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://pickup.tatamotors.com/ Tata Pickup Trucks - Tata Motors]

{{Tata Motors}}
{{Tata Timeline}}

[[Category:1990s cars]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]
[[Category:2020s cars]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1988]]
[[Category:First car made by manufacturer]]
[[Category:Pickup trucks]]
[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:ANCAP utilities]]
[[Category:Tata cars]]
[[Category:Tata trucks]]
[[Category:Cars of Thailand]]

Sinimole Paulose

2026-02-08T03:51:27Z

Aurelia2406: updated citations per standard format and added references

{{short description|Indian middle-distance runner}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{MedalTableTop}}
{{MedalSport|Women's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2007 Asian Athletics Championships|2007 Amman]]|[[2007 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 1500 metres|1500 m]]}}
{{MedalSilver|2007 Amman|[[2007 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 800 metres|800 m]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|Asian Indoor Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2006 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|2006 Pattaya]]|1500 m}}
{{MedalGold|[[2008 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|2008 Doha]]|800 m}}
{{MedalGold|2008 Doha|1500 m}}
{{MedalSilver|2006 Pattaya|800 m}}
{{MedalBronze|2006 Pattaya|4×400 m}}
{{MedalBottom}}
'''Sini A Markose''' (Sinimole Paulose) is an Indian middle distance runner born in [[Piravom|Pampakuda]], [[Ernakulam district]] of [[Kerala]] state, who had won 39 international medals and participated in three [[Asian Games]] (2006, 2010 & 2014) in her athletic career so far.

She conferred with the prestigious [[Arjuna Award]] for her outstanding performance in the field of Athletics in 2009.

Her major accolades include Five Asian Championship Titles (indoor & outdoor) in 800m and 1500m running and an Asian Games Bronze medal in 1500m running.

In 2010 she was 9th at the Commonwealth Games in the 800 metres.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sinimole Paulose {{!}} Commonwealth Games Federation|url=https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/59108|access-date=2021-06-07|website=thecgf.com|language=en|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607141848/https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/59108|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She is the current [[Asian Indoor Athletics Championships]] Record holder in 800m & 1500m running.

==Major International Medals==

No. Event 1500 m 800 m
:1 Asian Indoor Games, Thailand, 2005 Bronze
:2 Asian Indoor championships, Thailand, 2006 Gold-New Asian Record Silver
:3 Asian Games, Doha, 2006 Bronze
:4 Asian Grandprix -I, Bangkok, 2007 Gold
:5 Asian Grandprix -II, Gowhati, 2007 Gold
:6 Asian Grandprix -III, Pune, 2007 Gold
4 Asian Track & Field Championships, Jordan, 2007 Gold Silver
6 Asian Indoor Games, Macau, China, 2007 Gold Silver
7 Asian Indoor Championships, Doha, 2008 Gold-New Asian Record Gold-New Asian Record
8 South Asian Championships, Cochin, 2008 Gold Gold- Best Athlete
9 Asian All Star Meet Bhopal, 2008 Gold
10 British MC Gold Race, Watford, UK, 2008 Gold
11 European Granprix, Stockholm, Sweden, 2008 Bronze
12 European Grand Prix, Cork, Irland, 2008 Gold
13 Asian All Star Meet, Delhi, 2010 Gold Silver
14 Asian Grandprix - Thailand, 2012 Silver
15 Savo Games, Laphinlahthi, Finland, 2012 Silver
16 Savo Games, Laphinlahthi, Finland, 2013 Bronze
17 Memorial Rasschert, Ninove, Belgium, 2013 Gold
18 Kuortane Games, Finland, 2013 Bronze
19 Flanders Cup, Huizingen, Belgium, 2014 Gold
20 Brussels Grand Prix, Brussels, Belgium, 2014 Silver
21 Kuortane Games, Finland, 2014 Silver
22 Asian Games, Incheon, 2014 4th

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}

{{Footer Asian Champions women's 1500 metres}}
{{Footer Asian Indoor Champions women's 800 metres}}
{{Footer Asian Indoor Champions women's 1500 metres}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paulose, Sinimol}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Kerala]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Indian women middle-distance runners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]
[[Category:Asian Indoor Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)]]

{{Kerala-stub}}
{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}

Jaahnavi Sriperambuduru

2026-02-07T22:58:41Z

Aurelia2406: Creating New Details...

{{short description|Mountaineer from India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=October 2021}}
{{notability|Biography|date=December 2022}}
{{COI|date=November 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jaahnavi Sriperambuduru
| image = Jaahnavi (cropped) - Jaahnavi Sriperambuduru.jpg
| occupation = Professional [[Mountaineer]] & [[Guide]] and [[Motivational speaker]]
| known_for = The youngest girl to scale [[Mount Elbrus]] at the age of 13 years 8 months in 2015 and the youngest TEDx Speaker.
}}

'''Jaahnavi Sriperambuduru''' is an Indian [[mountaineer]] and motivational speaker. She is on her mission to climb the highest peaks of all seven continents known as the [[Seven Summits]] and also to reach the farthest point on the globe "The South Pole" and "The North Pole".

She is on her pursuit for the Grand Slam to become the youngest Girl in the World in her Phase I climbs.

==Early life==
[[File:My First Wilderness Experience 01.jpg|thumb|alt=Jaahnvi's first wilderness experience as a 10-month-old.]]

Jaahnavi started her wilderness career at a very tender age of 10 months only, along with her parents Dr. S. Krishna Rao (Father) and Mrs. S. Saraswathi (Mother).{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} By the age 3 years, she used to accompany her father in different Treks and Expeditions along with other children. By the age of 10 years, she had completed nearly 2 High Altitude Treks, 5 National Treks, and around 25 Local Treks.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

She is also a [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer and also a painter.

==Climbing career==

Earlier, on 2 October 2014, Jaahnavi reached the summit of [[Kilimanjaro]] (5,895 m), the highest mountain in [[Africa]].

She also became the youngest Indian to climb the highest peak of Australia - [[Mount Kosciuszko]] (2,228 m). She also completed the Aussie 10 Challenge in 4 days, by climbing all the 10 highest peaks of [[Snowy Mountains|Snowy mountains]].

In February 2016, she created yet another unique record, by becoming the youngest Mount [[Everest Base Camp]] trek guide.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/150316/the-youngest-Everest-guide.html|title=Youngest Indian girl becomes Mt. Everest Base camp Guide|author=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> She accomplished this assignment by guiding a 10 years old girl and her mother after training them both for nearly 3 months with the help of her coach Nagapuri Ramesh and her Father Dr. S. Krishna Rao.

Her another accomplishment is North America's highest peak [[Denali]] in the month of July 2016 along which she also became the first Indian born Telugu girl to be invited to the [[White House]] to take part in National South Asian Symposium wherein she got an opportunity to interact with the high officials of the [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]]'s office and the [[President of the United States|President]].

In 2017 she had another feather to her list as she trained and guided the largest contingent of school students of 28 students aged from 7 years to 16 years to Everest Base Camp and became a global record.<ref>{{cite news|url=
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/mission-accomplished-25-hyderabad-school-children-conquer-everest-base-camp/articleshow/61188818.cms |title= World Record by The India' Youngest Mountaineer | author= Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://musamasala.com/children-trek-everest-base-camp/|title= JanJay Adventures EBC Record Climb 2017|author= Musa Masala}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On the auspicious day of Janmashtami 2018, she made yet another unique record by summiting a virgin peak in Stok range of the Himalayas in the north-west region of India. She is awaiting documentation from the agency.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-telangana/city-girl-achieves-another-high-in-mountaineering/article24877059.ece |title=Mt. Sriperambuduru|author= The Hindu }}</ref>

=== Mission7Summit climbs ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Peak Name !! Country/Continent !! Height (m) !! Climbed/Attempted On !! Climb Age !! Remarks
|-
| Mount Kilimanjaro || Africa || 5895 || 2 Oct 2014 || 12 Years 11 Months || Youngest Indian / Asian to Summit
|-
| Mount Elbrus || Europe || 5642 || 31 Jul 2015 || 13 Years 8 Months || Youngest Indian / World's Youngest Girl to Summit
|-
| Mount Kosciusko || Australia || 2228 || 11 Dec 2015 || 14 Years 1 Month || Youngest Indian to Summit
|-
| Mount Denali (McKinley) || North America || 6194 || 10 July 2016 || 14 Years 8 Months || Youngest Indian to Accomplish
|-
| Mount Aconcagua || South America || 6962 || To attempt || - || -
|-
| Mount Vinson Massif || Antarctica || 4897 || To attempt || - || -
|-
| Mount Everest || Asia || 8850 || Attempted in 2019|| 18 years 5 months || -
|}

These are part of Jaahnavi's #Mission7Summit, through which she wants to climb the tallest peaks of every continent so as to raise funds to educate the underprivileged girls in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/indian-girl-becomes-youngest-mountaineer-photo-152019235.html|title=Young girl scales Mountains|author=YAHOO|accessdate=10 February 2016}}</ref>

=== Other notable climbs ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Peak Name !! Country/Continent !! Height (m) !! Climbed/Attempted On !! Climb Age (years) !! Remarks
|-
| Stok Kangri || India || 6125 || 14 Aug 2014 || 12 || Youngest Indian Girl
|-
| Mount Yala Peak || Nepal || 5520 || Feb 2015 || 13 || Youngest Indian Girl
|-
| Everest Base Camp || Khumbu Valley/Nepal || 5380 || 10 Mar 2016 || 14 || Youngest Indian Guide
|-
| Island Peak (Imja Tse) || Khumbu Valley/Nepal || 6189 || 11 Oct 2017 || 15 || Youngest Indian Girl
|-
| Everest Base Camp || Khumbu Valley/Nepal || 5380 || 18 Oct 2017 || 15 || Guided the Largest contingent of students in the World from India
|-
| Mount Friendship peak || Manali || 5289 || 30 Sep 2022 || 21 || -
|-
|}

== Motivation ==

Apart from her regular mountaineering passion, Jaahnavi works for the development of girl child in India. She wants to raise funds from her climbing and educate underprivileged girls and train them with life skills. Her ultimate dream is to make each and every girl child of India tough<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/City-Girl-Teaches-Indian-Teens-to-be-Pretty-Tough/2015/12/29/article3200456.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625062452/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/City-Girl-Teaches-Indian-Teens-to-be-Pretty-Tough/2015/12/29/article3200456.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 June 2016|title=Indian girl Teaches Teens to be pretty tough|author=Indian Express}}</ref> and educate them through her NGO under the name JanJay Foundation.

Jaahnavi is also a Motivational Speaker and gives the talk and inspires not only youth but also adults and takes part in different symposiums and discussions. She goes around villages and suburbs to educate girls and also gives talks in schools, colleges and different organisations including MNC's.

She also became the youngest speaker for the TEDxHyderabad 2016 and was also the special invitee speaker for TEDxBVRIT.
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LhGFNPTfM-k|title=No Mountain too High|author=TEDx}}</ref>

On 3 November 2017, she was the youngest speaker in TEDxDSCEWomen in [[Bangalore]].

She gives commercials related to girl empowerment and sends messages for girl stereotypes for gender equality.
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6qLP8s2D6o|title=Am Pretty Tough|author=Dabur}}</ref>

Her recent campaign #AmPrettyTough through one of the leading cosmetic company of India, Dabur Gulabari, has brought about a major change in the thought process of "Don't judge a book by its cover". In this campaign, Jaahnavi was shown as a girly girl.
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxvbmnwUfLA |title=Don't Judge a Book by its Cover|author=Dabur}}</ref> She takes parts in different activities to promote her Mission and spread the Word #AmPrettyTough breaking the gender equality.

She also organizes different outdoor activities along with trekking & hiking for kids & girls under her banner JanJay Adventures. Till now she has organized many activities to develop the confidence among the girls and move ahead.

