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Diya Chitale

2026-05-04T11:57:01Z

Augustine V. Williams:

[[File:2026 World Team Table Tennis Championships 20260503 114719 Diya Chitale.jpg|thumb|2026 World Team Table Tennis Championships]]
{{Short description|Indian table tennis player (born 2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}

'''Diya Chitale''' (born 2 April 2003) is an Indian table tennis player from [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Table Tennis |url=https://www.worldtabletennis.com/playerDescription?playerId=131395 |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=www.worldtabletennis.com}}</ref> She won her maiden National championship in 2025. She plays for Dabang Delhi in the Ultimate Table Tennis, a league championship.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Diya Chitale (IND) {{!}} Sponsoring {{!}} Butterfly Global Site: Table Tennis Equipment |url=https://www.butterfly-global.com/en/sponsoring/detail/chitale-diya.html |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=www.butterfly-global.com |language=en}}</ref> She represents [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) in the domestic events.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karhadkar |first=Amol |date=2026-03-20 |title=National TT: Diya, Manav in semis; Yashaswini stuns Sreeja |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/national-tt-diya-manav-in-semis-yashaswini-stuns-sreeja/article70766986.ece |access-date=2026-03-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Along with Manush Shah, the duo became the first Indian pair to qualify for World Table Tennis (WTT) Finals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Shail |date=2025-11-23 |title=Rising stars Diya Chitale and Manush Shah make history as India's first pair to qualify for World Table Tennis finals |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/diya-chitale-manush-shah-indian-table-tennis-mixed-doubles-wtt-finals-11763709763929.html |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Chitale took table tennis seriously only after she won a silver medal at the Under 12 Nationals. By 2015, she is fully focused and won both the girl's Under 15 singles and doubles National championship. In 2019, she won the Under 18 and Under 21 girl's singles championship in the Junior and Youth National Championships. In 2019, she also won the singles and doubles in the Girls' Under 18 event at the Ghana Junior and Cadet Open. In 2020, she retained the Under 21 Girls' title at the Junior and Youth National Championship. In 2022, she won the Under 19 Girls' singles WTT Youth Contender at Lima.<ref name=":0" />

In 2023, she won her first Senior National title as she clinched the doubles championship. In 2024, she won the mixed doubles at the WTT Feeder at [[Beirut]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-11 |title=Diya Chitale overcomes setbacks to become India’s top woman paddler |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/diya-chitale-overcomes-setbacks-to-become-indias-top-woman-paddler/articleshow/123823578.cms |access-date=2026-03-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2025, she won the mixed doubles in the WTT at [[Tunis]] along with her partner Manush Shah.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kusari |first=Kingshuk |date=2025-06-13 |title=Diya Chitale: The tiny titan of Indian table tennis dreams |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/diya-chitale-ultimate-table-tennis-la-olympics-2028-2740090-2025-06-13 |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The pair also became the first Indian players to qualify for the WTT finals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2025 |title=Diya Chitale, Manush Shah create history; become first Indians to qualify for WTT Finals |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/diya-chitale-manush-shah-indian-table-tennis-player-qualify-wtt-finals-2025 |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=Olympics}}</ref>

In 2026, she won the mixed doubles event in the World Table Tennis (WTT) Contender at [[Muscat]].<ref name=":0" />

In 2025, she was UTT's most expensive player, as she was retained by [[Dabang Delhi TTC|Dabang Delhi]] for Rs 14.1 lakh. In 2023, she played for U Mumba in her first season.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chitale, Diya}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female table tennis players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]

Painkili

2026-05-01T15:55:04Z

Augustine V. Williams: Put Up Some Data W/ Infobox - done

{{Short description|2025 film by Sreejith Babu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Painkili
| image = Painkili poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sreejith Babu
| producer = [[Fahadh Faasil]] Jithu Madhavan
| writer = [[Jithu Madhavan]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Sajin Gopu]] [[Anaswara Rajan]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Justin Varghese]]
| editing = [[Kiran Das]]
| cinematography = Arjun Sethu
| studio = Urban Animal Fahadh Faasil and Friends
| distributor = Bhavana Studios
| released = {{film date|2025|2|14|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR}}5 crore<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 20, 2025 |title=Malayalam cinema's February fallout: Rs 53 crore loss, one film earns just Rs 10,000! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malayalam-cinemas-february-fallout-rs-53-crore-loss-one-film-earns-just-rs-10000/articleshow/119237255.cms#:~:text=Here%2520are%2520some%2520of%2520the%2520films%2520and,Rs%25201.5%2520crore%252C%2520Theater%2520Share:%2520Rs%252055%252C000 |access-date=2025-10-19 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| gross =
}}

'''''Painkili''''' ({{Translation|Parrot}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Absurdist fiction|absurdist]] [[romantic comedy]] film, written by [[Jithu Madhavan]] and directed by Sreejith Babu in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Sajin Gopu]] and [[Anaswara Rajan]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=ആവേശം ടീം വീണ്ടും ഒന്നിക്കുന്നു; കൗതുകം നിറച്ച് പൈങ്കിളിയുടെ ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക്, നിർമാണം ഫഹദ് ഫാസിൽ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/painkili-movie-first-look-poster-1.10125807 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=1 February 2025 |date=1 December 2025 |archive-date=2 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202020958/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/painkili-movie-first-look-poster-1.10125807 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anaswara Rajan, Sajin Gopu's next titled 'Painkili'; first look out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anaswara-rajan-sajin-gopus-next-titled-painkili-first-look-out/article68937500.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=1 February 2025 |date=2 December 2024 |archive-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213224706/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anaswara-rajan-sajin-gopus-next-titled-painkili-first-look-out/article68937500.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is jointly produced by actor [[Fahadh Faasil]] and director [[Jithu Madhavan]].

It was released on 14 February 2025 ([[Valentine's Day]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Anaswara Rajan and Sajin Gopu's film titled Painkili, first look out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Dec/01/anaswara-rajan-and-sajin-gopus-film-titled-painkili-first-look-out |publisher=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=1 February 2025 |date=1 December 2024 |archive-date=16 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216215918/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Dec/01/anaswara-rajan-and-sajin-gopus-film-titled-painkili-first-look-out |url-status=live}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews from critics with praise for its music and story but criticism for its comedy and lack of good script.

== Plot ==
Sheeba, a young girl, tries desperately to escape her home in order to evade her marriage, which is fixed against her wishes by her parents. She attempts to elope and woo a local goon named Peter, hoping to use him to stand against her father, Baby, but all the plans backfire, and she is left without any option other than to return home.

Suku is a local graphic design shop owner. He is a hopeless romantic and despises his father, Sujithkumar, for giving him an old-fashioned name. Suku's best friends are Paachan, who looks up to him and Aneesh alias Kunjaayi, who runs an electric repair shop. His neighbour Suma, a nurse, has feelings for him, but he doesn't reciprocate, citing that she's like a sister to him, much to her dismay. One day, he sets out to [[Coimbatore]] with Paachan to purchase a new digital printer. While they're at a [[Motel|Lodge]] for the night, a thief tries to steal Suku's motorcycle [[Royal Enfield Bullet|bullet]]. The friends pursue the thief, and Suku ends up accidentally killing him. Suku and Paachan escape from Coimbatore that night back to their village. Suku is completely shaken and doesn't want to go to jail, so Paachan introduces him to his uncle Thanku, a petty criminal well-versed in criminal law and police procedure. Thanku scares him that he'll surely be caught in no time and advises him to fake insanity as a plea. For that, he refers him to a mental health institution in order to forge a certificate to present in court. Suku is forced to get admitted to the institution for 10 days to get the certificate, and in the meantime, his mother and her friends go on a leisure trip and pass by the institution and see Suku there as a patient. Soon, gossip spreads throughout the village that Suku has gone insane. 10 days later, he is released, and Paachan informs him that the case has been closed by the police as a hit-and-run incident, and they've escaped capture. When Suku returns, everyone, including his family, starts treating him as a mentally ill man despite his growing frustration.

Meanwhile, Sheeba woos Kunjaayi, and he decides to visit her house at night, where her pre-wedding celebrations are being held. He convinces a reluctant Suku to come along with him but things take a hilarious turn when Sheeba uses it as an opportunity to elope again, and Suku is forced to take her to his house to evade her angry parents and relatives. He believes Kunjaayi orchestrated the eloping, but to his shock, he gets to know that Kunjaayi had no intentions for any of this, and this was Sheeba's idea all along. He is now forced to let Sheeba stay at his house for the night, but hilarity ensues as she is found out by his family in the morning, and Sheeba tells them that she's Suku's girlfriend and has eloped with him, which his family happily accepts.

Suku, Paachan, Kunjaayi, and Suma start coming up with plans to get rid of Sheeba, but everything fails. They get to know that she is an orphan and her parents are actually her step-parents who desire to snatch away her inheritance by forcibly marrying her off. She wishes to complete her education and live freely, which doesn't sit well with them, and she's only playing this game won't go back to them. Forever a hopeless romantic, Suku falls for Sheeba and comes up with some cringeworthy attempts to impress her. A disgusted Sheeba ridicules Suku, who ends up having a mental breakdown. Meanwhile, Baby approaches Suku's house with a couple of goons with the intention of taking her away, but is forced to run away as a heartbroken Suku attacks them violently like an insane psycho. In the end, Suku discloses the truth to his family and swears that he will enrol Sheeba in a women's hostel and will take care of her education.

Now enrolled in a hostel, Sheeba gets to live the life that she's always desired and wishes to live off her inheritance, for which she'll be moving legally. She thanks Suku for his help and apologises to him for all the troubles he suffered because of her. Suku uses this opportunity to secretively confess his love for her again, only to get rejected once more. On the way back home, Suku, for the first time, acknowledges Suma's love for him and proposes to her, which she happily accepts.

== Cast ==
*[[Sajin Gopu]] as Suku Sujithkumar
*[[Anaswara Rajan]] as Sheeba Baby
*Jisma Vimal as Suma, a nurse
*[[Chandu Salim Kumar]] as Aneesh a.k.a. Kunjayi, Suku's friend
*Roshan Shanavas as Paachan, Suku's friend
*[[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Sujithkumar, Suku's father
*[[Lijo Jose Pellissery]] as Thanku, in a [[cameo appearance]]
*[[Riyaz Khan]] as Peter
*Aswathy B as Suku's sister
*Ambili Ayappan
*Pramod Kumar as Suku's Brother-in-law

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Painkili
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Justin Varghese]]
| released = February 14, 2025
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature Film Soundtrack]]
| length = 27m 40s
| language = Malayalam
| label = [[Think Music]]
}}

===Track listing===
{{Track listing

|headline =
|extra_column = Singer(s)

|title1 = Baby Baby
|extra1 = Lalitha Vijayakumar, Himna Hilari, Hinitha Hilary
|length1 = 4:03

|title2 = Lola
|extra2 = George Peter
|length2 = 4:51

|title3 = Mama Meenakshi
|extra3 = Neeraj Ramesh
|length3 = 2:06

|title4 = Vazhkai
|extra4 = Dhivyaraja Mazan
|length4 = 2:23

|title5 = Haydole
|extra5 = Himna Hilari, Hinitha Hilary
|length5 = 2:30

|title6 = Lock Song
|extra6 = George Peter, Sublahshni
|length6 = 4:01

|title7 = Thetti
|extra7 = Neeraj Ramesh
|length7 = 1:55

|title8 = Heart Attack
|extra8 = [[Fejo (rapper)|FEJO]]
|length8 = 3:18

|title9 = Mad Suku
|extra9 = Neeraj Ramesh
|length9 = 2:33

|total_length = 27:40

}}

==Marketing==
The first look poster with the title of the film was released on 1 December 2024 with actor Sreejith Babu making his directorial debut.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anaswara Rajan and Sajin Gopu's film titled Painkili |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Dec/03/anaswara-rajan-and-sajin-gopus-film-titled-painkili |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=1 February 2025 |date=3 December 2024 |archive-date=8 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108105354/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Dec/03/anaswara-rajan-and-sajin-gopus-film-titled-painkili |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=First look of 'Painkili' unveiled: Anaswara blows a bubble, Sajin Gopu takes in the air! |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/painkili-anaswara-rajan-sajin-gopu-1.10126044 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=1 February 2025 |date=1 December 2024 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203102913/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/painkili-anaswara-rajan-sajin-gopu-1.10126044 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Painkili Movie - ശ്രദ്ധിക്കണേ 'പൈങ്കിളി' വരുന്നു; വാലന്‍റൈൻസ് ദിനത്തിൽ; നായകൻ അമ്പാൻ |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/fahadh-faasil-producing-painkili-movie-release-date-and-first-look-poster-out-asr-702506.html |publisher=[[News 18]] |access-date=1 February 2025 |date=1 December 2024 |archive-date=2 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202081858/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/fahadh-faasil-producing-painkili-movie-release-date-and-first-look-poster-out-asr-702506.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 December 2024 |title='അമ്പാന്' നായികയായി അനശ്വര രാജൻ; കൗതുകം നിറച്ച് 'പൈങ്കിളി' ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/12/02/anaswara-rajan-and-sajin-gopus-film-painkili-first-look-out.html |access-date=1 February 2025 |publisher=Manorama}}</ref> The second look poster was released on 20 January 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title='പെങ്കിളി' പ്രണയഭാവങ്ങളുമായി 'അമ്പാൻ': 'പൈങ്കിളി'യുടെ പുതിയ പോസ്റ്റർ ഹിറ്റ് |url=https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/multiplex/painkili-movie-new-poster-news.html |publisher=[[Vanitha]] |access-date=1 February 2025 |date=20 January 2024}}</ref>

The first single of the film, titled "Heart Attack", was released on 29 January 2025,<ref>{{cite web |title='പൈങ്കിളി'യിലെ ഫസ്റ്റ് സിംഗിൾ 'ഹാർട്ട് അറ്റാക്ക്' പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/the-first-single-from-painkili-heart-attack-is-out-278958 |publisher=[[Media One]] |access-date=1 February 2025 |date=29 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ഇത് 'അമ്പാന്‍' തന്നെയോ! പ്രണയനായകനായി സജിന്‍ ഗോപു, 'പൈങ്കിളി'യിലെ പാട്ടെത്തി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/music/painkili-movie-song-heart-attack-sajin-gopu-justin-varghese-sqv1dt |publisher=[[Asianet News]] |access-date=1 February 2025 |date=29 January 2024}}</ref> with the [[tagline]] "A [[Justin Varghese]] Angioplasty". The song was written by [[Vinayak Sasikumar]] and sung by [[Fejo (rapper)|Fejo]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Heart Attack From Sajin Gopu-Anaswara Rajan's Painkili Is A Fun, Quirky Number! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/heart-attack-from-sajin-gopu-anaswara-rajan-film-painkili-is-a-fun-quirky-number-article-117734335 |publisher=[[Times Now]] |access-date=1 February 2025 |date=30 January 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130144435/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/heart-attack-from-sajin-gopu-anaswara-rajan-film-painkili-is-a-fun-quirky-number-article-117734335 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Justin Varghese's 'Angioplasty' on Painkili's 'Heart Attack': First single out now |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/painkili-heart-attack-song-1.10297511 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=1 February 2025 |date=30 January 2024}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was released on 14 February 2025 in theatres. It started streaming on [[manoramaMAX]] on 11 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-15 |title='Painkili' OTT release: Where to watch the Anaswara Rajan starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/painkili-ott-release-where-to-watch-the-anaswara-rajan-starrer/articleshow/119035933.cms |access-date=2025-04-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/celebrities/sajin-gopu-anaswara-rajan-s-painkili-gets-a-release-date/ar-AA1xqdu3?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
The film received mixed reviews from critics. Anna Mathews of ''[[The Times of India]]'' has rated the film 3 out of 5 stars, praising the soundtracks and camerawork but criticising about the character script and wrote: "Basically, the film seems to have woven together a bunch of crazy incidents - such as an early hospital scene that had audiences almost rofl-ing - which leads from one step to the next of the narrative, but throughout the film, you don't quite get the grip of what the film is about."<ref>{{cite news|author=Anna Mathews |title=Painkili Movie Review: Sajin Gopu elevates this 'romance' with his comedy skills |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/painkili/movie-review/118247609.cms|newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

Princy Alexander of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' noted that Anaswara "does not seem too comfortable in the character as it requires her to be a little too loud" and the overdependence of friendship "sometimes affects the smooth flow of the film, making it less organic. The makers are too focused on ensuring that our lead guy has enough challenges in his way — giving him one heartache after another — that they forget to provide clarity on what is happening around him or to the characters who become part of his life."<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2025 |title='Painkili' movie review {{!}} Sajin Gopu is the life of this loud, quirky Anaswara-starrer |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/02/14/anaswara-rajan-painkili-sajin-gopu-movie-jithu-madhavan-review.html |access-date=12 August 2025 |website=Onmanorama |language=en}}</ref>

Vignesh Madhu of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' praised the actors' performance and the film's soundtracks, but stated that the film "lacks a strong emotional core" and "a lack of support from strong writing" and felt that "there isn't enough meat in [Ananswara's] character apart from some scattered hints about her desire to be independent." He wrote: "Painkili has a crazy energy which it maintains till the final 30 minutes when it pants hard to make it to the finishing point. A more nuanced approach to sketching the two primary characters and their inner turmoils could have benefited this otherwise entertaining film."<ref>{{cite news |author=Vignesh Madhu |date=15 February 2025 |title='Painkili' movie review: Sajin Gopu's stellar act anchors this inconsistent film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Feb/15/painkili-movie-review-sajin-gopus-stellar-act-anchors-this-inconsistent-film |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref>

S.R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted that the first single of the film, "Heart Attack", which became a hit and ensured audience's attraction in the film, but the film "gives the impression of something that was quickly cobbled up without much homework" and wrote: "The entire film gives the impression of something that was quickly cobbled up without much homework. ... ''Painkili'' is filled with lazily written characters with abrupt arcs and dead-end situations that do not evoke any excitement or anticipation. Even the lowbrow, cheesy pulp fiction of yesteryear that earned the catch-all branding of ‘Painkili’ had more heft than this film.<ref>{{cite news|author=S.R. Praveen |title='Painkili' movie review: Forced humour and shoddy writing makes the film fall flat|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/painkili-movie-review-forced-humour-and-shoddy-writing-makes-the-film-fall-flat/article69219236.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and praised the actors performance but criticised the script, felt "the characters and situations feel as though they have been inserted into preset jokes rather than emerging organically" and wrote: "Despite its flaws, the film remains watchable largely due to Sajin Gopu’s performance. Anaswara Rajan also does her best and delivers well in moments requiring restraint."<ref>{{cite news |author=Anandu Suresh |date=14 February 2025 |title=Painkili movie review: Sajin Gopu, Anaswara Rajan-starrer is a disastrous caricature comedy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/painkili-movie-review-sajin-gopu-anaswara-rajan-starrer-is-a-disastrous-caricature-comedy-9835438/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=12 August 2025}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|32607369}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2025 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]

D. G. Shanthana Gowda

2026-04-29T13:50:14Z

Augustine V. Williams: data

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1949)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''D. G. Shanthana Gowda''' (born 1949) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a four time MLA from [[Honnali Assembly constituency]] in [[Davanagere district|Davangere district]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shanthana Gowda D G in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/shanthana-gowda-d-g-honnali-candidate-s10a110c002/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Mayakonda, Channagiri, Honnali Election Result 2023: Congress Wins All Three |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/mayakonda-channagiri-honnali-karnataka-election-result-2023-roundwise-vote-counting-winners-list-article-100181729 |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gowda is from [[Honnāli|Honnali]], Davangere district. His father Shankarappa Gowda was a farmer. He completed his B.Sc. in 1969 at [[P.C. Jabin Science College]], which is affiliated with [[Karnatak University|Karnataka University]], Hubli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shanthana Gowda.D.G.(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- HONNALI(DAVANGERE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7325 |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Gowda won from [[Honnali Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 92,392 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[M. P. Renukacharya]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 17,560 votes.<ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Honnali">{{cite news |date=13 May 2023 |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Honnali |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10110.htm?ac=110 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504151206/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10110.htm?ac=110 |archivedate=4 May 2025 |accessdate=4 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="List of winners from Davanagere area constituencies. INC wins 6 seats, BJP gets only 1">{{cite news |last1=Hindustan Times |date=13 May 2023 |title=List of winners from Davanagere area constituencies. INC wins 6 seats, BJP gets only 1 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/karnataka-election-2023-results-live-jagalur-harapanahalli-harihar-davanagere-mayakonda-channagiri-honnali-101683892532070.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514042639/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/karnataka-election-2023-results-live-jagalur-harapanahalli-harihar-davanagere-mayakonda-channagiri-honnali-101683892532070.html |archive-date=14 May 2023 |access-date=14 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, he lost the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] to the same opponent, [[M. P. Renukacharya]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata party]] by a narrow margin of 4,233 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Honnali Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/honnali-assembly-constituency-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99716200.cms |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He became an MLA for the first time winning as an independent candidate in the [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 56,149 votes and defeated the [[Indian National Congress]] representative H. B. Krishnamurthy by a margin of 28,993 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Assembly Election Results in 1999 |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/1999-election-results.html |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref> He won for the second time as a representative of Indian National Congress in the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] defeating [[M. P. Renukacharya]] of BJP by a margin of 18,738 votes.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gowda, D. G. Shanthana}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]

Malhi (clan)

2026-04-20T02:00:00Z

Augustine V. Williams: done!

{{short description|Jat clan}}
{{Infobox gotra|name=Malhi|language=[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|religion=[[File:Khanda.svg|15px]] [[Sikhism]], [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Islam]]
|location=[[Pakistan]], [[India]]|type=Jat clan}}
'''Malhi''' (also spelled as '''Mallhi, Malli''') ({{Langx|pa|{{Uninastaliq|مَلْہی}} {{Small|([[Shahmukhi]])}}; ਮਲ੍ਹੀ {{Small|([[Gurmukhi]])}}}}) is a clan of the [[Jats|Jat]] tribe in the [[Punjab|Punjab region]] of [[Pakistan]] and [[India]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UO0M5P9h_qgC&dq=Malhi+Jat&pg=PA140 |title=Cultural Geography, Form and Process: Essays in Honour of Prof. A.B. Mukerji |page=141 |via=Google Books|first1=Neelam|last1=Grover|first2=Kashi N.|last2=Singh |date=2004|isbn=9788180690747 |accessdate=14 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="GoogleBooks">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xliNAAAAMAAJ&q=Malhi%20Jats |title=The Pakistan People's Party: Rise to Power|page=366|first=Philip Edward|last=Jones|date=2003|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-19-579966-8 |access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref> They are found mostly in the [[Sialkot District]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nijjar |first=Bakhshish Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQM9voN21ekC&dq=Malhi+jats&pg=PA94 |title=Origins and History of Jats and Other Allied Nomadic Tribes of India: 900 B.C.-1947 A.D. |date=2008 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0908-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=J. R. Dunlop |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.531248 |title=Gazetteer of the Sialkot District |date=1895 |language=en}}</ref>

==List of notable people ==
* [[Ali Asjad Malhi]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daska by-election: Who are Ali Asjad Malhi and Nosheen Iftikhar? |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/343938-daska-by-election-who-are-ali-asjad-malhi-and-nosheen-iftikhar |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.geo.tv |language=en}}</ref> Pakistani politician
* [[Naseer Ahmad Malhi]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Philip Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xliNAAAAMAAJ&q=Naseer+Ahmad+Malhi |title=The Pakistan People's Party: Rise to Power |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-579966-8 |language=en}}</ref> Pakistani politician

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Surname|Malhi}}
{{Gotras of Jats|state=collapsed}}
{{Ethnic groups, tribes and clans of the Punjab}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malhi}}
[[Category:Surnames]]
[[Category:Jat clans of Punjab]]

Belthara Road Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:24:18Z

Augustine V. Williams: info.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Belthara Road
| constituency_no = 357
| map_image = 357-Belthara Road.svg
| mla = [[Hansu Ram]]
| party = {{Party index link|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Ballia district|Ballia]]
| reservation = SC
| type= SLA
}}
'''Belthara Road''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Belthara Road in the [[Ballia district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Belthara Road is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Salempur Lok Sabha constituency|Lok Sabha constituency of Salempur]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 357 amongst 403 constituencies.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Belthara Road Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/Belthara-Road.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Gorakh Paswan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Dhananjay Kannoujia]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Hansu Ram]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Belthara Road<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Hansu Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:78995}}
|percentage = 39.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Chhattu Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:73481}}
|percentage = 36.81
|change = -4.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Praveen Prakash
|votes = {{formatnum:38803}}
|percentage = 19.44
|change = -5.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Ramlal
|votes = {{formatnum:2093}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change = +0.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1219}}
|percentage = 0.61
|change = -0.08
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5514}}
|percentage = 2.76
|change = -6.89
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:199617}}
|percentage = 55.72
|change = -1.33
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate '''[[Dhananjay Kannoujia]]''' won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate '''Gorakh Paswan''' by a margin of 18,319 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/belthara-road.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref><ref name="election2017-1">{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh 2017 Result |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/UP/10.Detailed%20Results.pdf |access-date=18 December 2018 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=18 December 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Belthara Roa<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dhananjay Kannoujia
|votes = {{formatnum:77504}}
|percentage = 40.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Gorakh Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:59185}}
|percentage = 31.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ghoora Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:47297}}
|percentage = 24.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1305}}
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18319}}
|percentage = 9.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:189878}}
|percentage = 57.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|26.13|83.85|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ballia district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Pratapnagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:19:47Z

Augustine V. Williams: Put Up New Article Basic Info - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pratapnagar
| mla = [[Vikram Singh Negi]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Tehri Garhwal]]
| type = SLA
| electors = 85,229
| loksabha_cons = [[Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Tehri Garhwal]]
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 12
| map_image = Pratapnagar Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Pratapnagar Legislative Assembly constituency'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/oversease%20election/English/12.pdf |title=List of Polling Station for 12-Pratapnagar(GEN) Assembly Constituency |date=2011 |website=ceo.uk.gov.in}}</ref> is one of the 70 assembly constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] a northern state of [[India]]. [[Pratapnagar, Uttarakhand|Pratapnagar]] is part of [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency]]. [[Pratapnagar tehsil]] is included in this constituency.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Phool Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || [[Vijay Singh Panwar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[Vikram Singh Negi]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || [[Vijay Singh Panwar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Vikram Singh Negi]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Pratapnagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vikram Singh Negi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,131 |percentage=44.67% |change={{increase}}12.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vijay Singh Panwar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,790 |percentage=39.21% |change={{increase}}2.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pankaj Vyas |party=Independent politician |votes=4,842 |percentage=11.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sagar Singh Bhandari |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=895 |percentage=2.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=691 |percentage=1.61% |change={{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaipal Singh Rana |party=Independent politician |votes=262 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,341 |percentage=5.47% |change= {{increase}}0.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,823 |percentage=49.81% |change= {{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,980 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Pratapnagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vijay Singh Panwar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,058 |percentage=36.42% |change={{increase}}6.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vikram Singh Negi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,119 |percentage=31.73% |change={{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajeshwar Prasad Painuly |party=Indian Business Party |votes=5,594 |percentage=13.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Murari Lal Khandwal |party=Independent politician |votes=3,774 |percentage=9.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pankaj Vyas |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,078 |percentage=2.61% |change={{decrease}}5.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijaypal Singh Rawat |party=Independent politician |votes=1,025 |percentage=2.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=556 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Singh Negi |party=Independent politician |votes=503 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kedar Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=316 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanak Pal Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=307 |percentage=0.74% |change={{decrease}}7.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,939 |percentage=4.69% |change= {{increase}}3.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,341 |percentage=51.24% |change= {{decrease}}1.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,678 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Pratapnagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vikram Singh Negi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,135 |percentage=31.30% |change={{increase}}3.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vijay Singh Panwar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,593 |percentage=29.91% |change={{decrease}}5.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajeshwar Prasad Painuly |party=Independent politician |votes=7,927 |percentage=20.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramchandra Singh Bisht |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=3,282 |percentage=8.47% |change={{decrease}}0.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devi Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,007 |percentage=7.76% |change={{increase}}6.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=729 |percentage=1.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=542 |percentage=1.40% |change= {{decrease}}6.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,766 |percentage=53.08% |change= {{decrease}}4.35 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,031 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Pratapnagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vijay Singh Panwar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,587 |percentage=35.71% |change={{increase}}14.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phool Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,943 |percentage=28.21% |change={{decrease}}2.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajeshwar Prasad Painuly |party=Independent politician |votes=4,048 |percentage=11.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chandra Singh |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=3,246 |percentage=9.21% |change={{increase}}5.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,359 |percentage=3.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandeep Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=954 |percentage=2.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitendra Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=901 |percentage=2.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Badri Prasad |party=Bharatiya Jan Shakti |votes=893 |percentage=2.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumer Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=541 |percentage=1.54% |change={{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rukam Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=450 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sabbal Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=322 |percentage=0.91% |change={{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,644 |percentage=7.50% |change= {{increase}}3.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,244 |percentage=57.52% |change= {{increase}}2.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,362 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Pratapnagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Phool Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,517 |percentage=30.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vijay Singh Panwar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=9,128 |percentage=26.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lt. Col. Pitamber Dutt Kuriyal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,076 |percentage=20.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Singh Rana |party=Independent politician |votes=2,160 |percentage=6.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kripal Singh Chauhan |party=Uttarakhand Janwadi Party |votes=1,369 |percentage=4.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Trivendra Singh Panwar |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,361 |percentage=3.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rukam Singh Pokhriyal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=636 |percentage=1.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sabbal Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=453 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Dutt Nautiyal |party=Independent politician |votes=442 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh Kharola |party=Independent politician |votes=385 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=319 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,389 |percentage=4.07% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,112 |percentage=54.73% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,328 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}
* {{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}
* [http://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/RESULTS_2012_Uttarakhand_State.pdf RESULTS 2012 Uttarakhand State]
* [http://www.elections.in/uttarakhand/assembly-constituencies/purola.html Purola (Uttarakhand) Elections 2022 Results]

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|30.51|78.50|display=title}}

[[Category:Tehri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

C. Govinda Panicker

2026-04-19T01:11:31Z

Augustine V. Williams: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = C. Govinda Panicker
| image =
| office1 = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1965
| term_end1 = 1977
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = [[K. Sukumaranunni]]
| constituency1 = [[Sreekrishnapuram Assembly constituency|Sreekrishnapuram]]
| spouse = K. P. Parukutty Pisharassiar
| children = 1
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1928}}
| birth_place = [[Malabar District|Malabar]], [[British India]] (present-day Northern [[Palakkad]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2004|5|9|1928}}
| death_place = [[Palakkad]], Kerala
}}
'''C. Govinda Panicker''' (1928 - 9 May 2004) also known as '''C. G. Panicker''' was a politician from [[Kerala]], India, who represented [[Sreekrishnapuram Assembly constituency]] in the 3rd and 4th [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] as a candidate of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. Panicker has won the first three elections since the formation of the Srikrishnapuram constituency in 1965. He was elected to the Kerala Assembly in 1965, 1967 and 1971 elections.<ref name="niyamasabha" />

==Biography==
C. Govinda Panicker was born on 1928 in a [[Malabar District|Malabar Nair]] family.<ref name="niyamasabha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m202.htm|title=C Govinda Panicker}}</ref> His wife is from [[Ambalavasi]] community, K. P. Parukutty Pisharassiar, they have one daughter.<ref name="niyamasabha"/> He died on May 9, 2004, at Palakkad, Kerala.<ref name="TOI"/>

==Political career==
Govinda Panicker who was an active member of [[Indian independence movement]], joined [[Indian National Congress]] party in 1949.<ref name="niyamasabha"/> He left Congress party in 1952 and joined the [[Communist Party of India]], and after the split of Communist Party of India in 1964, He became member of Communist Party of India (Marxist).<ref name="niyamasabha"/> When the [[Communist Marxist Party]] (CMP) was formed in 1986, he left the CPI (M) and joined the CMP, where he served as the party's Palakkad district secretary.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=Former MLA Panicker passes away {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Former-MLA-Panicker-passes-away/articleshow/668372.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Panicker, who served as the secretary of Palghat District Karshaka Sanghom (agricultural workers' union), was active in organizing agricultural workers in the district.<ref name="niyamasabha"/>

===Electoral politics===
Govinda Panicker represented [[Sreekrishnapuram Assembly constituency]] in 3rd and 4th [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] as a candidate of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref name="niyamasabha"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panicker, C. Govinda}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1970–1977]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]]

National Institute of Open Schooling

2026-04-18T22:44:22Z

Augustine V. Williams: quick adjusted citations after review also and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|School education board in India}}
{{other uses of|NIOS}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = National Institute of Open Schooling
| native_name = राष्ट्रीय मुक्त विद्यालयी शिक्षा संस्थान
| native_name_lang = hi
| logo_caption = official [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]] of The NIOS Board
| image =
| image_size =
| abbreviation = NIOS
| former_name = National Open School
| caption = NIOS logo
| formation = {{start date and age |1989|11|12}}
| logo = [[File:Logo of National Institute of Open Schooling.svg|120px]]
| type = [[State school|National]], [[Board of Open Schooling and Skill Education|Open Schooling]]
| status = Active
| headquarters =
| membership =
| language = *Hindi
*English
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Dr. Akhilesh Mishra<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-22 |title=Professor Akhilesh Mishra takes charge as Chairman of NIOS |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/professor-akhilesh-mishra-takes-charge-as-chairman-of-nios-10142480/ |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=TheIndianExpress |language=en}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = Director
| leader_name2 = Dr. Rajiv Kumar Singh
| parent_organisation = [[Ministry of Education (India)]]
| num_students = 112,000+ (2024)
| website = {{URL|https://nios.ac.in|nios.ac.in}}
}}

The '''National Institute of Open Schooling''' ('''NIOS''') ({{langx|hi|राष्ट्रीय मुक्त विद्यालयी शिक्षा संस्थान}}), formerly '''National Open School''' is a national level board of education in India, controlled and managed by the [[Government of India]]. It was established by the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] (formerly the Ministry of Human Resource Development) of the Government of India in 1989.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nos.org/ |title=National Institute of Open Schooling |publisher=Nos.org |date=2012-02-19 |access-date=2012-03-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307234746/http://nos.org/ |archive-date=7 March 2012 }}</ref>

The NIOS operates through a network of five departments, 23 regional centres, two sub-regional centres, two NIOS cells, and more than 7,400 study centres (AIs/AVIs) across India and abroad. It is recognized as the largest open schooling system in the world, with a cumulative enrolment of over 4.13 million learners during the last five years.

Between 2004 and 2009, NIOS recorded a cumulative enrolment of about 1.5 million students at the secondary and senior secondary levels, and it continues to enrol around 350,000 learners annually. NIOS functions as an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Education, Government of India, similar in status to other national educational boards such as the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE).

==International collaboration and overseas centres==
The NIOS collaborates with the [[Commonwealth of Learning]] (COL) and [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nos.org/ictos.htm#Objectives |title=International Centre for Training in Open Schooling |publisher=Nos.org |date=1945-11-16 |access-date=2012-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225130702/http://www.nos.org/ictos.htm#Objectives |archive-date=25 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It also has study centres for Indian expatriates in [[Bahrain]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Oman]], [[Kuwait]], [[Nepal]], [[Canada]], [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]], [[Australia]], [[United Kingdom]], [[New Zealand]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]] and the [[United States of America]].<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/25204180.cms
| first1=Pallavi
| last1=Majumdar Sahil
| title = Open school for UAE expats
| work = The Times of India
| date = 15 October 2002
| access-date = 2013-07-09
}}</ref>

==Courses offered==
NIOS offer the following courses:<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.nios.ac.in/about-us/profile.aspx}}</ref>
* Open Basic Education (OBE) Programme for 14+ years age group (adolescents and adults) that are equivalent to classes of the formal school system
** Level A - Equivalent to Class III
** Level B - Equivalent to Class V
** Level C - Equivalent to Class VIII
** Secondary Course—Equivalent to class X
** Senior Secondary Course—Equivalent to class XII
* [[Vocational Education]] Courses
* Life enrichment programmes
* [[Teacher Eligibility Test|D.EL.ED. course]]
* Secondary and Senior Secondary Courses for students at the [[Industrial Training Institute]]
* [[Indian Sign Language]] as a subject at the Secondary Level for Children with Hearing Impairment (Deafness), since 2021.

==Examinations==
The public examinations are held twice a year in April–May and October–November on dates fixed by the NIOS. However, one is also eligible (If he/she is registered under Stream 1,3 and 4) to appear through the On-Demand Examinations at Secondary (10th) and Senior Secondary (12th). On Demand Exams are held through the year except for April–May and Oct–Nov i.e. when public exams are going on, ODE isn't held.

Results of the public examinations and on demand are usually announced seven weeks after the last date of examinations.

== Organization & Administration ==
The NIOS is organized as an autonomous education board under the Ministry of Education. The organization is overseen by an Executive Board including staff from the MoE, Directors responsible for sectors of the NIOS mission (Academic, Vocational, Student Support Services and Evaluation), as well as a Secretary and Chairman. The current Chairman is Dr. Akhilesh Mishra.<ref>{{cite web |title=NIOS Staff list |url=https://www.nios.ac.in/about-us/staff-list.aspx |website=nios.ac.in |publisher=NIOS |access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref>

Programs are delivered through a network of centres across India, including:
*regional centres in Allahabad, Bhopal, Chandigarh, Delhi, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kolkata, Kochi, Patna, Pune, Dehradun, Bhubaneswar, Bengaluru, Gandhinagar, Raipur, Chennai, Ranchi, Dhramshala, Vishakapatnam, Sikkim, Amethi.
*sub-regional centres in Darbhanga and Kota
*3,530 Accredited Institutions (AIs) for academic courses
*1,379 Accredited Vocational Institutions (AVIs) for vocational education courses
*1,313 Accredited Agencies (AAs) for Open Basic Education<ref>{{cite web |title=At A Glance: the National Institute for Open Schooling |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401134923/https://www.nios.ac.in/about-us/at-a-glance.aspx}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==

# [[Mary Kom]], a former Indian [[Amateur boxing|Olympic boxer]]
# [[Kavya Madhavan]], an Indian actress

==See also==
* [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (IGNOU)
* [[Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh]] (UP Board), India
* [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), India
* [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE), India (ICSE and ISC examinations are conducted by CISCE)
* [[Indian School Certificate]] (ISC), India
* [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE), India
* [[Secondary School Leaving Certificate]] (SSLC)
* [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] (WBBSE), India
* [[Board of Secondary Education, Madhya Pradesh]] (MPBSE), India
* [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] (MSBSHSE), India
°

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{School education in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:School qualifications]]
[[Category:Distance education in India]]
[[Category:School boards in India]]
[[Category:Educational testing and assessment organizations]]
[[Category:High school course levels]]
[[Category:Ministry of Education (India)]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian educational websites]]

Mandrem Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:29:33Z

Augustine V. Williams: creating!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Goa State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mandrem
| mla = [[Jit Arolkar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Goa]]
| district = [[North Goa district|North Goa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa]]
| established = 1963
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:32732}}<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|5}}
| type= SLA | constituency_no =1
| map_image = File:Mandrem constitution.svg
}}

'''Mandrem Assembly constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Goa]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |pp=110–114 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3862-goa-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2017 |access-date= 7 June 2021}}</ref> Mandrem is also one of the 20 constituencies falling under [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency]].

It is part of [[North Goa district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandrem (Goa) Election Results 2017, Winner, Runner-up and MLA Candidates |url=https://www.elections.in/goa/assembly-constituencies/mandrem.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1963]]
| [[Vijay Kamulkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
|[[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Anthony de Souza (politician)|Anthony de Souza]]
|-
|[[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Dayanand Bandodkar]]
|-
|1974^
|rowspan=5| [[Ramakant Khalap]]
|-
|[[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
|[[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| [[Sangeeta Parab]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[Ramakant Khalap]]
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|-
|[[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|rowspan=3| [[Laxmikant Parsekar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan=2|[[Dayanand Sopte]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2019^
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Jit Arolkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|}
^ by-election

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandrem<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/ELECTION/Voter%20Turnout%20GE-2022.pdf |title=General Elections 2022 to Goa Legislatie Assembly - AC wise Voter Turnout |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jit Arolkar]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=10,387 |percentage=35.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanand Sopte]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,672 |percentage=32.92% |change={{decrease}}15.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxmikant Parsekar |party=Independent politician |votes=5,811 |percentage=19.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deepak Bhalchandra Kalangutkar |party=Goa Forward Party |votes=1,676 |percentage=5.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunayana Rajanikant Gawde |party=Revolutionary Goans Party |votes=1,219 |percentage=4.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prasad K. Shahapurkar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=268 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=261 |percentage=0.89% |change={{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satish Sitaram Shetgaonkar |party=Independent politician |votes=184 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=715 |percentage=2.43% |change= {{decrease}}12.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,382 |percentage=90.89% |change= {{increase}}3.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,732 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}13.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 elections in India#Goa|2019 Goa Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Mandrem<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/appln/uil/Form20n21.aspx?UOlevK=UfQS%2fyfGZHo%3d|title=Form 21E - Return of Election|access-date=22 January 2025|archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanand Sopte]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,468 |percentage=48.65% |change={{increase}}15.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jit Arolkar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=9,343 |percentage=33.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babi Shiva Ba Kar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,239 |percentage=15.31% |change={{decrease}}43.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swaroo Jaidev Naik |party=Goa Suraksha Manch |votes=632 |percentage=2.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=446 |percentage=1.61% |change={{increase}}0.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,125 |percentage=14.90% |change= {{decrease}}10.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,682 |percentage=86.09% |change= {{decrease}}3.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,153 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandrem<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanand Sopte]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,490 |percentage=58.96% |change={{increase}}26.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Laxmikant Parsekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,371 |percentage=33.51% |change={{decrease}}12.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shridhar Ladu Manjrekar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=678 |percentage=2.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devendra Krishnaji Prabhu Parsekar Desai |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=620 |percentage=2.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=415 |percentage=1.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra M. Satelkar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=234 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,119 |percentage=25.46% |change= {{increase}}12.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,966 |percentage=89.15% |change= {{increase}}0.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,369 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}12.86 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandrem<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Goa|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Laxmikant Parsekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,955 |percentage=46.11% |change={{increase}}10.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanand Sopte]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,520 |percentage=32.86% |change={{increase}}7.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sameer Salgaocar |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=4,591 |percentage=17.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Menino Francis Monteiro |party=Goa Vikas Party |votes=295 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Prabhu Dessai |party=Independent politician |votes=292 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Damu Kole |party=Samajwadi Janata Party (ChandraShekhar) |votes=275 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,435 |percentage=13.25% |change= {{increase}}2.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,928 |percentage=88.43% |change= {{increase}}8.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,364 |ref = |change= {{increase}}42.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}10.57 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandrem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007042153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Laxmikant Parsekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,858 |percentage=35.54% |change={{decrease}}3.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramakant Khalap]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,148 |percentage=25.17% |change={{decrease}}7.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manjrekar Shridhar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,542 |percentage=15.42% |change={{increase}}13.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sangeeta Gopal Parab |party=Independent politician |votes=1,949 |percentage=11.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Palyekar Pradip Dattaram |party=Independent politician |votes=849 |percentage=5.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devendra Deshprabhu |party=Independent politician |votes=679 |percentage=4.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Monteiro Menino Francis |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=458 |percentage=2.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,710 |percentage=10.37% |change= {{increase}}4.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,483 |percentage=80.14% |change= {{increase}}1.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,602 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.84 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandrem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007072027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Laxmikant Parsekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,955 |percentage=39.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khalap Ramakant |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,047 |percentage=33.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parab Sangeeta Gopal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,958 |percentage=19.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bagkar Anil Shiva |party=Shiv Sena |votes=652 |percentage=4.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gawandi Hanumant Ganesh |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=345 |percentage=2.26% |change={{decrease}}37.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Louis Lawrence Fernandes |party=Independent politician |votes=165 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mhamal Ashok Dhaku |party=Independent politician |votes=128 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=908 |percentage=5.95% |change= {{decrease}}2.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,250 |percentage=78.38% |change= {{increase}}5.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,466 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandrem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007115355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramakant Khalap]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=5,401 |percentage=39.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parab Sangeeta Gopal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,219 |percentage=30.94% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parsekar Laximikant Yeshwant |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,017 |percentage=22.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vengurlekar Anant Mahadev |party=Independent politician |votes=372 |percentage=2.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Poke Yeshwant Laxman |party=Shiv Sena |votes=243 |percentage=1.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Poke Govind Sadashiv |party=Independent politician |votes=154 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashalkar Vishnu Vithal |party=Independent politician |votes=133 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,182 |percentage=8.67% |change= {{increase}}4.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,638 |percentage=73.32% |change= {{decrease}}3.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,601 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandrem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006094522/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Parab Sangeeta Gopal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,989 |percentage=50.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khalap Ramakant Dattaram |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=6,356 |percentage=45.58% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jadhav Chandrakant Sakharam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=290 |percentage=2.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Bapla Raya |party=Independent politician |votes=204 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=633 |percentage=4.54% |change= {{decrease}}5.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,945 |percentage=78.03% |change= {{decrease}}1.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,072 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.49 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandrem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006124346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramakant Khalap]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=6,900 |percentage=52.61% |change={{increase}}1.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Porobo Sangita Gopal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,619 |percentage=42.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parshekar Laxmikant Yeshwant |party=Independent politician |votes=360 |percentage=2.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parshekar Rudraji Shivram |party=Independent politician |votes=113 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaonkar Babuso Savlo |party=Independent politician |votes=99 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,281 |percentage=9.77% |change= {{decrease}}5.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,115 |percentage=78.82% |change= {{increase}}1.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,645 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{increase}}1.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandrem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramakant Khalap]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=6,652 |percentage=51.21% |change={{increase}}0.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parab Gopal Atmaram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,667 |percentage=35.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deshprabhu Rajendra Vasudev |party=Independent politician |votes=1,030 |percentage=7.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shetgaonkar Ratnakant Vishram |party=Independent politician |votes=421 |percentage=3.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harmalkar Namdev Shankar |party=Communist Party of India |votes=166 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,985 |percentage=15.28% |change= {{increase}}11.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,989 |percentage=79.39% |change= {{increase}}5.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,805 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{increase}}0.48 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandrem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramakant Khalap]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=5,703 |percentage=50.73% |change={{decrease}}5.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parab Gopal Atmaram |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=5,301 |percentage=47.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Telang Vishnu Shankar |party=Janata Party |votes=238 |percentage=2.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=402 |percentage=3.58% |change= {{decrease}}17.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,242 |percentage=73.78% |change= {{increase}}9.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,712 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.91 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandrem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramakant Khalap]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=5,394 |percentage=56.64% |change={{decrease}}16.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parab Gopal Atmaram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,375 |percentage=35.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Santan Janu Vario |party=Janata Party |votes=754 |percentage=7.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,019 |percentage=21.20% |change= {{decrease}}34.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,523 |percentage=63.62% |change= {{decrease}}8.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,267 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.87 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}16.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandrem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114075126/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanand Bandodkar]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=8,254 |percentage=72.93% |change={{increase}}1.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamulkar Vijay Maruti |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,006 |percentage=17.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Kunha S. Karidade |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=863 |percentage=7.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wadohi Bablo Laxman |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=195 |percentage=1.72% |change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,248 |percentage=55.20% |change= {{decrease}}0.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,318 |percentage=72.96% |change= {{increase}}6.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,881 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.28 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{increase}}1.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandrem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085800/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Anthony D'Souza |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=6,907 |percentage=71.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. M. Vinayak |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=1,540 |percentage=15.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. N. Mukund |party=Independent politician |votes=445 |percentage=4.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. H. Naik |party=Independent politician |votes=176 |percentage=1.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. R. Bhisu |party=Independent politician |votes=155 |percentage=1.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. N. Waman |party=Independent politician |votes=148 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. D. Y. Laxman |party=Independent politician |votes=127 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,367 |percentage=55.67% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,640 |percentage=68.85% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,942 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
* [[North Goa district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Goa Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/71-goa/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}

{{coord|15.66|73.74|display=title}}

[[Category:North Goa district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Goa]]
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]

Praful Pansheriya

2026-04-15T11:17:47Z

Augustine V. Williams: Put Up The Post Initial Version - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Praful Chhaganbhai Pansheriya
| image = Praful_Pansheriya.jpg
| caption = Pansheriya in 2023

| office = Minister of Health and Family Welfare, Medical Education and Protocol, Gujarat
| term_start = 2022

| 2blankname = Minister of Health and Family Welfare, Medical Education and Protocol (Independent Charge) 
| 2namedata =  October 2025

| 3blankname = Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs, Primary, Secondary and Adult Education, Higher Education 
| 3namedata = 12 December 2022 

| office2 = Member of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2012
| constituency2 = [[Kamrej Assembly constituency|Kamrej]]

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1971|6|1}}
| birth_place = Shedhavadar, Mota Liliya, [[Amreli]], [[Gujarat]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| education = M.A. (Political Science) M.A.(sociology), Veer Narmad South Gujarat University;
| spouse = Gita Pansheriya
| children = [[Vivek Pansheriya]]

| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]]
}}

'''Praful Chhaganbhai Pansheriya''' (born 1 June 1971) is an Indian politician from Gujarat. He is currently serving as the Minister of Health and Family Welfare, Medical Education and Protocol in the Government of Gujarat, holding independent charge. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Kamrej Assembly constituency]] and is affiliated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].His work during covid-19 was remarkably appreciated <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamrej Election Result 2022 Live Updates: Praful Pansheriya Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/kamrej-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562861.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=News18 |date=8 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="cabinet">https://gad.gujarat.gov.in/personnel/council-of-ministers-new.htm |title=Gujarat Cabinet Expansion |url= |publisher= |date= |access-date=}}</ref>

He has previously served as Minister of State handling portfolios including Parliamentary Affairs, Primary, Secondary and Adult Education, and Higher Education in the Government of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2022-12-12 |title=Gujarat: Bhupendra Patel's 2.0 team of cabinet ministers. Check full list |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/gujarat-bhupendra-patel-s-team-of-cabinet-ministers-check-full-list-11670836428590.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=www.livemint.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-12 |title=Profiles of ministers in new BJP government in Gujarat headed by Bhupendra Patel |url=https://theprint.in/india/profiles-of-ministers-in-new-bjp-government-in-gujarat-headed-by-bhupendra-patel/1262051/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Chief Minister Allots Portfolios To Team After Grand Oath Ceremony |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gujarat-chief-minister-bhupendra-patel-allots-portfolios-to-team-after-grand-oath-ceremony-3601127 |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Awards==
*'Best Youth Social Worker' (Year-2004) by Nehru Vikas Kendra-Delhi {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
*'National Award for Excellence in Social Service' by International Organization UNO {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
*'Limca Book of World Record' for successful organization of seven (7) day Akhand Blood Donation Camp {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]

Anyar (film)

2026-04-12T13:02:47Z

Augustine V. Williams: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Anyar
| image =
| caption =
| director =[[Lenin Rajendran]]
| producer =[[Hari Kumar (director)|Hari Kumar]]
| writer =
| starring = [[Jyothirmayi]] [[Biju Menon]]
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing = [[B. Ajithkumar]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|9|19}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Anyar''''' is a [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] language film of India. It was released on 19 September 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/anyar-review-malayalam-pclvtOceeejjd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722044502/http://www.sify.com/movies/anyar-review-malayalam-pclvtOceeejjd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 July 2017|title=Anyar|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> The film deals with the hot topic of communal polarisation in Kerala. The film stars [[Jyothirmayi]] and [[Biju Menon]]

== Plot ==
Sooraj and Razia are college mates. Some incidents make them fall for each other and both of them end up spending the night together. After that, they start facing social problems because of their different religions. Razia becomes a journalist and Sooraj becomes a film maker. At one point, both of them break up and Razia, who arrives at Sooraj's house to apologize, is shocked to see Sooraj making out with another girl. After some years both of them get reunited.

== Cast ==
*[[Jyothirmayi]] as Raziya
*[[Biju Menon]] as Sooraj
*[[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Raghavan
*[[Rati Agnihotri]] as Kamala

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0377382}}

[[Category:2003 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Lenin Rajendran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mohan Sithara]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Sibpur S.S.P.S Vidyalaya

2026-04-12T08:25:13Z

Augustine V. Williams:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Sibpur Srimat Swami Projnanananda Saraswati Vidyalaya
| logo = [[File:Logo of Sibpur S.S.P.S. Vidyalaya.png|Official Logo of Sibpur S.S.P.S Vidyalaya|200px]]
| caption = Sibpur
| motto =
| location = 78/8 College Road
| postal_code = 711103
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.559358|N|88.310359|E|region:IN_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| established = 1 January 1950
| founder = Shri Yogesh Chandra Mukhopadhyay
| affiliation = [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education|WBBSE]] & [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education|WBCHSE]]
| code =
| type = Higher Secondary school
| language = Bengali
| grades = [[Fifth grade|V]] to [[Twelfth grade|XII]]
| gender = Boys
| school_code = F1-134, 106078
| colors = {{color box|white|border=darkgray}} [[White (color)|White]] {{color box|black|border=darkgray}} [[Black (color)|Black]] {{color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} [[Navy blue]]
| houses = Red, Blue, Green, Yellow
| information =
| website = {{URL| https://www.facebook.com/projnanananda}}
}}

'''Sibpur Srimat Swami Prajnanananda Saraswati Vidyalaya''' known as '''Sibpur S.S.P.S Vidyalaya''' is a [[Bengali (language)|Bengali-medium]], Government-sponsored, [[higher secondary]] school located in [[Howrah]], affiliated under the [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education|WBBSE]] and the [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education|WBCHSE]].

The school was named after famous Indian nationalist and monk [[Prajnanananda Saraswati|Swami Prajnanananda Saraswati]] and was established in the year of 1950 by ''Shri Yogesh Chandra Mukhopadhyay'', one of the disciples of [[Prajnanananda Saraswati]]. The school is situated in 78/8 College Road, Howrah<ref>[https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Srimat+Swami+Projnanananda+Saraswati+Vidyalaya/@22.5590235,88.3103041,18z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0000000000000000:0x20ed177668f09f9b?hl=en Srimat Swami Projnananda Saraswati Vidyalaya at Google Maps]</ref> near the landmark [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden]].<ref>[http://places.wonobo.com/kolkata/shibpur-s-s-p-s-vidyalaya/393642 places.wonobo.com/ Sibpur S.S.P.S. Vidyalaya]</ref>

==History==

This institution was established in early post-independence era. In the year 1953 the school switched from its initial address at ''Haru Mistri lane, Howrah'' to its present address. The present school building was built in 1952. '''Shri Yogesh Chandra Mukhopadhyay''' (Bengali: শ্রী যোগেশচন্দ্র মুখোপাধ্যায়), the founder of the school also known as Dadu by the then students, contributed his personal land for the school building purpose. He was elected the first Secretary of the Managing Committee of the school. In 1954, the school was officially acknowledged by the Government.
[[File:Jogesh_Chandra_Mukherjee,_Discple_of_Swami_Pragyananda.png|thumb|Jogesh Chandra Mukherjee, Discple of [[Prajnanananda Saraswati|Swami Prajnanananda]].]]
In the beginning days, the institution provided education up to grade VI, which was extended up to [[grade ten|grade X]] in 1955; the school introduced herself as a Secondary School. Higher Secondary section to 11th standard was included later in 1962 and in 1977 this institution received permission for conducting Higher Secondary Examination following a 10+2 curriculum. The school's first Higher Secondary Examination held in 1979.

==Campus==

There is a rectangular playground at the centre of the school. North and west side of the playground is adjacent to two three-storied buildings lying perpendicular to each other. One is the main building, constructed in 1952 and the other building was built in the 1990s. At the south end of the ground there is a school auditorium named ‘Surendra Mancha’, which was built in 1981. There is also a primary section of this school named Bharadwaj Shikshasram (Bengali: ভরদ্বাজ শিক্ষাশ্রম).

== Students ==

Sibpur S.S.P.S. Vidyalaya has around 1000 students in attendance. Each class is separated between two or three sections i.e. A, B and C and each of which contain around average 50 students. Class XI and XII are divided into three 'streams' known as Science, Arts (Humanities) and Commerce.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150209133636/http://www.schoolspedia.com/website/sibpur-srimat-swami-projnanananda-saraswati-vidyalaya-howrah Sibpur S.S.P.S. Vidyalaya on www.schoolpedia.com]}}</ref>

== Uniform ==

There is an assortment of school uniforms, for different classes. The uniform is not different from the Secondary or Higher Secondary sections. In the former years the school uniform included [[White]] (e.g. {{Color box|white|border=darkgray}} ) pants, which was changed to [[black]] (e.g. {{Color box|Black|border=darkgray}} ) in later years.

''White shirts'' with the school emblem on the pocket, ''black pants'' and a ''black school shoe''. A ''navy blue sweater'' is additional for winter. From class VII to XII black full-pants is compulsory.

== Emblem ==
[[File:Main building of ssps.jpg|thumb|main building of ssps|400px]]
The logo or emblem of the institution is knitted in a square piece of cloth and includes the school name, year of establishment and the motto: 'শ্রদ্ধাবান্ লভতে জ্ঞানম' ; this Sanskrit phrase denotes that the most credited or honoured person attains the knowledge.<ref>{{citation | contribution = শ্রদ্ধাবান্ লভতে জ্ঞানম |url = https://www.facebook.com/pages/শ্রীমদ্ভগবদ্গীতা-বাংলা-Sri-Madbhagabat-Gita-Bangla/1421373068081924?fref=nf | title = শ্লোক-৩৯, চতুর্থ অধ্যায়, জ্ঞানযোগ, শ্রীমদ্ভগবদ্গীতা }}</ref> There are four color schemes in the emblem of the institution. Each of them depicts a house from the following four houses. The houses and their respective colors are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl. No- !! House Name !! House Color !! Badge Picture
|-
|align="center"| 1 ||align="center"| Projnanananda House ||align="center"| Red || [[File:Red badge of ssps.jpg|red ssps|100px]]
|-
|align="center"| 2 ||align="center"| Yogesh Chandra House (founder) ||align="center"| Blue || [[File:Blue badge of ssps.jpg|blue ssps|100px]]
|-
|align="center"| 3 ||align="center"| Vidyasagar House ||align="center"| Green || [[File:Green badge of ssps.jpg|green ssps|100px]]
|-
|align="center"| 4 ||align="center"| Vivekananda House ||align="center"| Yellow || [[File:Yellow badge of ssps.jpg|yellow ssps|100px]]
|}
This color sequence recycles after every fourth roll number. The Vidyasagar House was previously named Jogiraj House, after Sri Shyamacharan Lahiri.

==School anthem==

School begins with the prayer song [[Jana Gana Mana]], preceded by the recitation of a short Sanskrit shloka. The shloka is the No. 9 principle of 'Taittirīya' (Bengali: তৈত্তিরীয়) Upanishads. Through this mantra it is prayed that:

:''"The Brahma would protect both the Acharya or teacher and disciples. Let us enjoy both equally fruit of wisdom; both of us can afford to be competent for acquiring knowledge. Let our study be effective, let our received erudition be successful. We do not let hatred for one another. Our spiritual, psychic and elemental - the three Peace let be satisfied."''

===Original Shloka===
<poem>
ॐ সহনাববতু সহ নৌ ভুনক্তু সহ বীর্যং করবাবহৈ ...
তেজস্বিনাবধীতমস্তু মা বিদ্বিষাবহৈ ...
ॐ শান্তিঃ শান্তিঃ শান্তিঃ ...
</poem>

===Translation===
<poem>
Om sahanababatu saha nou bhunaktu sahabirjang karababahai ...
Tejaswinabadhitamastu ma bidbishabahai ...
Om Shanti Shanti Shanti ...
</poem>

==Headmasters==

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
#Makhanlal Chattopadhyay (1950-1956)
#Chandrakumar Chakraborty (1956-1957)
#Satyendranath Bose (1957-1960)
#Manmathnath Dhar (1960-1961)
#Amarnath Ghose (1961-1967)
#Biresh Chandra Chakraborty (1967-1974)
#Umashankar Ganguly (1974-1991)
#Subodh Gopal Dhar Chakraborty (1991-2009)
#Rajib Bandyopadhyay (2014-Present)
}}

==Notable alumni==
*Dr. Ramendra Lal Mukherjee (scientist and inventor with 30+ international patents)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Abhijit|date=7 March 2021|title=Meet the Serial inventor from Kolkata|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/meet-the-serial-inventor-from-kolkata|access-date=26 May 2021|website=National Herald|language=en}}</ref>
*Dr. Prabodh Gopal Dhar Chakraborty (retired IAS officer)
*[[Bikramjit Basu|Dr. Bikramjit Basu]] (recipient of [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] in Engineering Science, 2013)
*[[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]] ([[Indian Bengali]] poet and filmmaker)
*Avik Sarkar (Bengali writer known for his mystery, horror novels)

==See also==
* [[List of schools in Howrah]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Howrah district]]
[[Category:Education in Howrah]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1950]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in West Bengal]]

Ashok Kumar Gupta

2026-04-08T04:55:16Z

Augustine V. Williams: bio.

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashok Kumar Gupta
| office = Chair of the [[Competition Commission of India]]
| predecessor = Devender Kumar Sikri
| term_start = 12 November 2018
| term_end = 25 October 2022
| successor = Ravneet Kaur
| education = [[Delhi University]] (Mechanical Engineering) [[Syracuse University]] (M.P.A.) [[Madras University]] (M.Phil)
| profession = Civil Servant
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|10|26}}
| spouse = Dr. Priti Gupta
| children = Smriti Agarwal & Apoorv Gupta
| image = Ashok Kumar Gupta (2019).jpg
}}

'''Ashok Kumar Gupta''' (Hindi: अशोक कुमार गुप्ता) (born 26 October 1957) is a retired Indian civil servant belonging to 1981 batch of [[Indian Administrative Service]]. He served as the [[Chairperson]] of the [[Competition Commission of India]] and prior to that he was the [[Secretary]] to the [[Government of India]] in the Department of [[Defense (military)|Defence]] Production; CMD, [[Tamil Nadu]] Cements; Special Secretary (Finance), Government of [[Tamil Nadu]]; and District Magistrate, Villupuram (Tamil Nadu). He also served on the Boards of Central and State PSUs such as Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd., Heavy Engineering Corporation, and Tamil Nadu Cements.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Commission |url=https://www.cci.gov.in/commission |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511121913/http://www.cci.gov.in:80/commission |archive-date=2016-05-11 |website=[[Competition Commission of India]]}}</ref> Gupta has contributed to the formulation of the Centre's Automobile Policy, Prime Minister’s Rojgar Yojana, and ‘Make’ Procedure in defence procurement.

== Education ==
Gupta has a degree in Mechanical Engineering from Delhi University. Subsequently, he received a Master of Public Administration (M.P.A.) from Syracuse University (USA). Gupta’s Master’s project on "Regulatory Framework for Health Care Organisations in India", contributed to the Central Government’s decision in enacting of the Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act, 2010.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Ashok |date=1984-01-01 |title=A Study Of R&D/Marketing Interface And Innovation Success In High Technology Firms |url=https://surface.syr.edu/busad_etd/65 |journal=Business Administration - Dissertations}}</ref> Gupta received his M.Phil. in Defence and Strategic Studies from the Madras University.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
* Chairperson, Competition Commission of India
* Chairperson, National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA)
* Hony. Chairman, Forum of Indian Regulators (FOIR)

=== As an IAS Officer ===
Gupta served in the following posts:

* Secretary, Department of Defence Production, Government of India;
* Additional/Special Secretary, Department of Defence Production, Government of India;
* Joint Secretary, Department of Defence, Government of India;
* Joint Secretary. & Sr. Directing Staff, National Defence College;
* Chairman & Managing Director, Tamil Nadu Cements;
* Special Secretary, Finance, Government of Tamil Nadu;
* Joint Secretary, Department of Health, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India;
* Director, Department of Heavy Industry, Government of India;
* Director, Department of Small Scale Industries, Ministry of Industry, Government of India;
* Deputy Chairman, Chennai Port Trust;
* Additional Secretary/Special Secretary, Prohibition & Excise, Government of Tamil Nadu; and
* Managing Director, Tamil Nadu Steels.

=== Competition Commission of India (CCI) ===
Gupta was appointed chairperson of the Competition Commission of India (CCI) on 12 November 2018<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ashok Kumar Gupta appointed as the chairman of Competition Commission of India |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/ashok-kumar-gupta-appointed-as-the-chairman-of-competition-commission-of-india/articleshow/66560757.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2021-09-24}}</ref> and has focused on reinforcing the Commission’s enforcement and advocacy actions in digital markets<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-15 |title=Ashok Kumar Gupta: 'Concentration of power by itself not a concern … CCI can see if dominance abused or not' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/ashok-kumar-gupta-concentration-of-power-by-itself-not-a-concern-cci-can-see-if-dominance-abused-or-not-7146664/ |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Ashok Kumar |date=2021-04-13 |title=The Year Gone By… Competition Law in the Time of a Pandemic – Some Reflections |url=https://www.competitionpolicyinternational.com/the-year-gone-by-competition-law-in-the-time-of-a-pandemic-some-reflections/ |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=Competition Policy International |language=en-US}}</ref> and responding to the disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regulating competition in times of Covid-19 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/regulating-competition-in-times-of-covid-19/2105885/ |website=Financialexpress |date=15 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Chairperson, National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA) ===
Gupta held the additional charge of Chairperson, National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA) from 1 October 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2021 |title=Office Order |url=https://nfra.gov.in/sites/default/files/Extension%20of%20CP.pdf}}</ref> to 31 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-30 |title=CCI Chairman Gupta to be NFRA chief for three months: MCA |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/cci-chairman-gupta-to-be-nfra-chief-for-three-months-mca/article36757430.ece |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Hony. Chairman, Forum of Indian Regulators (FOIR) ===
Gupta held the position of Hony. Chairman of the Forum of Indian Regulators (FOIR) from 01.10.2021 to 25.10.2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forum of Indian Regulators - Profile |url=http://foir-india.org/profile.php |website=foir-india.org}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Ashok Kumar}}
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Syracuse University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the National Defence College, India]]

List of accolades received by Jigarthanda (2014 film)

2026-04-07T06:17:33Z

Augustine V. Williams: details

{{short description|None}}

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of accolades received by ''Jigarthanda'' (2014 film)}}
{| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+List of accolades received by ''Jigarthanda''
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 200
| image1 = Bobby Simha at Urumeen Audio Launch .jpg
}} [[Bobby Simha]] received several awards and nominations for his performance in the film.
|-
| colspan="3" |
{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;"
! colspan="3" style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;" |Accolades
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center; text-align:center;"
|'''Award'''
| style="background:#cec; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;" |'''Won'''
| style="background:#fcd; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;" |'''Nominated'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |
; [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|2}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |
; [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |
; [[Filmfare Awards South]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |
; [[National Film Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|2}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |
; [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
|{{won|4}}
|{{nom|4}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |
; [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|7}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |
; [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |
; [[Vijay Awards]]
|{{won|5}}
|{{nom|9}}
|}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |
; Total number of awards and nominations{{efn|Awards in certain categories do not have prior nominations and only winners are announced by the jury. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination.}}
|-
|{{won|'''Totals'''}}
|{{won|'''17'''}}
|{{nom|'''27'''}}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| colspan="3" style="font-size: smaller; text-align:center;" |References]]
|}
''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' ({{translation|Cold hearted}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime film]] written and directed by [[Karthik Subbaraj]], and produced by S. Kathiresan of Group Company. The film stars [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 March 2014 |title=Siddharth sheds boy-next-door image in 'Jigarthanda' |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/mar/05/siddharth-sheds-boy-next-door-image-in-jigarthanda-582610.html |url-status=live |access-date=5 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805051445/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/mar/05/Siddharth-Sheds-Boy-Next-Door-Image-in-Jigarthanda-582610.html |archive-date=5 August 2021}}</ref> and [[Bobby Simha]] in leading roles,<ref name="Karthik Int Jig Mad">{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=8 March 2014 |title=Gangs of Madurai |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/gangs-of-madurai/article5764144.ece |url-status=live |access-date=10 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629105808/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/gangs-of-madurai/article5764144.ece |archive-date=29 June 2014}}</ref> with a supporting cast consists of [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]], [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] and [[Guru Somasundaram]] amongst others. The cinematography for the film is composed by [[Gavemic U. Ary]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2014 |title=An Exclusive Interview With 'Jigarthanda' Dop, Gavemic U Ary |url=https://behindwoods.com/tamil-cinematographer/gavemic-u-ary/interviews.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620194444/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-cinematographer/gavemic-u-ary/interviews.html |archive-date=20 June 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> and editing is done by [[Vivek Harshan]]. The film's [[Jigarthanda (soundtrack)|soundtrack]] and [[background score]] is composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2014 |title=A.R.Rahman likes Santhosh Narayanan's music |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/arrahman-likes-santhosh-narayanans-music-tamil-news-107736 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727071145/http://www.indiaglitz.com/arrahman-likes-santhosh-narayanans-music-tamil-news-107736 |archive-date=27 July 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}} Retrieved 10 August 2014.</ref>

Partially inspired by the [[Korean language|Korean]]-language film ''[[A Dirty Carnival]]'' (2006),<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 November 2014 |title=Southern cinema's uncredited film adaptations |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/southern-cinema-s-uncredited-film-adaptations-114111200512_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213173527/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/southern-cinema-s-uncredited-film-adaptations-114111200512_1.html |archive-date=13 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2014 |title=Southern movies inspired without credit – here's the list |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/southern-movies-inspired-without-credit-heres-list-20556 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107091359/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/southern-movies-inspired-without-credit-heres-list-20556 |archive-date=7 January 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> ''Jigarthanda'' revolves around Karthik (Siddharth) an aspring filmmaker, gets a chance to make a film based on gangsterism, in order to impress a highbrow film director, who critiqued his earlier attempts. In the process, he goes to [[Madurai]], to research about a merciless gangster named [[Assault Sethu]] (Simha), who will not hesitate to murder those who try to even write about him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karkare |first=Aakash |title=Revealed: Why Indian filmmakers love South Korean films |url=https://scroll.in/reel/809831/revealed-why-indian-filmmakers-love-south-korean-films |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107110650/https://scroll.in/reel/809831/revealed-why-indian-filmmakers-love-south-korean-films |archive-date=7 January 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]]|date=16 June 2016 }}</ref>

Released on 1 August 2014,<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 July 2014 |title=Siddharth's 'Jigarthanda' from August 1 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Siddharths-Jigarthanda-from-Aug-1/articleshow/38995593.cms |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730005430/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Siddharths-Jigarthanda-from-Aug-1/articleshow/38995593.cms |archive-date=30 July 2014}}</ref> ''Jigarthanda'' received critical acclaim from critics and audiences, who praised Subbaraj's writing and direction, the performances of the cast, particularly that of Bobby Simha, and other technical aspects: including cinematography, music, editing.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2014 |title='Jigarthanda's 'cooool' landmark |url=https://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/jigarthanda-makes-it.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922013906/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/jigarthanda-makes-it.html |archive-date=22 September 2014 |access-date=19 September 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> In addition to being a profitable venture for the exhibitors upon its theatrical run,<ref name=":1" /> the film was further deemed as one of the most technically brilliant films in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref name="IBTIMESJigarthanda">{{Cite web |last=Seshagiri, Sangeetha |date=1 August 2014 |title='Jigarthanda' Movie Review Round-up: Don't Miss It |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jigarthanda-movie-review-roundup-dont-miss-it-605884 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802222912/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jigarthanda-movie-review-roundup-dont-miss-it-605884 |archive-date=2 August 2014 |access-date=1 August 2014 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>

The film has won 16 awards from 26 nominations. In March 2015, the film received two [[National Film Awards]] for [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] (Bobby Simha) and [[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] (Vivek Harshan).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Complete List of The 62nd National Film Awards |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2015/mar/24/complete-list-of-the-62nd-national-film-awards-732858.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803101715/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2015/mar/24/Complete-List-of-The-62nd-National-Film-Awards-732858.html |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=24 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2015 |title=62nd National Film Awards: Complete list of winners |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/62nd-national-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners-977075.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803101717/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/62nd-national-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners-977075.html |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> Simha further won a [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor]], an Edison Award for Best Villain and a [[SIIMA Award]] for Best Supporting Actor, which was the only win at the [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|ceremony]] as the film received seven nominations. Simha was also nominated for Best Actor in a Negative Role at the same ceremony, but lost to [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]] for ''[[Kaththi]]''.<ref name=":0" /> It was nominated and won two categories at the [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]: Best Music Director (Santhosh Narayanan),{{efn|name=Music}} and Best Cinematographer (Gavemic U. Ary).<ref name=":2" /> The film received nine nominations at the [[9th Vijay Awards]] and won five – [[Vijay Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Karthik Subbaraj), [[Vijay Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]] (Simha), [[Vijay Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]] (Gavemic U. Ary), [[Vijay Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] (Vivek Harshan) and Best Background Score (Santhosh Narayanan).<ref name=":3" /> In July 2017, The [[Tamil Nadu government]] announced [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|State Film Awards]] for films being released in the period 2009–2014, where Simha won a [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Special Prize for Best Actor]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2017 |title=Tamil Nadu announces the State Film Awards for six consecutive years in surprise move. Here's the complete list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-announces-the-state-film-awards-for-six-consecutive-years-in-surprise-movie-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-4750350/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031172117/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-announces-the-state-film-awards-for-six-consecutive-years-in-surprise-movie-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-4750350/ |archive-date=31 October 2018 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu government announces state film awards for 2009–2014 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jul/14/tamil-nadu-government-announces-state-film-awards-for-2009-2014-1628446.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803101726/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jul/14/tamil-nadu-government-announces-state-film-awards-for-2009-2014-1628446.html |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=14 July 2017 }}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organisations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" |Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |8 January 2015
|Best Music Director
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]{{Efn|Also for ''[[Cuckoo (soundtrack)|Cuckoo]]'' and ''[[Madras (soundtrack)|Madras]]''|name=Music}}
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2015 |title=ஆனந்த விகடன் விருதுகள் 2014 |trans-title=Ananda Vikatan Awards 2014 |url=http://www.vikatan.com/article.php?track=prnxt&mid=module&aid=102483 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517081734/http://www.vikatan.com/article.php?track=prnxt&mid=module&aid=102483 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |access-date=3 July 2017 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=V. P. |first=Nicy |date=9 January 2015 |title=Vikatan Awards 2014: Dhanush, Dulquer Salmaan, 'Sathuranga Vettai' Honoured [Winners List] |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vikatan-awards-2014-dhanush-dulquer-salmaan-sathuranga-vettai-honoured-winners-list-619905 |url-status=live |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517081427/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vikatan-awards-2014-dhanush-dulquer-salmaan-sathuranga-vettai-honoured-winners-list-619905 |archive-date=17 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|[[Gavemic U. Ary]]
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
|15 February 2015
|Best Villain
| rowspan="3" |[[Bobby Simha]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=James |first=Anu |date=16 February 2015 |title=8th Edison Awards: 'Madras' Best Tamil Film; Dhanush Best Actor for 'VIP' [Photos+Winners' List] |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/8th-edison-awards-madras-best-tamil-film-dhanush-best-actor-vip-photoswinners-list-623633 |url-status=live |access-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505134835/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/8th-edison-awards-madras-best-tamil-film-dhanush-best-actor-vip-photoswinners-list-623633 |archive-date=5 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[62nd Filmfare Awards South|26 June 2015]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2015 |title=Nominations for the 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621123143/http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405.html |archive-date=21 June 2015 |access-date=21 June 2015 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=27 June 2015 |title=Winners list: 62nd Filmfare Awards (South) |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-62nd-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/47836755.cms |url-status=live |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627160113/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-62nd-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/47836755.cms |archive-date=27 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[62nd National Film Awards|24 March 2015]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=62nd National Film Awards: List of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/62nd-national-film-awards-list-of-winners-749198 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803101725/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/62nd-national-film-awards-list-of-winners-749198 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2015 |title=62nd National Film Awards: The complete list of winners from the south |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150324/entertainment-tollywood/article/62nd-national-film-awards-complete-list-winners-south |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803101724/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150324/entertainment-tollywood/article/62nd-national-film-awards-complete-list-winners-south |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=62nd National Film Awards: Tamil movies bag eight honours |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/62nd-national-film-awards-tamil-movies-bag-eight-honours/articleshow/46678516.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803101715/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/62nd-national-film-awards-tamil-movies-bag-eight-honours/articleshow/46678516.cms |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editor]]
|[[Vivek Harshan]]
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |23{{ndash}}26 April 2015
|Best Actor
|[[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]{{Efn|Also for ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]''}}
|{{won}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="ntff1">{{Cite web |date=10 March 2015 |title=Norway Tamil Film Festival 2015 – Tamilar Awards Nomination 2015. |url=http://www.ntff.com/node/124 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703084210/http://www.ntff.no/node/124 |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=3 July 2017 |website=[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]}}</ref> <ref name="ntff2">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2015 |title=The 6th annual Norway Tamil Film Festival – Tamilar Awards 2015 Winners announced! |url=http://www.ntff.com/node/125 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703084344/http://www.ntff.no/node/125 |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=3 July 2017 |website=[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=V.P |first=Nicy |date=16 March 2015 |title=Norway Tamil Film Festival (NTFF) – Tamilar Awards 2015: Siddharth, Vedhika, 'Kaaviya Thalaivan' to Receive Honours [LIST OF WINNERS] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/norway-tamil-film-festival-ntff-tamilar-awards-2015-siddharth-vedhika-kaaviya-thalaivan-626347 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803101720/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/norway-tamil-film-festival-ntff-tamilar-awards-2015-siddharth-vedhika-kaaviya-thalaivan-626347 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Character Actor
|[[Bobby Simha]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Editor
|[[Vivek Harshan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Music Director
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]{{Efn|Also for ''[[Cuckoo (soundtrack)|Cuckoo]]''}}
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="7" scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="7" |[[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|6{{ndash}}7 August 2015]]
|Best Film – Tamil
|S. Kathiresan
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2015 |title=SIIMA 2015 nominations |url=http://siima.in/nominees-2015.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616095000/http://siima.in/nominees-2015.php |archive-date=16 June 2015 |access-date=21 June 2015 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=8 August 2015 |title=SIIMA Awards 2015 Tamil winners list |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SIIMA-Awards-2015-Tamil-winners-list/articleshow/48399961.cms |url-status=live |access-date=9 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809060838/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SIIMA-Awards-2015-Tamil-winners-list/articleshow/48399961.cms |archive-date=9 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director – Tamil
|[[Karthik Subbaraj]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor – Tamil
|[[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress – Tamil
|[[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor – Tamil
| rowspan="2" |[[Bobby Simha]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actor in a Negative Role – Tamil
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer – Tamil
|[[Gavemic U. Ary]]
|{{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|13 July 2017]]
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Special Prize (Best Actor)]]
|[[Bobby Simha]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2017 |title=TN Govt. announces Tamil Film Awards for six years |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |url-status=live |access-date=29 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611072058/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |archive-date=11 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="9" scope="row" |[[Vijay Awards]]
| rowspan="9" |[[9th Vijay Awards|25 April 2015]]
|[[Vijay Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|S. Kathiresan
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2015 |title=Vijay Awards 2015 – Complete list of winners |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-awards-2015-complete-list-of-winners-news-tamil-pe0nhUfhdeigd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505133454/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-awards-2015-complete-list-of-winners-news-tamil-pe0nhUfhdeigd.html |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=5 May 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=V. P. |first=Nicy |date=6 April 2015 |title=9th Annual Vijay Awards: Ajith, Vijay, Rajinikanth, Suriya, Dhanush Nominated [Complete List] |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/9th-annual-vijay-awards-ajith-vijay-rajinikanth-suriya-dhanush-nominated-complete-list-628225 |url-status=live |access-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505133549/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/9th-annual-vijay-awards-ajith-vijay-rajinikanth-suriya-dhanush-nominated-complete-list-628225 |archive-date=5 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Karthik Subbaraj]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Guru Somasundaram]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]
|[[Bobby Simha]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
|[[Gavemic U. Ary]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]]
|[[Vivek Harshan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Background Score
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Story, Screenplay Writer|Best Story, Screenplay Writer]]
|[[Karthik Subbaraj]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Make Up Artistes|Best Makeup]]
|Vinoth Sukumaran
|{{nom}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Tamil films of 2014]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://m.imdb.com/title/tt3569782/awards/?ref_=tt_awd Awards for ''Jigarthanda''] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]
{{Jigarthanda (2014 film)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jigarthanda (2014 film), List of accolades received by}}
[[Category:Lists of accolades by Indian film]]

Mohan G.

2026-04-06T07:54:24Z

Augustine V. Williams: creating!

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
|image =
|imagesize =
|caption = Indian
|name = Mohan G.
|birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|occupation = [[Film director]], [[Screenwriter]], [[Actor]]
|spouse =
|children =
|years active = 2016 - present
|otherparty = [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]], [[Veera Vanniyar Peravai]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
}}

'''Mohan G.''', also known as '''Mohan G Kshatriyan''',<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/apr/16/director-mohan-g-kshatriyansnext-film-with-selvaraghavan-titled-bakasuran-2442775.html | title=Director Mohan G Kshatriyan's next film with Selvaraghavan titled 'Bakasuran' | date=16 April 2022 }}</ref> is an Indian film director, producer, and screenwriter, who primarily active in the [[Tamil cinema]]. He is best known for ''[[Pazhaya Vannarapettai (film)|Pazhaya Vannarapettai]]'' (2016), ''[[Draupathi (2020 film)|Draupathi]]'' (2020), ''[[Rudra Thandavam (2021 film)|Rudra Thandavam]](2021)'' and ''[[Bakasuran]]'' (2023).

==Personal life==
Mohan resides in [[Royapuram]], [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mohan-g-gets-bail-after-being-arrested-for-his-controversial-statement-on-pazhani-panchamirtham/articleshow/113654047.cms|title=Mohan G gets bail after being arrested for his controversial statement on Pazhani Panchamirtham|work=The Times of India |date=25 September 2024|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Vanniyar|Vanniyar community]].
Mohan G revealed that he had used his name "Mohan G Kshatriyan" during the release of his film ''[[Pazhaya Vannarapettai (film)|Pazhaya Vannarapettai]]'' (2016) and claimed to have an attraction towards the name. He also claimed that "Kshatriyan" is a name which represents warrior spirit and also said that he has his [[Caste system in India|caste name]] written as "Vanniya Kula Kshatriya" in his birth certificate.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/mohan-g-opens-up-about-his-name-in-social-media.html | title=Mohan G opens up about his name in social media | date=24 February 2023 }}</ref> During an interview in February 2020, Mohan G said the suffix "Kshatriyan" in his name means as “someone who defends society” and said that he is totally unaware of what other [[Varna (Hinduism)|varnas]] do.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newsclick.in/Draupathi-G-Mohan-Tamil-Cinema-Richard-Rishi-Sheela-Rajkumar-Casteism | title=Morale Boosters for the Unsettled Mighty | date=3 May 2020 }}</ref>

==Career==
Mohan began his directorial career with ''[[Pazhaya Vannarapettai (film)|Pazhaya Vannarapettai]]'' (2016), before making ''[[Draupathi (2020 film)|Draupathi]]'' (2020). The film had to be crowdfunded as no producer was willing to produce the film, fearing it would incite controversy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-film-on-chennais-2013-fake-marriage-cartel/articleshow/71984465.cms|title=A film on Chennai's 2013 fake marriage cartel|website=The Times of India |last1=Sangeetha |first1=P. }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/politics/draupadi-is-the-film-that-told-the-truth-karunas-q67h7n|title=உண்மையை சொன்ன திரௌபதி படம்... வரிந்து கட்டி வக்காளத்து வாங்கும் கருணாஸ்..!|publisher=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/director-of-draupathi-says-similarities-with-popular-leader-are-unintentional/article30503065.ece|title=Director of 'Draupathi' says similarities with popular leader are unintentional|work=The Hindu|date=7 January 2020}}</ref> Opening to negative reviews,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/draupathi-review-vile-casteist-film-should-have-never-been-made-119153|title='Draupathi' review: A vile casteist film that was better off not made|first=Priyanka|last=Thirumurthy|date=28 February 2020|website=The News Minute}}</ref> the film was criticized for its alleged intent to uphold [[casteism]].<ref name=":3">{{cite news|title=Films on inter-caste marriages stoke intense political debate in Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/feb/29/films-on-inter-caste-marriages-stoke-intense-political-debate-in-tamil-nadu-2110048.html|access-date=2021-09-25|website=The New Indian Express|date=29 February 2020 }}</ref>

He worked with [[Richard Rishi]] again on ''[[Rudra Thandavam (2021 film)|Rudra Thandavam]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite news|title=ருத்ர தாண்டவம் - சினிமா விமர்சனம்|language=ta|work=BBC News தமிழ்|url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/arts-and-culture-58760677}}</ref> The film claimed that people belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled castes]] misuse the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act]] 1989, an affirmative action legislation meant to protect them from discrimination and violence. It echoed the political views of the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK) party.<ref name="j379">{{cite news | last=Ganeshan | first=Balakrishna | title=How cinema is used as a vehicle for hate politics in Tamil Nadu | website=The News Minute | date=2021-12-22 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/how-cinema-used-vehicle-hate-politics-tamil-nadu-159010 | access-date=2024-11-23}}</ref> The film, criticised for allegedly promoting caste-pride and encouraging communalist hostility,<ref>{{cite news | last=Rajamani | first=Rajesh | title=The Super and Snoozy Seven: Presenting the best, and worst, of Tamil cinema in 2021 | website=Newslaundry | date=2021-12-28 | url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/12/28/the-super-and-snoozy-seven-presenting-the-best-and-worst-of-tamil-cinema-in-2021 | access-date=2024-11-23}}</ref><ref name="r603">{{cite news | last=Singaravel | first=Bharathy | title=How recent Tamil cinema has tackled gender, caste and communalism on screen | website=The News Minute | date=2022-10-09 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/how-recent-tamil-cinema-has-tackled-gender-caste-and-communalism-screen-168713 | access-date=2024-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/why-tamil-nadu-style-coalitions-non-elite-social-groups-are-vital-politics|title=Why Tamil Nadu-Style Coalitions of Non-Elite Social Groups are Vital to Politics | NewsClick|work=NewsClick |date=18 October 2021}}</ref> received mostly negative reviews.<ref name="Dinamani 2022">{{cite web | title=என்னது மிஷ்கின் கையால் இயக்குநர் மோகன் ஜிக்கு விருதா ? அதிர்ச்சியில் ரசிகர்கள் | website=Dinamani | date=2022-08-15 | url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2022/aug/15/director-mohan-g-got-best-screenplay-writer-award-from-mysskin-3898807.html | language=ta }}</ref>

In 2023, Mohan worked on ''[[Bakasuran]]'' featuring [[Selvaraghavan]] and [[Natty Subramaniam|Natty]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/bakasuran-first-look-out-selvaraghavan-looks-fierce-in-mohan-gs-next-8112562/|title=Bakasuran first look out: Selvaraghavan looks fierce in Mohan G's next|date=26 August 2022}}</ref> Following the film's release, Mohan noted that he had been approached by Telugu film producer [[Bellamkonda Suresh]] to direct the Telugu version of the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/feb/20/bakasuran-remake-on-the-cards-40166.html|title=Bakasuran remake on the cards|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

Mohan's Draupathi 2 film will also be with Richard, marking his third collaboration with the actor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/richard-rishi-and-mohan-g-to-collaborate-again/|title=Richard Rishi and Mohan G to collaborated Draupathi 2 and made Box office bomb! |date=28 February 2023|website=Only Kollywood}}</ref>

==Arrest==
The district Cyber Crime Police arrested Mohan G in Chennai on 25 September 2024 for hurting the sentiments of Hindu devotees and Hindus during a YouTube interview where Mohan claimed that impotency-inducing pills were mixed with panchamirtham at the Palani Arulmigu Dhandayuthapani temple.<ref name="v888">{{cite web | last=மு.பூபாலன் | first=செ.சல்மான் பாரிஸ்,அ.பாலாஜி | title=Madurai high court Slams and Condition Bail to Director G Mohan | website=www.vikatan.com/ | date=2024-10-01 | url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/governance/madurai-high-court-slams-and-condition-bail-to-director-g-mohan-2 | language=ta | access-date=2024-11-28}}</ref> His arrest was after a case filed by the Samayapuram police after the Manager of the Samayapuram Arulmigu Mariamman temple submitted a complaint against Mohan G.<ref>{{cite web | last=Desk | first=Online | title=Palani panchamirtham row: Filmmaker Mohan G held, left out on bail; judge says arrest made in haste | website=dtnext | date=2024-09-24 | url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/director-mohan-g-arrested-after-controversial-comments-on-palani-temple-panchamirtham-804955 | access-date=2024-11-26}}</ref> The next day Mohan G was represented by a lawyer from Pattali Makkal Katchi and he was released in his own bail by the Judicial Magistrate Court-III in Trichy.<ref name="v888" /><ref name="q006">{{cite web | author=The Hindu Bureau | title=Palani panchamirtham row: Director Mohan G arrested, released on own bail | website=The Hindu | date=2024-09-24 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/palani-panchamirtham-row-tiruchi-police-arrest-film-director-mohan-g-for-controversial-remarks/article68676783.ece | access-date=2024-11-28}}</ref> After his request of Anticipatory bail, the Madurai high court granted him anticipatory bail on several conditions including giving apologies in [[Social media]] and popular English and Tamil newspapers in Tamil Nadu, attending the Palani police station everyday for three weeks to sign and that he should not be a mouth-militant and verify information before making any claims. The Judge also suggested that if Mohan G really cared about the Palani temple, he can go there and do cleanliness work.<ref name="v888" /> In November 2024, Mohan G released a video of his apology saying "I express my deepest regret. I will not make any claims like that again without verifying."<ref name="v883">{{cite web | last=Natarajan | first=Malavica | title="நான் அப்படி செய்திருக்கக் கூடாது.. ஆழ்மனதிலிருந்து மன்னிப்பு கேட்கிறேன்".. சரணடைந்த இயக்குநர் | website=Tamil Hindustan Times | date=2024-11-25 | url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/director-mohan-g-release-his-apology-video-for-spreading-rumor-anout-palani-panchamirtham-131732521582120.html | language=ta | access-date=2024-11-28}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Year !! Film
!Director
!Producer!! Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Pazhaya Vannarapettai (film)|Pazhaya Vannarapettai]]''
|{{Yes}}
| {{No}}||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Draupathi (2020 film)|Draupathi]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Rudra Thandavam (2021 film)|Rudra Thandavam]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Bakasuran]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Draupathi 2]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|8684743}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan G.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]

Asaf-ud-Daula

2026-03-30T05:42:24Z

Augustine V. Williams:

{{Short description|Mughal and British era nobleman, Wazir (Minister) of the Nawab of Awadh (1748–1797)}}
{{distinguish|Afzal-ud-Daulah{{!}}Afzal ud Daulah(the 5th Nizam of Hyderabad)}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Asaf-ud-Daula
| title = [[Mirza (noble)|Mirza]] (Royal title) [[Nawab]] [[Vizier|Wazir]] of [[Awadh]] Khan Bahadur ''Adan Muqaam''<ref group="nt">title after death</ref>
| image= Asifportrait2 - Asuf ud Daula.jpg
| caption = Water colour in style of [[Johann Zoffany|Zoffany]]
| succession = [[Nawab of Awadh]]
| reign = 26 January 1775 – 21 September 1797
| coronation = 26 January 1775
| full name = Muhammad Yahiya Meerza Amani Asaf-ud-Daula
| predecessor = [[Shuja-ud-Daula]]
| successor = [[Wazir Ali Khan]]
| spouse =
| issue = adopted son [[Wazir Ali Khan]]
| royal house =
| dynasty = Nishapuri
| father = [[Shuja-ud-Daula]]
| mother = Umat uz-Zohra Begum Sahiba
| religion = [[Shia Islam]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1748|09|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Faizabad]], [[Oudh State|Kingdom of Oudh]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1797|09|21|1748|09|23|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Oudh State|Kingdom of Oudh]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place = [[Bara Imambara]], [[Lucknow]]
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = [[Mughal Empire]]
| branch = [[Nawab of Oudh]]
| rank = [[Nawab]] [[Grand Vizier]] [[Subadar]]
| battles =
}}
|}}

'''Mirza Asaf-ud-Daula''' (23 September 1748 – 21 September 1797) was the [[Nawab wazir of Oudh]] ratified by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Shah Alam II]], from 26 January 1775 to 21 September 1797,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html#Awadh|title=Indian Princely States A-J|access-date=22 October 2009|archive-date=20 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520133316/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html#Awadh|url-status=live}}</ref> and the son of [[Shuja-ud-Dowlah]]. His mother and grandmother were the [[Begum]]s of [[Oudh]].<ref name="EB1911"/>

==Reign==

Asaf-ud-Dowlah became Nawab at the age of 26, on the death of his father, [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], on 28 January 1775.<ref name="arhive.org">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/oudhandtheeastin035275mbp/oudhandtheeastin035275mbp_djvu.txt|title=Full text of "Oudh And The East India Company"|publisher=Maxwell Company Lucknow}}</ref> He assumed the throne with the aid of the [[British East India Company]], outmanoeuvring his younger brother Saadat Ali who led a failed mutiny in the army. British Colonel [[John Parker (disambiguation)|John Parker]] defeated the mutineers decisively, securing Asaf-ud-Daula's succession. His first Chief Minister, [[Mukhtar-ud-Daula]], was assassinated in the revolt.<ref name="chancey">{{cite journal |last1=Chancey |first1=Karen |title=Rethinking the Reign of Asaf-ud-Daula, Nawab of Awadh, 1775-1797 |journal=Journal of Asian History |date=2007 |volume=1 |issue=41 |pages=1–56 |jstor=41925390}}</ref>

The other challenge to Asaf's rule was his mother [[Umat-ul-Zohra]] (better known as Bahu Begum), who had amassed considerable control over the treasury and her own ''jagirs'' and private armed forces. She, at one point, sought the Company's direct assistance in the appointment of anti-Asaf ministers. When Shuja-ud-Daula died, he left two million [[pounds sterling]] buried in the vaults of the [[zenana]]. The widow and mother of the deceased prince claimed the whole of this treasure under the terms of a will which was never produced. When [[Warren Hastings]] pressed the nawab for the payment of the debt due to the Company, he obtained from his mother a loan of 26 lakh (2.6 million) [[rupee]]s, for which he gave her a [[jagir]] (land) of four times the value; of subsequently obtained 30 lakh (3 million) more in return for a full acquittal, and the recognition of her jagirs without interference for life by the Company. These jagirs were afterwards confiscated on the ground of the begum's complicity in the rising of [[Chait Singh]], which was attested by documentary evidence.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Asaf-ud-Dowlah|volume=2|page=714|quote=ASAF-UD-DOWLAH ... was the son of Shuja-ud-Dowlah, his mother and grandmother being the begums of Oudh}}</ref> Ultimately this removed Umat-ul-Zohra as an obstacle to Asaf's reign.

In the aftermath of Saadat's revolt, Asaf sought to restructure the government, particularly by appointing nobles favourable to his cause and British officers to his military. Asaf appointed [[Hasan Riza Khan]] as his chief minister. Although he had little experience in administration, his assistant [[Haydar Beg Khan]] turned out to be a valuable support. [[Tikayt Ray]] was appointed as the finance minister.<ref name="chancey"/>

Asaf was known for his generosity, particularly the offering of food and public employment in times of famine. Notably, the [[Bara Imambara]] in Lucknow, was constructed during his reign by destitute workers seeking employment. A popular saying of his time spoke of his benevolence: ''"Jisko na de Maulā, usko de Asaf-ud-daulā"'' which translates to "to whom even God does not give, Asaf-ud-Daula gives."<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Basu |first1=P. |title=The relations between Oudh and the East India Company from 1785 to 1801 |date=1938 |type=Ph.D. |publisher=University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies}}</ref>

He was painted several times by [[Johann Zoffany]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/search#/51/collection/913286/asaf-ud-daula-nawab-of-oudh|title=RCT - Zoffany, Portrait Drawing of Asaf-ud-Daula|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117132415/https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/search#/51/collection/913286/asaf-ud-daula-nawab-of-oudh|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Shifting the capital==

In 1775 he moved the capital of Awadh from [[Faizabad]] to [[Lucknow]] and built various monuments in and around Lucknow, including the [[Bara Imambara]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

==Architectural and other contribution==
<gallery>
File:Asfi masjid.jpg|Asfi mosque, named after the [[Nawab]], Asaf-ud-Daula.
File:Bara Imambara Lucknow.jpg|[[Bara Imambara]] (Asafi Imambara), an [[imambara]], was built by Asaf-ud-Daula, in 1784 at [[Lucknow]].
</gallery>

Nawab Asaf-ud-Dowlah is considered the architect general of [[Lucknow]]. With the ambition to outshine the splendour of [[Mughal architecture]], he built a number of monuments and developed the city of Lucknow into an architectural marvel. Several of the buildings surviving today, include the famed [[Asafi Imambara]], which attracts tourists even today, and the [[Qaisar Bagh]] area of the downtown [[Lucknow]] where thousands live in resurrected buildings.

The [[Asafi Imambara]] is a famed vaulted structure surrounded by beautiful gardens, which the Nawab started as a charitable project to generate employment during the famine of 1784. In that famine even the nobles were reduced to penury. It is said that Nawab Asaf employed over 20,000 people for the project (including commoners and noblemen), which was neither a masjid nor a mausoleum (contrary to the popular contemporary norms of buildings). The Nawab's sensitivity towards preserving the reputation of the upper class is demonstrated in the story of the construction of Imambara. During daytime, common citizens employed on the project would construct the building. On the night of every fourth day, the noble and upper-class people were employed in secret to demolish the structure built, an effort for which they received payment. Thus, their dignity was preserved.

The Nawab became so famous for his generosity that it is still a well-known saying in Lucknow that "he who does not receive (livelihood) from the Ali-Moula, will receive it from Asaf-ud-Doula" (''Jisko na de Moula, usko de Asaf-ud-Doula'').

===Rumi Darwaza (''Turkish Gate'')===
The [[Rumi Darwaza]], which stands sixty feet tall,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lucknow.org.uk/tourist-attractions/rumi-darwaza.html|title=Rumi Darwaza|access-date=16 September 2015|archive-date=23 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223182818/http://www.lucknow.org.uk/tourist-attractions/rumi-darwaza.html|url-status=live}}</ref> modeled (1784) after the [[Ottoman Porte|Sublime Porte]] (Bab-iHümayun) in [[Istanbul]], is one of the most important examples of the exchange between the two cultures.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica-Rumi Darwaza">{{cite web|url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9049254/Lucknow#32610.hook|title = Lucknow|publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date = 2008-05-20|archive-date = 22 June 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080622020313/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9049254/Lucknow#32610.hook|url-status = live}}</ref>

<gallery>
Image:Roomi_Darwaza_03.JPG|
Image:Roomi_Darwaza_04.JPG|
Image:Roomi_Darwaza_05.JPG|
</gallery>

==Death==
[[File:The simple grave of Asaf al-Daula under a canopy inside the Imambara - British Library Add.or.4758.jpg|right|240px|thumb|The simple grave of Asaf ud-Daula under a canopy inside the Bara Imambara; a watercolor by Seeta Ram, c.1814–15 (note:Flag of the Mughal Empire raised higher than the Awadh flag)]]
He died on 21 September 1797 in Lucknow and is buried at [[Bara Imambara]], Lucknow.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Bara Imambara Lucknow.jpg|[[Bara Imambara]], [[Lucknow]], built by Asaf-ud-Daula
File:asif_palace_lucknow.jpg|A view of the Palace of the Asaf-ud-Daula at Lucknow, c.1793
File:asif_muharram_1795_2.jpg|Asaf-ud-Daula, conducting the Muharram rituals at Lucknow, c.1812
File:asif_coin_1a.jpg|A silver ashrafi issued by Asaf-ud-Daula from the Najibabad mint in AH 1211 (1796/7), regnal year 38
File:asif_coin_1b.jpg|A silver ashrafi issued by Asaf-ud-Daula from the Najibabad mint in AH 1211 (1796/7), regnal year 38
File:asif_musicians_1812.jpg|Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula seated on a rug smoking a hookah and listening to a party of male musicians, c.1812
File:asif_cockfight.jpg|Asaf-ud-Daula at a cock-fight with Europeans; this painting most likely depicts the famous cockfight between Asaf al-Daula and Colonel Mordaunt which took place at Lucknow in 1786, c.1830-35
</gallery>

==Timeline==
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|
before=[[Shuja-ud-Daula|Jalal ad-Din Shoja` ad-Dowla Haydar]]|
title= [[Nawab of Oudh|Wazir al-Mamalik of Oudh]]|
years=1775{{snd}}1797|
after=[[Wazir Ali Khan|Mirza Wazir `Ali Khan]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==See also==
* [[Bahu Begum ka Maqbara]], the monument to his mother, Bahu Begum (also known as Umat uz-Zohra Begum)
* [[Safdar Jang]], grandfather of Asaf-ud-Daula
* [[Tomb of Safdar Jang]], his grandfather's memorial
* [[Claude Martin]], French army officer who later served in India for the British East India company
* [[Mir Taqi Mir]], Urdu poet at the Lucknow court of Asaf-ud-Daula
* [[Antoine Polier]], Swiss adventurer and soldier who made his fortune in India, and designed a royal residence at Lucknow
* [[Dum pukht]]

==Notes==
<references group="nt" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{EI3|last=Barnett|first=Richard B.|title=Āṣaf al-Dawla|year=2007|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/asaf-al-dawla-SIM_0253?s.num=9&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=dynasty+india}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070809170810/http://lucknow.nic.in/Asaf.htm NIC Website]
* Refer to mapsofindia.com [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512040609/http://www.india.mapsofindia.com/culture/monuments/bada-imambada.html Bara Imambara] for details of the Imambara
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010901224326/http://www.indiancoins.8m.com/awadh/AwadhHist.html#Asaf-ud-Daula HISTORY OF AWADH (Oudh) a princely State of India by Hameed Akhtar Siddiqui]
* [http://rulers.org/indstat1.html States before 1947 A–J]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asaf-Ud-Dowlah}}
[[Category:Nobility from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Nawabs of Oudh State]]
[[Category:1748 births]]
[[Category:1797 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:18th-century Iranian people]]
[[Category:Deaths from edema]]
[[Category:Grand viziers of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:18th-century nobility]]

Rampa Rebellion of 1922

2026-03-29T16:36:42Z

Augustine V. Williams:

{{short description|Civil conflict in British India}}
{{distinguish|Rampa Rebellion of 1879}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox military operation
| name =
| partof = [[Tribal revolts in India before Indian independence|Tribal revolts in India before independence]]
| subtitle =
| image = Bust of Alluri Sitharamaraju at Addateegala Police station.jpg
| image_size = 260
| alt =
| caption = Bust of Alluri Sitarama Raju at Addateegala Police station
| scope =
| type =
| location = [[Rampachodavaram|Rampa Agency Tract]], [[Godavari district]]
| location2 = [[Gudem Kotha Veedhi|Gudem Agency Tract]], [[Vizagapatam district]]
| location3 = 
| coordinates = {{coord|17.4398|81.7752|display=inline}}
| coordinates2 = {{coord|17.8624|82.1978|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates3 = 
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| map_label2 = 
| planned =
| planned_by =
| commanded_by = [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]]
| objective =
| target =
| date = 1922–1924
| time =
| time-begin =
| time-end =
| timezone =
| executed_by =
| outcome =
| casualties = Unknown
| fatalities =
| injuries =
}}
[[File:Agency tracts of Godavari and Vizagapatam districts.jpg |thumb|right|300px|Agency tracts of [[Godavari district|Godavari]] and [[Vizagapatam district|Vizagapatam]] districts (shaded brown); among the marked villages are [[Rampachodavaram|Chodavaram]] (Rampa), [[Addateegala|Addatigala]], [[Gudem Kotha Veedhi|Gudem]], [[Koyyuru]], [[Chintapalli, Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Chintapalle]], and [[Krishnadevipeta]].]]
{{Rebellions in British India}}

The '''Rampa Rebellion of 1922''', also known as the '''Manyam Rebellion''', was a [[tribes of India|tribal]] uprising led by [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]] in [[Godavari District|Godavari district]] of [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]. It began in August 1922 and lasted until the capture and killing of Raju in May 1924.

== Background ==
The three northern districts of [[Godavari district|Godavari]], [[Vizagapatam district|Vizagapatam]] and [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] in the erstwhile [[Madras Presidency]] of [[British India]] (presently in northern [[Andhra Pradesh]] state and southern [[Odisha]]) consist of strips of coastal plains bordered in the west by [[Eastern Ghats]] (hills). The hills are thinly populated by tribal communities, whose ethnic and cultural traits, differing from the plains people, were regarded as "primitive" in the British view. The hill tracts were thus put outside the purview of the general law applicable to the districts and lightly administered by the District Collectors in their capacity as the "Agents to the Governor" or "Government Agents". The areas themselves were referred to as "Agencies" or "Agency tracts".<ref>{{citation |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India – Provincial Series: Madras, Volume 1 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |year=1908 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.03018 |via=archive.org |pages=2–3}}</ref>{{sfn|Godavari District Gazetteer|2000|pages=1–2}} In local parlance, the regions were referred to as the ''Manyam'' forest. Indian political traditions led the kingdoms to manage them via granting of autonomy rather than direct conquest,<ref>{{citation |title=Notes on Political Thought in Medieval and Early Modern South India |first1=Velcheru Narayana |last1=Rao |first2=Sanjay |last2=Subrahmanyam |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=43 |number=1 |date=January 2009 |page=198 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X07003368 |jstor=20488076}}</ref> which was essentially continued by the British Raj. Officials called ''muttadars'' were appointed to manage groups of villages, who were responsible for maintaining peace as well as revenue collection.<ref>{{citation |first=Surendra Kumar |last=Pachauri |title=Dynamics of Rural Development in Tribal Areas |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1984 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mb6YDaxa_e0C |pages=93–95}}</ref>

The Rampa administrative area, situated in the hills of what are now the [[Alluri Sitarama Raju district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], comprised around {{convert|700|sqmi|sqkm}} and had a mostly [[tribal]] population of approximately 28,000. They traditionally met their food requirements through the use, in particular, of the [[Podu (agriculture)|podu system]], whereby each year some areas of forest were [[shifting cultivation|burned to clear land for cultivation]].{{sfn|Murali|2017}}

The [[British Raj]] authorities had wanted to improve the economic usefulness of lands in Godavari Agency, an area that was noted for the prevalence of [[malaria]] and [[blackwater fever]].<ref name="Arnold">{{cite book |first=David |last=Arnold |chapter=Disease, Resistance and India's Ecological Frontier, 1770-1947 |title=Issues in Modern Indian History: For Sumit Sarkar |editor-first=Biswamoy |editor-last=Pati |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2000 |isbn=978-8-17154-658-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2Yn4LlujqsC&pg=PA14 |pages=14–15 |archive-date=27 July 2024 |access-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727061739/https://books.google.com/books?id=S2Yn4LlujqsC&pg=PA14 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{relevance-inline|date=July 2025}} With the [[Madras Forest Act, 1882|1882 Madras Forest Act]] authorities took control of the forests, mostly for commercial purposes such as produce for building railways and ships, without any regard for the needs of the tribal people. The act restricted the free movement of [[Adivasi]]s in their forest habitats and prevented them from practicing their traditional form of agriculture called [[Podu (agriculture)|podu]]. A 1923 government memorandum recorded one Agency Commissioner's opinion from June of the previous year that "the country had suffered from too severe restrictions on jungle clearance, that various restrictions had been overdone and much population and food grains lost for the sake of forests of doubtful value".{{sfn|Murali|2017}}

The tribal people of the forested hills, who now faced starvation,{{sfn|Murali|1984}} had long felt that the legal system favoured the [[zamindar]]s (estate landowners) and merchants of the plains areas, which had also resulted in the earlier [[Rampa Rebellion of 1879]]. Now they objected also to the Raj laws and continued actions that hindered their economic position and meant they had to find alternate means of livelihood, such as working as [[coolie]]s. In particular, they objected to attempts at that time to use them as forced labour in the construction of a road in the area.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mapping the Tribal Economy: A Case Study from a South-Indian State |first=Bandlamudi Nageswara |last=Rao |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-44386-735-1 |page=79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhhQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |archive-date=1 January 2023 |access-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101195250/https://books.google.com/books?id=hhhQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Simultaneously, there was discontent among the muttadars, who had been hereditary tax collectors and ''[[de facto]]'' rulers in the hills prior to the arrival of the British. They had acted on behalf of the rajas, the traditional rulers who lived in the plains, and essentially had unlimited powers until the [[United Kingdom|British]] subsumed them into the colonial administration, leaving them as bureaucrats with no substantive power and no automatic right of inherited position. Their economic status was now dictated entirely by [[British Raj]] policy, where previously they had enjoyed the flexibility to levy and to cream off tax income and to use the land of others as they saw fit. Where once the tribal [[hill people]] and muttadars would have been antagonists, they now shared a common foe.{{sfn|Murali|1984}}

== Revolt ==
{{OSM Location map
| float = left
| coord = {{coord|17.8555|82.27}}
| zoom = 11
| width = 330
| height = 300
| caption = Villages around [[Gudem Kotha Veedhi]] ("Gudem New Town") and [[Chintapalli, Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Chintapalli]]
| mark-coord = 
| label = Triangle 
| label-pos =
}}

Raju was a charismatic [[Sannyasa|sannyasi]], believed by many tribal people to possess magical abilities and to have an almost messianic status. He saw the overthrow of colonial rule in terms similar to a [[millenarianism|millenarian event]] and he harnessed the discontent of the tribal people to support his anti-colonial zeal, whilst also accommodating the grievances of those muttadars who were sympathetic to his aim rather than merely narrow-minded in their pursuit of a revived status for themselves. This meant that his followers were mostly from the tribal communities but did include some significant people from the muttadar class that at one time had exploited them, although many muttadars were ambivalent about fighting for what Raju perceived to be the greater good.{{sfn|Murali|1984}}

It was the prevalent diseases, to which the tribal people had acquired a tolerance, that hindered the Raj suppression of the rebellion.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} It broke out in August 1922 and took the form of [[guerilla warfare]], ending in May 1924 with the capture and execution of Raju.<ref name="Arnold"/>
{{clear left}}
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |first=David |last=Arnold |chapter=Rebellious Hillmen: the Gudem-Rampa Risings, 1839-1924 |editor=Ranajit Guha |title=Subaltern Studies 1 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1982 |pages=88–142 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12743/page/n102 }}
* {{citation |last=Hemingway |first=F. R. |title=Godavari District Gazetteer, Volume 1 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2000 |orig-year=1915 |url=https://archive.org/details/godavaridistrict01frhe |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Godavari District Gazetteer|2000}}}}
* {{cite book |first=Mridula |last=Mukherjee |title=Peasants in India's Non-Violent Revolution: Practice and Theory |publisher=SAGE |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-76199-686-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pUJ0qmvYDkC}}
* {{cite journal |title=Alluri Sitarama Raju and the Manyam Rebellion of 1922-1924 |first=Atlury |last=Murali |journal=Social Scientist |volume=12 |issue=4 |date=April 1984 |pages=3–33 |doi=10.2307/3517081 |jstor=3517081 }}
* {{cite journal |first=Atlury |last=Murali |title=Manyam Rebellion: A Rejoinder |journal=Social Scientist |volume=13 |issue=4 |date=April 1985 |pages=50–56 |doi=10.2307/3517518 |jstor=3517518}}
* {{cite book |first=Atlury |last=Murali |chapter=Tribal Armed Rebellion of 1922-1924 in the Madras Presidency: A Study of Causation as Colonial Legitimation |editor1=Crispin Bates |editor2=Alpa Shah |title=Savage Attack: Tribal Insurgency in India |pages=140–166 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-35158-744-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140}}

[[Category:1922 in India]]
[[Category:Rebellions in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1922]]
[[Category:Alluri Sitharama Raju district]]
[[Category:Alluri Sitarama Raju]]

Movie theater

2026-03-29T03:00:10Z

Augustine V. Williams:

{{Short description|Venue for viewing films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2020}}
{{redirect|Cinema theater|former theater in Los Angeles|Kinema Theatre}}
[[File:Ptuj, city cinema.jpg|thumb|[[Ptuj City Cinema]], Slovenia, opened on 3 March 1897, making it the oldest active movie theater in the world.<ref name="Ptuj1">{{cite web|url=https://sloveniaguide.si/en/events/podravje/ptuj/ptuj-city-cinema/|title=Ptuj cinema|publisher=sloveniaguide.si|date=19 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="Ptuj2">{{cite web|url=https://www.kinoptuj.si/o-kinu/|title=Najstarejše še aktivno kino prizorišče v Sloveniji|publisher=kinoptuj.si|date=3 March 2017|language=sl}}</ref><ref name="Ptuj3">{{cite web|url=https://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-SW0X6IXO/8724f625-7b8f-43ff-8321-801e702dcffd/PDF|page=4|title=Erlebende Photographien (column 1)|publisher=Pettauer Zeitung|date=7 March 1897|language=de}}</ref>]]
[[File:Sala de cine.jpg|thumb|Modern theater auditorium, [[Madrid]]]]
[[File:Rodgers Theatre, 204-224 N. Broadway Street, Poplar Bluff, Mo, USA.jpg|thumb|[[Rodgers Theatre Building|Rodgers Theatre]], [[Poplar Bluff, Missouri]]. This [[Art Deco]]-style theater opened in 1949.]]
[[File:Oxford - Ultimate Palace Cinema - 0084.jpg|thumb|The view from the projectionist's booth at Ultimate Palace Cinema in [[Oxford]]. The projector is displaying the 1997–2012 [[Universal Pictures]] logo.]]
[[File:Pathe Tuschinski.jpg|thumb|[[Tuschinski Theatre]], Amsterdam, considered as one of the most beautiful movie theaters in the world]]
A '''movie theater''' ([[American English]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/movie-theater|title=Movie theater definition and meaning – Collins English Dictionary|website=www.collinsdictionary.com|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106142856/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/movie-theater|url-status=live}}</ref> or '''cinema''' ([[English in the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth English]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cinema|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915230129/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cinema|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 September 2017|title=cinema – Definition of cinema |website=Oxford Dictionaries – English|access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> also known as a '''movie house''', '''cinema hall''', '''picture house''', '''picture theater''', '''the movies''', '''the pictures''', '''the big screen''' (colloquialism), or simply '''theater''', is a business that contains [[auditorium]]s for viewing [[film]]s and occasionally a [[series premiere]], [[Television special|special episode]] or a [[series finale]] of a popular [[television series]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cinepremiere.com.mx/32652-doctor-who-tendra-estreno-en-cines-en-mexico-latinoamerica.html | title=¡Doctor Who tendrá estreno en cines 3D en México! | work=cinepremiere.com.mx | language=es | date=24 October 2013 | access-date= 1 February 2026 | author=Itzel Hernández Valladares, Clara}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-hZrl-N3yps| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211118/-hZrl-N3yps| archive-date=18 November 2021| url-status=live|title=The Day of the Doctor - Hilarious Pre-Movie Theater Introduction|work=YouTube| date=23 December 2013|access-date=1 February 2026}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Louise|last=Griffin|date=29 April 2025 |title=Doctor Who season finale confirmed for cinema screenings
|language=en-GB |work=[[Radio Times]] |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci-fi/doctor-who-season-finale-cinema-newsupdate/ |url-status=live |access-date=1 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429185543/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci-fi/doctor-who-season-finale-cinema-newsupdate/|archive-date=29 April 2025}}</ref> for public entertainment. Most are commercial operations catering to the general public, who attend by purchasing [[Ticket (admission)|tickets]].

The film is projected with a [[movie projector]] onto a large [[projection screen]] at the front of the auditorium while the dialogue, sounds and music are played through a number of wall-mounted speakers. Since the 1970s, [[subwoofer]]s have been used for low-pitched sounds. Since the 2010s, the majority of movie theaters have been equipped for [[digital cinema]] projection, removing the need to create and transport a physical [[film print]] on a heavy reel.

A large variety of films are shown at theaters, ranging from animated films to [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]]s to documentaries. The smallest movie theaters have a single viewing room with one screen. In the 2010s, most movie theaters had multiple screens. The largest theater complexes, which are called [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplexes]]—a concept developed in Canada in the 1950s—have up to thirty screens. The audience members often sit on padded seats, which in most theaters are set on a sloped floor, with the highest part at the rear of the theater. Movie theaters typically sell [[soft drink]]s, [[popcorn]] and [[candy]], and some theaters sell hot [[fast food]]. In some jurisdictions, movie theaters can be licensed to sell alcoholic drinks.

== Terminology ==
[[File:Fox Theater night.jpg|thumb|right|The Fox Theater in [[Atlanta]] has an old-fashioned [[neon sign]].]]
[[File:Kay Theater -- Rockdale,Texas.jpg|thumb|Kay Theater in [[Rockdale, Texas]]]]

A movie theater is usually called cinema in Anglophone countries outside [[North America]]. Other terms for the venue include movie house, film house, film theater, or picture house. In the US, ''theater'' has long been the preferred spelling, while in the UK, Australia, Canada, and elsewhere it is ''theatre''.{{efn|Originally spelled ''theatre'' and ''teatre''. ({{Circa|1380}}), from around 1550 to 1700 or later, the most common spelling was ''theater''. Between 1720 and 1750, ''theater'' was dropped in [[British English]], but was either retained or revived in [[American English]] (''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd edition, 2009, CD-ROM: {{ISBN|9780199563838}}). Recent dictionaries of American English list ''theatre'' as a less common variant, e.g., ''Random House Webster's College Dictionary'' (1991); ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language'', 4th edition (2006); ''New Oxford American Dictionary'', third edition (2010); [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theater ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary'' (2011)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818193155/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theater |date=18 August 2017 }}.}}

However, some American theaters opt to use the British spelling in their own names, a practice supported by [[Cinema United]], while apart from Anglophone North America most English-speaking countries use the term ''cinema'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|n|ɪ|m|ə}}, alternatively spelled and pronounced ''kinema'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɪ|n|ɪ|m|ə}}.<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kinema Merriam-Webster: "kinema" — British variant of ''cinema''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409164716/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kinema |date=9 April 2010 }} Retrieved 21 July 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.kinema.uwaterloo.ca/about.php Kinema – a journal for film and audiovisual media] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110222522/http://www.kinema.uwaterloo.ca/about.php |date=10 November 2018 }} Retrieved 21 July 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.thekinemainthewoods.co.uk/history/ The Kinema in the Woods] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715090207/http://www.thekinemainthewoods.co.uk/history |date=15 July 2012 }}—name of cinema in [[Woodhall Spa]] Retrieved 21 July 2012.</ref> The latter terms, as well as their derivative adjectives "cinematic" and "kinematic", ultimately derive from Greek κίνημα, κινήματος (''kinema'', ''kinematos'')—"movement, motion". The word "cinema" is borrowed from the French ''cinéma'', an abbreviation of ''cinématographe'', a term coined by the [[Lumière brothers]] in the 1890s, from [[Ancient Greek]] meaning "recording movement". Apart from the usage discussed in this article, the word is also used to refer to the [[film industry]], the overall art form; or [[filmmaking]]. In the countries where "cinema" is used to refer to the venue, the word "theatre" is usually reserved for live performance venues.

The etymology of the term "movie theater" involves the term "movie", which is a "shortened form of moving picture in the cinematographic sense" that was first used in 1896<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/movie|title=movie | Etymology, origin and meaning of movie by etymonline|website=www.etymonline.com|access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=18 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018183435/https://www.etymonline.com/word/movie|url-status=live}}</ref> and "theater", which originated in the "...late 14c., [meaning an] open air place in ancient times for viewing spectacles and plays". The term "theater" comes from the Old French word "theatre", from the 12th century and "...directly from Latin theatrum [which meant] 'play-house, theater; stage; spectators in a theater'", which in turn came from the Greek word "theatron", which meant "theater; the people in the theater; a show, a spectacle", [or] literally "place for viewing". The use of the word "theatre" to mean a "building where plays are shown" dates from the 1570s in the English language.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=theatre|title=theatre | Search Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com|access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=1 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201175329/https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=theatre|url-status=live}}</ref>

Colloquial expressions, mostly applied to motion pictures and motion picture theaters collectively, include the silver screen (formerly sometimes ''sheet'') and the big screen (contrasted with the smaller screen of a television set).{{cn|date=January 2025}} Specific to North American term is the movies, while specific terms in the UK are the pictures, the flicks, and for the facility itself the flea pit (or fleapit).{{cn|date=January 2025}} A "screening room" is a small theater, often a private one, such as for the use of those involved in the production of motion pictures or in a large private residence.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

==History==
===Precursors===
Movie theaters stand in a long tradition of theaters that could house all kinds of entertainment. Some forms of theatrical entertainment would involve the screening of moving images and can be regarded as [[precursors of film]].

In 1799, [[Étienne-Gaspard Robert|Étienne-Gaspard "Robertson" Robert]] moved his [[phantasmagoria|Phantasmagorie]] show to an abandoned cloister near the [[Place Vendôme]] in Paris. The eerie surroundings, with a graveyard and ruins, formed an ideal location for his ghoulish spectacle.

When it opened in 1838, The Royal Polytechnic Institution in London became a very popular and influential venue with all kinds of [[magic lantern]] shows as an important part of its program. At the main theatre, with 500 seats, lanternists would make good use of a battery of six large lanterns running on tracked tables to project the finely detailed images of extra-large slides on the 648 square feet screen. The magic lantern was used to illustrate lectures, concerts, pantomimes and other forms of theater. Popular magic lantern presentations included phantasmagoria, mechanical slides, [[Henry Langdon Childe]]'s [[dissolving views]] and his chromatrope.<ref name=Heard2006>Heard, Mervyn. ''PHANTASMAGORIA: The Secret History of the Magic Lantern''. The Projection Box, 2006</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chQiAQAAMAAJ&q=childe+polytechnic&pg=PA410|title=The Magazine of Science, and Schools of Art – Vol. IV|year=1843|page=410|access-date=3 October 2020|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703105124/https://books.google.com/books?id=chQiAQAAMAAJ&q=childe+polytechnic&pg=PA410|url-status=live}}</ref>

The earliest known public screening of projected stroboscopic animation was presented by Austrian magician Ludwig Döbler on 15 January 1847 at the Josephstadt Theatre in [[Vienna]], with his patented Phantaskop. The animated spectacle was part of a well-received show that sold out in several European cities during a tour that lasted until the spring of 1848.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tnY-AQAAMAAJ&q=geyling%20phantaskop&pg=PA58|title=Allgemeine Theaterzeitung und Originalblatt für Kunst, Literatur, und geselliges Leben|date=1847|publisher=im Bureau der Theaterzeitung|language=de|access-date=7 December 2020|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703105123/https://books.google.com/books?id=tnY-AQAAMAAJ&q=geyling%20phantaskop&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=before1896>{{Cite journal|last=Rossell|first=Deac|title=The Exhibition of Moving Pictures before 1896|url=https://www.academia.edu/378569|language=en|access-date=7 December 2020|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816035306/https://www.academia.edu/378569|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=geg&datum=18470118&seite=4&zoom=48&query=%22d%C3%B6bler%22&ref=anno-search|title=ANNO, Die Gegenwart. Politisch-literarisches Tagblatt, 1847-01-18, Seite 4|website=anno.onb.ac.at|access-date=2020-04-15|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606143807/http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=geg&datum=18470118&seite=4&zoom=48&query=%22d%C3%B6bler%22&ref=anno-search|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=osm&datum=18470203&seite=2&zoom=33&query=%22d%C3%B6bler%22&ref=anno-search|title=ANNO, Österreichisches Morgenblatt; Zeitschrift für Vaterland, Natur und Leben, 1847-02-03, Seite 2|website=anno.onb.ac.at|access-date=2020-04-15|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606153706/http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=osm&datum=18470203&seite=2&zoom=33&query=%22d%C3%B6bler%22&ref=anno-search/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The famous Parisian entertainment venue [[Le Chat Noir]] opened in 1881 and is remembered for its [[shadow play]]s, renewing the popularity of such shows in France.

===Earliest motion picture screening venues===
The earliest public film screenings took place in existing (vaudeville) theatres and other venues that could be darkened and comfortably house an audience.
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1988-035-15, Berlin, Wintergarten.jpg|thumb|The [[Berlin Wintergarten theatre]] (pictured in 1940) was the site of the [[Max Skladanowsky|Skladanowsky brothers]]'s first film presentation from 1 to 31 November 1895]]
[[Charles-Émile Reynaud|Émile Reynaud]] screened his ''Pantomimes Lumineuses'' animated movies from 28 October 1892 to March 1900 at the [[Musée Grévin]] in Paris, with his [[Théâtre Optique]] system. He gave over 12,800 shows to a total of over 500,000 visitors, with programs including ''[[Pauvre Pierrot]]'' and ''[[Autour d'une cabine]]''.<ref name=emilereynaud.fr>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emilereynaud.fr/index.php/post/Le-Theatre-optique|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081111172705/http://www.emilereynaud.fr/index.php/post/Le-Theatre-optique|archive-date=11 November 2008|title=Le Théâtre optique}}</ref><ref name="myrent1989">{{Cite journal |jstor = 3814977|last1 = Myrent|first1 = Glenn|title = Emile Reynaud: First Motion Picture Cartoonist|journal = Film History|year = 1989|volume = 3|issue = 3|pages = 191–202}}</ref>

[[Thomas Edison]] initially believed film screening would not be as viable commercially as presenting films in a single-viewer apparatus with a viewing peephole. His company developed and marketed such a device, the [[Kinetoscope]]. A few public demonstrations occurred beginning 9 May 1893, before a first public Kinetoscope parlor was opened on 14 April 1894, by the Holland Bros. in New York City at 1155 Broadway, on the corner of 27th Street. This can be regarded as the first commercial motion picture house. The venue had ten machines, set up in parallel rows of five, each showing a different movie. For 25 cents (${{Inflation|index=US|value=0.25|start_year=1894|r=2}} at current prices), a viewer could see all the films in either row, one at a time; half a dollar gave access to the entire bill.<ref>The machines were modified so that they did not operate by nickel slot. According to Hendricks (1966), in each row "attendants switched the instruments on and off for customers who had paid their twenty-five cents" (p. 13). For more on the Hollands, see Peter Morris, ''Embattled Shadows: A History of Canadian Cinema, 1895–1939'' (Montreal and Kingston, Canada; London; and Buffalo, New York: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1978), pp. 6–7. Morris states that Edison wholesaled the Kinetoscope at $200 per machine; in fact, as described below, $250 seems to have been the most common figure at first.</ref>

The [[Eidoloscope]], devised by [[Eugene Augustin Lauste]] for the [[Woodville Latham|Latham]] family, was demonstrated for members of the press on 21 April 1895 and opened to the public on 20 May, in a lower Broadway store with films of the Griffo-Barnett prize boxing fight, taken from [[Madison Square Garden]]'s roof on 4 May.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Streible|first1=Dan|title=Fight Pictures: A History of Boxing and Early Cinema|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520940581|pages=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bpc1fk5T5dYC&pg=PA46|access-date=16 May 2016|date=2008-04-11|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703105122/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bpc1fk5T5dYC&pg=PA46|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Max Skladanowsky]] and his brother Emil demonstrated their motion pictures with the [[Bioscop]] in July 1895 at the Gasthaus Sello in Pankow (Berlin). This venue was later, at least since 1918, exploited as the full-time movie theatre Pankower Lichtspiele and between 1925 and 1994 as Tivoli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allekinos.com/BERLIN%20Tivoli.htm|title=BERLIN Tivoli|website=www.allekinos.com|access-date=2020-03-22|archive-date=9 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109203831/http://www.allekinos.com/BERLIN%20Tivoli.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The first certain commercial screenings by the Skladanowsky brothers took place at the Wintergarten in Berlin from 1 to 31 November 1895.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.victorian-cinema.net/skladanowsky|title=Who's Who of Victorian Cinema|website=www.victorian-cinema.net|access-date=2020-03-22|archive-date=3 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003070812/https://www.victorian-cinema.net/skladanowsky|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first commercial, public screening of films made with [[Auguste and Louis Lumière|Louis and Auguste Lumière]]'s [[Cinématographe]] took place in the basement of [[Salon Indien du Grand Café]] in Paris on 28 December 1895.

===Early dedicated movie theatres===
[[File:Hôtel du Syndicat des verriers D' Aniche (Idéal Cinéma) démoli en 1993.jpg|thumb|right|[[L'Idéal Cinéma]] at [[Aniche]], France, opened 23 November 1905, closed 1977, demolished in 1995]]
During the first decade of motion pictures, the demand for movies, the amount of new productions, and the average runtime of movies, kept increasing, and at some stage it was viable to have theaters that would no longer program live acts, but only movies.

The first building constructed for the dedicated purpose of showing motion pictures was built to demonstrate the [[Phantoscope]], a device created by Jenkins & Armat, as part of The [[Cotton States and International Exposition|Cotton State Exposition]] on 25 September 1895 in Atlanta, Georgia. This is arguably the first cinema in the world.

[[Ptuj City Cinema]] (in the oldest town of Slovenia), had its first commercial [[public screening]] on 3 March 1897 and still operates which makes it the oldest active commercial movie theater in the world.<ref name="Ptuj1"/><ref name="Ptuj2"/><ref name="Ptuj3"/>

Claimants for the title of the earliest movie theatre include the Eden Theater in [[La Ciotat]], where ''L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat'' was screened on 21 March 1899. The theatre closed in 1995, but re-opened in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20131009-worlds-oldest-cinema-eden-theatre-reopen-ciotat-train-france-lumiere|title=World's oldest cinema to reopen in France's La Ciotat|date=9 October 2013|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=22 April 2019|archive-date=31 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031004341/https://www.france24.com/en/20131009-worlds-oldest-cinema-eden-theatre-reopen-ciotat-train-france-lumiere|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[L'Idéal Cinéma]] in [[Aniche]] (France), built in 1901 as l'Hôtel du Syndicat CGT, showed its first film on 23 November 1905. The cinema was closed in 1977 and the building was demolished in 1993. The "Centre Culturel Claude Berri" was built in 1995 and integrates a new movie theater (the Idéal Cinéma Jacques Tati).<ref>{{cite web| title=Aniche – le Jacques Tati| website=De la suite dans les images| archive-date=4 July 2013| date=2011| url=http://www.delasuitedanslesimages.org/aniche-le-jacques-tati/| archive-url=https://archive.today/20130704000031/http://www.delasuitedanslesimages.org/aniche-le-jacques-tati/| language=fr| access-date=31 August 2020| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=On vous refait le film de l'Idéal-cinéma Jacques-Tati d'Aniche | website=La Voix du Nord | date=26 January 2020 | url=https://www.lavoixdunord.fr/700316/article/2020-01-26/vous-refait-le-film-de-l-ideal-cinema-jacques-tati-d-aniche | language=fr | first=Benjamin | last=Dubrulle | access-date=31 August 2020 | archive-date=31 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831113344/https://www.lavoixdunord.fr/700316/article/2020-01-26/vous-refait-le-film-de-l-ideal-cinema-jacques-tati-d-aniche | url-status=live }}</ref>

In the United States, many small and simple theaters were set up, usually in converted storefronts. They typically charged five cents for admission, and thus became known as [[Nickelodeon (movie theater)|nickelodeons]]. This type of theatre flourished from about 1905 to {{circa}}1915.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lewis Jacobs |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.188482 |title=The Rise Of The American Film (a Critical History ) |date=1939 |pages=167-168}}</ref>

The Korsør Biograf Teater, in [[Korsør]], Denmark, opened in August 1908 and is the oldest known movie theater still in continuous operation.<ref>{{cite web | title=Guinness | website=Korsør Biograf Teater | url=http://www.korsoer-bio.dk/guinness | language=da | access-date=31 August 2020 | archive-date=31 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831112348/http://www.korsoer-bio.dk/guinness | url-status=dead }}</ref>
<gallery mode=packed heights=160>
File:Kino Juha in 2024.jpg|A small still-active Kino Juha movie theatre in [[Nurmijärvi]], [[Finland]], opened in 1958
File:Regent theatre Hokitika.jpg|Regent Theatre in [[Hokitika]], [[New Zealand]]
</gallery>

==Design==

[[File:MovieTheaterSeatingUSP06164018.png|thumb|upright=1.35|center|A typical raked (sloped) floor for a movie auditorium, which gives all viewers a clear view of the screen.]]

[[File:50sStyleMovieThearter.png|thumb|Interior of a 1950s-style [[fine arts movie]] theater auditorium. A low pitch viewing floor is used.]]
Traditionally a movie theater, like a [[Theatre|stage theater]], consists of a single [[auditorium]] with rows of comfortable padded seats, as well as a foyer area containing a box office for buying tickets. Movie theaters also often have a [[concession stand]] for buying snacks and drinks within the theater's lobby. Other features included are [[film poster]]s, [[arcade game]]s and washrooms. Stage theaters are sometimes converted into movie theaters by placing a screen in front of the stage and adding a projector; this conversion may be permanent, or temporary for purposes such as showing [[Art film|arthouse]] fare to an audience accustomed to plays. The familiar characteristics of relatively low admission and open seating can be traced to [[Samuel Roxy Rothafel]], an early movie theater [[impresario]]. Many of these early theaters contain a balcony, an elevated level across the auditorium above the theater's rearmost seats. The rearward main floor "loge" seats were sometimes larger, softer, and more widely spaced and sold for a higher price. In conventional low-pitch viewing floors, the preferred seating arrangement is to use staggered rows. While a less efficient use of floor space this allows a somewhat improved sight line between the patrons seated in the next row toward the screen, provided they do not lean toward one another.

"[[Stadium seating]]", popular in modern multiplexes, actually dates back to the 1920s. The 1922 Princess Theatre in Honolulu, Hawaii featured "stadium seating", sharply raked rows of seats extending from in front of the screen back towards the ceiling. It gives patrons a clear sight line over the heads of those seated in front of them. Modern "stadium seating" was utilized in [[IMAX]] theaters, which have very tall screens, beginning in the early 1970s.

Rows of seats are divided by one or more aisles so that there are rarely more than 20 seats in a row. This allows easier access to seating, as the space between rows is very narrow. Depending on the angle of rake of the seats, the aisles have steps. In older theaters, aisle lights were often built into the end seats of each row to help patrons find their way in the dark. Since the advent of stadium theaters with stepped aisles, each step in the aisles may be outlined with small lights to prevent patrons from tripping in the darkened theater. In movie theaters, the auditorium may also have lights that go to a low level, when the movie is going to begin. Theaters often have booster seats for children and other people of short stature to place on the seats to allow them to sit higher, for a better view. Many modern theaters have accessible seating areas for patrons in wheelchairs. See also [[#Luxury screens|luxury screens]] below.
<gallery mode=packed>
File:Cinema odeon firenze 1.JPG|Cinema Odeon auditorium in [[Florence]]
File:Hoyts Carousel Movie Theatre gobeirne.jpg|Interior of Hoyts Cinemas auditorium in [[Perth]], Australia, with [[stadium seating]] with [[cup holders]], [[Architectural acoustics|acoustic]] [[theater drapes and stage curtains|wall-hangings]] and wall-mounted speakers.
File:Le Tennispalatsi (Helsinki) (2758115544).jpg|[[Tennispalatsi]], one of the major [[Finnkino]] multiplex movie theatre places, in [[Helsinki]], Finland
</gallery>

===Multiplexes and megaplexes===
[[File:MultiplexMovieTheaterUSP06164018.png|thumb|right|Example of a Multiplex layout]]
{{main|multiplex (movie theater)}}

Canada was the first country in the world to have a two-screen theater. The [[Elgin Theatre (Ottawa)|Elgin Theatre]] in Ottawa, Ontario became the first venue to offer two film programs on different screens in 1957 when Canadian theater-owner [[Nat Taylor]] converted the dual-screen theater into one capable of showing two different movies simultaneously. Taylor is credited by Canadian sources as the inventor of the multiplex or cineplex; he later founded the [[Cineplex Odeon Corporation]], opening the 18-screen [[Toronto Eaton Centre]] Cineplex, the world's largest at the time, in Toronto, Ontario.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10229 |title=Nat Taylor | Historica – Dominion |publisher=Historica |access-date=4 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927040846/http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10229 |archive-date=27 September 2011 }}</ref> In the United States, Stanley Durwood of American Multi-Cinema (now [[AMC Theatres]]) is credited as pioneering the ''multiplex'' in 1963 after realizing that he could operate several attached auditoriums with the same staff needed for one through careful management of the start times for each movie. [[Ward Parkway Center]] in Kansas City, Missouri had the first multiplex cinema in the United States.

Since the 1960s, multiple-screen theaters have become the norm, and many existing venues have been retrofitted so that they have several auditoriums. A single foyer area is shared among them. In the 1970s, many large 1920s [[movie palace]]s were converted into multiple-screen venues by dividing their large auditoriums, and sometimes even the stage space, into smaller theaters. Due to their size, and amenities like plush seating and extensive food/beverage service, multiplexes and megaplexes draw from a larger geographic area than smaller theaters. As a rule of thumb, they pull audiences from an eight to 12-mile radius, versus a three to five-mile radius for smaller theaters (though the size of this radius depends on population density).<ref>Marich, Robert (2013) Marketing To Moviegoers: Third Edition (2013), SIU Press books, p.295</ref> As a result, the customer geography area of multiplexes and megaplexes typically overlaps with smaller theaters, which face threat of having their audience siphoned by larger theaters that cut a wider swath in the movie-going landscape.

In most markets, nearly all single-screen theaters (sometimes referred to as a "Uniplex") have gone out of business; the ones remaining are generally used for [[Art film|arthouse]] films, e.g. the Crest Theatre<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecrest.com/ |title=Welcome to the Crest Theatre |publisher=Thecrest.com |access-date=4 November 2012 |archive-date=19 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019231516/http://thecrest.com/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref> in downtown [[Sacramento, California]], small-scale productions, film festivals or other presentations. Due to the late development of multiplexes, the term "cinema" or "theater" may refer either to the whole complex or a single auditorium, and sometimes "screen" is used to refer to an auditorium. A popular film may be shown on multiple screens at the same multiplex, which reduces the selection of other films, but offers more choice of viewing times or a greater number of seats to accommodate patrons. Two or three screens may be created by dividing up an existing cinema (as Durwood did with his Roxy in 1964), but newly built multiplexes usually have at least six to eight screens, and often as many as twelve, fourteen, sixteen or even eighteen.

Although definitions vary, a large multiplex with 20 or more screens is usually called a "[[Multiplex (movie theater)|megaplex]]". However, in the United Kingdom, this was a brand name for [[Virgin Cinemas|Virgin Cinema]] (later UGC). The first megaplex is generally considered to be the [[Kinepolis]] in Brussels, Belgium, which opened in 1988 with 25 screens and a [[seating capacity]] of 7,500. The first theater in the U.S. built from the ground up as a megaplex was the AMC Grand 24 in [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]], which opened in May 1995, while the first megaplex in the U.S.-based on an expansion of an existing facility was Studio 28 in [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], which reopened in November 1988 with 20 screens and a seating capacity of 6,000.

===Drive-in===
{{see also|List of drive-in theaters}}
[[File:Autokino.jpg|thumb|right|A drive-in with a {{convert|33|m|ft|abbr=off|adj=on}} wide [[inflatable movie screen]] in the centre of [[Brussels]]]]
A [[Drive-in theater|drive-in movie theater]] is an outdoor parking area with a screen—sometimes an [[Inflatable movie screen|inflatable screen]]—at one end and a projection booth at the other. Moviegoers drive into the parking spaces which are sometimes sloped upwards at the front to give a more direct view of the movie screen. Movies are usually viewed through the car windscreen (windshield) although some people prefer to sit on the bonnet (hood) of the car. Some may also sit in the trunk (back) of their car if space permits. Sound is either provided through portable loudspeakers located by each parking space, or is broadcast on an FM radio frequency, to be played through the car's stereo system. Due to their outdoor nature, drive-ins usually only operate seasonally, and after sunset. Drive-in movie theaters are mainly found in the United States, {{citation needed|date=January 2021}} where they were especially popular in the 1950s and 1960s. Once numbering in the thousands, about 300 remain in the U.S. today. In some cases, multiplex or megaplex theaters were built on the sites of former drive-in theaters.

===Other venues===
[[File:Airscreen.JPG|right|thumb|A giant [[inflatable movie screen]] used at a temporary outdoor movie theater (open air cinema)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.openaircinemas.wordpress.com/|title=Open air cinemas|access-date=21 January 2016|archive-date=20 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620014435/https://openaircinemas.wordpress.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:vintage mobile cinema.jpg|right|thumb|1967 Bedford mobile cinema]]
Some [[outdoor cinema|outdoor movie theaters]] are just grassy areas where the audience sits upon chairs, blankets or in [[Hot Tub Cinema|hot tubs]], and watch the movie on a temporary screen, or even the wall of a building. Colleges and universities have often sponsored movie screenings in lecture halls. The formats of these screenings include 35 mm, 16 mm, [[DVD]], VHS, and 70 mm in rare cases. Some alternative methods of showing movies have been popular in the past. In the 1980s, the introduction of [[VHS]] cassettes made possible video-salons, small rooms where visitors viewed movies on a large TV. These establishments were especially popular in the [[Soviet Union]], where official distribution companies were slow to adapt to changing demand, and so movie theaters could not show popular Hollywood and [[Asian cinema|Asian films]].

In 1967, the British government launched seven custom-built [[mobile cinema]] units for use as part of the [[Minister of Technology|Ministry of Technology]] campaign to raise standards. Using a very futuristic look, these 27-seat cinema vehicles were designed to attract attention. They were built on a [[Bedford SB]]3 chassis with a custom Coventry Steel Caravan extruded aluminum body. Movies are also commonly shown on airliners in flight, using large screens in each cabin or smaller screens for each group of rows or each individual seat. The airline company sometimes charges a fee for the headphones needed to hear the movie's sound. In a similar fashion, movies are sometimes also shown on trains, such as the [[Auto Train]].