== Speaking assignments ==

* Youth Symposium in The White House - USA
* TEDx Hyderabad Youngest Speaker - Hyderabad
* TEDx WomenDSCE - Bangalore
* TEDx Bocconi - Mumbai
* TEDx BVrit - Hyderabad
* Gender Equality - IIM Indore
* Key Note Speaker - Toastmasters District 92, semi-Annual Meet - Bangalore
* Key Note Speaker - IWN Telanga Annual Day

== Achievements and awards ==

* TV 9 Naveena Mahila Awards - Young Achiever of the Year - 2015<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yARntpO2BSo |title=TV9 Naveena Mahila Awards 2015|author= TV9 Naveena}}</ref>
* Rotary International Vocational Award - 2015{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
* Youngest Speaker of TEDxHyderabad - 2016<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rf1GAdBauVs&t=106s |title=TEDxHyderabad 2016|author= TEDxHyderabad}}</ref>
* MegaTV National Awards - Young Achiever of the Year - 2016

== See also ==
* [[Mountaineering in India]]
* [[Seven Summits]]

== External links ==
* [http://jaahnavi.com/ www.jaahnavi.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413001421/http://jaahnavi.com/ |date=13 April 2024 }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian mountaineers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sriperambuduru, Jaahnavi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female mountain climbers]]
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Dinakara

2026-02-03T23:45:47Z

Aurelia2406: new a details - done

{{about|the astronomer|the poet|Dinakara Desai}}
{{Short description|16th century Hindu astronomer}}

'''Dinakara''' ([[Floruit|fl.]] 1550) was an astronomer from India who produced a treatise named the Candrārkī (consisting of 33 verses) dealing with the preparation of Indian calendars ([[Panchangam|pancanga]]) based on the movement of the sun and moon. The treatise exists in as many as 150 manuscript versions as well as with commentaries, some of which have been interpreted, translated and compared with modern approaches.

Dinakara is noted as the son of Rāmeśvara and greatgrandson of Dunda from the Moḍhajñāti family and at the time of writing his treatise was residing at Bārejya (which has been assumed to be [[Baria State|Bariya]] in [[Rewa Kantha Agency|Rewa Kantha]], [[Gujarat]]). His major works were [[Ephemeris|astronomical tables]] made for [[Shaka era|Śaka]] 1500 (Sunday, April 9, 1578 CE) and Śaka 1505 (AD 1583). His treatise Kheṭakasiddhi (1578) contains rules for determining the positions of the five planets based on the Brahmatulya of [[Bhāskara II]]. The Candrārkī has tables on solar and lunar movement. His third work ''Tithisāraṇī'' (or ''Dinakarasāraṇī'') (1583) covers the making of pancangas, the calculation of days, [[Tithi|tithis]], [[Nakshatra|nakṣatras]], and yogas, and was based partly on the earlier work Mahādevī of Mahādeva. Dinakara's work was an influence for [[Haridatta II|Haridatta II's]] ''Jagadbhūṣaṇa'' (1638).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kolachana, Aditya |author2=Montelle, Clemency |author-link2=Clemency Montelle |author3=Dhammaloka, J. |author4=Melnad, K. |author5=Mahesh, K. |author6=Vyas, P. |author7=Ramasubramanian, K. |author8=Sriram, M.S. |author9=Pai, V. |year=2018 |title=A Critical Edition of the Candrārkī of Dinakara: A Text Concerning Solar and Lunar Tables. |url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/hssa/index.php/hssa/article/view/35/90 |journal=History of Science in South Asia |volume=6 |pages=127–161 |doi=10.18732/hssa.v6i0.35 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kolachana, A. |author2=Montelle, C. |author3=Dhammaloka, J. |author4=Melnad, K. |author5=Mahesh, K. |author6=Vyas, P. |year=2018 |title=The Candrārkī of Dinakara: A Text Related to Solar and Lunar Tables. |journal=[[Journal for the History of Astronomy]] |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=306–344 |doi=10.1177/0021828618787556}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ikeyama |first=Setsuro |title=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers |last2=Chapront‐Touzé |first2=Michelle |last3=Joeveer |first3=Mihkel |last4=Durham |first4=Ian T. |last5=Martres |first5=M. J. |last6=Rust |first6=David M. |last7=Lévy |first7=Jacques |last8=Débarbat |first8=Suzanne |author-link8=Suzanne Débarbat |last9=Bònoli |first9=Fabrizio |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-387-31022-0 |editor-last=Hockey |editor-first=Thomas |place=New York, NY |pages=299–299 |language=en |chapter=Dinakara |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_361 |editor2-last=Trimble |editor2-first=Virginia |editor-link2=Virginia Louise Trimble |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Thomas R. |editor4-last=Bracher |editor4-first=Katherine}}</ref>

Achalajit of Muraripupura in [[Gurjaradesa]] wrote another ''Chandrarki'' ([[IAST]]: Candrārkī) in 1655, by converting Dinakara's work from the system followed by the ''brahma-paksha'' school to that of the ''saura-paksha'' school.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/PingreeCESS/Pingree_CESS_A1_1970/ |title=Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Series A |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |year=1981 |editor=David Pingree |editor-link=David Pingree |volume=4 |page=12}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [[iarchive:chandrarki-CGV-PSS-0132-1274/|Candrarki Manuscript]]

{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dinakara}}
[[Category:16th-century Indian astronomers]]

University of Mysore

2026-01-20T16:41:34Z

Aurelia2406:

{{Short description|State University in Karnataka}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=April 2014}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2009}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox university
| name = University of Mysore
| image = Coat of arms of the University of Mysore.svg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Coat of arms of the University of Mysore
| motto =
| motto_lang = sa
| mottoeng = Nothing is equal to knowledge
| established = {{start date and age|27 July 1916}}
| chancellor = [[Governor of Karnataka]]
| vice_chancellor = Lokanath N. K.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice-Chancellor's Desk {{!}} University of Mysore|url=http://www.uni-mysore.ac.in/vice-chancellors-desk|website=www.uni-mysore.ac.in|access-date=17 November 2018}}</ref>
| city = [[Mysuru, Karnataka|Mysuru]]
| state = Karnataka
| country = India
| coor = {{coord|12|18|29.45|N|76|38|18.83|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| academic_staff = 762<ref name="MU"/>
| students = 10,946<ref name="MU">{{cite web |title=University Student Enrollment Details |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=12&Unitype=2 |website=www.ugc.ac.in |access-date=10 February 2020}}</ref>
| undergrad = 5,250<ref name="MU"/>
| postgrad = 3,623<ref name="MU"/>
| doctoral = 766<ref name="MU"/>
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| campus = Urban
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]], [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.uni-mysore.ac.in}}
| colours = Navy blue & white {{color box|#000080}} {{color box|#FFFFFF}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''University of Mysore''' is a [[public university|public]] [[State university (India)|state university]] in [[Mysore, Karnataka]], India. The university was founded during the reign of Maharaja [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV]] and the [[Dewan of Mysore|premiership]] of [[M. Visvesvaraya|Sir M. Visvesvaraya]]. The university is recognised by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] for offering higher studies degree courses on-campus as well as online. It was inaugurated on 27 July 1916. Its first [[chancellor (education)|chancellor]] was the maharaja himself; the first [[Vice-Chancellor]] was [[H. V. Nanjundaiah]]. This was the first university outside of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India#The presidencies|British administered Indian provinces]], the sixth in the [[Indian subcontinent]] as a whole, and the first in [[Karnataka]]. It is a state university of the affiliating type, and was deemed autonomous within the Republic of India on 3 March 1956, when it gained recognition from the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kumar|first1=compiled by Ameeta Gupta; Ashish|title=Handbook of universities : includes universities, deemed universities, colleges, private universities and prominent educational and research institutions|date=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788126906086|page=587}}</ref>

The [[Mysore University Library]] comprises over 800,000 books, 2,400 journal titles, and 100,000 volumes of journals. The main campus features an amphitheater, an auditorium, a swimming pool, and hostel accommodations for men and women. As of July 2013, the University of Mysore was accredited "Grade A" by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Institutions accredited by NAAC whose accreditation period of five years is valid |url=http://www.naac.gov.in/sites/naac.gov.in/files/Institutions%20accredited%20by%20NAAC%20whose%20accreditation%20period%20of%20five%20years%20is%20valid.pdf |date=8 July 2013 |publisher=NAAC |access-date=12 July 2013 }} {{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url= http://uni-mysore.ac.in/english-version/prasaranga|title='Mysore University Press – Prasaaraanga'|date=2019-09-22|access-date=2019-09-22|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Mysore university building.JPG|thumb|Crawford Hall, administrative complex of the University of Mysore]]

{| class="toccolours" style="float:left; margin-right:1em; font-size:85%; background:#ffc; color:black; width:20em; max-width:25%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
! style="background:#ccc;"| Vice-Chancellors
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
* [[H. V. Nanjundaiah]], 1916–1920
* [[Brajendra Nath Seal]], 1921–1929
* [[E. P. Metcalfe]], 1930–1937
* N. S. Subba Rao 1937–1942
* E. G. McAlpine, 1942–1944
* T. Singaravelu Mudaliar, 1944–1946
* M. Sultan Mohiyuddin, 1946–1948
* R. Kasturi Raj Chetty, 1948–1950
* B. L. Manjunath, 1950–1954
* V. L. D'Souza, 1954–1956
* [[K. V. Puttappa]], 1956–1960
* N. A. Nikam, 1960–1962
* [[K. M. Panikkar]], 1963–1964
* [[K. L. Shrimali]], 1964–1969
* [[Javare Gowda]], 1969–1975
* D. Vijaydevraj Urs, 1976–1979
* K. S. Hegde, 1979–1985
* Y. P. Rudrappa, 1985–1988
* [[P. Selvie Das]], 1988–1991
* M. Madaiah, 1991–1997
* S. N. Hegde, 1997–2003
* Shashidhara Prasad, 2003–2007
* V. G. Talwar, 2009–2012
*[[K. S. Rangappa]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/looking-forward-to-a-role-in-policy-making/article23164856.ece|title='Looking forward to a role in policy-making'|last=Khan|first=Laiqh a|date=2018-03-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-04-19|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> 2013–2017
* Yashawanth Dongre, 2017
* Dayanand Mane, 2017
* C. Basavaraj, 2017–2018
* Ningamma. C. Betsur, 2018
* T. K. Umesh, 2018
* Aisha M. Sheriff, 2018
* [[G Hemantha Kumar]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/hemantha-kumar-is-vc-of-mysuru-varsity/article25520357.ece|title=Hemantha Kumar is VC of Mysuru varsity|date=2018-11-16|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-04-19|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> 2018–2024
* Lokanath N.K, 2024–present
|}

===Recent academic restructuring===
[[File:Mysore University Gandhian Studies.jpg|thumb|Statues of Tagore and Gandhi inside the campus]]
The [[International School of Information Management (ISiM)|International School of Information Management]], was created in 2005 through the collaboration of three US universities, as well as [[Dalhousie University]] of [[Canada]], and [[International Institute of Information Technology, Bangalore|IIIT, Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.isim.ac.in/html/partners.htm|title = International School of Information Management – Partners|access-date = 4 February 2015|website = International School of Information Management – University of Mysore|archive-date = 26 September 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100926060934/http://www.isim.ac.in/html/partners.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref> Faculty members from these partnering institutions teach at ISiM.

The Third Sector Research Resource Centre (TSRRS) was established in 2004. The aim of the centre is '...to undertake and promote interdisciplinary [sic] studies and research in the domain of civil society,'<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.istr.org/resource/resmgr/academic_ctrs/india_tsrrc.pdf|title = India TSRRC|access-date = 4 February 2015}}</ref> with a secondary aim of developing and offering Diploma and Masters programs in the management of [[Non Profit Organization|non-profit organisations]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Evolving Corporate Education Strategies for Developing Countries: The Role of Universities|last = Narasimharao|first = B. PanduRanga|publisher = IGI Global|year = 2013|isbn = 978-1-4666-2845-8}}</ref>

More recently, the Department of Law in the university was incorporated into the Mysore University School of Justice (MUSJ). Continuing with the university's initiative to introduce five-year integrated courses to produce professionals with in-depth knowledge, the MUSJ has introduced a program leading to a degree in law,<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.uni-mysore.ac.in/law/courses-offered|title = Courses Offered – University of Mysore|access-date = 4 February 2015|website = University of Mysore}}</ref> as a bid to enhance the quality of legal education in Karnataka. University of Mysore along with Institute of Astrophysics has signed an MoU to build a planetarium in Mysore.<ref>{{Cite web|title=University Of Mysore to setup a planetarium at Chamundi foothills|url=https://webnewsobserver.com/2021/12/12/university-of-mysore-planetarium/|access-date=2021-12-12|website=Web News Observer|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Crest and motto ==
The university's motto, "Na Hi Jñanena Sadrusham" (Nothing compares with knowledge) is taken from the [[Bhagavad Gita]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhagavad-gita.us/bhagavad-gita-4-38/|title=Bhagavad Gita 4.38|date=13 December 2012|website=Bhagavad Gita: With commentaries of Ramanuja, Madhva, Shankara and others.|access-date=4 February 2015}}</ref>

==Ranking==
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University
|NIRF_O_2024=86|NIRF_U_2024=54}}
Mysore University was ranked 54th among universities in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024 and 86th overall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{main|List of University of Mysore people}}
[[File:Maharaja's_College_Group_Photo_2.jpg|thumb|Group photograph of students of [[Maharaja's College, Mysore|Maharaja's College]] (Class of 1929), featuring [[S. Srikanta Sastri]], [[Kuvempu]], [[A. R. Krishnashastry|AR Krishnashastry]], [[Rallapalli Ananta Krishna Sharma|RAK Sharma]], and [[M. V. Seetharamiah|MV Seetharamaiah]].]]