The smallest purpose-built cinema is the Cabiria Cine-Cafe which measures {{convert|24|m2|ft2|abbr=on}} and has a [[seating capacity]] of 18. It was built by Renata Carneiro Agostinho da Silva (Brazil) in Brasília DF, Brazil in 2008. It is mentioned in the 2010 ''Guinness World Records''. The World's smallest solar-powered mobile cinema is Sol Cinema in the UK. Touring since 2010, the cinema is actually a converted 1972 caravan. It seats 8–10 at a time. In 2015, it featured in a Lenovo advert for the launch of a new tablet. The [[Bell Museum of Natural History]] in [[Minneapolis]], Minnesota has recently begun summer "bike-ins", inviting only pedestrians or people on bicycles onto the grounds for both live music and movies. In various Canadian cities, including [[Toronto]], Calgary, [[Ottawa]] and [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], al-fresco movies projected on the walls of buildings or temporarily assembled screens in parks operate during the Summer and cater to a pedestrian audience. The New Parkway Museum in [[Oakland, California]] replaces general seating with couches and coffee tables, as well as having a full restaurant menu instead of general movie theater concessions such as popcorn or candy.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

In certain countries, there are also Bed Cinemas where the audience sits or lays in beds instead of chairs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.travelandleisure.com/culture-design/tv-movies/switzerland-movie-theatre-cinema-has-beds-instead-of-seats|title=You Can Watch Movies in Bed at This Theater in Switzerland|website=Travel + Leisure}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviesintheater.com/blog/9-movie-theaters-with-bed-seats-around-the-world/|title=9 Movie theaters with bed seats around the world – Movies In Theater|date=27 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/bk/entertainment/the-bed-cinema-omazz-review/|title=We visited The Bed Cinema by Omazz and absolutely loved it|date=8 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author1=Jen |url=https://indie88.com/this-movie-theater-with-beds-wants-to-reinvent-the-moviegoing-experience/|title=Movie Theater With Beds Reinvents The Movie Experience|work=Indie88 |date=4 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abc13.com/bed-cinema-houston-dates-tickets/5964605/|title=Outdoor pop-up theater featuring actual beds coming to Houston|date=25 February 2020|website=ABC13 Houston}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220907000144|title=Movie theaters offer a new experience|first=Park|last=Han-na|date=7 September 2022|website=The Korea Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://explorehidden.com/event/details/bed-cinema-san-franciscos-most-comfortable-cinema-1550729|title=Bed Cinema – San Francisco's Most Comfortable Cinema|website=explorehidden.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeout.com/los-angeles/movies/the-bed-cinema|title=The Bed Cinema|date=3 April 2019|website=Time Out Los Angeles}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|reason=Surely one or two citations is enough for this?|date=July 2025}}

===3D===
[[File:Amcpromenade16.jpg|thumb|right|A typical [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplex]] ([[AMC Theatres|AMC]] Promenade 16 in [[Woodland Hills, Los Angeles]])]]
{{Main|3D film}}

A 3D film is a system of presenting film images so that they appear to the viewer to be three-dimensional. Visitors usually borrow or keep special glasses to wear while watching the movie. Depending on the system used, these are typically [[Polarized 3D system|polarized glasses]]. Three-dimensional movies use two images channeled, respectively, to the left and right eyes to simulate depth by using 3D glasses with red and blue lenses (anaglyph), polarized (linear and circular), and other techniques. 3D glasses deliver the proper image to the proper eye and make the image appear to "pop-out" at the viewer and even follow the viewer when he/she moves so viewers relatively see the same image.

[[File:Utrecht City cinema (Utrecht 2020) (49571097741).jpg|thumb|A movie theater in [[Utrecht]], [[Netherlands]]]]

The earliest 3D movies were presented in the 1920s. There have been several prior "waves" of 3D movie distribution, most notably in the 1950s when they were promoted as a way to offer audiences something that they could not see at home on television. Still, the process faded quickly and as yet has never been more than a novelty in movie presentation. The "golden era" of 3D film began in the early 1950s with the release of the first color stereoscopic feature, ''[[Bwana Devil]]''.<ref>Gunzberg, M.L. (1953). "What is Natural Vision?", ''New Screen Techniques''. 55–59.</ref> The film starred [[Robert Stack]], [[Barbara Britton]] and [[Nigel Bruce]]. James Mage was an early pioneer in the 3D craze. Using his 16 mm 3D Bolex system, he premiered his ''Triorama'' program in February 1953 with his four shorts: ''Sunday In Stereo'', ''Indian Summer'', ''American Life'', and ''This is Bolex Stereo''.<ref>"Just Like 1927." BoxOffice 7 February 1953: 12.</ref> 1953 saw two groundbreaking features in 3D: [[Columbia Pictures|Columbia's]] ''[[Man in the Dark]]'' and [[Warner Bros.]] ''[[House of Wax (1953 film)|House of Wax]]'', the first 3D feature with stereophonic sound. For many years, most 3D movies were shown in amusement parks and even "4D" techniques have been used when certain effects such as spraying of water, movement of seats, and other effects are used to simulate actions seen on the screen. The first decline in the theatrical 3D craze started in August and September 1953.

In 2009, movie exhibitors became more interested in 3D film. The number of 3D screens in theaters has increased. The [[RealD 3D|RealD]] company expected 15,000 screens worldwide in 2010. The availability of 3D movies encourages exhibitors to adopt [[digital cinema]] and provides a way for theaters to compete with [[Home cinema|home theater]]s. One incentive for theaters to show 3D films is that although ticket sales have declined, revenues from 3D tickets have grown.<ref>Walters, Ben. "The Great Leap Forward." Sight & Sound, 19.3. (2009) pp. 38–41.</ref> In the 2010s, [[3D film]]s became popular again. The [[IMAX 3D]] system and digital 3D systems are used (the latter is used in the animated movies of [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]/[[Pixar]]). The RealD 3D system works by using a single digital projector that swaps back and forth between the images for eyes. A filter is placed in front of the projector that changes the polarization of the light coming from the projector. A silver screen is used to reflect this light back at the audience and reduce loss of brightness. There are four other systems available: Volfoni 3D, MasterImage 3D, XpanD 3D, and [[Dolby 3D]].

When a system is used that requires inexpensive 3D glasses, they can sometimes be kept by the patron. Most theaters have a fixed cost for 3D, while others charge for the glasses, but the latter is uncommon (at least in the United States). For example, in [[movie theaters in the Netherlands|Pathé theaters in the Netherlands]], the extra fee for watching a 3D film consists of a fixed fee of €1.50, and an optional fee of €1 for the glasses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pathe.nl/artikel/223-je-eigen-3d-bril |title=Je eigen 3D-bril |publisher=Pathe.nl |access-date=4 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120131435/http://www.pathe.nl/artikel/223-je-eigen-3d-bril |archive-date=20 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Holders of the ''Pathé Unlimited Gold'' pass (see below) are supposed to bring along their own glasses. One pair, supplied yearly, more robust than the regular type, is included in the price.

===IMAX===
[[IMAX]] is a system using [[70 mm film]] with more than ten times the frame size of a [[35 mm movie film|35 mm film]]. IMAX theaters use an oversized screen as well as special projectors. The first permanent IMAX theater was at [[Ontario Place]] in Toronto, Canada. Until 2016, visitors to the IMAX theater attached to the [[National Science and Media Museum]] in [[Bradford]], West Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom, could observe the IMAX projection booth via a glass rear wall and watch the large format films being loaded and projected.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/cinema/imax |title=IMAX |publisher=National Science and Media Museum |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022204234/https://www.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/cinema/imax |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest permanent IMAX cinema screen measures {{convert|38.80|x|21.00|m|ft|abbr=on}} and was achieved by Traumplast Leonberg (Germany) in [[Leonberg, Germany]], verified on 6 December 2022.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/06WNaTuPs04 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190727050712/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06WNaTuPs04&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06WNaTuPs04| title = Inside Darling Harbour iMax Theatre – Sydney – Australia | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 17 May 2016 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/darling-harbour-imax-to-be-demolished-and-replaced-by-new-development-called-the-ribbon/news-story/51d9db0f9fa881d0f2b157537b329414| title=IMAX to be demolished, reborn as the Ribbon| date=25 August 2016| access-date=25 April 2019| archive-date=28 September 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928083812/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/darling-harbour-imax-to-be-demolished-and-replaced-by-new-development-called-the-ribbon/news-story/51d9db0f9fa881d0f2b157537b329414| url-status=live}}</ref>

IMAX also refers to a [[digital cinema]] format that uses dual [[2K resolution]] projectors and a screen with a 1.90:1 aspect ratio; this system is designed primarily for use in retrofitted multiplexes, using screens significantly smaller than those normally associated with IMAX.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maintaining The IMAX Experience, From Museum To Multiplex |language=en |work=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/2014/05/02/308939700/maintaining-the-imax-experience-from-museum-to-multiplex |access-date=2022-10-02 |archive-date=1 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701122246/https://www.npr.org/2014/05/02/308939700/maintaining-the-imax-experience-from-museum-to-multiplex |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, IMAX introduced a new "IMAX with Laser" format, using [[4K resolution]] laser projectors.<ref name="latimeslaser">{{cite news |last=Verrier |first=Richard |date=April 15, 2015 |title=Imax premieres new laser system at TCL Chinese Theatre in Hollywood |work=The Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-imax-laser-20150415-story.html |access-date=March 7, 2016 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002003931/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-imax-laser-20150415-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Premium large format (PLF)===
The term "'''premium large format'''" ('''PLF'''), or simply "'''premium format'''"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-13 |title=Why Cinema Needs Premium Format? {{!}} GDC Technology |url=https://www.gdc-tech.com/blog-and-news/why-cinema-needs-premium-format/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> or "'''premium theater'''", emerged in the 2010s to refer to auditoriums with high-end amenities. PLF does not refer to a single format in general, but combinations of non-proprietary amenities such as larger wall-to-wall, floor-to-ceiling screens, [[4K resolution]], [[Laser projector|laser projection]], [[High-dynamic-range television|high-dynamic-range (HDR) color]], [[7.1 surround sound]] and/or immersive surround sound systems (including [[Dolby Atmos]], [[DTS:X]], and [[Auro 11.1]]), and higher-quality seating (including luxury recliners). Theaters typically brand PLF auditoriums with exhibitor-specific [[trademark]]s, such as "Prime"/"XL" ([[AMC Theatres]]),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-29 |title=AMC Theatres® Unveils Its First XL at AMC Auditoriums – Continuing Its Ongoing Commitment to Elevate the Moviegoing Experience Through the AMC Go Plan |url=https://investor.amctheatres.com/news-events/press-releases/detail/384/amc-theatres-unveils-its-first-xl-at-amc-auditoriums-continuing-its-ongoing-commitment-to-elevate-the-moviegoing-experience-through-the-amc-go-plan |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=AMC Entertainment Holdings, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> "Grand Screen" ([[B&B Theatres]]), "BTX" ([[Scene One Entertainment]]),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-11 |title=Bow Tie to Open New PLF Theatre |url=https://www.digitalcinemareport.com/article/bow-tie-open-new-plf-theatre |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Digital Cinema Report |language=en}}</ref> "Superscreen" ([[Cineworld|Cineworld Cinemas]]), "BigD" ([[Carmike Cinemas]], now owned by AMC), "Xtremescreen" ([[Hoyts|Hoyts Cinemas]]), "UltraAVX" ([[Cineplex Entertainment|Cineplex Cinemas]]), "Macro XE" ([[Cinépolis]]), "XD" ([[Cinemark Theatres]]), "V-Max" ([[Event Cinemas]]), "BigPix" ([[PVR INOX]]),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-17 |title=INOX launches Goa's Largest Cinema Screen BIGPIX at Old GMC Panaji |url=https://www.adgully.com/inox-launches-goa-s-largest-cinema-screen-bigpix-at-old-gmc-panaji-112195.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Adgully |language=en-US}}</ref> "Laser Ultra" ([[Kinepolis]] and its subsidiaries), "Regal Premium Experience (RPX)" ([[Regal Cinemas]]), "Superscreen DLX"/"Ultrascreen DLX" ([[Marcus Theatres]]),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riccioli |first=Jim |title=Four big reasons why today's experience is so much better in Marcus Theatre's local cinemas than years ago |url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/communities/waukesha/news/waukesha/2018/05/23/why-todays-movie-experience-so-much-better-marcus-theaters/631023002/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=Journal Sentinel |language=en-US |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216015135/https://www.jsonline.com/story/communities/waukesha/news/waukesha/2018/05/23/why-todays-movie-experience-so-much-better-marcus-theaters/631023002/ |url-status=live }}</ref> "Titan" ([[Reading Cinemas]]),<ref>{{Cite web |last=jimjin |date=2021-06-04 |title=Get the popcorn, cinema opening in Altona North |url=https://maribyrnonghobsonsbay.starweekly.com.au/news/get-the-popcorn-cinema-opening-in-altona-north/ |access-date=2021-07-19 |website=Maribyrnong & Hobsons Bay |language=en-US |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703105300/https://maribyrnonghobsonsbay.starweekly.com.au/news/get-the-popcorn-cinema-opening-in-altona-north/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-12 |title=These are 19 of the most unusual Southern California movie theaters |url=https://www.pasadenastarnews.com/2018/03/12/19-unusual-southern-california-movie-theaters-where-you-should-see-a-film/ |access-date=2021-07-19 |website=Pasadena Star News |language=en-US |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121043503/https://www.pasadenastarnews.com/2018/03/12/19-unusual-southern-california-movie-theaters-where-you-should-see-a-film/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Christie |date=2010-06-18 |title=Audiences prepare for splash of this Titan |url=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2010/06/18/features/audiences-prepare-for-splash-of-this-titan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719215639/https://www.staradvertiser.com/2010/06/18/features/audiences-prepare-for-splash-of-this-titan/ |archive-date=2021-07-19 |access-date=2021-07-19 |website=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |language=en-US}}</ref> "Epic" ([[Vue International]]),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=2025-07-09 |title=European Cinema Giant Vue Launches Epic, a New Premium Large Format Experience Going Up Against Imax |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/vue-launches-epic-premium-large-format-experience-imax-1236450143/ |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> and "X-land" ([[Wanda Film|Wanda Cinemas]]).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-29 |title=How Premium Large Format Auditoriums Are Helping Welcome Audiences Back to the Movies |url=https://www.boxofficepro.com/giants-premium-format-2021/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=Boxoffice |language=en-US |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001010120/https://www.boxofficepro.com/giants-premium-format-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Going Big: More and more circuits invest in Premium Large Format brands |url=http://fj.webedia.us/features/going-big-more-and-more-circuits-invest-premium-large-format-brands |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=Film Journal International |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001003057/http://fj.webedia.us/features/going-big-more-and-more-circuits-invest-premium-large-format-brands |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Brooks |date=2014-04-12 |title=Battle for the Bigger Screen |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/12/business/media/battle-for-the-bigger-screen.html |access-date=2022-10-01 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001010115/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/12/business/media/battle-for-the-bigger-screen.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

PLFs compete primarily with formats such as IMAX Digital; the use of common "[[Commercial off-the-shelf|off-the-shelf]]" components and an in-house brand removes the need to pay licensing fees to a third-party for a proprietary large format.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In July 2025, it was reported that a group of exhibitors were considering establishing a joint brand or [[certification mark]] for their PLFs to better compete with IMAX, citing an increasingly undue presence by the company in film marketing (including promotional material for films advertising IMAX, and an agreement with [[Netflix]] to perform a limited release of a [[Adaptations of The Chronicles of Narnia#Netflix|''Chronicles of Narnia'' adaptation]] exclusively to IMAX).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldsmith |first=Jill |date=2025-02-19 |title=Imax CEO Calls Its Netflix-'Narnia' Release Deal "Fairly Complex": "Not In A Rush To Do Another One" |url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/imax-netflix-narnia-greta-gerwig-box-office-1236294563/ |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>

Although the term is synonymous with exhibitor-specific brands, some PLFs are franchised. [[Dolby]] franchises [[Dolby Cinema]], which is based on technologies such as Dolby Atmos and [[Dolby Vision]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dolby Launches Dolby Cinema |url=http://www.digitalcinemareport.com/article/dolby-launches-dolby-cinema |access-date=2016-06-04 |website=Digital Cinema Report |date=3 December 2014 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403065708/http://www.digitalcinemareport.com/article/dolby-launches-dolby-cinema |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> [[CJ CGV]] franchises [[ScreenX]], a format that utilizes multiple screens in a 270-degree perspective.<ref name="kfc-screenx-choi">{{cite news |date=12 February 2018 |title=CHOI Yong-seung, the Creative Director Behind PSYCHOKINESIS' Screen X Direction |url=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/eng/news/interview.jsp?blbdComCd=601019&seq=301&mode=INTERVIEW_VIEW |accessdate=18 February 2020 |work=Korean Film News |publisher=Korean Film Council}}</ref>

=== Motion-controlled seating ===
Some screens may offer seats capable of motion on multiple axes, as well as [[Haptic technology|haptic]] effects.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Boxoffice |date=2025-01-28 |title=D-BOX Reaches 1,000 Cinema Screens Worldwide |url=https://www.boxofficepro.com/d-box-reaches-1000-cinema-screens-worldwide/ |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=Boxoffice Pro |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="slate">{{Cite magazine |last=Goffe |first=Nadira |date=2024-03-14 |title=Dune: Part Two 4DX: How the immersive theater experience is created. |url=https://slate.com/culture/2024/03/dune-4dx-design-4dplex.html |access-date=2024-03-14 |department=Movies |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |language=en-US |issn=1091-2339 |oclc=728292344}}</ref>

[[D-Box Technologies]] first released its motion seat system to theaters in 2009, with ''[[Fast & Furious (2009 film)|Fast & Furious]]'' being the first feature film supporting the system. In January 2025, the company stated that it had over 23,000 seat installations at 1,000 screens worldwide.<ref name=":2" /> [[4DX]] (also franchised by CJ CGV) combines motion seats with other types of [[Practical effect|practical effects]] such as [[Fog machine|fog machines]], [[Wind machine|wind]], and scents.<ref name="slate" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-16 |title=Cinemas weigh launching new large screen brand to challenge Imax |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-07-16/cinemas-weigh-launching-new-large-screen-brand-to-challenge-imax |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref>

==Programming==
[[File:Public screening in Bremen.jpg|thumb|Non-movie-theater screening: movie in a culture club in Germany]]
Movie theaters may be classified by the type of movies they show or when in a film's release process they are shown:
* ''First-run theater'': A theater that runs primarily mainstream film fare from the major film companies and distributors, during the initial new release stage of each film.
* ''Second-run'' or ''discount theater'': A theater that runs films that have already shown in the first-run theaters and presented at a lower ticket price. (These are sometimes known as [[Discount theater|dollar theaters]] or "cheap seats".) This form of cinema is diminishing in viability owing to the increasingly shortened intervals before the films' [[home video]] release, called the "video window".
* ''[[Independent movie theater|Repertoire/repertory theater]]'' or ''arthouse'': A theater that presents more alternative and [[Art|art film]]s as well as second-run and classic films (often known as an "independent cinema" in the UK).
* An ''[[adult movie theater]]'' or ''sex theater'' specializes in showing [[Pornographic film|pornographic movies]]. Such movies are rarely shown in other theaters. See also [[Golden Age of Porn]]. Since the widespread availability of pornographic films for home viewing on VHS in the 1980s and 1990s, the DVD in the 1990s, and the Blu-ray disc in the 2000s, there are far fewer adult movie theaters.
* [[IMAX]] theaters can show conventional movies, but the major benefits of the IMAX system are only available when showing movies filmed using it. While a few mainstream feature films have been produced in IMAX, [[IMAX#Films|IMAX movies]] are often documentaries featuring natural scenery, and may be limited to the 45-minute length of a single reel of IMAX film.

==Presentation==
[[File:Projecteur cinématographique 35mm.jpg|thumb|right|[[35mm movie film|35 mm]] movie projector]]
[[File:Biografmuseet 2011x.jpg|thumb|right|Broadcast center]]
Usually in the 2020s, an admission is for one feature film. Two feature films are sometimes sold as one admission ([[double feature]]), with a break in between. Separate admission for a [[Short film|short subject]] is rare. It is either an extra before a feature film or part of a series of short films sold as one admission (this mainly occurs at film festivals). In the early decades of "talkie" films, many movie theaters presented a number of shorter items in addition to the feature film. This might include a [[newsreel]], live-action comedy short films, documentary short films, musical short films, or [[animated cartoon|cartoon shorts]] (many classic cartoon series such as the ''[[Looney Tunes]]'' and ''[[Mickey Mouse]]'' shorts were created for this purpose). Some theaters ran on ''continuous showings'', where the same items would repeat throughout the day, with patrons arriving and departing at any time rather than having distinct entrance and exit cycles. Newsreels gradually became obsolete by the 1960s with the rise of television news, and most material now shown prior to a feature film is of a commercial or promotional nature (which usually include "[[trailer (promotion)|trailers]]", that are advertisements for films and commercials for other consumer products or services).

A typical modern theater presents [[Advertising#Traditional_media|commercial advertising shorts]], then movie trailers, and then the feature film. Advertised start times are usually for the entire program or session, not the feature itself;<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4287273.stm "The love and loathing of cinema ads"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514092214/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4287273.stm |date=14 May 2006 }}, BBC News website, 23 February 2005</ref> thus people who want to avoid commercials and trailers would opt to enter later. This is easiest and causes the least inconvenience when it is not crowded or one is not very choosy about where one wants to sit. If one has a ticket for a specific seat (see below) one is formally assured of that, but it is still inconvenient and disturbing to find and claim it during the commercials and trailers, unless it is near an aisle. Some movie theaters have a [[Intermission|break]] during the presentation, particularly for very long films. There may also be a break between the introductory material and the feature. Some countries such as the Netherlands have a tradition of incorporating an intermission in regular feature presentations, though many theaters have now abandoned that tradition,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boomchicago.nl/Section/Real-Amsterdam/330|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420043234/http://www.boomchicago.nl/Section/Real-Amsterdam/330|url-status=unfit|title=Boom Chicago : Real-Amsterdam : Tuschinksi Reopens|archivedate=20 April 2006}}</ref> while in North America, this is very rare and usually limited to special circumstances involving extremely long movies. Many people leave during the [[closing credits]], but some stay until the end. The lights are usually switched on after the credits, sometimes during them. Some films show [[Post-credits scene|mid-credits scenes]] while the credits are rolling, which in comedy films are often bloopers and outtakes, or [[post-credits scene]]s, that typically set up the audience for a sequel.

Until the multiplex era, prior to showtime, the screen in some theaters would be covered by a curtain, in the style of a theater for a play. The curtain would be drawn for the feature. It is common practice in Australia for the curtain to cover part of the screen during advertising and trailers, then be fully drawn to reveal the full width of the screen for the main feature. Some theaters, lacking a curtain, filled the screen with slides of some form of [[abstract art]] prior to the start of the movie. Currently, in multiplexes, theater chains often include a continuous [[Slide show|slideshow]] between showings featuring a loop of movie trivia, promotional material for the theater chains (such as encouraging patrons to purchase drinks, snacks and popcorn, gift vouchers and group rates, or other foyer retail offers), or advertising for local and national businesses. Advertisements for [[Fandango Media|Fandango]] and other convenient methods of purchasing tickets are often shown. Also prior to showing the film, reminders in varying forms would be shown concerning theater etiquette (no smoking, no talking, no littering, no texting, etc.) and in recent years, added reminders to silence mobile phones as well as warnings concerning movie piracy with camcorders ("[[cam (bootleg)|cam]]ming").

Some well-equipped theaters have "interlock" projectors which allow two or more projectors and sound units to be run in unison by connecting them electronically or mechanically. This setup can be used to project two prints in sync (for dual-projector 3-D) or to "interlock" one or more soundtracks to a single film. Sound interlocks were used for stereophonic sound systems before the advent of magnetic film prints.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/on-its-40th-anniversary-notes-on-the-making-of-all-the-presidents-men/|title=On Its 40th Anniversary: Notes on the Making of All the President's Men|last=Boorstin|first=Jon|website=Los Angeles Review of Books|date=25 March 2016|access-date=2019-10-07|archive-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007121556/https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/on-its-40th-anniversary-notes-on-the-making-of-all-the-presidents-men/|url-status=live}}</ref> Fantasound (developed by [[RCA Corporation|RCA]] in 1940 for Disney's Fantasia) was an early interlock system. Likewise, early stereophonic films such as ''[[This Is Cinerama]]'' and ''[[House of Wax (1953 film)|House of Wax]]'' utilized a separate, magnetic oxide-coated film to reproduce up to six or more tracks of stereophonic sound. Datasat Digital Entertainment, purchaser of [[DTS (sound system)|DTS]]'s cinema division in May 2008, uses a time code printed on and read off of the film to synchronize with a CD-ROM in the sound track, allowing multi-channel soundtracks or foreign language tracks. This is not considered a projector interlock, however.

This practice is most common with blockbuster movies. [[Muvico Theaters]], [[Regal Cinemas]], [[Pacific Theatres]] and [[AMC Theatres]] are some theaters that interlock films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2017/10/12/cover-your-eyes-how-harry-guerro-brought-the-wildest-old-3-d-movies-to-the-quad-cinema/|title=Cover Your Eyes! How Harry Guerro Brought the Wildest Old 3-D Movies to the Quad Cinema|website=www.villagevoice.com|date=12 October 2017|access-date=2019-10-07|archive-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028133701/https://www.villagevoice.com/2017/10/12/cover-your-eyes-how-harry-guerro-brought-the-wildest-old-3-d-movies-to-the-quad-cinema/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Live broadcasting to movie theaters===
Sometimes movie theaters provide digital projection of a live broadcast of an opera, concert, or other performance or event. For example, there are regular [[Metropolitan Opera Live in HD|live broadcasts to movie theaters of Metropolitan Opera performances]], with additionally limited repeat showings. Admission prices are often more than twice the regular movie theater admission prices.

== Accessibility ==
Several accessibility features can be integrated into a movie theater.

=== Alternate audio ===
A Hearing Impaired (HI) audio track is designed for people who are [[hearing-impaired]] to better hear dialogue. [[Audio description]] is [[narration]] for people who are [[Blindness|blind]] or [[visually impaired]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Accessibility & The Audio Track File |url=https://cinepedia.com/accessibility/accessibility-the-audio-track-file/ |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=Cinepedia |date=September 2017 }}</ref> Moviegoers can wear headphones which play one of these alternate audio tracks synchronized with the film.<ref name=":4" /> In [[digital cinema]], Hearing Impaired audio is stored in the [[Digital Cinema Package]] (DCP) on Sound Track channel 7, and audio description is stored as "Visually Impaired-Native" (VI-N) audio on Sound Track channel 8.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9161348 |title=D-Cinema Packaging — SMPTE DCP Bv2.1 Application Profile |date=18 May 2020 |publisher=[[The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers]] |isbn=978-1-68303-222-9 |doi=10.5594/SMPTE.RDD52.2020 |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924122250/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9161348 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Sign Language Video ===
[[Sign language]] can be displayed on a [[second screen]] device synchronized with the film.<ref name=":4" /> In Brazil, [[Brazilian Sign Language|Libras]] accessibility requirements mandate availability of [[Brazilian Sign Language]] for films shown in Brazilian movie theaters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 Sep 2017 |title=Deluxe Launches First Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS) Localization Service Outside Brazil |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/deluxe-launches-first-brazilian-sign-language-libras-localization-service-outside-brazil-300521137.html |access-date=14 Nov 2023 |website=Cision PR Newswire |publisher=Deluxe Entertainment Services Group Inc. through Cision PR Newswire}}</ref> This video is stored in the DCP as a [[Sign Language Video]] track on Sound Track channel 15.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2018-03-29 |title=Recommended Guidelines for Digital Cinema Source and DCP Content Delivery |url=http://www.deluxecdn.com/dcinema/support/Deluxe_Technicolor_Source_Delivery_Guidelines_1.0.pdf |access-date=2023-11-14 |publisher=Deluxe Technicolor Digital Cinema}}</ref>

==Pricing and admission==
[[File:Cinema Museum, London object 60.JPG|thumb|Admission prices board, [[Cinema Museum (London)]]]]

In order to obtain admission to a movie theater, the prospective theater-goer must purchase a [[Ticket (admission)|ticket]] from the box office, which may be for an arbitrary seat ("open" or "free" seating, [[first-come, first-served]]) or for a specific one (allocated seating).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myvue.com/faq|title=FAQs – Vue Cinemas|work=Vue Cinemas|access-date=21 January 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203191400/http://www.myvue.com/faq|archive-date=3 December 2008}}</ref> As of 2015, some theaters sell tickets online or at automated kiosks in the theater lobby. Movie theaters in North America generally have open seating. Cinemas in Europe can have free seating or numbered seating. Some theaters in Mexico offer numbered seating, in particular, Cinepolis VIP. In the case of numbered seating systems the attendee can often pick seats from a video screen. Sometimes the attendee cannot see the screen and has to make a choice based on a verbal description of the still available seats. In the case of free seats, already seated customers may be asked by staff to move one or more places for the benefit of an arriving couple or group wanting to sit together.{{cn|date=May 2024}}
[[File:Cinema Museum, London object 106.JPG|thumb|left|Seating indicator]]
For 2013, the average price for a movie ticket in the United States was $8.13.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marketingmovies.net/news/global-cinema-stats-for-2013/ |title=Cinema Statistics for 2013 |publisher=MarketingMovies.net |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-date=30 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330063750/http://www.marketingmovies.net/news/global-cinema-stats-for-2013/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The price of a ticket may be discounted during off-peak times e.g. for [[wikt:matinee|matinees]], and higher at busy times, typically evenings and weekends. In Australia, Canada and New Zealand, when this practice is used, it is traditional to offer the lower prices for Tuesday for all showings, one of the slowest days of the week in the movie theater business, which has led to the nickname "cheap Tuesday".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dandickinson.com/wordpress/?p=106|title=First the accusatory vignettes that air before the movie, and now this|work=Skirl – Dan Dickinson|date=2 April 2004|access-date=21 January 2016|archive-date=22 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022124620/http://www.dandickinson.com/wordpress/?p=106|url-status=live}}</ref> Tickets are sometimes cheaper on Monday, or on Sunday morning. Almost all movie theaters employ economic [[price discrimination]]: tickets for youth, students, and seniors are typically cheaper. Large theater chains, such as AMC Theatres, also own smaller theaters that show "second runs" of popular films, at reduced ticket prices. Movie theaters in India and other developing countries employ price discrimination in seating arrangement: seats closer to the screen cost less, while the ones furthest from the screen cost more.

[[File:50sStyleMovieBoxOffice.png|thumb|right|Box office of a 1950s style [[fine arts movie]] theater.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fineartsgroup.com/|title=Fine Arts Group|access-date=21 January 2016|archive-date=20 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120170202/http://www.fineartsgroup.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
In the United States, many movie theater chains sell discounted passes, which can be exchanged for tickets to regular showings. Some passes provide substantial discounts from the price of regular admission, especially if they carry restrictions. Common restrictions include a waiting time after a movie's release before the pass can be exchanged for a ticket or specific theaters where a pass is ineligible for admission.

Some movie theaters and chains sell monthly passes for unlimited entrance to regular showings. Cinemas in Thailand have a restriction of one viewing per movie. The increasing number of 3D movies, for which an additional fee is required, somewhat undermines the concept of unlimited entrance to regular showings, in particular if no 2D version is screened, except in the cases where 3D is included. Some adult theaters sell a day pass, either as standard ticket, or as an option that costs a little more than a single admission. Also for some film festivals, a pass is sold for unlimited entrance. [[Discount theater]]s show films at a greatly discounted rate, however, the films shown are generally films that have already run for many weeks at regular theaters and thus are no longer a major draw, or films which flopped at the box office and thus have already been removed from showings at major theaters in order to free up screens for films that are a better box office draw.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

===Luxury screens===
[[File:Nachos and beer at a Finnkino movie theatre in Itäkeskus.jpg|thumb|right|Some movie theaters in [[Finland]] sell alcohol to take along to the movie itself in select showings. Such showings are always adults-only, regardless of the movie's rating.]]
Some cinemas in city centers offer luxury seating with services like complimentary refills of soft drinks and popcorn, a bar serving beer, wine and liquor, reclining leather seats and service bells.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.winespectator.com/articles/movie-theaters-look-to-alcoholic-beverages|title=Surround Sound? IMAX? Chardonnay? Movie Theaters Look to Alcoholic Beverages|website=Wine Spectator|language=en|access-date=2019-10-07|archive-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007121556/https://www.winespectator.com/articles/movie-theaters-look-to-alcoholic-beverages|url-status=live}}</ref> Cinemas must have a liquor license to serve alcohol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au/racing-gaming-and-liquor/liquor/liquor-licensing/license-types-and-trading-hours|title=Licence types and trading hours|website=sitefinitycms-staging|language=en|access-date=2019-10-07|archive-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007121555/https://www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au/racing-gaming-and-liquor/liquor/liquor-licensing/license-types-and-trading-hours|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Vue International|Vue Cinema]] and [[CJ CGV|CGV Cinema]] chain is a good example of a large-scale offering of such a service, called "Gold Class" and similarly, ODEON, Britain's largest cinema chain, and [[21 Cineplex]], Indonesia's largest cinema chain, have gallery areas in some of their bigger cinemas where there is a separate foyer area with a bar and unlimited snacks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2019/jun/08/want-to-save-money-at-the-movies-heres-the-full-picture|title=Want to save money at the movies? Here's the full picture|last=Swindale|first=Rachael|date=2019-06-08|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-10-07|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007121551/https://www.theguardian.com/money/2019/jun/08/want-to-save-money-at-the-movies-heres-the-full-picture|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/film-news/first-look-around-britains-biggest-14729553|title=First look around Britain's biggest luxury cinema in Birmingham|last=Young|first=Graham|date=2018-06-02|website=birminghammail|access-date=2019-10-07|archive-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007121555/https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/film-news/first-look-around-britains-biggest-14729553|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Age restrictions===
[[File:The New Picture Rating Logo in Taiwan.svg|thumb|left|These ratings are from the revised [[Taiwan]] motion picture rating system which took effect in October 2015.]]

Admission to a movie may also be restricted by a [[Motion picture content rating system|motion picture rating system]], typically due to depictions of sex, nudity or graphic violence. According to such systems, children or teenagers below a certain age may be forbidden access to theaters showing certain movies, or only admitted when accompanied by a parent or other adult. In some jurisdictions, a rating may legally impose these age restrictions on movie theaters. Where movie theaters do not have this legal obligation, they may enforce restrictions on their own. Accordingly, a movie theater may either not be allowed to program an unrated film, or voluntarily refrain from doing so.

===Revenue===
{{see also|Box office}}
[[Movie studio]]s/[[Film distribution|film distributor]]s in the US traditionally drive hard bargains entitling them to as much as 100% of the gross ticket revenue during the first weeks (and then the balance changes in 10% increments in favor of exhibitors at intervals that vary from film to film).<ref name="Filson">{{cite journal |last1=Filson |first1=Darren |last2=Switzer |first2=David |last3=Besocke |first3=Portia |title=At The Movies: The Economics Of Exhibition Contracts |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1093/ei/cbi024 |journal=Economic Inquiry |date=April 2005 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=354–370 |doi=10.1093/ei/cbi024|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Film exhibition has seen a rise in its development with video consolidation as well as DVD sales, which over the past two decades is the biggest earner in revenue. According to The Contemporary Hollywood Film Industry, Philip Drake states that box office takings currently account for less than a quarter of total revenues and have become increasingly "front-loaded", earning the majority of receipts in the opening two weeks of exhibition, meaning films need to make an almost instant impact in order to avoid being dropped from screens by exhibitors. Essentially, if the film does not succeed in the first few weeks of its inception, it will most likely fail in its attempt to gain a sustainable amount of revenue and thus being removed from movie theaters. Furthermore, higher-budget films on the "opening weekend", or the three days, Friday to Sunday, can signify how much revenue it will bring in, not only to America, but as well as overseas. It may also determine the price in distribution windows through home video and television.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McDonald |first1=Paul |last2=Wasko |first2=Janet|title=The Contemporary Hollywood Film Industry |year=2008 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Malden, MA |page=126}}</ref>

In Canada, the total operating revenue in the movie theater industry was $1.7 billion in 2012, an 8.4% increase from 2010. This increase was mainly the result of growth in box office and concession revenue. Combined, these accounted for 91.9% of total industry operating revenue.<ref>{{cite web|title = Statcan.gc.ca|url = http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/87f0009x/87f0009x2013001-eng.pdf|website = Statcan.gc.ca|access-date = 11 May 2015|archive-date = 18 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090651/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/87f0009x/87f0009x2013001-eng.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref> In the US, the "...number of tickets sold fell nearly 11% between 2004 and 2013, according to the report, while box office revenue increased 17%" due to increased ticket prices.<ref name="wsj.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303949704579461813982237426|title=Fewer Americans Go to the Movies|author=Erich Schwartzel and Ben Fritz|date=25 March 2014|work=WSJ|access-date=21 January 2016|archive-date=26 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126111929/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303949704579461813982237426|url-status=live}}</ref>

====New forms of competition====
[[File:1980- Summer cinema box office revenue.svg |thumb|Ticket sales revenue has declined since the mid-2010s, not fully recovering from declines during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] when many theaters were closed.<ref name=NYTimes_20250903>{{cite news |last1=Zhang |first1=Christine |last2=Barnes |first2=Brooks |title=Behind the Numbers: How Hollywood Missed Its Mark This Summer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/09/03/business/media/summer-box-office-movie-tickets-2025.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=3 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250903152437/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/09/03/business/media/summer-box-office-movie-tickets-2025.html |archive-date=3 September 2025 |quote=Source: Box Office Mojo. Notes: Summer is the first Friday in May through Labor Day weekend. Amounts are adjusted for inflation. |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
One reason for the decline in ticket sales in the 2000s is that "home-entertainment options [are] improving all the time— whether [[Streaming media|streamed movies and television]], video games, or mobile apps—and studios releasing fewer movies", which means "people are less likely to head to their local multiplex".<ref name="wsj.com"/> This decline is not something that is recent. It has been observed since the 1950s when television became widespread among working-class homes. As the years went on, home media became more popular, and the decline continued. This decline continues in the present day.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spraos |first1=John |title=The Decline of the Cinema: An Economist's Report |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-72675-7 }}{{page needed|date=November 2022}}</ref> A Pew Media survey from 2006 found that the relationship between movies watched at home versus at the movie theater was in a five to one ratio and 75% of respondents said their preferred way of watching a movie was at home, versus 21% who said they preferred to go to a theater.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Movies.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906114613/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Movies.pdf |archive-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2014, it was reported that the practice of releasing a film in theaters and via on-demand streaming on the same day (for selected films) and the rise in popularity of the [[Netflix]] streaming service has led to concerns in the movie theater industry.<ref name="screenrant.com">{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/netflix-digital-killing-movie-theaters/|title=Could Netflix Kill the Movie Theater Industry?|work=Screen Rant|date=5 October 2014|access-date=21 January 2016|archive-date=17 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117074216/http://screenrant.com/netflix-digital-killing-movie-theaters/|url-status=live}}</ref> Another source of competition is television, which has "...stolen a lot of cinema's best tricks – like good production values and top tier actors – and brought them into people's living rooms".<ref name="screenrant.com"/> Since the 2010s, one of the increasing sources of competition for movie theaters is the rising ownership by people of [[Home cinema|home theater]] systems which can display high-resolution [[Blu-ray]] discs of movies on large, widescreen flat-screen TVs,<ref name="screenrant.com"/> with [[5.1 surround sound]] and a powerful [[subwoofer]] for low-pitched sounds.

===Ticket price uniformity===
[[File:Movie ticket.tif|thumb|Admission ticket for the premier of the movie ''[[The Whiskey Bandit|A Viszkis]]'']]
The relatively strong uniformity of movie ticket prices, particularly in the U.S., is a common economics puzzle, because conventional supply and demand theory would suggest higher prices for more popular and more expensive movies, and lower prices for an unpopular "bomb" or for a documentary with less audience appeal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/~leinav/pubs/IRLE2007.pdf|title=·|website=stanford.edu|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813060310/http://web.stanford.edu/~leinav/pubs/IRLE2007.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Unlike seemingly similar forms of entertainment such as rock concerts, in which a popular performer's tickets cost much more than an unpopular performer's tickets, the demand for movies is very difficult to predict ahead of time. Indeed, some films with major stars, such as ''[[Gigli]]'' (which starred the then-[[supercouple]] of [[Ben Affleck]] and [[Jennifer Lopez]]), have turned out to be box-office bombs, while low-budget films with unknown actors have become smash hits (e.g., ''[[The Blair Witch Project]]''). The demand for films is usually determined from ticket sale statistics after the movie is already out. Uniform pricing is therefore a strategy to cope with unpredictable demand. Historical and cultural factors are sometimes also cited.<ref>McKenzie, Richard B. (2008). ''Why Popcorn Costs So Much at the Movies: And Other Pricing Puzzles''. pp. 166–174. {{ISBN|978-0-387-76999-8}}.</ref>

===Ticket check===
In some movie theater complexes, the theaters are arranged such that tickets are checked at the entrance into the entire plaza, rather than before each theater. At a theater with a sold-out show, there is often an additional ticket check, to make sure that everybody with a ticket for the show can find a seat. The lobby may be before or after the ticket check.

==Controversies==
[[File:A movie theater concession stand in Hiawassee, Georgia.jpg|thumb|A movie theater concession stand in [[Hiawassee, Georgia]]]]
* '''Advertising:''' Some moviegoers complain about commercial advertising shorts played before films, arguing that their absence used to be one of the main advantages of going to a movie theater. Other critics such as [[Roger Ebert]] have expressed concerns that these advertisements, plus an excessive number of movie trailers, could lead to pressure to restrict the preferred length of the feature films themselves to facilitate playing schedules. So far, the theater companies have typically been highly resistant to these complaints, citing the need for the supplementary income. Some chains like Famous Players and AMC Theatres have compromised with the commercials restricted to being shown before the scheduled start time for the trailers and the feature film. Individual theaters within a chain also sometimes adopt this policy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.drhdmi.eu/dictionary/movie-theater.html|title=Movie theater|website=www.drhdmi.eu|access-date=2019-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902071550/http://www.drhdmi.eu/dictionary/movie-theater.html|archive-date=2 September 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''Loudness:''' Another major recent concern is that the dramatic improvements in [[Sound reinforcement system|stereo sound systems]] and in [[subwoofer]] systems have led to theaters playing the soundtracks of films at unacceptably high volume levels. The trailers are usually presented at a very high sound level, presumably to overcome the sounds of a busy crowd. The sound is not adjusted downward for a sparsely occupied theater. Volume is normally adjusted based on the [[projectionist]]'s judgment of a high or low attendance. The film is usually shown at a lower volume level than the trailers. In response to audience complaints, a manager at a Cinemark theater in California explained that the studios set trailer sound levels, not the theater.{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}}
* '''Copyright piracy:''' In recent years, theaters have started to show warnings before the movie starts against using cameras and [[camcorder]]s during the movie ([[Cam (bootleg)|camming]]). Some patrons record the movie in order to sell "bootleg" copies on the black market. These warnings threaten customers with being removed from the cinema and arrested by the police.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} Some theaters (including those with IMAX stadiums) have dogs at the doors to sniff recording smugglers. At particularly anticipated showings, theaters may employ [[night vision]] equipment to detect a working camera during a screening. In some jurisdictions this is illegal unless the practice has been announced to the public in advance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemauk.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/fact-anti-camcording-best-practice-guide-2014.pdf|title=ILLEGAL RECORDINGIN CINEMAS|access-date=7 October 2019|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024829/https://www.cinemauk.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/fact-anti-camcording-best-practice-guide-2014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Crowd control:''' As movie theaters have grown into multiplexes and megaplexes, crowd control has become a major concern. An overcrowded megaplex can be rather unpleasant, and in an emergency can be extremely dangerous (indeed, "[[shouting fire in a crowded theater]]" is the standard example of the [[Freedom of speech|limits to free speech]], because it could cause a deadly panic). Therefore, all major theater chains have implemented crowd control measures. The most well-known measure is the ubiquitous '''holdout line''', which prevents ticket holders for the next showing of that weekend's most popular movie from entering the building until their particular auditorium has been cleared out and cleaned. Since the 1980s, some theater chains (especially AMC Theatres) have developed a policy of co-locating their theaters in shopping centers (as opposed to the old practice of building stand-alone theaters).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fwtx.com/api/content/d10df70e-654a-5232-babf-6e2785b906fc/|title=Next Tenant for The Shops at Clearfork is AMC Theatres|last=Calimbahin|first=Samantha|date=2017-02-22|website=Fort Worth Magazine|language=en-us|access-date=2019-10-07|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703105130/https://fwtx.com/culture/next-tenant-shops-clearfork-amc-theatres/|url-status=live}}</ref> In some cases, lobbies and corridors cannot hold as many people as the auditoriums, thus making holdout lines necessary. In turn, ticket holders may be enticed to shop or eat while stuck outside in the holdout line. However, given the fact that rent is based on floor area, the practice of having a smaller lobby is somewhat understandable.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=FADEN|first=ERIC S.|date=2001|journal=Journal of Film and Video|volume=53|issue=2/3|pages=93–106|issn=0742-4671|jstor=20688359|title=Crowd Control: Early Cinema, Sound, and Digital Images}}</ref>
[[File:Popcorn with Nutritional yeast.jpg|thumb|right|A bag of popcorn from the Plaza Theater in Atlanta, Georgia.]]
* '''Refunds:''' Most cinema companies issue refunds if there is a technical fault such as a power outage that stops people from seeing a movie. Refunds may be offered during the initial 30 minutes of the screening. The ''New York Times'' reported that some audience members walked out of [[Terrence Malick]]'s film ''[[The Tree of Life (film)|Tree of Life]]'' and asked for refunds.<ref name="ew.com">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2011/07/01/tree-of-life-refunds|title='Tree of Life' walk-outs - EW.com|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=21 January 2016}}</ref> At AMC theaters, "...patrons who sat through the entire film and then decided they wanted their money back were out of luck, as AMC's policy is to only offer refunds 30 minutes into a screening. The same goes for Landmark, an independent movie chain... whose policy states, 'If a film is not what is expected… and the feature is viewed less than 30 minutes a refund can be processed for you at the box office.'"<ref name="ew.com"/>
* '''Snack prices:''' The price of soft drinks and candy at theaters is typically significantly higher than the cost of those items at any other place. Popcorn prices can also be exorbitant. It has been "...estimated that movie theaters make an 85% profit at the concessions stand on overpriced soda, candy, nachos, hot dogs and, of course, popcorn. Movie-theater popcorn has been called one of America's biggest rip-offs, with a retail price of nine times what it costs to make."<ref>{{cite magazine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309234252/http://business.time.com/2012/03/19/man-sues-movie-theater-for-charging-too-much-for-fountain-sodas/|archivedate=2013-03-09|url=https://business.time.com/2012/03/19/man-sues-movie-theater-for-charging-too-much-for-fountain-sodas/|title=Movie-Theater Owner Tries to Justify $4 Fountain Sodas|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=19 March 2012|access-date=21 January 2016|last1=Tuttle|first1=Brad}}</ref>

==Cinema and movie theater chains==
{{anchor|cinema chain}}
{{Main|List of movie theater chains}}

[[File:Mall culture jakarta42.jpg|thumb|Hallway of MPX Grande, a defunct movie theater in Pasaraya Blok M, [[Jakarta]].]]
In Africa, [[Ster-Kinekor]] has the largest market share in South Africa. [[Nu Metro Cinemas]] is another cinema chain in South Africa.

In North America, [[Cinema United]] is the largest exhibition trade organization in the world. According to their figures, the top four chains represent almost half of the theater screens in North America. In Canada, [[Cineplex Entertainment|Cineplex Cinemas]] is by far the largest player with 161 locations and 1,635 screens.

In the United States, the studios once controlled many theaters, but after the appearance of ''[[Mr. Smith Goes to Washington]]'', Congress passed the [[Matthew M. Neely|Neely]] Anti-Block Booking Act, which eventually broke the link between the studios and the theaters. Now, the top three chains in the U.S. are [[Regal Cinemas]], [[AMC Theatres]] and [[Cinemark Theatres]]. In 1995, Carmike was the largest chain in the United States- now, the major chains include [[AMC Theatres]] – 5,206 screens in 346 theaters,<ref name="AMC">{{cite web |url=http://www.amcentertainment.com/AMCInfo/About/AMC_Has_It/ |title=Learn about the " IT" Factor at AMC |publisher=AMC Entertainment |date=16 March 2009 |access-date=31 December 2010 |archive-date=9 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909223146/http://www.amcentertainment.com/AMCInfo/About/AMC_Has_It/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Cinemark Theatres]] – 4,457 screens in 334 theaters,<ref name="Cinemark">{{cite web |url=http://www.cinemark.com/aboutus.asp |title=About Us |publisher=Cinemark |access-date=31 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227003509/http://www.cinemark.com/aboutus.asp |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref> [[Landmark Theatres]] – 220 screens in 54 theaters,<ref name="Landmark">{{cite web |url=http://www.landmarktheatres.com/AboutLandmark/AboutIndex.htm |title=About Landmark Theatres |publisher=Landmarktheatres.com |access-date=31 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222092057/http://www.landmarktheatres.com/AboutLandmark/AboutIndex.htm |archive-date=22 February 2010 }}</ref> [[Marcus Corporation|Marcus Theatres]] – 681 screens in 53 theaters.<ref name="NATO">{{cite web |url=http://natoonline.org/data/top-10-circuits/ |title=Top Ten U.S. & Canadian Circuits |work=NATO |publisher=Natoonline.org |date=1 July 2015 |access-date=22 October 2015 |archive-date=30 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030153313/http://natoonline.org/data/top-10-circuits/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[National Amusements]] – 409 screens in 32 theaters<ref name="NATO" /> and [[Regal Cinemas]] – 7,334 screens in 588 theaters.<ref name="Regal M">{{cite web|url=http://www.regmovies.com/corporate/aboutus.aspx|title=Regal Movie Theaters | About Us|publisher=Regmovies.com|access-date=31 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102131741/http://www.regmovies.com/corporate/aboutus.aspx|archive-date=2 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2015 the United States had a total of 40,547 screens.<ref name="Rahman">{{cite web|url= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/shanghai-film-festival-china-top-901867|title= Shanghai Film Festival: China to Top U.S. Screen Total by 2017, Says Wanda Cinema Chief|first= Abid|last= Rahman|date= 12 June 2016|access-date= 13 June 2016|work= [[The Hollywood Reporter]]|archive-date= 13 June 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160613113804/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/shanghai-film-festival-china-top-901867|url-status= live}}</ref> In Mexico, the major chains are [[Cinépolis]] and [[Cinemex]].

In South America, Argentine chains include [[Hoyts]], [[Village Cinemas]], [[Cinemark Theatres|Cinemark]] and [[Showcase Cinemas]]. Brazilian chains include [[Cinemark Theatres|Cinemark]] and [[Moviecom]]. Chilean chains include [[Hoyts]] and [[Cinemark Theatres|Cinemark]]. Colombian, Costa Rican, Panamanian and Peruvian chains include [[Cinemark Theatres|Cinemark]] and [[Cinépolis]].

In Asia, [[Wanda Film|Wanda Cinemas]] is the largest exhibitor in China, with 2,700 screens in 311 theaters<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/wanda-opens-first-dolby-cinema-905453|title= Wanda Opens Asia's First Dolby Cinema Theater|first= Carolyn|last= Giardina|date= 22 June 2016|access-date= 23 June 2016|work= [[The Hollywood Reporter]]|archive-date= 24 June 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160624111718/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/wanda-opens-first-dolby-cinema-905453|url-status= live}}</ref> and with 18% of the screens in the country;<ref>{{cite web|url= https://deadline.com/2016/06/warcraft-box-office-analysis-china-future-1201772400/|title= Is 'Warcraft's Outsized China Box Office A Game-Changer For Hollywood?|first= Nancy|last= Tartaglione|date= 15 June 2016|access-date= 16 June 2016|work= [[Deadline Hollywood]]|archive-date= 16 June 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160616170213/https://deadline.com/2016/06/warcraft-box-office-analysis-china-future-1201772400/|url-status= live}}</ref> another major Chinese chain is [[UA Cinemas]]. China had a total of 31,627 screens in 2015 and is expected to have almost 40,000 in 2016.<ref name="Rahman"/> Hong Kong has [[AMC Theatres]]. [[South Korea]]'s [[CJ CGV]] also has branches in [[China]], [[Indonesia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Turkey]], [[Vietnam]], and the [[United States]]. In India, [[PVR INOX]] is the largest cinema chain, operating 1,744 screens.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Standard |first=Business |title=PVR INOX to add 100 screens next year with investment of around Rs 200 cr |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/pvr-inox-to-add-100-screens-next-year-with-investment-of-around-rs-200-cr-124112200585_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206140641/https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/pvr-inox-to-add-100-screens-next-year-with-investment-of-around-rs-200-cr-124112200585_1.html |archive-date=2024-12-06 |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref> These theatres practice safety guidelines in each cinema halls. Indonesia has the [[21 Cineplex]] and [[Cinépolis]] chain. A major Israel theater is [[Cinema City International]]. Japanese chains include [[Toho]] and [[Shochiku]].

Europe is served by [[AMC Theatres]], [[Cineworld|Cineworld Cinemas]], [[Vue International|Vue Cinemas]] and [[Odeon Cinemas]].

In Oceania, large chains include [[Event Cinemas]], [[Village Cinemas]], [[Hoyts|Hoyts Cinemas]] and [[Palace Films and Cinemas|Palace Cinemas]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Film}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Cinema etiquette]]
* [[Film poster]]
* [[Film screening]]
* [[Home cinema]]
* [[Inflatable movie screen]]
* [[List of drive-in theaters]]
* [[List of movie theaters]]
* [[Mini theater]]
* [[Movie palace]]
* [[Multiplex (movie theater)]]
* [[Nickelodeon (movie theater)]]
* [[Saturday morning pictures]]
* [[2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting]]
{{div col end}}

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{commons-inline}}
*[http://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/pfop-movie-theaters-early-users-of-air-conditioning/article_b5a6253c-42eb-5aea-8b44-a1106f6eddbf.html Movie theaters early users of air conditioning – Pantagraph] (Bloomington, Illinois newspaper)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Movie theater}}
[[Category:Cinemas and movie theaters| ]]
[[Category:Audiovisual introductions in 1895]]
[[Category:Audiovisual introductions in 1896]]
[[Category:Auditoriums]]
[[Category:Promotion and marketing communications]]
[[Category:Theatres]]

Haoramton

2026-03-26T09:03:25Z

Augustine V. Williams: adding first stub initial version.

{{AI-generated|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Haoramton
| title = Khuman Ningthou
| reign = 800 C.E – 830 C.E
| reign-type = Monarch
| predecessor = [[Yoithongai]]
| successor = [[Menshomba]]
| birth_name = Haoramton Louthiba
| spouse = Nganurol Khongaiba Chanu
| issue = [[Menshomba]], Athing Mongbisu, Thongbu Sanamba, Liklai Thawaa
| father = Yoithongai
| mother = Nganurol Kaireima
| occupation = Monarch
| house = [[Khuman dynasty]]
| religion = [[Sanamahism]]
}}
{{Khuman Kingdom}}
{{Meitei people}}

'''Haoramton''' was a monarch of the [[Khuman dynasty]] in ancient [[Kangleipak]] (present-day [[Manipur]], India). He reigned from approximately 800 to 830 CE.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra2">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/২৭/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron2">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|language=mni}}</ref> He was a contemporary of King [[Yaraba]] of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]], who ruled from 799 to 821 CE.<ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra32">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba32">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|language=mni}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Haoramton was the youngest son of King [[Yoithongai]] and Queen Nganurol Kaireima. He had two elder brothers, Haoramhal and Haoramyai.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra2" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron2" />

According to legend, a royal priest named Thoiba and his wife Chaobi Nongnangma-chak once discovered a beaded necklace beneath a large [[Heibung]] tree while fishing near a hill. The necklace was presented to King Yoithongai, who later passed it to his second son and eventually to Haoramton.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra2" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron2" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra32" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba32" />

== Fratricide and succession ==
During this period, King [[Punshiba]] of the [[Luwang dynasty]] constructed a grand palace and invited all noble families of Kangleipak to its inauguration. Haoramhal and Haoramyai attended the feast, and Haoramhal wore the royal necklace with permission from his mother.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra2" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron2" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra32" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba32" />

Upon discovering the necklace was missing, Haoramton became enraged. Failing to locate it, he took his father's sword and confronted his brothers. In the ensuing conflict, he killed Haoramhal.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra2" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron2" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra32" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba32" />

Following the incident, Haoramyai fled to the [[Moirang kingdom]], where he had two sons: Parenkoiba and Thangloihaiba. Parenkoiba's son, [[Puremba]], became a renowned warrior.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra2" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron2" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra32" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba32" />

== Reign and descendants ==
Haoramton ascended the throne of the Khuman kingdom after these events. He married Queen Nganuron Khongaiba Chanu. The couple had four sons:<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra2" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron2" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra32" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba32" />

* '''Menshomba''' – succeeded Haoramton as king
* '''Athing Mongbisu''' – progenitor of the Mongbijam family
* '''Thongbu Sanamba''' – founder of the Langdam and Ngangbam families
* '''Liklai Thawaa''' – ancestor of the Hawaijam, Akangjam, and Pallubam families

== Collateral branches ==
Descendants of Haoramton's brothers also founded several prominent families:<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra2" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron2" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra32" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba32" />

* From Haoramhal:
** Thoidingjam
** Yanglem
* From Haoramyai:
** Thengujam
** Pukhrem
** Phairenbam
** Langlenhanbam
** Chandam
** Tourem
** Pangeijam

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Khuman kings]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian monarchs]]

Albert Einstein

2026-03-24T18:39:49Z

Augustine V. Williams: fixed issues

{{Short description|German-born theoretical physicist (1879–1955)}}
{{Redirect|Einstein||Einstein (disambiguation)|and|Albert Einstein (disambiguation)}}
{{Good article}}
{{pp-move}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| image = Albert Einstein Head cleaned.jpg
| caption = Einstein in 1947
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1879|3|14}}
| birth_place = [[Ulm]], [[Kingdom of Württemberg|Württemberg]], Germany
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1955|4|18|1879|3|14}}
| death_place = [[Princeton, New Jersey]], U.S.
| children = 3, including [[Hans Albert Einstein|Hans Albert]]
| family = [[Einstein family|Einstein]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Mileva Marić]]|1903|1919|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Elsa Löwenthal]]|1919|1936|end=died}}}}
| citizenship = {{collapsible list|title={{nobold|''See list''}}||{{Indented plainlist|
* [[Kingdom of Württemberg]], part of the German Empire (until 1896)<ref group=note name=GEcitizen/>
* [[Statelessness|Stateless]] (1896–1901)
* [[Switzerland]] (from 1901)
* [[Kingdom of Prussia]], part of the German Empire (1914–1918)<ref group=note name=GEcitizen/>
* [[Free State of Prussia]] ([[Weimar Republic]], 1918–1933)<ref group=note name=GEcitizen/>
* [[Citizenship of the United States|United States]] (from 1940)
}}}}
| fields = [[Physics]]
| workplaces = {{collapsible list|title={{nobold|''See list''}}|{{Indented plainlist|
* [[University of Bern]] (1908–1909)
* [[University of Zurich]] (1909–1911)
* [[Charles University in Prague]] (1911–1912)
* [[ETH Zurich]] (1912–1914)
* [[Prussian Academy of Sciences]] (1914–1933)
* [[Humboldt University of Berlin]] (1914–1933)
* [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute]] (director, 1917–1933)
* [[German Physical Society]] (president, 1916–1918)
* [[Institute for Advanced Study]] (1933–1955)
}}}}
| education = {{Indented plainlist|
* [[ETH Zurich|Swiss federal polytechnic school]] (teaching diploma, 1900)
* [[University of Zurich]] ([[PhD]], 1905)
}}
| doctoral_advisor = [[Alfred Kleiner]]
| thesis_title = {{lang|de|Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen}} (A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions)
| thesis_url = https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/20.500.11850/139872/1/eth-30378-01.pdf
| thesis_year = 1905
| academic_advisors = [[Heinrich Friedrich Weber]]
| known_for = {{Indented plainlist|
* [[General relativity]]
* [[Special relativity]]
* [[Photoelectric effect]]
* [[Mass–energy equivalence|''E''=''mc''2 (mass–energy equivalence)]]
* [[Planck–Einstein relation|''E''=''hf'' (Planck–Einstein relation)]]
* [[Brownian motion|Theory of Brownian motion]]
* [[Einstein field equations]]
* [[Bose–Einstein statistics]]
* [[Bose–Einstein condensate]]
* [[Gravitational wave]]
* [[Cosmological constant]]
* [[Unified field theory]]
* [[EPR paradox]]
* [[Ensemble interpretation]]
* [[List of things named after Albert Einstein|List of other concepts]]
}}
| awards = {{collapsible list|title={{nobold|''See list''}}|{{Indented plainlist|
* [[Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science]] (1920)
* [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1921)
* [[Matteucci Medal]] (1921)
* [[List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1921|ForMemRS]] (1921)<ref name="frs" />
* [[Copley Medal]] (1925)<ref name="frs" />
* [[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society|Gold Medal of RAS]] (1926)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ras.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2021-03/Gold%20Medal%202021.pdf |title=The Gold Medal |publisher=[[Royal Astronomical Society]] |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220130005/https://ras.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2021-03/Gold%20Medal%202021.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Max Planck Medal]] (1929)
* [[Member of the National Academy of Sciences|Membership of NAS]] (1942)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001817.html|title=Membership directory|publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]]|access-date=20 December 2021|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220080311/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001817.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century|''Time'' Person of the Century]] (1999)
}}}}
| signature = Albert Einstein signature 1934.svg
| website = {{Official URL}}
| module = {{Listen voice|filename=03 ALBERT EINSTEIN.ogg|name=Einstein|description=Speech for the [[United Jewish Appeal]]|recorded=11 April 1943}}
}}
'''Albert Einstein'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|n|s|t|aɪ|n}};<ref name="NDxay"/> {{IPA|de|ˈalbɛʁt ˈaɪnʃtaɪn|lang|Albert Einstein german.ogg}}}} (14 March 1879{{snd}}18 April 1955) was a German-born [[theoretical physicist]] best known for developing the [[theory of relativity]]. Einstein also made important contributions to [[Old quantum theory|quantum theory]].<ref name="frs"/><ref name="YangHamilton2010"/> His [[mass–energy equivalence]] formula {{math|1=[[Mass–energy equivalence#Mass–velocity relationship|''E'' = ''mc''2]]}}, which arises from [[special relativity]], has been called "the world's most famous equation".<ref name="LnLVo"/> He received the 1921 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for "his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the [[photoelectric effect]]".<ref name="Nobel Prize"/>

Born as a subject to the [[Kingdom of Württemberg]], part of the [[German Empire]],<ref group=note name=GEcitizen/> Einstein moved to [[Switzerland]] in 1895, forsaking his citizenship the following year. In 1897, at the age of seventeen, he enrolled in the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss [[ETH Zurich|federal polytechnic school]] in [[Zurich]], graduating in 1900. He acquired Swiss citizenship a year later, which he kept for the rest of his life, and afterwards secured a permanent position at the [[Swiss Patent Office]] in [[Bern]]. In 1905, he submitted a successful PhD dissertation to the [[University of Zurich]]. In 1914, he moved to Berlin to join the [[Prussian Academy of Sciences]] and the [[Humboldt University of Berlin]], becoming director of the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics]] in 1917; he also became a [[Prussia|Prussian]] and consequently also German citizen again. In 1933, while Einstein was visiting the United States, [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power|Adolf Hitler came to power]] in Germany. Horrified by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] persecution of his fellow [[Jews]],<ref name="zE9Bz"/> he decided to remain in the US, and was granted American citizenship in 1940.<ref name="BoyerDubofsky2001"/> On the eve of [[World War II]], he endorsed [[Einstein–Szilard letter|a letter]] to President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] alerting him to the potential [[German nuclear weapons program]] and recommending that the US begin similar research, later carried out as the [[Manhattan Project]].