* [[Venkatraman Radhakrishnan]], Physicist
* [[S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu]], filmmaker{{citation needed|reason=not mentioned in person's article|date=November 2022}}
* [[T. S. Venkannayya]], Kannada writer<ref>{{Cite web |title=T. S. Venkannayya {{!}} Dr. S. Srikanta Sastri - Official Website |url=https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/tsvenkannayya |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=Dr.S.Srikanta Sastri |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sadhguru]], Indian guru and founder of [[Isha Foundation]]
* [[A. R. Krishnashastry]], writer, researcher and translator<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies |url=https://uni-mysore.ac.in/english-version/kuvempu-institute-kannada-studies |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=uni-mysore.ac.in}}</ref>
* [[T. S. Krishnamurthy]], former Chief Election Commissioner of India<ref>{{Cite web |last=Author |date=2017-08-20 |title=Former Chief Election Comr. T.S. Krishna Murthy to lecture at SDM-IMD |url=https://starofmysore.com/former-chief-election-comr-t-s-krishna-murthy-lecture-sdm-imd/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Kuvempu]], writer<ref>{{Cite web |last=madur |date=2017-08-13 |title=Kuvempu - The Poet Who Redefined Kannada Literature |url=https://www.karnataka.com/personalities/kuvempu/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=Karnataka.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[R. K. Laxman]], cartoonist<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-27 |title=From university to individuals, Mysuru misses illustrious R K |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/from-university-to-individuals-mysuru-misses-illustrious-r-k-438562.html |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Devanur Mahadeva]], writer<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-08 |title=UoM to publish Devanur Mahadeva's works: VC |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/337536/uom-publish-devanur-mahadevas-works.html |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]], billionaire<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-13 |title=I studied in National Institute of Engineering as my dad could not fund IIT fee: NRN |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/i-studied-in-national-institute-of-engineering-as-my-dad-could-not-fund-iit-fee-nrn/articleshow/51376380.cms |access-date=2023-04-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Nima Poovaya-Smith]], museum curator, art historian and writer<ref>{{cite news |last1=Belliappa |first1=CP |title=Mysuru-based Dr. Nima Poovaya-Smith appointed as Deputy Lieutenant of West Yorkshire County in UK |url=https://starofmysore.com/mysuru-based-dr-nima-poovaya-smith-appointed-as-deputy-lieutenant-of-west-yorkshire-county-in-uk |access-date=25 November 2022 |work=Star of Mysore |date=3 April 2020}}</ref>
* [[M. Yamunacharya]] - Philosopher, Writer, Gandhian
* [[S. Srikanta Sastri]], Indian historian, [[Indologist]], and [[polyglot]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=G. H. Nayak on S. Srikanta Sastri |url=https://issuu.com/srikantasastri/docs/g._h._nayak_on_s._srikanta_sastri/1 |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=issuu |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Rallapalli Ananta Krishna Sharma|RAK Sharma]], composer, singer and writer
* [[M. V. Seetharamiah|MV Seetharamaiah]], writer<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-09-07 |title=Remembering Prof M V Seetharamaiah |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/23830/miscellany.html |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820171618/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/23830/miscellany.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[G. S. Shivarudrappa]], writer<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-25 |title=Glimpses into the greatness of G S Shivarudrappa |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/glimpses-into-the-greatness-of-g-s-shivarudrappa/articleshow/27874237.cms |access-date=2023-04-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[M. N. Venkatachaliah]], former [[Chief Justice of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=M. N. Venkatachaliah |url=https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/bio_data/former_judges/M_%20N_%20Venkatachaliah.htm |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in}}</ref>
* [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]], playback singer<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mary |first=S. B. Vijaya |date=2021-09-24 |title=Singer Priyadarshini documents 100 years of Tamil and Kannada film music |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/playback-singer-priyadarshini-documents-100-years-of-film-music/article36647462.ece |access-date=2023-04-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-13 |title=When mics were hidden in flower pots... |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/when-mics-were-hidden-in-flower-pots-1050204.html |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-17 |title=Priyadarshini becomes the first playback singer to receive Ph.D |url=https://starofmysore.com/priyadarshini-becomes-the-first-playback-singer-to-receive-ph-d/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Mysore Manjunath]], Indian Violinist<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-20 |title=A sonorous journey by violin maestros |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/a-sonorous-journey-by-violin-maestros-377583.html |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-02-07 |title=Honour for Mysore’s violin maestros |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/honour-for-mysores-violin-maestros/article5665242.ece |access-date=2023-04-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Archna Sharma]], Actress.
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], actor<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-01-03 |title=From reel love to real love |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/from-reel-love-to-real-love/articleshow/23854152.cms |access-date=2023-04-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]], writer<ref>{{Cite news |last=Times |first=Economic |title=It was impossible not to be influenced by UR Ananthamurthy |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/it-was-impossible-not-to-be-influenced-by-ur-ananthamurthy/?source=app&frmapp=yes |access-date=2023-04-09 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* [[Akhilesh Yadav]], MP and former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]

== Online programs ==
The university launched several new online degree programs during the COVID pandemic,<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/nirf-rank-helps-mysore-varsity-get-ugc-nod-for-online-courses/article31878141.ece| title = NIRF rank helps Mysore varsity get UGC nod for online courses - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 20 June 2020| last1 = Bennur| first1 = Shankar}}</ref> in an attempt to ensure students completing their school leaving exams in 2020-21 did not lose an academic year due to colleges and universities being in lockdown. Its programs were approved by the [[University Grants Commission (India)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-mysore.in/documents/2%20(Published)/index.html |title = 2}}</ref> in early 2020 itself, making it one of the first public universities to try an initiative of this nature.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/on-its-100th-convocation-day-university-of-mysore-embraces-the-future-by-launching-13-global-online-degree-program-120101900685_1.html |title = On its 100th Convocation Day, University of Mysore embraces the future by launching 13 Global Online Degree Program {{!}} Business Standard News| date=19 October 2020 }}</ref> The university had started projects in the field of online programs in 2014, partnering with University18<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/mysore-university-launches-online-distance-education-programs-in-partnership-with-u18-114090400746_1.html |title = Mysore University launches online distance education programs in partnership with U18 {{!}} Business Standard News| newspaper=Business Standard India | date=4 September 2014 }}</ref> as a platform partner,<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/university-of-mysore-offers-courses-through-online-mode/article34215661.ece| title = University of Mysore offers courses through online mode - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = April 2021}}</ref> making it an early adopter of technology in education.

== See also ==
* [[List of educational institutions in Mysore]]
* [[List of Heritage Buildings in Mysore]]
* [[Krishnaraja Boulevard]]
* [[Oriental Research Institute Mysore|Oriental Library]]
* [[Maharaja's College, Mysore]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website}}

{{Universities in Karnataka}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mysore, University Of}}
[[Category:University of Mysore| ]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Mysore|University of Mysore]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1916]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mysore]]
[[Category:Universities in Mysore]]
[[Category:1916 establishments in India|University of Mysore]]

Digit (magazine)

2026-01-13T18:31:13Z

Aurelia2406: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Indian technology magazine}}
{{Advert|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = Digit
| image_file = Digit (October 2009 issue - front cover).jpg
| image_caption = October 2009 issue
| previous_editor = Robert Sovereign-Smith
| editor = Jayesh Shinde
| editor_title = Executive Editor
| frequency = Monthly
| circulation = 230,000
| category = [[:Category:science and technology magazines published in India|Technology]]
| company = Bennett, Coleman & Company Limited (BCCL)
| based = Mumbai, Delhi
| publisher = Times Network; BCCL
| firstdate = June 2001 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days |month1 = 6 |day1 = 1 |year1 = 2001 }} ago)
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| website = {{URL|www.digit.in}}
}}

'''''Digit''''' is an Indian technology media publisher (magazine and website) owned by the Bennett, Coleman & Company Limited (BCCL),<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Digit |date=September 2024 |url=https://www.digit.in/about-us/#disclaimer |access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref> under Times Network<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-27 |title=Times Network Acquires Digit.in; Boosts Presence in Tech and Gaming Communities |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/times-network-acquires-digit-in-boosts-presence-in-tech-and-gaming-communities-article-110456946 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Digit provides technology articles in eight different Indian regional languages: [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Bengali_language|Bangla]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi_language|Marathi]], [[Tamil_language|Tamil]], and [[Telugu_language|Telugu]].

== Digit Magazine ==
Digit Magazine is a monthly Indian technology magazine, originally launched in June 2001 by Jasubhai Digital Media.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JasuBhai Digital Media Pvt Ltd in Mumbai - Grotal.com |url=https://www.grotal.com/Mumbai/JasuBhai-Digital-Media-Pvt-Ltd-C45/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.grotal.com |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2007, 9.9 Mediaworx acquired Jasubhai Digital Media,<ref>https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/OWb1Nio1oH4POV9jDW9fBM/99-Mediaworx-buys-Jasubhai-Digital-Media.html</ref> including Digit Magazine and its gaming supplement, [[SKOAR!]] and all the other properties associated with the brand.

In 2008, the [[Indian Readership Survey]] (IRS) voted Digit as the most popular technology magazine in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/digit-is-the-no.-1-technology-magazine-in-india-as-per-irs/352058/|title=DIGIT is the No. 1 technology magazine in India as per IRS|author=Businesswire India|work=The Financial Express|date=22 August 2008|accessdate=19 June 2015}}</ref>

In 2011, Digit was estimated to have a monthly readership of about 230,000 people.<ref>[http://www.digit.in/about-us/ Digit: About Us]</ref><ref name="businesswireindia.com">{{cite web |title=9.9 Mediaworx Pvt. Ltd., Growth Leader, thinkdigit.com, Alexa |url=http://www.businesswireindia.com/news/news-details/digit-indias-new-english-monthlies-growth-leader/27383 |accessdate=19 June 2015 |work=businesswireindia.com}}</ref>

In May, 2024, Times Network, under Bennett, Coleman & Company Limited (BCCL), went on to acquire Digit, including its website, magazine, and all related properties from the 9.9 Group.<ref>https://www.timesnownews.com/india/times-network-acquires-digit-in-boosts-presence-in-tech-and-gaming-communities-article-110456946</ref>

==''Digit'' awards==
Each year, ''Digit'' presents awards to the best Indian technology firms and products.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-07 |title=Digit Zero 1 Awards 2023 |url=https://www.digit.in/zero1-awards/ |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Digit |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[CFO India]]

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://www.digit.in/ Official website of Digit Magazine]
* [https://www.digit.in/forum/ Official Digit Forum]

[[Category:9.9 Media Products]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Computer magazines published in India]]
[[Category:English-language magazines published in India]]
[[Category:English-language video game magazines]]
[[Category:Home computer magazines]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 2001]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Science and technology magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Mass media in Mumbai]]

Malad West metro station

2026-01-11T07:18:53Z

Aurelia2406:

{{Short description|Mumbai Metro's Yellow Line 2A metro station}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Malad (West)
| native_name = {{white|{{nobold|मालाड (पश्चिम)}}}}
| style = Mumbai Metro
| style2 = Yellow
| image = Malad (West) metro station.jpg
| image_upright = 1.3
| image_caption = Malad (West) metro station as seen from street level
| address = Malad, Ekta Nagar, Malad West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400064
| coordinates = {{coord|19.18527|N|72.83583|E|format=dms|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Line 2A|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = 2 [[side platforms]]
| owned = [[File:MMRDA logo cropped.svg|22px]] [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
| operator = {{rint|mumbai|m}} Maha Mumbai Metro Operation Corporation Ltd.
| depth =
| tracks = 2
| parking = yes (paid)<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Parking Facility To Be Introduced Near 5 Metro Stations In Mumbai |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/civic/mumbai-parking-facility-near-5-metro-stations-77653 |website=mumbailive.com |access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref>
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2023|January|19}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible =

| code = '''211'''
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjstn|system=Mumbai Metro|line=2A|right=Valnai–Meeth Chowky|left=Lower Malad}}
| route_map = {{MM Line 2}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|Line 2}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Malad West''' (officially known as '''Motilal Oswal - Malad West''') is an elevated metro station serving the Ekta Nagar neighbourhood of [[Malad]], on the North-South corridor of the [[Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|Yellow Line 2A]] of the [[Mumbai Metro]] in [[Mumbai]], India. This station is owned by the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA), and was inaugurated on 19 January 2023.

== History ==
Trial runs on a section of Line 2A, from Dahanukarwadi to Dahisar East, started on 31 May 2021. Dahisar East commercial operations began on 3 April 2022, with the first phase of Line 2A. In May 2024, Motilal Oswal Financial Services Limited (MOFSL), a prominent Indian financial services firm, strengthened its association with the Malad community by securing the naming rights to the Malad West metro station on Mumbai Metro's Yellow Line 2A. The station was officially renamed “Motilal Oswal Malad West,” reflecting the company's commitment to the area where it has maintained a significant presence for over two decades. This initiative underscores MOFSL's dedication to community engagement and its efforts to enhance brand visibility within Mumbai's urban landscape..<ref>{{cite web |title=Motilal Oswal Financial Services strengthens its ties with Malad by naming the local metro station ‘Motilal Oswal Malad West’ |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/impact-feature/story/motilal-oswal-financial-services-strengthens-its-ties-with-malad-by-naming-the-local-metro-station-motilal-oswal-malad-west-430452-2024-05-22 |website=Business Today |date=22 May 2024 |access-date=2 June 2025}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''2nd Floor'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|→}} towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Right}} {{small|([[Valnai-Meeth Chowky metro station|Valnai-Meeth Chowky]])}} →
|-
| height=45|'''Platform 2'''
| ← towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Left}} {{small|([[Lower Malad metro station|Lower Malad]])}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''1st Floor'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Mezzanine
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro QR ticket vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''Ground'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

=== Power and signaling system ===
Like all other stations and railways of [[Mumbai Metro|Mumbai metro]], Malad West station also uses 25,000 volt AC power system by [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]] to operate the trains.

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 2=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2023]]
[[Category:Mumbai Metro stations]]

Tibetan Delek Hospital

2026-01-01T04:44:19Z

Aurelia2406: created first entry v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Tibetan Delek Hospital
| org_group =
| image = Tibetan Delek Hospital.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt = 
| caption = 
| pushpin_map =
| coordinates = {{coord|32.222|76.3172|display=inline,title}}
| logo =
| region =
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| location = Gangchen Kyishong 176215 [[Dharamshala]]
| healthcare = 
| funding = 
| type = 
| speciality = [[Internal medicine]]
| standards = 
| emergency =
| affiliation = 
| patron = 
| network = 
| beds = 45
| founded = 1971
| closed = 
| website = [http://www.delekhospital.org/delek]
| other_links = 
}}
The '''Tibetan Delek Hospital''' is a hospital founded in 1971 by members of the [[Tibetan diaspora]] and their supporters and located in [[Dharamshala]] in [[Northern India]]. It serves the Tibetan residents and local community in the region, as well as tourists from around the world.<ref>Oren Family, [http://www.israaid.org.il/Volunteering_Details.asp?id=40 Volunteering in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129002940/http://www.israaid.org.il/Volunteering_Details.asp?id=40 |date=29 January 2010 }},
[[IsraAid]]</ref> It practices social assistance, mainly using [[modern medicine]].<ref>[[Bertrand Odelys]], ''Dharamsala, Chroniques tibétaines'', Albin Michel, 2003, {{ISBN|2226142592}}, p 140</ref> In 2013, the [[Stop TB Partnership]]'s selection committee chose the Delek hospital as the winner of that year's Kochon Prize, a prestigious award that recognizes persons and institutions who have made major contributions to the fight against [[tuberculosis]].<ref name="Betsy McKay">Betsy McKay, [https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304281004579219970258410400 TB Prize Selection Gets Caught in Politics], Wall Street Journal, 26 novembre 2013</ref> However, the winner must be approved by the director-general [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) [[Margaret Chan]] at the time), and the WHO nullified the choice, because the hospital has ties to the [[Central Tibetan Administration]], which considers itself the Tibetan government-in-exile, and "The WHO is not able to recognize any entity that is not in turn recognized as a legal authority by the UN," according to a spokesman for the WHO<ref name="Betsy McKay"/> and a statement published in the [[medical journal]] ''[[The Lancet]]''.<ref name="Feig2014">{{cite journal |last1=Feig |first1=Christy |title=WHO disapproves Kochon prize for Tibetan TB Programme – WHO's reply |journal=The Lancet |date=March 8, 2014 |volume=383 |issue=9920 |pages=868–9 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60442-6 |pmid=24607098 |s2cid=205972364 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)60442-6/fulltext|doi-access=free }}</ref> However, China had also objected to the selection,<ref name="Betsy McKay"/><ref name=Finney>{{in lang|en}} Richard Finney, [http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/prize-12302013171732.html Tibetan Groups Petition WHO for Hospital Award ] [[Radio Free Asia]], 2013-12-30</ref> and the Tibetan exile community believed that their pressure was responsible for the override.<ref name=Finney/>

== History ==
Delek Hospital was built through donations and provides care at a low cost to patients, while taking care of low-income patients.
It was founded in 1971 by the [[Fourteenth Dalai Lama]] to give modern medicine to Tibetan refugees and the Indian community living in Dharamsala, a city of Northern India.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
<gallery>
File:CIMG0951.JPG|Friends of Tibetan Delek Hospital Backup Generator installed August 2007 with Dr Zorba Pastor on the right
File:CIMG0938.JPG|Sign for Directly Observed Treatment (DOTS) for [[Tuberculosis|TB]] in Dharamsala, India, on 25 May 2008
File:New Delek X-Ray Film Processor.jpg|New donated Tibetan Delek Hospital X-ray film processor on 25 May 2008
</gallery>
In June 2008, the Delek hospital began a program to improve the control of tuberculosis in the Tibetan diaspora, supported by the [[Johns Hopkins University]] with the participation of Dr. [[Zorba Paster]] and Dr. Richard Chaisson,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=21495&article=Delek+Hospital+details+Plan+to+Combat+TB+in+the+Tibetan+Community |title=Delek Hospital details Plan to Combat TB in the Tibetan Community |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514185320/http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=21495&article=Delek+Hospital+details+Plan+to+Combat+TB+in+the+Tibetan+Community |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Associazione Italiana per la Solidarietà fra i Popoli (AISPO).<ref>[http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=1886&articletype=flash&rmenuid=morenews&tab=1 Health Department holds conference to control TB in Tibetan community], 11 October 2010</ref>
The [[Rotary Club]] of Sunshine, based in Australia, participates in the financing of the program of tuberculosis control for Tibetan refugees.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OjMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26 The Rotarian sept. 2005], p 26 "[…] the Rotary Club of Sunshine, Australia, funds a tuberculosis control program for Tibetan refugees at Delek Hospital in Dharamsala, India."</ref>

== Location ==

It lies between Dharamsala and McLeod Ganj, near the [[Men-Tsee-Khang]]—a location that may facilitate collaboration between these medicines.<ref> {{cite book |author1=International Association for Tibetan Studies. Seminar |title=Soundings in Tibetan Medicine |date=2007 |page=25 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-15550-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eLEqGQ6BTEkC&pg=PA25 }}.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Traditional Tibetan medicine]]
* [[List of organizations of Tibetans in exile]]

{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

=== References ===
* [http://www.rhonealpes.fr/uploads/Externe/cb/RAP_FICHIER_529_1229440500.pdf Rapport de fin de stage]{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Tibetan Delek Hospital}}
* [http://www.delekhospital.org/index.htm Friends of Tibetan Delek Hospital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608104156/http://www.delekhospital.org/index.htm |date=8 June 2011 }} (les amis de l'hôpital Delek)

{{Central Tibetan Administration}}

[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1971]]
[[Category:Tibetan diaspora in India]]
[[Category:Tibetan medicine]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Dharamshala]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1971]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis organizations]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:India–Tibet relations]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Raorchestes kakachi

2025-12-18T04:09:58Z

Aurelia2406: Starting bio - done

{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Raorchestes kakachi - Kakachi shrub frog male and female.jpg
| image_caption = [[Holotype]] male (a) and [[Paratype]] female (b)
| status =NT
| status_system =IUCN3.1
|status_ref=<ref name=IUCN />
| taxon = Raorchestes kakachi
| authority = Seshadri, Gururaja, and Aravind, 2012
}}

'''''Raorchestes kakachi''''' ('''Kakachi shrub frog''') is a species of [[frog]]s in the family [[Rhacophoridae]]. It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the southern [[Western Ghats]] of [[India]].<ref name=frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Rhacophoridae/Rhacophorinae/Raorchestes/Raorchestes-kakachi |title=''Raorchestes kakachi'' Seshadri, Gururaja, and Aravind, 2012 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2014 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref> The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''kakachi'' refers to the type locality from where the species was described.<ref name ="seshadri et al. 2012">{{cite journal|last1=Seshadri|first1=K. S.|last2=Gururaja|first2= K. V.|last3=Aravind| first3= N. A. |year=2012| title=A new species of ''Raorchestes'' (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from mid-elevation evergreen forests of the southern Western Ghats, India|journal= Zootaxa| volume=3410|pages=19–34|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3410.1.2|url=http://eprints.iisc.ernet.in/44950/|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN
|title= Kakachi Shrub Frog: ''Raorchestes kakachi''
|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/56040643/56040788
|article-number=e.T56040643A56040788
|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T56040643A56040788.en
|id=56040643
|year=2023
|author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group
|access-date=March 27, 2024}}</ref>

==Description==
It is a small sized [[frog]] with males ranging from 24.7 to 25.8 mm (based on three specimens) and females from 24.3 to 34.1 mm (based on three specimens). It is distinguished from all other congeners from the following suite of characters. Oval snout under dorsal view; indistinct tympanum; head wider than long and moderate webbing in hind feet. Dorsal coloration varies from brown to ivory; brownish mottling on flanks, ventral coloration ivory with brown blotches reducing towards vent and inner and outer surface of thigh, inner surface of shank and inner surface of tarsus with a distinct dark brown horizontal band which extends up to first three toes on upper surface.<ref name ="seshadri et al. 2012"/><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb
|title= ''Raorchestes kakachi'' Seshadri, Gururaja, and Aravind, 2012
|author1=
|editor1=
|date=
|language=
|url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/7886
|access-date=September 25, 2023}}</ref>

===Sexual dimorphism===
Males lack [[nuptial pads]]. They possess a median subgular vocal sac with a pair of openings at the base of the lower jaw. The iris is dark brown. Females are larger than the male and possess a large ovary with creamy white eggs. Females have on their head a tetragonal cap like patch varying in color from pale pink to grey, iris colour reddish to golden brown (see the image: a = male;b = female).<ref name ="seshadri et al. 2012"/>

==Distribution and ecology==
This species was described from bushes near [[Kakachi]] in the [[Agastyamalai]] region in the southern [[Western Ghats]]. It has not been reported from elsewhere.<ref name=frost/><ref name ="seshadri et al. 2012"/> It has been found in evergreen forests at elevations of 1100 to 1300 meters above sea level, exclusively in the protected [[Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]] and Shendurney, Peppara and Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuaries. It has been observed on the forest floor and on riparian vegetation.<ref name=IUCN /> Individuals of this species are known to live in forest canopies. Vocalization usually begins early in the evening.<ref name ="seshadri et al. 2012"/>