In 1905, sometimes described as his ''[[annus mirabilis]]'' (miracle year), he published [[Annus mirabilis papers|four groundbreaking papers]].{{sfnp|Galison|2000|p=377}} In them, he outlined a theory of the photoelectric effect, explained [[Brownian motion]], introduced his special theory of relativity, and demonstrated that if the special theory is correct, mass and energy are equivalent to each other. In 1915, he proposed a [[general theory of relativity]] that extended his system of mechanics to incorporate [[gravitation]]. A paper that he published the following year laid out the implications of general relativity for the modeling of the structure and evolution of the [[universe]] as a whole.<ref name="Nobel"/><ref name="NYT-20151124"/> It introduced the [[cosmological constant]] and is further regarded as the first step in the field of modern theoretical [[cosmology]]. In 1917, Einstein wrote a paper which introduced the concepts of [[spontaneous emission]] and [[stimulated emission]], the latter of which is the core mechanism behind the [[laser]] and [[maser]], and which contained a trove of information that would be beneficial to developments in physics later on, such as [[quantum electrodynamics]] and [[quantum optics]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kleppner |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Kleppner |date=1 February 2005 |title=Rereading Einstein on Radiation |url=https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/58/2/30/904451/Rereading-Einstein-on-RadiationThe-concepts-of |journal=Physics Today |language=en |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=30–33 |bibcode=2005PhT....58b..30K |doi=10.1063/1.1897520 |issn=0031-9228}}</ref>

In the middle part of his career, Einstein made important contributions to [[statistical mechanics]] and quantum theory. Especially notable was his work on the quantum physics of [[radiation]], in which light consists of particles, subsequently called [[photon]]s. With physicist [[Satyendra Nath Bose]], he laid the groundwork for [[Bose–Einstein statistics]]. For much of the last phase of his academic life, Einstein worked on two endeavors that ultimately proved unsuccessful. First, he advocated against quantum theory's introduction of fundamental randomness into science's picture of the world, objecting that "God does not play dice".<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05004-4 |title=Did Einstein really say that? |last=Robinson |first=Andrew |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=30 April 2018 |volume=557 |number=30 |page=30 |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-05004-4 |bibcode=2018Natur.557...30R |s2cid=14013938 |access-date=21 February 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033021/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05004-4 |url-status=live |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> Second, he attempted to devise a [[unified field theory]] by generalizing his geometric theory of gravitation to include [[electromagnetism]]. As a result, he became increasingly isolated from mainstream [[modern physics]]. Many [[list of things named after Albert Einstein|things are named after him]], including the element [[Einsteinium]]. In 1999, he was named [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']]'s [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century| Person of the Century]].<ref name="TIME">{{cite magazine| title=Albert Einstein| magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]| last=Golden| first=Frederic| date=31 December 1999| url= https://time.com/archive/6598209/albert-einstein/}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
=== Childhood, youth and education ===
{{See also|Einstein family}}
[[File:Albert Einstein at the age of three (1882).jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=A young boy with short hair and a round face, wearing a white collar and large bow, with vest, coat, skirt, and high boots. He is leaning against an ornate chair.|Einstein in 1882, age{{spaces}}3]]
Albert Einstein was born in [[Ulm]] as a subject to the [[Kingdom of Württemberg]] in the German Empire<ref group=note name=GEcitizen/> on 14 March 1879.<ref name="Bio" /> His parents, secular [[Ashkenazi Jews]], were [[Hermann Einstein]], a salesman and engineer, and [[Pauline Koch]]. In 1880, the family moved to [[Munich]]'s borough of [[Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt]], where Einstein's father and his uncle Jakob founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, a company that manufactured electrical equipment based on [[direct current]].<ref name="Bio"/>

When he was very young, his parents worried that he had a learning disability because he was very slow to learn to talk.<ref>{{Cite book|last = Seelig|first = Carl|year = 1956|title = Albert Einstein: A Documentary Biography|publisher = Staples Press}}</ref> When he was five and sick in bed, his father brought him a compass. This sparked his lifelong fascination with [[electromagnetism]]. He realized that "Something deeply hidden had to be behind things."{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p= 13}}

Einstein attended St. Peter's [[Catholic school|Catholic elementary school]] in Munich from the age of five. When he was eight, he was transferred to the [[Luitpold Gymnasium]], where he received advanced primary and then secondary school education.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2002|pp=[{{GBurl|id=OAsQ_hFjhrAC|p=59}} 59–61]}}

{{multiple image
| width = 145
| image1 = Hermann einstein.jpg
| alt1 =
| image2 = Pauline Koch edit.jpg
| alt2 =
| footer = Einstein's parents, [[Hermann Einstein|Hermann]] and [[Pauline Einstein|Pauline]]
}}
In 1894, Hermann and Jakob's company tendered for a contract to install electric lighting in Munich, but without success—they lacked the capital that would have been required to update their technology from direct current to the more efficient, [[alternating current]] alternative.<ref name="EQyag"/> The failure of their bid forced them to sell their Munich factory and search for new opportunities elsewhere. The Einstein family moved to [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], first to [[Milan]] and a few months later to [[Pavia]], where they settled in [[Palazzo Cornazzani]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=University of Pavia |title=Einstein, Albert |url=http://musei.unipv.eu/msu/our-museums/historical-figures/albert-einstein/ |website=Museo per la Storia dell'Università di Pavia |publisher=University of Pavia |access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref> Einstein, then fifteen, stayed behind in Munich in order to finish his schooling. His father wanted him to study [[electrical engineering]], but he was a fractious pupil who found the Gymnasium's regimen and teaching methods far from congenial. He later wrote that the school's policy of strict [[rote learning]] was harmful to creativity. At the end of December 1894, a letter from a doctor persuaded the Luitpold's authorities to release him from its care, and he joined his family in Pavia.{{Sfnp|Fölsing|1997|pp=30–31}} While in Italy as a teenager, he wrote an essay entitled "On the Investigation of the State of the [[Aether (classical element)|Ether]] in a Magnetic Field".<ref name=Stachel2008>Stachel, et al (2008). Vol. 1 (1987), doc. 5.</ref><ref name="1RgTv"/>

Einstein excelled at physics and mathematics from an early age, and soon acquired the mathematical expertise normally only found in a child several years his senior. He began teaching himself [[algebra]], [[calculus]] and [[Euclidean geometry]] when he was twelve; he made such rapid progress that he discovered an original proof of the [[Pythagorean theorem]] before his thirteenth birthday.<ref name="FVfDU"/><ref>{{cite book |title=The God Problem: How a Godless Cosmos Creates |edition=illustrated |first1=Howard |last1=Bloom |publisher=Prometheus Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-61614-552-1 |page=294 |url={{GBurl|id=xlEupJb4ojIC}} |access-date=8 August 2020 }}</ref> A family tutor, [[Max Talmud]], said that only a short time after he had given the twelve year old Einstein a geometry textbook, the boy "had worked through the whole book. He thereupon devoted himself to higher mathematics{{spaces}}... Soon the flight of his mathematical genius was so high I could not follow."{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=17}} Einstein recorded that he had "mastered [[integral]] and [[differential calculus]]" while still just fourteen.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=16}} His love of algebra and geometry was so great that at twelve, he was already confident that nature could be understood as a "mathematical structure".{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|pp=17-18}}

[[File:Albert Einstein as a child.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|left|alt=Studio photo of a boy seated in a relaxed posture and wearing a suit, posed in front of a backdrop of scenery.|Einstein in 1893, age{{spaces}}14]]

At thirteen, when his range of enthusiasms had broadened to include music and philosophy,{{sfnp|Calaprice|Lipscombe|2005|p=8}} Talmud introduced Einstein to [[Kant]]'s ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]''. Kant became his favorite philosopher; according to Talmud, "At the time he was still a child, only thirteen years old, yet Kant's works, incomprehensible to ordinary mortals, seemed to be clear to him."{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=17}}

In 1895, at the age of sixteen, Einstein sat the entrance examination for the [[ETH Zurich|federal polytechnic school]] (later the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) in Zurich, Switzerland. He failed to reach the required standard in the general part of the test,<ref name=Stachel2008a>Stachel, et al (2008). Vol. 1 (1987), p. 11.</ref> but performed with distinction in physics and mathematics.{{Sfnp|Fölsing|1997|pp=36–37}} On the advice of the polytechnic's principal, he completed his secondary education at the [[Old Cantonal School Aarau|Argovian cantonal school]] (a [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]]) in [[Aarau]], Switzerland, graduating in 1896.<ref name="b250">{{cite journal | last=Hunziker | first=Herbert | title=Albert Einstein's Magic Mountain: An Aarau Education* | journal=Physics in Perspective | volume=17 | issue=1 | date=2015 | issn=1422-6944 | doi=10.1007/s00016-014-0153-5 | pages=55–69| bibcode=2015PhP....17...55H }} ref for: [[Old Cantonal School Aarau]]</ref> While lodging in Aarau with the family of [[Jost Winteler]], he fell in love with Winteler's daughter, Marie. (His sister, [[Maja Einstein|Maja]], later married Winteler's son Paul.{{Sfnp|Highfield|Carter|1993|pp=21, 31, 56–57}})

[[File:Albert Einstein's exam of maturity grades (color2).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Einstein's matriculation certificate at the age of 17. The heading translates as "The Education Committee of the Canton of Aargau". His scores were German 5, French 3, Italian 5, History 6, Geography 4, Algebra 6, Geometry 6, Descriptive Geometry 6, Physics 6, Chemistry 5, Natural History 5, Art Drawing 4, Technical Drawing 4. 6 = very good, 5 = good, 4 = sufficient, 3 = insufficient, 2 = poor, 1 = very poor.|Einstein's ''[[Matura]]'' certificate from [[canton of Aargau]], 1896<ref group=note name=MaturaScore />]]

In January 1896, with his father's approval, Einstein renounced his [[German citizenship|citizenship of the German Kingdom of Württemberg]] in order to avoid [[Conscription in Germany|conscription into military service]].{{Sfnp|Fölsing|1997|p=40}}<ref name="GEcitizen" group="note" /> The ''[[Matura]]'' (graduation for the successful completion of higher secondary schooling), awarded to him in September 1896, acknowledged him to have performed well across most of the curriculum, allotting him a [[Grading systems by country#Switzerland|top grade of 6]] for history, physics, algebra, geometry, and descriptive geometry.<ref name=Stachel2008b>Stachel, et al (2008). Vol. 1 (1987), docs. 21–27.</ref> At seventeen, he enrolled in the four-year mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the federal polytechnic school. He befriended fellow student [[Marcel Grossmann]], who would help him there to get by despite his loose study habits, and later to mathematically underpin his revolutionary insights into physics. Marie Winteler, a year older than him, took up a teaching post in [[Olsberg, Aargau|Olsberg]], Switzerland.{{Sfnp|Highfield|Carter|1993|pp=21, 31, 56–57}}

The five other polytechnic school freshmen following the same course as Einstein included just one woman, a twenty year old [[Serbs|Serbian]], [[Mileva Marić]]. Over the next few years, the pair spent many hours discussing their shared interests and learning about topics in physics that the polytechnic school's lectures did not cover. In his letters to Marić, Einstein confessed that exploring science with her by his side was much more enjoyable than reading a textbook in solitude. Eventually the two students became not only friends, but also lovers.<ref name="mileva">{{Cite web|last=Gagnon|first=Pauline|date=19 December 2016|title=The Forgotten Life of Einstein's First Wife|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/the-forgotten-life-of-einsteins-first-wife/|access-date=17 October 2020|website=Scientific American Blog Network|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017222145/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/the-forgotten-life-of-einsteins-first-wife/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Historians of physics are divided on the question of the extent to which Marić contributed to the insights of Einstein's ''annus mirabilis'' publications. There is at least some evidence that he was influenced by her scientific ideas,<ref name="mileva"/><ref name="7HA7H"/><ref name="1zJdH"/> but there are scholars who doubt whether her impact on his thought was of any great significance at all.{{Sfnp|Pais|1994|pp=1–29}}<ref name="xKrMG"/>{{Sfnp|Stachel|2002|pp=[{{GBurl|id=OAsQ_hFjhrAC|p=49}} 49–56]}}<ref name="dUxMl"/>

=== Marriages, relationships and children ===
[[File:Albert Einstein and his wife Mileva Maric.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein and [[Mileva Marić]] Einstein, 1912]]
Correspondence between Einstein and Marić, discovered and published in 1987, revealed that the couple had a daughter named [[Lieserl Einstein|Lieserl]]. She was born in early 1902 while Marić was visiting her parents in [[Novi Sad]]. When Marić returned to Switzerland the child was no longer with her. What happened to Lieserl is uncertain. In a letter written in September 1903, Einstein suggested that the girl was either given up for adoption or died of [[scarlet fever]] in infancy.<ref name="HBMes"/>{{sfnp|Calaprice|Lipscombe|2005|pp=22–23}}

Einstein and Marić married in January 1903. In May 1904, their son [[Hans Albert Einstein|Hans Albert]] was born in [[Bern]], Switzerland. Their son [[Einstein family#Eduard "Tete" Einstein (Albert's second son)|Eduard]] was born in Zurich in July 1910. In letters that Einstein wrote to Marie Winteler in the months before Eduard's arrival, he described his love for his wife as "misguided" and mourned the "missed life" that he imagined he would have enjoyed if he had married Winteler instead: "I think of you in heartfelt love every spare minute and am so unhappy as only a man can be."<ref name="MlQLY" />

In 1912, Einstein entered into a relationship with [[Elsa Löwenthal]], who was both his first cousin on his mother's side and his second cousin on his father's.{{sfnp|Calaprice|Lipscombe|2005|p=[{{GBurl|id=5eWh2O_3OAQC|p=50}} 50]}}<ref name="dh">{{cite book |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Dieter |title=Einstein's Berlin: In the footsteps of a genius |date=2013 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |isbn=978-1-4214-1040-1 |pages=2–9, 28}}</ref>{{Sfnp|Stachel|1966}} When Marić learned of his infidelity soon after moving to Berlin with him in April 1914, she returned to Zurich, taking Hans Albert and Eduard with her.<ref name="mileva"/> Einstein and Marić were granted a divorce on 14 February 1919 on the grounds of having lived apart for five years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/06/arts/dark-side-of-einstein-emerges-in-his-letters.html|title=Dark Side of Einstein Emerges in His Letters|first=Dinitia|last=Smith|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 November 1996|access-date=17 August 2020|archive-date=5 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105092333/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/06/arts/dark-side-of-einstein-emerges-in-his-letters.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Stachel|2002|p=[{{GBurl|id=OAsQ_hFjhrAC|p=50}} 50]}} As part of the divorce settlement, Einstein agreed that if he were to win a Nobel Prize, he would give the money that he received to Marić; he won the prize two years later.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Volume 9: The Berlin Years: Correspondence, January 1919 – April 1920 (English translation supplement) page 6|url=https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol9-trans/28|access-date=4 October 2021|website=einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004033245/https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol9-trans/28|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Einstein_Albert_Elsa_LOC_32096u.jpg|alt=Einstein, looking relaxed and holding a pipe, stands next to a smiling, well-dressed Elsa who is wearing a fancy hat and fur wrap. She is looking at him.|left|thumb|Albert and [[Elsa Einstein]] arriving in New York, 1921]]
Einstein married Löwenthal in 1919.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=xix}}{{Sfnp|Calaprice|Kennefick|Schulmann|2015|p=62}} In 1923, he began a relationship with a secretary named Betty Neumann, the niece of his close friend Hans Mühsam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1523626/Einsteins-theory-of-fidelity.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1523626/Einsteins-theory-of-fidelity.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Einstein's theory of fidelity|first=Roger|last=Highfield|date=10 July 2006|work=The Daily Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/17/science/albert-einstein-genius-national-geographic-channel.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418100011/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/17/science/albert-einstein-genius-national-geographic-channel.html |archive-date=18 April 2017 |url-access=limited |title='Genius' Unravels the Mysteries of Einstein's Universe| first=Dennis| last=Overbye| newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=17 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.natgeotv.com/za/special/genius-albert-einsteins-theory-of-infidelity|title=Genius Albert Einstein's Theory of Infidelity|publisher=NatGeo TV|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923010851/https://www.natgeotv.com/za/special/genius-albert-einsteins-theory-of-infidelity|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/health-and-science/getting-up-close-and-personal-with-einstein|title=Getting up close and personal with Einstein|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|access-date=29 August 2020|archive-date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923001654/https://www.jpost.com/Health-and-Science/Getting-up-close-and-personal-with-Einstein|url-status=live}}</ref> Löwenthal nevertheless remained loyal to him, accompanying him when he emigrated to the United States in 1933. In 1935, she was diagnosed with heart and kidney problems. She died in December 1936.{{Sfnp|Highfield|Carter|1993|p=216}}

A volume of Einstein's letters released by [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] in 2006<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/einstein-secret-love-affairs-out/story-QVSHrfMYJzCRcIlbBCJKAM.html|title=Einstein secret love affairs out!|date=13 July 2006|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=17 August 2020|archive-date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923115250/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/einstein-secret-love-affairs-out/story-QVSHrfMYJzCRcIlbBCJKAM.html|url-status=live}}</ref> added some other women with whom he was romantically involved. They included Margarete Lebach (a married Austrian),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Graydon |first=Samuel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PRSsEAAAQBAJ&dq=Margarete+Lebach&pg=PA199 |title=Einstein in Time and Space: A Life in 99 Particles |date=14 November 2023 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-9821-8512-1 |edition=1 |location=New York |pages=199 |language=en}}</ref> Estella Katzenellenbogen (the rich owner of a florist business), Toni Mendel (a wealthy Jewish widow) and Ethel Michanowski (a Berlin socialite), with whom he spent time and from whom he accepted gifts while married to Löwenthal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna13804030|title=New letters shed light on Einstein's love life|date=11 July 2006|publisher=NBC News|access-date=15 August 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222022647/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/13804030/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/new-letters-shed-light-einsteins-love-life|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/albert-einstein-may-have-had-the-iq-but-he-needed-to-work-on-his-eq/articleshow/64849211.cms?from=mdr|title=Albert Einstein may have had the IQ, but he needed to work on his EQ|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=15 August 2020|archive-date=8 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208134808/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/albert-einstein-may-have-had-the-iq-but-he-needed-to-work-on-his-eq/articleshow/64849211.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> After being widowed, Einstein was briefly in a relationship with Margarita Konenkova, thought by some to be a Russian spy; her husband, the Russian sculptor [[Sergei Konenkov]], created the bronze bust of Einstein at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] at Princeton.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/01/us/love-letters-by-einstein-at-auction.html|title=Love Letters By Einstein at Auction|first=Robin|last=Pogrebin|newspaper=The New York Times|date=1 June 1998|access-date=10 August 2020|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107053956/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/01/us/love-letters-by-einstein-at-auction.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/einsteins-letters-show-affair-with-spy-1162418.html|title=Einstein's letters show affair with spy|date=2 June 1998|website=The Independent|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116013010/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/einsteins-letters-show-affair-with-spy-1162418.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following an episode of acute mental illness at about the age of twenty, Einstein's son Eduard was diagnosed with [[schizophrenia]].<ref name="Robinson2015a"/> He spent the remainder of his life either in the care of his mother or in temporary confinement in an asylum. After her death, he was committed permanently to [[Burghölzli]], the Psychiatric University Hospital in Zurich.{{sfnp|Neffe|2007|p=[https://archive.org/details/einsteinbiograph00neff/page/203 203]}}

=== Assistant at the Swiss Patent Office (1902–1909)===
[[File:Einstein patentoffice full (cropped).jpg|alt=Head and shoulders shot of a young, mustached man with dark, curly hair wearing a plaid suit and vest, striped shirt, and a dark tie.|thumb|upright=1|Einstein at the [[Swiss patent office]], 1904]] Einstein graduated from the federal polytechnic school in 1900, duly certified as competent to teach mathematics and physics.<ref>Stachel, et al (2008). Vol. 1 (1987), doc. 67.</ref> His successful acquisition of Swiss citizenship in February 1901{{Sfnp|Fölsing|1997|p=82}} was not followed by the usual sequel of [[conscription in Switzerland|conscription]]; the Swiss authorities deemed him medically unfit for military service. He found that Swiss schools too appeared to have no use for him, failing to offer him a teaching position despite the almost two years that he spent applying for one. Eventually it was with the help of [[Marcel Grossmann]]'s father that he secured a post in [[Bern]] at the [[Swiss Patent Office]],<ref name="ODY5p"/>{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=63}} as an [[Patent examiner|assistant examiner – level III]].<ref name="MeZPN"/><ref name="IGEFAQ"/>

[[Patent application]]s that landed on Einstein's desk for his evaluation included ideas for a gravel sorter and an electric typewriter.<ref name="IGEFAQ"/> His employers were pleased enough with his work to make his position permanent in 1903, although they did not think that he should be promoted until he had "fully mastered machine technology".{{sfnp|Galison|2000|p=370}} It is conceivable that his labors at the patent office had a bearing on his development of his special theory of relativity. He arrived at his revolutionary ideas about space, time and light through thought experiments about the transmission of signals and the synchronization of clocks, matters which also figured in some of the inventions submitted to him for assessment.{{sfnp|Galison|2000|p=377}}

In 1902, Einstein and some friends whom he had met in Bern formed a group that held regular meetings to discuss science and philosophy. Their choice of a name for their club, the [[Olympia Academy]], was an ironic comment upon its far from Olympian status. Sometimes they were joined by Marić, who limited her participation in their proceedings to careful listening.{{Sfnp|Highfield|Carter|1993|pp=96–98}} The thinkers whose works they reflected upon included [[Henri Poincaré]], [[Ernst Mach]] and [[David Hume]], all of whom significantly influenced Einstein's own subsequent ideas and beliefs.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=79–84}}

=== First scientific papers (1900–1905)===
[[File:Einstein thesis.png|thumb|upright|alt=Cover image of the PhD dissertation of Albert Einstein|Einstein's 1905 dissertation, {{shy|''Eine neue Be|stimm|ung der Mol|e|kül|di|men|si|onen'' ("A new deter|mi|na|tion of mo|lec|u|lar di|men|sions")}}]]

Einstein's first paper, [[List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein#Journal articles|"Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen"]] ("Conclusions drawn from the phenomena of capillarity"), in which he proposed a model of intermolecular attraction that he afterwards disavowed as worthless, was published in the journal ''[[Annalen der Physik]]'' in 1901.<ref name="Einstein 1901">Einstein (1901).</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last1 = Murrell | first1 = J. N.
| last2 = Grobert | first2 = N.
| date = January 2002
| doi = 10.1098/rsnr.2002.0169
| issue = 1
| journal = Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
| jstor = 532124
| pages = 89–94
| title = The centenary of Einstein's first scientific paper
| volume = 56}}</ref> His 24-page doctoral dissertation also addressed a topic in molecular physics. Titled "Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen" ("A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions") and dedicated "Meinem Freunde Herr Dr. Marcel Grossmann gewidmet" (to his friend Marcel Grossman), it was completed on 30 April 1905<ref name=1905b>Einstein (1905b).</ref> and approved by Professor [[Alfred Kleiner]] of the University of Zurich three months later. (Einstein was formally awarded his PhD on 15 January 1906.)<ref name=1905b/><ref>Einstein (1926b). ''A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions''.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehra |first=Jagdish |url={{GBurl|id=o1XVCgAAQBAJ}} |title=Golden Age Of Theoretical Physics, The (Boxed Set Of 2 Vols) |date=28 February 2001 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-4492-85-0 |language=en}}</ref> Four other pieces of work that Einstein completed in 1905—[[Annus mirabilis papers|his famous papers]] on the [[photoelectric effect]], [[Brownian motion]], his [[special theory of relativity]] and the [[equivalence of mass and energy]]—have led to the year being celebrated as an ''annus mirabilis'' for physics akin to the miracle year of 1666 when [[Isaac Newton]] experienced his greatest epiphanies. The publications deeply impressed Einstein's contemporaries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=May |first1=Andrew |editor1-last=Clegg |editor1-first=Brian |title=Albert Einstein, in 30-Second Physics: The 50 most fundamental concepts in physics, each explained in half a minute |date=2017 |publisher=Ivy Press |location=London |isbn=978-1-78240-514-6 |pages=108–109}}</ref>

=== Academic career in Europe (1908–1933)===
Einstein's sabbatical as a civil servant approached its end in 1908, when he secured a junior teaching position at the [[University of Bern]]. In 1909, a lecture on relativistic [[electrodynamics]] that he gave at the University of Zurich, much admired by [[Alfred Kleiner]], led to Zurich's luring him away from Bern with a newly created associate professorship.<ref name="bG2yp"/> Promotion to a full professorship followed in April 1911, when he took up a chair at the German [[Charles-Ferdinand University]] in [[Prague]],{{sfnp|Gordin|2020|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oJ27DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 45]}} a move which required him to become an [[Cisleithania|Austrian]] citizen of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], which was not completed.{{sfnp|Gordin|2020|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oJ27DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 20]}} His time in Prague saw him producing eleven research papers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyth |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRaGDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Einstein%22+%22Prague%22+%22Eleven%22&pg=PA122 |title=The Road to Einstein's Relativity: Following in the Footsteps of the Giants |date=31 January 2019 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-429-68268-1 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:ETH-BIB-Einstein, Albert und Kollegen am Physik-Labor ETH-Portrait-Portr 10750.tif|thumb|Einstein with colleagues at the [[ETH]] in [[Zurich]], 1913|upright=1.1]]

From 30 October to 3 November 1911, Einstein attended the first [[Solvay Conference#First conference|Solvay Conference on Physics]].<ref>Paul Langevin and Maurice de Broglie, eds., [https://archive.org/details/lathoriedurayo00inst ''La théorie du rayonnement et les quanta. Rapports et discussions de la réunion tenue à Bruxelles, du 30 octobre au 3 novembre 1911, sous les auspices de M. E. Solvay'']. Paris: {{ill|Gauthier-Villars|fr}}, 1912. See also: The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. 3: Writings 1909–1911, Doc. 26, p. 402 (English translation supplement).</ref>

In July 1912, he returned to his ''alma mater'', the [[ETH Zurich]], to take up a chair in theoretical physics. His teaching activities there centered on [[thermodynamics]] and analytical mechanics, and his research interests included the molecular theory of heat, [[continuum mechanics]] and the development of a relativistic theory of gravitation. In his work on the latter topic, he was assisted by his friend Marcel Grossmann, whose knowledge of the kind of mathematics required was greater than his own.<ref name="hXQin"/>

In the spring of 1913, two German visitors, [[Max Planck]] and [[Walther Nernst]], called upon Einstein in Zurich in the hope of persuading him to relocate to Berlin.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2002|p=534}} They offered him membership of the [[Prussian Academy of Sciences]], the directorship of the planned [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics]] and a chair at the [[Humboldt University of Berlin]] that would allow him to pursue his research supported by a professorial salary but with no teaching duties to burden him.<ref name=dh/> Their invitation was all the more appealing to him because Berlin happened to be the home of his latest girlfriend, Elsa Löwenthal.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2002|p=534}} He duly joined the Academy on 24 July 1913,<ref name="jstor.org">{{Cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1687520 |title=Albert Einstein: His Influence on Physics, Philosophy and Politics JL Heilbron – 1982, Published by: American Association for the Advancement of Science |jstor=1687520 |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122130724/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1687520 |url-status=live }}</ref> and moved into an apartment in the Berlin district of [[Dahlem (Berlin)|Dahlem]] on 1 April 1914.<ref name=dh/> He was installed in his Humboldt University position shortly thereafter.<ref name="jstor.org"/>

[[File:Berliner Physiker u Chemiker 1920.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|Einstein with other physicists and chemists in Berlin, 1920]]

The outbreak of the [[First World War]] in July 1914 marked the beginning of Einstein's gradual estrangement from the nation of his birth. When the "[[Manifesto of the Ninety-Three]]" was published in October 1914—a document signed by a host of prominent German thinkers that justified Germany's belligerence—Einstein was one of the few German intellectuals to distance himself from it and sign the alternative, irenic "[[Manifesto to the Europeans]]" instead.{{sfnp|Scheideler|2002|p=333}} However, this expression of his doubts about German policy did not prevent him from being elected to a two-year term as president of the [[German Physical Society]] in 1916.{{sfnp|Calaprice|Lipscombe|2005|loc=[{{GBurl|id=5eWh2O_3OAQC|pg=PR19}} "Timeline", p. xix]}} When the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics opened its doors the following year—its foundation delayed because of the war—Einstein was appointed its first director, just as Planck and Nernst had promised.<ref name="EXcH6"/>

Einstein was elected a Foreign Member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1920,<ref name="3gcYy"/> and a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1921|Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1921]]. In 1922, he was awarded the 1921 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".<ref name="Nobel Prize"/> At this point some physicists still regarded the general theory of relativity skeptically, and the Nobel citation displayed a degree of doubt even about the work on photoelectricity that it acknowledged: it did not assent to Einstein's notion of the particulate nature of light, which only won over the entire scientific community when [[S. N. Bose]] derived the [[Planck spectrum]] in 1924. That same year, Einstein was elected an International Honorary Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=Albert Einstein |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/albert-einstein |access-date=13 July 2023 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221194114/https://www.amacad.org/person/albert-einstein |archive-date=21 February 2024}}</ref> Britain's closest equivalent of the Nobel award, the [[Royal Society]]'s [[Copley Medal]], was not hung around Einstein's neck until 1925.<ref name="frs"/> He was elected an International Member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1930.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Albert+Einstein&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=13 July 2023 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>

Einstein resigned from the Prussian Academy in March 1933. His accomplishments in Berlin had included the completion of the general theory of relativity, proving the [[Einstein–de Haas effect]], contributing to the quantum theory of radiation, and the development of [[Bose–Einstein statistics]].<ref name=dh/>

=== Putting general relativity to the test (1919)===
[[File:19191125 A New Physics Based on Einstein - The New York Times.png|thumb|right| ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported confirmation of the bending of light by gravitation after observations (made in [[Príncipe]] and [[Sobral, Ceará|Sobral]]) of the 29 May 1919 eclipse were presented to a joint meeting in London of the [[Royal Society]] and the [[Royal Astronomical Society]] on 6 November 1919.<ref name="NYTimes_19191125"/>]]
In 1907, Einstein reached a milestone on his long journey from his special theory of relativity to a new idea of gravitation with the formulation of his [[equivalence principle]], which asserts that an observer in a box falling freely in a gravitational field would be unable to find any evidence that the field exists. In 1911, he used the principle to estimate the amount by which a ray of light from a distant star would be [[Gravitational lens|bent]] by the gravitational pull of the Sun as it passed close to the Sun's [[photosphere]] (that is, the Sun's apparent surface). He reworked his calculation in 1913, having now found a way to model gravitation with the [[Riemann curvature tensor]] of a non-Euclidean four-dimensional [[spacetime]]. By the fall of 1915, his reimagining of the mathematics of gravitation in terms of Riemannian geometry was complete, and he applied his new theory not just to the behavior of the Sun as a gravitational lens but also to another astronomical phenomenon, the [[precession of the perihelion of Mercury]] (a slow drift in the point in Mercury's elliptical orbit at which it approaches the Sun most closely).<ref name=dh/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Weinberg |first1=Steven |title=Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and applications of the general theory of relativity |date=1972 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |isbn=9788126517558 |pages=19–20}}</ref> A [[Solar eclipse of May 29, 1919|total eclipse of the Sun that took place on 29 May 1919]] provided an opportunity to put his theory of gravitational lensing to the test, and observations performed by Sir [[Arthur Eddington]] yielded results that were consistent with his calculations. Eddington's work was reported at length in newspapers around the world. On 7 November 1919, for example, the leading British newspaper, ''[[The Times]]'', printed a banner headline that read: "Revolution in Science{{spaces}}– New Theory of the Universe{{spaces}}– Newtonian Ideas Overthrown".<ref name="Eddington"/>

=== Coming to terms with fame (1921–1923)===
[[File:Albert Einstein (Nobel).png|thumb|upright|left|Einstein's official portrait after receiving the 1921 [[Nobel Prize]] for Physics]]
With Eddington's eclipse observations widely reported not just in academic journals but by the popular press as well, Einstein became "perhaps the world's first celebrity scientist", a genius who had shattered a paradigm that had been basic to physicists' understanding of the universe since the seventeenth century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-celebrity-scientist-albert-einstein-used-fame-denounce-american-racism-180962356/|last=Francis|first=Matthew|title=How Albert Einstein Used His Fame to Denounce American Racism|date=3 March 2017|publisher=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref>

Einstein began his new life as an intellectual icon in America, where he arrived on 2 April 1921. He was welcomed to New York City by Mayor [[John Francis Hylan]], and then spent three weeks giving lectures and attending receptions.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Falk |first=Dan |date=2 April 2021 |title=One Hundred Years Ago, Einstein Was Given a Hero's Welcome by America's Jews |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/one-hundred-years-ago-einstein-was-given-heros-welcome-americas-jews-180977386/ |access-date=14 March 2025 |magazine=[[Smithsonian Magazine]]}}</ref> He spoke several times at [[Columbia University]] and [[Princeton]], and in Washington, he visited the [[White House]] with representatives of the [[National Academy of Sciences]]. He returned to Europe via London, where he was the guest of the philosopher and statesman [[Viscount Haldane]]. He used his time in the British capital to meet several people prominent in British scientific, political or intellectual life, and to deliver a lecture at [[King's College London|King's College]].{{Sfnp|Hoffmann|Dukas|1972|pp=145–148}}{{Sfnp|Fölsing|1997|pp=499–508}} In July 1921, he published an essay, "My First Impression of the U.S.A.", in which he sought to sketch the American character, much as had [[Alexis de Tocqueville]] in ''[[Democracy in America]]'' (1835).<ref name="7gwHd"/> He wrote of his transatlantic hosts in highly approving terms: "What strikes a visitor is the joyous, positive attitude to life ... The American is friendly, self-confident, optimistic, and without envy."{{sfnp|Holton|1984|p=20}}

In 1922, Einstein's travels were to the old world rather than the new. He devoted six months to a tour of Asia that saw him speaking in Japan, Singapore and Sri Lanka (then known as [[Ceylon]]). After his first public lecture in Tokyo, he met [[Emperor Yoshihito]] and his wife at the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace|Imperial Palace]], with thousands of spectators thronging the streets in the hope of catching a glimpse of him. (In a letter to his sons, he wrote that Japanese people seemed to him to be generally modest, intelligent and considerate, and to have a true appreciation of art.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p= 307–308}} But his picture of them in his diary was less flattering: "[the] intellectual needs of this nation seem to be weaker than their artistic ones – natural disposition?" His journal also contains views of China and India which were uncomplimentary. Of Chinese people, he wrote that "even the children are spiritless and look obtuse... It would be a pity if these Chinese supplant all other races. For the likes of us the mere thought is unspeakably dreary".<ref name="38YkY"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Katz|first=Brigit|title=Einstein's Travel Diaries Reveal His Deeply Troubling Views on Race|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/einsteins-travel-diaries-reveal-his-deeply-troubling-views-race-180969387/|access-date=3 January 2021|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|archive-date=25 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225201826/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/einsteins-travel-diaries-reveal-his-deeply-troubling-views-race-180969387/|url-status=live}}</ref>) He was greeted with even greater enthusiasm on the last leg of his tour, in which he spent twelve days in [[Mandatory Palestine]], newly entrusted to British rule by the [[League of Nations]] in the aftermath of the First World War. [[Sir Herbert Samuel]], the British High Commissioner, welcomed him with a degree of ceremony normally only accorded to a visiting head of state, including a cannon salute. One reception held in his honor was stormed by people determined to hear him speak: he told them that he was happy that Jews were beginning to be recognized as a force in the world.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p= 307–308}}

Einstein's decision to tour the eastern hemisphere in 1922 meant that he was unable to go to [[Stockholm]] in the December of that year to participate in the Nobel prize ceremony. His place at the traditional Nobel banquet was taken by a German diplomat, who gave a speech praising him not only as a physicist but also as a campaigner for peace.<ref name="oxak7"/> A two-week visit to Spain that he undertook in 1923 saw him collecting another award, a membership of the Spanish Academy of Sciences signified by a diploma handed to him by King [[Alfonso XIII]]. (His Spanish trip also gave him a chance to meet a fellow Nobel laureate, the neuroanatomist [[Santiago Ramón y Cajal]].)<ref name="w74nv"/>

=== Serving the League of Nations (1922–1932)===
[[File:League of Nations Commission 067.tif|thumb|Einstein at a session of the [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]] ([[League of Nations]]) of which he was a member from 1922 to 1932]]
From 1922 until 1932, with the exception of a few months in 1923 and 1924, Einstein was a member of the Geneva-based [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]] of the [[League of Nations]], a group set up by the League to encourage scientists, artists, scholars, teachers and other people engaged in the life of the mind to work more closely with their counterparts in other countries.<ref name="Q5hgx"/><ref name="vNNnX"/> He was appointed as a German delegate rather than as a representative of Switzerland because of the machinations of two Catholic activists, [[Oskar Halecki]] and [[Giuseppe Motta]]. By persuading Secretary General [[Eric Drummond]] to deny Einstein the place on the committee reserved for a Swiss thinker, they created an opening for [[Gonzague de Reynold]], who used his League of Nations position as a platform from which to promote traditional Catholic doctrine.<ref name="e9Xyh"/> Einstein's former physics professor [[Hendrik Lorentz]] and the Polish chemist [[Marie Curie]] were also members of the committee.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations |journal=Science |date=6 August 1926 |volume=64 |issue=1649 |pages=132–133 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1651869 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science|doi=10.1126/science.64.1649.132.b |jstor=1651869 |s2cid=239778182 }}</ref>

=== Touring South America (1925) ===
In March and April 1925, Einstein and his wife visited South America, where they spent about a week in Brazil, a week in Uruguay and a month in Argentina.<ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1007/978-0-8176-4940-1_6|chapter=Science and Ideology in Einstein's Visit to South America in 1925|editor= Lehner, Christoph|editor2=Renn, Jürgen|editor3=Schemmel, Matthias|title=Einstein and the Changing Worldviews of Physics|year=2012|last1=Tolmasquim|first1=Alfredo Tiomno|pages=117–133|isbn=978-0-8176-4939-5}}</ref> Their tour was suggested by Jorge Duclout (1856–1927) and Mauricio Nirenstein (1877–1935)<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0269889708001853|title=Einstein's Unpublished Opening Lecture for His Course on Relativity Theory in Argentina, 1925|year=2008|last1=Gangui|first1=Alejandro|last2=Ortiz|first2=Eduardo L.|journal=Science in Context|volume=21|issue=3|pages=435–450|arxiv=0903.2064|s2cid=54920641}}</ref> with the support of several Argentine scholars, including [[Julio Rey Pastor]], [[Jakob Laub]], and [[Leopoldo Lugones]] and was financed primarily by the Council of the [[University of Buenos Aires]] and the ''Asociación Hebraica Argentina'' (Argentine Hebraic Association) with a smaller contribution from the Argentine-Germanic Cultural Institution.<ref>{{cite arXiv|eprint=1603.03792|last1=Gangui|first1=Alejandro|last2=Ortiz|first2=Eduardo L.|title=The scientific impact of Einstein's visit to Argentina, in 1925|year=2016|class=physics.hist-ph}}</ref>

=== Touring the US (1930–1931) ===
[[File:Albert_Einstein_writing_on_a_blackboard_in_Pasadena_(1931).jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Einstein in [[Pasadena, California]], 1931]]
In December 1930, Einstein began another significant sojourn in the United States, drawn back to the US by the offer of a two month research fellowship at the [[California Institute of Technology]]. Caltech supported him in his wish that he should not be exposed to quite as much attention from the media as he had experienced when visiting the US in 1921, and he therefore declined all the invitations to receive prizes or make speeches that his admirers poured down upon him. But he remained willing to allow his fans at least some of the time with him that they requested.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=368}}

After arriving in New York City, Einstein was taken to various places and events, including [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]], a lunch with the editors of ''The New York Times'', and a performance of ''[[Carmen]]'' at the [[Metropolitan Opera]], where he was cheered by the audience on his arrival. During the days following, he was given the keys to the city by Mayor [[Jimmy Walker]] and met [[Nicholas Murray Butler]], the president of [[Columbia University]], who described Einstein as "the ruling monarch of the mind".{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=370}} [[Harry Emerson Fosdick]], pastor at New York's [[Riverside Church]], gave Einstein a tour of the church and showed him a full-size statue that the church made of Einstein, standing at the entrance.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=370}} Also during his stay in New York, he joined a crowd of 15,000 people at [[Madison Square Garden (1925)|Madison Square Garden]] during a [[Hanukkah]] celebration.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=370}}

[[File:Albert Einstein and Charlie Chaplin City Lights premiere 1931.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|left|Einstein with [[Charlie Chaplin]] at the [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] premiere of Chaplin's ''[[City Lights]]'', January 1931]]

Einstein next traveled to California, where he met [[Caltech]] president and Nobel laureate [[Robert A. Millikan]]. His friendship with Millikan was "awkward", as Millikan "had a penchant for patriotic militarism", where Einstein was a pronounced [[pacifist]].{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=373}} During an address to Caltech's students, Einstein noted that science was often inclined to do more harm than good.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=374}}

This aversion to war also led Einstein to befriend author [[Upton Sinclair]] and film star [[Charlie Chaplin]], both noted for their pacifism. [[Carl Laemmle]], head of [[Universal Pictures|Universal Studios]], gave Einstein a tour of his studio and introduced him to Chaplin. They had an instant rapport, with Chaplin inviting Einstein and his wife, Elsa, to his home for dinner. Chaplin said Einstein's outward persona, calm and gentle, seemed to conceal a "highly emotional temperament", from which came his "extraordinary intellectual energy".{{sfnp|Chaplin|1964|p=320}}

Chaplin's film ''[[City Lights]]'' was to premiere a few days later in Hollywood, and Chaplin invited Einstein and Elsa to join him as his special guests. [[Walter Isaacson]], Einstein's biographer, described this as "one of the most memorable scenes in the new era of celebrity".{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=374}} Chaplin visited Einstein at his home on a later trip to Berlin and recalled his "modest little flat" and the piano at which he had begun writing his theory. Chaplin speculated that it was "possibly used as kindling wood by the Nazis".{{sfnp|Chaplin|1964|p=322}} Einstein and Chaplin were cheered at the premiere of the film. Chaplin said to Einstein, "They cheer me because they understand me, and they cheer you because no one understands you."{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=374}}

=== Emigration to the US (1933) ===
[[File:Einstein-cartoon1.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Cartoon of Einstein, who has shed his "Pacifism" wings, standing next to a pillar labeled "World Peace". He is rolling up his sleeves and holding a sword labeled "Preparedness".|Cartoon of Einstein after shedding his "pacifism" wings ([[Charles R. Macauley]], {{circa|1933}})]]
In February 1933, while on a visit to the United States, Einstein knew he could not return to Germany with the rise to power of the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] under Germany's new chancellor, [[Adolf Hitler]].{{Sfnp|Fölsing|1997|p=659}}{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p= 404}}

While at American universities in early 1933, he undertook his third two-month visiting professorship at the [[California Institute of Technology]] in Pasadena. In February and March 1933, the [[Gestapo]] repeatedly raided his family's apartment in Berlin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Albert Einstein Quits Germany, Renounces Citizenship|url=https://newspapers.ushmm.org/events/albert-einstein-quits-germany-renounces-citizenship|access-date=14 March 2021|website=History Unfolded: US Newspapers and the Holocaust|language=en|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417085304/https://newspapers.ushmm.org/events/albert-einstein-quits-germany-renounces-citizenship|url-status=live}}</ref> He and his wife Elsa returned to Europe in March, and during the trip, they learned that the German Reichstag had passed the [[Enabling Act of 1933|Enabling Act]] on 23 March, transforming Hitler's government into a ''de facto'' legal dictatorship, and that they would not be able to proceed to Berlin. Later on, they heard that their cottage had been raided by the Nazis and Einstein's personal sailboat confiscated. Upon landing in [[Antwerp]], Belgium on 28 March, Einstein immediately went to the German consulate and surrendered his passport, formally renouncing his German citizenship.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=405}} The Nazis later sold his boat and converted his cottage into a [[Hitler Youth]] camp.<ref name="el4GB"/>

==== Refugee status ====
[[File:Einstein's landing card (5706142737).jpg|thumb|Landing card for Einstein's 26 May 1933 arrival in [[Dover]], England from [[Ostend]], Belgium,<ref name="robinson19"/> enroute to [[Oxford]]<ref name="robinson24">{{cite book| first=Andrew | last=Robinson | author-link=W. Andrew Robinson | title=Einstein in Oxford | date=2024 | publisher=[[Bodleian Library Publishing]] | isbn=978-1-85124-638-0 }}</ref>]]
In April 1933, Einstein discovered that the new German government had passed [[Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service|laws barring Jews from holding any official positions]], including teaching at universities.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=407–410}} Historian [[Gerald Holton]] describes how, with "virtually no audible protest being raised by their colleagues", thousands of Jewish scientists were suddenly forced to give up their university positions and their names were removed from the rolls of institutions where they were employed.{{sfnp|Holton|1984|p=18}}

A month later, Einstein's works were among those targeted by the [[German Student Union]] in the [[Nazi book burnings]], with Nazi propaganda minister [[Joseph Goebbels]] proclaiming, "Jewish intellectualism is dead." One German magazine included him in a list of enemies of the German regime with the phrase, "not yet hanged", offering a $5,000 bounty on his head.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=407–410}}<ref name="Jerome" /> In a subsequent letter to physicist and friend [[Max Born]], who had already emigrated from Germany to England, Einstein wrote, "...{{spaces}}I must confess that the degree of their brutality and cowardice came as something of a surprise."{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=407–410}} After moving to the US, he described the book burnings as a "spontaneous emotional outburst" by those who "shun popular enlightenment", and "more than anything else in the world, fear the influence of men of intellectual independence".<ref>Einstein (1954), p. 197.</ref>

Einstein was now without a permanent home, unsure where he would live and work, and equally worried about the fate of countless other scientists still in Germany. Aided by the [[Academic Assistance Council]], founded in April 1933 by British Liberal politician [[William Beveridge]] to help academics escape Nazi persecution, Einstein was able to leave Germany.<ref name="Albert Hall">{{cite web |url=https://www.royalalberthall.com/about-the-hall/news/2013/october/3-october-1933-albert-einstein-speaks-at-the-hall/ |title=3 October 1933 – Albert Einstein presents his final speech given in Europe, at the Royal Albert Hall |last=Keyte |first=Suzanne |date=9 October 2013 |website=Royal Albert Hall |access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref> He rented a house in De Haan, Belgium, where he lived for a few months. In late July 1933, he visited England for about six weeks at the invitation of the British Member of Parliament Commander [[Oliver Locker-Lampson]], who had become friends with him in the preceding years.<ref name="robinson19">{{cite book| first=Andrew | last=Robinson | author-link=W. Andrew Robinson | title=[[Einstein on the Run]] | publisher=[[Yale University Press]] | isbn=978-0-300-23476-3 | date=2019 }}</ref> Locker-Lampson invited him to stay near his [[Cromer]] home in a secluded wooden cabin on Roughton Heath in the Parish of [[Roughton, Norfolk]]. To protect Einstein, Locker-Lampson had two bodyguards watch over him; a photo of them carrying shotguns and guarding Einstein was published in the ''Daily Herald'' on 24 July 1933.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=422}}{{Rp| }}<ref name="3zIp7"/>

[[File:Churchill and Einstein in 1933.jpg|thumb|[[Winston Churchill]] and Einstein at [[Chartwell]] House, 31 May 1933]]
Locker-Lampson took Einstein to meet [[Winston Churchill]] at his home, and later, [[Austen Chamberlain]] and former Prime Minister [[Lloyd George]].{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p= 419–420}} Einstein asked them to help bring Jewish scientists out of Germany. British historian [[Martin Gilbert]] notes that Churchill responded immediately, and sent his friend physicist [[Frederick Lindemann]] to Germany to seek out Jewish scientists and place them in British universities.<ref name="Gilbert" /> Churchill later observed that as a result of Germany having driven the Jews out, they had lowered their "technical standards" and put [[Allies of World War II|the Allies]]' technology ahead of theirs.<ref name="Gilbert"/>

Einstein later contacted leaders of other nations, including Turkey's Prime Minister, [[İsmet İnönü]], to whom he wrote in September 1933, requesting placement of unemployed German-Jewish scientists. As a result of Einstein's letter, Jewish invitees to Turkey eventually totaled over "1,000 saved individuals".<ref name="aDu8s"/>

Locker-Lampson also submitted a bill to parliament to extend British citizenship to Einstein, during which period Einstein made a number of public appearances describing the crisis brewing in Europe.{{Sfnp|Clark|1971}} In one of his speeches he denounced Germany's treatment of Jews, while at the same time he introduced a bill promoting Jewish citizenship in Palestine, as they were being denied citizenship elsewhere.<ref name="AP" /> In his speech he described Einstein as a "citizen of the world" who should be offered a temporary shelter in the UK.<ref group=note name="gnriE" /><ref name="Guardian" /> Both bills failed, however, and Einstein then accepted an earlier offer from the [[Institute for Advanced Study]], in [[Princeton, New Jersey]], US, to become a resident scholar.{{Sfnp|Clark|1971}}

==== Resident scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study ====
[[File:Einstein-formal portrait-35 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of Einstein taken in 1935 at [[Princeton University|Princeton]] ]]
On 3 October 1933, Einstein delivered a speech on the importance of academic freedom before a packed audience at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in London, with ''[[The Times]]'' reporting he was wildly cheered throughout.<ref name="Albert Hall"/> Four days later he returned to the US and took up a position at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]],{{Sfnp|Clark|1971}}{{Sfnp|Fölsing|1997|pp=649, 678}} noted for having become a refuge for scientists fleeing [[Nazi Germany]].<ref name="Arntzenius2011"/> At the time, most American universities, including Harvard, Princeton and Yale, had minimal or no Jewish faculty or students, as a result of their [[Jewish quota]]s, which lasted until the late 1940s.<ref name="Arntzenius2011"/>

Einstein was still undecided about his future. He had offers from several European universities, including [[Christ Church, Oxford]], where he stayed for three short periods between May 1931 and June 1933<ref name="robinson24"/> and was offered a five-year research [[fellowship]] (called a "[[studentship]]" at Christ Church),<ref name="FFt5E"/><ref name="v8v06"/> but in 1935, he arrived at the decision to remain permanently in the United States and apply for citizenship.{{Sfnp|Clark|1971}}{{Sfnp|Fölsing|1997|pp=686–687}}

Einstein's affiliation with the Institute for Advanced Study would last until his death in 1955.<ref name="mzNc5"/> He was one of the four first selected (along with [[John von Neumann]], [[Kurt Gödel]] and [[Hermann Weyl]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weyl |first1=Hermann |editor1-last=Pesic |editor1-first=Peter |title=Levels of Infinity: Selected Writings on Mathematics and Philosophy |date=2013 |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=9780486266930 |page=5 |url={{GBurl|id=Dd-vAAAAQBAJ}} |access-date=30 May 2022 |quote=By 1933, Weyl... left for the newly-founded Institute for Advanced Studies at Princeton, where his colleagues included Einstein, Kurt Gödel, and John von Neumann.}}</ref>) at the new Institute. He soon developed a close friendship with Gödel; the two would take long walks together discussing their work. [[Bruria Kaufman]], his assistant, later became a physicist. During this period, Einstein tried to develop a [[unified field theory]] and to refute the [[Copenhagen interpretation|accepted interpretation]] of [[quantum physics]], both unsuccessfully. He lived in Princeton at his home from 1935 onwards. The [[Albert Einstein House]] was made a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1976.

==== World War II and the Manhattan Project ====
{{See also|Einstein–Szilárd letter}}
[[File:Einstein-Roosevelt-letter.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Facsimile of the [[Einstein–Szilard letter]] ]]
In 1939, a group of Hungarian scientists that included émigré physicist [[Leó Szilárd]] attempted to alert [[Washington, D.C.]] to ongoing Nazi atomic bomb research. The group's warnings were discounted. Einstein and Szilárd, along with other refugees such as [[Edward Teller]] and [[Eugene Wigner]], "regarded it as their responsibility to alert Americans to the possibility that German scientists might win the [[German nuclear energy project|race to build an atomic bomb]], and to warn that Hitler would be more than willing to resort to such a weapon."{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=630}}<ref name="o4fkQ"/> To make certain the US was aware of the danger, in July 1939, a few months before the beginning of World War II in Europe, Szilárd and Wigner visited Einstein to explain the possibility of atomic bombs, which Einstein, a pacifist, said he had never considered.<ref name="pRqWK"/> He was asked to lend his support by writing [[Einstein–Szilard letter|a letter]], with Szilárd, to President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], recommending the US pay attention and engage in its own nuclear weapons research.

The letter is believed to be "arguably the key stimulus for the U.S. adoption of serious investigations into nuclear weapons on the eve of the U.S. entry into World War II".<ref name="4Z68g"/> In addition to the letter, Einstein used his connections with the [[Belgian royal family]]<ref name="eZym8"/> and the Belgian queen mother to get access with a personal envoy to the White House's Oval Office. Some say that as a result of Einstein's letter and his meetings with Roosevelt, the US entered the "race" to develop the bomb, drawing on its "immense material, financial, and scientific resources" to initiate the [[Manhattan Project]].

For Einstein, "war was a disease{{spaces}}... [and] he called for resistance to war." By signing the letter to Roosevelt, some argue he went against his pacifist principles.<ref name="z73PK"/> In 1954, a year before his death, Einstein said to his old friend, [[Linus Pauling]], "I made one great mistake in my life—when I signed the letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made; but there was some justification—the danger that the Germans would make them{{spaces}}..."{{Sfnp|Clark|1971|p=752}} In 1955, Einstein and ten other intellectuals and scientists, including British philosopher [[Bertrand Russell]], signed [[Russell–Einstein Manifesto|a manifesto]] highlighting the danger of nuclear weapons.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Einstein |first1=Albert |url=https://pugwash.org/1955/07/09/statement-manifesto/ |title=The Russell-Einstein Manifesto |last2=Russell |first2=Bertrand |date=9 July 1955 |publisher=Pugwash Conferences |location=London |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301114337/https://pugwash.org/1955/07/09/statement-manifesto/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1960 Einstein was included posthumously as a charter member of the [[World Academy of Art and Science]] (WAAS),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boyko |first1=Hugo |title=Science and the Future of Mankind |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=377 |url=https://www.worldacademy.org/files/publications/Science%20and%20the%20Future%20of%20Mankind.pdf}}</ref> an organization founded by distinguished scientists and intellectuals who committed themselves to the responsible and ethical advances of science, particularly in light of the development of nuclear weapons.

==== US citizenship ====
[[File:Citizen-Einstein.jpg|thumb|Einstein accepting a [[Citizenship of the United States|US citizenship]] certificate from judge [[Phillip Forman]] in 1940]]
Einstein became an American citizen in 1940. Not long after settling into his career at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, he expressed his appreciation of the [[meritocracy]] in American culture compared to Europe. He recognized the "right of individuals to say and think what they pleased" without social barriers. As a result, individuals were encouraged, he said, to be more creative, a trait he valued from his early education.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=432}}

Einstein joined the [[NAACP|National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] (NAACP) in Princeton, where he campaigned for the [[Civil rights movement (1896–1954)|civil rights]] of African Americans. He considered racism America's "worst disease",<ref name="Jerome" /><ref name="smithsonianmag">{{cite news |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-celebrity-scientist-albert-einstein-used-fame-denounce-american-racism-180962356 |title=How Albert Einstein Used His Fame to Denounce American Racism |first=Matthew |last=Francis |date=3 March 2017 |work=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=10 February 2021 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211150143/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-celebrity-scientist-albert-einstein-used-fame-denounce-american-racism-180962356/ |url-status=live }}</ref> seeing it as "handed down from one generation to the next".{{Sfnp|Calaprice|2005|pp=148–149}} As part of his involvement, he corresponded with civil rights activist [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] and was prepared to testify on his behalf during his trial as an alleged foreign agent in 1951.{{sfnp|Robeson|2002|p=565}} When Einstein offered to be a character witness for Du Bois, the judge decided to drop the case.<ref name="civil"/>

In 1946, Einstein visited [[Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)|Lincoln University]] in Pennsylvania, a [[historically black college]], where he was awarded an honorary degree. Lincoln was the first university in the United States to grant college degrees to African Americans; alumni include [[Langston Hughes]] and [[Thurgood Marshall]]. Einstein gave a speech about racism in America, adding, "I do not intend to be quiet about it."<ref name="Jerome_Isis"/> A resident of Princeton recalls that Einstein had once paid the college tuition for a black student.<ref name="civil"/> Einstein has said, "Being a Jew myself, perhaps I can understand and empathize with how black people feel as victims of discrimination".<ref name="smithsonianmag"/> Isaacson writes that "When [[Marian Anderson]], the black contralto, came to Princeton for a concert in 1937, the Nassau Inn refused her a room. So Einstein invited her to stay at his house on Main Street, in what was a deeply personal as well as symbolic gesture ... Whenever she returned to Princeton, she stayed with Einstein, her last visit coming just two months before he died."{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=445}}

=== Personal views ===
==== Political views ====
{{Main|Political views of Albert Einstein}}

[[File:Einstein Apr.1921 SS Rotterdam 32099.jpg|alt=Casual group shot of four men and two women standing on a brick pavement.|thumb|Albert Einstein and [[Elsa Einstein]] arriving in New York in 1921. Accompanying them are Zionist leaders [[Chaim Weizmann]] (future president of Israel), Weizmann's wife [[Vera Weizmann]], [[Menahem Ussishkin]], and Ben-Zion Mossinson.]]

In 1918, Einstein was one of the signatories of the founding proclamation of the [[German Democratic Party]], a liberal party.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tobies |first=Renate |url={{Google books|EDm0eQqFUQ4C|page=116|plainurl=yes}} |title=Iris Runge – A Life at the Crossroads of Mathematics, Science, and Industry |publisher=Birkhèauser |year=2012 |isbn=978-3034802512 |location=Basel |pages=116}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gimbel |first=Steven |url={{Google books|HvTOBwAAQBAJ|page=111|plainurl=yes}} |title=Einstein - His Space and Times |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0300196719 |location=New Haven |pages=111}}</ref> Later in his life, Einstein's political view was in favor of [[socialism]] and critical of capitalism, which he detailed in his essays such as "[[Why Socialism?]]".<ref>Einstein (1949), pp. 9–15.</ref><ref name="LXsUJ" /> His opinions on the [[Bolsheviks]] also changed with time. In 1925, he criticized them for not having a "well-regulated system of government" and called their rule a "regime of terror and a tragedy in human history". He later adopted a more moderated view, criticizing their methods but praising them, which is shown by his 1929 remark on [[Vladimir Lenin]]:
{{blockquote|In Lenin I honor a man, who in total sacrifice of his own person has committed his entire energy to realizing social justice. I do not find his methods advisable. One thing is certain, however: men like him are the guardians and renewers of mankind's conscience.{{sfnp|Rowe|Schulmann|2013|pp=[{{GBurl|id=_X1dAAAAQBAJ|pg=413}} 412, 413]}}}}
Einstein offered and was called on to give judgments and opinions on matters often unrelated to theoretical physics or mathematics.{{Sfnp|Clark|1971}} He strongly advocated the idea of a democratic [[global government]] that would check the power of nation-states in the framework of a world federation.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=487, 494, 550}} He wrote "I advocate world government because I am convinced that there is no other possible way of eliminating the most terrible danger in which man has ever found himself."<ref>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 4 (February 1948), No. 2 35–37: 'A Reply to the Soviet Scientists, December 1947'</ref> The FBI created a secret dossier on Einstein in 1932; by the time of his death, it was 1,427 pages long.<ref name="ixWWZ" />

Einstein was deeply impressed by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], with whom he corresponded. He described Gandhi as "a role model for the generations to come".<ref name="Albano-Müller"/> The initial connection was established on 27 September 1931, when [[Wilfrid Israel]] took his Indian guest [[V. A. Sundaram]] to meet his friend Einstein at his summer home in the town of Caputh. Sundaram was Gandhi's disciple and special envoy, whom Wilfrid Israel met while visiting India and visiting the Indian leader's home in 1925. During the visit, Einstein wrote a short letter to Gandhi that was delivered to him through his envoy, and Gandhi responded quickly with his own letter. Although in the end Einstein and Gandhi were unable to meet as they had hoped, the direct connection between them was established through Wilfrid Israel.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://streams.gandhiserve.org/einstein.html| title = Einstein's letter and Gandhi's answer| access-date = 22 August 2021| archive-date = 9 June 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140609031152/http://streams.gandhiserve.org/einstein.html| url-status = live}}, gandhiserve.org</ref>

==== Relationship with Zionism ====
{{Main|Political views of Albert Einstein#Zionism}}

Einstein, a Jew, was a figurehead leader in the establishment of the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]],<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/25/science/brace-yourself-here-comes-einsteins-year.html|title=Brace Yourself! Here Comes Einstein's Year|quote=Hebrew University ... which he helped found|author=Dennis Overbye|date=25 January 2005|access-date=27 October 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030232656/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/25/science/brace-yourself-here-comes-einsteins-year.html|url-status=live}}</ref> which opened in 1925.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://en.huji.ac.il/history |website=Hebrew University}}</ref> Earlier, in 1921, he was asked by the biochemist and president of the [[World Zionist Organization]], [[Chaim Weizmann]], to help raise funds for the planned university.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=290}} He made suggestions for the creation of an Institute of Agriculture, a Chemical Institute and an Institute of Microbiology in order to fight the various ongoing epidemics such as [[malaria]], which he called an "evil" that was undermining a third of the country's development.{{sfnp|Rowe|Schulmann|2007|p=161}} He also promoted the establishment of an Oriental Studies Institute, to include language courses given in both [[Hebrew]] and [[Arabic]].{{sfnp|Rowe|Schulmann|2007|p=158}}

Einstein was not a [[nationalist]] and opposed the creation of an independent Jewish state.{{sfnp|Rowe|Schulmann|2007|p=33}} He felt that the waves of arriving Jews of the [[Aliyah]] could live alongside existing Arabs in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. The state of Israel was established without his help in 1948; Einstein was limited to a marginal role in the [[Zionism|Zionist movement]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Ze'ev |last=Rosenkranz |date=2011 |title=Einstein Before Israel: Zionist Icon Or Iconoclast? |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=4–5 |isbn=978-0-691-14412-2}}</ref> Upon the death of Israeli president Weizmann in November 1952, Prime Minister [[David Ben-Gurion]] offered Einstein the largely ceremonial position of [[President of Israel]] at the urging of [[Ezriel Carlebach]].<ref name="Time" /><ref name="Msb2q" /> The offer was presented by Israel's ambassador in Washington, [[Abba Eban]], who explained that the offer "embodies the deepest respect which the Jewish people can repose in any of its sons". Einstein wrote that he was "deeply moved", but "at once saddened and ashamed" that he could not accept it.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=522}} Einstein did not want the office, and Israel did not want him to accept, but felt obliged to make the offer. [[Yitzhak Navon]], Ben-Gurion's political secretary, and later president, reports Ben-Gurion as saying "Tell me what to do if he says yes! I've had to offer the post to him because it's impossible not to. But if he accepts, we are in for trouble."<ref>{{cite web | last=Kindy | first=David | title=When Albert Einstein Was Asked to Become President of Israel | publisher=HISTORY | date=6 August 2025 | url=https://www.history.com/articles/albert-einstein-presidency-israel | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250827052120/https://www.history.com/articles/albert-einstein-presidency-israel | archive-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

==== Religious and philosophical views ====
{{Main|Religious and philosophical views of Albert Einstein}}

[[File:03 ALBERT EINSTEIN.ogg|thumb|Opening of Einstein's speech (11 April 1943) for the United Jewish Appeal (recording by Radio Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina)
----
"Ladies (coughs) and gentlemen, our age is proud of the progress it has made in man's intellectual development. The search and striving for truth and knowledge is one of the highest of man's qualities{{spaces}}..."]]
Per [[Lee Smolin]], "I believe what allowed Einstein to achieve so much was primarily a moral quality. He simply cared far more than most of his colleagues that the laws of physics have to explain everything in nature coherently and consistently."{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=549–550}} Einstein expounded his spiritual outlook in a wide array of writings and interviews.<ref name="018QJ" /> He said he had sympathy for the impersonal [[pantheistic]] God of [[Spinozism|Baruch Spinoza's philosophy]].{{Sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=[{{GBurl|id=G_iziBAPXtEC|p=325}} 325]}} He did not believe in a [[personal god]] who concerns himself with fates and actions of human beings, a view which he described as naïve.{{Sfnp|Calaprice|2000|p=218}} He clarified, however, that "I am not an [[Atheism|atheist]]",{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=390}} preferring to call himself an [[Agnosticism|agnostic]],{{Sfnp|Calaprice|2010|p=[{{GBurl|id=G_iziBAPXtEC|p=340}} 340]}}<ref name="flickr2687"/> or a "deeply religious nonbeliever".{{Sfnp|Calaprice|2000|p=218}} He wrote that "A spirit is manifest in the laws of the universe—a spirit vastly superior to that of man, and one in the face of which we with our modest powers must feel humble. In this way the pursuit of science leads to a religious feeling of a special sort."{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=550–551}}

Einstein was primarily affiliated with non-religious [[Secular humanist|humanist]] and [[Ethical Culture]] groups in both the UK and US. He served on the advisory board of the [[First Humanist Society of New York]],<ref name="mKToJ"/> and was an honorary associate of the [[Rationalist Association]], which publishes ''[[New Humanist]]'' in Britain. For the 75th anniversary of the [[New York Society for Ethical Culture]], he stated that the idea of Ethical Culture embodied his personal conception of what is most valuable and enduring in religious idealism. He observed, "Without 'ethical culture' there is no salvation for humanity."<ref>Einstein (1995), p. 62.{{GBurl|id=9fJkBqwDD3sC|p=62}}</ref>

In a German-language letter to philosopher [[Eric Gutkind]], dated 3 January 1954, Einstein wrote:
{{blockquote|[[God (word)|The word God]] is for me nothing more than the expression and product of human weaknesses, the Bible a collection of honorable, but still primitive legends which are nevertheless pretty childish. No interpretation no matter how subtle can (for me) change this. ... For me the [[Jewish religion]] like all other religions is an incarnation of the most childish superstitions. And the [[Jewish people]] to whom I gladly belong and with whose mentality I have a deep affinity have no different quality for me than all other people. ... I cannot see anything '[[Jews as the chosen people|chosen]]' about them.<ref name="xI99y"/>}}

Einstein had been sympathetic toward [[vegetarianism]] for a long time. In a letter in 1930 to Hermann Huth, vice-president of the [[ProVeg Deutschland#History|German Vegetarian Federation (Deutsche Vegetarier-Bund)]], he wrote:
{{blockquote|Although I have been prevented by outward circumstances from observing a strictly vegetarian diet, I have long been an adherent to the cause in principle. Besides agreeing with the aims of vegetarianism for aesthetic and moral reasons, it is my view that a vegetarian manner of living by its purely physical effect on the human temperament would most beneficially influence the lot of mankind.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ivu.org/history/northam20a/einstein.html
| title=Albert Einstein (1879–1955)
| publisher=[[International Vegetarian Union]]
| accessdate= 2025-07-19
}}</ref>}}
He became a vegetarian himself only during the last part of his life. In March 1954 he wrote in a letter: "So I am living without fats, without meat, without fish, but am feeling quite well this way. It almost seems to me that man was not born to be a carnivore."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ivu.org/history/northam20a/einstein.html|title=History of Vegetarianism - Albert Einstein (1879-1955)|website=www.ivu.org}}</ref>

==== Love of music ====
[[File:Wanda von Debschitz-Kunowski Albert Einstein beim Geigenspiel 1927.jpg|thumb|Einstein playing the violin, 1927|upright=1.05]]
Einstein developed an appreciation for music at an early age. In his late journals he wrote:

{{blockquote|If I were not a physicist, I would probably be a musician. I often think in music. I live my daydreams in music. I see my life in terms of music{{spaces}}... I get most joy in life out of music.<ref name="BQH5A"/><ref name="aBOjz"/>}}

His mother played the piano reasonably well and wanted her son to learn the violin, not only to instill in him a love of music but also to help him assimilate into [[German culture]]. According to conductor [[Leon Botstein]], Einstein began playing when he was 5. However, he did not enjoy it at that age.<ref name="Botstein"/>

When he turned 13, he discovered [[Mozart]]'s [[Mozart violin sonatas|violin sonatas]], whereupon he became enamored of Mozart's compositions and studied music more willingly. Einstein taught himself to play without "ever practicing systematically". He said that "love is a better teacher than a sense of duty".<ref name="Botstein"/> At the age of 17, he was heard by a school examiner in Aarau while playing [[Beethoven]]'s [[Beethoven's violin sonatas (disambiguation)|violin sonatas]]. The examiner stated afterward that his playing was "remarkable and revealing of 'great insight{{' "}}. What struck the examiner, writes Botstein, was that Einstein "displayed a deep love of the music, a quality that was and remains in short supply. Music possessed an unusual meaning for this student."<ref name="Botstein"/>

Music took on a pivotal and permanent role in Einstein's life from that period on. Although the idea of becoming a professional musician himself was not on his mind at any time, among those with whom Einstein played [[chamber music]] were a few professionals, including Kurt Appelbaum, and he performed for private audiences and friends. Chamber music had also become a regular part of his social life while living in Bern, Zurich, and Berlin, where he played with Max Planck and his son, among others. He is sometimes erroneously credited as the editor of the 1937 edition of the [[Köchel catalog]] of Mozart's work; that edition was prepared by [[Alfred Einstein]], who may have been a distant relation.<ref name="kGuWC"/><ref name="OIn6p"/> Mozart was a special favorite; he said that "Mozart's music is so pure it seems to have been ever-present in the universe." However, he preferred [[Bach]] to Beethoven, once saying: "Give me Bach, rather, and then more Bach."{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=38}}

In 1931, while engaged in research at the California Institute of Technology, he visited the Zoellner family conservatory in Los Angeles, where he played some of Beethoven and Mozart's works with members of the [[Zoellner Quartet]].<ref name="Times"/><ref name="RR"/> Near the end of his life, when the young [[Juilliard Quartet]] visited him in Princeton, he played his violin with them, and the quartet was "impressed by Einstein's level of coordination and intonation".<ref name="Botstein"/>

=== Death ===
On 17 April 1955, Einstein experienced [[internal bleeding]] caused by the rupture of an [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]], which had previously been reinforced surgically by [[Rudolph Nissen]] in 1948.<ref name="BXLfp"/> He took the draft of a speech he was preparing for a television appearance commemorating the state of Israel's seventh anniversary with him to the hospital, but he did not live to complete it.<ref name="QN45b"/>

Einstein refused surgery, saying, "I want to go when I want. It is tasteless to prolong life artificially. I have done my share; it is time to go. I will do it elegantly."<ref name="BhiNM"/> He died in the [[Princeton Hospital]] early the next morning at the age of 76, having continued to work until near the end.<ref name="YUhsl"/>

During the autopsy, the pathologist [[Thomas Stoltz Harvey]] removed [[Einstein's brain]] for preservation without the permission of his family, in the hope that the [[neuroscience]] of the future would be able to discover what made Einstein so intelligent.<ref name="MqyYW"/> Einstein's remains were cremated in [[Trenton, New Jersey]],<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Cosgrove|first1=Benjamin|last2=Morse|first2=Ralph|url=https://www.life.com/history/the-day-albert-einstein-died-a-photographers-story/|magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]]|title=The Day Albert Einstein Died: A Photographer's Story|date=14 March 2014|access-date=10 March 2021|archive-date=19 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319004714/https://www.life.com/history/the-day-albert-einstein-died-a-photographers-story/|url-status=live}}</ref> and his ashes were scattered at an undisclosed location.<ref name="GQrBZ"/><ref name="Obit"/>

In a memorial lecture delivered on 13 December 1965 at [[UNESCO]] headquarters, nuclear physicist [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] summarized his [[Einstein–Oppenheimer relationship|impression of Einstein]] as a person: "He was almost wholly without sophistication and wholly without worldliness{{spaces}}... There was always with him a wonderful purity at once childlike and profoundly stubborn."<ref name="aJHxn"/>

Einstein bequeathed his personal archives, library, and intellectual assets to the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] in Israel.<ref>{{cite news|last=Unna|first=Issachar|date=22 June 2007|title=An Ongoing Power of Attraction|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.4945718|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043403/https://www.haaretz.com/1.4945718|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Scientific career ==
Throughout his life, Einstein published hundreds of books and articles.<ref name="Bio"/><ref name="Paul Arthur Schilpp, editor 1951 730–746"/> He published more than 300 scientific papers and 150 non-scientific ones.<ref name="Nobel"/><ref name="Paul Arthur Schilpp, editor 1951 730–746"/> On 5 December 2014, universities and archives announced the release of Einstein's papers, comprising more than 30,000 unique documents.<ref>Stachel et al (2008).</ref><ref name="NYT-20141204-DB"/> In addition to the work he did by himself, he also collaborated with other scientists on additional projects, including the [[Bose–Einstein statistics]], the [[Einstein refrigerator]] and others.<ref name="Instituut-Lorentz"/><ref name="e5xd8"/>

=== Statistical mechanics ===
==== Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics ====
{{Main|Statistical mechanics|thermal fluctuations|statistical physics}}

Einstein's first paper,<ref name="Einstein 1901"/><ref name="PubList"/> submitted in 1900 to ''[[Annalen der Physik]]'', was on [[capillary attraction]]. It was published in 1901 with the title "Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen", which translates as "Conclusions from the capillarity phenomena". Two papers he published in 1902–1903 (thermodynamics) attempted to interpret [[atom]]ic phenomena from a statistical point of view. These papers were the foundation for the 1905 paper on Brownian motion, which showed that Brownian movement can be construed as firm evidence that molecules exist. His research in 1903 and 1904 was mainly concerned with the effect of finite atomic size on diffusion phenomena.<ref name="PubList"/>

==== Theory of critical opalescence ====
{{Main|Critical opalescence}}

Einstein returned to the problem of thermodynamic fluctuations, giving a treatment of the density variations in a fluid at its critical point. Ordinarily, the density fluctuations are controlled by the second derivative of the free energy with respect to the density. At the critical point, this derivative is zero, leading to large fluctuations. The effect of density fluctuations is that light of all wavelengths is scattered, making the fluid look milky white. Einstein relates this to [[Rayleigh scattering]], which is what happens when the fluctuation size is much smaller than the wavelength, and which explains why the sky is blue.<ref name="L2N73"/> Einstein quantitatively derived critical opalescence from a treatment of density fluctuations, and demonstrated how both the effect and Rayleigh scattering originate from the atomistic constitution of matter.

=== 1905 – ''Annus Mirabilis'' papers ===
The [[Annus mirabilis papers|''Annus Mirabilis'' papers]] are four articles pertaining to the photoelectric effect (which gave rise to [[quantum mechanics|quantum theory]]), [[Brownian motion]], the [[special theory of relativity]], and [[Mass–energy equivalence|''E''{{spaces}}={{spaces}}''mc''2]] that Einstein published in the ''Annalen der Physik'' scientific journal in 1905. These four works contributed substantially to the foundation of [[modern physics]] and changed views on [[space]], time, and [[matter]]. The four papers are:

{| class=wikitable
|-
! Title (translated) !!Area of focus !! Received !! Published !! Significance
|-
| "On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light"<ref name=1905a>Einstein (1905a).</ref> || Photoelectric effect || 18 March || 9 June || Resolved an unsolved puzzle by suggesting that energy is exchanged only in discrete amounts ([[quantum|quanta]]).<ref name="1Jhcb"/> This idea was pivotal to the early development of quantum theory.<ref name="oJBvd"/>
|-
| "On the Motion of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid, as Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat"<ref>Einstein (1905c).</ref> || [[Brownian motion]] || 11 May || 18 July || Explained empirical evidence for the [[atomic theory]], supporting the application of [[statistical physics]].
|-
| "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies"<ref name=1905d>Einstein (1905d).</ref> || [[Special relativity]] || 30 June || 26{{spaces}}September || Reconciled [[James Clerk Maxwell|Maxwell]]'s equations for electricity and magnetism with the laws of mechanics by introducing changes to mechanics, resulting from analysis based on the independence of the speed of light from the motion of the observer.<ref name="RhZ8x"/> Discredited the concept of a "[[luminiferous ether]]".<ref name="lhfJ9"/>
|-
| "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?"<ref>Einstein (1905e).</ref> || [[Mass–energy equivalence|{{nowrap|Matter–energy}} equivalence]] || 27{{spaces}}September || 21 November || Equivalence of matter and energy, ''E''{{spaces}}={{spaces}}''mc''2, the existence of "[[rest energy]]", and the basis of nuclear energy.
|}

=== Special relativity ===
{{Main|History of special relativity}}

Einstein's "{{lang|de|Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper}}"<ref name=1905d/> ("On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies") was received on 30 June 1905 and published 26 September of that same year. It reconciled conflicts between [[Maxwell's equations]] (the laws of electricity and magnetism) and the laws of Newtonian mechanics by introducing changes to the laws of mechanics.{{Sfnp|Fölsing|1997|pp=178–198}} Observationally, the effects of these changes are most apparent at high speeds (where objects are moving at speeds close to the [[speed of light]]). The theory developed in this paper later became known as Einstein's special theory of relativity.