Like other frogs in ''Raorchestes'', this frog breeds through [[direct development]] with no free-swimming tadpole stage.<ref name=IUCN />

==Threats==

Scientists classify this frog as near-threatened because its population is entirely dependent on the diligent management of its protected habitats. Were the status of those areas to change, scientists believe it would be subject to considerable habitat degradation and fragmentation. Scientists also cite [[climate change]] as a threat to this frog. Because it lives at considerable elevation, it would not be able to migrate north should its habitat become too warm or dry.<ref name=IUCN />

Scientists have seen the fungus ''[[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]]'' on other frogs in ''Raorchestes'', so they believe could infect ''R. kakachi'' too. ''Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis'' causes the fungal disease [[chytridiomycosis]].<ref name=IUCN />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Raorchestes&where-species=kakachi AmphibiaWeb]
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Raorchestes kakachi}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2384411}}

[[Category:Raorchestes|kakachi]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2012]]

Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib

2025-12-13T21:56:23Z

Aurelia2406: Creating first bio needs work - done

{{Short description|Supreme Court of India case}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}

{{Infobox court case
|name = Ajay Hasia v Khalid Mujib
|court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
|image =
|imagesize =
|imagelink =
|imagealt =
|caption =
|full name = Ajay Hasia and Ors v Khalid Mujib Sehravardi and Ors
|date decided = 1978
|citations = (1981) 1 SCC 722; AIR 1981 SC 487
|ECLI =
|transcripts =
|judges = Y. V. Chandrachud (Chief Justice), V. R. Krishna Iyer, P. N. Bhagwati, S. Murtaza Fazal Ali, A. D. Koshal
|number of judges = 5
|decision by = P. N. Bhagwati
|concurring =
|dissenting =
|concur/dissent =
|prior actions =
|appealed from =
|appealed to =
|subsequent actions =
|related actions =
|opinions = If an individual, company, or society is acting as an instrumentality or agency of the government, it can be considered a State for the purposes of Article 12 of the [[Constitution of India]], and a [[writ]] can lie against them for violating the Constitution.
|keywords = 
|italic title =
}}

'''''Ajay Hasia v Khalid Mujib''''', (1981) 1 SCC 722, was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of India in which the Court [[Keel laying|laid down]] a test to determine whether an individual, corporation, or society was an instrumentality or agency of the government, and therefore whether it could be considered a State for the purposes of Article 12 of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref name="shukla">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Mahendra Pal |title=V. N. Shukla's Constitution of India |year=2019 |publisher=Eastern Book Company |isbn=978-9388822213 |edition=13th}}</ref> If a body is 'State' for the purposes of Article 12, a [[writ]] can lie against them for violating the Constitution.{{r|shukla|p=29}} The judgment of the Court, delivered by Justice [[P. N. Bhagwati]], was largely a summarization of Bhagwati's view in ''R. D. Shetty v International Airport Authority of India''. ''Ajay Hasia'' summarized ''International Airport Authority'' into a six-factor test to determine whether a body was an instrumentality of agency of the State. {{r|shukla|p=29}}

==Judgment==
Justice P. N. Bhagwati delivered the judgment of the Court.{{r|shukla|p=29}} The most influential portion of the judgment is the summarized six-factor test and largely the reason why it is often cited over the ''International Airport Authority'' case, a previous judgment by Justice Bhagwati. The six factors were:<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib |vol=1 |reporter=SCC |opinion=722 |court=Supreme Court of India |date=1981 |pages=737}}</ref>

# Whether the share-capital of the corporation is held by the Government
# Whether the financial assistance of the State meets almost the entire expenditure of the corporation
# Whether the corporation enjoys a state-conferred or state-protected monopoly status
# Whether there is deep and pervasive state control
# Whether the functions of the corporation are of public importance and closely related to Governmental functions
# Whether a department of Government has been transferred to a corporation

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]
[[Category:1978 in case law]]

{{SCI-cases}}

Balaji (actor)

2025-11-29T09:52:53Z

Aurelia2406: Creating initial pg w/ sources - done

{{Short description|Indian actor (2005-2009)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Balaji
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2005-2009
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| relatives = [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] (brother)
}}
'''Balaji''' is a former Indian actor who worked in Kannada-language films. He is the younger brother of [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]].

== Career ==
Balaji was supposed to make his acting debut with films such as ''College'' and ''Preethisona Baa'' which failed to take off.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec02/ent5.htm|title=Whiff of fresh air|date=2 December 2001|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=9 March 2025|first=Srikanth|last=Srinivasa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020209071142/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec02/ent5.htm|archive-date=9 February 2002}}</ref> He made his debut with the romantic drama film ''[[Aham Premasmi]]'' (2005) directed, written, produced, composed and edited by his brother who also co-starred in the film as the God of Love.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/may292005/movies171512005528.asp |title=Aham Premasmi | first= S. N. |last= Deepak| work= [[Deccan Herald]] | access-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219002213/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/may292005/movies171512005528.asp |archive-date=19 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was released to positive reviews, and a critic opined that "Balaji proves that he is hero material in the song and fight sequences" whilst another opined that "Its better if Balaji be himself instead of trying to imitate his brother at times!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/27aham.htm|title=Don't miss Aham Premasmi!|date=27 May 2005|work=[[Rediff.com]]|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="A">{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/review_aham_premasmi.asp|title= Aham Premasmi - film review|work=Viggy|date=2005|access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref> His next film was the action film ''Thunta'' (2005), which went through a change of cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_tunta02.asp|title=Rebirth of 'Thunta'|date=2005|work=Viggy|access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://chitraloka.com/sections/scoop/thunta.html|title=BALAJI IS THUNTA|website=Chitraloka|access-date=7 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030810183746/http://chitraloka.com/sections/scoop/thunta.html|archive-date=10 August 2003}}</ref> The film was released to mixed reviews. One critic opined that "His lively performance is the saving point of the film".<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/thunta/index.htm|title=Thunta Kannada movie review|work=webindia123|access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref> Both of the films failed at the box office.{{Cn|date=November 2024}}

After a four-year gap, his next film was ''[[Rajakumari (2009 film)|Rajakumari]]'' (2009), which featured his brother in a guest role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-lovers-struggle-in-iniya/20090513.htm|title=Balaji hopes to score with Iniya|date=13 May 2009|work=[[Rediff.com]]|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/rajkumari/movie-review/4237912.cms|title=RAJKUMARI MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 May 2016|access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref> The film also released to negative reviews with a critic writing that "Balaji lets all his fans down because his performance is not up to the mark. Though he did well in stunt sequences, he has to improve a lot in other departments".<ref name="R">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Mar/07/queen-of-letdowns-31182.html|title=Queen of letdowns|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=7 March 2009|access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref> His last film was ''[[Iniya (film)|Iniya]]'' (2009) released to mixed-to-negative reviews with Balaji credited for carrying "the film on his shoulders with his brilliant acting and excellent dialogue delivery".<ref name="I">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/iniya/movie-review/4951458.cms|title=INIYA MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref> After the box office failures of both of these films, Balaji decided to quit acting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/balaji-rubbishes-comeback-rumours/articleshow/21622963.cms?from=mdr|title=Balaji rubbishes comeback rumours|date=5 August 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 2002, Sushma Hirenath fell in love with him after he promised to make her a star. She consumed poison and subsequently died after she blamed him of not giving her film opportunities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/wannabe-starlet-ends-life/articleshow/12898803.cms|title=Wannabe starlet ends life|work=The Times of India|date=13 June 2002|access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2005 || ''[[Aham Premasmi]]'' || Eeshwar || || <ref name="A"/>
|-
| ''Thunta'' || Gopalakrishna || ||<ref name="T"/>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2009 || ''[[Rajakumari (2009 film)|Rajakumari]]'' || Balu alias Raja || || <ref name="R"/>
|-
| ''[[Iniya (film)|Iniya]]'' || Balu || ||<ref name="I"/>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|1980168}}

[[Category:Actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Karbi-Kuki conflict

2025-11-05T17:02:23Z

Aurelia2406: Creating A Article...

{{Short description|Ethnic conflict in Assam, India}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Karbi-Kuki conflict
| date = 2003–2004
| place = Karbi Anglong district, Assam, India
| causes =
| side1 = [[Karbi people]] [[United People's Democratic Solidarity]](UPDS)
| side2 = [[Kuki people]] Kuki Revolutionary Army (KRA)
| casualties1 = 54 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Karbi-Kuki Clashes in Assam {{!}} Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses |url=https://www.idsa.in/strategicanalysis/KarbiKukiClashesinAssam_pkumar_0404 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=www.idsa.in}}</ref>
| casualties2 = 23 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Karbi-Kuki Clashes in Assam {{!}} Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses |url=https://www.idsa.in/strategicanalysis/KarbiKukiClashesinAssam_pkumar_0404 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=www.idsa.in}}</ref>
| mapframe-frame-width = 300
| mapframe-frame-height = 300
}}
The '''Kuki-Karbi conflict''' is an ethnic conflict between the [[Kuki people]] and [[Karbi people]] in the [[Karbi Anglong district]] of [[Assam]], India. The conflict has its roots in disputes over land, resources and political representation between the two groups.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Karbi-Kuki Clashes in Assam {{!}} Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses |url=https://www.idsa.in/strategicanalysis/KarbiKukiClashesinAssam_pkumar_0404 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=www.idsa.in}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2004-03-30 |title=Ginger Wars? What was once a demand for an autonomous regional council for the Kukis has assumed a violent turn with the Kuki Revolutionary Army (KRA) and the United Peoples' Democratic Solidarity (UPDS) clashing for supremacy. Latest toll? |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/ginger-wars-news-223442 |access-date=2024-05-12 |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Karbi Anglong district is home to several ethnic groups including the majority Karbi tribe as well as Kuki tribes like the Thadou and Hmar.<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: West Karbi Anglong |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/226/download/554/DH_2011_1815_PART_A_DCHB_KARBI_ANGLONG.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327165746/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/226/download/554/DH_2011_1815_PART_A_DCHB_KARBI_ANGLONG.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> The Karbi Anglong district has been aspiring for an autonomous state status since 1986, represented by the [[Autonomous State Demand Committee]] (ASDC). The Kuki population, initially numbering 15 in the 1951 census, rose to 2,914 in 1961. By 1971, it reached 21,034 in Assam, but then decreased to 21,883 by 1991, suggesting a pattern of inward migration followed by outward migration. The Apex Kuki organization in Karbi Anglong, the Kuki National Assembly (KNA), was also seeking the establishment of an autonomous regional council for the Kuki people, who primarily reside in the Singhasan Hills region. This growth is seen as a potential challenge to the Karbi groups' aspirations.<ref name=":2" /> Tensions between the two groups have existed for decades, fueled by competition for land, political power and resources in the district.<ref name=":0" />

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the conflict escalated into violence between militant groups representing the two communities. The [[United People's Democratic Solidarity|United People's Democratic Solidarity(UPDS)]], a Karbi militant group, clashed with the Kuki Revolutionary Army (KRA), a Kuki militant outfit based in Manipur.<ref name=":0" />

== 2002–2004 clashes ==
The most intense phase of the conflict occurred between October 2003 and March 2004. During this period, the KRA and the anti-talks faction of the UPDS killed an estimated 85 people, mostly men, in Karbi Anglong. The casualties included at least 23 Kukis and 54 Karbis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-04-02 |title=Ethnic clashes in Karbi Anglong district, 31 tribals killed |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/ethnic-clashes-in-karbi-anglong-district-31-tribals-killed/story-KsnVW8qgstp3N17MANzHbP.html |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-11-17 |title=Violence in the hills |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30207231.ece |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> Assam chief minister [[Tarun Gogoi]] today requested Delhi to ban the Kuki Revolutionary Army (KRA), saying the militant group was “behind much of the violence” in Karbi Anglong district.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gogoi calls for ban on Kuki group - Karbi Anglong blame on KRA |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/gogoi-calls-for-ban-on-kuki-group-karbi-anglong-blame-on-kra/cid/1544041}}</ref>

In March 2004, the violence reached its peak. On March 24, the KRA killed 34 Karbi tribals in separate incidents in the villages of Udentisu, Tarak Teron and Jari Teron. Five more Karbis were killed in various villages on March 27. The KRA claimed it was retaliating to the killing of six Kukis by the UPDS on March 19.The March 24 incident resulted in the highest civilian casualty in a single day in Assam. It was also the largest civilian casualty in Karbi Anglong since the pro-talks UPDS faction signed a ceasefire agreement with the Indian government in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-03-30 |title=Outlook India - India's Best Magazine{{!}} Find Latest News, Top Headlines, Live Updates |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/ginger-wars-news-223442 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

== Causes and consequences ==
The conflict is driven by several factors including competition for land and resources, political representation, and the activities of militant groups. According to then Assam's chief minister, Tarun Gogoi, the KRA, a militant group from Manipur, believed to be responsible for the majority of recent clashes in the district. He had asked Delhi to ban the Kuki Revolutionary Army (KRA) due to their involvement in the violence in Karbi Anglong district.<ref name=":1" /> The UPDS, formed by the merger of the Karbi National Volunteers and Karbi People's Front in 1999, aimed to drive out non-Karbi populations from Karbi Anglong. This threatened the Kuki community.The violence has had a devastating impact on the local population. Hundreds of people have been killed, thousands displaced, and villages destroyed. The conflict has also hindered development in the district.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mangattuthazhe |first=Tom |url=https://ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/usys/ites/ecosystem-management-dam/documents/EducationDOC/EM_DOC/Violence%20and%20Search%20for%20Peace%20in%20Karbi%20Anglong%20Assam%202008.pdf |title=Violence and Search for peace in Karbi Anglong, Assam}}</ref>

== Attempts at resolution ==
Several attempts have been made to resolve the conflict. The Indian Army was deployed to Karbi Anglong to control the violence. The government also initiated peace talks with the UPDS, leading to a ceasefire agreement in 2002. However, the anti-talks faction of the UPDS continued to engage in violence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karbi no to Kuki peace initiatives - More violence feared |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/karbi-no-to-kuki-peace-initiatives-more-violence-feared/cid/784470}}</ref> The conflict remains unresolved fully, with sporadic incidents of violence continuing to occur in Karbi Anglong.

== See also ==
* [[Kuki-Naga conflict in Manipur]]
* [[Kuki–Paite Conflict]]
* [[2023 Manipur violence]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kuki people]]
[[Category:Karbi Anglong district]]
[[Category:Ethnic conflicts]]

Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal

2025-11-03T17:50:55Z

Aurelia2406: content fix

{{Short description|Research center in Bhopal, India}}
{{Lead too short|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{ad|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| native_name =
| image = Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering Nabi Bagh Bhopal.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| punch line =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{start date and age|1976}}
| closed =
| type = Registered Society
| affiliation =
| endowment =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor =
| president =
| director = C. R. Mehta
| administrative_staff = 440<ref name=autogenerated3>{{Cite web |url=http://www.agricultureinformation.com/mag/2009/10/central-institute-of-agricultural-engineering/ |title=Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering {{!}} Agriculture and Industry Survey |access-date=20 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121051551/http://www.agricultureinformation.com/mag/2009/10/central-institute-of-agricultural-engineering/ |archive-date=21 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| students =
| scientists =
| city = [[Bhopal]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| province =
| country = India
| coor = {{coord|23|18|36.69|N|77|24|17.68|E}}
| campus =
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| other_name = CIAE<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acronymfinder.com/Central-Institute-of-Agricultural-Engineering-(India)-(CIAE).html|title=CIAE - Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (India) | AcronymFinder|website=www.acronymfinder.com}}</ref>
| mascot =
| affiliations =
| budget =
| website = {{URL|https://ciae.icar.gov.in/}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}
'''The Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering''' ('''CIAE''') is a higher seat of learning, research and development in the field of [[agricultural engineering]], situated in the lake city of [[Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh]], India. It is an autonomous body, an [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] subsidiary, under the [[Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare|Ministry of Agriculture & Farmer's Welfare]], [[Government of India]].<ref>[https://www.icar.org.in/en/node/325 ICAR Institutions, Deemed Universities, National Research Centres, National Bureaux & Directorate/Project Directorates {{!}} Indian Council of Agricultural Research]</ref>

== Profile ==
[[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]]-[http://www.ciae.nic.in/ CIAE] was established on 15 February 1976 at Bhopal, with a view to provide a research platform for [[Agricultural Engineering]].<ref name=autogenerated4>[http://college.globalshiksha.com/Central-Institute-of-Agricultural-Engineering/517517956438741 Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India Reviews]</ref> The early mandate was to address the areas of [[farm machinery]], post harvest technology and energy in agriculture. However, the range of activity was later extended to cover Agro-Industrial Extension, [[Instrumentation]] and [[Irrigation]] and Drainage Engineering.

== Mandate ==
[[File:New World Domesticated plants.JPG|thumb|right|Domesticated plants]]
[[File:Milan Vegetable Market.jpg|thumb|right|A fruit and vegetable market]]
[[File:Abalone-farm1web.jpg|thumb|right|Abalone farm]]
[[File:Baumwoll-Erntemaschine auf Feld.jpeg|thumb|A [[cotton picker]] at work.]]
[[File:Ford Tractor with ROPS bar fitted.JPG|right|thumb|[[Rollover protection system|Rollover protection bar]] on a tractor]]
[[File:Ueberladewagen (jha).jpg|thumb|[[Tractor]] and [[chaser bin]]]]
CIAE was established with a mandate to:<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web|url=https://kalvimalar.dinamalar.com/Research_detail.asp?id=4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512003400/http://kalvimalar.dinamalar.com/Research_detail.asp?id=4|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 May 2012|title=Kalvimalar - News|website=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UECNBvTO2Tk|title=Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal|date=8 November 2012 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
#Undertake adaptive, applied and basic research leading to development / improvement of equipment, technology, process for production, post- harvest technology and processing and energy use in agriculture and rural industries.
#Develop hardware and technology in cooperation with other [[Indian Council for Agricultural Research|ICAR]] Institutes in the areas of [[crops]], [[horticulture]], [[aquaculture]] and [[animal husbandry]] for production and processing.
#Provide leadership and co-ordinate network of research with state agricultural universities for generating location-specific technology and value addition.
#Provide input to [[Indian Council for Agricultural Research|ICAR]] for policy interventions with respect to agricultural mechanization, energy management in agriculture, irrigation and drainage and post-harvest management.
#Provide consultancy and undertake sponsored research for [[agricultural machinery industry]] and other organizations.
#Act as a repository of information on agricultural engineering.
#Act as a centre for training in research methodologies and technology and conduct graduate, post-graduate and doctoral research programs.
#Collaborate with relevant national and international agencies in achieving the above objectives.

== Facilities ==

===Research laboratories===
CIAE is equipped with various laboratories:<ref name=autogenerated1 />
# [[Tillage]] and Soil Dynamics
# [[Biochemistry]] and [[Microbiology]]
# Seeding and Planting
# [[Chemical Analysis]] and [[Analytical quality control|Quality Control]]
# Plant Protection
# [[Food Processing]] and Product Development
# Animal Energy
# [[Baking]]
# Material Testing
# [[Fermentation]]
# [[Ergonomics]]
# Pilot Plants
# Cleaning, Grading and Milling
# [[Biofuel|Bio-Fuel]] Energy
# Food Engineering Properties and Drying
# Mechanical Power
# Oil Extraction
# Irrigation Equipment Testing
# Food packaging, handling and storage
# Drainage Engineering

===CIAE Research Farm===
CIAE Research Farm covers an area of 92.66 hectares distributed for Crop cultivation, [[Orchards]], Water harvesting ponds, Degraded waste land, Sports complex, Roads, Residential and non-residential buildings and a [[Meteorological]] [[observatory]]. The farm activities are divided into two sections namely Farm Production & Field Research Management Section and [[Landscaping]], [[Gardening]] and [[Horticulture]] Section.

===Research Workshop and Prototype Production Centre===
The centre has a [[Prototype]] Production Workshop, equipped with [[machining]], [[welding]], [[grinding (abrasive cutting)|grinding]], press work, cutting and [[shear (sheet metal)|shear]]ing, [[tool and die making]] and [[heat treatment]] facilities. The workshop is used for batch production of prototypes for multi-location trials and pilot introduction. CIAE has a Research workshop also catering to the needs related to fabrication of new designs of research prototypes and set-ups and refinement of existing designs.

===Library===
{{Agriculture}}
CIAE has a library which is open to the staff, extension workers and other university students coming under the [[Memorandum of understanding|MOU]] programs and is home to 11921 books, 4169 bound journals, 3405 reports/ bulletins, 98 CIAE publications, and 245 CD-ROMs. It is housed in an area of 5400 sq ft and subscribes to 135 journals, both Indian and foreign. It is also equipped with computer and related infrastructure.<ref name=autogenerated4 />

===Prioritization, Monitoring and Evaluation Cell (PME)===
PME Cell in CIAE is an NAIP program, established on 1 June 2007, with a mandate to:

* Sensitization of policy makers, research managers, scientists and other stakeholders about PME.
* Inventorying of research resources (manpower and financial) and tracking their allocations by commodities, resources, regions, research programs.
* Interface with ARIS and IPR unit for strengthening database and other decision support system.
* Facilitate planning and monitoring of research programmes/Five Year Plan.
* Undertaking impact analysis of research, extension and education programmes and activities.
* Collaboration with NCAP on the identified research activities or any PME related work.
* Research Impact Assessment.

===Agricultural Knowledge Management Unit===
AKMU is the management unit of CIAE on matters related to computers, networking and other areas of digital technology. It maintains the Information and Communication activities of the Institute through modern infrastructure and home developed and outsourced software.<ref name=autogenerated4 />

===CAD cell===
CAD Cell is staffed by personnel who oversee activities from production drawing to the stage of transfer of technology. The cell also provides training facilities on [[Computer-aided design|Computer-Aided Design]].

===Guest House and Trainees' Hostel===
The institute also maintains a Guest House to accommodate 48 guests and as a Trainees' Hostel to house 32 trainees.

===International Training Centre===
The International Training Centre (ITC) at the Institute provides facilities for International training and Conferences. The centre has a conference hall and communication and accommodation facilities.

== Courses ==
CIAE is affiliated to the [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] and is accredited [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] by the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|New]] Delhi for its [[MTech]] course in ''Energy in Agriculture''.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{Cite web|url=http://www.highereducationinindia.com/institutes/central-institute-of-agricultural-434.php|title=Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering Bhopal - CIAE Bhopal Madhya Pradesh|website=www.highereducationinindia.com}}</ref> It also extends its infrastructure facilities to students for research programs.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

==Agricultural Technology Information Centre (ATIC)==
CIAE is home to an Agricultural Technology Information Centre (ATIC), established in November 1999. The centre has a declared mandate to:
* Provide a ''single window delivery'' system for technology and products for accelerating the rate of adoption and for easy accessibility to end-users.
* Facilitate direct access for the visitors of the institutional resources available in terms of technology, advice, products etc. for reducing technology dissemination losses.
* Help farmers and entrepreneurs in problem solving and decision-making.
* Create a strong linkage between different research divisions / units and users of the technology .
* Provide an elaborative views of improved technologies through published literature and other communication materials such as audio and video facility.
* Provide mechanism for feed back from users to the institute.

The centre is engaged in the distribution of un-priced and priced publications, the sale of seedling and planting materials, bio-fertilizers, processed farm products, soy food products, fish feed and Video Cassettes/CDs, providing information through ''Agricultural Equipment Display Center'', exhibitions and manufacturers' meet and the collection of feedback and its transmission.