This paper predicted that, when measured in the frame of a relatively moving observer, a clock carried by a moving body would appear to [[Time dilation|slow down]], and the body itself would [[Length contraction|contract]] in its direction of motion. This paper also argued that the idea of a [[luminiferous aether]]—one of the leading theoretical entities in physics at the time—was superfluous.<ref group=note name="aBfxO"/>

In his paper on [[mass–energy equivalence]], Einstein produced ''E''{{spaces}}={{spaces}}''mc''2 as a consequence of his special relativity equations.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2002|pp=vi, 15, 90, 131, [{{GBurl|id=OAsQ_hFjhrAC|p=215}} 215]}} Einstein's 1905 work on relativity remained controversial for many years, but was accepted by leading physicists, starting with [[Max Planck]].<ref group=note name="sBl2q"/>{{Sfnp|Pais|1982|pp=382–386}}

Einstein originally framed special relativity in terms of [[kinematics]] (the study of moving bodies). In 1908, [[Hermann Minkowski]] reinterpreted special relativity in geometric terms as a theory of [[spacetime]]. Einstein adopted Minkowski's formalism in his 1915 [[general theory of relativity]].{{Sfnp|Pais|1982|pp=151–152}}

=== General relativity ===
==== General relativity and the equivalence principle ====
{{Main|History of general relativity}}

{{See also|Theory of relativity|Einstein field equations}}
[[File:1919 eclipse positive.jpg|alt=Black circle covering the sun, rays visible around it, in a dark sky.|thumb|upright|[[Arthur Stanley Eddington|Eddington]]'s photo of a [[solar eclipse]]]]
[[General relativity]] (GR) is a [[theory of gravitation]] that was developed by Einstein between 1907 and 1915. According to it, the observed gravitational attraction between masses results from the warping of [[spacetime]] by those masses. General relativity has developed into an essential tool in modern [[astrophysics]]; it provides the foundation for the current understanding of [[black holes]], regions of space where gravitational attraction is so strong that not even light can escape.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fraknoi |first=Andrew |url=https://openstax.org/details/books/astronomy-2e |title=Astronomy 2e |date=2022 |display-authors=etal |publisher=OpenStax |isbn=978-1-951693-50-3 |edition=2e |oclc=1322188620 |pages=800–815}}</ref>

As Einstein later said, the reason for the development of general relativity was that the preference of inertial motions within [[special relativity]] was unsatisfactory, while a theory which from the outset prefers no state of motion (even accelerated ones) should appear more satisfactory.<ref>Einstein (1923).</ref> Consequently, in 1907 he published an article on acceleration under special relativity. In that article titled "On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It", he argued that [[free fall]] is really inertial motion, and that for a free-falling observer the rules of special relativity must apply. This argument is called the [[equivalence principle]]. In the same article, Einstein also predicted the phenomena of [[gravitational time dilation]], [[gravitational redshift]] and [[gravitational lensing]].{{Sfnp|Pais|1982|pp=179–183}}<ref>Stachel, et al (2008). Vol. 2: The Swiss Years—Writings, 1900–1909, pp. 273–274.</ref>

In 1911, Einstein published another article "On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light" expanding on the 1907 article, in which he estimated the amount of deflection of light by massive bodies. Thus, the theoretical prediction of general relativity could for the first time be tested experimentally.{{Sfnp|Pais|1982|pp=194–195}}

==== Gravitational waves ====
In 1916, Einstein predicted [[gravitational wave]]s,<ref>Einstein (1916).</ref><ref>Einstein (1918).</ref> ripples in the [[curvature]] of spacetime which propagate as [[wave]]s, traveling outward from the source, transporting energy as gravitational radiation. The existence of gravitational waves is possible under general relativity due to its [[Lorentz invariance]] which brings the concept of a finite speed of propagation of the physical interactions of gravity with it. By contrast, gravitational waves cannot exist in the [[Newton's law of universal gravitation|Newtonian theory of gravitation]], which postulates that the physical interactions of gravity propagate at infinite speed.

The first, indirect, detection of gravitational waves came in the 1970s through observation of a pair of closely orbiting [[neutron stars]], [[PSR B1913+16]].<ref name="natgeo"/> The explanation for the decay in their orbital period was that they were emitting gravitational waves.<ref name="natgeo"/><ref name="Tf1T0"/> Einstein's prediction was confirmed on 11 February 2016, when researchers at [[LIGO]] published the [[first observation of gravitational waves]],<ref name="PRL-20160211"/> detected on Earth on 14 September 2015, nearly one hundred years after the prediction.<ref name="natgeo"/><ref name="CO6kH"/><ref name="oSmHb"/><ref name="hkKSp"/><ref name="38Msx"/>

==== Hole argument and Entwurf theory ====
While developing general relativity, Einstein became confused about the [[gauge invariance]] in the theory. He formulated an argument that led him to conclude that a general relativistic field theory is impossible. He gave up looking for fully generally covariant tensor equations and searched for equations that would be invariant under general linear transformations only.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=John |author-link=John D. Norton |date=1984 |title=How Einstein Found His Field Equations: 1912–1915 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757535 |journal=Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=253–316 |doi=10.2307/27757535 |jstor=27757535 |issn=0073-2672}}</ref>

In June 1913, the Entwurf ('draft') theory was the result of these investigations. As its name suggests, it was a sketch of a theory, less elegant and more difficult than general relativity, with the equations of motion supplemented by additional gauge fixing conditions. After more than two years of intensive work, Einstein realized that the [[hole argument]] was mistaken<ref name="sOA9t"/> and abandoned the theory in November 1915.

==== Physical cosmology ====
{{Main|Physical cosmology}}

[[File:MillikanLemaitreEinstein.jpg|thumb|right|[[Robert Andrews Millikan|Robert A. Millikan]], [[Georges Lemaître]] and Einstein at the [[California Institute of Technology]] in January 1933]]
In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to the structure of the universe as a whole.<ref>Einstein (1917a).</ref><ref name="NYT-20151124" /> He discovered that the general field equations predicted a universe that was dynamic, either contracting or expanding. As observational evidence for a dynamic universe was lacking at the time, Einstein introduced a new term, the [[cosmological constant]], into the field equations, in order to allow the theory to predict a static universe. The modified field equations predicted a static universe of closed curvature, in accordance with Einstein's understanding of [[Mach's principle]] in these years. This model became known as the Einstein World or [[Einstein's static universe]].{{Sfnp|Pais|1994|pp=285–286}}<ref name="iJwuX"/> This paper is widely regarded as marking the emergence of modern theoretical cosmology.<ref>{{Citation |last=Smeenk |first=Christopher |title=Einstein's Role in the Creation of Relativistic Cosmology |date=2014 |work=The Cambridge Companion to Einstein |pages=228–269 |editor-last=Lehner |editor-first=Christoph |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-einstein/einsteins-role-in-the-creation-of-relativistic-cosmology/498FDAF3672B3E7328F212765130E631 |access-date=2025-12-14 |series=Cambridge Companions to Philosophy |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cco9781139024525.009 |isbn=978-0-521-82834-5 |editor2-last=Janssen |editor2-first=Michel}}</ref>

Following the discovery of the recession of the galaxies by [[Edwin Hubble]] in 1929, Einstein abandoned his static model of the universe, and proposed two dynamic models of the cosmos, the [[Friedmann–Einstein universe]] of 1931<ref name=E1931>Einstein (1931).</ref><ref name="cor-2013"/> and the [[Einstein–de Sitter universe]] of 1932.<ref>Einstein & de Sitter (1932).</ref><ref name="J9Tqu"/> In each of these models, Einstein discarded the cosmological constant, claiming that it was "in any case theoretically unsatisfactory".<ref name=E1931/><ref name="cor-2013"/><ref name="sxfvo"/>

In many Einstein biographies, it is claimed that Einstein referred to the cosmological constant in later years as his "biggest blunder", based on a letter [[George Gamow]] claimed to have received from him. The astrophysicist [[Mario Livio]] has cast doubt on this claim.<ref name="qmmVf"/>

In late 2013, a team led by the Irish physicist [[Cormac O'Raifeartaigh]] discovered evidence that, shortly after learning of Hubble's observations of the recession of the galaxies, Einstein considered a [[steady-state model]] of the universe.<ref name="Tq53z"/><ref name="8pfEk"/> In a hitherto overlooked manuscript, apparently written in early 1931, Einstein explored a model of the expanding universe in which the density of matter remains constant due to a continuous creation of matter, a process that he associated with the cosmological constant.<ref name="cor-steady-state" /><ref name="Einstein's aborted model"/> As he stated in the paper, "In what follows, I would like to draw attention to a solution to equation (1) that can account for Hubbel's{{sic}} facts, and in which the density is constant over time [...] If one considers a physically bounded volume, particles of matter will be continually leaving it. For the density to remain constant, new particles of matter must be continually formed in the volume from space."

It thus appears that Einstein considered a [[steady-state model]] of the expanding universe many years before Hoyle, Bondi and Gold.<ref name="ILjYQ"/><ref name="ThZb0"/> However, Einstein's steady-state model contained a fundamental flaw and he quickly abandoned the idea.<ref name="cor-steady-state"/><ref name="Einstein's aborted model"/><ref name="7ShC9"/>

==== Energy momentum pseudotensor ====
{{Main|Stress–energy–momentum pseudotensor}}

General relativity includes a dynamical spacetime, so it is difficult to see how to identify the conserved energy and momentum. [[Noether's theorem]] allows these quantities to be determined from a [[Lagrangian (field theory)|Lagrangian]] with [[translation invariance]], but [[general covariance]] makes translation invariance into something of a [[gauge symmetry]]. The energy and momentum derived within general relativity by [[Emmy Noether|Noether]]'s prescriptions do not make a real tensor for this reason.<ref>{{cite arXiv|first=Nina |last=Byers |author-link=Nina Byers |title=E. Noether's Discovery of the Deep Connection Between Symmetries and Conservation Laws |eprint=physics/9807044 |date=23 September 1998 }}</ref>

Einstein argued that this is true for a fundamental reason: the gravitational field could be made to vanish by a choice of coordinates. He maintained that the non-covariant energy momentum pseudotensor was, in fact, the best description of the energy momentum distribution in a gravitational field. While the use of non-covariant objects like pseudotensors was criticized by [[Erwin Schrödinger]] and others, Einstein's approach has been echoed by physicists including [[Lev Landau]] and [[Evgeny Lifshitz]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.111.315 |first=J. N. |last=Goldberg |title=Conservation laws in general relativity |year=1958 |journal=Physical Review |volume=111 |number=1 |pages=315–320|bibcode=1958PhRv..111..315G }}</ref>

==== Wormholes ====
In 1935, Einstein collaborated with [[Nathan Rosen]] to produce a model of a [[wormhole]], often called [[Einstein–Rosen bridges]].<ref>Einstein & Rosen (1935).</ref><ref name="QNjpt"/> His motivation was to model elementary particles with charge as a solution of gravitational field equations, in line with the program outlined in the paper "Do Gravitational Fields play an Important Role in the Constitution of the Elementary Particles?". These solutions cut and pasted [[Schwarzschild black hole]]s to make a bridge between two patches. Because these solutions included spacetime curvature without the presence of a physical body, Einstein and Rosen suggested that they could provide the beginnings of a theory that avoided the notion of point particles. However, it was later found that Einstein–Rosen bridges are not stable.<ref name="ja7FY"/>

==== Einstein–Cartan theory ====
{{Main|Einstein–Cartan theory}}

[[File:Albert Einstein photo 1920.jpg|alt=Einstein, sitting at a table, looks up from the papers he is reading and into the camera.|thumb|upright|Einstein at his office, [[University of Berlin]], 1920]]In order to incorporate spinning point particles into general relativity, the affine connection needed to be generalized to include an antisymmetric part, called the [[Torsion tensor|torsion]]. This modification was made by Einstein and Cartan in the 1920s.

==== Equations of motion ====
{{Main|Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann equations}}

In general relativity, gravitational force is reimagined as curvature of [[spacetime]]. A curved path like an orbit is not the result of a force deflecting a body from an ideal straight-line path, but rather the body's attempt to fall freely through a background that is itself curved by the presence of other masses. A remark by [[John Archibald Wheeler]] that has become proverbial among physicists summarizes the theory: "Spacetime tells matter how to move; matter tells spacetime how to curve."<ref name="Wheeler">{{Cite book|last=Wheeler|first=John Archibald|url={{GBurl|id=zGFkK2tTXPsC|p=235}}|title=Geons, Black Holes, and Quantum Foam: A Life in Physics|date=18 June 2010|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-07948-7|language=en|author-link=John Archibald Wheeler}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kersting|first=Magdalena|date=May 2019|title=Free fall in curved spacetime—how to visualise gravity in general relativity|journal=[[Physics Education]] |volume=54|issue=3|pages=035008|doi=10.1088/1361-6552/ab08f5|bibcode=2019PhyEd..54c5008K |s2cid=127471222 |issn=0031-9120|doi-access=free|hdl=10852/74677|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The [[Einstein field equations]] cover the latter aspect of the theory, relating the curvature of spacetime to the distribution of matter and energy. The [[geodesic equation]] covers the former aspect, stating that freely falling bodies follow [[Geodesics in general relativity|lines that are as straight as possible in a curved spacetime]]. Einstein regarded this as an "independent fundamental assumption" that had to be postulated in addition to the field equations in order to complete the theory. Believing this to be a shortcoming in how general relativity was originally presented, he wished to derive it from the field equations themselves. Since the equations of general relativity are non-linear, a lump of energy made out of pure gravitational fields, like a black hole, would move on a trajectory which is determined by the Einstein field equations themselves, not by a new law. Accordingly, Einstein proposed that the field equations would determine the path of a singular solution, like a black hole, to be a geodesic. Both physicists and philosophers have often repeated the assertion that the geodesic equation can be obtained from applying the field equations to the motion of a [[gravitational singularity]], but this claim remains disputed.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tamir |first=M |url=http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/9158/1/Tamir_-_Proving_the_Principle.pdf |title=Proving the principle: Taking geodesic dynamics too seriously in Einstein's theory |journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics |volume=43 |number=2 |pages=137–154 |year=2012 |doi=10.1016/j.shpsb.2011.12.002|bibcode=2012SHPMP..43..137T }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Malament |first=David |chapter=A Remark About the "Geodesic Principle" in General Relativity |author-link=David Malament |chapter-url=http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/5072/1/GeodesicLaw.pdf |title=Analysis and Interpretation in the Exact Sciences |pages=245–252 |series=The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science |volume=78 |publisher=Springer |year=2012 |editor-last1=Frappier |editor-first1=M. |editor-last2=Brown |editor-first2=D. |editor-last3=DiSalle |editor-first3=R. |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-2582-9_14 |isbn=978-94-007-2581-2 |quote=Though the geodesic principle can be recovered as theorem in general relativity, it is not a consequence of Einstein's equation (or the conservation principle) alone. Other assumptions are needed to derive the theorems in question.}}</ref>

=== Old quantum theory ===
{{Main|Old quantum theory}}

==== Photons and energy quanta ====
[[File:Photoelectric effect in a solid - diagram.svg|alt=|thumb|The photoelectric effect. Incoming photons on the left strike a metal plate (bottom), and eject electrons, depicted as flying off to the right.]]
In a 1905 paper,<ref name=1905a/> Einstein postulated that light itself consists of localized particles (''[[quantum|quanta]]''). Einstein's light quanta were nearly universally rejected by all physicists, including Max Planck and Niels Bohr. This idea only became universally accepted in 1919, with [[Robert Millikan]]'s detailed experiments on the photoelectric effect, and with the measurement of [[Compton scattering]].

Einstein concluded that each wave of frequency ''f'' is associated with a collection of photons with energy ''hf'' each, where ''h'' is the [[Planck constant]]. He did not say much more, because he was not sure how the particles were related to the wave. But he did suggest that this idea would explain certain experimental results, notably the [[photoelectric effect]].<ref name=1905a/> Light quanta were dubbed ''[[photons]]'' by [[Gilbert N. Lewis]] in 1926.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2007|p=576}}

==== Quantized atomic vibrations ====
{{Main|Einstein solid}}

In 1907, Einstein proposed a model of matter where each atom in a lattice structure is an independent harmonic oscillator. In the Einstein model, each atom oscillates independently—a series of equally spaced quantized states for each oscillator. Einstein was aware that getting the frequency of the actual oscillations would be difficult, but he nevertheless proposed this theory because it was a particularly clear demonstration that quantum mechanics could solve the specific heat problem in classical mechanics. [[Peter Debye]] refined this model.<ref name="ixm32"/>

==== Bose–Einstein statistics ====
{{Main|Bose–Einstein statistics}}

In 1924, Einstein received a description of a [[statistical mechanics|statistical]] model from Indian physicist [[Satyendra Nath Bose]], based on a counting method that assumed that light could be understood as a gas of indistinguishable particles. Einstein noted that Bose's statistics applied to some atoms as well as to the proposed light particles, and submitted his translation of Bose's paper to the ''[[Zeitschrift für Physik]]''. Einstein also published his own articles describing the model and its implications, among them the [[Bose–Einstein condensate]] phenomenon that some particulates should appear at very low temperatures.<ref>Einstein (1924).</ref> It was not until 1995 that the first such condensate was produced experimentally by [[Eric Allin Cornell]] and [[Carl Wieman]] using [[ultracold atom|ultra-cooling]] equipment built at the [[NIST]]–[[JILA]] laboratory at the [[University of Colorado at Boulder]].<ref name="nlagl"/> Bose–Einstein statistics are now used to describe the behaviors of any assembly of [[boson]]s. Einstein's sketches for this project may be seen in the Einstein Archive in the library of the Leiden University.<ref name="Instituut-Lorentz"/>

==== Wave–particle duality ====
[[File:Albert Einstein 1921 (re-cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Einstein in 1921, by [[Harris & Ewing]] studio]]
Although the patent office promoted Einstein to Technical Examiner Second Class in 1906, he had not given up on academia. In 1908, he became a ''[[Privatdozent]]'' at the University of Bern.{{Sfnp|Pais|1982|p=522}} In "''Über die Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen über das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung''" ("[[s:Translation:The Development of Our Views on the Composition and Essence of Radiation|The Development of our Views on the Composition and Essence of Radiation]]"), on the [[quantization (physics)|quantization]] of light, and in an earlier 1909 paper, Einstein showed that Max Planck's energy quanta must have well-defined [[momentum|momenta]] and act in some respects as independent, [[point particle|point-like particles]]. This paper introduced the ''photon'' concept and inspired the notion of [[wave–particle duality]] in quantum mechanics. Einstein saw this wave–particle duality in radiation as concrete evidence for his conviction that physics needed a new, unified foundation.

==== Zero-point energy ====
In a series of works completed from 1911 to 1913, Planck reformulated his 1900 quantum theory and introduced the idea of [[zero-point energy]] in his "second quantum theory". Soon, this idea attracted the attention of Einstein and his assistant [[Otto Stern]]. Assuming the energy of rotating diatomic molecules contains zero-point energy, they then compared the theoretical specific heat of hydrogen gas with the experimental data. The numbers matched nicely. However, after publishing the findings, they promptly withdrew their support, because they no longer had confidence in the correctness of the idea of zero-point energy.<ref>Stachel et al (2008) Vol. 4: The Swiss Years—Writings, 1912–1914, pp. 270 ff.</ref>

==== Stimulated emission ====
In 1917, at the height of his work on relativity, Einstein published an article in ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'' that proposed the possibility of [[stimulated emission]], the physical process that makes possible the [[maser]] and the [[laser]].<ref>Einstein (1917b).</ref>
This article showed that the statistics of absorption and emission of light would only be consistent with Planck's distribution law if the emission of light into a mode with n photons would be enhanced statistically compared to the emission of light into an empty mode. This paper was enormously influential in the later development of quantum mechanics, because it was the first paper to show that the statistics of atomic transitions had simple laws.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Duncan |first1=Anthony |title=Constructing quantum mechanics. Volume 1, The scaffold : 1900–1923 |last2=Janssen |first2=Michel |date=2019 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-258422-9 |edition=1st |location=Oxford |pages=133–142 |oclc=1119627546}}</ref>

==== Matter waves ====
Einstein discovered [[Louis de Broglie]]'s work and supported his ideas, which were received skeptically at first. In another major paper from this era, Einstein observed that [[de Broglie waves]] could explain the [[Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization|quantization rules of Bohr and Sommerfeld]]. This paper would inspire Schrödinger's work of 1926.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hanle |first=Paul A. |date=July 1979 |title=The Schrödinger-Einstein correspondence and the sources of wave mechanics |url=https://pubs.aip.org/aapt/ajp/article/47/7/644-648/1051199 |journal=American Journal of Physics |language=en |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=644–648 |doi=10.1119/1.11950 |bibcode=1979AmJPh..47..644H |issn=0002-9505}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Raman |first1=V. V. |last2=Forman |first2=Paul |date=1969 |title=Why Was It Schrödinger Who Developed de Broglie's Ideas? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757299 |journal=Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences |volume=1 |pages=291–314 |doi=10.2307/27757299 |jstor=27757299 |issn=0073-2672}}</ref>

=== Quantum mechanics ===
==== Einstein's objections to quantum mechanics ====
[[File:NYT May 4, 1935.jpg|thumb|upright|Newspaper headline on 4 May 1935]]
Einstein played a major role in developing quantum theory, beginning with his 1905 paper on the photoelectric effect. However, he became displeased with modern quantum mechanics as it had evolved after 1925, despite its acceptance by other physicists. He was skeptical that the randomness of quantum mechanics was fundamental rather than the result of determinism, stating that God "is not playing at dice".<ref name="zZ2hS"/> Until the end of his life, he continued to maintain that quantum mechanics was incomplete.<ref name="yzZtL"/>

==== Bohr versus Einstein ====
{{Main|Bohr–Einstein debates}}

[[File:Niels Bohr Albert Einstein4 by Ehrenfest cr.jpg|upright|alt=Two men sitting, looking relaxed. A dark-haired Bohr is talking while Einstein looks skeptical.|thumb|Einstein and [[Niels Bohr]], 1925]] The Bohr–Einstein debates were a series of public disputes about quantum mechanics between Einstein and [[Niels Bohr]], who were two of its founders. Their debates are remembered because of their importance to the [[philosophy of science]].<ref name="Bohr1949" /><ref>Einstein (1969).</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schlosshauer |first1=Maximilian |last2=Kofler |first2=Johannes |last3=Zeilinger |first3=Anton |date=1 August 2013 |title=A snapshot of foundational attitudes toward quantum mechanics |journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=222–230 |arxiv=1301.1069 |bibcode=2013SHPMP..44..222S |doi=10.1016/j.shpsb.2013.04.004 |issn=1355-2198 |s2cid=55537196}}</ref> Their debates would influence later [[interpretations of quantum mechanics]].

==== Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox ====
{{Main|EPR paradox}}

Einstein never fully accepted quantum mechanics. While he recognized that it made correct predictions, he believed a more fundamental description of nature must be possible. Over the years he presented multiple arguments to this effect, but the one he preferred most dated to a debate with Bohr in 1930. Einstein suggested a [[Einstein's thought experiments|thought experiment]] in which two objects are allowed to interact and then moved apart a great distance from each other. The quantum-mechanical description of the two objects is a mathematical entity known as a [[wavefunction]]. If the wavefunction that describes the two objects before their interaction is given, then the [[Schrödinger equation]] provides the wavefunction that describes them after their interaction. But because of what would later be called [[quantum entanglement]], measuring one object would lead to an instantaneous change of the wavefunction describing the other object, no matter how far away it is. Moreover, the choice of which measurement to perform upon the first object would affect what wavefunction could result for the second object. Einstein reasoned that no influence could propagate from the first object to the second instantaneously fast. Indeed, he argued, physics depends on being able to tell one thing apart from another, and such instantaneous influences would call that into question. Because the true "physical condition" of the second object could not be immediately altered by an action done to the first, Einstein concluded, the wavefunction could not be that true physical condition, only an incomplete description of it.{{sfnp|Howard|1990}}{{sfnp|Harrigan|Spekkens|2010}}

A more famous version of this argument came in 1935, when Einstein published a paper with [[Boris Podolsky]] and [[Nathan Rosen]] that laid out what would become known as the [[EPR paradox]].<ref>Einstein, Podolsky & Rosen (1935).</ref> In this thought experiment, two particles interact in such a way that the wavefunction describing them is entangled. Then, no matter how far the two particles were separated, a precise position measurement on one particle would imply the ability to predict, perfectly, the result of measuring the position of the other particle. Likewise, a precise momentum measurement of one particle would result in an equally precise prediction for of the momentum of the other particle, without needing to disturb the other particle in any way. They argued that no action taken on the first particle could instantaneously affect the other, since this would involve information being transmitted faster than light, which is forbidden by the [[theory of relativity]]. They invoked a principle, later known as the "EPR criterion of reality", positing that: "If, without in any way disturbing a system, we can predict with certainty (i.e., with [[probability]] equal to unity) the value of a physical quantity, then there exists an element of reality corresponding to that quantity." From this, they inferred that the second particle must have a definite value of both position and of momentum prior to either quantity being measured. But quantum mechanics considers these two observables [[Observable#Incompatibility of observables in quantum mechanics|incompatible]] and thus does not associate simultaneous values for both to any system. Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen therefore concluded that quantum theory does not provide a complete description of reality.{{sfnp|Peres|2002}}

In 1964, [[John Stewart Bell]] carried the analysis of quantum entanglement much further. He deduced that if measurements are performed independently on the two separated particles of an entangled pair, then the assumption that the outcomes depend upon hidden variables within each half implies a mathematical constraint on how the outcomes on the two measurements are correlated. This constraint would later be called a [[Bell inequality]]. Bell then showed that quantum physics predicts correlations that violate this inequality. Consequently, the only way that hidden variables could explain the predictions of quantum physics is if they are "nonlocal", which is to say that somehow the two particles are able to interact instantaneously no matter how widely they ever become separated.{{sfnp|Mermin|1993}}{{sfnp|Penrose|2007}} Bell argued that because an explanation of quantum phenomena in terms of hidden variables would require nonlocality, the EPR paradox "is resolved in the way which Einstein would have liked least".{{sfnp|Bell|1966}}

Despite this, and although Einstein personally found the argument in the EPR paper overly complicated,{{sfnp|Howard|1990}}{{sfnp|Harrigan|Spekkens|2010}} that paper became among the most influential papers published in ''[[Physical Review]]''. It is considered a centerpiece of the development of [[quantum information theory]].{{Sfnp|Fine|2017}}

=== Unified field theory ===
{{Main|Classical unified field theories}}

Encouraged by his success with general relativity, Einstein sought an even more ambitious geometrical theory that would treat gravitation and electromagnetism as aspects of a single entity. In 1950, he described his [[unified field theory]] in a ''[[Scientific American]]'' article titled "On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation".<ref>Einstein (1950).</ref> His attempt to find the most fundamental laws of nature won him praise but not success: a particularly conspicuous blemish of his model was that it did not accommodate the [[strong nuclear force|strong]] and [[weak nuclear force]]s, neither of which was well understood until many years after his death. Although most researchers now believe that Einstein's approach to unifying physics was mistaken, his goal of a [[theory of everything]] is one to which his successors still aspire.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goenner |first=Hubert F. M. |date=1 December 2004 |title=On the History of Unified Field Theories |journal=Living Reviews in Relativity |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |article-number=2 |doi=10.12942/lrr-2004-2 |doi-access=free |issn=1433-8351 |pmc=5256024 |pmid=28179864|bibcode=2004LRR.....7....2G }}</ref>

=== Other investigations ===
{{Main|Einstein's unsuccessful investigations}}

Einstein conducted other investigations that were unsuccessful and abandoned. These pertain to [[force]], [[superconductivity]], and other research.

=== Collaboration with other scientists ===
[[File:Solvay conference 1927.jpg|thumb|The 1927 [[Solvay Conference]] in Brussels, a gathering of the world's top physicists. Einstein is in the center.]]
In addition to longtime collaborators [[Leopold Infeld]], [[Nathan Rosen]], [[Peter Bergmann]] and others, Einstein also had some one-shot collaborations with various scientists.

==== Einstein–de Haas experiment ====
{{Main|Einstein–de Haas effect}}

In 1908, [[Owen Willans Richardson]] predicted that a change in the [[magnetic moment]] of a free body will cause this body to rotate. This effect is a consequence of the [[conservation of angular momentum]] and is strong enough to be observable in [[ferromagnetic materials]].<ref name="Richardson-1908">
{{cite journal
|last1=Richardson |first1=O. W.
|year=1908
|journal=Physical Review
|title=A Mechanical Effect Accompanying Magnetization
|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1997325
|series=Series I
|volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=248–253
|bibcode=1908PhRvI..26..248R
|doi=10.1103/PhysRevSeriesI.26.248
}}</ref> Einstein and [[Wander Johannes de Haas]] published two papers in 1915 claiming the first experimental observation of the effect.<ref name="EdH-1-1915">
{{cite journal
|last1=Einstein |first1=A.
|last2=de Haas |first2=W. J.
|year=1915
|title=Experimenteller Nachweis der Ampereschen Molekularströme
|trans-title=Experimental Proof of Ampère's Molecular Currents
|language=German
|journal=Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, Verhandlungen
|volume=17 |pages=152–170
|bibcode=1915DPhyG..17..152E
}}</ref><ref name="EdH-2-1915">
{{cite journal
|last1=Einstein |first1=A.
|last2=de Haas |first2=W. J.
|year=1915
|title=Experimental proof of the existence of Ampère's molecular currents
|journal=Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Proceedings
|volume=18 |pages=696–711
|bibcode=1915KNAB...18..696E
|url=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00012546.pdf
}}</ref> Measurements of this kind demonstrate that the phenomenon of [[magnetization]] is caused by the alignment ([[Spin polarization|polarization]]) of the [[angular momenta]] of the [[electron]]s in the material along the axis of magnetization. These measurements also allow the separation of the two contributions to the magnetization: that which is associated with the [[Spin (physics)|spin]] and with the orbital motion of the electrons. The Einstein-de Haas experiment is the only experiment conceived, realized and published by Albert Einstein himself.

A complete original version of the Einstein-de Haas experimental equipment was donated by [[Geertruida de Haas-Lorentz]], wife of de Haas and daughter of Lorentz, to the [[Ampère Museum]] in Lyon France in 1961 where it is currently on display. It was lost among the museum's holdings and was rediscovered in 2023.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=San Miguel |first1=Alfonso |last2=Pallandre |first2=Bernard |date=13 March 2024 |title=Revisiting the Einstein-de Haas experiment: the Ampère Museum's hidden treasure |url=https://www.europhysicsnews.org/images/stories/news/epn_Einstein-de_Haas.pdf |journal=Europhysics News |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=12–14|doi=10.1051/epn/2024409 |arxiv=2505.07826 |bibcode=2024ENews..55...28S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnston |first=Hamish |date=17 March 2024 |title=Einstein's only experiment is found in French museum |url=https://physicsworld.com/einsteins-only-experiment-is-found-in-french-museum/ |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=Physics World |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==== Einstein as an inventor ====
In 1926, Einstein and his former student [[Leó Szilárd]] co-invented (and in 1930, patented) the [[Einstein refrigerator]]. This [[absorption refrigerator]] was then revolutionary for having no moving parts and using only heat as an input.<ref name="Goettling"/> On 11 November 1930, U.S. patent 1,781,541 was awarded to Einstein and Leó Szilárd for the refrigerator. Their invention was not immediately put into commercial production, but the most promising of their patents were acquired by the Swedish company [[Electrolux]].{{refn|group=note|In September 2008, it was reported that Malcolm McCulloch of [[Oxford University]] was heading a three-year project to develop more robust appliances that could be used in locales lacking electricity, and that his team had completed a prototype Einstein refrigerator. He was quoted as saying that improving the design and changing the types of gases used might allow the design's efficiency to be quadrupled.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alok |first=Jha |title=Einstein fridge design can help global cooling |work=The Guardian |date=21 September 2008 |access-date=22 February 2011 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/sep/21/scienceofclimatechange.climatechange |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110124172925/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/sep/21/scienceofclimatechange.climatechange |archive-date=24 January 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Einstein also invented an electromagnetic pump,<ref name="patents.google.com">{{cite web | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/GB303065A/en?oq=GB303065 | title=Electrodynamic movement of fluid metals particularly for refrigerating machines }}</ref> sound reproduction device,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/DE590783C/en | title=Device, in particular for sound reproduction devices, in which changes in electrical current through magnetostriction cause movements of a magnetic body }}</ref> and several other household devices.<ref>Albert Einstein's patents. 2006. World Pat Inf. 28/2, 159–65. M. Trainer. doi: 10.1016/j.wpi.2005.10.012</ref>

== Legacy ==
=== Non-scientific ===
[[File:Einstein-Oslofjord (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Left-right: [[Heinrich Jacob Goldschmidt|Heinrich Goldschmidt]], Einstein, [[Ole Colbjørnsen]], [[Jørgen Vogt]], and Ilse Einstein at a picnic in Oslo in 1920.]]
While traveling, Einstein wrote daily to his wife Elsa and adopted stepdaughters Margot and Ilse. The letters were included in the papers bequeathed to the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]. Margot Einstein permitted the personal letters to be made available to the public, but requested that it not be done until twenty years after her death (she died in 1986<ref name="margot-obituary"/>). Barbara Wolff, of the Hebrew University's [[Albert Einstein Archives]], told the [[BBC]] that there are about 3,500 pages of private correspondence written between 1912 and 1955.<ref name="letters-love"/>

In his final four years, Einstein was involved with the establishment of the [[Albert Einstein College of Medicine]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jaffé|first1=ER|date=1996|title=The early history of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine|journal=Einstein Quarterly Journal of Biology and Medicine|volume=13|pages=22–36}}</ref>

In 1979, the [[Albert Einstein Memorial]] was unveiled outside the [[National Academy of Sciences]] building in [[Washington, D.C.]] for the Einstein centenary. It was sculpted by [[Robert Berks]]. Einstein can be seen holding a paper with three of his most important equations: for the [[photoelectric effect]], [[general relativity]] and [[mass-energy equivalence]].<ref>{{cite web| title=The Einstein Memorial| work=[[National Academy of Sciences]]| url=https://www.nasonline.org/about-the-nas/locations/the-einstein-memorial/}}</ref>

Einstein's [[right of publicity]] was litigated in 2015 in a federal district court in California. Although the court initially held that the right had expired,<ref name="casetext-hebrew-university"/> that ruling was immediately appealed, and the decision was later vacated in its entirety. The underlying claims between the parties in that lawsuit were ultimately settled. The right is enforceable, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem is the exclusive representative of that right.<ref name="pacermonitor-hebrew-university"/> [[Branded Entertainment Network|Corbis]], successor to The Roger Richman Agency, licenses the [[Trademark|use of his name and associated imagery]], as agent for the university.<ref name="einstein.biz"/>

[[Mount Einstein]] in the [[Chugach Mountains]] of [[Alaska]] was named in 1955. Mount Einstein in New Zealand's [[Paparoa Range]] was named after him in 1970 by the [[Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (New Zealand)|Department of Scientific and Industrial Research]].<ref>{{LINZ|id=3694 |name=Mount Einstein |access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref>

In 1999, Einstein was named [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']]'s [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century|Person of the Century]].<ref name="TIME"/>

=== Scientific recognition ===
In 1999, a survey of the top 100 physicists voted for Einstein as the "greatest physicist ever", while a parallel survey of rank-and-file physicists gave the top spot to [[Isaac Newton]], with Einstein second.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 1999 |title=Einstein the Greatest |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/541840.stm |access-date=19 November 2024 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 1999 |title=Newton tops PhysicsWeb poll |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/newton-tops-physicsweb-poll/ |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=Physics World}}</ref>

The physicist [[Lev Landau]] ranked physicists from 0 to 5 on a [[Lev Landau#Landau's ranking of physicists|logarithmic scale]] of productivity and genius, with Newton receiving the highest ranking of 0, followed by Einstein with 0.5, while fathers of quantum mechanics such as [[Paul Dirac]], [[Niels Bohr]], and [[Werner Heisenberg]] were ranked 1, with Landau himself a 2.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Elkhonon |author-link=Elkhonon Goldberg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rr9EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166 |title=Creativity: The Human Brain in the Age of Innovation |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-046649-7 |location=New York, NY |pages=166 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Alter |first=Adam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yI4CEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA214 |title=Anatomy of a Breakthrough: How to Get Unstuck When It Matters Most |date=2023 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-9821-8296-0 |location=New York |pages=214 |language=en}}</ref>

Science writer John G. Simmons ranked Einstein second after Newton in ''The Scientific 100'', based on a qualitative assessment in which he ordered the scientists according to overall influence, and noted that the work of Einstein "forms the source of twentieth-century physics".<ref>{{cite book |last=Simmons |first=John G. |url=https://archive.org/details/scientific100ran0000simm/page/8 |title=The Scientific 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Scientists, Past and Present |publisher=Citadel Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8065-1749-0 |location=Secaucus, New Jersey |page=xviii, 8}}</ref>

Physicist [[Eugene Wigner]] noted that while [[John von Neumann]] had the quickest and most acute mind he ever knew, it was Einstein who had the more penetrating and original mind of the two, stating that:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Szanton |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Hj1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA170 |title=The Recollections of Eugene P. Wigner |date=1992 |publisher=Springer US |isbn=978-0-306-44326-8 |location=Boston, MA |pages=58, 170 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4899-6313-0}}</ref>{{blockquote|But Einstein's understanding was deeper than even Jancsi von Neumann's. His mind was both more penetrating and more original than von Neumann's. And that is a very remarkable statement. Einstein took an extraordinary pleasure in invention. Two of his greatest inventions are the Special and General Theories of Relativity; and for all of Jancsi's brilliance, he never produced anything so original. No modern physicist has.}}
The [[International Union of Pure and Applied Physics]] declared 2005 the "[[World Year of Physics 2005|World Year of Physics]]", also known as "Einstein Year", in recognition of Einstein's "[[Annus mirabilis#1905 – Albert Einstein|miracle year]]" in 1905.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here Comes the World Year of Physics |url=https://www.aps.org/archives/publications/apsnews/200310/wyp.cfm |website=aps.org}}</ref> It was also declared the "International Year of Physics" by the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Year of Physics, 2005 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/523158?ln=en&v=pdf |date=16 January 2004 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
{{Main|Albert Einstein in popular culture}}

[[File:Albert Einstein sticks his tongue.jpg|thumb|The famous image of Einstein taken by [[Arthur Sasse]] in 1951, sitting in a car on his 72nd birthday, having been asked to smile for the camera once again.|224x224px]]
Einstein became one of the most famous [[Scientific celebrity|scientific celebrities]] after the confirmation of his general theory of relativity in 1919.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Halpern |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Halpern |year=2019 |title=Albert Einstein, celebrity scientist |url=https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.4183 |url-status=live |journal=[[Physics Today]] |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=38–45 |doi=10.1063/PT.3.4183 |bibcode=2019PhT....72d..38H |s2cid=187603798 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414011401/https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.4183 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fahy |first=Declan |year=2015 |title=A Brief History Of Scientific Celebrity |url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/2015/07/a-brief-history-of-scientific-celebrity/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Skeptical Inquirer]] |volume=39 |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510182647/https://skepticalinquirer.org/2015/07/a-brief-history-of-scientific-celebrity/ |archive-date=10 May 2021 |access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Why Einstein Became Famous in America |last=Missner |first=Marshall |journal=[[Social Studies of Science]] |date=May 1985 |volume=15 |number=2|pages=267–291 |doi=10.1177/030631285015002003 |jstor=285389 |s2cid=143398600 }}</ref> Although most of the public had little understanding of his work, he was widely recognized and admired. In the period before World War II, ''[[The New Yorker]]'' published a vignette in their "The Talk of the Town" feature saying that Einstein was so well known in America that he would be stopped on the street by people wanting him to explain "that theory". Eventually he came to cope with unwanted enquirers by pretending to be someone else: "Pardon me, sorry! Always I am mistaken for Professor Einstein."<ref name="disguise" />

Einstein has been the subject of or inspiration for many novels, films, plays, and works of music.<ref name="orchestra" /> He is a favorite model for depictions of [[absent-minded professor]]s; his expressive face and distinctive hairstyle have been widely copied and exaggerated. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's Frederic Golden wrote that Einstein was "a cartoonist's dream come true".<ref name="slqbwn" /> His intellectual achievements and originality made ''Einstein'' broadly synonymous with ''genius''.<ref name="wordnetweb.princeton.edu" />

Many popular [[quotations]] are often [[False attribution|misattributed]] to him.<ref name="fake-quotes" /><ref name="humiliate-atheist" />

== Awards and honors ==
{{Main|List of awards and honors received by Albert Einstein}}

Einstein received numerous awards and honors, and in 1922, he was awarded the 1921 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". None of the nominations in 1921 met the criteria set by [[Alfred Nobel]], so the 1921 prize was carried forward and awarded to Einstein in 1922.<ref name="Nobel Prize" />

[[Einsteinium]], a synthetic chemical element, was named in his honor in 1955, a few months after his death.<ref>{{cite web |title=Einsteinium – Element |url=https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/99/einsteinium |work=[[Royal Society of Chemistry]] |access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref>

== Publications ==
=== Scientific ===
: {{further|List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein}}
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* {{Cite journal
| last = Einstein
| first = Albert
| year = 1901
| orig-year = Completed 13 December 1900 and manuscript received 16 December 1900
| editor = [[Paul Karl Ludwig Drude]]
| publisher = Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth
| publication-place = Leipzig, Germany
| publication-date = 1 March 1901
| title = Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen
| trans-title = Conclusions Drawn from the Phenomena of Capillarity
| language = de
| place = Zurich, Switzerland
| journal = [[Annalen der Physik]]
| series = Vierte Folge
| volume = 4 (all series: 309)
| pages = 513–523
| issue = 3
| via = Wiley Online Library, Hoboken, New Jersey, US (March 2006)
| doi = 10.1002/andp.19013090306
| bibcode = 1901AnP...309..513E
| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1423995
}}
* {{Cite journal
| last = Einstein
| first = Albert
| date = 1905a
| orig-year = Completed 17 March 1905 and submitted 18 March 1905
| editor = [[Paul Karl Ludwig Drude]]
| publisher = Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth
| publication-place = Leipzig, Germany
| publication-date = 9 June 1905
| title = Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt
| trans-title = On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light
| language = de
| place = Berne, Switzerland
| journal= [[Annalen der Physik]]
| series = Vierte Folge
| volume = 17 (all series: 322)
| pages = 132–148
| issue = 6
| via = Wiley Online Library, Hoboken, New Jersey, US (10 March 2006)
| doi = 10.1002/andp.19053220607
| url = http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1905_17_132-148.pdf
| bibcode = 1905AnP...322..132E
}}
* {{cite thesis
| last = Einstein
| first = Albert
| date = 1905b
| orig-year = Completed 30 April 1905
| publication-date = 20 July 1905
| work = Dissertationen [[Universität Zürich]]
| publisher = Wyss Buchdruckerei
| via = [[ETH]] Bibliothek, Zürich (2008)
| title = Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen
| trans-title = A new determination of molecular dimensions
| language = de
| place = Berne, Switzerland
| type = PhD Thesis
| doi = 10.3929/ethz-a-000565688
| hdl = 20.500.11850/139872
| url = https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/20.500.11850/139872/1/eth-30378-01.pdf
}}
* {{Cite journal
| last = Einstein
| first = Albert
| date = 1905c
| orig-year = Manuscript received: 11 May 1905
| editor = [[Paul Karl Ludwig Drude]]
| publisher = Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth
| publication-place = Leipzig, Germany
| publication-date = 18 July 1905
| title = Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen
| trans-title = On the Motion{{spaces}}– Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat{{spaces}}– of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid
| language = de
| place = Berne, Switzerland
| journal = [[Annalen der Physik]]
| series = Vierte Folge
| volume = 17 (all series: 322)
| issue = 8
| pages = 549–560
| via = Wiley Online Library, Hoboken, New Jersey, US (10 March 2006)
| doi = 10.1002/andp.19053220806
| bibcode = 1905AnP...322..549E
| hdl = 10915/2785
| hdl-access = free |url = http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/2785
| doi-access = free
}}
* {{Cite journal
| last = Einstein
| first = Albert
| date = 1905d
| orig-year = Manuscript received 30 June 1905
| editor = [[Paul Karl Ludwig Drude]]
| publisher = Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth
| publication-place = Leipzig, Germany
| publication-date = 26 September 1905
| title = Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper
| trans-title = On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies
| language = de
| place = Berne, Switzerland
| journal = [[Annalen der Physik]]
| series = Vierte Folge
| volume = 17 (all series: 322)
| issue = 10
| pages = 891–921
| via = Wiley Online Library, Hoboken, New Jersey, US (10 March 2006)
| doi = 10.1002/andp.19053221004
| bibcode = 1905AnP...322..891E
| hdl = 10915/2786
| hdl-access = free
| url = http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/2786
| type = Submitted manuscript
}}
* {{Cite journal
| last = Einstein
| first = Albert
| date = 1905e
| orig-year = Manuscript received 27 September 1905
| editor = [[Paul Karl Ludwig Drude]]
| publisher = Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth
| publication-place = Leipzig, Germany
| publication-date = 21 November 1905
| title = Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?
| trans-title = Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?
| language = de
| place = Berne, Switzerland
| journal = [[Annalen der Physik]]
| series = Vierte Folge
| volume = 18 (all series: 323)
| issue = 13
| pages = 639–641
| via = Wiley Online Library, Hoboken, New Jersey, US (10 March 2006)
| doi = 10.1002/andp.19053231314
| bibcode = 1905AnP...323..639E |url = https://zenodo.org/record/1424057
| doi-access = free
}}
* {{Cite journal
| last = Einstein
| first = Albert
| year = 1915
| orig-year = Completed 25 November 1915
| publisher = [[Prussian Academy of Sciences|Königlich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften]]
| publication-date = 2 December 1915
| publication-place = Berlin, Germany
| title = Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation
| trans-title = The Field Equations of Gravitation
| language = de
| journal= Sitzungsberichte 1915
| pages = 844–847
| bibcode = 1915SPAW.......844E
| via = ECHO, Cultural Heritage Online, [[Max Planck Institute]] for the History of Science
| url = http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/MPIWG:ZZB2HK6W
| format = Online page images
}}
* {{cite journal
| last=Einstein
| first=Albert
| title=Näherungsweise Integration der Feldgleichungen der Gravitation
| trans-title=Approximate integration of the field equations of gravitation
| year=1916
| orig-year = Issued 29 June 1916
| via = SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
| publisher = [[Prussian Academy of Sciences|Königlich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften]]
| place = Berlin, Germany
| journal= Sitzungsberichte 1916
| pages = 688–696
| bibcode=1916SPAW.......688E
| url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916SPAW.......688E
| format = Online page images
| access-date=24 January 2022}}
* {{Cite journal
| last = Einstein
| first = Albert
| date = 1917a
| title = Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie
| trans-title = Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativity
| language = de
| publisher = [[Prussian Academy of Sciences|Königlich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften]], Berlin
| journal=Sitzungsberichte 1917
| page = 142
| bibcode = 1917SPAW.......142E
| url=http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/MPIWG:H428RSAN
| format = Online page images
}}
* {{Cite journal
| last = Einstein
| first = Albert
| date = 1917b
| title = Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung
| trans-title = On the Quantum Mechanics of Radiation
| language = de
| journal = Physikalische Zeitschrift
| volume = 18
| pages = 121–128
| bibcode = 1917PhyZ...18..121E
}}
* {{cite journal |last=Einstein |first=Albert |title=Über Gravitationswellen |trans-title=About gravitational waves |date=31 January 1918 |journal=Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Berlin |pages=154–167 |bibcode=1918SPAW.......154E |url=https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/permanent/echo/einstein/sitzungsberichte/W7ZU8V1E/index.meta |access-date=14 November 2020}}
* {{cite speech
| last = Einstein
| first = Albert
| year = 1923
| event = Lecture delivered to the Nordic Assembly of Naturalists at Gothenburg, 11 July 1923
| place = Gothenburg
| orig-year = First published 1923, in English 1967
| publication-date = 3 February 2015
| title = Grundgedanken und Probleme der Relativitätstheorie
| trans-title = Fundamental Ideas and Problems of the Theory of Relativity
| language = de, en
| work = Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901–1921
| publisher = Nobelprice.org
| via = Nobel Media AB 2014
| publication-place = Stockholm
| url = https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-lecture.html
}}
* {{Cite journal
| last = Einstein
| first = Albert
| year = 1924
| title = Quantentheorie des einatomigen idealen Gases
| trans-title = Quantum theory of monatomic ideal gases
| language = de
| orig-year = Published 10 July 1924
| via = ECHO, Cultural Heritage Online, [[Max Planck Institute]] for the History of Science
| journal = Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-Mathematische Klasse
| pages = 261–267
| url = http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/MPIWG:DRQK5WYB
| format = Online page images
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161014072015/http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=%2Fpermanent%2Fecho%2Feinstein%2Fsitzungsberichte%2FPG8B073X%2Findex.meta
| archive-date = 14 October 2016
| access-date = 26 February 2015
}} First of a series of papers on this topic.
* {{Cite journal
| last = Einstein
| first = Albert
| date = 12 March 1926
| orig-year = Cover Date 1 March 1926
| place = Berlin
| title = Die Ursache der Mäanderbildung der Flußläufe und des sogenannten Baerschen Gesetzes
| trans-title = On [[Baer's law]] and [[meander]]s in the courses of rivers
| language = de
| journal = Die Naturwissenschaften
| volume = 14
| pages = 223–224
| publication-place = Heidelberg, Germany
| doi = 10.1007/BF01510300
| bibcode = 1926NW.....14..223E
| issue = 11
| s2cid = 39899416
| issn = 1432-1904 }}
* {{Cite book
| last = Einstein
| first = Albert
| date = 1926b
| title = Investigations on the Theory of the Brownian Movement
| place = Berne, Switzerland
| publisher = Dover Publications
| editor-first = R.
| editor-last = Fürth
| translator-first=A. D.
| translator-last=Cowper
| publication-date = 1956
| publication-place = US
| url = http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/lectures/Rotman_Summer_School_2013/Einstein_1905_docs/Einstein_Dissertation_English.pdf
| access-date = 4 January 2015
}}
* {{cite journal |last=Einstein |first=Albert |year=1931 |title=Zum kosmologischen Problem der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie |trans-title=On the cosmological problem of the general theory of relativity |journal=Sonderasugabe aus den Sitzungsb. König. Preuss. Akad. |pages=235–237}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Einstein |first1=A. |last2=de Sitter |first2=W. |year=1932 |title=On the relation between the expansion and the mean density of the universe |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=18 |issue=3| pages=213–214 |doi=10.1073/pnas.18.3.213| pmid=16587663 |bibcode=1932PNAS...18..213E |pmc=1076193|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Einstein |first1=Albert |last2=Rosen |first2=Nathan |year=1935 |title=The Particle Problem in the General Theory of Relativity |journal=[[Physical Review]] |volume=48 |issue=1 |page=73 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.48.73 |bibcode=1935PhRv...48...73E |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal
| last1 = Einstein
| first1 = Albert
| last2 = Podolsky
| first2 = Boris
| last3 = Rosen
| first3 = Nathan
| date = 15 May 1935
| title = Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?
| journal = Physical Review
| via = APS Journals
| issue = 10
| volume = 47
| pages = 777–780
| orig-year = Received 25 March 1935
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.47.777
| bibcode = 1935PhRv...47..777E
| doi-access = free
| url = https://cds.cern.ch/record/405662
| type = Submitted manuscript
}}
* {{Cite journal
| last = Einstein
| first = Albert
| year = 1950
| title = On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation
| journal = Scientific American
| volume = CLXXXII
| issue = 4
| pages = 13–17
| doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0450-13
| bibcode = 1950SciAm.182d..13E
}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Einstein
| first = Albert
| date = 1969
| title = Albert Einstein, Hedwig und Max Born: Briefwechsel 1916–1955
| publisher = Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung
| location = Munich
| language = de
| isbn = 978-3-88682-005-4
| others=Commented by Max Born; Preface by Bertrand Russell; Foreword by Werner Heisenberg
}} A reprint of this book was published by Edition Erbrich in 1982, {{ISBN|978-3-88682-005-4}}.
* {{Cite book
| editor=Stachel, John
| editor-link=John Stachel
| editor2=Martin J. Klein
| editor3=A. J. Kox
| editor4=Michel Janssen
| editor5=R. Schulmann
| editor6=Diana Komos Buchwald
| display-editors=etal
| date = 21 July 2008
| orig-year = Published between 1987 and 2006
| title = The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein
| volume = 1–10
| publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]
| url = https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/
| ref = {{harvid|Stachel et al.|2008}}
}} Further information about the volumes published so far can be found on the webpages of the Einstein Papers Project<ref>{{cite web |title=Einstein Papers Project |url=https://www.einstein.caltech.edu/index.html |publisher=California Institute of Technology |access-date=5 November 2022 |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105001523/https://www.einstein.caltech.edu/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and on the Princeton University Press Einstein Page.<ref>{{cite web |title=Albert Einstein |url=http://press.princeton.edu/einstein/ |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

=== Popular ===
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
*{{Cite book |title=[[Relativity: The Special and the General Theory]] |last=Einstein |first=Albert |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1916}}
*{{Cite book |title=The Evolution of Physics |last1=Einstein |first1=Albert |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=1938 |title-link=The Evolution of Physics |last2=Infeld |first2=Leopold |author-link2=Leopold Infeld}}
* {{Cite book |last=Einstein |first=Albert |date=1954 |title=Ideas and Opinions |place=New York |publisher=Crown Publishers |url=https://archive.org/details/ideasopinions00eins}}{{br}}{{Cite book |last=Einstein |first=Albert |author-mask=6 |date=1995 |orig-year=1954 |title=Ideas and Opinions |place=New York |publisher=Three Rivers Press |isbn=978-0-517-88440-9 |url={{GBurl|id=9fJkBqwDD3sC}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Einstein |first=Albert |date=1979 |edition=Centennial |title=Autobiographical Notes |place=Chicago |publisher=Open Court |isbn=978-0-87548-352-8 |others=Paul Arthur Schilpp |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographical1979eins}} The ''chasing a light beam'' thought experiment is described on pages 48–51.
{{div col end}}

=== Political ===
* {{Cite news| last = Einstein| first = Albert| display-authors = etal| date = 4 December 1948| title = To the editors of ''The New York Times''| newspaper = [[The New York Times]]| url = http://phys4.harvard.edu/~wilson/NYTimes1948.html| access-date = 25 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071217113044/http://phys4.harvard.edu/~wilson/NYTimes1948.html| archive-date = 17 December 2007| url-status = dead}}
* {{cite journal|last=Einstein|first=Albert|date=May 1949|title=Why Socialism?|journal=[[Monthly Review]] |volume=1|issue=1|pages=9–15|editor1-first=Paul|editor1-last=Sweezy|editor2-first=Leo|editor2-last=Huberman |doi=10.14452/MR-001-01-1949-05_3 |url=http://monthlyreview.org/2009/05/01/why-socialism/}}
*{{Cite web |author-mask=6| last = Einstein| first = Albert| date = May 2009| orig-year= May 1949| title = Why Socialism? (Reprise)| magazine = [[Monthly Review]]| volume = 61| issue = 1 (May)| publisher = Monthly Review Foundation| via = MonthlyReview.org| location = New York| url = http://www.monthlyreview.org/598einst.htm| access-date = 16 January 2006| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060111081948/http://www.monthlyreview.org/598einst.htm| archive-date= 11 January 2006 |url-status=live}}
* Einstein, Albert (September 1960). [https://archive.org/download/gandhiwieldsweap00shar/gandhiwieldsweap00shar.pdf Foreword to ''Gandhi Wields the Weapon of Moral Power: Three Case Histories''.] Introduction by Bharatan Kumarappa. Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House. pp. v–vi. {{OCLC|2325889}}. Foreword originally written in April 1953.

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Bern Historical Museum]] – Einstein Museum
* {{annotated link|Einstein notation}}
* [[Frist Campus Center]] at [[Princeton University]]{{Snd}} Room 302 is associated with Einstein. The center was once the Palmer Physical Laboratory.
* {{annotated link|Heinrich Burkhardt}}
* {{annotated link|Heinrich Zangger}}
* [[History of gravitational theory]]
* {{annotated link|List of coupled cousins}}
* [[List of German inventors and discoverers]]
* [[List of Jewish Nobel laureates]]
* [[List of peace activists]]
* {{annotated link|Relativity priority dispute}}
* {{annotated link|Sticky bead argument}}
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note|refs=
<ref name=GEcitizen>Until 1913, German citizenship was acquired through citizenship in a constituent state (whose requirements varied); from 1913, uniform citizenship requirements were [[Constitution of the German Empire#Citizenship|set at the national level]]. Nevertheless, state citizenship remained in force until the Nazis came to power in 1933.</ref>
<ref name=MaturaScore>Einstein's scores on his ''[[Matura]]'' certificate: German 5; French 3; Italian 5; History 6; Geography 4; Algebra 6; Geometry 6; Descriptive Geometry 6; Physics 6; Chemistry 5; Natural History 5; Art Drawing 4; Technical Drawing 4.{{br}}[[Grading systems by country#Switzerland|Scale]]: 6 = very good, 5 = good, 4 = sufficient, 3 = insufficient, 2 = poor, 1 = very poor.</ref>
<ref name="gnriE">"Their leaders in Germany have not driven out her cut-throats and her blackguards. She has chosen the cream of her culture and has suppressed it. She has even turned upon her most glorious citizen, Albert Einstein, who is the supreme example of the selfless intellectual...The man, who, beyond all others, approximates a citizen of the world, is without a home. How proud we must be to offer him temporary shelter."</ref>
<ref name="aBfxO">In [[s:Translation:On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies|his paper]], Einstein wrote: "The introduction of a 'luminiferous æther' will be proved to be superfluous in so far, as according to the conceptions which will be developed, we shall introduce neither a 'space absolutely at rest' endowed with special properties, nor shall we associate a velocity-vector with a point in which electro-magnetic processes take place."</ref>
<ref name="sBl2q">For a discussion of the reception of relativity theory around the world, and the different controversies it encountered, see the articles in {{harvp|Glick|1987}}.</ref>
}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Bio">{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html |title=Albert Einstein{{spaces}}– Biography |access-date=7 March 2007 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070306133522/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html| archive-date= 6 March 2007 | url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="frs">{{cite journal |last1=Whittaker |first1=E. |author-link=E. T. Whittaker| doi=10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005 |title=Albert Einstein. 1879–1955 |journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |volume=1 |pages=37–67 |date=1 November 1955| jstor=769242| doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="YangHamilton2010">{{cite book|first1=Fujia|last1=Yang|first2=Joseph H.|last2=Hamilton|title=Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics|date=2010|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4277-16-7|page=274}}</ref>
<ref name="Nobel">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/advanced-physicsprize2011.pdf|title=Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2011. The accelerating universe|publisher=Nobel Media AB|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516052710/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/advanced-physicsprize2011.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2012|access-date=4 January 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="NYT-20151124">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=A Century Ago, Einstein's Theory of Relativity Changed Everything |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/science/a-century-ago-einsteins-theory-of-relativity-changed-everything.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/science/a-century-ago-einsteins-theory-of-relativity-changed-everything.html |archive-date=1 January 2022 |url-access=limited |date=24 November 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=24 November 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="BoyerDubofsky2001">{{cite book|author1=Paul S. Boyer|author2=Melvyn Dubofsky|title=The Oxford Companion to United States History|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00paul_0|url-access=registration |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508209-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00paul_0/page/218 218]}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul Arthur Schilpp, editor 1951 730–746">{{Cite book |editor=Paul Arthur Schilpp |date=1951 |title=Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist |volume=II |publisher=Harper and Brothers Publishers (Harper Torchbook edition) |location=New York |pages=730–746}}. His non-scientific works include: ''About Zionism: Speeches and Lectures by Professor Albert Einstein'' (1930), "Why War?" (1933, co-authored by [[Sigmund Freud]]), ''The World As I See It'' (1934), ''Out of My Later Years'' (1950), and a book on science for the general reader, ''[[The Evolution of Physics]]'' (1938, co-authored by [[Leopold Infeld]]).</ref>
<ref name="wordnetweb.princeton.edu">{{Cite web |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=Einstein |title=Result of WordNet Search for Einstein |version=3.1 |publisher=The Trustees of Princeton University |access-date=4 January 2015 |archive-date=28 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828054753/http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=Einstein |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Robinson2015a">{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=Andrew|author-link=Walter Isaacson|title=Einstein: A Hundred Years of Relativity|url={{GBurl|id=Px4_CQAAQBAJ|p=144}}|year=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-16989-7|pages=143–145|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="IGEFAQ">{{cite web |title=FAQ about Einstein and the Institute |url=https://www.ige.ch/en/about-us/the-history-of-the-ipi/einstein/faq |publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, IGE/IPI |location=Berne, Switzerland |date=27 May 2014 |type=official website |access-date=27 March 2015 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612105555/https://www.ige.ch/en/about-us/the-history-of-the-ipi/einstein/faq |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimes_19191125">{{cite news |title=A New Physics, Based on Einstein |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/new-york-times-nov-25-1919-p-17/ |work=The New York Times |date=25 November 1919 |page=17 |access-date=8 June 2019 |archive-date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608033600/https://newspaperarchive.com/new-york-times-nov-25-1919-p-17/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
<ref name="Eddington">{{cite journal |last=Andrzej |first=Stasiak |year=2003 |title=Myths in science |journal=EMBO Reports |volume=4 |issue=3 |page=236 |doi=10.1038/sj.embor.embor779 |doi-access=free |pmc=1315907}}</ref>
<ref name="Jerome">{{cite book|author1=Fred Jerome|author2=Rodger Taylor|title=Einstein on Race and Racism|url={{GBurl|id=4d79VQdOfFUC|pg=PR10}}|year=2006|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-3952-2|page=10|access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin. ''Churchill and the Jews'', Henry Holt and Company, N.Y. (2007) pp. 101, 176</ref>
<ref name="AP">"Denunciation of German Policy is a Stirring Event", Associated Press, 27 July 1933</ref>
<ref name="Guardian">"Stateless Jews: The Exiles from Germany, Nationality Plan", ''The Guardian'' (UK) 27 July 1933</ref>
<ref name="Arntzenius2011">{{cite book|first=Linda G.|last=Arntzenius|title=Institute for Advanced Study|url={{GBurl|id=zHHguITir80C|p=19}}|date=2011|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-7409-7|page=19|access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="Jerome_Isis">{{cite journal|last1=Jerome|first1=Fred|title=Einstein, Race, and the Myth of the Cultural Icon|journal=Isis|date=December 2004|volume=95|issue=4|pages=627–639 |doi=10.1086/430653 |pmid=16011298 |jstor=10.1086/430653 |bibcode=2004Isis...95..627J |s2cid=24738716}}</ref>
<ref name="civil">{{cite web| url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/04/albert-einstein-civil-rights-activist/| title = Albert Einstein, Civil Rights activist| date = 12 April 2007| access-date = 8 June 2014| archive-date = 2 March 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180302182248/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/04/albert-einstein-civil-rights-activist/| url-status = live}}, ''Harvard Gazette'', 12 April 2007</ref>
<ref name="Time">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817454,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518022224/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817454,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 May 2008 |title=ISRAEL: Einstein Declines |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=1 December 1952 |access-date=31 March 2010}}</ref>
<ref name="Botstein">{{cite book|author1=Peter Galison|author1-link=Peter Galison|author2=Gerald James Holton|author2-link=Gerald Holton|author3=Silvan S. Schweber|author3-link=Silvan S. Schweber|title=Einstein for the 21st Century: His Legacy in Science, Art, and Modern Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/einsteinforstcen00gali|url-access=limited|year=2008|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-13520-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/einsteinforstcen00gali/page/n181 161]–164}}</ref>
<ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Cariaga |first=Daniel |date=22 December 1985 |title=Not Taking It with You: A Tale of Two Estates |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-12-22-ca-20526-story.html |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
<ref name="RR">{{cite web |title=Relaxed Einstein signs for a fellow violinist before sailing to Germany for the last time |url=http://www.rrauction.com/albert_einstein_signed_photo_to_joseph_zoellner.cfm |website=RR Auction |year=2010 |access-date=6 June 2012 |archive-date=24 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524160226/http://www.rrauction.com/albert_einstein_signed_photo_to_joseph_zoellner.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Albano-Müller">{{cite web |url=http://www.gandhiserve.org/streams/einstein.html |title=Einstein on Gandhi (Einstein's letter to Gandhi{{Snd}} Courtesy:Saraswati Albano-Müller & Notes by Einstein on Gandhi{{Snd}} Source: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem) |publisher=Gandhiserve.org |date=18 October 1931 |access-date=24 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117104005/http://www.gandhiserve.org/streams/einstein.html |archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="flickr2687">{{cite web| url = http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2687/4496554935_0b573db853_o.jpg| title = Letter to M. Berkowitz, 25 October 1950.| access-date = 16 February 2017}} Einstein Archive 59–215.</ref>
<ref name="Obit">{{cite news | title = Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss of Great Scientist, Rupture of Aorta Causes Death, Body Cremated, Memorial Here Set | work = The New York Times | publication-date = 19 April 1955 | publication-place = New York | date = 18 April 1955 | place = Princeton, NJ | volume = CIV | number = 35,514 | issn = 0362-4331 | editor = Late City | page = 1 | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60C1EFC3D55107A93CBA8178FD85F418585F9 | access-date = 24 May 2014 | archive-date = 25 May 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140525200758/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60C1EFC3D55107A93CBA8178FD85F418585F9 | url-status = live }}</ref>
<ref name="NYT-20141204-DB">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=Thousands of Einstein Documents Are Now a Click Away |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/05/science/huge-trove-of-albert-einstein-documents-becomes-available-online.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/05/science/huge-trove-of-albert-einstein-documents-becomes-available-online.html |archive-date=1 January 2022 |url-access=limited |date=4 December 2014 |work=The New York Times |access-date=4 January 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="Instituut-Lorentz">"{{cite web| url = http://www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/history/Einstein_archive/| title = Einstein archive at the Instituut-Lorentz| access-date = 21 August 2005| archive-date = 19 May 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519023226/http://www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/history/Einstein_archive/| url-status = live}}". ''Instituut-Lorentz''. 2005. Retrieved 21 November 2005.</ref>
<ref name="PubList">{{cite web |first=Hans-Josef |last=Kuepper |url=http://www.einstein-website.de/z_physics/wisspub-e.html |title=List of Scientific Publications of Albert Einstein |publisher=Einstein-website.de |access-date=3 April 2011 |archive-date=8 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508071317/http://www.einstein-website.de/z_physics/wisspub-e.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="natgeo">{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160211-gravitational-waves-found-spacetime-science/ |title=Found! Gravitational Waves, or a Wrinkle in Spacetime |author=Nadia Drake |author-link=Nadia Drake |work=National Geographic |date=11 February 2016 |access-date=6 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212083049/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160211-gravitational-waves-found-spacetime-science/ |archive-date=12 February 2016 }}</ref>
<ref name="PRL-20160211">{{cite journal |collaboration=LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration |last1=Abbott |first1=Benjamin P. |title=Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger |journal=[[Phys. Rev. Lett.]] |volume=116 |issue=6 |article-number=061102 |year=2016 |bibcode=2016PhRvL.116f1102A |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102 |arxiv=1602.03837 |s2cid=124959784 |pmid=26918975 |url=https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/system/media_files/binaries/301/original/detection-science-summary.pdf |access-date=6 July 2016 |archive-date=16 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216132808/https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/system/media_files/binaries/301/original/detection-science-summary.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="cor-2013">{{Cite journal|arxiv=1312.2192|last1=O'Raifeartaigh|first1=C|title=Einstein's cosmic model of 1931 revisited: An analysis and translation of a forgotten model of the universe|journal=The European Physical Journal H|volume=39|issue=2014|pages=63–85|last2=McCann|first2=B|year=2014|doi=10.1140/epjh/e2013-40038-x|bibcode=2014EPJH...39...63O|s2cid=53419239|url=http://repository.wit.ie/2867/1/cosmic.pdf|access-date=31 December 2019|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929102551/https://repository.wit.ie/2867/1/cosmic.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="cor-steady-state">{{cite journal |last1=O'Raifeartaigh |first1=C. |last2=McCann |first2=B. |last3=Nahm |first3=W. |last4=Mitton |first4=S. |year=2014 |title=Einstein's steady-state theory: an abandoned model of the cosmos |arxiv=1402.0132 |journal=Eur. Phys. J. H |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=353–369 |doi=10.1140/epjh/e2014-50011-x |bibcode=2014EPJH...39..353O |s2cid=38384067 |url=http://repository.wit.ie/2866/1/cormac.pdf |access-date=31 December 2019 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929120033/https://repository.wit.ie/2866/1/cormac.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Einstein's aborted model">{{Cite book |arxiv= 1402.4099 |last1= Nussbaumer|first1= Harry|chapter= Einstein's aborted attempt at a dynamic steady-state universe|year= 2014|title=In memoriam Hilmar Duerbeck |page=463|isbn=978-3-944913-56-8|bibcode=2014arXiv1402.4099N}}</ref>
<ref name="Bohr1949">{{cite web |url=http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/dk/bohr.htm |title=Discussions with Einstein on Epistemological Problems in Atomic Physics |access-date=30 August 2010 |author=Bohr, N. |website=The Value of Knowledge: A Miniature Library of Philosophy |publisher=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100913033345/http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/dk/bohr.htm| archive-date= 13 September 2010 |url-status=live}} From Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist (1949), publ. Cambridge University Press, 1949. Niels Bohr's report of conversations with Einstein.</ref>
<ref name="Goettling">Goettling, Gary. {{cite web| url = http://gtalumni.org/Publications/magazine/sum98/einsrefr.html| title = Einstein's refrigerator| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050525082445/http://gtalumni.org/Publications/magazine/sum98/einsrefr.html| archive-date = 25 May 2005}} ''Georgia Tech Alumni Magazine''. 1998. Retrieved 12 November 2014. [[Leó Szilárd]], a Hungarian physicist who later worked on the Manhattan Project, is credited with the discovery of the [[chain reaction]]</ref>
<ref name="slqbwn">{{Cite news |last=Golden |first=Frederic |title=Person of the Century: Albert Einstein |magazine=Time |date=3 January 2000 |url=https://www.time.com/time/time100/poc/magazine/albert_einstein5a.html |access-date= 25 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221080452/http://www.time.com/time/time100/poc/magazine/albert_einstein5a.html| archive-date=21 February 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Nobel Prize">{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 |publisher=Nobel Prize |access-date=11 July 2016 |archive-date=3 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703190346/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