== Research and development ==

Research and development activities at CIAE may be classified into three major heads:
# Technologies Developed
# Institutional Projects
# Externally Funded Projects

===Technologies developed===
[[File:Hammer mill open front full.jpg|right|150px| Hammer Mill]]
CIAE is credited with the development of several agricultural and related equipment.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.agricultureinformation.com/mag/2009/10/central-institute-of-agricultural-engineering |title=Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering {{!}} Agriculture and Industry Survey |access-date=20 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121051551/http://www.agricultureinformation.com/mag/2009/10/central-institute-of-agricultural-engineering/ |archive-date=21 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Tillage]] Equipment
* [[Sowing]] and [[Planting]] Equipment
* [[Weeding]] & Interculture Equipment
* [[Harvesting]] Equipment
* [[Threshing]] Equipment
* Cleaning/Grading/Separation Equipment
* [[Shelling corn|Shelling]]/[[Dehulling]]/Peeling Equipment
* [[Milling (grinding)|Milling]] Equipment
* Value Addition Equipment
* Energy Gadgets

===Institutional projects===
<gallery>
Image:Mango tree Kerala in full bloom.jpg|{{center|A mango tree in full bloom}}
image:Sapodilla tree.jpg|{{center|Sapodilla tree}}
File:Mandariner Citrus deliciosa.jpg|{{center|Citrus plantation}}
File:Goya blancs.JPG|{{center|Yellow-fruited Cherry Guava}}
</gallery>
CIAE has lined up a series of regular research projects where research fellows and students can participate. The below mentioned list gives a bird's eye view of the research activities at CIAE on a regular basis.
* Tillage And Manure Interactive Effects On Soil Aggregates Dynamics, Soil Organic Carbon Accumulation And By Pass Flow In Vertisols
* Development of Efficient Spraying System To Reduce Spray Losses
* Development of [[spectral reflectance]] based prototype of variable rate urea application system for top dressing in rice and wheat crops.
* Adoption and resource assessment of agricultural machinery for resource conservation for permanent bed cultivation of cereals, pulses and oilseeds
* Draft requirement of selected farm implements operating in vertisol for [[tractor]] implement matching.
* Development of platform type fruits harvesting system for [[mango]], [[sapota]] and [[citrus]]
* Design and development of mechanized pruner for high density [[guava]] [[orchard]]
* Design and development of two stage furrow opener in seed-cum-fertilizer drill for application of seed and fertilizer at appropriate depth
* Design and development of multi millet thresher
* Design and development of [[Arecanut]] (Careca Catech Linn) sheath size reduction machine
* Demonstration of conservation agricultural machinery in selected village cluster of MP State
* Assessment of hearing impairment of tractor drivers
* Adaptation/development of system for harvesting [[Makhana]] in ponds
[[File:Vertisol.jpg|right]]
* Development of GPS Based variable rate granular fertilizer applicator for basal dose application
* Yield mapping through grain combine harvester fitted with yield monitors in [[soybean]]-wheat cropping system
* Design and development of zero till drill for sowing in heavy residue condition
* Development/adaptation of animal drawn [[garlic]] planter and digger
* Agricultural Accidents survey of Madhya Pradesh
* NAIP Sub-Project On A Value Chain In Major Seed Spices For Domestic And Export Promotion
* Development of soy and multigrain based nutritionally balanced [[functional food]]s for children (National Fellowship)
* Applications of modified atmospheric packaging techniques for shelf life extension of selected horticultural crops
* Process development for production of instant soymilk powder
* Adoption/refinement of technology for development of millet-soy-based functional foods and utilization of by-products
* Development of process and equipment for cleaning and dehusking of kodo and kutki minor millets
* Impact of defatted soy flour supplemented food products on health of children
* Soy-fortified functional foods for selected target groups
* Defatted soy flour for food uses – Survey of soybean industries and policy issues for soy food promotion
* Development of production of soy butter at pilot scale
* Study on health response of differently processed soy foods consumed in India
* Use of machine vision for distinguishing among crop varieties
* Technology for production of probiotic culture and development of probiotic soy cheese and soy milk powder
* Design and development of post harvest heating chamber and ripening chamber for banana
* Blending of millet flour with hydrocolloid for quality breads
* Estimation of post harvest losses in selected crops in four districts of MP
* Disinfestations of Grains using MW Energy [Approved in principle]
* Development of mechanization system for effective sett/bud treatment for sugarcane (Collaboration with SBI, Coimbatore
* Development of mechanization package for banana cultivation (Collaborative project with NRC Banana, Tiruchirapalli) [Agreed in principle]
* Development of banana central core stem slicer and juice extractor
* Studies on the mechanical processing of [[Moringa oleifera]] leaves [Approved in principle]
* Value Chain On [[Biomass]] Based Decentralization Power Generation For Agro-Enterprises
* Development of a system for purification and storage of biogas for engine application
* Studies on generation of bio-char from different crop residues
* Establishment of biogas cum solar energy based hybrid electricity generation system for dairy farm and allied activities [Approved in principle]
* Establishment of precision farming development center and its operation in Madhya Pradesh
* Fertigation Strategies for Fruit and Vegetable Crop(s) in [[Vertisols]]
* Development of 50 m2 greenhouse with provision for top opening
* ORP on soil moisture based micro-sprinkler (PC) irrigation
* Promotion of manufacturing of agricultural equipment through prototype production, capacity building and support to manufacturers/entrepreneurs
* Capacity building through trainings and outreach programmes
* Development of national database and its user-friendly retrieval system on commercially manufactured agricultural equipment/technologies
* Development of business model for custom hiring for different agro climatic zones
* Custom hiring business models and machinery packages for selected agro climatic regions of India [Approved in principle]
* Quantifying the mechanization status of selected cropping pattern in Madhya Pradesh
* Development/adoption of suitable harvesting device for oil palm
* Development of ''on the go'' soil electrical conductivity and [[pH]] measurement device
* Diffusion and adoption of crop production and farm engineering technologies for acceptability
<gallery>
Image:Makhanak Pokhari.jpg|{{center|A pond of cultivated Euryale}}
File:Korea-Goheunggun-Garlic harvest 4196-06.JPG|{{center|Garlic harvest}}
Image:Orchard3.jpg|{{center|An orchard}}
Image:Sour cherry 3428.JPG|{{center|Sour [[cherry]] orchard}}
File:Moringa oleifera pods NP.JPG|{{center|Pods of ''Moringa oleifera''}}
</gallery>

===Externally funded projects===
CIAE has four types of externally funded projects.

====NAIP project====
CIAE hosts many National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) projects.
* Value Chain on [[Biomass]] based decentralized power generation for agro enterprises.
* Precision farming technologies based on [[Microprocessor]] and Decision Support Systems for enhancement input application.
* Efficiency in production agriculture.
* Evaluation of [[X-ray]], [[Computed Tomography]] (CT) And [[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]] (MRI) for detecting the internal disorders.
* A value chain in major seed spices for domestic and export promotion.
* Visioning, policy analysis and gender (Completed on 31/03/2012).

====NICRA project====
The National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) was inaugurated on 2 February 2011 CIAE as one of core institutes with Strategic Research, Technology Demonstration, Capacity Building and Sponsored/ Competitive Grants were the main elements of the project. CIAE hosts the researches on enhancement of resilience of Indian agriculture to climate change and [[climate change vulnerability|climate vulnerability]].

The following are the ongoing R and D activities at CIAE under NICRA project:
* Adoption and performance assessment of agricultural machinery for resource conservation under permanent bed cultivation of soybean-wheat and maize-gram crops.
* Development of spectral reflectance based prototype of variable rate urea application system for top dressing in rice and wheat crops.
* Design and development of two stage furrow openers suitable for variable depth seed and fertilizer application in maize-wheat cropping system in central India
* Development of pre-emergence herbicide strip applicator as an attachment to sowing devices for wide spaced crops.
* Study of existing irrigation pumping system practices in Madhya Pradesh and suggestions if any for improving the performance.
* Investigation on entrained gasification of agro residue for power generation.
* Environmental impact assessment of different energy conversion processes for efficient utilization of surplus crop residues and Generation of bio-char from different crop residues.
* Self-sustainable energy management of dairy farm through efficient utilization of dairy residues.
* Demonstration and adoptive trials of conservation agriculture implements in selected village cluster of Madhya Pradesh state.

====National Fund project====
The National Fund for Basic, Strategic and, Frontier Application Research in Agriculture provides funding for various CIAE projects on the ''Use of machine vision for distinguishing among crop varieties''. The research program aims to develop methodology for distinguishing among varieties/ germplasm of rice, Indian mustard, chickpea and okra using visible imaging and to optimize imaging and image processing parameters under visible spectral domain. [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]], New Delhi, National Bureau of Plant Genetics Resources, New Delhi and [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]], Kolkata participate in the project.

====National Fellow project====
[[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]] has placed a National Fellow Project at CIAE on the subject, "Development of Soy and Multigrain based nutritionally balanced functional foods for children". The project aims to eradicate malnutrition in children by making cost effective nutritious and easily assimilated food available to children. The main focus of the project in on the use of seasonal, local, low-cost and abundantly available raw food ingredients having high nutrition and functional properties like cereals, coarse cereals and millets, soybean, dairy ingredients and horticultural produce.

The main objectives of the project are:
* Development of cost effective nutritive functional foods with combination of locally available cereals, soybean, fruits, vegetables and dairy ingredients for children.
* Analysis of the products for nutritional, safety, quality and consumer acceptability attributes.
Optimisation of ingredients and process parameters for preparation of ready to eat mixes, snacks specially designed for children.
* Study of developed foods in selected districts through feeding trials on children.
* Dissemination of the technology through trainings and entrepreneurial development.

==Publications==
CIAE has brought out many publications for students and general community.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx |title=Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering |access-date=20 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx |archive-date=31 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Non Thermal Non Chemical Processing in Food Systems
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| isbn = 978-81-909305-2-9
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
| year = 2012
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Agricultural Engineering Data Book
| author = S Ganesan
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| display-authors = etal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Extruded Functional Foods using Plant and Dairy Ingredients
| author = Dr P C Bargale and Dr S D Kulkarni
| year = 2010
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| isbn = 978-81-909305-1-2
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Anthropometric and Strength Data of Indian Agricultural Workers for Farm Equipment Design
| editor = Dr L P Gite
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| display-authors = etal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Women Friendly Improved Farm Tools and Equipment
| author = Dr S P Singh and Dr L P Gite
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| display-authors = etal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Management of Soy based Enterprises
| author = Dr S D Kulkarni Dr P C Bargale
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Highlights of Achievements of Soybean Processing and Utilization Centre
| editor = Dr A P Gandhi
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| display-authors = etal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Directory of Agricultural Machinery Spares
| author = Er Dushyant Singh and Dr A C Saxena
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = National Conference on Bio Diesel Technologies and Strategies for Rural Application
| author = Dr Dipankar De Comp and
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| display-authors = etal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Energy use in Crop Production System in India
| author = Dr Dipankar De
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Proceedings of the National Working Group Meeting on Mechanization Needs of Horticulture and Hill Agriculture for Production and Post Production Operations and Value Addition
| author = C I A E Bhopal
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Data Book for Agricultural Machinery Design
| author = Dr A C Varshney
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| display-authors = etal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = A Review on Rice Transplanters and Pre Germinated Paddy Seeders 2nd edition
| author = Dr H S Biswas
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Materials for Fabrication of Agricultural Machines
| author = Dr K C Bhardwaj
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| display-authors = etal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Technology and Equipment for Harvesting Cleaning and Ginning of Cotton
| author = Er Jai Prasad
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| display-authors = etal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Production and Economic Factors Growth in Indian Agriculture
| author = Dr G Singh and Shri Hukum Chandra
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Materials and Manufacturing Processes for Agricultural Machines
| author = Dr K C Bhardwaj
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Harnessing Animal Power
| author = Dr G Singh and Dr R C Singh
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Status and Future Needs of Farm Mechanisation and Agro Processing in India
| author = Dr Anwar Alam and Dr G Singh
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Machinery for Sugarcane Production
| author = Dr R N S Yadav
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Research Development and Technology Dissemination
| author = Dr G Singh
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Power Tiller Research and Industry in India
| author = Dr A C Varshney
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| display-authors = etal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Farm Mechanization in Madhya Pradesh
| author = Dr G Singh
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Soy food based Entrepreneurship Development
| author = Dr S D Kulkarni
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = For prevention malnutrition Soyakady
| author = Dr S S Deshpande Dr P C Bargale
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = For agriculture Utpadl increases and stability in black water and soil management techniques
| author = Dr D M Bhandarkar
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| display-authors = etal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Small sized construction agriculture Deepika
| author = Dr K C Bhardwaj
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| title = Increasing steps of mechanisation in Madhya Pradesh Agriculture
| author = Dr G Singh
| publisher = National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
| access-date = 20 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331103143/http://www.ciae.nic.in/Content/662_1_AddToCart.aspx
| archive-date = 31 March 2014
| url-status = dead
}}