<ref name="NDxay">{{cite book|editor-last=Wells|editor-first=John|editor-link=John C. Wells|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|publisher=Pearson Longman|edition=3rd|date=3 April 2008|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref>
<ref name="LnLVo">{{cite book |first=David |last=Bodanis |title=E{{spaces}}={{spaces}}mc2: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation |location=New York |publisher=Walker |date=2000}}</ref>
<ref name="zE9Bz">{{cite journal |date=9 June 2017 |first=Thomas |last=Levenson |journal=The Atlantic |title=The Scientist and the Fascist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/06/einstein-germany-and-the-bomb/528534/ |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512133141/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/06/einstein-germany-and-the-bomb/528534/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="EQyag">Barry R. Parker (2003). ''Einstein: The Passions of a Scientist'', Prometheus Books, p. 31</ref>
<ref name="1RgTv">{{cite book|last=Mehra|first=Jagdish|title=Golden Age Of Theoretical Physics, The (Boxed Set Of 2 Vols)|url={{GBurl|id=o1XVCgAAQBAJ}}|year=2001|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4492-85-0|chapter=Albert Einstein's "First Paper"|chapter-url={{GBurl|id=o1XVCgAAQBAJ|p=1}}|access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref>
<ref name="FVfDU">''The Three-body Problem from Pythagoras to Hawking'', Mauri Valtonen, Joanna Anosova, Konstantin Kholshevnikov, Aleksandr Mylläri, Victor Orlov, Kiyotaka Tanikawa, (Springer 2016), p. 43, Simon and Schuster, 2008</ref>
<ref name="7HA7H">{{Cite journal |author=Troemel-Ploetz, D. |title=Mileva Einstein-Marić: The Woman Who Did Einstein's Mathematics |journal=Women's Studies International Forum |year=1990 |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=415–432 |doi=10.1016/0277-5395(90)90094-e}}</ref>
<ref name="1zJdH">{{Cite journal |url=http://philosci40.unibe.ch/lehre/winter99/einstein/Walker_Stachel.pdf |title=Did Einstein Espouse his Spouse's Ideas? |author=Walker, Evan Harris |date=February 1989 |journal=Physics Today |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=9–13 |access-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119093653/http://philosci40.unibe.ch/lehre/winter99/einstein/Walker_Stachel.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=dead|doi=10.1063/1.2810898 |bibcode=1989PhT....42b...9W}}</ref>
<ref name="xKrMG">Holton, G., ''Einstein, History, and Other Passions'', Harvard University Press, 1996, pp. 177–193.</ref>
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<ref name="Q5hgx">{{cite book |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |language=fr |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne |access-date=18 September 2018 |archive-date=12 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022034/https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document |url-status=live }} pp. 296–302</ref>
<ref name="vNNnX">{{Cite journal | issue = 2| last=Grandjean| first=Martin| title=Analisi e visualizzazioni delle reti in storia. L'esempio della cooperazione intellettuale della Società delle Nazioni | journal=Memoria e Ricerca |year=2017| pages=371–393| doi=10.14647/87204}} See also: {{cite journal| url = https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01610098v2| title = French version| year = 2017| issue = 2| doi = 10.14647/87204| access-date = 1 December 2017| archive-date = 7 November 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004313/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01610098v2| url-status = live| author1 = Martin Grandjean| journal = Memoria e Ricerca| pages = 371–393}} (PDF) and {{cite web| url = http://www.martingrandjean.ch/complex-structures-and-international-organizations/| title = English summary| access-date = 1 December 2017| archive-date = 2 November 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171102034717/http://www.martingrandjean.ch/complex-structures-and-international-organizations/| url-status = live}}.</ref>
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<ref name="CO6kH">{{Cite web |title=Gravitational Waves: Ripples in the fabric of space-time |publisher=LIGO {{!}} MIT |url=http://space.mit.edu/LIGO/more.html |access-date=12 February 2016 |date=11 February 2016 |archive-date=19 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219224900/http://space.mit.edu/LIGO/more.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="oSmHb">{{Cite web |title=Scientists make first direct detection of gravitational waves |website=Jennifer Chu |date=11 February 2016 |url=https://news.mit.edu/2016/ligo-first-detection-gravitational-waves-0211 |publisher=MIT News |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407170726/http://news.mit.edu/2016/ligo-first-detection-gravitational-waves-0211 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="hkKSp">{{cite news|title=Einstein's gravitational waves 'seen' from black holes|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35524440|access-date=12 February 2016|language=en-GB|date=11 February 2016|last1=Ghosh|first1=Pallab|archive-date=11 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211235836/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35524440|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="38Msx">{{Cite news|title = Gravitational Waves Detected, Confirming Einstein's Theory|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/12/science/ligo-gravitational-waves-black-holes-einstein.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 11 February 2016|access-date = 12 February 2016|issn = 0362-4331|first = Dennis|last = Overbye|archive-date = 11 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160211165128/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/12/science/ligo-gravitational-waves-black-holes-einstein.html|url-status = live}}</ref>
<ref name="sOA9t">van Dongen, Jeroen (2010) ''Einstein's Unification'' Cambridge University Press, p. 23.</ref>
<ref name="iJwuX">{{cite book|last1=North|first1=J.D.|title=The Measure of the Universe: A History of Modern Cosmology|date=1965|publisher=Dover|location=New York|pages=81–83}}</ref>
<ref name="J9Tqu">{{cite journal|last1=Nussbaumer|first1=Harry|title=Einstein's conversion from his static to an expanding universe|journal=Eur. Phys. J. H|year=2014|volume=39|issue=1|pages=37–62|arxiv=1311.2763|doi=10.1140/epjh/e2013-40037-6|bibcode = 2014EPJH...39...37N|s2cid=122011477}}</ref>
<ref name="sxfvo">{{cite book|last1=Nussbaumer and Bieri|title=Discovering the Expanding Universe|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|pages=144–152}}</ref>
<ref name="qmmVf">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/09/books/review/brilliant-blunders-by-mario-livio.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/09/books/review/brilliant-blunders-by-mario-livio.html |archive-date=1 January 2022 |url-access=limited|title=The Genius of Getting It Wrong|date=9 June 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|last1=Zimmer|first1=Carl}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="Tq53z">{{Cite journal|title=Einstein's lost theory uncovered|volume=506|issue=7489|pages=418–419|journal=Nature News & Comment|doi=10.1038/506418a|pmid=24572403|year=2014|last1=Castelvecchi|first1=Davide|bibcode=2014Natur.506..418C|s2cid=205080245|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="8pfEk">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/outthere/2014/03/14/135th-birthday-einstein-still-full-surprises/|title=On His 135th Birthday, Einstein is Still Full of Surprises|website=Out There|date=14 March 2014|access-date=17 March 2014|archive-date=18 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318005847/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/outthere/2014/03/14/135th-birthday-einstein-still-full-surprises/|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ILjYQ">{{cite journal | last1 = Hoyle | year = 1948 | title = A New Model for the Expanding Universe | journal = MNRAS | volume = 108 | issue = 5| page = 372 |bibcode=1948MNRAS.108..372H | doi=10.1093/mnras/108.5.372| doi-access = free }}</ref>
<ref name="ThZb0">{{cite journal | last1 = Bondi | last2 = Gold | year = 1948 | title = The Steady-State Theory of the Expanding Universe | journal = MNRAS | volume = 108 | issue = 3| page = 252 |bibcode=1948MNRAS.108..252B | doi=10.1093/mnras/108.3.252| doi-access = free }}</ref>
<ref name="7ShC9">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2014/03/07/einsteins-lost-theory-describes-a-universe-without-a-big-bang/ |title=Einstein's Lost Theory Describes a Universe Without a Big Bang |website=The Crux |author=Amir Aczel |date=7 March 2014 |access-date=17 March 2014 |archive-date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319110251/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2014/03/07/einsteins-lost-theory-describes-a-universe-without-a-big-bang/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="QNjpt">{{cite web|title=2015 – General Relativity's Centennial|work=APS Journals |publisher=[[American Physical Society]]|year=2015|url=https://journals.aps.org/general-relativity-centennial|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-date=15 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115201857/https://journals.aps.org/general-relativity-centennial|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ja7FY">{{Cite journal|title=Focus: The Birth of Wormholes|journal=Physics |volume=15 |first=David |last=Lindley |date=25 March 2005|page=11 |doi=10.1103/physrevfocus.15.11}}</ref>
<ref name="ixm32">{{cite web| url = http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/nuggets/einstein/solidcolda.html| title = Celebrating Einstein 'Solid Cold'. U.S. DOE.| access-date = 21 February 2011| archive-date = 19 July 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170719091347/https://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/nuggets/einstein/solidcolda.html| url-status = live}}, [[Office of Scientific and Technical Information]], 2011.</ref>
<ref name="nlagl">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/n01-04.htm |title=Cornell and Wieman Share 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics |date=9 October 2001 |access-date=11 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610080506/https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/n01-04.htm |archive-date=10 June 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="zZ2hS">{{cite book |title=The New Penguin Dictionary of Modern Quotations |first1=Robert |last1=Andrews |publisher=Penguin UK |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-14-196531-4 |page=499 |url={{GBurl|id=VK0vR4fsaigC|pg=PT499}} |access-date=18 June 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name="yzZtL">{{cite journal|last1= Pais|first1= Abraham|date= October 1979|title= Einstein and the quantum theory|url= http://ursula.chem.yale.edu/~batista/classes/vvv/RevModPhys.51.863.pdf|journal= Reviews of Modern Physics|volume= 51|issue= 4|pages= 863–914|doi= 10.1103/RevModPhys.51.863|bibcode= 1979RvMP...51..863P|access-date= 18 November 2019|archive-date= 29 August 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190829151347/http://ursula.chem.yale.edu/~batista/classes/vvv/RevModPhys.51.863.pdf|url-status= live}}</ref>
<ref name="margot-obituary">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/12/obituaries/margot-einstein-86-is-dead-stepdaughter-of-physicist.html |title=Obituary |newspaper=The New York Times |date=12 July 1986 |access-date=3 April 2011 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910002303/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/12/obituaries/margot-einstein-86-is-dead-stepdaughter-of-physicist.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="letters-love">{{cite news |title =Letters Reveal Einstein Love Life |work =[[BBC News]] |url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5168002.stm |access-date =14 March 2007 |date =11 July 2006 |archive-date =2 May 2019 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190502100238/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5168002.stm |url-status =live }}</ref>
<ref name="einstein.biz">{{Cite web |url=http://einstein.biz/|title=Einstein|publisher=Corbis Rights Representation|access-date=8 August 2008 |url-status=live| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080819220424/http://einstein.biz/| archive-date= 19 August 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="casetext-hebrew-university">{{cite web |date=15 October 2012 |url=https://casetext.com/case/hebrew-univ-of-jerusalem-v-gen-motors-llc |title=United States District Court, Central District of California, Case No. CV10–03790 AHM (JCx) |access-date=24 November 2019 |archive-date=21 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121133844/https://casetext.com/case/hebrew-univ-of-jerusalem-v-gen-motors-llc |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="pacermonitor-hebrew-university">{{cite web |date=15 January 2015 |url=https://www.pacermonitor.com/public/case/944657/The_Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem_v_General_Motors_LLC |title=United States District Court, Central District of California, Case No.: CV-10-3790-AB (JCx) |access-date=24 November 2019 |archive-date=25 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725030614/https://www.pacermonitor.com/public/case/944657/The_Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem_v_General_Motors_LLC |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="disguise">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1939/01/14/disguise-2|title=Disguise|first=E.|last=Libman|date=14 January 1939|magazine=The New Yorker|url-access=limited|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725014949/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1939/01/14/disguise-2|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="orchestra">{{cite web |url=http://www.cindymctee.com/einsteins_dream.html |title=Einstein's Dream for orchestra |first=Cindy |last=McTee |publisher=Cindymctee.com |access-date=17 July 2010 |archive-date=18 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418203004/http://cindymctee.com/einsteins_dream.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="fake-quotes">{{cite web|last1=Novak|first1=Matt|title=9 Albert Einstein Quotes That Are Completely Fake|url=https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2015/05/9-albert-einstein-quotes-that-are-totally-fake/|website=Gizmodo|access-date=4 May 2018|date=16 May 2015|archive-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705004258/https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2015/05/9-albert-einstein-quotes-that-are-totally-fake/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="humiliate-atheist">{{cite web|title=Did Albert Einstein Humiliate an Atheist Professor?|date=29 June 2004 |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/false-einstein-humiliates-professor/|publisher=Snopes|access-date=4 May 2018|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104194315/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/false-einstein-humiliates-professor/|url-status=live}}</ref>
</references>

=== Works cited ===
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
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* {{cite book |last=Calaprice |first=Alice |year=2005 |title=The New Quotable Einstein |publisher=Princeton University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newquotableeinst0000eins/page/n5/mode/2up |isbn=978-0-691-12075-1}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Fölsing |first=Albrecht |date=1997 |title=Albert Einstein |location=New York |publisher=Penguin Viking |translator-first=Ewald |translator-last=Osers |others=Abridged by Ewald Osers |isbn=978-0-670-85545-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/alberteinsteinbi00fols}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Fine |first1=Arthur |title=The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Argument in Quantum Theory |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-epr/ |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |year=2017 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University}}
* {{cite journal |last=Galison |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Galison |date=Winter 2000 |title=Einstein's Clocks: The Question of Time |journal=Critical Inquiry |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=355–389 |doi=10.1086/448970 |jstor=1344127 |s2cid=144484466}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Glick |editor-first=Thomas F. |year=1987 |title=The Comparative Reception of Relativity |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |isbn=978-90-277-2498-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gordin |first1=Michael D. |title=Einstein in Bohemia |date=2020 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-17737-3 |language=en}}
* {{cite journal |first1=Nicholas |last1=Harrigan |first2=Robert W. |author2-link=Robert Spekkens |last2=Spekkens |title=Einstein, incompleteness, and the epistemic view of quantum states |journal=[[Foundations of Physics]] |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=125 |year=2010 |doi=10.1007/s10701-009-9347-0 |arxiv=0706.2661 |bibcode=2010FoPh...40..125H |s2cid=32755624}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Highfield |first1=Roger |author-link=Roger Highfield |last2=Carter |first2=Paul |date=1993 |title=The Private Lives of Albert Einstein |location=London |publisher=Faber and Faber |isbn=978-0-571-17170-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/privatelivesofal00high_1}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Banesh |author-link1=Banesh Hoffmann |first2=Helen |last2=Dukas |author-link2=Helen Dukas |date=1972 |title=Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel |location=New York |publisher=Viking Press |isbn=978-0-670-11181-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/alberteinsteincr0000hoff_y3a8}}
* {{cite journal |last=Holton |first=Gerald |author-link=Gerald Holton |title=The migration of physicists to the United States |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |publisher=Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science |date=April 1984 |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.1080/00963402.1984.11459207 |bibcode=1984BuAtS..40d..18H |url={{GBurl|id=prgDAAAAMBAJ|p=18}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Howard |first=D. |title=Sixty-Two Years of Uncertainty |chapter="Nicht Sein Kann was Nicht Sein Darf," or the Prehistory of EPR, 1909–1935: Einstein's Early Worries about the Quantum Mechanics of Composite Systems |year=1990 |series=NATO ASI Series |volume=226 |pages=61–111 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4684-8771-8_6 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4684-8773-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Isaacson |first=Walter |author-link=Walter Isaacson |date=2007 |title=[[Einstein: His Life and Universe]] |publisher=Simon & Schuster Paperbacks |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7432-6473-0}}
* {{cite journal |last=Mermin |first=N. David |author-link=N. David Mermin |title=Hidden Variables and the Two Theorems of John Bell |journal=[[Reviews of Modern Physics]] |volume=65 |pages=803–15 |number=3 |date=July 1993 |url=http://cqi.inf.usi.ch/qic/Mermin1993.pdf |arxiv=1802.10119 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.65.803 |bibcode=1993RvMP...65..803M |s2cid=119546199}}
* {{Cite book |last=Neffe |first=Jürgen |title=Einstein: A Biography |translator-first=Shelley |translator-last=Frisch |date=2007 |url={{GBurl|id=B8K6n177ZwcC}} |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-14664-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pais |first=Abraham |author-link=Abraham Pais |date=1982 |title=[[Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-853907-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pais |first=Abraham |date=1994 |title=Einstein Lived Here |url=https://archive.org/details/einsteinlivedher00pais |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280672-7}}
* {{Cite book |first=Roger |last=Penrose |author-link=Roger Penrose |title=The Road to Reality |year=2007 |publisher=Vintage Books |isbn=978-0-679-77631-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Peres |first=Asher |author-link=Asher Peres |title=Quantum Theory: Concepts and Methods |pages=149 |publisher=Kluwer |year=2002}}
* {{cite book |last=Robeson |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Robeson |year=2002 |title=Paul Robeson Speaks |publisher=Citadel |page=333}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Rowe |editor1-first=David E. |editor2-last=Schulmann |editor2-first=Robert |year=2007 |title=Einstein on Politics: His Private Thoughts and Public Stands on Nationalism, Zionism, War, Peace, and the Bomb |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12094-2}}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=Rowe |editor1-first=David E. |editor2-last=Schulmann |editor2-first=Robert |year=2013 |title=Einstein on Politics: His Private Thoughts and Public Stands on Nationalism, Zionism, War, Peace, and the Bomb |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-4828-7 |url={{GBurl|id=_X1dAAAAQBAJ}}}}
* {{cite journal |last=Scheideler |first=Britta |title=The Scientist as Moral Authority: Albert Einstein between Elitism and Democracy, 1914–1933 |journal=Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences |year=2002 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=319–346 |doi=10.1525/hsps.2002.32.2.319 |jstor=10.1525/hsps.2002.32.2.319}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stachel |first=John J. |date=1966 |title=Albert Einstein and Mileva Marić |url=http://philoscience.unibe.ch/lehre/winter99/einstein/Stachel1966.pdf |access-date=13 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307015425/http://philoscience.unibe.ch/lehre/winter99/einstein/Stachel1966.pdf |archive-date=7 March 2008 |url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stachel |first=John J. |date=2002 |title=Einstein from 'B' to 'Z' |publisher=Birkhäuser |series=Einstein Studies |volume=9 |isbn=978-0-8176-4143-6 |oclc=237532460}}
{{div col end}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brian |first=Denis |date=1996 |author-link=Denis Brian|title=Einstein: A Life |url=https://archive.org/details/einstein00deni |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=John Wiley |isbn=978-0471114598}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brian |first=Denis |date=2005 |author-link=Denis Brian|title=The Unexpected Einstein: The Real Man Behind the Icon |location=New York |publisher=John Wiley|isbn=978-0471718406}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gimbel |first1=Steven |title=Einstein: His Space and Times |date=2015 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0300196719}}
* {{cite EB1922 |wstitle=Einstein, Albert|last1= Lindemann |first1= Frederick Alexander |author-link=Frederick Alexander Lindemann}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gimbel |first1=Steven |title=Einstein's Jewish Science: Physics at the Intersection of Politics and Religion |date=2012 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-1421405544}}
* {{Cite book |last=Moring |first=Gary |date=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/completeidiotsgu00mori_0 |url-access=registration |title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding Einstein |edition=1st |location=Indianapolis, Indiana |publisher=Alpha Books |isbn=978-0-02-863180-6}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Oppenheimer |first=J. Robert |author-link=J. Robert Oppenheimer |year=1971 |title=On Albert Einstein |pages=8–12, 208 |journal=Science and Synthesis: An International Colloquium Organized by UNESCO on the Tenth Anniversary of the Death of Albert Einstein and Teilhard de Chardin |others=Lecture delivered at the UNESCO House in Paris on 13 December 1965}} Or: {{Cite news |work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=17 March 1966 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1966/mar/17/on-albert-einstein/?pagination=false |title=On Albert Einstein by Robert Oppenheimer}}
* {{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Barry |date=2000 |title=Einstein's Brainchild: Relativity Made Relatively Easy! |url=https://archive.org/details/einsteinsbrainch00barr |url-access=registration |publisher=Prometheus Books |others=Illustrated by Lori Scoffield-Beer |isbn=978-1-59102-522-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Donald W. |title=Einstein's "Other" Theory: The Planck-Bose-Einstein Theory of Heat Capacity |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-691-11826-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Schweber |first=Silvan S. |author-link=Silvan S. Schweber |date=2008 |title=Einstein and Oppenheimer: The Meaning of Genius |url=https://archive.org/details/einsteinoppenhei00schw |url-access=registration |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-02828-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stone |first=A. Douglas |date=2013 |title=Einstein and the Quantum: The Quest of the Valiant Swabian|url=https://archive.org/details/einsteinquantumq0000ston |url-access=registration |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-13968-5 |oclc=925486275}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Weinberg |first1=Steven |author-link=Steven Weinberg|title=Einstein's Mistakes |journal=Physics Today |year=2005 |volume=58 |issue=11 |pages=31–35 |bibcode=2005PhT....58k..31W |doi=10.1063/1.2155755 |doi-access=free}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Albert Einstein|wikt=no|n=no|s=Author:Albert Einstein|b=no|voy=no|v=no}}
{{Wikisource|works=or|de}}
{{Scholia|author}}
* General
** {{Official website}}
** {{gutenberg author|id=1630|name=Albert Einstein}}
** {{Internet Archive author|sname=Albert Einstein}}
** {{Librivox author |id=1035}}
** {{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture 11 July 1923 ''Fundamental ideas and problems of the theory of relativity''

* Archival materials collections
** [http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Jewish-Figures/Einstein-Albert Albert Einstein Historical Letters, Documents & Papers] from [[Shapell Manuscript Foundation]]
** [http://vault.fbi.gov/Albert%20Einstein Albert Einstein] in FBI Records: The Vault
** [http://www.albert-einstein.org/ The Albert Einstein Archives] at [[The Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]

* Digital collections
** [http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/ The Digital Einstein Papers] {{--}} An open-access site for The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, from [[Princeton University]]
** [https://digitallibrary.vassar.edu/collections/other-collections?f%5B0%5D=collection%3A5218 Albert Einstein Digital Collection] from [[Vassar College]] Digital Collections
** {{PM20|FID=pe/004590}}
** [https://albert.ias.edu/ Albert – The Digital Repository of the IAS], which contains many digitized original documents and photographs

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Baytakhol

2026-03-24T09:09:26Z

Augustine V. Williams: new.

{{short description|Stretch of road in Goa, India}}
{{Infobox street
| name = Baytakhol
| alternate_name = [[Panaji]] - [[Farmagudi]] - [[Margao]] Highway Bypass Road
| image =
| caption =
| map_type = India Goa#India
| type = Isolated [[highway]]
| postal_code = 403401
| width = {{Convert|10|m}}
| length_m = 700
| maint = Borim [[village panchayat]]
| junction = Baytakhol-Borim Circle
| location = Baytakhol-[[Borim]], [[Ponda, Goa]], India
| coordinates = {{Coord|15|22|33.74|N|74|0|31.82|E|display=inline,title}}
| known_for = [[Baytakhol#Ghostlore|Ghostlore]]
| website = {{URL|villagepanchayatborim.com}}
}}

'''Baytakhol'''{{efn|Alternatively spelt as '''Bythokhol''', '''Baithakhol''' or '''Bhaithakol'''.}} is a stretch of road that connects the residential district of Dhavali with the [[census town]] of [[Borim]] in [[Goa]], a coastal state in India. This stretch of road has gained attention due to a series of accidents that have occurred, resulting in loss of lives. According to [[folklore|local legends]], there are claims of a [[ghostly]] presence associated with the road, specifically the spirit of a young woman.

==Ghostlore==
The Baytakhol road has been associated with a significant number of vehicle accidents, according to a report by ''[[The Free Press Journal]]''. It is believed that these accidents are triggered by a peculiar phenomenon involving a young girl who emits piercing screams while positioned in the middle of the road. Witnesses claim that upon seeing the girl, a sense of fear and unease overwhelms them. However, as they attempt to comprehend the situation and turn their attention back to the road, the girl mysteriously disappears. This sudden disappearance allegedly causes drivers to lose control of their vehicles, leading to numerous accidents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Warning! Don't visit these 7 Haunted places in Goa |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/ampstories/lifestyle/warning-dont-visit-these-7-haunted-places-in-goa |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026071428/https://www.freepressjournal.in/ampstories/lifestyle/warning-dont-visit-these-7-haunted-places-in-goa |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to accounts documented by Hengul J Das and Shikha Gautam of ''[[The Times of India]]'', the drivers claim to have witnessed the presence of a woman standing in the middle of the road. Allegedly, as vehicles approach her, this female figure emits distressing vocalizations. Upon turning their gaze away from the figure and subsequently looking back, drivers have reported observing nothing in her stead. Numerous accidents have occurred in the vicinity, with drivers experiencing a loss of control over their vehicles upon encountering this perplexing scenario. It is postulated that the unsettling visual and auditory experiences may induce an illusory state, thereby contributing to these incidents.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gautam |first=Hengul J. Das and Shikha GautamHengul J. Das and Shikha |title=The spookiest places in Goa |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/the-spookiest-places-in-goa/articleshow/48882018.cms |access-date=2023-10-26 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228100132/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/the-spookiest-places-in-goa/articleshow/48882018.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to an [[anecdote]] relayed by ''Knocksense'', there exists an incident involving two individuals traversing the Baytakhol road. During their journey, they chanced upon a distressed woman in a state of tears beside the roadside. Intrigued by her plight, they opted to retrace their path and extend her a ride in their vehicle. However, their search for her proved futile, as she seemed to have vanished without a trace. To their astonishment, upon reentering the car, both occupants simultaneously beheld the same woman seated in the backseat, her gaze fixed upon them through the [[rearview mirror]]. Yet, when they swiftly turned around to address her presence directly, she inexplicably disappeared. This road has gained notoriety for its propensity for accidents, and it is not uncommon for individuals to recount encounters with a female [[hitchhiker]] who solicits transportation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Knocksense |date=2019-12-05 |title=5 eerily haunted places in Goa which will spook the wig right off of your head |url=https://www.knocksense.com/goa/5-eerily-haunted-places-in-goa-which-will-spook-the-wig-right-off-of-your-head |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=Knocksense |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026111752/https://www.knocksense.com/goa/5-eerily-haunted-places-in-goa-which-will-spook-the-wig-right-off-of-your-head |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to reports from ''Incredible Goa'' magazine, in accordance with the local [[folklore]] in the Baytakhol-[[Borim]] region, there have been numerous claims of paranormal activity involving the ghost of an infant. This supernatural entity is said to be frequently spotted in the area. Additionally, there are reported incidents where spectral women suddenly cross the road in front of passing vehicles, accompanied by blood-curdling laughter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Incredible Goa Staff |date=2018-03-17 |title=10 Most Haunted Places in Goa, That You May Never Want to Visit |url=https://www.incrediblegoa.org/feature/the-10-most-haunted-places-in-goa-that-you-may-never-want-to-visit/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Incredible Goa |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023103833/https://www.incrediblegoa.org/feature/the-10-most-haunted-places-in-goa-that-you-may-never-want-to-visit/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Incidents==
On 17 April 2020, an incident occurred involving a 22-year-old migrant footwear seller named Mansoor Hussain Shaikh, hailing from [[Gadag district]] in [[Karnataka]], India.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2020-04-17 |title=Footwear seller held for murdering minor at Borim – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2020/04/17/goanews/footwear-seller-held-for-murdering-minor-at-borim/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> Shaikh, who resided in Bablyakhali, Nagzar-[[Curti, Goa|Curti]], was involved in the kidnapping and subsequent murder of his 17-year- old former girlfriend. The event took place in the Baytakhol-[[Borim]] area. It is believed that Shaikh committed the act out of frustration caused by the girl's choice to end their relationship.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2020-04-19 |title=Vexed with estrangement, 22-year-old youth murders minor ex-girlfriend |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/crime/article/vexed-with-estrangement-22-year-old-youth-murders-minor-ex-girlfriend/579889 |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 13 April, the victim residing in the [[Usgao]] area of [[North Goa]], who was also a migrant, departed from her residence to visit a sub-district hospital in [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] for a medical examination. However, she did not return home and was reported missing by her family members. Despite their efforts to locate her, they were unsuccessful in finding any leads. Consequently, they sought assistance from the Ponda Police, who promptly registered a formal complaint regarding her disappearance.<ref name=":4" />

In the early morning of 13 April, the remains of the girl were discovered in an advanced state of [[decomposition]]. The grisly find was made by residents of Borim, who were engaged in the collection of cashew nuts within the vicinity of a Water Resources Department (WRD) tank located in a nearby forested area. The pungent odor emanating from the decomposed body drew the attention of the cashew nut collectors, ultimately leading them to the discovery within the [[pump house]]. Recognizing the gravity of the situation, the locals promptly notified the authorities, alerting the police to the find.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Curti youth arrested for kidnap and murder of minor girlfriend |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Curti-youth-arrested-for-kidnap-and-murder-of-minor-girlfriend/159481 |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

In a swift response to the information received regarding a body, the police successfully solved the case within a relatively short period of eight to ten hours. According to law enforcement officials, the accused individual was responsible for strangling the victim in the pump house of the WRD tank.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> Upon arrival at the scene, the police discovered an abandoned body in the control room of the water tank. The appearance of the body matched that of a teenage girl who had been reported missing. To investigate the incident, a police team led by Deputy Superintendent of Police Albuquerque was formed, with the inclusion of Collem PI Prajyot S Fadte and Ponda PI Mohan Gaude.<ref name=":4" />

Shaikh and the girl maintained a cordial relationship for approximately one year. However, their bond recently deteriorated, resulting in the girl terminating her association with Shaikh. As a consequence, the girl's parents made arrangements for her to marry another young man. During the course of the investigation, authorities uncovered that the victim was picked up by her ex-boyfriend from a hospital and transported on his scooter to a pump house situated at Baytakhol hillock. It was at this location where he confronted her regarding the proposed matrimonial alliance with another individual.<ref name=":6" />

On the morning of 13 April, Shaikh perpetrated the violent act resulting in the victim's death through assault and strangulation. Following the incident, the accused fled the scene. Prior to the incident, there existed a close relationship between the accused and the victim, characterized by affection. However, the victim had decided to end the relationship, which caused distress and feelings of rejection for the accused. In their investigation, local authorities, including Ponda DySP Nelson Albuquerque, conducted interviews with potential suspects and the girl's family members.<ref name=":6" />

According to official statements, the police in Ponda, Goa, claimed that their investigation led them to apprehend a suspect on the same day. The arrest was made possible through the diligent efforts of a team consisting of Arvind Gawas, the Superintendent of Police for South Goa, Albuquerque, the Deputy Superintendent of Police for Ponda, Mohan Gaude, the Police Inspector for Ponda, and other members of the police force. The Deputy Inspector General Parmaditya visited the Ponda police station to commend the team for successfully capturing the suspect within a span of ten hours. As a token of recognition, he awarded a cash prize of {{INRConvert|15000|year=2020}} to all those involved in the case.<ref name=":6" /> The police have filed charges against the suspect under Section 302 and 363 of the Indian Penal Code, as well as Section 8 of the Goa Children Act. Shaikh was apprehended by law enforcement authorities and subsequently placed under the custody of the police.<ref name=":5" />

In August 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2020-08-07 |title=3 power dept workers crushed to death as truck overturns at Borim {{!}} The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2020/08/07/goanews/3-power-dept-workers-crushed-to-death-as-truck-overturns-at-borim/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201085137/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2020/08/07/goanews/3-power-dept-workers-crushed-to-death-as-truck-overturns-at-borim/ |url-status=live }}</ref> an incident took place at the [[Borim]] bridge, resulting in the deaths of three [[Lineworker|linemen]] from the state electricity department. The accident occurred when a truck, transporting the linemen and a number of electricity poles, overturned while attempting to maneuver through the circle. This incident is not an isolated occurrence, as similar accidents have been reported at the Baytakhol Circle when motorists have encountered difficulties while navigating around it.<ref name=":2" />

On 10 May 2022, an incident occurred on the [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]]-[[Margao]] highway, resulting in the death of Vinayak Chari, a 36-year-old [[tipper truck]] driver. While navigating the downhill portion of the road, his vehicle veered off course and collided with a [[valley]] along the roadside. This collision proved fatal for Chari, who resided in [[Sanguem]] and held ownership of the tipper truck involved in the accident.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2022-05-10 |title=Tipper truck driver dies in Borim accident |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2022/05/11/goanews/tipper-truck-driver-dies-in-borim-accident/ |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=The Navhind Times |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026074419/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2022/05/11/goanews/tipper-truck-driver-dies-in-borim-accident/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the authorities at the Ponda police department, the incident occurred at around 3:30 p.m. The truck was en route from the Khorlim depot to Sanguem, transporting empty glass bottles used for [[soft drinks]]. The owner of the tipper truck, who occasionally assumes the role of the driver, was the sole occupant as his regular driver was absent due to leave. While passing through Baytakhol in Borim, the driver lost control of the vehicle, leading to a collision with the adjacent roadside valley.<ref name=":0" />

The driver became trapped within the vehicle and suffered fatal injuries as a result of the collision. Emergency personnel swiftly responded to the scene and made efforts to extricate the driver from the vehicle by removing the door. Unfortunately, despite their rescue attempts, medical professionals at the hospital pronounced the driver deceased upon arrival. In this particular instance, a case of an untimely demise was officially recorded, and an investigation was initiated. Law enforcement authorities communicated that Chari was survived by his spouse and two infants who are eight months old.<ref name=":0" />

In January 2023, an incident occurred on the road between Ponda and [[Margao]] involving an [[Eicher Motors]] truck transporting power insulators. While navigating the Baytakhol-[[Borim]] Circle, the truck overturned. Fortunately, the outcome was fortuitous for the roadside vendors, as the truck veered off course and collided with a parked [[Mahindra Bolero]] tempo before coming to rest on its side.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-06 |title=Loaded truck overturns at Bythokhol Borim Circle; lucky escape for roadside vendors |url=https://goemkarponn.com/loaded-truck-overturns-at-bythokhol-borim-circle-lucky-escape-for-roadside-vendors/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=goemkarponn.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028164013/https://goemkarponn.com/loaded-truck-overturns-at-bythokhol-borim-circle-lucky-escape-for-roadside-vendors/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This timely collision prevented a potentially tragic outcome, as it could have resulted in the loss of six lives.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ponda in perdition as killer roads continue to claim lives |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Ponda-in-perdition-as-killer-roads-continue-to-claim-lives/201489 |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028164127/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Ponda-in-perdition-as-killer-roads-continue-to-claim-lives/201489 |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the course of maneuvering through a circular road, the truck driver encountered an unforeseen incident when a rickshaw suddenly appeared directly in front of the truck, originating from the [[Betora]] direction. In an attempt to avoid a collision with the rickshaw, the truck driver applied the brakes, but unfortunately lost control of the vehicle. Fortunately, the tempo happened to be positioned near a roadside vendor's stall, where watermelons were being loaded. The truck collided with the tempo, causing it to tip over onto its side.<ref name=":1" />

The presence of the tempo has been credited with potentially preventing the tragic accident. Local residents assert that had the Bolero tempo not been parked at the roadside, the lives of these vendors could have been endangered. This assertion is supported by past incidents where trucks have toppled over in the same location.<ref name=":1" />

==2023 road widening==
In October 2023, the road widening initiative for the Baytakhol-[[Borim]] to [[Curti, Goa|Curti]] stretch recommenced. Although a significant portion of the stretch had already undergone expansion, the surplus area is presently serving as a parking facility for truck drivers and has also become a habitat for [[stray cattle]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Stray cattle, illegal parking at Baytakhol haunts residents |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Stray-cattle-illegal-parking-at-Baytakhol-haunts-residents/211589 |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

The road widening project, which has been in progress for several months, experienced a temporary slowdown during the monsoon season. However, following the conclusion of [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] festivities, the project resumed at an accelerated pace. During this time, container trucks were observed occupying the newly widened road, creating potential hazards for regular traffic.<ref name=":3" />

In certain areas, the presence of stray cattle on roadways has posed significant dangers to motorists, particularly those riding two-wheeled vehicles. There have been instances where two-wheeler riders have sustained injuries when colliding with cattle, especially during nighttime conditions. Furthermore, both stray cattle and dogs are known to frequent this particular location in order to scavenge for food amidst the garbage that is discarded along the roadside.<ref name=":3" />

In response to significant resistance from the community, authorities issued directives to truckers, advising them against parking their vehicles in Curti. However, truck owners from different states have disregarded these instructions and have begun parking their trucks along the extended stretch. It is worth noting that a previous incident occurred where an unidentified individual stole mobile phones and cash from parked trucks by incapacitating the drivers using [[chloroform]].<ref name=":3" />

==Popular culture==
In 2018, a horror [[web series]] with the same title as the road ''Baytakhol'' was announced to be released on [[Amazon Prime]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Web Desk |first=India Today |date=26 January 2019 |title=Former Bigg Boss star Lopamudra Raut is raising temperature on internet with her sultry pic |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what%27s-hot/story/former-bigg-boss-star-lopamudra-raut-is-raising-temperature-on-internet-with-her-sultry-pic-1439794-2019-01-26 |access-date=26 October 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026160241/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what%27s-hot/story/former-bigg-boss-star-lopamudra-raut-is-raising-temperature-on-internet-with-her-sultry-pic-1439794-2019-01-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> The cast included [[Sushrii Shreya Mishraa]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sushrii Shreya Mishraa to debut in a web series opposite Prateik Babbar {{!}} Beauty Pageants - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/beauty-pageants/miss-india/sushrii-shreya-mishraa-to-debut-in-a-web-series-opposite-prateik-babbar/videoshow/63522720.cms |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=2018-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401192020/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/beauty-pageants/miss-india/sushrii-shreya-mishraa-to-debut-in-a-web-series-opposite-prateik-babbar/videoshow/63522720.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Prateik Babbar]], [[Rahul Dev]], [[Kenny Sebastian]], [[Dipannita Sharma]], [[Diandra Soares]], [[Isha Koppikar]], [[Bani J]], [[Lopamudra Raut]], and Meghana Kaushik.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2018 |title=Meghana Kaushik aces de-glam role for 'Baytakhol' |work=[[United News of India]] |url=http://www.uniindia.com/meghana-kaushik-aces-de-glam-role-for-baytakhol/india/news/1251338.html |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026180256/http://www.uniindia.com/meghana-kaushik-aces-de-glam-role-for-baytakhol/india/news/1251338.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of reportedly haunted locations in India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Roads in Goa]]
[[Category:Geography of South Goa district]]
[[Category:Reportedly haunted locations in India]]

Yana Gupta

2026-03-18T00:59:06Z

Augustine V. Williams: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Czech model and actress (b. 1979)}}
{{Redirect|Yaana|the 2019 Kannada film|Yaana (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_name = Jana Synková
| image = Yana Gupta in 2016 (cropped2).jpg
| caption = Yana Gupta in 2016
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|04|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Brno]], [[South Moravian Region]], [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]] {{small|(now Czech Republic)}}
| citizenship = Czech Republic
| occupation = Model, actress
| spouse = {{marriage|Satyakam Gupta|2001|2005|end=div}}
}}

'''Yana Gupta''' (born '''Jana Synková'''; 23 April 1979)<ref name="dob"/> is a Czech model and actress who lives and works in India.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20040310210215/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/19/stories/2004011900440300.htm Czech-mate time]." ''[[The Hindu]]''. Monday 19 January 2004. Retrieved 17 February 2009.</ref>

== Early life ==
Gupta was born as Jana Synková in 1979 in [[Brno]], [[South Moravian Region]], [[Czech Socialist Republic|Czech SR]], [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovak SR]] (now [[Czech Republic]]).<ref name="dob">{{Cite web |url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/films-music/foreign-actors-try-their-hand-at-bollywood-2011-06-18-1.403253 |title=Foreign actors try their hand at Bollywood |last=Administrator |first=System |website=Emirates 247 |date=18 June 2011 |language=en-GB |access-date=21 March 2016 |archive-date=7 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407235447/http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/films-music/foreign-actors-try-their-hand-at-bollywood-2011-06-18-1.403253 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her parents divorced and she was brought up with her sister by her single mother.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/lic_housing/lic/story.php?id=47 |title=Moneycontrol.com >> Lic >> Dream House >> You Are Like Mona Lisa, Isn't It? |website=moneycontrol.com |access-date=27 March 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091330/http://www.moneycontrol.com/lic_housing/lic/story.php?id=47 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
She started her modelling career at the age of 16, and after graduating in Park Architecture and Gardening, she moved to continue her modelling career in Japan. She later moved to [[India]], spending her first years at [[ashram]] of [[Rajneesh|Osho]] in [[Pune]], where she married artist Satyakam Gupta,<ref name="sharma">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Im-in-love-with-myselfYana-Gupta/articleshow/2422557.cms |title=I'm in love with myself: Yana Gupta |first=Mandvi |last=Sharma |date=3 October 2007 |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> changing her last name to Gupta.

In 2001, she entered the Indian modelling industry and became the brand ambassador of the largest Indian cosmetic brand, Lakme.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Agarwal |first1=Ekta |title=Yana Gupta: The 'Bijli' Of Bollywood |url=http://focusnews.com/entertainment/yana-gupta-the-bijli-of-bollywood/21905/ |website=focusnews.com |publisher=Focus News |access-date=1 July 2015 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626111658/http://focusnews.com/entertainment/yana-gupta-the-bijli-of-bollywood/21905/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2002, she made her first appearance in [[Bollywood]] with the song "Babuji Zara Dheere Chalo" in the film ''[[Dum (2003 Hindi film)|Dum]]''. She also appeared in an item song in [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]'s ''[[Gharshana]]''.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

In 2009, Gupta released a book on health, ''How To Love Your Body And Get The Body You Love''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/yana-gupta-turns-writer-pens-book-on-health/923249.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111120957/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/yana-gupta-turns-writer-pens-book-on-health/923249.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2012 |title=Yana Gupta turns writer, pens book on health |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=8 December 2011 |access-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> She also released a music album.<ref>{{cite web |title=I'm the panty-less girl: Yana Gupta |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Im-the-panty-less-girl-Yana-Gupta/articleshow/10115287.cms |website=The Times of India |date=26 September 2011 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |access-date=1 July 2015}}</ref> In 2011, she again appeared in an item song for the movie ''Murder 2''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://myvantagepoint.in/hot-item-song-by-yana-gupta-from-movie-murder-2/ |title=Yana Gupta Hot Item Song in Murder 2 |date=14 November 2013 |website=Vantage Point |language=en-US |access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref>

She performed in the ''[[Bigg Boss]]'' 6 finale.<ref>{{cite web |title=YANA GUPTA WILL ENTER THE HOUSE IN A CAGE AND WILL LATER PERFORM INSIDE THE HOUSE. |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/television/yana-gupta-to-get-caged-for-bigg-boss-6-finale-610007 |website=movies.ndtv.com |date=8 January 2013 |publisher=NDTV Convergence Limited |access-date=1 July 2015 |archive-date=21 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921025613/http://movies.ndtv.com/television/yana-gupta-to-get-caged-for-bigg-boss-6-finale-610007 |url-status=live }}</ref> She reached the finale of ''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa'' but lost to [[Meiyang Chang]].
After participating in various TV shows, she appeared again in the film ''Dassehra'' (2018) in the item song "Joganiya".<ref>{{cite web |title=Yana Gupta: I am glad Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa is over |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-yana-gupta/20110317.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=1 July 2015}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She was married to Satyakam Gupta, an artist, in 2001 but they divorced in 2005.<ref name="sharma"/>

==Filmography==
; Films
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Year
! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2003
|''[[Dum (2003 Hindi film)|Dum]]''|| Dancer || Hindi || In the song "Babuji Zara Dheere Chalo"
|-
| 2004
|''[[Manmadhan (film)|Manmadhan]]''|| Special appearance || Tamil ||In the song "Thathai Thathai"
|-
| 2004
|''[[Gharshana]]''|| Special appearance || Telugu || In the song "Aadataramaa"
|-
| 2004
|''[[Rakht]]''|| Dancer || Hindi || In the song "Oh! What a Babe!"
|-
| 2005
|''[[Jogi (2005 film)|Jogi]]''|| Dancer || Kannada || In the song "Bin Ladin Nan Maava!"
|-
| 2005
|''[[Anniyan]]''|| Special appearance || Tamil || In the song "Kadhal Yaanai"
|-
| 2007
|''[[Shankardada Zindabad]]''|| [[Item number]] || Telugu || In the song "Aakalesthe Annam Pedtha"
|-
| 2007
|''[[Manorama Six Feet Under]]'' || || Hindi || Friendly appearance
|-
| 2007
|''Kaisay Kahein...''|| Singer / Dancer – Australia || Hindi ||
|-
| 2008
|''[[90 Ghanta]]''|| || Bengali ||
|-
| 2011
|''[[Chalo Dilli]]''|| Item number|| Hindi ||
|-
| 2011
|''[[Murder 2]]''|| Jyoti || Hindi || In the song "Aa Zara"
|-
| 2011
|''Stand By''|| Item number || Hindi ||
|-
| 2018
|''[[Dassehra (film)|Dassehra]]'' || Item number || Hindi || In the song "Joganiya"
|}

; Television appearances

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Television !! Appearances !! Notes
|-
| ''Show Jana Krause'' || || Czech show, episode dated 28 September 2012
|-
| ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi#Season 1|Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 1]]'' || Contestant ||
|-
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' || Contestant|| Season 4
|-
| ''Life Mein Ek Baar'' (2013)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bansal |first1=Shilpa |title=Bring on the challenge: Yana Gupta |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bring-on-the-challenge-yana-gupta-1809695 |website=Daily News and Analysis |date=11 March 2013 |publisher=Diligent Media Corporation Ltd |access-date=1 July 2015}}</ref> || Contestant ||
|}

== Music videos ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align: margin;"
|-
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width: 18em;"| Title
! scope="col" style="width: 8em;"| Performer(s)
! scope="col" style="width: 8em;"| Role
! scope="col" style="width: 8em;"| Album
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2007
! scope="row"| Kisi Din
| [[Adnan Sami]]
| Unnamed
| ''Kisi Din''
|
|}
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Yana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Brno]]
[[Category:Czech film actresses]]
[[Category:Czech expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Expatriate actresses in India]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:21st-century Czech actresses]]

Puducherry diaspora

2026-03-17T17:39:21Z

Augustine V. Williams: Put Up Basic Data Added Tags

{{more citations needed|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}

The '''Puducherry diaspora''' is a demographic group of people from [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] [[union territory]] of [[India]] who have emigrated and settled in other parts of the world, significantly in [[France]], [[Réunion]] and the French Caribbean islands of [[Martinique]] and [[Guadeloupe]]. There are around 300,000 of them living around the world.

==Background==
{{main|French India}}
Many left to work in the possessions of the [[French colonial empire|French Empire]] via its holdings in [[Puducherry district]] in [[Réunion]] and the French Caribbean islands of [[Martinique]] and [[Guadeloupe]] (See [[Malabars]]). Although most of the indentured labourers embarked on their journey from the overseas possessions of French India, they did not necessarily come from there. In fact, most of the workers were recruited in the hinterlands of the [[Coromandel Coast]] and even beyond it, such as [[South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)|Arcot]] and [[Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)|Chingelput]] for Puducherry or [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore]] and [[Trichinopoly District|Trichinopoly]] for [[Karaikal district]]. The flow of recruits from [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] was also significant, and even pioneering.

===Réunion===

{{Main|Malbars}}
[[File:Temple tamoul2.JPG|thumb|right|A Malbar temple in Réunion.]]
Tamil settlement in the French department of [[Réunion]] started as far back as 1848 as indentured labour, mainly from [[Puducherry district]] and [[Karaikal district]], the French territories in Southern India. There are now about 120,000 Tamils living in Réunion or "Malabars" as they are known there with a large number of Hindu temples run by voluntary organisations where Hindu and Tamil cultural links are preserved well.

===Seychelles===

{{main|Tamil Seychellois}}
Tamil traders from [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry City]] used to visit the [[Seychelles]] for purposes of timber trade followed by settlements of Tamils from Tamil Nadu for trading purposes. Later, a trading community was in place here mainly of Tamils and many of them got integrated with the local community. Now there about 4000 Tamils in the trading business as well as in other professions.

===French West Indies===

{{Main|Indians in French Guiana|Indians in Guadeloupe|Indo-Martiniquais}}
Tamil migration to the [[French West Indies]] was mainly sailings from [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry City]] and [[Karaikal]] during the years 1853 to 1883 and since 1893 almost all of them got well integrated with the people there.

The Puducherry diaspora community in Guadeloupe is estimated to be approximately 55,000 in a population of over 400,000.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-09|title=Indian diaspora in Guadeloupe|url=https://www.newsgram.com/indian-diaspora-in-guadeloupe/|access-date=2020-11-24|website=NewsGram|language=en-US}}</ref> However, ethnicity statistics are not done by the French government. There are several associations to promote [[Indian culture]] in Guadeloupe, usually run by people of Indian origin. They are fairly active in organising cultural activities in all the principal towns, namely, [[Pointe-à-Pitre|Pointe-a-Pitre]], [[Le Moule]], [[Port-Louis, Guadeloupe|Port-Louis]], [[Capesterre-Belle-Eau]] and [[Saint-Claude, Guadeloupe|Saint-Claude]].

The Puducherry diaspora community in Martinique of majority are descendants of indentured labourers from [[India]] who were brought to the island in the nineteenth century. Between 5 and 10% of the population is of [[Tamil people|Tamil]] Indian origin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.caribbean-tour.com/Martinique.html |title=: The Caribbean Island of Martinique |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028062337/http://www.caribbean-tour.com/Martinique.html |archive-date=28 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian diaspora]]
* [[South Indian diaspora]]
* [[Tamil Nadu diaspora]]
* [[Sri Lankan diaspora]]
* [[Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Tamils|India}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pondicherien diaspora}}
[[Category:Indian diaspora]]
[[Category:Tamil diaspora]]
[[Category:Demographic history of India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Réunion]]
[[Category:People from Puducherry|Diaspora]]
[[Category:Coromandel Coast]]

Basistha Temple

2026-03-17T12:48:05Z

Augustine V. Williams:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2009}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Basishta Temple
|creator = [[Rajeswar Singha]]
|district = [[Guwahati]]
|year_completed = {{start date and age|1764}}
|image = Basistha temple.jpg
|caption = Basistha Mandir
|map_type =
|deity = [[Shiva]]
|state = [[Assam]]
|architecture = [[Nilachal architecture]]
|coordinates = {{coord|26|05|42|N|91|47|04|E|display=inline,title}}
}}

{{Hinduism}}
'''Basistha temple''' ({{IPA|/bəˈsɪsθə/|3=ipa}}), is a [[Shiva]] [[mandir]] located in the south-east corner of [[Guwahati]] city, [[Assam]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basistha Temple in Guwahati, Basistha Ashram Temple in Guwahati |url=https://www.guwahationline.in/city-guide/amp/basistha-temple |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=www.guwahationline.in}}</ref>

Temple in the ashram stands on the bank of the three mythical mountain streams-Sandhya, Lalita, Kanta- originating from the hills of Meghalaya, which becomes the rivers Basistha and Bahini/Bharalu flowing through the city.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basistha Temple {{!}} Shiva Mandir, Guwahati, Assam - Hindu Temples |url=https://rgyan.com/en/temples/basistha-temple |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=rgyan.com}}</ref>

==Basisthashram==
[[File:Basistha Temple, Guwahati.jpg|150px|thumb|right| Basistha Temple, Guwahati]]
This [[ashram]] is believed to be the home of sage Basistha. The ashram is located a few kilometers (10-12) from [[Guwahati]], on the outskirts of [[Garbhanga Wildlife Sanctuary|Garbhanga reserve forest]] which has a population of elephants. This Garbhanga reserve forest is also a proposed butterfly reserve. Although the ashram has a temple but still the cave in which the [[Rishi Muni|Muni]] Vasistha is believed to have meditated is located 5 km inside the ashram. The ashram also has a waterfall.<ref name=":0" />

==History==
The site has evidence of a stone temple which once stood at this spot around 1000-1100 CE. A brick temple was built in mid 18th Century upon the remains of the stone temple of an earlier period. It is an octagonal shaped temple at the base with a polygonal sikhara over it. The temple has a sunken garbhagriha which is believed to have the foot impression of the sage Vasistha, who is believed to have had his asrama in this area in the remote past. The existing octagonal brick temple was built by [[Ahom Dynasty|Ahom]] king Swargadeo [[Rajeswar Singha]] during his period of reign from 1751 to 1769.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basistha Temple, Guwahati - Info, Timings, Photos, History |url=https://www.templepurohit.com/hindu-temple/basistha-temple-guwahati/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=TemplePurohit - Your Spiritual Destination {{!}} Bhakti, Shraddha Aur Ashirwad |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindu Temples in Assam}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Assam]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]
[[Category:1764 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Dispur]]

{{India-Hindu-temple-stub}}

Rao Ramesh

2026-03-17T09:04:26Z

Augustine V. Williams: fixes

{{Family name hatnote|Rao|lang=Telugu}}
{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1968)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rao Ramesh
| image = Rao Ramesh at Mukunda success meet.jpg
| caption = Rao Ramesh at the success meet of ''[[Mukunda]]'' in December 2014
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age| 1968 |5|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Srikakulam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<ref name="idle">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/raoramesh.html|title=Rao Ramesh - Telugu Cinema interview - Telugu film actor|website=www.idlebrain.com|accessdate=16 February 2025|archive-date=13 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213151813/https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/raoramesh.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| occupation = Actor
| spouse =
| parents = [[Rao Gopal Rao]] (father)
| imagesize =
| othername =
| yearsactive =
}}
'''Rao Ramesh ''' (born 25 May 1968) is an Indian actor who works primarily in [[Telugu cinema]], [[Telugu theatre|theatre]], and television apart from some Tamil films.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/the-director-of-abbayitho-ammayi-opens-up-on-the-making-and-the-experience-of-working-with-ilayaraja/article8008341.ece|title=Ramesh Varma plays true to the script|author=Srivathsan Nadadhur|work=The Hindu|date=20 December 2015|archive-date=27 September 2021|access-date=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927094120/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/the-director-of-abbayitho-ammayi-opens-up-on-the-making-and-the-experience-of-working-with-ilayaraja/article8008341.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He is the son of veteran actor [[Rao Gopal Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=kavirayani|first=suresh|date=2017-06-17|title=Rao Ramesh lives up to his father's name|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/170617/rao-ramesh-lives-up-to-his-fathers-name.html|access-date=2020-06-03|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029075922/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/170617/rao-ramesh-lives-up-to-his-fathers-name.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Rao Ramesh initially appeared in ''[[Seema Simham]]'' (2002), ''[[Okkadunnadu]]'' (2007), before getting a [[breakthrough role]] in [[Krish (director)|Krish]]'s ''[[Gamyam]]'' (2008), portraying a reformed [[Naxalite]], he received critical acclaim for his portrayal and the film went on to become one of the highest grossing Telugu films of the year.<ref name="idle" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rao-Ramesh-makes-a-mark/articleshow/16602184.cms|title=Rao Ramesh makes a mark|work=The Times of India|date=15 January 2017|archive-date=6 November 2014|access-date=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106151052/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rao-Ramesh-makes-a-mark/articleshow/16602184.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

His subsequent films, ''[[Kotha Bangaru Lokam]]'' (2008), ''[[Avakai Biryani]]'' (2008) and [[S. S. Rajamouli]]'s ''[[Magadheera]]'' (2009) were box office hits, and his role in the latter as a hunchbacked old Tantric won him further acclaim.<ref name="idle" /> Throughout the early 2010s, Rao Ramesh became a popular supporting actor and described that by 2015, he was in the "best phase of his career".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150803/entertainment-tollywood/article/rao-ramesh%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98best-phase%E2%80%99|title=Rao Ramesh's 'best phase'|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=6 June 2024|archive-date=12 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212115313/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150803/entertainment-tollywood/article/rao-ramesh%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98best-phase%E2%80%99|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Rao Ramesh was born on 25 May 1968 to actor [[Rao Gopal Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kavirayani|first=Suresh|date=2017-06-17|title=Rao Ramesh lives up to his father's name|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/170617/rao-ramesh-lives-up-to-his-fathers-name.html|access-date=2020-09-17|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029075922/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/170617/rao-ramesh-lives-up-to-his-fathers-name.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-25|title=Makers of 'KGF 2' release new birthday poster for actor Rao Ramesh|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/makers-kgf-2-release-new-birthday-poster-actor-rao-ramesh-149496|access-date=2021-05-26|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526052309/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/makers-kgf-2-release-new-birthday-poster-actor-rao-ramesh-149496|url-status=live}}</ref> He was brought up in [[Chennai]]. His initial schooling was from Sri Ramakrishna Mission School in T. Nagar and later completed a degree in Communications before getting into Still-photography. He later joined K. S. Prakasa Rao, a cinematographer and father of [[K. Raghavendra Rao]], as an assistant before going to Bangalore to learn industrial photography.<ref name="idle"/>

== Early career ==

Rao Ramesh began acting in a television series directed by Ghantasala Ratna Kumar, but the production was shelved amidst schedules.<ref name="idle"/> He subsequently moved back to [[Chennai]] and started acting in soap operas such as ''Pavithra Bandham'' and ''Kalavari Kodalu'', and shot for over 1000 episodes in the space of four and half years.<ref name="idle"/>

==Filmography==
===Telugu===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | Title
!scope="col" | Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2002
|''[[Seema Simham]]''
| Hema's brother
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Okkadunnadu]]''
| Man searching for Bombay Blood Group
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2008
|''[[Gamyam]]''
| Naxalite
|
|-
|''[[Kotha Bangaru Lokam]]''
| Lecturer
|
|-
|''[[Avakai Biryani]]''
| Masterji
|
|-
|''[[Dongala Bandi]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2009
|''[[Fitting Master]]''
|Varun
|
|-
|''[[Kick (2009 film)|Kick]]''
| Naina's uncle
|
|-
| ''[[Magadheera]]''
| Ghora
|
|-
|''[[Villagelo Vinayakudu]]''
| Colonel Lakshmipati
|
|-
|rowspan="8"|2010
|''[[Inkosaari]]''
|Revanth
|
|-
|''[[Leader (2010 film)|Leader]]''
| Mavayya
|
|-
|''[[Aakasa Ramanna]]''
| Ali
|
|-
|''[[Varudu]]''
| Umesh Gupta
|
|-
|''[[Maryada Ramanna]]''
| Broker
|
|-
|''[[Shambo Shiva Shambo]]''
|Karna's friend
|
|-
|''Sye Aata''
|
|
|-
|''[[Khaleja]]''
| Tantrik
|
|-
|rowspan="9"|2011
|''[[Mirapakay]]''
| College principal
|
|-
|''[[Seema Tapakai]]''
| Narsimha
|
|-
|''[[Chattam]]''
| Prakash
|
|-
|''[[Badrinath (film)|Badrinath]]''
|
|
|-
|''Amayakudu''
|Krishna's uncle
|
|-
|''[[Aakasame Haddu]]''
|College Principal
|
|-
|''[[Pilla Zamindar]]''
| Military Rajanna
|
|-
|''[[Solo (2011 film)|Solo]]''
|Gautham's foster uncle
|
|-
|''[[Friends Book]]''
|Police Inspector
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2012
|''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]''
| Minister Pradeep Kumar
|
|-
|''[[All the Best (film)|All the Best]]''
| Babji
|
|-
|''[[Julai]]''
| ACP Raja Manikyam
|
|-
|''[[Srimannarayana]]''
| Marthand Rao
|
|-
|''[[Bus Stop (2012 film)|Bus Stop]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="14"|2013
|''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]''
| Geetha’s father
|
|-
|''[[3G Love]]''
| Shanti's father
|
|-
|''[[Shadow (2013 film)|Shadow]]''
| Sivaji
|
|-
|''[[Sukumarudu]]''
| SVR
|
|-
|''[[Iddarammayilatho]]''
| Central Minister
|
|-
|''[[Balupu]]''
| A. R. Naidu
|
|-
|''[[Mallela Theeram Lo Sirimalle Puvvu]]''
| Lakshmi's father
|
|-
|''[[Om 3D]]''
| Byrreddy
|
|-
|''[[Anthaka Mundu Aa Tarvatha]]''
| Anil's father
|
|-
| ''[[Prema Oka Maikam]]''
|Vamshi
|
|-
|''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''
| Shekhar
|[[T. Subbarami Reddy|TSR]] – [[TV9 Telugu|TV9 National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
|-
|''[[Doosukeltha]]''
| Sarweshwar
|
|-
|''[[Ramayya Vasthavayya]]''
| [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Officer Avinash
|
|-
|''[[Kaalicharan]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="19" |2014
|''Kshatriya''
|
|
|-
|''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]''
| Jaidev's uncle
|
|-
|''[[Kotha Janta]]''
| Ramesh
|
|-
|''Poga''
|
|
|-
|''[[Amrutham Chandamamalo]]''
| Chandu
|
|-
|''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade]]''
| Venky's uncle
|
|-
|''[[Geethanjali (2014 film)|Geethanjali]]''
| Ramesh Rao

|
|-
|''[[Race Gurram]]''
|Sekhar Chandra
|
|-
|''[[Nee Jathaga Nenundali]]''
| Sravan
|
|-
|''[[Karthikeya (film)|Karthikeya]]''
| Prudhvi Raj
|
|-
|''[[Rabhasa]]''
|Raghava
|
|-
|''[[Aagadu]]''
| Police Commissioner Ramachandra Rao
|
|-
|''[[Rowdy Fellow]]''
| Asuragana Durga Prasad
|
|-
|''[[Jump Jilani]]''
|Jewellery owner
|
|-
|''[[Lakshmi Raave Maa Intiki]]''
| Sarvesh Anand Rao
|
|-
|''[[Saheba Subramanyam]]''
| Police officer
|
|-
|''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]''
| Rajendra
|
|-
|''Mana Kurralle''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mukunda]]''
| Municipal Chairman
|Nominated{{Ndash}}[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu]]
|-
| rowspan="14" |2015
|''[[Bandipotu (2015 film)|Bandipotu]]''
| Seshagiri
|
|-
|''[[Rey (film)|Rey]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]''
| Pallavi's father
|
|-
|''[[Dohchay]]''
| Chandu's father
|
|-
|''[[Pandaga Chesko]]''
| Mr. Rai
|
|-
|''[[Cinema Choopistha Mava]]''
| Somnath Chatterjee
|
|-
|''[[Bruce Lee: The Fighter]]''
| Rama Chandra Rao
|
|-
|''[[Mirchi Lanti Kurradu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Size Zero (film)|Size Zero]]''
| Sweety's father
|
|-
|''[[Sher (film)|Sher]]''
| Raghuram
|
|-
|''[[Bengal Tiger (2015 film)|Bengal Tiger]]''
| Home Minister Nagappa
|
|-
|''[[Tripura (film)|Tripura]]''
|Psychology professor
|
|-
|''[[Shankaraabharanam (2015 film)|Shankaraabharanam]]''
| Badrinath Thakur
|
|-
|''[[Where Is Vidya Balan]]''
| Dr. Harsha
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/where-is-vidya-balan-nothing-to-do-with-vidya/article7357973.ece|title=Where is Vidya Balan: Nothing to do with Vidya|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 June 2015|last1=Chowdhary|first1=Y. Sunita|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203093017/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/where-is-vidya-balan-nothing-to-do-with-vidya/article7357973.ece|archive-date=3 December 2023|access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="10"|2016
|''[[Abbayitho Ammayi]]''
|Prardhana's father
|
|-
|''[[Speedunnodu]]''
| Ramachandrappa
|
|-
|''[[Sardaar Gabbar Singh]]''
| Ramesh Talwar
|
|-
|''[[Brahmotsavam (film)|Brahmotsavam]]''
| Peddabbai
|
|-
|''[[Srirastu Subhamastu]]''
| Jagannatham
|
|-
|''[[A Aa]]''
| Pallam Venkanna
|Nominated{{Ndash}}[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]
|-
|''Om Sai Ram''
|
|
|-
|''[[Hyper (2016 film)|Hyper]]''
| Minister Rajappa
|
|-
|''[[Jaguar (2016 film)|Jaguar]]''
| Dr. Ramachandran
|
|-
|''[[Naanna Nenu Naa Boyfriends]]''
| Raghava Rao
|
|-
|rowspan="8"|2017
|''[[Nenu Local]]''
| Bride's father
|
|-
|''[[Om Namo Venkatesaya]]''
| Govindarajulu
|
|-
|''[[Gunturodu]]''
| Krishna Rao
|
|-
|''[[Katamarayudu]]''
| Narsappa
|
|-
|''[[Keshava (film)|Keshava]]''
| Krishna Murthy
|
|-
|''[[Duvvada Jagannadham]]''
| Royyala Naidu
|Nominated{{Ndash}}[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu]]
|-
|''[[Yuddham Sharanam]]''
| Murali Krishna
|
|-
|''[[Raju Gari Gadhi 2]]''
| Parandhamaiah
|
|-
|rowspan="16"|2018
|''[[Ego (2018 film)|EGO]]''
| Soundarajan
|
|-
|''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]''
| Varma
|
|-
|''Chalte Chalte''
|Santosh's father
|
|-
|''[[Howrah Bridge (2018 film)|Howrah Bridge]]''
|Rao Ramesh
|
|-
| ''[[Hyderabad Love Story]]''
| Gopal Rao
|
|-
|''[[Ammammagarillu]]''
| P. K. Babu Rao
|
|-
|''[[Chal Mohan Ranga]]''
| Ramesh
|
|-
|''[[Bharat Ane Nenu]]''
| Head Constable Ramachandra
|<ref name = "shooting a romantic number">{{cite news |last=Jayakrishnan |date=14 March 2018 |title=Mahesh Babu and Kiara Advani shooting a romantic number for 'Bharat Ane Nenu' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-and-kiara-advani-shooting-a-romantic-number-for-bharat-ane-nenu/articleshow/63301613.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 March 2018 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053719/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-and-kiara-advani-shooting-a-romantic-number-for-bharat-ane-nenu/articleshow/63301613.cms%20 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Naa Peru Surya]]''
| Surya's godfather
|
|-
|''[[Raju Gadu]]''
| Anji
|
|-
|''[[RX 100 (film)|RX100]]''
| Vishwanadham
|<ref>{{cite news|title='RX 100' pre-look poster: Karthikeya starrer promises to be an incredible love story|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rx-100-pre-look-poster-karthikeya-starrer-promises-to-be-an-incredible-love-story/articleshow/63138165.cms|newspaper=Times of India|date=2 March 2018|archive-date=21 July 2018|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721083023/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rx-100-pre-look-poster-karthikeya-starrer-promises-to-be-an-incredible-love-story/articleshow/63138165.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Saakshyam]]''
| Tagore
|
|-
|''[[Devadas (2018 film)|Devadas]]''
| Dr. Bharadwaj
|
|-
|''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]''
| Krishna Reddy
|
|-
|''[[Savyasachi (2018 film)|Savyasachi]]''
| Dr. Rajan
|
|-
|''[[24 Kisses]]''
|Murthy
|
|-
|rowspan="15"|2019
|''[[Manmadhudu 2]]''
| Attharu Pushparaju
|
|-
|''[[Operation Gold Fish]]''
| S.K. Sharma
|
|-
|''Prashnista''
| Raghupathi
|
|-
|''[[Mr. Majnu]]''
| Siva Prasad
|
|-
|''[[Majili]]''
| Rama Chandra Rao
|
|-
|''[[Yatra (2019 film)|Yatra]]''
| [[K. V. P. Ramachandra Rao]]
|
|-
|''[[Chitralahari (film)|Chitralahari]]''
| Lawyer Purushottam
|
|-
|''[[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]]''
| Lawyer
|
|-
|''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]''
| Chandrasekhar
|
|-
|''[[1st Rank Raju (2019 film)|1st Rank Raju]]''
| School Principal
|
|-
|''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh! Baby]]''
| Nani / Shekar
|
|-
| ''[[Oorantha Anukuntunnaru]]'' || Shivanaidu
|
|-
|''[[90ML (2019 Telugu film)|90ML]]''
| Kshunaakar Rao
|
|-
|''[[Venky Mama]]''
| [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Pasupathi
|
|-
|''[[Prati Roju Pandage]]''
| Anand Rao
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]''
| Raghava
|
|-
|''[[Solo Brathuke So Better]]''
|Virat's uncle
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2021
|''[[A1 Express]]''
| Sports Minister Rao Ramesh
|
|-
|''[[Sreekaram]]''
| Kesavulu
|
|-
|''[[Narappa]]''
| Lawyer Varadarajulu
|
|-
|''[[Tuck Jagadish]]''
| Devudu Babu
|
|-
|''[[Seetimaarr]]''
| Kadiyam Brother
|
|-
|''[[Maha Samudram]]''
| Gooni Babji
|
|-
| ''[[Akhanda]] ''
| Raju
|
|-
|''[[Pelli SandaD]]''
| Vashishta's father

|
|-
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
| Bhoomireddy Siddappa Naidu
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2022
|''[[Bangarraju]]''
| Ramesh
|
|-
|''[[Khiladi (2022 film)|Khiladi]]''
| Raja Shekhar
|
|-
|''[[Bheemla Nayak]]''
| Nagaraju
|
|-
|''[[Pakka Commercial]]''
|Vivek
|
|-
|''[[Swathi Muthyam (2022 film)|Swathi Muthyam]]''
|Bala's father
|
|-
|''Leharaayi''
|Meghana’s father
|
|-
|''[[HIT: The Second Case]]''
| DGP Nageswara Rao IPS
|
|-
|''[[Yashoda (film)|Yashoda]]''
|Central Minister Giridhar
|
|-
|''[[Dhamaka (2022 film)|Dhamaka]]''
|Ramesh Reddy
|Nominated{{Ndash}}[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |2023
|''[[Das Ka Dhamki]]''
|Sanjay's uncle
|
|-
|''[[Ravanasura (film)|Ravanasura]]''
|Home minister Mudi Reddy
|
|-
|''[[Anni Manchi Sakunamule]]''
|Diwakar
|
|-
|''[[Peddha Kapu 1]]''
|Satya Rangaiah
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-28 |title=Peddha Kapu: Part 1 film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/peddha-kapu-part-1/movieshow/100759702.cms |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=[[Times of India]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002194439/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/peddha-kapu-part-1/movieshow/100759702.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Extra Ordinary Man]]''
|Somasekhar
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2024
|''[[Guntur Kaaram]]''
| Pakka Rajagopal "Gopal" Narayana
|
|-
|''[[Geethanjali Malli Vachindi]]''
|Ramesh Rao
|
|-
|''[[Maruthi Nagar Subramanyam]]''
|Subramanyam
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-03-23 |title=Rao Ramesh’s ‘Maruthinagar Subramanyam’ 1st song is an instant chartbuster |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/rao-rameshs-maruthinagar-subramanyam-1st-song-is-an-instant-chartbuster-867307 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326104733/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/rao-rameshs-maruthinagar-subramanyam-1st-song-is-an-instant-chartbuster-867307 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
|Bhoomireddy Siddappa Naidu
|
|-
|''[[Bachchala Malli]]''
|Kaveri's father
|
|-
|''[[Naa Saami Ranga]]''
|Varadaraju
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2025
|[[Mazaka|''Mazaka'']]
|Venkata Ramana
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2024 |title=Sundeep Kishan-Thrinadha Rao Nakkina's Majaka to be a festival entertainer |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/23/sundeep-kishan-thrinadha-rao-nakkinas-majaka-to-be-a-festival-entertainer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927130041/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/23/sundeep-kishan-thrinadha-rao-nakkinas-majaka-to-be-a-festival-entertainer |archive-date=27 September 2024 |accessdate=16 February 2025 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
|''[[HIT: The Third Case]]''
| DGP Nageswara Rao IPS
|
|-
|[[Sri Sri Sri Raja Vaaru|''Sri Sri Sri Raja Vaaru'']]
|Krishnamurthy
|
|-
|''[[Junior (2025 film)|Junior]]''
|Gopal
|
|-
|''[[Andhra King Taluka]]''
|Simhadri
|
|-
|''[[The Girlfriend (2025 film)|The Girlfriend]]''
|Bhooma’s father
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |title=‘The Girlfriend’ movie review: A brilliant Rashmika fronts Rahul Ravindran’s slow burn, brave take on stifling relationships |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-girlfriend-movie-review-rashmika-mandanna-and-dheekshith-shetty-star-in-rahul-ravindrans-slow-burn-telugu-romance-drama/article70252014.ece |work=The Hindu |date=7 November 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[Anaganaga Oka Raju]]''
|Pedapalem Bhupathi Raju
|<ref>{{cite news |title= 'Anaganaga Oka Raju' Review: Time-Pass with Routine Laughs |url= https://mobi.greatandhra.com/article/anaganaga-oka-raju-review-time-pass-with-routine-laughs/152119/amp |work=The Greatandhra |date=14 January 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[Ustaad Bhagat Singh]]''
|}

===Tamil===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Tamil film performances
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | Title
!scope="col" | Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2009
|''Kadhalna Summa Illai''
| Naxalite
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Easan]]''
|Neethirajan
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Size Zero (film)|Inji Iduppazhagi]]''
| Sweety's father
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Saagasam]]''
|Commissioner Rajamanikam
|
|-
|2021
|[[Jai Bhim (film)|''Jai Bhim'']]
|Attorney General Ram Mohan
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Naai Sekar Returns]]''
|Max [[Also known as|aka]] Meganathan
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Chandramukhi 2]]''
| Guruji
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Vettaiyan]]''
| [[Director general of police|DGP]] D. Shrinivas
|
|-
|''[[Brother (2024 film)|Brother]]''
| Sivagurunathan [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Kiss (2025 film)| Kiss]]''
|Marcus
|
|}

===Kannada===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Kannada film performances
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | Title
!scope="col" | Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2016
|''[[Jaguar (2016 film)|Jaguar]]''
|Dr. Ramachandran
|
|-
|2022
|''[[K.G.F: Chapter 2]]''
|Kanneganti Raghavan
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Junior (2025 film)|Junior]]''
|
|
|}
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | Title
!scope="col" | Role
!scope="col" | Network
!scope="col" |Language
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes

2003-2005
Jayam
Etv Telugu India

|-
|2000{{Ndash}}2003
|''Pavithra Bandam''
|.

|[[Gemini TV]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|2005
|''Nilavai Pudippom''
|Chidambaram
|[[Raj TV]]
|rowspan="2"|Tamil

|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bPQQWmn1hsM|title=Nilavai Pidippom - episode 55|work=Raj TV|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814133133/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bPQQWmn1hsM&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2006
|''Chellamadi Nee Enakku''
| Siva's father
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhJmiF6GtJM|title=Chellamadi Nee Enakku - episode 229|work=Abinaya TV|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814133133/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhJmiF6GtJM&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|''Kalavari Kodallu''
|
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb name|3559559}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramesh, Rao}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:People from Srikakulam]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu theatre]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]

Sikander 2

2026-03-14T11:06:48Z

Augustine V. Williams:

{{Short description|2019 film by Manav Shah}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{About||the Lodi Sultan of Hindustan|Sikandar Khan Lodi{{!}}Sikandar II}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sikander 2
| image = Sikander 2 (poster).jpg
| caption = Official Poster of Sikander 2
| director = Manav Shah
| producer = {{plainlist|
*[[KV Dhillon]]
*Swapan Monga
*Khushwinder Parmar
*Anmol Monga}}
| screenplay = Dheeraj Rattan
| writer = {{Plainlist|
*[[Dheeraj Rattan]]
*Gurpreet Bhullar}}
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Guri (singer)|Guri]]
* Kartar Cheema
* Sawan Rupowali
* Shubh Sandhu
* Nikeet Dhillon}}
| music = Amar Mohile
| cinematography = Akshdeep Pandey
| editing = Bharat S Rawat
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Geet MP3
* Monga Brothers}}
| distributor = White Hill Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|8|2|}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| budget =
}}

'''''Sikander 2'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/previews/sikander-2/articleshow/70160420.cms|title='Sikander 2' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=10 July 2019 |language=en|access-date=14 February 2020|archive-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901002155/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/previews/sikander-2/articleshow/70160420.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> is an Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi-language]] [[action film]] directed by Manav Shah and written by [[Dheeraj Rattan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sikander-2-the-teaser-of-guris-debut-movie-is-out/articleshow/69630453.cms|title=Sikander 2: The teaser of Guri's debut movie is out|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=15 June 2021|date=3 June 2019|archive-date=26 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226224459/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sikander-2-the-teaser-of-guris-debut-movie-is-out/articleshow/69630453.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/sikander-2-a-narrative-on-student-politics-and-action-this-sequel-does-not-disappoint-811933|title=Sikander 2: A narrative on student politics and action, this sequel does not disappoint|last=Service|first=Tribune News|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|access-date=14 February 2020|archive-date=8 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808232454/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/movie-review/sikander-2-a-narrative-on-student-politics-and-action-this-sequel-does-not-disappoint-811933|url-status=live}}</ref> It stars Kartar Cheema, [[Guri (singer)|Guri]] and Sawan Rupowali in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sikander-2-punjabi-singer-guri-turns-actor-for-a-manav-shah-film/articleshow/66328513.cms|title=Sikander 2: Punjabi singer Guri turns actor for a Manav Shah film - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=23 October 2018 |language=en|access-date=14 February 2020|archive-date=24 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324191108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sikander-2-punjabi-singer-guri-turns-actor-for-a-manav-shah-film/articleshow/66328513.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released theatrically on 2 August 2019. It is a sequel to Jatinder Mauhar's 2013 political action film ''Sikander'' with Cheema reprising his role, another sequel titled ''[[Sikander 3]]'', starring Cheema, is in the works.<ref>{{Citation |title=Sikander 3 ਲੈ ਕੇ ਜਲਦ ਆਓਣਗੇ Kartar Cheema {{!}} Punjabi Cinema {{!}} Sanjha TV | date=8 March 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pP9FQb149M |access-date=2023-09-13 |language=en}}. 8 March 2023.</ref>

==Plot==
When his adoptive brother flees after running afoul of a vicious gang, Sikander attempts to locate him. After leaving his dark past behind, Sikander starts afresh in a distant village, where he is welcomed by a loving family as one of their own. However, when the only son of the family gets mixed with the wrong crowd and finds his life in danger, Sikander is left with no choice but to return to his old ways in order to save the youngster.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghaintpunjab.com/GhaintPunjab/Article/22152/sikander-2-review-punjabi-movie-2019|title=Sikander 2 Review: Superb Film, Enjoyed Every Single Minute Of It!|website=Ghaint Punjab|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Kartar Cheema as Teji, whose nickname is Sikander
* [[Guri (singer)|Guri]] as Balli
* Sawan Rupowali as Kiran
* [[Nikeet Dhillon]] as Bindu
* Shubh Sandhu as Jodha
* Rahul Jungral as Lakha
* Manjit Singh as Shimla

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sikander 2
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Jass Manak, Karan Aujla, [[Sidhu Moose Wala]], Guri, Himmat Sandhu
| cover =
| alt =
| released = June 2019
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 16:04
| label = Geet MP3
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
| audio1 =
}}

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 16:04
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sikander
| extra1 = [[Karan Aujla]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/sikander-2-karan-aujla-croons-the-title-track-for-the-movie/articleshow/70466293.cms|title=Sikander 2: Karan Aujla croons the title track for the movie - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=31 July 2019 |language=en|access-date=14 February 2020|archive-date=10 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110085209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/sikander-2-karan-aujla-croons-the-title-track-for-the-movie/articleshow/70466293.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| length1 = 2:58
| title2 = Bandook
| extra2 = [[Jass Manak (singer)|Jass Manak]]
| length2 = 2:57
| title3 = Hathyar
| extra3 = [[Sidhu Moose Wala]]
| length3 = 3:08
| title4 = Rabb Wangu
| extra4 = Jass Manak
| length4 = 2:25
| title5 = Door Ho Geya
| extra5 = Guri
| length5 = 3:28
| title6 = Zorawar Jatt
| extra6 = Himmat Sandhu
| length6 = 2:18
| all_writing =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
}}

== Accolades ==

At [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2020]], the film received the most nominations (13 nominations), including Critics Award for Best Film, Best Actor Critics' (for Kartar Cheema), and Best Direction (for Manav Shah).<ref>{{Cite web|title=PTC Voting – Voting Website for PTC Punjabi|url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/voting/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200601023904/https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/voting/|archive-date=1 June 2020|language=en-US|access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian political films]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]

Yagna (film)

2026-03-03T21:48:56Z

Augustine V. Williams: added new info

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|2009 Kannada-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yagna (ಯಜ್ನ)
| image =
| caption =
| director = Krishna Brahma
| producer = R Shankar
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Sriimurali]]
*Priyanka
}}
| narrator =
| music = Murali
| cinematography = A R Niranjan Babu
| editing = Govardhan
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|04|17}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Yagna''''' ({{langx|kn|ಯಜ್ನ}}) is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by Krishna Brahma, starring [[Sriimurali]] and Priyanka in the lead roles.