'''Research Publications'''
* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169814113001236 Publication No. 1]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140330235835/http://ciae.nic.in/Content/663_1_ResearchPublications.aspx Publication No. 2]

==List of countries by agricultural output==
{{Main|Agriculture}}
{{Bar chart|float = center
| title = Largest countries by agricultural output at market exchange rates according to [[IMF]], 2014
| table_width = 70
| bar_width = 50 
| data_max = 2,000
| label_type = Economy
| data_type = {{center|Countries by agricultural output at market exchange rates in 2014 (billions in [[USD]])}}
| label1 = (01) '''{{CHN}}''' | data1 = 973
| label2 = (02) '''{{IND}}''' | data2 = 337
| label3 = (---) '''''{{EU}}''''' | data3 = 332
| label4 = (03) '''{{USA}}''' | data4 = 193
| label5 = (04) '''{{IDN}}''' | data5 = 123
| label6 = (05) '''{{BRA}}''' | data6 = 122
| label7 = (06) '''{{NGR}}''' | data7 = 98
| label8 = (07) '''{{RUS}}''' | data8 = 88
| label9 = (08) '''{{TUR}}''' | data9 = 68
| label10 = (09) '''{{PAK}}''' | data10 = 61
| label11 = (10) '''{{FRA}}''' | data11 = 55
| label12 = (11) '''{{AUS}}''' | data12 = 55
| label13 = (12) '''{{JPN}}''' | data13 = 53
| label14 = (13) '''{{MEX}}''' | data14 = 46
| label15 = (14) '''{{THA}}''' | data15 = 45
| label16 = (15) '''{{ESP}}''' | data16 = 44
| label17 = (16) '''{{ITA}}''' | data17 = 43
| label18 = (17) '''{{IRN}}''' | data18 = 43
| label19 = (18) '''{{EGY}}''' | data19 = 41
| label20 = (19) '''{{MYS}}''' | data20 = 38
| label21 = (20) '''{{ARG}}''' | data21 = 38
| label22 = '''''Rest of the World''''' | data22 = 1,966
| caption = {{resize|88%|The twenty largest countries by agricultural output at market exchange rates in 2014, according to the [[IMF]] and [[CIA World Factbook]]}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120705052743/http://www.minglebox.com/college/Central-Institute-Of-Agricultural-Engineering-Bhopal Article title]}}
* https://www.icar.org.in/en/node/325
* [http://www.icar.org.in/files/ICAR-ITP-2010/ciae.pdf Profile on ICAR files]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UECNBvTO2Tk Profile on YouTube]
* http://www.highereducationinindia.com/institutes/central-institute-of-agricultural-434.php
* http://college.globalshiksha.com/Central-Institute-of-Agricultural-Engineering/517517956438741
* http://wikimapia.org/2933661/CIAE-Nabi-Bagh-Bhopal
* https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Central-Institute-of-Agricultural-Engineering
* https://web.archive.org/web/20160306060028/http://www.biotecnika.org/content/march-2014/admission-notification-phd-central-institute-agricultural-engineering-bhopal
* https://www.asti.cgiar.org/node/2085
* http://www.un-csam.org/Activities%20Files/A09105thTC/PPT/in-doc.pdf
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120512003400/http://kalvimalar.dinamalar.com/Research_detail.asp?id=4]
* https://web.archive.org/web/20140121051551/http://www.agricultureinformation.com/mag/2009/10/central-institute-of-agricultural-engineering/
* http://onfarming.com/farming-crops

{{Portal|Biology|Agriculture|Gardening}}
{{Higher education in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]
[[Category:Agricultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Agricultural universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1976]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Bhopal]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Alluvium

2025-11-03T14:40:58Z

Aurelia2406: updated content for clarity and improved wording

{{short description|Loose soil or sediment that is eroded and redeposited in a non-marine setting}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Alluvial|Alluvial (horse)|Alluvial diagram}}
[[File:Riogranderift sanluisbasin.png|thumb|Alluvium and adjacent constituents]]
[[File:South Africa-Eastern Cape-Gamtoos Valley-Alluvial Gravel01.jpg|thumb|Alluvium deposits in the [[Gamtoos River|Gamtoos Valley]] in [[South Africa]]]]
[[File:AlluvialPlain.JPG|thumb|An [[alluvial plain]] in [[Red Rock Canyon State Park (California)]]]]
[[File:Amazon alluvium deposit - autazes.jpg|thumb|Alluvial river deposits in the [[Amazon basin]], near Autazes, AM, [[Brazil]]. The seasonal deposits are extremely fertile and crucial to [[subsistence farming]] in the Amazon Basin along the river banks.]]
'''Alluvium''' ({{etymology|la|{{wikt-lang|la|alluvius}}|}}, {{etymology||{{wikt-lang|la|alluere}}|to wash against}}) is loose [[clay]], [[silt]], [[sand]], or [[gravel]] that has been deposited by running water in a stream bed, on a [[floodplain]], in an [[alluvial fan]] or [[beach]], or in similar settings.<ref name=dictalluvium>{{cite book |editor1-last=Jackson |editor1-first=Julia A. |title=Glossary of geology. |date=1997 |publisher=American Geological Institute |location=Alexandria, Virginia |isbn=0922152349 |edition=Fourth |chapter=alluvium}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110501155938/http://www.geotech.org/survey/geotech/dictiona.html Glossary of Geological Terms]. Geotech.org. Retrieved on 2012-02-12.</ref><ref>[http://geology.com/dictionary/glossary-a.shtml Geology Dictionary – Alluvial, Aquiclude, Arkose]. Geology.Com. Retrieved on 2012-02-12.</ref> Alluvium is also sometimes called '''alluvial deposit'''.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Jackson |editor1-first=Julia A. |title=Glossary of geology. |date=1997 |publisher=American Geological Institute |location=Alexandria, Virginia |isbn=0922152349 |edition=Fourth |chapter=alluvial deposit}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Allaby |first1=Michael |title=A dictionary of geology and earth sciences |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780199653065 |edition=Fourth |chapter=alluvium}}</ref> Alluvium is typically geologically young and is not [[Consolidation (geology)|consolidated]] into solid rock. [[Sediments]] deposited underwater, in seas, [[estuaries]], lakes, or ponds, are not described as alluvium.<ref name=dictalluvium/>
Floodplain alluvium can be highly fertile, and supported some of the earliest human civilizations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kidder |first1=Tristram |last2=Liu |first2=Haiwang |last3=Xu |first3=Qinghai |last4=Li |first4=Minglin |title=The Alluvial Geoarchaeology of the Sanyangzhuang Site on the Yellow River Floodplain, Henan Province, China: THE YELLOW RIVER FLOODPLAIN, HENAN PROVINCE |journal=Geoarchaeology |date=July 2012 |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=324–343 |doi=10.1002/gea.21411|s2cid=140587757 }}</ref>

==Definitions==
The present [[Scientific consensus|consensus]] is that "alluvium" refers to loose [[sediments]] of all types deposited by running water in [[floodplains]] or in [[alluvial fans]] or related [[landforms]].<ref name=dictalluvium/>{{sfn|Allaby|2013|loc="alluvial"}}<ref name=Miller2020>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Bradley A. |last2=Juilleret |first2=Jérôme |title=The colluvium and alluvium problem: Historical review and current state of definitions |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |date=October 2020 |volume=209 |article-number=103316 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103316|bibcode=2020ESRv..20903316M |doi-access=free }}</ref> However, the meaning of the term has varied considerably since it was first defined in the French dictionary of [[Antoine Furetière]], posthumously published in 1690. Drawing upon concepts from [[Roman law]], Furetière defined ''[[alluvion]]'' (the French term for alluvium) as new land formed by deposition of sediments along rivers and seas.<ref name=Miller2020/>

By the 19th century, the term had come to mean recent sediments deposited by rivers on top of older ''[[diluvium]]'', which was similar in character but interpreted as sediments deposited by [[Noah's flood]]. With the rejection by geologists of the concept of a primordial universal flood, the term "diluvium" fell into disfavor and was replaced with "older alluvium". At the same time, the term "alluvium" came to mean all sediment deposits due to running water on plains. The definition gradually expanded to include deposits in estuaries, coasts, and young rock of marine and [[fluvial]] origin.<ref name=Miller2020/>

Alluvium and diluvium were grouped as ''[[colluvium]]'' in the late 19th century. "Colluvium" is now generally understood as sediments produced by [[gravity]]-driven transport on steep slopes. At the same time, the definition of "alluvium" has switched back to an emphasis on sediments deposited by river action. There continues to be disagreement over what other sediment deposits should be included under the term "alluvium".<ref name=Miller2020/>

==Age==
Most alluvium is [[Quaternary]] in age and is often referred to as "cover" because these sediments obscure the underlying [[bedrock]]. Most sedimentary material that fills a [[Sedimentary basin|basin]] ("basin fill") that is not [[Lithification|lithified]] is typically lumped together as "alluvial".<ref name=EB>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Alluvium}}</ref> Alluvium of [[Pliocene]] age occurs, for example, in parts of [[Idaho]].<ref>{{Citation | last = Ames | first = Dan | contribution = Formation of the Soils | year = 1998 | title = Soil Survey of Jerome County and Part of Twin Falls County, Idaho | url = https://archive.org/details/usda-contents/page/238/mode/1up | pages = 238 | publisher = Natural Resources Conservation Service, [[United States Department of Agriculture]] | contribution-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220223221606/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/idaho/ID704/0/id704_text.pdf}}</ref> Alluvium of late [[Miocene]] age occurs, for example, in the valley of the [[San Joaquin River]], [[California]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1197/report.pdf | title=Amount and Timing of Late Cenozoic Uplift and Tilt of the Central Sierra Nevada, California—Evidence from the Upper San Joaquin River Basin (USGS Professional Paper 1197) | publisher=[[USGS]] | author=Huber, N. King | year=1981 | location=Washington D.C. | pages=13}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Alluvial plain]]
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Braided stream]]
* [[Desert pavement]]
* [[Eluvium]]
* [[Hydraulic action]]
* [[Illuvium]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Sedimentology]]

Mani Subramanian

2025-10-22T23:46:56Z

Aurelia2406: refined layout to improve readability for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mani Subramanian
| caption = Mani Subramanian (Chairman, Keane Inc)
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Businessman
| spouse =
}}

'''Mani Subramanian''' was the chairman of [[Keane (company)|Keane]] International, Inc.

==Education==
Mani holds a bachelor's degree in [[mechanical engineering]] from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai]] and a post-graduate diploma in business administration (PGDBA) from the [[Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}

==Career==
Mani founded the company IT Solutions, subsequently re-branded as Caritor, as a one-man operation in 1993. In 2007, Caritor achieved yet another milestone by combining with Keane.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/caritor-buys-keane-for-854-million/articleshow/1581559.cms | title =Caritor buys Keane for $854 million | newspaper = Times of India | date=9 February 2007}}</ref> The company operated under the Keane brand name. In December 2010, Keane signed a definitive merger agreement with NTT Data, Japan. NTT Data is the subsidiary of [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone|NTT]] and it bought over Keane. Mani Subramanian moved out of Keane post this merger to form a venture in data analytics.

Mani has experience in the global [[information technology]] industry, managing divisions and businesses in the UK, India, and the United States. Prior to starting Caritor, Mani was the president of [[Wipro|Wipro Systems]] and was responsible for leading Wipro through a period of significant growth in its IT offshoring business. Before joining Wipro, Mani was part of the management team at [[Tata Consultancy Services]] and was instrumental in growing their UK operation.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}

Mani has made several business-related contributions in the field of computer software.

== References ==
<references/>
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120807115320/http://www.keane.com/keane-insights/press-releases-03-jan-2011.aspx NTT DATA Completes Acquisition of Keane International, Inc ]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramanian, Mani}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the software industry]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]