==Cast==

* [[Sriimurali]] as Anji
* Priyanka as Yagna
* [[Satya Prakash (actor)|Sathya Prakash]] as Raj
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Varadaraj
* [[Om Prakash Rao]]
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
* [[M. S. Narayana]]

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Yagna
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Murali Krishna
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:22
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2008
| year = 2009
| next_title =
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| Jb1sfOcnzy0| Yagna- Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 20:22
| title1 = Mana Midiyuva
| extra1 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], Sunitha Iyer
| length1 = 4:40
| title2 = Dhum Idre Baaro
| extra2 = [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemant Kumar]], Sunitha Iyer
| length2 = 3:36
| title3 = Ee Nayana
| extra3 = [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| length3 = 4:05
| title4 = Kogileye
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Priyadarshini
| length4 = 4:01
| title5 = Kanda Kshana
| extra5 = M N Krupakar, Priyadarshini
| length5 = 4:00
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

A critic from [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "The suspense begins when Yagna’s friends start getting killed one by one. Anji kills Raj , a dejected lover, who used to frighten the bungalow’s inmates
In the climax, the director reveals that Anji is a police inspector who was assigned to investigate the mysterious deaths and Yagna is the owner of that bungalow.
If you manage to sit through this film, it will be a miracle".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/cities/bengaluru/2009/apr/18/new-age-kids-dabble-in-traditional-arts-42103.html|title=New-age kids dabble in traditional arts|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=18 April 2009}}</ref> A critic from [[Rediff.com]] scored the film at 1 out of 5 stars and says "Sree Murali once again proves that he is a good actor who unfortunately chooses the wrong films. He is good in the climax as well as in the fight sequences. Debutant Priyanka indulges in lot of skin show in the dance sequences. Om Prakash Rao's comedy gets to your nerves. Camera work of Niranjan Babu is passable while Sree Murali's music is very ordinary. All in all, a horror film you won't miss seeing".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2009/apr/17avoid-yagna.htm|title=Avoid Yagna|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=17 April 2009}}</ref> A critic from [[The Times of India]] scored the film at 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "While Srimurali has given his best, Priyanka is impressive. Omprakash Rao shines. Camerawork by Niranjan is poor. The less said the better about music by Murali".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/yagna/movie-review/4417766.cms?from=mdr|title=YAGNA MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 May 2016}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "Deaths ensue and Aaji has the task of finding out the cause. Like in most such films, the climax reveals that various characters are not what actually they were made out to be. Disconnect between scenes, virtual absence of characterisation and bad narration makes Yagna a torture to watch".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/yagna-horrible-not-horrifying/articleshow/22165827.cms|title=Yagna: Horrible not horrifying|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=17 April 2009}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]

Valari (film)

2026-03-03T09:12:12Z

Augustine V. Williams: added new stub

{{Short description|2024 Indian Telugu-language film by M Mrithika Santhoshini}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Valari (film).jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[M Mrithika Santhoshini]]
| writer = [[M Mrithika Santhoshini]]
| screenplay = [[M Mrithika Santhoshini]]
| story = [[M Mrithika Santhoshini]]
| producer = K Sathya Saibaba
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Ritika Singh]]
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Sriram]]
}}
| cinematography = Sujatha Siddharth
| editing = Tammiraju
| music = TS Vishnu
| studio =
| distributor = [[ETV Win]]
| released = {{Film date|2024|3|6|df=y}}
| runtime = 123 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Valari''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Horror film|horror]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film written and directed by M Mrithika Santhoshini in her directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cherukuri |first=Abhilasha |date=2024-03-14 |title=Mrithika Santoshini: The woman behind 'Valari' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2024/Mar/14/mrithika-santoshini-the-woman-behind-valari |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film features [[Ritika Singh]] and [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Sriram]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valari Review: రివ్యూ: వళరి.. రితికా సింగ్‌ నటించిన హారర్‌ మూవీ ఎలా ఉందంటే? |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/valari-movie-review-in-telugu-starrer-ritika-singh-etv-win/0203/124045066 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=EENADU |language=te |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518223258/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/valari-movie-review-in-telugu-starrer-ritika-singh-etv-win/0203/124045066 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film was released on 6 March 2024 on [[ETV Win]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=Valari On OTT: Telugu Horror Movie Is Currently Streaming On THIS OTT Platform |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/valari-on-ott-telugu-horror-movie-is-currently-streaming-on-this-ott-platform-etv-win-10138390 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The Daily Jagran |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A possessed 13-year-old girl murders her parents and brother in a horrific incident. Years later, Divya Dharshini ([[Ritika Singh]]), a devoted homemaker, lives a happy life with her husband, Navy captain Naveen Naidu ([[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Sriram]]), and their young son (Pharrnitha Rudra Raju). Divya begins to experience a recurring nightmare—vivid visions of the murders—which leave her deeply unsettled.

When Naveen is transferred from Chennai to the coastal port town of Krishnapatnam, the family initially stays in government quarters. From the moment Divya arrives, she feels a strange pull toward an old, abandoned colonial-era bungalow on the outskirts of town. One day, while dropping her son off at school, she notices the bungalow and takes photographs of it. During this visit, her son finds a hairpin and brings it home. Soon afterward, inexplicable events begin to occur: the blender turns on by itself, and the wallpaper and WhatsApp status on Divya’s phone repeatedly change to photos of the abandoned house.

Determined to uncover the truth, Divya visits the registrar’s office to learn more about the bungalow’s history and ownership. While collecting the necessary documents, she is involved in an accident and develops amnesia. As time passes, the boundary between her dreams and reality blurs. Items from her nightmares—such as an old doll, a cracked mirror, and a crimson scarf—appear in real life.

Divya's investigation, reluctantly supported by her skeptical husband, leads her to uncover a dark family secret spanning generations, involving betrayal, revenge, and a vengeful spirit trapped in a cycle of violence. She ultimately realizes that the 13-year-old girl from her visions is connected to her own past, and the murders may have a chilling link to her family.

==Cast==
* [[Ritika Singh]] as Divya Dharshini
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Sriram]] as Naveen Naidu, a Navy captain
* [[Uttej]] as Ramachandra
* [[Subbaraju]] as Rudra, a psychiatrist
* Pharrnitha Rudra Raju as Divya and Naveen's son
* Keshav Deepak
* Siddharth Gollapudi

== Release and reception ==
''Valari'' was released on 6 March 2024 on [[ETV Win]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-29 |title=Eagle, Hanu-Man, Valari: Highly anticipated Telugu OTT releases in March |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/eagle-hanu-man-valari-highly-anticipated-telugu-ott-releases-in-march/photostory/108113899.cms?picid=108113916 |access-date=2025-02-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

BH Harsh of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and quoted that the film is "compelling reimagining of the horror genre".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-03-07 |title=Valari review: An uneven yet compelling reimagining of the horror genre |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2024/Mar/07/valari-review-compelling-reimagining-of-the-horror-genre |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' rated it 2.5 out of 5 and gave a mixed review citing it as "a non-routine thriller thats novel", appreciating the lead cast performances.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valari Movie Review - Ritika Singh shines in this otherwise predictable thriller |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/valari-review-the-ritika-singh-horror-thriller-starts-well-but-ends-on-an-unpredictable-note/f7901a7b03434 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418004533/https://www.ottplay.com/review/valari-review-the-ritika-singh-horror-thriller-starts-well-but-ends-on-a-routine-and-predictable-note/f7901a7b03434 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=31435586|title=Valari}}
* [https://www.etvwin.com/original-movies/valari ''Valari''] on [[ETV Win]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:ETV Win original films]]

Japanil Kalyanaraman

2026-03-03T05:21:16Z

Augustine V. Williams: rework information per standard format

{{short description|1985 film by S. P. Muthuraman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Japanil Kalyanaraman
| image = Japanil Kalyanaraman.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. P. Muthuraman]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Meena Panchu Arunachalam
* Sethu Bhaskaran
}}
| writer = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Kamal Haasan]]
* [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
* [[Sathyaraj]]
* [[Tinku (actor)|Master Tinku]]
}}
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = T. S. Vinayagam
| editing = R. Vittal C. Lancy
| studio = P. A. Art Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1985|11|11}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Japanil Kalyanaraman''''' ({{translation|Kalyanaraman in Japan}}) is a 1985 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[S. P. Muthuraman]], starring [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] . A follow-up to ''[[Kalyanaraman (1979 film)|Kalyanaraman]]'' (1979), it is the first sequel film in [[Tamil cinema]]. The film was released on 11 November 1985 and performed poorly at the box office.

== Plot ==
Raman is a journalist who exposes a smuggling and black money racket, which involves the high-profile and his son Narendran, and is about to go public. The magazine is bought by Narendran overnight.

When Raman reveals that he is about to start his own magazine, he is beaten up by Narendran's men. After surviving miraculously, Raman, his son Arun, and the spirit of the now-dead Kalyanaraman, travel to Japan to buy printing equipment and to show Arun around.

In the comedy side plot, Mayilsamy and Muppaathaa win a lucky draw to visit Japan, guided by Munusamy.

Raman meets Radha, who is a waitress in a restaurant, and they gradually fall in love, with the efforts of Kalyanaraman and Arun. Meanwhile, Narendran also travels to Japan to get rid of Raman before he arrives back in India.

The movie ends with Raman helping to arrest Narendran and getting back together with Radha and Arun.

== Cast ==
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Raman and Kalyanam
* [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] as Radha
* [[Sathyaraj]] as Narendran
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Samikannu
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Narendran's Father
* [[Goundamani]] as Mayilsamy
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Muppatha
* [[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as Guide Munusamy
* [[Tinku (actor)|Master Tinku]] as Arun
* ISR as Textile showroom salesman
* Nazeem

== Production ==
''Japanil Kalyanaraman'' is a sequel to the 1979 film ''[[Kalyanaraman (1979 film)|Kalyanaraman]]'', making that the first Tamil film to have a sequel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2017 |title=From 2.0 to Tamizh Padam 2.0: It is the season of sequels in Tamil cinema |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/from-2-0-to-tamizh-padam-2-0-it-is-the-season-of-sequels-in-tamil-cinema/story-Nj4pMFss4fqjJwZsL4cGNM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112133756/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/from-2-0-to-tamizh-padam-2-0-it-is-the-season-of-sequels-in-tamil-cinema/story-Nj4pMFss4fqjJwZsL4cGNM.html |archive-date=12 January 2018 |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |title=Kollywood's franchise factory opens |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kollywood-s-franchise-factory-opens-news-tamil-mfzfiKjchchsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402193125/http://www.sify.com/movies/kollywood-s-franchise-factory-opens-news-tamil-mfzfiKjchchsi.html |archive-date=2 April 2019 |access-date=24 February 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was predominantly shot in Japan,<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2011 |title=Vikram to sizzle with Reema & Shriya! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-to-sizzle-with-reema-shriya-news-tamil-ljtqJXeigahsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229105840/https://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-to-sizzle-with-reema-shriya-news-tamil-ljtqJXeigahsi.html |archive-date=29 December 2019 |access-date=24 February 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> including [[Expo 85 (Tsukuba, Japan)|Expo 85]] exhibition for 15 days and at Hong Kong for seven days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 1985 |title=என்னை கவர்ந்த ஜப்பானியர் சுறுசுறுப்பு |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_230/4.jp2/full/1000,1360/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219045752/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_230/4.jp2/full/1000,1360/0/default.jpg |archive-date=19 December 2024 |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> The buck tooth for Master Tinku was tooth designed by Janakiraman, a dentist.<ref>{{Cite news |last=R |first=Sujatha |date=20 November 2003 |title=Dentist to the stars |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/11/20/stories/2003112009260200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141213143655/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/11/20/stories/2003112009260200.htm |archive-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japanil Kalyanaraman (1985) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623132244/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000063 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |access-date=21 December 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Japanil Kalyanaraman Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraaja |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/japanil-kalyanaraman-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=Macsendisk |language=en-US |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226045216/https://macsendisk.com/product/japanil-kalyanaraman-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:47
| title1 = Appappoi Ammammoi
| note1 =
| extra1 = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| length1 = 4:23
| title2 = Chinna Poo
| note2 =
| extra2 = [[S. Janaki]]
| lyrics2 = Vaali
| length2 = 4:42
| title3 = Radhe En Radhe
| note3 =
| extra3 = M. Ramesh, [[S. Janaki]]
| lyrics3 = Vaali
| length3 = 5:33
| title4 = Vaaya Vaaya
| note4 =
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| lyrics4 = Vaali
| length4 = 4:32
| title5 = Kadhal Un Leelaiya
| note5 =
| extra5 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| lyrics5 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| length5 = 4:24
| title6 = Appappa Thithikkum
| note6 =
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubramanyam
| lyrics6 = Vairamuthu
| length6 = 4:28
| title7 = Theme Music
| note7 =
| extra7 =
| lyrics7 =
| length7 = 2:45
}}

== Reception ==
''Japanil Kalyanaraman'' was released on 11 November 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=11 November 2018 |title=தமிழில் முதல் பார்ட் டூ… ஜப்பானில் கல்யாணராமன்; 33 வருடங்களுக்கு முன்பு… ஓர் ப்ளாஷ்பேக்! |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/9442-japanil-kalyanaraman-33-years-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603114426/https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/9442-japanil-kalyanaraman-33-years-1.html |archive-date=3 June 2019 |access-date=24 February 2021 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=Ta}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote the team had forgotten to pick up the screenplay while travelling to Japan.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=24 November 1985 |title=ஜப்பானில் கல்யாணராமன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-11-24/page/n33/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230226042450/https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-11-24/page/n33/mode/2up |archive-date=26 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=33 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film failed commercially because, according to the director, it "lacked the freshness" of its predecessor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Neeraja |date=15 December 2016 |title=Sequels a reliable recipe for hit films |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sequels-a-reliable-recipe-for-hit-films/articleshow/55992609.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205134308/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sequels-a-reliable-recipe-for-hit-films/articleshow/55992609.cms |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=24 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{S. P. Muthuraman}}

[[Category:1985 Indian films]]
[[Category:1985 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:1985 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Comedy of remarriage films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Muthuraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in Japan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Japan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Panchu Arunachalam]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Japan in non-Japanese culture]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

The Blue Umbrella (2005 film)

2026-03-03T01:17:00Z

Augustine V. Williams: cleanup

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{About|the Indian film|the American short film|The Blue Umbrella (2013 film)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Blue Umbrella
| image = Blueumbrella.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| producer = [[Ronnie Screwvala]] Vishal Bhardwaj
| writer = Vishal Bhardwaj [[Abhishek Chaubey]] Minty
| story = Ruskin Bond
| based_on = ''[[The Blue Umbrella]]'' by [[Ruskin Bond]]
| starring = [[Pankaj Kapur]] [[Shreya Sharma]] [[Deepak Dobriyal]]
| music = Vishal Bhardwaj
| cinematography = Sachin Kumar Krishnan
| editing = Aarif Sheikh
| distributor = [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|10|12|Pusan International Film Festival|2007|08|10|India}}
| runtime = 92 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}} 2,00,00,000
| gross = {{INR}} 36,00,000 (loss)
}}
'''''The Blue Umbrella''''' is a 2005 Indian [[drama film]] based on the novel ''[[The Blue Umbrella]]'' (1980) by [[Ruskin Bond]]. It was directed by [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] and starred [[Shreya Sharma]] and [[Pankaj Kapur]] in lead roles. The music was by Bhardwaj and the lyrics were penned by [[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]].

==Plot ==
The story is set in a small village near [[Banikhet]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and revolves around a nine-year-old girl<ref>[https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/08blue.htm An irresistible Blue Umbrella]</ref> named Biniya, who lives with her mother and elder brother, and the village's only shopkeeper, Nandakishore "Nandu" Khatri. One day while herding her family cows, Biniya comes across a blue-colored [[Oil-paper umbrella|Japanese umbrella]] belonging to a group of tourists. She takes a liking to the umbrella and trades her bear claw necklace, [[Yantra]], to the Japanese tourists in exchange for it. Biniya's mother scolds her for this, since the bear claw necklace is considered to be auspicious and bring good luck. However, everyone in the village is amazed by the beauty of the umbrella and Biniya acquires a celebrity-like status. This invokes the jealousy of some people, especially Khatri, who covets such an umbrella but finds himself unable to buy one due to its high cost. He tries to buy Biniya's umbrella from her but she refuses.

Khatri's shop boy, Rajaram, offers his help in stealing the umbrella in exchange for an increased salary. In a pasture, Binya finds her umbrella missing and becomes heartbroken, accusing Khatri of stealing it. Khatri's shop is searched but the umbrella is not found. Due to this humiliation, Khatri pledges to buy his own umbrella and soon acquires a similar one in red, which he claims is from [[Delhi]]. The center of attraction in the village then shifts from Biniya to Khatri. As a gesture of goodwill to restore pride, the villagers nominate Khatri to be the president at an upcoming village [[Pehlwani|wrestling]] competition. Biniya continues her investigation and learns that Khatri's umbrella was actually sent by a textile dyer from a nearby town, [[Banikhet]]. She accompanies the village policeman to Banikhet to find out the truth. At the same time, Khatri is presiding over the competition when it starts raining and the red dye from the umbrella is washed off, revealing Khatri to be the thief. Due to his theft and lying, Khatri is boycotted by the village.

Post-boycott, Khatri's life becomes miserable as no one visits his shop and even his accomplice Rajaram abandons him. Biniya sympathies with Khatri and decides that he is the real owner of umbrella. She willingly gives the umbrella to Khatri, who is then accepted back into the village.

==Cast==
* [[Pankaj Kapur]] as Nandakishore 'Nandu' Khatri
* [[Shreya Sharma]] as Binyadevi "Binya"
* [[Rahul Kumar (Actor)|Rahul Kumar]] as Tikku
* Paramjit Singh Kakran as Rajaram
* Piu Dutt as Binya's mother
* [[Samrat Mukerji]] as Vijay "Bijju"
* Kamal Tiwari as Mukhiya
* [[Dolly Ahluwalia]] as Lillavati
* Alok Mathur as Masterji
* Rajesh Sharma as Policeman
* [[Deepak Dobriyal]] as Guy with robot
* [[Manek Bedi]] as Arjun

==Critical response==
''The Blue Umbrella'' received positive reviews, including [[Hindustan Times]] writer Khalid Mohamed who describes it as a child's confection 'with passages of charm, visual aplomb and lively performances.'<ref name=Mohamed>{{cite web| last1=Mohamed|first1=Khalid|authorlink= | title= 'Review: Blue Umbrella |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-blue-umbrella/story-GGnYb4IUGhrjNoWu02yUKI.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=August 10, 2007|accessdate=February 18, 2018| page=}}</ref> The acting of Pankaj Kapur is noted in particular.<ref name=Masand>{{cite web|last1=Masand|first1=Rajeev|authorlink=|title='Review: Blue Umbrella will transport you to another world|url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/review-blue-umbrella-will-transport-you-to-another-world/|work=movies that matter|date=|accessdate=February 18, 2018|page=|archive-date=29 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829191515/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/review-blue-umbrella-will-transport-you-to-another-world/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards==
* 2007: [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film]]<ref name="53rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf|title=53rd National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Track !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1|| Aasmani Chhatri|| Upagna Pandya
|-
| 2|| Barfaan ||Sukhwinder
|-
| 3|| Biniya The Warrior Princess ||Instrumental
|-
| 4|| Chutti Hai ||Upagna Pandya
|-
| 5|| Evil Lurks ||Instrumental
|-
| 6|| Nandu The King ||Instrumental
|-
| 7|| Panga ||Upagna Pandya
|-
| 8|| Rise Above The Sky ||Instrumental
|-
| 9|| Tesoo ||Upagna Pandya
|-
| 10|| The Arrival ||Instrumental
|-
| 11|| The Blue Umbrella ||Instrumental
|-
| 12|| The Chash ||Instrumental
|-
| 13|| The Desert ||Instrumental
|-
| 14|| The Sky In My Hand ||Instrumental
|-
|}

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0457802|The Blue Umbrella}}

{{National Film Award Best Children's Film}}
{{Vishal Bhardwaj}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Blue Umbrella, The}}
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on children's books]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vishal Bhardwaj]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Bhardwaj]]
[[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:Best Children's Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]

Ram Madhvani

2026-03-02T19:11:47Z

Augustine V. Williams:

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ram Madhvani
| image = Ram Madhvani at his office.jpg
| caption = Ram Madhvani at Mumbai Office
| image_size =
| years_active =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| birth_name =
| occupation = Film director, Film producer
| spouse = Amita Madhvani
}}

''''' Ram Madhvani ''''' is an Indian film director, producer, and creator known for one of the few people who has received the national award for his film Neerja, an International Emmy nomination for his series Aarya and two Cannes advertising award for his commercials.

He is the Co-founder, Director, and Producer at Equinox Films, Ram Madhvani Films, and Equinox Virtual, a company establishing itself in the global gaming ecosphere, in partnership with Amita Madhvani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We at Equinox are ready, hungry & willing to adapt: Ram Madhvani - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/advertising-news/we-at-equinox-are-ready-hungry-willing-to-adapt-ram-madhvani-105234.html |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref>

Ram is acclaimed for his National Award-winning Hindi feature film ‘[[Neerja]]’, starring [[Sonam Kapoor]] and [[Shabana Azmi]]. Under Ram Madhvani Films, Ram and Amita has created the International Emmy-nominated series, ‘[[Aarya (TV series)|Aarya]]’, starring [[Sushmita Sen]]. The first season premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 19 June 2020, followed by Season 2 on 10 December 2021.

His Hindi feature film ‘[[Dhamaka (2021 film)|Dhamaka]]’ [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/03/movies/action-movies-streaming.html] starring [[Kartik Aaryan]] and [[Mrunal Thakur]] released on 19 November 2021 on [[Netflix]] as a global release and was listed amongst five action films to be streamed by ''[[The New York Times]]'' in Dec 2021. The highly anticipated Season 3 of ‘Aarya’ was released in two parts on 3 November 2023 and 9 February 2024 respectively, captivating audiences worldwide. Currently, all seasons are streaming worldwide and available via Hulu, further solidifying Ram Madhvani's reputation as a prominent figure in Indian cinema and streaming content.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2021-09-23 |title=International Emmy Awards 2021: Sushmita Sen's 'Aarya', Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Vir Das nominated |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/international-emmy-awards-2021-sushmita-sens-aarya-nawazuddin-siddiqui-vir-das-nominated/article36630175.ece |access-date=2024-03-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/CyTEH6RNDdi/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Ram Madhvani is a filmmaker internationally producing and directing feature films, web series, commercials, short films and music videos.

=== Advertisements ===
Happydent has also been voted one of the Top 20 Commercials of the Millennium by the Gunn Report, with Ram ranked number 11 in the Most Awarded Directors by the same report. It was the only Indian advertisement on the list. The Commercials for Happydent and LMN, directed by Ram, were amongst the Top 20 of the last twenty years in the Shots magazine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Indian Ad Battle: Unheard stories of Perfetti Van Melle-owned brand Happydent's Palace commercial |url=https://www.storyboard18.com/quantum-brief/the-great-indian-ad-battle-unheard-stories-of-perfetti-van-melle-owned-brand-happydents-palace-commercial-4497.htm |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.storyboard18.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2012, Ram was the president of the jury for film craft at Adfest Bangkok.

=== Feature Films & Web Series ===
In 2002, Madhvani released his directorial debut feature film, ‘[[Let's Talk (2002 film)|Let’s Talk]]’,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-12-10 |title=Let's Talk: An enjoyable experience |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/lets-talk-an-enjoyable-experience/articleshow/30847557.cms |access-date=2024-03-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> with actors [[Boman Irani]] and Maia Katrak, which premiered at the [[Locarno Film Festival]] and won him the Best Debut Director at the Srinivas Gollapudi National Awards.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-03-16 |title=Ram Madhwani bags Gollapudi Srinivas National award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Ram-Madhwani-bags-Gollapudi-Srinivas-National-award/articleshow/40488490.cms |access-date=2024-03-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2007, [[Aamir Khan]] approached Ram to direct the song ‘Bheja Kum’ for the film ‘[[Taare Zameen Par]]’.

In 2012, Ram was again approached to direct the official theme song video for Aamir Khan's TV series ‘[[Satyamev Jayate (talk show)|Satyamev Jayate]]’.

In February 2015, Ram directed the aviation drama biographical film ‘[[Neerja]]’, starring [[Sonam Kapoor]], [[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Shekhar Ravjiani]], which was critically acclaimed and commercially successful. It was produced under the banner of [[Fox Star Studios]] and Bling Unplugged, with Amita Madhvani being the Associate Producer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-04-08 |title=64th National Film Awards Winners: Sonam Kapoor starrer 'Neerja' wins Best Hindi Feature Film, Akshay Kumar declared Best Actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/64th-national-awards-sonam-kapoor-starrer-neerja-wins-best-hindi-feature-film-akshay-kumar-declared-best-actor/articleshow/58062574.cms |access-date=2024-03-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film also won the prestigious National Award for Best Hindi Feature Film.

In June 2020, Ram launched his own production house <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2020-06-05 |title='Neerja' director Ram Madhvani launches production house |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/-neerja-director-ram-madhvani-launches-production-house-11591368921621.html |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> - Ram Madhvani Films - while simultaneously entering the world of web series with ‘[[Aarya (TV series)|Aarya]]’, featuring [[Sushmita Sen]]. The first season marked India's presence on the global map by bagging an International [[Emmy Awards|Emmy]] nomination in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-12 |title=Emmy nomination reaffirms our faith: Ram Madhvani on 'Aarya 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/emmy-nomination-reaffirms-our-faith-ram-madhvani-on-aarya-2/articleshow/87669306.cms |access-date=2024-03-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

After the success of ‘[[Aarya (TV series)|Aarya]]’ and ‘[[Neerja]]’, Ram Madhvani Films announced an adaptation of the South Korean film ‘[[The Terror Live]]’, titled ‘[[Dhamaka (2021 film)|Dhamaka]]’, co-produced with RSVP movies, featuring [[Kartik Aaryan]] and [[Mrunal Thakur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-19 |title=Dhamaka movie review: Kartik Aaryan 2.0 delivers intense performance in this gripping thriller |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dhamaka-review-kartik-aaryan-2-0-wins-over-with-intense-performance-in-this-gripping-thriller-101637303986574.html |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The film was released on 19 November 2021, on [[Netflix]]. The film, a dramatic thriller, was released on 19 November 2021 on Netflix.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2021-10-18 |title=Kartik Aaryan starrer Dhamaka to release on November 19 on Netflix : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kartik-aaryan-starrer-dhamaka-release-november-19-netflix/ |access-date=2024-03-26 |language=en}}</ref>

Ram was the creator and a co-director for [[Aarya (TV series)|Aarya]] Season 2, which streamed on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 10 December 2021.

Ram was the creator, co-producer and also a co-director for [[Aarya (TV series)|Aarya]] Season 2, which streamed on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 10 December 2021. The series received widespread critical acclaim and garnered immense love from OTT viewers globally. Additionally, Ram continued with the release of Aarya Season 3.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Pratikshya |date=2023-11-04 |title='Aarya Season 3' Review: Guess Sushmita Sen Never Misses |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/aarya-season-3-full-show-review-sushmita-sen-crime-drama-thriller-ram-madhvani-disney-hotstar |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Aarya Season 3' X Review: Internet calls Sushmita's show 'too good to be missed' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/aarya-season-3-x-twitter-review-internet-calls-sushmita-sens-show-too-good-to-be-missed-2457606-2023-11-03 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Short films ===
Ram Madhvani directed a short documentary film titled ‘Everlasting Light’, showcasing Indian film actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]], premiered at the [[Lincoln Center]] in New York.

In March 2017, he released his short film ''This Bloody Line'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alexander |first=Deepa |date=2017-04-03 |title=Ram Madhvani's short film This Bloody Line |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ram-madhvanis-short-film-this-bloody-line/article17772788.ece |access-date=2022-08-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> on the Sir Cyril Radcliffe and on the Partition, commissioned by ‘#BigShorts for India Tomorrow’ by India Today.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2017 |title=Watch: Neerja director Ram Madhavani's short shows how nationalism divided India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ram-madhvani-this-bloody-line-india-today-conclave-2017-966591-2017-03-20 |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Alexander |first=Deepa |date=2017-04-03 |title=Ram Madhvani's short film This Bloody Line |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ram-madhvanis-short-film-this-bloody-line/article17772788.ece |access-date=2024-03-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;" |{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|Denotes films that are not yet been released
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Producer
!Notes
|-
|2000
|''[[Mission Kashmir]]''
|{{Partial|Associate}}
|{{No}}
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Let's Talk (2002 film)|Let's Talk]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Partial|Co-producer}}
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Neerja]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Dhamaka (2021 film)|Dhamaka]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|[[Netflix]] film
|-
|{{TBA}}
|style="background:#ffc;" |''Dive'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|Announced
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Producer
!Platform
|-
|2020–2024
|''[[Aarya (TV series)|Aarya]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]], [[Hulu]]
|-
|2025
|''[[The Waking of a Nation]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[SonyLIV]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0534879}}
* [https://www.kulzy.com/people/988655/ram-madhvani/ Ram Madhvani profile] on [[Kulzy]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306054649/https://www.kulzy.com/people/988655/ram-madhvani/ |date=6 March 2016 }}

{{ScreenAwardBestDirector}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestDirector}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhvani, Ram}}
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian advertising directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]

List of Indian Golden Globe Award winners and nominees

2026-03-01T15:23:37Z

Augustine V. Williams: done

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}

Various Indian artists and films have received or been nominated for the [[Golden Globe Awards]] in different categories.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/cinema/india-at-golden-globes-over-the-years-from-do-aankhen-barah-haath-to-rrr-gandhi|title=India at the Golden Globes: From 'Do Aankhen Barah Haath' To 'RRR'|first=Suchandra|last=Bose|date=13 December 2022|website=TheQuint}}</ref> At the [[16th Golden Globe Awards]], [[V. Shantaram]]'s 1957 [[Hindi]]-language film ''[[Do Aankhen Barah Haath]]'' (Two Eyes, Twelve Hands) won the [[16th_Golden_Globe_Awards#Samuel_Goldwyn_International_Film_Award|Samuel Goldwyn International Film Award]].<ref name=Goldwyn>{{Cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article103094302|title=International Award For Indian Film|date=1959-03-14|work=Canberra Times (ACT : 1926–1995)|access-date=2018-08-07|pages=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/variety214-1959-03#page/n70/mode/1up|title=Foreign Press Assn. 'Globes'|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=8 March 1959|page=7|access-date=22 June 2019|via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> At the [[40th Golden Globe Awards]] 1982 [[English-language]] biographical film ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'', an international co-production between [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC India]] and the United Kingdom, won Golden Globe for [[Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Film]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/film/gandhi |title=Gandhi – Golden Globes |website=[[HFPA]] |access-date=13 August 2021 |ref={{harvid|HFPA|1983}}}}</ref>

At the [[66th Golden Globe Awards]], Indian composer [[A. R. Rahman]] won the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]] for ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|access-date=2022-03-26 |url=https://people.com/awards/angelina-jolie-brad-pitt-score-golden-globe-nods/ |title=Angelina Jolie, Brad Pitt Score Golden Globe Nods |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |author=Silverman, Stephen |date=2008-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223191220/https://people.com/awards/angelina-jolie-brad-pitt-score-golden-globe-nods/ |archive-date=2022-02-23 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2008-12-12 |url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/nominations/index.html |publisher=Golden Globes |title=Nominations & Winners |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216165254/http://www.goldenglobes.org/nominations/index.html |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[80th Golden Globe Awards]], the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language film ''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]'' got nominated for two categories including [[Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Non-English Language Film]]; and the Indian composer [[M. M. Keeravani]] and lyricist [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] won the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] for "[[Naatu Naatu]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/golden-globes-2023-preview-1235291082/ |title=The Golden Globes Auditions for Its Future |first=Scott |last=Feinberg |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=9 January 2023 |access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Nominee(s)/recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;" | {{tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | [[16th Golden Globe Awards|1959 {{small|(16th)}}]]
|[[V. Shantaram]]
|''[[Do Aankhen Barah Haath]]''
| [[16th_Golden_Globe_Awards#Samuel_Goldwyn_International_Film_Award|Samuel Goldwyn International Film Award]]
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | [[40th Golden Globe Awards|1983 {{small|(40th)}}]]
|[[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC India]] [[Goldcrest Films]]
|''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]''
|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Film]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/film/gandhi |title=Gandhi – Golden Globes |website=[[HFPA]] |access-date=13 August 2021 |ref={{harvid|HFPA|1983}}}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | [[46th Golden Globe Awards|1989 {{small|(46th)}}]]
|[[Mira Nair]] [[Michael Nozik]]
|''[[Salaam Bombay!]]''
|[[Best Foreign Film]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Voland|first1=John|title='Working Girl', 'L.A. Law' Top Globe Choices|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-01-05-ca-272-story.html|access-date=17 January 2018|work=Los Angeles Times|date=5 January 1989}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | [[59th Golden Globe Awards|2002 {{small|(59th)}}]]
|[[Mira Nair]] [[Caroline Baron]]
|''[[Monsoon Wedding]]''
|[[Best Foreign Film]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Hiatt|first1=Brian|title=''A Beautiful Mind'' tops Golden Globe nominees|url=http://ew.com/article/2001/12/28/beautiful-mind-tops-golden-globe-nominees/|access-date=10 January 2018|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|date=28 December 2001}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | [[66th Golden Globe Awards|2009 {{small|(66th)}}]]
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite magazine|access-date=2022-03-26 |url=https://people.com/awards/angelina-jolie-brad-pitt-score-golden-globe-nods/ |title=Angelina Jolie, Brad Pitt Score Golden Globe Nods |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |author=Silverman, Stephen |date=2008-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223191220/https://people.com/awards/angelina-jolie-brad-pitt-score-golden-globe-nods/ |archive-date=2022-02-23 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[80th Golden Globe Awards|2023 {{small|(80th)}}]]
|[[S. S. Rajamouli]] [[D. V. V. Danayya]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]''
|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Non-English Language Film]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/marisadellatto/2023/01/10/golden-globes-2023-abbott-elementary-the-banshees-of-inisherin-win-big/ |title=Golden Globes 2023: 'Abbott Elementary,' 'The Banshees of Inisherin' Win Big |first=Marisa |last=Dellatto |work=[[Forbes]] |date=10 January 2023 |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[M. M. Keeravani]] [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] ({{small|For "[[Naatu Naatu]]"}})
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[80th Golden Globe Awards|2025 {{small|(82nd)}}]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Payal Kapadia (filmmaker)|Payal Kapadia]]
| rowspan="2" |[[All We Imagine as Light]]
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Director| Best Director]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url= https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/golden-globes-2025-payal-kapadia-makes-history-with-two-nominations-for-all-we-imagine-as-light/|access-date=14 December 2024|work=[[Hollywood Reporter]]|date=10 December 2024 |title=Golden Globes 2025: Payal Kapadia Makes History with Two Nominations for 'All We Imagine as Light' }}</ref>
|-
|[[Best Foreign Film]]
|{{nom}}
|}

==Golden Globes Horizon Awards==
[[Alia Bhatt]] was honored with the inaugural Golden Globes Horizon Award at the 5th Red Sea International Film Festival in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in December 2025. This award recognizes her significant contributions to global cinema and emerging talent.<ref> {{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/alia-bhatt-honoured-with-golden-globes-horizon-award-at-red-sea-international-film-festival}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian Academy Award winners and nominees]]
* [[List of Indian winners and nominees of the British Academy Film Awards]]
* [[List of Indian winners and nominees at the Cannes Film Festival]]
* [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film]]
* [[List of Indian winners and nominees of the Grammy Awards]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cinema of India}}
{{New Wave in cinema}}
[[Category:Cinema of India]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian films]]
[[Category:Golden Globe Award winners]]
[[Category:Golden Globe Awards]]

Aditya Captive Power Plant

2026-02-17T00:29:58Z

Augustine V. Williams: done.

{{Short description|Coal power plant in Odisha, India}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Aditya Captive Power Plant
| name_official = Aditya Power
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| country = India
| coordinates ={{coord|21.7235|84.0153|display=title,inline}}
| location = India Odisha
| status = Running
| construction_began = 2010
| commissioned = 2013
| decommissioned =
| cost = ₹4,015 Crores (USD $585 million)
| owner = [[Hindalco Industries]]
| operator =
| th_fuel_primary = [[Coal]]
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| th_cooling_source =
| ps_units_operational=
| ps_units_manu_model =
| th_cogeneration =
| th_combined_cycle =
| ps_electrical_capacity= 900 MW
| ps_electrical_cap_fac=
| website = {{URL|www.hindalco.com}}
| extra =
}}
'''Aditya Captive Power Plant''' is a captive 900 [[megawatt]] power project located at [[Lapanga]], [[Sambalpur District]], [[Odisha]], which is part of Hindalco's Smelter_power project in Odisha. It has captive coal from Talabira-2 coal block a JV between Mahanadi Coalfields and Neyveli Lignite Corporation.<ref name="adityabirla">{{cite web|url=http://adityabirla.com/Businesses/Profile/Projects-under-Hindalco|title=Hindalco - Greenfield & Brownfield Projects|website=adityabirla.com|accessdate=2018-08-08}}</ref>

==Project==
[[Hindalco Industries]] awarded contract to [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]] for main package in June 2009.<ref name="bhel">{{cite web|url=http://www.bhel.com/press_release/press_pop.php?press_id=344|website=bhel.com|title=www.bhel.com/press_release/press_pop.php?press_id=344|accessdate=2018-08-08}}</ref> It is 6x150MW project with first of its kind Turbo generators designed by BHEL specifically for this project.<ref name="powermag">{{cite web|url=https://www.powermag.com/a-captive-power-plants-quest-for-reliability/?pagenum=1|website=powermag.com|title=A Captive Power Plant's Quest for Reliability|accessdate=2018-08-08}}</ref>

==Clearances==
The project has been accorded environmental clearance by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC).<ref name="environmentclearance">{{cite web|url=http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/modification/Amendment/Attach_file/18092017BQIPYEG1Annexure-ProjectReportonImpacts&EMP.pdf|date=2017-09-18|title= EMP Report – Aditya Aluminium-R1|accessdate=2018-08-08}}</ref>

==Capacity==
The planned capacity of the thermal power plant is 1350 MW. Phase I of 6x150MW units and Phase II of 5x150 MW units.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Stage !! Unit Number !! Installed Capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of Commissioning !! Status
|-
| Phase I || Unit 1 || 150MW || 2013 ||Running
|-
| Phase I || Unit 2 || 150MW || 2013 ||Running
|-
| Phase I || Unit 3 || 150MW || 2013 ||Running
|-
| Phase I || Unit 4 || 150MW || 2013 ||Running
|-
| Phase I || Unit 5 || 150MW || 2013 ||Running
|-
| Phase I || Unit 6 || 150MW || 2013 ||Running
|-
| Phase II || Unit 5x150 || 150MW || - ||Proposed
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal|India|Energy}}


[[Category:Sambalpur district]]
[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Odisha]]
[[Category:Government of Odisha]]
[[Category:Hindalco Industries]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Odisha]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2013]]
[[Category:Aditya Birla Group]]

Hussain Dalal

2026-02-13T20:24:10Z

Augustine V. Williams: expanded content

{{short description|Actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hussain Dalal
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 27 March 1989
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|screenwriter}}
| years_active = 2012{{endash}}present
| spouse = {{Marriage|Zeeba Hussain|2022}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 February 2025|access-date=13 December 2022|title=Brahmastra Writer Hussain Dalal Ties The Knot; Alia Bhatt, Mouni Roy Congratulate Couple|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/brahmastra-writer-hussain-dalal-ties-the-knot-alia-bhatt-mouni-roy-congratulate-couple-6610393.html|website=[[News18]]}}</ref>
| website =
| signature =
}}
'''Hussain Dalal''' is an Indian actor and screenwriter, known for his work in [[Hindi]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In the frame, behind the scenes |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/in-the-frame-behind-the-scenes/articleshow/65918111.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en|date=2018-09-23}}</ref> He has written dialogues for films such as ''[[Bring On the Night (TV series)|Bring On the Night]]'' (2012), ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'' (2013), ''[[Margarita with a Straw]]'' (2014), ''[[2 States (2014 film)|2 States]]'' (2014), ''[[Dhindora]]'' (2021) and ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathew |first=Suresh |date=2018-08-04 |title=Meet Hussain Dalal, the Man Behind Irrfan’s Shaukat In ‘Karwaan’ |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/karwaan-irrfan-khan-dialogue-writer-hussain-dalal-shaukat-dulquer-salmaan-akarsh-khurana |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=[[The Quint]] |language=en}}</ref> In September 2017, he appeared as one of the three mentors along with [[Zakir Khan (comedian)|Zakir Khan]] and [[Mallika Dua]] for the fifth season of ''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]'', which was judged by [[Akshay Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-16 |title=Akshay Kumar’s The Great Indian Laughter Challenge judges sacked due to low TRPs |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/Akshay-Kumars-The-Great-Indian-Laughter-Challenge-judges-sacked-due-to-low-TRPs-18656181 |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=[[Mid-day]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== As screenwriter ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Notes
|-
|2012
|''Greater Elephant''
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
|
|-
|2014
|''[[2 States (2014 film)|2 States]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Sanam Re]]''
|
|-
|''[[Dishoom]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Karwaan (film)|Karwaan]]''
|
|-
|''[[Fanney Khan]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Mere Pyare Prime Minister]]''
|
|-
|''[[Kalank]]''
|
|-
|''[[Saaho]]''
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Jawaani Jaaneman]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Dhindora]]''
|
|-
|''[[Call My Agent: Bollywood]]''
| Web series on [[Netflix]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[Rudra: The Edge of Darkness]]''
|-
|[[Jalsa (2022 film)|''Jalsa'']]
|
|-
|''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-03 |title=Brahmāstra writer opens up on overcoming setbacks, recalls producers losing confidence amid dialogue criticism |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/brahmstra-writer-opens-up-on-overcoming-setbacks-recalls-producers-losing-confidence-amid-dialogue-criticism/articleshow/105694690.cms |access-date=2026-02-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|''[[Shehzada (2023 film)|Shehzada]]''
|
|-
|''[[Taaza Khabar]]''
| Web series on [[Disney+Hotstar]]
|-
|''[[The Trial (Indian TV series)|The Trial]]''
| Web series on [[Disney+Hotstar]]
|-
|''[[Bambai Meri Jaan]]''
| Web series on [[Amazon Prime]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2024
|''[[Fighter (2024 film)|Fighter]]''
|
|-
|''[[Blackout (2024 film)|Blackout]]''
|
|-
|''[[Visfot]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025
| rowspan="1" |''[[Deva (2025 film)|Deva]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |''[[Sikandar (2025 film)|Sikandar]]''
|
|}

=== Acting roles ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2010
|''[[Lafangey Parindey]]''
|TV Show Crew
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|[[Bring On the Night (TV series)|''Bring On the Night'']]
|Devang Oza
|Teleivison series
|-
|''Greater Elephant''
|Ramsevak
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''[[Margarita with a Straw]]''
|Dhruv
|
|-
|[[Pizza (2014 film)|''Pizza'']]
|Sameer Yadav
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[Hanuman: Da' Damdaar]]''
|Gardua
|Voiceover
|-
|''[[A Gentleman]]''
|Samarth Dixit
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''Shameless''
|Praveen
|Short film<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-07 |title=Exclusive! Hussain Dalal on the success of ‘Shameless’: As kids, we’ve all dreamt of being at the Oscars |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-hussain-dalal-on-the-success-of-shameless-as-kids-weve-all-dreamt-of-being-at-the-oscars/articleshow/80735700.cms |access-date=2026-02-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Hichki]]''
|Vinay Mathur
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Judgementall Hai Kya]]''
|Varun Bahl
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Call My Agent: Bollywood]]''
|Himself
|Special appearance
|-
|''[[Toofaan]]''
|Munna
|
|-
|''Kaali Peeli Tales''
|Ashwin
|Television series
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''Homecoming''
|Imroze
|
|-
|''Salesman of the Year''
|Karthik Reddy
|Television series
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''Gunchakkar''
|Vipul Thakkar
|Short film
|-
|''[[Jee Karda]]''
|Shahid Ansari
|Television series
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Costao]]''
|Peter D'Mello
|
|-
|''[[Do You Wanna Partner]]''
|Investor
|Television series
|-
|2026
|''[[O'Romeo]]''
|Chhotu
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-12 |title=Hussain Dalal calls O Romeo co-star Shahid Kapoor the ’finest actor of our time’ |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/hussain-dalal-calls-o-romeo-costar-shahid-kapoor-the-finest-actor-of-our-time-23616301 |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=[[Mid-day]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Film
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2014
|[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
|Best Dialogue
|''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thefilmyguide.com/star-guild-awards-2014-winners-list |title=Star Guild Awards 2014 Winners List |access-date=15 May 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517192827/http://www.thefilmyguide.com/star-guild-awards-2014-winners-list/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|2018
|[[Filmfare Short Film Awards]]
|Best Actor
|''Shameless''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hussain Dalal – Best Actor Male |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2019/nominations/best-actor-male-short-films-2019/hussain-dalal |access-date=2019-03-26 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Adapted Screenplay
|[[The Trial (Indian TV series)|''The Trial'']]
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2023 |title=Nominations for the Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full list out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-62712.html |access-date=12 February 2026 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4990507}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dalal, Hussain}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Dawoodi Bohra people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}
{{screenwriter-stub}}

Zulfiquar Memon

2026-02-12T06:23:13Z

Augustine V. Williams: added new stub

{{Short description|Indian lawyer (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Zulfiquar Memon
| image = Zulfiquar Memon.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Zulfiquar Memon
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Lawyer
| alma_mater =
| spouse = Suzanne Memon
| children = 2
}}

'''Zulfiquar Memon''' (born 5 December 1977) is an Indian lawyer and the founder and managing partner of MZM Legal.

==Early life and education==
Zulfiquar was born in [[Mumbai]]. Zulfiquar is the son of criminal lawyer and EX-Member of [[Parliament of India]], [[Majeed Memon|A. Majeed Memon]]. Zulfiquar joined [[Government Law College, Mumbai|Government Law College]], Mumbai in 1995 but left the law school to pursue international trade and commerce.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/biz-entrepreneurship/for-these-legal-eagles-its-all-in-the-blood/zulfiquar-memon-his-father-is-his-role-model/slideshow/32451631.cms|title=Zulfiquar Memon- His father is his role model - For these legal eagles, it's all in the blood - The Economic Times|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-05-21}}</ref>

Zulfiqar eventually finished his degree from Pune University in 2005 and in the same year he founded MZM Legal.

== Legal career ==
Zulfiquar assisted his father, A. Majeed Memon in the [[Nadeem–Shravan|Nadeem Saifee]] Extradition, which was won in the Bow Street Magistrate's Court in London followed by the appeal in the High Court and the [[House of Lords]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-26248138|title=Bollywood exile Nadeem Saifi seeks government apology|date=2014-02-19|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-05-21|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Zulfiquar founded MZM legal in 2005. Some of his clients are Standard Chartered Bank, [[ICICI Bank]], Kotak Bank, The Netherland-based Prins Autogassystemen BV, Singapore based Global Schools, [[Tarun Tejpal]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1131130/jsp/frontpage/story_17628382.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202084118/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131130/jsp/frontpage/story_17628382.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2013|title=Hercule Tejpal joins investigations|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2017-05-21}}</ref> M Pallonji and Co., MF Hussain foundation,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/auction-house-sent-legal-notice-over-fake-husains/articleshow/37297548.cms|title=Auction house sent legal notice over fake Husains - The Economic Times|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-05-21|archive-date=5 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805100741/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/auction-house-sent-legal-notice-over-fake-husains/articleshow/37297548.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>  Kuwaiti Royal family, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/leaderboard/zulfiquar-memon-an-allround-legal-eagle/46831/1|title=Zulfiquar Memon: An all-round legal eagle {{!}} Forbes India|website=Forbes India|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-21}}</ref> Punj Lyod, [[Essar Group|Essar]] Group, United Phosphorus Limited (UPL),<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/shroff-s-firm-files-rs-25-lakh-cheating-case-against-bhagat/story-QEsTsxfoAFD9F6JoH1ByoN.html|title=FIR against socialite|date=2016-08-30|work=www.hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2017-05-21|language=en}}</ref> Tata Trusts<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/m5Lj8XDwSToltEvSUyD9rJ/Bombay-high-court-makes-ministries-party-to-PIL-on-ITC-share.html|title=Bombay high court makes ministries party to PIL on ITC shareholding|last=Upadhyay|first=Jayshree P.|date=2017-04-28|work=www.livemint.com/|access-date=2017-05-21}}</ref>  and Tata Sons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vccircle.com/who-s-who-legal-fraternity-fray-tata-vs-mistry-battle/|title=Who's who of the legal fraternity in the fray in Tata-vs-Mistry battle|date=2016-12-21|work=VCCircle|access-date=2017-05-21|language=en-US}}</ref> Zulfiquar has represented individuals like Rakesh Wadhawan and Sarang Wadhawan, Nirav Modi, Mehul Choksi, Dinesh Pandey—Bike Bot Scam, Airbus investigation, and Rashesh Shah—Edelweiss. Zulfiquar also closely works with large private banks on compliance issues.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/why-compliance-jobs-are-hot-in-indian-lending-sector/articleshow/53216974.cms|title=Why compliance jobs are hot in Indian lending sector - The Economic Times|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-05-21}}</ref>

He is currently a member of the International Bar Association, [[London Court of International Arbitration]] and International Chambers of Commerce (ICC).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://roxin.de/en/|title=Home - ROXIN LLP|website=ROXIN LLP|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-21|archive-date=13 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613081257/http://roxin.de/en/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is a member of the International Forbes Business Council, Young President's Organisation (YPO) and Entrepreneur's Organisation (EO).

== Accolades ==
Zulfiquar has been consistently ranked among the top individuals in India in the field of "White-Collar Crime" by [[Chambers & Partners]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chambers.com/profile/organisation/22572511?publicationTypeId=8|title=Chambers & Partners Rankings|access-date=24 January 2019|archive-date=24 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124203558/https://chambers.com/profile/organisation/22572511?publicationTypeId=8|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Memon, Zulfiquar}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1977 births]]

Varun Badola

2026-02-12T03:22:54Z

Augustine V. Williams: minor cleanup

{{short description|Indian television actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Varun Badola
| image = Varun badola 4.jpg
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1974|01|07}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| yearsactive = 1994–present
| family = [[Alka Kaushal]] (sister)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Rajeshwari Sachdev]]|24 November 2004}}
| children = 1
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|dialogue writer}}
}}

'''Varun Badola''' (born 7 January 1974) is an Indian actor, known largely for his roles in Hindi television.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/stars/varun-badola-rues-lack-of-quality-content-on-tv/articleshow/12676022.cms|title=Varun Badola rues lack of quality content on TV|date=15 April 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 May 2022|archive-date=27 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527114331/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/stars/varun-badola-rues-lack-of-quality-content-on-tv/articleshow/12676022.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Varun Badola was born on 7 January 1974.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Mere Dad Ki Dulhan's Anjali Tatrari gets Varun Badola homemade cake on his birthday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/mere-dad-ki-dulhan-s-anjali-tatrari-gets-varun-badola-a-handmade-cake-on-his-birthday-1635293-2020-01-09 |access-date=19 October 2020 |magazine=India Today |date=9 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> His father is a known artist, Vishwa Mohan Badola. He has two elder sisters – [[Alka Kaushal|Alka]], who is married and has appeared in the TV serial ''[[Kumkum (TV series)|Kumkum]]'' and ''[[Qubool Hai]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Rakhi Special: The HOTTEST star siblings? |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-rakhi-special-the-hottest-star-siblings-vote/20140806.htm#11 |page=11 |date=6 August 2014 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=22 October 2014 |archive-date=13 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813103421/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-rakhi-special-the-hottest-star-siblings-vote/20140806.htm#11 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Kalindi, who is a radio jockey. His family hails from [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]], [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/06/08/stories/2004060800580100.htm|title=Most wanted|last=hysyf|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=18 September 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aboututtarakhand.com/Know-Abouts/Talents/Actors/Exclusive-Interview-With-Varun-Badola.html|title=Varun Badola|website=www.aboututtarakhand.com|language=en-US|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314030110/https://www.aboututtarakhand.com/Know-Abouts/Talents/Actors/Exclusive-Interview-With-Varun-Badola.html|archive-date=14 March 2018}}</ref>

Badola spent the early part of his childhood in [[Allahabad]] after which he lived in [[New Delhi]]. He did his schooling from [[Sardar Patel Vidyalaya]] in New Delhi. After completing college, he started working to fulfill his ambition to become an actor.<ref name=":1"/>

==Career==
Badola started his creative career as a costume coordinator followed by eight years experience of writing and directing.<ref name=":0" /> He assisted [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] in ''[[Haasil (film)|Haasil]]'' and ''[[Charas (2004 film)|Charas]],'' apart from acting in the two films.<ref name=":0" /> He had decided to take a break from directing to do some acting when he was offered the television serial ''[[Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani|Astitva.. Ek Prem Kahani]]''<ref name=":0" />''.''

Some of his successful soaps are include ''[[Banegi Apni Baat]], [[Koshish - Ek Aashaa|Koshish - Ek Asha]]'', [[Aruna Irani|Aroona Irani]]'s ''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand|Des Mein Nikla Hoga Chand]],'' and ''[[Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani|Astitva... Ek Prem Kahani]]''.<ref name=":0"/> He shot to fame when he played the role of a mentally disabled person on the television show ''[[Koshish (TV series)|Koshish]]'' produced by [[Balaji Telefilms]], which proved to be a super-hit on [[Zee TV]]. Badola has directed and written the script for the show ''Aek Chabhi Hai Padoss Mein''.

He is an accomplished singer and dancer as well, having shown his talents on reality television shows including the celebrity dance show named [[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 2]] with his wife [[Rajeshwari Sachdev|Rajeshwari]] where he was one of the semi-finalists.<ref name=":1" /> He is known to be an extremely hard-working actor and has been called television's Aamir Khan for his dedication<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Sumit |title=Varun Badola slams his critics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Varun-Badola-slams-his-critics/articleshow/14091628.cms |access-date=13 November 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=13 June 2012 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702070403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Varun-Badola-slams-his-critics/articleshow/14091628.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and Dev Anand for his intense on-screen romance. Since August 2025, he played Suhas Divakar in [[SAB TV]]'s ''[[Itti Si Khushi]]'', after a six year television hiatus.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mazumdar |first=Shreyanka |date=8 July 2025 |title=Varun Badola Is Returning To Small Screen With Itti Si Khushi After 5 Years|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/varun-badola-is-returning-to-small-screen-with-itti-si-khushi-after-5-years-ws-l-aa-9428153.html |work=[[News18]] |access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref>

Badola and his wife [[Rajeshwari Sachdev|Rajeshwari]] worked together on a play for the first time in a production called ''Shabd Leela'' which was based on Dr. Dharamveer Bharati's powerful love letters to his wife.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mattoo|first=Seema|date=13 April 2018|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rajeshwari-sachdev-ive-fallen-in-love-with-varun-all-over-again/articleshow/63731649.cms|title=Rajeshwari Sachdev : I've fallen in love with Varun all over again|work=The Times of India|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918204211/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rajeshwari-sachdev-ive-fallen-in-love-with-varun-all-over-again/articleshow/63731649.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He participated in the [[Celebrity Cricket League]] as a member of the team [[Mumbai Heroes]], as an all-rounder.

==Personal life==
Varun married actress [[Rajeshwari Sachdev]] on 24 November 2004. They met on the sets of the television show ''[[Titan Antakshari|Antakshari]]'' and were engaged the same year. They had a son on 10 May 2010.<ref name=":1" />

== Television ==

===Fiction shows===

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="column"|Year
! scope="col"|Show
! scope="col"|Role
! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Banegi Apni Baat]]''
| Ayushman
|
|-
| 2000
| ''Rajdhani''
| Sunny
|
|-
| 2000–02
| ''[[Koshish (TV series)|Koshish – Ek Aashaa]]''
| Neeraj Khanna
|
|-
| 2001
| ''Love Mein Kabhi Kabhi''
|
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Yeh Hai Mumbai Meri Jaan (TV series)|Yeh Hai Mumbai Meri Jaan]]''
| Balkrishna (Balu)
| Nominated—[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role]] (2002)
|-
| 2001–2003; 2005
| rowspan = "2" | ''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]''
| Dev Malik
| Nominated—[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role]] (2002)
|-
| 2004
| Rohit Sharma (after plastic surgery) / Bhola
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]''
| Advocate Rahul .|
|-
| 2002–06
| ''[[Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani]]''
| Abhimanyu (Abhi) Saxena / Writer Anand
| Nominated—[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role]] (2003—05)
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Awaz – Dil Se Dil Tak]]''
| Aman
|
|-
| 2005–06
| ''[[Rabba Ishq Na Hove]]''
| Kushan
|
|-
| 2005–09
| ''[[Ghar Ek Sapnaa]]''
| Gautam
|
|-
| 2006–07
| ''Sohni Mahiwal''
| Suresh
| Nominated—[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role]] (2006) (2007)
|-
| 2006–08
| ''Aek Chabhi Hai Padoss Mein''
| Sandeep Shukla
| Nominated—[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role]] (2007)
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Jersey No. 10]]''
| Abhay Singh Rana
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2008
| ''[[Bhabhi (TV series)|Bhabhi]]''
| Himself
| Special Appearance
|-
| ''[[Ajeeb (TV series)|Ajeeb]]''
| Aditya Thapar
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2009
| ''[[Ladies Special]]''
| Vinay Joshi
|
|-
| ''Khaufnaak''
| Anand
|
|-
| 2009–10
| ''[[List of programs broadcast by SAB TV|Sonu Sweety]]''
| Sonu
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2010
| ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''
| Love Guru
|
|-
| ''[[Maan Rahe Tera Pitaah]]''
| Kaliprasad Kalka
|
|-
| ''[[List of programs broadcast by SAB TV|Gili Gili Gappa]]''
| Vishnu Narayan
|
|-
| 2012–13
| ''[[Phir Subah Hogi (TV series)|Phir Subah Hogi]]''
| Thakur Vikram Singh
| Nominated—[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role]] (2013) Nominated—[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role#Jury Award|Indian Telly Jury Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role]] (2013)
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Savdhaan India|Savdhaan India – India Fights Back]]''
| Inspector Varun
| Episode 384
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014
| ''[[Tumhari Paakhi]]''
| Veer Pratap Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| Ruhan Rajput
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015
| ''[[List of programs broadcast by Zee Magic (India)|Lete Hai Khabar Khabron Ki]]''
| News Reporter
|
|-
| ''[[Tedi Medi Family]]''
| Vivek's friend
|
|-
| 2015–17
| ''[[Mere Angne Mein]]''
| Raghav Shrivastav
|
|-
|2018–19
| ''[[Internet Wala Love]]''
| Shubhankar Verma
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Mere Dad Ki Dulhan]]''
| Ambar Sharma
|
|-
|2025–present
|''[[Itti Si Khushi]]''
|Suhas Diwekar
|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="column"|Year
! scope="col"|Show
! scope="col"|Role
! scope="col"|Language
! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Apharan (web series)|Apaharan]]''
| Laxman Saxena
| rowspan="4"|Hindi
|
|-
|2019
| ''[[Fixerr]]''
| Digvijay Dalmia
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Your Honor (2020 Indian TV series)|Your Honor]]''
| Kaashi Samthar
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Saibal |title=Your Honor Review: Jimmy Sheirgill Powers Absorbing Drama |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/your-honor-review-jimmy-sheirgill-powers-absorbing-drama-3-5-stars-out-of-5-2248704 |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=NDTV |date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128155741/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/your-honor-review-jimmy-sheirgill-powers-absorbing-drama-3-5-stars-out-of-5-2248704 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Guns & Gulaabs]]''
| Pratap
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Kohrra]]''
| Maninder 'Manna' Dhillon
| Punjabi
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Undekhi]]''
|Rajveer Malhotra
|Hindi
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Jamnapaar]]''
|K D Bansal
|Hindi
|}

===Reality shows===

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="column"|Year
! scope="col"|Show
! scope="col"|Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Notes
|-
| 2002
| ''Chalti Ka Naam Antakshari'' || Guest || Episode 83 (Winner)
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 1|Nach Baliye 1]]'' || Contestant ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2006
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 2|Nach Baliye 2]]'' || Host || rowspan="2"|1 episode
|-
| ''Jodi Kamal Ki'' || Contestant
|-
| rowspan="3"|2007
| ''[[Comedy Circus (season 1)|Comedy Circus]]'' || Contestant ||
|-
| ''[[Jjhoom India]]'' || Contestant ||
|-
| ''[[List of programs broadcast by Star Plus|Kuch Kar Dikhana Hai]]'' || Judge || Episode 7
|-
| rowspan="3"|2008
| ''[[Kaho Na Yaar Hai]]'' || Contestant ||
|-
| ''[[List of programs broadcast by 9X|Yeh Hai Jalwa]]'' || rowspan="2"|Participant ||
|-
| ''[[Ustaadon Ka Ustaad]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2009
| ''[[List of programs broadcast by Star Plus|Laughter Ke Phatke]]'' || Guest || Episodes 26, 33, 34
|-
| ''[[List of programs broadcast by SAB TV|Comedy Ka King Kaun]]'' || Guest || Episode 52
|-
| 2013
| ''[[BIG Fame Star]]'' || Mentor ||
|-
| 2016
| ''Box Cricket League'' || Captain of Pune Anmol Ratn Team ||
|}

== Filmography ==

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Haasil (film)|Haasil]]'' || Javed
|
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Charas: A Joint Operation|Charas]]'' || Amin Mohammed
|
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Main, Meri Patni Aur Woh]]'' || Saleem
|
|-
| 2009 || ''Sunset Shift'' || Taxi Driver
|short
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Mickey Virus]]'' || Inspector Devender Bhalla
|
|-
|rowspan=2| 2014
|| ''[[Jai Ho (film)|Jai Ho]]'' || Mr. D'souza
|
|-
|| ''[[Lekar Hum Deewana Dil]]'' || Chacha
|
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Solid Patels]]'' || Hetal's father
|
|-
|rowspan=2| 2016
|| ''[[7 Hours To Go]]'' || Ramesh Dhadke
|
|-
|| ''[[Azhar (film)|Azhar]]'' || [[Kapil Dev]]
|
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Fraud Saiyaan]]'' || Badri
|
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Rashmi Rocket]]'' || Dilip Chopra
|
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Mission Raniganj]]'' || Shaligram
|
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Mrs. (film)|Mrs.]]'' || Tunnu Bhaiya
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2025
|''[[Sky Force (film)|Sky Force]]''
|[[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] Amit Narang
|
|-
|''[[Saiyaara (film)|Saiyaara]]''
|Ashok Kapoor
|
|-
|''[[War 2 (film)|War 2]]''
| [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] Vilasrao Sarang
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|1778129}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|varun-badola}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Varun Badola
| list =
{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Lead Actor}}
{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Supporting Actor}}
{{Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series}}
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Badola, Varun}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Male actors from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Geethapriya

2026-02-07T19:20:56Z

Augustine V. Williams: Article updated with improved flow

{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Geethapriya
| image = GeethapriyaImg.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Lakshman Rao Mohite
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1932|06|15}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|1|17|1932|6|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Lyricist, writer, film director
| spouse =
}}

'''Lakshman Rao Mohite''' (15 June 1932 – 17 January 2016), better known by his pen-name '''Geethapriya''', was an Indian film director and lyricist of the [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada film industry]]. He has directed 40 films and penned over 250 songs in Kannada films.<ref>{{cite news |title= Voice embraces silence , but the song lives on |url= http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/voice-embraces-silence-but-the-song-lives-on/article5896146.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 11 April 2014 |access-date= 4 May 2014}}</ref> In 1992–93, he was awarded the [[Puttanna Kanagal Award]] for his contribution to Kannada cinema as a director.<ref name="sgm" />

== Early life ==
Geethapriya was born as Lakshman Rao Mohite in 1931,<ref name="TH1" /> to Ramarao Mohite and Lakshmibai. His father worked for the cavalry regiment of Mysore State Troops called Mysore Lancers, which was stationed in [[Bangalore]]. Even though his mother tongue was [[Marathi language|Marathi]], he was always interested in the [[Kannada language]] and was admitted to a Kannada-medium school. The poet [[P. T. Narasimhachar]] lived in the same quarters as Geethapriya's family and was a huge influence in the latter's career. He was also inspired by the writings of [[K. Shivaram Karanth]], [[Masti Venkatesh Iyengar]], [[T. R. Subba Rao]] and [[A. N. Krishna Rao]]. He tried his hand in writing from his middle school days and sent his poems and short stories to magazines like ''Thaayinaadu'', ''Ramarajya''.

Following his completion of CA intermediate, Geethapriya took up small writing assignments. He then worked as a clerk in Cubbon Park restaurant, [[Bangalore]] where he received a monthly salary of {{INR}}35. Having had a brief association in theatre, he had the music director [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] and film director M. B. Singh as friends. On Bhaskar's promise of paying him {{INR}}40 a month, Geethapriya entered films as a lyricist in 1954.

Geethapriya suffered from various health issues during the last few years of his life. A combination of various health complications resulted in a heart attack that caused his death on 17 Jan 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Breaking-a-jinx-was-his-speciality/articleshow/50615699.cms |title=Breaking a jinx was his speciality |newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=2016-01-17 |access-date=2016-01-30}}</ref>

==Career==

=== As lyricist ===
Geethapriya started his career in films in 1954 as a lyricist, writing a song for the film, ''Sri Rama Pooja''.<ref name="TH1">{{cite news |title= Eight decades of good taste |url= http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/16/stories/2011061661140200.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110621011310/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/16/stories/2011061661140200.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 21 June 2011 |date= 16 June 2011 |newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |access-date= 4 May 2014}}</ref> He then moved to [[Madras]] (now Chennai). He worked with [[Yaragudipati Varada Rao|Y. V. Rao]] for the film ''Bhagya Chakra'' (1956) by writing dialogues and songs. ''Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha'' (1963) became hit with songs like "Jagadishanaduva Jagave Natakaranga" and eleven others all whose lyrics were written by Geethapriya. This was followed by "Aadutiruva Modagale" for the film ''Bettada Huli'' (1965) and ''Onde Balliya Hoogalu'' (1967) for which [[Mohammed Rafi]] sang "Neenelli Nadeve Doora", the only song sung by him for a [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada film]].

=== As director ===
Geethapriya directed his first film in 1968 with ''[[Mannina Maga]]'' that had [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]] playing the lead roles. It was awarded the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/16th_nff_1970.pdf|title=16th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=4 May 2014|page=2}}</ref> and he won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay]]. The film ran for a hundred days in Bangalore's Kapali and Bharat theatres.

He directed other successful films like ''Yaava Janmada Maithri'', (1972), ''Beluvalada Madilalli'' (1975), ''[[Besuge]]'' (1976), ''[[Hombisilu]]'' (1978), ''[[Putani Agent 123]]'' (1979) and ''Mouna Geethe'' (1985). Having directed 40 films during his career, he was awarded the [[Puttanna Kanagal Award]] for expertise in direction.<ref name="sgm">{{cite web |title= SR Puttanna Kanagal Awards! |url= http://www.supergoodmovies.com/13424/sandalwood/sr-puttanna-kanagal-awards-exclusives-details |website= supergoodmovies.com |date= 28 February 2011 |access-date= 4 May 2014 |url-status= usurped |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140822203138/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/13424/sandalwood/sr-puttanna-kanagal-awards-exclusives-details |archive-date= 22 August 2014 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> He also directed three [[Tulu language]] films and one Hindi film, ''Anmol Sitaare''.

==Filmography==

===Direction===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;"| Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:200px;"| Film
! colspan="2" style="width:195px;"| Credited as
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:80px;"| Language
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:350px;" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
! style="width:65px;" | Director
! width=65 | Writer
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Mannina Maga]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]]
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Kadina Rahasya]]'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Maduve Maduve Maduve]]'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Bhoopathi Ranga]]'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Kalyani (1971 film)|Kalyani]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Nari Munidare Mari]]'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Yaava Janmada Maitri]]'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Jeevana Jokali]]'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Beluvalada Madilalli]]'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Besuge]]'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Hombisilu]]'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1978 || ''Anuraga Bandhana'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1978 || ''Premayana'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Putani Agent 123]]'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1980 || ''Prema Jwala'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1981 || ''Prachanda Putanigalu'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1981 || ''Baalu Bangara'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Preetisi Nodu]]'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1982 || ''Jodi Jeeva'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Suvarna Sethuve]]'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1982 || ''Anmol Sitaare'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] ||
|-
| 1983 || ''Manege Banda Mahalakshmi'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1984 || ''Shubha Muhurtha'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1986 || ''Mouna Geethe'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Manasa Veene]]'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1988 || ''Baalondu Baavageethe'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1991 || ''Durgashtami'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 2003 || ''Shravana Sambhrama'' ||style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|}

== Lyrics ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song
! Movie name
! Year
|-
| Jagadishanaduva Jagave Natakaranga || Sriramanjaneya Yuddam || 1963
|-
| Hanumana Prana Prabho Raghurama || Sriramanjaneya Yuddam || 1963
|-
| Aduthiruva Modagale || Bettada Huli || 1965
|-
| Anna Ninna Sodhariyanna || Onde Balliya Hoogalu || 1967
|-
| Neenelli Nadeva Doora(Sung by Mohammed Rafi) || Onde Balliya Hoogalu || 1967
|-
| Bhagavantha Kai Kotta Dudiyokantha || Mannina Maga || 1968
|-
| Idhena Sabyathe Idhena Samskrithi || Mannina Maga || 1968
|-
| Nagutha Hadale Alutha Hadale|| Uyyale || 1969
|-
| Manava Nagarika Manava || Boopathi Ranga || 1970
|-
| Veena Ninageko Yee Kampana || Kalyani || 1971
|-
| Modake Sikkithu Andha Andha || Kalyani || 1971
|-
| Matheya Mamatheya Roopugale || Naari Munidhare Maari || 1972
|-
| Nammurange Nanobne Jaana || Naari Munidhare Maari || 1972
|-
| Gopilola Hey Gopala || Naari Munidhare Maari || 1972
|-
| Nade Nade Nade Manave || Hrudaya Sangama || 1972
|-
| Belavaladha Madilalli Bevara Hani Biddaga || Beluvaladha Madilalli || 1975
|-
| Ellaran Kayo Devre Neenu Elli Kunthiddhe || Beluvaladha Madilalli || 1975
|-
| Mutthu Malegaagi Hoththu Kadidhe || Beluvaladha Madilalli || 1975
|-
| Gudiyaliruva Shilegalla Devaranthe || Makkala Bhagya || 1976
|-
| Besuge Besuge Jeevanavella(Besuge word 64 times used in this song) || Besuge || 1976
|-
| Jeeva Veene Needu Midithadha Sangeetha || Hombisilu || 1978
|-
| Hoovinda Hoovige Haruva Dhumbi || Hombisilu || 1978
|-
| "Premavide Manedha Nagutha" || ''[[Antha (1981 film)|Antha]]'' || 1981
|-
| Balli Hoovigaasare || Preetisi Nodu || 1981
|-
| Duddu Idhre Jagavella || Sidideddha Sahodhara || 1983
|-
|Love Me Ennuva Vayassu || Asha || 1983
|-
|Naguva Hoova neenu || Mouna Geetha || 1986
|-
|Aasegala Lokadali || Kavya || 1995
|}

==Awards==
* 1968 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]] – ''[[Mannina Maga]]''
* [[Puttanna Kanagal Award]] from Karnataka Government
* 2012 – [[B. Sarojadevi|Saroja Devi Award]]<ref>{{cite news |title= Saroja Devi Award for Geethapriya |url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article544387.ece |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140503123420/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article544387.ece |url-status= dead |archive-date= 3 May 2014 |newspaper= The New Indian Express |date= 17 June 2012}}</ref>
* 2012 – Sandesha Award<ref>{{cite news |title= Geethapriya, Padre to get Sandesha Award |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/geethapriya-padre-to-get-sandesha-award/article2902967.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 17 February 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5724683}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Kannada-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Bengaluru]]

Muhammad Anwar Khan

2026-02-01T15:07:26Z

Augustine V. Williams: minor edit

{{Short description|Pakistani general (1915–2005)}}
{{similar names|Muhammad Anwar Khan (disambiguation)}}
{{cleanup|reason=<Unverified sources, Article is promotional/not neutral, Possible original research>|date=January 2026}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=April 2011}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Major General]]
| name = Muhammad Anwar Khan
| honorific_suffix = [[Hilal-i-Jur'at|HJ]]
| birth_date = {{birth-date|23 February 1915}}<ref>April 1940 Indian Army List</ref>
| birth_place = [[Chakwal]], [[British Punjab|Punjab]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death-date|5 February 2005}}
| death_place = [[Rawalpindi]], [[Pakistan]]
| image = General Anwar Khan.jpg
| caption =
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flag|British Raj}} {{PAK}}
| branch = {{army|British Raj}} (1936-1947) [[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[Pakistan Army]] (1947-1965)
| serviceyears = 1936–1965
| rank = [[Major General]]
| current position =
| commands =
| servicenumber = PA–48
| unit = [[Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers]]
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)|Third Waziristan Campaign]]
* [[World War II]]
** [[Burma campaign]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards = [[File:Hilal-e-Jurat.png|40px]] [[Hilal-i-Jurat|Hilal-e-Jurat]]
| laterwork =
}}
[[File:General Anwar Khan 2.jpg|thumb|Courtesy Maj. Gen Anwar Khan]]
'''Raja Muhammad Anwar Khan''' {{small|[[Hilal-i-Jur'at|HJ]]}} (23 February 1915 – 5 February 2005) was the first [[Pakistan Army]] [[Engineer Officer]] and the first Muslim [[Engineer-in-Chief (Pakistan Army)|Engineer In Chief]] of the [[Pakistan Army]]. He was the first Muslim to be a Sapper officer in the [[British Indian Army]] and its pre-partition [[Indian Corps of Engineers]]. His Pakistan Army number was 48 (PA-48).

== Ethnicity ==

Khan belonged to a Punjabi [[Minhas]] [[Rajput]] family from [[Chakwal]]. The Mair Minhas tribe has a long martial tradition of serving in the [[British Indian Army|British Indian]] and [[Pakistan Army]].

== Military background ==

Khan belonged to a family of 9 brothers and 4 sisters, of which 6 brothers were selected as officers in the British Army (Akbar, Iftikhar, Zafar, Yousaf, Afzal and Anwar). Three brothers rose to the rank of Major General and the other three to the rank of Brigadier. Three brothers chose civilian careers (Bakir, Tahir and Masud).

Anwar Khan was selected for the 4th batch at [[Indian Military Academy]] (IMA) Dehra Dun in February 1934, and passed out on 3 June 1936. However, his seniority in the army was considered from 1 November 1935. In 1957, he was promoted to Maj Gen as Engineer-in-Chief which he served as for eight years. Upon retirement from the Army on 1 May 1965, he served as Chairman [[Oil & Gas Development Company|OGDC]] till 1969. Maj Gen Anwar Khan spent the remainder of his retirement years in Rawalpindi, where he died on 5 February 2005.

His eldest brother, [[Muhammed Akbar Khan|Major General Muhammed Akbar Khan]] (PA-1) held the honor of being the first Muslim to become a Major General in the British Indian Army. Akbar Khan enlisted in the army in May 1914 and served with his father's regiment 12th Cavalry. He was a veteran of both World Wars I and II and the first Muslim officer to join the British Indian Cavalry and served in the 5th King Edward's Own (KEO) Probyn's Horse. He was the senior most officer of the Pakistan Army and retired honorably in 1949. [[Iftikhar Khan|Major General Muhammad Iftikhar Khan]], who was educated at RIMC and [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst|Sandhurst]], was commissioned in August 1929 and joined 7th Light Cavalry. He was transferred to 3rd Cavalry when it was Indianized. During Second World War, he served with the newly raised 45th Cavalry. He was the first British Indian officer to be appointed Instructor at the Command and Staff College Quetta, and was tipped as the first Pakistani Commander-in-Chief after General [[Douglas David Gracey]]'s retirement, but died in an air crash with his wife, son and some other senior officers in 1949 at Jang Shahi. Iftikhar was a multi-handicap polo player also. Brigadier [[Muhammed Zafar Khan]] was commissioned in 1934 and was the first non-British Indian Commander of British Indian Cavalry. He retired as Director Remount, Veterinary & Farm Corps (RV&FC). Brigadier Muhammad Yousef Khan was commissioned in 1935 and retired as Director RV&FC. Brigadier Muhammad Afzal Khan was commissioned in 1935 and joined 16th Light Cavalry. He later transferred to Royal Indian Army Service Corps (RIASC).

General Anwar's father Khan Bahadur Raja Fazal Dad Khan was a Zamindar (landowner) and served as a Viceroy's Commissioned Officer with the 12th Cavalry unit of the British Indian Army. He was also granted the title of [[Khan Bahadur]].

== Family background ==

Major General Muhammad. Anwar Khan (PA-48) belonged to the martial family of Maayr-Minhas Rajputs from Chakwal – the town that was not only founded many centuries ago by his ancestors, but which also bears the name of his forefather. Around 1860 the family's lands and properties in the Chakwal area were confiscated by the British, under the orders of Brigadier General John Nicholson, for rising against them. Later, General Anwar's elder uncle Raja Aurangzeb Khan made peace with the British, by seeking employment under Col. Warburton for the settlement and development of the newly irrigated agricultural lands, and the establishment of the newly planned town of Lyallpur. Subsequently, General Anwar's father, Khan Bahadur Raja Muhammad Fazaldad Khan, served in the 12th Cavalry of the British Indian Army for 35 years, and rose to be the Indian commander. (On his retirement Raja Fazaldad Khan became the leading horse and cattle breeder and agricultural land developer in the Lyallpur (Faisalabad)/[[Jaranwala]] and Sahiwal/Okara areas of undivided Punjab). General Anwar's cousin Raja Muhammad Sarfraz Khan, who was the eldest son of Raja Aurangzeb Khan, helped redeem the position of the family at Chakwal, and became a prominent politician of the Muslim League and a close friend and associate of the Quaid-e-Azam and Allama Muhammad Iqbal. Raja Sarfraz Khan was also an agriculturist par-excellence and well known for his foresight, philanthropy and socio-development work.

Out of General Anwar's nine brothers, three brothers chose civilian careers (Baqir, Tahir and Masud). Raja Muhammad Baqir Khan, died very young as a law student at Cambridge University UK, when he met with a motorcycle accident. Raja Tahir Raza Khan became an international lawyer, and [[Masud Khan|Raja Masud Raza Khan]] was a psycho-analyst of international repute, and many of his books are still being used as text-books at leading universities in the UK, US and France. Tahir and Masud were settled in London. His maternal first cousins include [[Zulfiqar Ali Khan|Air Chief Marshal Agha Zulfiqar Ali Khan]], Lt Gen Agha Saadat Ali Khan, Lt Gen Agha Nek Muhammad and Senator Dr Nighat Agha. General Anwar's only son, Engr Raja Idrees M. Anwar was Chief Research Officer and Director General of the National Institute of Electronics. His eldest sister's granddaughter is Dr Maleeha Lodhi.

== Education ==

After early schooling at Lahore, young Anwar Khan was selected as a cadet at the age of 12 years, in the [[Rashtriya Indian Military College|Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College]] (RIMC) in Dehra Dun (India). He was in the Kitchener Section, as were some of his elder brothers. He became the "Cadet Captain" (Senior Prefect) and was awarded 'colours' in cricket and hockey, and won the 'Best Athlete' cup. It was reported a few years ago, that some of his athletic records at RIMC remain unbroken. He was also awarded the 'Silver Medallion' for efficiency in swimming by the Royal Life Saving Society London. He obtained the Chiefs College Diploma and stood first in all the 'cadet colleges' in India, for which he was awarded the "Sir Pratap Singh Memorial Prize".

A very keen photographer, he took photographs whilst at RIMC with his own camera at the opening ceremony of the Indian Military Academy (IMA) Dehra Dun. These became the official photographs of IMA, because the ones taken by the professional photographer came out bad owing to some problem with the pro-camera.

He obtained the 'Civil Engineering' degree with 'Honours' from the Thomason College of Civil Engineering, Roorkee (India), and was awarded the "Olympic Cup" for representing the college at all games, namely; Cricket, Hockey, Football, Tennis and Squash. The principal described him as "a rare combination of brain and brawn".

In February 1934 he was selected for the 4th batch at Indian Military Academy (IMA) Dehra Dun. He passed the 1st Class P.T. and was awarded the "silver spurs" in horse-riding, and represented the IMA in cricket and athletics. He was awarded the "Norman Gold Medal" for standing first in the final examination and was runner-up for the Sword of Honour award, when he passed out on 3 June 1936. However, his seniority in the army was considered from 1 November 1935, as British cadets at Sandhurst did 18 months course, as compared to 30 months at IMA Dehra Dun.

== Army service ==

He was the first Muslim to be selected for Engineers, and posted to 31 Field Troop in the King George's Own, Bengal Sappers and Miners Roorkee in July 1936, where he did a "Basic (Combat) Engineering Course". He volunteered for the South Waziristan operations where he served at Wana from Jun-Sep 37 in the 4th Field Company, and learned practical road and bridge making during operations. The local pathans admired him and were very pleased to see a Muslim working as an Engineer officer. Subsequently, he served in various Engineer units of the 7th Division, with postings and operational duties in Rawalpindi, Batrasi, Shinkiari and Nowshera. He was in 5 Field Company at Rawalpindi from Aug 39 to Jul 40, 7 Field Company from Sep 40 to Mar 41. Adjutant 7th Division Engineers from Mar 41 to Feb 43. Lt Col H. Barker was the Commander Royal Engineers for both Troops and MES Rawalpindi and 7 Division camp at Batrasi Camp, Hazara. The roads and water supply were built by him in two months for Div HQ Batrasi, one brigade at Bakrial, one brigade at Hamsherian and British gunners at Shinkiari. In Dec 42, the 7th Division crossed on a country boat bridge built by Engineers at the site of now [[Tarbela Dam]] and camped at Nowshera. In Jan 43 the 7th Division moved to Chhindwara in Central India for training in jungle warfare, as Rommel had been defeated in North Africa, and no more desert warfare was anticipated. From Feb-Jul 43 he attended the Command and Staff College Quetta and was awarded PSC on graduation.

During World War II, he spent 3 years in the Burma operations in 23rd Engineer Battalion and was "mentioned in despatches" for his service and was promoted to Lt.Col. During this period he was involved in various military combat engineering operations, such as building roads, wooden (tank crossing) bridges, forward airfields, river jetties etc. in Arakan-Akyab area in 1944 and from Assam right through Burma to Rangoon. In Arakan-Akyab area, along the sea, they were a SEAC unit, where tank wooden crossings were often damaged by "lifting" at high tide. He was 2nd in-command to Lt Col Sandeman and built roads, bridges and jetties for inland transport. During a voyage from Chittagong towards Akyab a tornado hit their small ship, with waves going over the ship, it developed a list of 15 degrees for about 20 minutes, but luckily the eye of the storm abated, and they sailed safely to the shore. After a year, 23 Engr Bn was shifted to Assam and came under 15 Corps, and made bridges roads and forward airfields, enabling the troops to advance to Rangoon. He was promoted to Lt.Col on 23 Aug 45 at Toungoo, on the way to Rangoon, where he rebuilt the bombed out Mingladon (Rangoon) airfield in 21 nights, whilst keeping it operational during daytime.

On return from Burma in Nov 46 he did a special Commander Royal Engineers' (CRE's) course at Roorkee and was posted as Garrison Engineer Meerut in Jan 47 for four months training. After this he was appointed Asst Comdt of the Bengal Sappers and Miners (S&M) Roorkee to prepare for Partition. On 12 August 47, he went to Rawalpindi and Sialkot with his Commandant Col Conner for reconnaissance, and celebrated Pakistan's Independence on 14 August 47 at Sialkot. On 16 Aug 47 he started his journey back to Roorkee (now in hostile India) by train from Rawalpindi, which was diverted from Lahore to Ludhiana via Ferozpur. All stations en-route were full of armed belligerent killers, but luckily the train was not attacked along the way.

* From Roorkee he went to New Delhi on 3 Sep 47, for the sharing of Engineer property. E-in-C India agreed that Pakistan's share of one-third of the total should only be from Roorkee, which included the mess silver. (Later India-Pakistan Joint Defence Council changed the rules, but by then we had taken most of our share). On 7 Sep 47 when he and his family went to Willingdon airport (Delhi) for flying to Lahore, timely information allowed them to leave the airport just before the biggest killing of Muslims at the airport. He returned to the airport an hour later, but another miracle saved him during a renewed killing attack. This process was repeated on subsequent days, but on 10 Sep 47 he and his family (wife and young son) were safely evacuated to Karachi from Palam airport (Delhi), and then to Rawalpindi by RPAF aircraft.

He moved to Sialkot and established the new Engineer Centre. Meanwhile, back at Roorkee, Maj J. A. Faruqi (later Major General) arranged to send Pakistan's share of equipment etc. to Sialkot. Later in Oct 47 an MT convoy headed by Capt Tufail Ahmed (later colonel) brought most of Pakistan's share from Roorkee to Sialkot. The Indians stopped the convoy and ordered it to be unloaded near Amritsar (as according to the new rule, MT was not to be moved across borders). After a vehement and heated argument with the Indians, the convoy was eventually allowed to go through to Lahore.

Pakistan's Corps of Engineers was now fully established and the new motto was "Rooheh-Rawan". The Engineers Centre and School of Military Engineering (SME) were set up at former British barracks in the north of Sialkot. Both became fully functional in a very short time. The big task was to integrate the Bengal S&M with the Bombay S&M personnel, but the "Pakistan feeling" was so strong and overwhelming, that unity was soon achieved. Their first task was in dealing with Indian excursions on the border. During this period Lt Col Anwar was the Asst. Commandant of the Engineer Centre and SME. After a year the Comdt Col Conner went on long leave and he acted as Comdt from 7 Jul 48 to 22 Nov 48 as a full Colonel. (Later as Dy E-in-C he moved both the Centre and School to Risalpur, to ensure training on bridging rivers etc.).

On Connor's return, being the senior most Pakistani engineer officer he was posted to GHQ for training ---- Five months as AAG(org) in AG's branch (22 Nov 48 – 6 May 49) and then GSO I (SD) for four months in GS branch, directly under Maj Gen Hutton. The property division with India was again argued, because of the new Joint Partition Council rules and E-in-C (Gen Sir Millis Jefferies), Col Connor and Col Anwar flew to New Delhi in Apr 49, but the final decision was to observe a "status quo". For further training he was posted on 1st Sep 49 as CMES Rawalpindi - in those days covering: Pindi, Abbottabad, Murree, Jhelum, Sargodha, Mianwali and Attock.

In early 1950 he was posted as Dy E-in-C in the rank of Col. The then E-in-C, Maj Gen Veitch, made him fully responsible for all future planning of officers and men. For training purposes he was sent in March 51 to School of Military Engineering (SME) Chatham (UK), Military College of Science, Loughborough College (UK), Survey training centre (UK), Transport training centre (UK) and BAOR (West Germany).

He was promoted to Brigadier in 1951. In 1955 he went to Jordan, as head of a mission from Pakistan, at the marriage of King Hussein. Subsequently, he visited Damascus and Beirut. In 1956 he visited USA Corps of Engineers Centre at Fort Belvoir and the Waterways Research Centre at Vicksburg.

During the period as Dy E-in-C he fixed the ratio of 75% Engr officers and 25% civilian officers in the Military Engineering Service (MES). He also made and arranged to implement the decision, to remove or transfer to other arms, any engineer officer found unfit for the Corps of Engineers.

All Azad Kashmir roads and bridges were planned by him and work executed by the Corps of Engineers. A road had been planned to be built along the Indus River through Chilas and Gilgit, but for many months no progress was made on the project because Pak PWD, NF PWD and AK PWD said that it was not possible to build it. Gen Veitch asked him (Brig Anwar) to consider if the project could be implemented by the Corps of Engineers. He accepted the challenge, and sent Maj Safdar and a captain as a reconnaissance party, and they walked through dangerous territory until they reached Chilas. From there they took a jeep to Gilgit and reported that it was indeed a difficult but a feasible project. The Secretary Communications Mr Khursheed said that he could only allow them to spend Rs 75 lakhs on the project. The Corps of Engrs started work on building the road. This was one of his most significant achievements, as he was personally involved in planning, designing and supervising the building of a "jeep road on a 3 tonner alignment", along the Indus River through Chilas and Gilgit, within the meagre budget of only Rs 75 lakhs. This road was eventually widened and extended to China as the Karakoram Highway - a superb feat of engineering by any international standards. (This task was accomplished by FWO, a special force later raised for such projects by the Corps of Engineers). He also contributed towards the building of all military cantonments, especially at Wah, Kharian and Multan. Similarly he provided technical advice for Satellite Town Rawalpindi and the new capital city of Islamabad.

He was promoted to Maj Gen in 1957 as E-in-C -- a post he held for 8 years. Under his command the Corps of Engineers became one of the finest bodies of professional combat engineers anywhere in the world. This was proved initially, when Pakistani Engineer officers who participated in military engineering courses in the US, were in the top 10 percent of the class. They were competing with officers from other countries as well as US army engineer officers. The fact was further vindicated when retired and serving officers of the Corps of Engineers excelled in whichever assignment they were given, and in any military or civilian organisations they subsequently joined.

On 1 May 1965 he retired from the Army, and Maj Gen J.A. Faruqi took over.

== Other distinctions ==

After retiring from the Pakistan Army, Maj General Anwar Khan was subsequently appointed Managing Director and Chairman of the Oil and Gas Corporation for four years, during which oil was struck at Tut near Taunsa, DG Khan, and gas near Karachi and in the then East Pakistan. Despite strong resistance from some quarters, he bought a large industrial plot in 1968 in I-9 Islamabad at a rate of Rs 10/- per sq yd, and a commercial plot in the Blue area for HQ office at an equally low rate. The value of this urban property is extremely high today.

His strategy and mission at OGDC was to make Pakistani engineers, technologists and scientists learn and apply the skills and technologies required for attaining the highest level of competence and expertise, in all disciplines and specializations including the petroleum industry. This strategy continues to be driven by the current day OGDCL.

He was one of the founders of the Institute of Engineers Pakistan (IEP), and later elected as its President three times. He used to get the maximum number of votes from East-Pakistanis, and was one of those West-Pakistanis who were very highly admired and respected by them. He was made a Life Fellow of IEP and later given the Lifetime Achievement Award for his many contributions to the engineering profession.

For many years he was the President of the Rawalpindi Division Cricket Board and the Rawalpindi Division Hockey Board, and responsible for nurturing world class players and sportsmen. He captained the Pakistan Army Cricket Team (as a brigadier in the 1950s), and continued to bowl at an extremely fast pace, more accurately than most others who were many years younger to him, during the time when the test cricketer Imtiaz Ahmed was captain of the Pakistan Airforce Cricket Team.

== Awards and decorations ==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |{{ribbon devices|ribbon=Hilal-e-Jurat.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Pakistan Independence Medal 1947.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Republic Medal 1956 (Pakistan).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=India General Service Medal (1936).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=1939–1945 Star.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Burma Star BAR.svg|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon India Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=QE II Coronation Medal 1953.png|width=130}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|
| colspan="2" |'''[[Hilal-i-Jurat|Hilal-e-Jurat]]'''
''(Crescent of Courage)''

'''[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 War]]'''
|
|-
|'''[[Pakistan Medal|Pakistan Tamgha]]'''
''([[Pakistan Medal]])''

'''1947'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Jamhuria]]'''
''(Republic Commemoration Medal)''

'''1956'''
|'''[[India General Service Medal (1936)|India General Service Medal]]'''
'''[[India General Service Medal (1936)|(1936)]]'''

'''[[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)|North West Frontier 1937–39]] Clasp'''
|'''[[1939-1945 Star]]'''
|-
|'''[[Burma Star]]'''
|'''[[War Medal 1939-1945|War Medal]]'''
'''[[War Medal 1939-1945|1939-1945]]'''
|'''[[India Service Medal]]'''
[[India Service Medal|'''1939–1945''']]
|'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal|Queen Elizabeth II]]'''
'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal|Coronation Medal]]'''

'''(1953)'''
|}

=== Foreign decorations ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" style="background:#006400; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" |'''Foreign Awards'''
|-
! rowspan="6" |'''{{flag|UK}}'''
|'''[[India General Service Medal (1936)]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=India General Service Medal (1936).png|width=130}}
|-
|'''[[1939-1945 Star]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=1939–1945 Star.png|width=130}}
|-
|'''[[Burma Star]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Burma Star BAR.svg|width=130}}
|-
|'''[[War Medal 1939-1945]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal.png|width=130}}
|-
|'''[[India Service Medal|India Service Medal 1939–1945]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon India Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|-
|'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=QE II Coronation Medal 1953.png|width=130}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Pakistan's Drift into Extremism, Hassan Abbas, 2005
* Pakistani Generals, A. K Anwar, 1992
* Akbar Khan, a biography, Khalid Akbar, 2006. Khalid Akbar is his son.

{{Pakistan Army template}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Muhammad Anwar}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Pakistan Army major generals]]
[[Category:Pakistani military engineers]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Pakistani military writers]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:People from Chakwal District]]
[[Category:Pakistani men centenarians]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Rajyotsava Awards (2012)

2026-01-30T12:46:24Z

Augustine V. Williams: Put Up New Stub Initial Version

{{Short description|Awards given by the government of Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox award
| name = 2012 Rajyotsava Awards
| date = 1 November 2012
| location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| presenter = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| host =
| winner =
| website =
| previous = [[Rajyotsava Awards (2011)|2011]]
| main = [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]]
| next = [[Rajyotsava Awards (2013)|2013]]
}}
The [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Karnataka Rajyotsava Award]] is a civilian award given annually in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. The following is a list of recipients of the award from the year 2012.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/57-persons-make-the-grade-for-rajyotsava-awards/article4051846.ece | title=57 persons make the grade for Rajyotsava awards | newspaper=The Hindu | date=31 October 2012 }}</ref>

[[File:Girish Nagaraje Gowda.jpg|upright|thumbnail|H. N. Girisha]]

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:73%"
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Recipient
! scope="col" style="width:23%" | Field
|-
! scope="row" | Dr. M Ishwar, Hubli
|Yoga and Social Services
|-
! scope="row" | C. V. Rudraradhya
|Yoga
|-
! scope="row" | Ramanagowda Shivanagowda Patil
|Yoga
|-
! scope="row" | [[Girisha Nagarajegowda|H. N. Girisha]]
|Sports
|-
! scope="row" | H. S. Raghavendra Rao
|Literature
|-
! scope="row" | [[Bolwar Mahammad Kunhi]]
|Literature
|-
! scope="row" | Niranjan Walishettar
|Literature
|-
! scope="row" | Janagere Venkataramaiah
|Literature
|-
! scope="row" | Chindodi Bangaresh
|Theatre
|-
! scope="row" | N. S. Murthy
|Theatre
|-
! scope="row" | Altaf
|Theatre
|-
! scope="row" | M. K. Sundar Raj
|Theatre
|-
! scope="row" | Hanumantha Basappa Thimmapur
|Music
|-
! scope="row" | Mysore Mahadevappa
|Music
|-
! scope="row" | Nandini Eshwar
|Dance
|-
! scope="row" | Venkappa Ambaji Sugathekar
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | Yellamma Basappa Madar
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | Nagari Siddaiah
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | Vemagal Narayana Swamy
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | Palandira Devaiah
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | Shivarudrappa Revanasiddappa Mudhol
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | Pundalik Poojari
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | Ramesh Kalladka
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | Sangappa P. Hoogar
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | P. S. Kumar
|Fine Arts
|-
! scope="row" | K. N. Ramachandran
|Fine Arts
|-
! scope="row" | Krishnappa Ramappa Badiger
|Sculpture

|-
! scope="row" | Prakash Gurusiddappa Yaragatti
|Sports
|-
! scope="row" | Gode Narayana Hegde
|Yakshagana
|-
! scope="row" | Radhabai Maruthi Madar
|Yakshagana
|-
! scope="row" | S. D. Ankalagi
|Cinema
|-
! scope="row" | [[B. Jaya (actress)|B. Jaya]]
|Cinema
|-
! scope="row" | Bhashyam Swamy
|Education
|-
! scope="row" | B. K. Hiremath
|Education
|-
! scope="row" | G. S. Paramashivaiah
|Science
|-
! scope="row" | Sagar Dugani
|Science
|-
! scope="row" | R. L. Kashyap
|Others
|-
! scope="row" | N. G. Keroor
|Others
|-
! scope="row" | Hiremagalur Kannan
|Others
|-
! scope="row" | C. V. Kerimani
|Others
|-
! scope="row" | Sudhakar Chaturvedi
|Others
|-
! scope="row" | E. V. Satyanarayana
|Media
|-
! scope="row" | S. K. Sheshachandrika
|Media
|-
! scope="row" | Gopal Prahladrao Nayak
|Media
|-
! scope="row" | T. V. Shivanandan
|Media
|-
! scope="row" | S. Shantaram
|Media
|-
! scope="row" | Tatyarao Kamble
|Social Work
|-
! scope="row" | P. S. Benjamin
|Social Work
|-
! scope="row" | Aravind Seetharam
|Social Work
|-
! scope="row" | Basavalinga Pattaddevaru
|Social Work
|-
! scope="row" | Vasanthnarayan Kulkarni
|Agriculture
|-
! scope="row" | Linganna Kalburgi
|Overseas Kannadiga
|-
! scope="row" | Puttaswamy Gudigar
|Overseas Kannadiga
|-
! scope="row" | Umapathi
|Overseas Kannadiga
|-
! scope="row" | [[Shankar Kumbi]]
|Environment
|-
! scope="row" | H. C. Sharath Chandra
|Environment
|-
! scope="row" | Shankarappa Ramappa Sankannavar
|Institution
|-
! scope="row" | Karnataka Blind Welfare Association
|Institution
|-
! scope="row" | Rangashree Kala Samsthe
|Institution
|-
! scope="row" | Karnataka Engineers Academy
|Institution
|-
! scope="row" | Mohan
|Institution
|-
! scope="row" | Spoorthi Dhaama
|Institution
|-
! scope="row" | Mogaveera Vyavasthapaka Mandali
|Institution
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rajyotsava Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2012]]

Rajyotsava Awards (2011)

2026-01-30T12:46:22Z

Augustine V. Williams: Put Up The Article Needs Work

{{Short description|Awards given by the government of Karnataka, India}}
{{context|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox award
| name = 2011 Rajyotsava Awards
| date = 1 November 2011
| location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| presenter = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| host =
| winner =
| website =
| previous = [[Rajyotsava Awards (2010)|2010]]
| main = [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]]
| next = [[Rajyotsava Awards (2012)|2012]]
}}
The list of [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Karnataka Rajyotsava Award]] recipients for the year 2011 is below.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130126094806/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/karnataka-harish-hande-among-50-state-awardees/197777-60-115.html Karnataka: Harish Hande among 50 state awardees – South India – Karnataka – ibnlive]</ref>{{verification failed|date=July 2017}}

[[File:Harish Hande - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|upright|thumbnail|Harish Hande]]

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:73%"
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Recipient
! scope="col" style="width:23%" | Field
|-
! scope="row" | [[Aravind Malagatti]]
|Literature
|-
! scope="row" | Veeranna Dande
|Literature
|-
! scope="row" | Mandeera Jaya Appanna
|Literature
|-
! scope="row" | K. Nagaraj
|Theatre
|-
! scope="row" | Renuka Durgappa Harijan Malapur
|Theatre
|-
! scope="row" | Shantinath Dibbada
|Research
|-
! scope="row" | K. S. Ambale Rajeshwari
|Dance
|-
! scope="row" | H. Falguna
|Music
|-
! scope="row" | Balachandra Nakoda
|Music
|-
! scope="row" | Ganesh Puttur
|Music
|-
! scope="row" | D. Shankar Binnal
|Music
|-
! scope="row" | K. S. Vaishali
|Music
|-
! scope="row" | Ramegowda
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | Mahalingaiah B. Ganachari
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | Virupakshappa Sudugadu Siddha
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | Parvathevva Hongal
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | Maheshwarappa Honnali
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | Vithoba Hammanna Nayaka
|Yakshagana
|-
! scope="row" | Kunjalu Ramakrishna Nayaka
|Yakshagana
|-
! scope="row" | T. Anil Kumar
|Photography
|-
! scope="row" | Nagaraj Veerabhadrappa Shilpi
|Photography
|-
! scope="row" | Mohan Nagammanavar
|Cultural Organisation
|-
! scope="row" | K. Shivarudraiah
|Cinema
|-
! scope="row" | A. R. Raju
|Cinema
|-
! scope="row" | Sarigama Viji
|Cinema
|-
! scope="row" | P. M. Chikkaboraiah
|Education
|-
! scope="row" | K. Shanthaiah
|Education
|-
! scope="row" | Azra
|Education
|-
! scope="row" | Basavaraj Thambake
|Agriculture
|-
! scope="row" | [[Harish Hande]]
|Science
|-
! scope="row" | K. N. Thilak Kumar
|Media
|-
! scope="row" | G. S. Kumar
|Media
|-
! scope="row" | Manjunath Bhat
|Media
|-
! scope="row" | [[Pratap Simha]]
|Media
|-
! scope="row" | Jagadeesh Maniyani
|Media
|-
! scope="row" | Tejaswini Bai
|Sports
|-
! scope="row" | Ramesh Tikaram
|Sports
|-
! scope="row" | B. Ramesh
|Medicine
|-
! scope="row" | Basavannaiah
|Medicine
|-
! scope="row" | M. N. Nandakumar
|Overseas Kannadiga
|-
! scope="row" | Purushottam Bilimale
|Overseas Kannadiga
|-
! scope="row" | Aikala Harish Shetty
|Overseas Kannadiga
|-
! scope="row" | Neramballi Raghavendra Rao
|Overseas Kannadiga
|-
! scope="row" | Amjad Khan
|Social Work
|-
! scope="row" | M. B. Naradunda
|Social Work
|-
! scope="row" | Siddaiah
|Others
|-
! scope="row" | M. R. V. Prasad
|Others
|-
! scope="row" | Shivanand Chennaveerappa
|Others
|-
! scope="row" | Mahatma Gandhi Khadi Gramodyoga Mandali
|Institution
|-
! scope="row" | Shantivana Trust
|Institution
|-
|}

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Rajyotsava Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2011]]

Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya

2026-01-24T21:40:13Z

Augustine V. Williams: improved article

{{Short description|Public Agricultural University in West Bengal, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya
| native_name = '''বিধানচন্দ্র কৃষি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়'''
| image = Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya.svg
| image_upright = 0.8
| motto = {{lang|sa|ज्ञानेन त्राृदूध्याताम सीता}}
| mottoeng = May Sita be protected by knowledge
| established = {{Start date and age|September 1, 1974}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[Agricultural Universities (India)|Agricultural University]]
| chancellor = [[Governor of West Bengal]]
| vice_chancellor = Ashok Kumar Patra
| budget = {{INRConvert|160.90|c}} (2023-24 est.)<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| faculty = 205 (2025)<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| students = 1,703 (2025)<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2025 |url=https://www.bckv.edu.in/images/bckvimages/NIRF-Final-Submission-2025.pdf |publisher=Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya}}</ref>
| undergrad = 1,054 (2025)<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| postgrad = 326 (2025)<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral = 323 (2025)<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| city = [[Mohanpur, Nadia|Mohanpur]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coor = {{Coord|22|56|42.88|N|88|32|0.86|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Rural areas|Rural]]
| website = {{Official URL}}
| accreditation = [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]]
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist| [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] | [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]}}
|}}

'''Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya''' ('''BCKV'''), also known as '''Bidhan Chandra Agricultural University''', is an agricultural university in [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The university aims to provide higher education in theoretical and technical fields of [[Agriculture]], [[Horticulture]] and [[Agricultural Engineering]]. It grants [[Bachelor of Science]], [[Master of Science]], [[Bachelor of Technology]], [[Master of Technology]] and [[Doctorate]] degrees.

==Campus==
The university has a well planned campus of magnificent aesthetics. It features well distributed greenery of decorative, educational and medicinal importance, has its own Medicinal & Aromatic Plants' Garden between the main building of the Faculty of Agriculture & the way to the Central Library.

All the faculty buildings, special purpose isolated laboratories, workshops and hostels are well connected through roads and at the center lies the Administrative Building. Each hostel is no more than a five-minute walk from the center area of the campus.

The campus is shared with the Faculty of Dairy Technology, [[West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences|West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences]] and the [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata]] (IISER-K). A beautiful foot-bridge over a lake connects the IISER-K campus with the BCKV main campus. Several gates are available to enter into the main campus, shared IISER-K campus, hostels, Jagulia farm or Mondouri Teaching Farm as need basis. The campus houses a [[cafeteria]], several canteens, a health centre, Xerox centers and a book shop.

The nearest [[railway station]] is [[Kanchrapara]], roughly 8 km from the main campus connecting [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] and [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] by rail. The [[National Highway 34 (India)|National Highway 34]] passes within 1 km from it, connecting 50 km away [[Kolkata]] by road.

This university has 2 different sub-campuses.

# College of Agriculture, Burdwan.
# College of Agriculture, Susunia, Bankura.

==Organisation and administration ==
===Governance===
The chancellor is the [[Governor of West Bengal]]. The vice-chancellor as the chief executive of the university is supported by the registrar in administration, comptroller in financial management, deans of academic activities of the faculties, and directors for management of research and extension activities in agriculture, horticulture, and agricultural engineering. The vice-chancellor's secretariat is staffed with a secretary to the vice-chancellor, one superintendent, two clerical assistants and seven office attendants are a supportive unit in functioning the office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bckv.edu.in/bckv.php?page=3c59dc048e8850243be8079a5c74d07915|title=Administration|publisher=Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915111006/http://www.bckv.edu.in/bckv.php?page=3c59dc048e8850243be8079a5c74d07915|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Faculties===

====Faculty of Agriculture====
[[File:BCKV Panorama.jpg|500px|upright|thumb|A panoramic view of the BCKV campus, just entering the main gate, on the left it is the Faculty of Agriculture building. On the right is the Administrative Building of the university.]]
The Faculty of Agriculture consisted of 17 departments, which has recently been reduced to 16 by merging two departments into one, all with specializations in teaching, research and extension for the development of agriculture in this state. One hundred students are admitted each year in the undergraduate courses on the basis of their performance at higher secondary (10+2) level. Apart from the general agricultural subjects, during 7th semester students take Rural Agricultural Working Experience (RAWE) & Experimental Learning Programme (ELP) in 8th semester.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bckv.edu.in/bckv.php?page=c4ca4238a0b923820dcc509a6f75849b1|title=Faculty of Agriculture|publisher=Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919173213/http://www.bckv.edu.in/bckv.php?page=c4ca4238a0b923820dcc509a6f75849b1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{clear}}

{| style="border:1px solid #ddd; background:#fefefe; padding:3px; margin:0; margin:auto;"
|+ style="font-size: 100%" | '''Departments of this faculty'''
|- style="vertical-align:top; font-size:90%;"
|
* Agronomy
* Agricultural Chemistry & Soil Science
* Agricultural Entomology
* Agricultural Chemicals
|
* Agriculture Biotechnology
* Soil & Water Conservation
* Plant Pathology
* Agricultural Meteorology & Physics
|
* Agricultural Extension
* Agricultural Statistics
* Agricultural Economics
* Genetics & Plant Breeding
|
* Plant Physiology
* Animal Science
* Agricultural Biochemistry
* Seed Science & Technology

|}

====Faculty of Horticulture====
[[File:Faculty of Hort. BCKV.jpg|thumb|Faculty of Hort. BCKV]]

The Faculty of Horticulture was established in 1996. The objective of creation of the faculty was to initiate education and training in horticulture, to conduct need-based research for the development of horticulture in West Bengal, and to disseminate the technology for growing horticultural crops and post harvest management of produce.

Initially the faculty functioned with very limited space in the Faculty of Agriculture. Now it is housed in the newly constructed faculty building at Mohanpur. The instructional facilities include one horticultural farm at Mondouri and one nursery at Jagulia. The UG classes are held at Jagulia where a small instructional farm is maintained. The 150-acre farm at Mondouri that is the Horticultural Research Station provides facilities for practical and project works of M.Sc. and Ph.D. students for all the departments under this faculty.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bckv.edu.in/bckv.php?page=1f0e3dad99908345f7439f8ffabdffc413 |title= Faculty of Horticulture |publisher= Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya |access-date= 19 September 2017 |archive-date= 16 August 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130816044039/http://www.bckv.edu.in/bckv.php?page=1f0e3dad99908345f7439f8ffabdffc413 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

{{clear}}

{| style="border:1px solid #ddd; background:#fefefe; padding:3px; margin:0; margin:auto;"
|+ style="font-size: 100%" | '''Departments of this faculty'''
|- style="vertical-align:top; font-size:90%;"
|
* Department of Floriculture & Landscaping
* Department of Fruits & Orchard Management
* Department of Post Harvest Technology
|
* Department of Spices & Plantation Crops
* Department of Vegetable Crops
|}

====Faculty of Agricultural Engineering====

{{clear}}

{| style="border:1px solid #ddd; background:#fefefe; padding:3px; margin:0; margin:auto;"
|+ style="font-size: 100%" | '''Departments of this faculty'''
|- style="vertical-align:top; font-size:90%;"
|
* Farm Machinery & Power
* Soil and Water Engineering
|
* Post Harvest Engineering
* Food Engineering
|}
M.Tech. and Ph.D. programmes are available in Department of Farm Machinery & Power, Department of Soil and Water Engineering and Department of Food Engineering.
[[File:Faculty of Ag. Engg. BCKV.jpg|thumb|right|Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, BCKV]]

===Directorate of Research===
The Directorate of Research at Kalyani is the coordinating–monitoring headquarters of the research stations, sub-stations, units, sub-units and projects spread over the jurisdiction of the viswavidyalaya. A substantial number of research projects under programmes and funding modes operate on farmers’ fields (on-farm trials, FLD trials) at three major agro-climatic regions of the state and at other zones across West Bengal. Several experiments are conducted in a scientist–farmer participatory manner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bckv.edu.in/bckv.php?page=c81e728d9d4c2f636f067f89cc14862c2|title=Directorate of Research|publisher=Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916155651/http://www.bckv.edu.in/bckv.php?page=c81e728d9d4c2f636f067f89cc14862c2|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Directorate of Extension Education===

The Directorate of Extension Education, in the Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, was created in 1994 through upgrading the Field Extension Wing, which took care of mainly the farm advisory services among a few villages surrounding the headquarters campus of the Viswavidyalaya. The upgrade attempt, though initiated late, was made in line with the mandate of the SAUs to organize "first line extension" activities to complement their research and education role, as well as to strengthen the efforts of the state extension machinery towards transferring proven and tested technological options for increased production and productivity. However, the manpower, as well as the infrastructure, corresponding to the enlargement of the mandated roles and responsibilities assumed by the directorate, consequent to its upgrade, continued to remain inadequate.

The roles and responsibilities of the Directorate of Extension Education were enlarged to accommodate the recommendations of the Randhawa Committee (1978) and the National Commission on Agriculture (1976). These recommendations, inter-alta, suggested a complementary role for the education and research for organizing the extension functions through the following sets of interrelated activities:
*Technology Refinement and Upgradation
*Technology Integration
*Publication, Demonstration & Information Assistance
*Participatory Techniques for Research and Extension
*Training Module Development
*Capacity Building<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bckv.edu.in/bckv.php?page=eccbc87e4b5ce2fe28308fd9f2a7baf33|title=Directorate of Extension Education|publisher=Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915111832/http://www.bckv.edu.in/bckv.php?page=eccbc87e4b5ce2fe28308fd9f2a7baf33|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Directorate of Farms===
The Directorate of Farms functions in the realm of agricultural research, education, and extension. The directorate has 1340.6 acres of land distributed in 12 farms. Its activities are listed below:
*Support to research activities of AICRPs/AINPs and dissertation work of students.
*Quality seed production. It was responsible for the production and distribution of 236 tonnes of quality seeds (Foundation/Certified/TL) of paddy, wheat, oilseeds and pulses during 2006-07 crop seasons of West Bengal.
*Supervises production of planting materials of mango, cashew, ber and sweet orange at the RRS, Red & Laterite Zone, Jhargram, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal.
*Maintenance of eco-friendly farms (6.00 ha) as well as one field conservatory of [[germplasm]]s of non-conventional crops (like vanilla, pepper, ekangi, spices and medicinal crops, etc.) at the RRS, New Alluvial Zone, Gayeshpur, Nadia, West Bengal.
*Monitoring of an experimental tea garden yielding good quality leaves at the RRS, New Alluvial Zone, Gayeshpur, Nadia, West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bckv.edu.in/bckv.php?page=a87ff679a2f3e71d9181a67b7542122c4|title=Directorate of Farms|publisher=Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918013338/http://www.bckv.edu.in/bckv.php?page=a87ff679a2f3e71d9181a67b7542122c4|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Academics==
===Central Library===
[[File:Central Library BCKV.JPG|thumb|Central Library BCKV]]

The Central Library at Mohanpur, Main campus was inaugurated in 1980. It is housed in a four storied building encompassing 5575 sq. m. floor space with a plan area of 7242 sq. m. The library renders services through manual and IT-based systems. Apart from serving as a Book Bank the library also provides Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bckv.edu.in/bckv.php?page=903ce9225fca3e988c2af215d4e544d38f|title=Central Library|publisher=Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915111341/http://www.bckv.edu.in/bckv.php?page=903ce9225fca3e988c2af215d4e544d38f|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Placement Cell===

A fully equipped and proficient placement centre is being housed in the campus for the convenience of their graduating students. This year-round placement activity involves students in interactive counseling sessions with members of the placement cell to ensure their gainful placement in jobs before they leave the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bckv.edu.in/bckv.php?page=8d5e957f297893487bd98fa830fa641393|title=Placement Cell|publisher=Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=1 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401154838/http://www.bckv.edu.in/bckv.php?page=8d5e957f297893487bd98fa830fa641393|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Rankings and reputation===
Domestically the university ranked 13th among Agriculture and Allied Sectors Institutions by ''[[National Institutional Ranking Framework]]'' (NIRF) in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 NIRF Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

==Student life==
The students are known as "BCKVians" in general.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

===Accommodation===
[[File:Sir CV Raman Hostel.jpg|thumb|Raman Abas; previously Sir CV Raman Hall]]
[[File:Way to Faculty of Ag. BCKV.jpg|thumb|Way to Faculty of Ag. BCKV]]

The student circle of this university is mainly hostel oriented, with very few students from nearby [[Haringhata]], [[Kanchrapara]] & [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]] each year of UG and PG, called Dayscholars. The majority of students as Hostellers belong to the different parts of the state, the country, even international students. There are several hostels according to criteria for accommodation inside the university campus.
*Raman Abas (UG Men's Hostel)
*Sir JC Bose Hall (UG Men's Hostel)
*Vidyasagar Hall (PG Men's Hostel)
*Rabindra Abas (PG Men's Hostel)
*Matangini Abas (Ladies' Hostel I)
*Ladies' Hostel V
*International Students' Hostel
All the hostels have good study environments along with dining halls and common rooms featuring [[Carrom|carrom boards]], [[table tennis]], [[magazine]]s and [[newspapers]], [[widescreen]] [[LCD TV]]s etc. for leisure hours. The hostels are being planned [[WiFi]] or [[Broadband|Broadband connections]] for students.

===Central Students Union===
The university has three Students Unions for three faculties, which run unitedly as a form of Central Students Union (CSU or simply SU). It deals with every relevant issue of the students starting from education, research, welfare to job-oriented problems.

===Activities===
*Different indoor & outdoor games' competition.
*Year round cultural programs: ''Nabarun - Ek notun alor udvash'' (Freshers' Welcome), ''Naihrit - Ek sangoskritik nobodigonto'' (Annual Social Function), ''Nisorgo - Mukhomukhi bosibar tore sesh bela'' (Farewell) & ''Conchorrenza'' - Intra University Cultural Competition.
*Debates, lectures and seminars on different social and educational issues.
*Campus cleaning & tree plantation program.
*Inter University Quiz Competition.
*Cine show.
*Conducting movements for uplift of educational, hostel and welfare facilities and for job oriented problems.

===Services===
*Cheap store: Students can buy their daily required articles at 20% rebate from these cheap stores of different hostels.
*Benevolent fund: SU provides financial support to the poor students through this fund.
*Academic cell: This is a study cum information cell which provides the students with valuable information regarding syllabi of different State and National level examinations like JRF, NET, CAT, WBCS etc., and also the study materials for those examinations along with general agriculture.
*Students Union Library: Students get the opportunity of having fantastic literal collection and articles from this. Every member of SU is the member of this library.
*Gymnasium: All the interested students have easy & free of cost access to this multi-instrument gym.

==Notable alumni==
*Kanishka Bhunia, Assistant Professor of Food Process Engineering at Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering IIT Kharagpur <ref>{{cite web |last1=KB | title=Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur | |url=http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/cv/ag-kanishka;jsessionid=39987EC55A9BB7590FAF45ACC97F3191}}</ref>
*[[Kaustuv Sanyal]], Molecular biologist, [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS]] laureate<ref name="Faculty Member - F1000Prime">{{Cite web |url=https://f1000.com/prime/thefaculty/member/1303935136244309 |title=Faculty Member - F1000Prime |date=2018-02-03 |website=f1000.com |access-date=2018-02-03}}</ref>
*[[Tapas Kumar Kundu]], Molecular biologist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] and [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS]] laureate<ref name="Biographical Information">{{cite web | url=http://www.jncasr.ac.in/tdl/cvsir.html | title=Biographical Information | publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research | date=2016 | access-date=October 20, 2016}}</ref>
* Tirthankar Roy, Hydrologist at Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln <ref>{{cite web |last1=Roy |title=Team | Roy Research Group | Nebraska |url=https://roy.unl.edu/team |access-date=2 December 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202041401/https://roy.unl.edu/team |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Utpal Nath, Molecular geneticist at Indian Institute of Science Bangalore <ref>{{cite web |last1=Nath |first1=Utpal |title=Prof. |url=https://www.sgrfconferences.org/2015/NGBT/Utpal_Nath.php |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref>
*[[Satarupa Sanyal]], filmmaker{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Faculty of Ag. BCKV in the evening.jpg|The Faculty of Agriculture, BCKV, in the evening.
File:Administrative Building BCKV.jpg|The Administrative Building, BCKV.
File:Faculty of Ag. BCKV.jpg|Faculty of Ag. BCKV.
File:Administrative Building Lawn.jpg|Administrative Building Lawn.
File:Rainy Day Campus BCKV.jpg|A Rainy Day Campus of BCKV.
File:Medicinal & Aromatic Plants' Garden BCKV.jpg|Medicinal & Aromatic Plants' Garden, BCKV.
File:BCKV Administrative Building.jpg|The Administrative Building under clouds.
File:Bidhan Chandra Statue in BCKV.jpg|Bidhan Chandra Statue in BCKV.
File:BCKV Campus.jpg|BCKV Campus.
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of agricultural universities and colleges#India|List of Agriculture Universities in India]]
*[[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|Indian council of Agricultural Research]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
*

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bckv.edu.in Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya official website]

{{Universities in West Bengal}}
{{Nadia topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya| ]]
[[Category:Agricultural universities and colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Nadia district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in West Bengal]]

Skur Buchan

2026-01-20T03:38:08Z

Augustine V. Williams: added new pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Skur Buchan
| other_name = Skurbuchan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ladakh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|34|26|07|N|76|42|38|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Leh district|Leh]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of tehsils in India|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Khalatse|Khalsi]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1932
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 943
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Skurbuchan''', also spelled '''Skitchan''', is the headquarters of the eponymous [[Community development block in India|block]] in the [[Leh district]] of [[Ladakh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leh.nic.in/depts/villageamenitydirectory.pdf |title=Blockwise Village Amenity Directory |publisher=Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council |access-date=2015-07-23 }}</ref> It is located in the [[Khalatse|Khalsi]] [[tehsil]]. It is located {{Convert|125|km|abbr=on}} west of [[Leh]] city. People here are devoted to Tibetan Buddhism, particularly the [[Drikung Kagyu]] lineage.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Skur Buchan has 299 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 66.13%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/datagov/CDB_PCA_Census/PCA_CDB_0103_F_Census.xls |title=Leh district census |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |access-date=2015-07-23 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1932 || 916 || 1016
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 243 || 138 || 105
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 4 || 2 || 2
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 1905 || 901 || 1004
|-
| Literates || 1117 || 555 || 562
|-
| Workers (all) || 1290 || 609 || 681
|-
| Main workers (total) || 861 || 455 || 406
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 338 || 129 || 209
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 46 || 17 || 29
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 48 || 5 || 43
|-
| Main workers: Other || 429 || 304 || 125
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 429 || 154 || 275
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 293 || 93 || 200
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 28 || 8 || 20
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 17 || 2 || 15
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 91 || 51 || 40
|-
| Non-workers || 642 || 307 || 335
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ladakh}}
{{Leh district}}

[[Category:Villages in Khalsi tehsil]]

{{Ladakh-geo-stub}}

Chirag Vohra

2026-01-18T20:48:17Z

Augustine V. Williams: done

{{short description|Indian television, stage and film actor}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Tone|date=June 2025}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}

'''Chirag Vohra''' is an Indian television, stage and brilliant film actor. He has acted in films like ''[[Tere Bin Laden]]'', ''[[Billu]]'', ''[[Heyy Babyy]]'', ''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]'', ''[[Jaago (2004 film)|Jaago]]'' and ''[[Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein]]'' and [[Scam 1992]] (2020).

He is well known as a theater artist. He performed the role of Phoolmani in the play ''[[Master Phoolmani]]''. Other plays he has performed in include ''[[Gandhi Ke Godse]]'' and ''[[Kishan vs Kanhaiya]]'', and ''[[Lagan Gadu Chale Adu]]''. His image is used in advertisements, including for [[Choloromint]] and [[Pond's]].

He played in many Gujarati and Hindi TV serials including ''[[Hum Paanch (TV series)|Hum Paanch]]'', ''[[Saraswatichandra (TV series)|Saraswatichandra]]'', ''[[Sumit Sambhaal Lega (TV series)|Sumit Sambhaal Lega]]'', the role of Bhaiya in the daily comic serial ''[[Bhai Bhaiya Aur Brother]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-05-07 |title=Chirag Vohra in Bhai Bhaiya Aur Brother? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/chirag-vohra-in-bhai-bhaiya-aur-brother/articleshow/13034222.cms |access-date=2025-06-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He also played in ''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]''.

In 2024, Vohra was cast as [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in the television series [[Freedom at Midnight (TV series)|''Freedom at Midnight'']].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Awaasthi |first=Kavita |date=October 2, 2024 |title=Gandhi Jayanti 2024: Pratik Gandhi, Darshan Jariwala to Chirag Vohra's process of becoming Mahatma Gandhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/gandhi-jayanti-2024-pratik-gandhi-darshan-jariwala-to-chirag-vohra-process-of-becoming-mahatma-gandhi-101727848939330.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The actor lost 15kg to portray Gandhi in the role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-16 |title=Freedom at Midnight: Chirag Vohra lost 15kg to play Mahatma Gandhi |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/freedom-at-midnight-chirag-vohra-lost-15kg-to-play-mahatma-gandhi-23430470 |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2001
|''[[Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein]]''
|
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Kucch To Hai]]''
|
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Jaago (2004 film)|Jaago]]''
|Chirag Vora
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]''
|Bhujavan Shukla
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Heyy Babyy]]''
|Arjun
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Billu]]''
|Jerry (Movie Director)
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Tere Bin Laden]]''
|Lateef
|
|-
|2012
|''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]''
|Neighbour
|
|-
|2016
|[[Tere Bin Laden: Dead or Alive|''Tere Bin Laden: Dead Or Alive'']]
|Chirag
|
|-
|2017
|[[Commando 2: The Black Money Trail|''Commando 2'']]
|Doctor
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Toba Tek Singh (film)|Toba Tek Singh]]''
|Roshan Lal / Hindu Vakil
|Released on [[ZEE5]]
|-
|2018
|[[Yamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se|''Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se'']]
|Jignesh
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Locha Laapsi]]''
|
|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Platform
!Notes
|-
|2020
|''[[Scam 1992]]''
|Bhushan Bhatt
|[[SonyLIV|Sony LIV]]
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Crash Course (TV series)|Crash Course]]''
|Mayank Batra
|[[Amazon Prime]]
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Freedom at Midnight (web series)|Freedom At Midnight]]''
|[[Mahatma Gandhi]]
|[[SonyLIV]]
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vohra, Chirag}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sugandha Garg

2026-01-17T15:24:23Z

Augustine V. Williams: added info

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Distinguish|Sugandha Mishra}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sugandha Garg
| image = Sugandha Garg.jpg
| alt = Portrait picture of Sugandha Garg at [[Aarakshan]] movie media preview. Her brunette hair is loose over her shoulders and she is wearing black rimmed 'Clark Kent' style glasses.
| caption = Sugandha Garg in 2012
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actress, TV Host, Singer, Director, Photographer
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Raghu Ram]]|2006|29 January 2018|reason=divorced}}<ref name="time_Reas">{{Cite web |title=Reason behind Raghu Ram-Sugandha Garg's divorce revealed |last=Chaurasia |first=Ankita |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 January 2016 |access-date=6 September 2016 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Reason-behind-Raghu-Ram-Sugandhaa-Gargs-divorce-revealed/articleshow/50465654.cms}}</ref>
| website =
| othername = Sugandha Ram
| yearsactive = 2008–2023
| domesticpartner =
}}

'''Sugandha Garg''' is an Indian actress, singer and television host.<ref name="What's With Indian Men">{{Cite web |last=Rajan |date=13 July 2011 |first=Amrita |archive-date=6 November 2011 |title=What's With Indian Men? |url=https://www.womensweb.in/articles/indrani-dasgupta-sugandha-garg-interview/ |access-date=31 July 2024 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106073855/https://www.womensweb.in/articles/indrani-dasgupta-sugandha-garg-interview/ |website=Women's Web |language=en}}</ref> She was last seen in Indian web series ''[[Guilty Minds]]''.

==Career==
Garg appeared as Shaleen in the film ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]'' (2008).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cduniverse.com/productinfo.asp?pid=7712751 |title=Jaane Tu...Ya Jaane Na Theatrical Release |access-date=8 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2023 |title=When Theatre Met Television: 5 Bollywood Actors Who Found Their Love On TV |url=https://www.herzindagi.com/celebrities/bollywood-actors-who-married-tv-personalities-bipasha-basu-ayushmann-khurana-article-250374 |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=HerZindagi English |language=en}}</ref> She played the role of the best friend to Gayatri Patel in the movie ''Let's Dance'', released on 19 June 2009, and appeared as a student reporter in ''[[My Name Is Khan]]''. She has played a major role of Zoya the makeup artist in ''[[Tere Bin Laden]]'', released on 16 July 2010. She also worked as a call center employee in the British comedy ''[[Mumbai Calling]]'' (7 epi) in 2009. In 2012 the actress was seen in film ''Patang''.

Her next films include [[Santosh Sivan]]'s ''[[Ceylon (film)|Ceylon]]'', Shefali Bushan's ''Jugni'', the sequel of ''[[Tere Bin Laden]]'' and Manu Warrier's ''[[Coffee Bloom]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/it-s-mytime/article1-1185184.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218082706/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/it-s-mytime/article1-1185184.aspx |archive-date=18 February 2014 |title='It's MyTime' |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 February 2014 |access-date=20 March 2014}}</ref> In ''[[Ceylon]]'' (''Inam'' in Tamil), she has played the role of a Sri Lankan refugee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Tamil/Movies/News-Interviews/Supporting-actors-turn-heroes-in-Tamil-films/articleshow/32303460.cms |title=Supporting actors turn heroes in Tamil films |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 March 2014}}</ref> About her performance in the film, Sivan stated that "nobody could have done what she has done here".<ref>{{cite news |author=Sudhish Kamath |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-special-point-of-view/article5358064.ece |title=A special point of view |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 November 2013 |access-date=20 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 March 2014 |title=In conflict zone |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/in-conflict-zone/article5839112.ece |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="d'mello">{{Cite news |date=6 April 2014 |author=Yolande D'Mello |title=Reluctant diva |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/reluctant-diva/articleshow/33300664.cms |access-date=31 July 2024 |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

Garg has worked in television and hosted several shows and has been linked to many television personalities. She first hosted the show ''Haath Se Haath Mila'' for BBC when she was 18.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/My-next-is-an-international-film-Sugandha/articleshow/7116626.cms |title=My next is an international film: Sugandha |newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 December 2010}}</ref> She later hosted the shows ''Whats with Indian men'' along with [[Indrani Dasgupta]]<ref name="What's With Indian Men"/> and Season 2 of ''It happens only in India'' on [[Fox Traveller]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/girl-on-the-go/948901/0 |title=Girl on the Go - Indian Express |work=The Indian Express |date=14 May 2012 |access-date=20 March 2014}}</ref> She has also performed in theatre plays ''I Have Gone Marking'' and ''Sometimes''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/parties/kolkata/A-playful-weekend-in-Kolkata/articleshow/2572814.cms?referral=PM |title=A playful weekend in Kolkata |work=The Times of India |date=27 November 2007 |access-date=20 March 2014}}</ref> She performed the Assamese song "Tokari" with [[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]] in [[Coke Studio (India)#Season 2|''Coke Studio'' @ MTV, Season 2]].

She played the role of lead [[Sushmita Sen]]'s characters best friend in [[Aarya (TV series)]] as Hina Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |first=IANS |title=Maya Sarao loved her character's 'no-nonsense attitude' in 'Aarya 3' |url=https://ianslive.in/fwd-maya-sarao-loved-her-characters-no-nonsense-attitude-in-aarya-3--20231031141205 |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=ianslive.in |date=31 October 2023 }}</ref> She is also Sangram's love interest in the series and Jeet's mother.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Soumya |title=Aarya 2: Sushmita Sen finally breaks bad, but takes 7 long, boring episodes to get there |date=12 December 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/aarya-2-sushmita-sen-finally-breaks-bad-but-takes-7-long-boring-episodes-to-get-there-101639203159073.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Suparna |date=28 June 2020 |title=Aarya review {{!}} Yes, womenâ€™s heads and feet turn in rage |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/280620/aarya-review-yes-womens-heads-and-feet-turn-in-rage.html |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Sugandha Garg raghu ram.jpg|thumb|alt=Garg with her then-husband Raghu Ram at The Antiquity-Club Fusion |Garg with her then-husband Raghu Ram at The Antiquity-Club Fusion in 2012]]
Garg graduated from [[Maitreyi College]], Delhi University.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/i-will-always-be-a-delhi-girl-says-sugandha-garg-209120 |title=I will always be a Delhi girl, says Sugandha Garg | NDTV Movies.com |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com |date=10 May 2012 |access-date=20 March 2014 |archive-date=10 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210083059/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/i-will-always-be-a-delhi-girl-says-sugandha-garg-209120}}</ref> Garg married [[Raghu Ram]], a [[television producer]] and MTV Reality Show Host in 2006.<ref name=ht-sugandha>{{cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Debasmita |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Sugandha-wants-to-act-with-Raghu/Article1-850658.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127012849/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Sugandha-wants-to-act-with-Raghu/Article1-850658.aspx |archive-date=27 January 2013 |title=Sugandha wants to act with Raghu |work=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi |date=4 May 2012 |access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref> They have been officially divorced as on 30 January 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/it-is-best-for-me-and-my-wife-to-stay-friends-raghu-ram/story-SKHagzGS6z373aInTSmTkN.html |title=Break In marriage |date=5 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sugandha Garg, Raghu Ram Are 'Still Each Other's Support System' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sugandha-garg-raghu-ram-are-still-each-others-support-system-1264117 |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2018 |title=Raghu Ram-Sugandha Garg end their marriage, announce their 'divorce goals' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/raghu-ram-sugandha-garg-end-their-marriage-announce-their-divorce-goals/story-a4W2mRHKMFIYuKVE9RaavJ.html}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]'' || Shaleen ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Let's Dance (2009 film)|Let's Dance]]'' || Anoushka ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Mumbai Calling]]'' || || TV series
|-
| 2010 || ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' || Komal (reporter)||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Tere Bin Laden]]'' || Zoya Khan ||
|-
| 2011 || ''Patang'' || Priya ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Ceylon (film)|Ceylon]]'' || Rajini || English-Tamil film
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Coffee Bloom]]'' || Anika ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Tere Bin Laden 2]]'' || Zoya Khan ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Jugni (2016 film)|Jugni]]'' || Vibhavari ||
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Series !! Role !! Language
!Platform!! Notes
|-
|2020–2024
|[[Aarya (Indian TV series)|''Aarya'']]
|Hina Khan
|Hindi
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Guilty Minds]]''
| Vandana Kathpalia
|Hindi
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=25 April 2023 |title=Guilty Minds, On Amazon Prime Video, Breaks The Echo Chamber And Raises The Bar |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/streaming-reviews/guilty-minds-web-series-review-amazon-prime-breaks-the-echo-chamber-and-raises-the-bar |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== TV ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Series !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|2003
|Haath Se Haath Mila
|Co-host (Along with Sameer Kocchar)
|English
|For Doordarshan <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2020 |title=6 TV Actors Who Should Act In More Bollywood Films As They Have Insane Talent |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/78279-6-tv-actors-who-should-act-in-more-bollywood-films-as-they-have-insane-talent.html |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=MensXP |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="d'mello" />
|-
|2011
|What's With Indian Men
| Co-host (Along with Indrani Dasgupta)
|English
|FOX History & Traveller's original series <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2012 |title=The mind of the Indian man |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2011/Jun/03/the-mind-of-the-indian-man-259238.html |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Band/Solo !! Co-singer !! Lyrics
|-
|2012
|''Tokari''
| Coke Studio @ MTV Season 2
| Papon<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 of the Biggest Hits of Coke Studio India |url=https://www.news18.com/web-stories/entertainment/10-of-the-biggest-hits-of-coke-studio-india-1119951/ |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=news18.com |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|2022
|''Ghalib''
|Single
|
| Sugandha Garg<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Rolling Stone |date=22 September 2022 |title=#RSDailyMusic: Here's What We're Listening to Today |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/rsdailymusic-heres-what-were-listening-to-today-388/ |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Sawal''
|Single
|
| Sugandha Garg<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=4 July 2023 |title=15 Years of Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na EXCLUSIVE: Sugandha Garg admits that her character Shaleen was gay: "Girls, who are trying to figure out their sexual preferences, always, come up to me. They say, 'I have a question. Was Shaleen gay?'" 15: Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/15-years-jaane-tu-ya-jaane-na-exclusive-sugandha-garg-admits-character-shaleen-gay-girls-trying-figure-sexual-preferences-always-come/ |access-date=14 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Mazzaak''
|Single
|
| Sugandha Garg
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{DNA India|sugandha-garg}}
* {{BH person|sugandha-garg}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garg, Sugandha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Meerut]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]

Ram Sewak Sharma

2026-01-15T05:31:06Z

Augustine V. Williams:

{{Short description|Professor Ondian Institute of Technology}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ram Sewak Sharma
| image = File:Dr. R.S. Sharma.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Ram Sewak Sharma
| birth_place =
| nationality = Indian
| death_date =
| death_place =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|10|01}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Civil List of IAS Officers |url=https://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Civil_List_of_IAS_Officers_-_Appendix_A_-_Combined_Gradation_List_of_IAS_Officers_appointed_on_the_result_of_annual_competitive_Exam._As_on_01.01.2014-civillist.ias.nic.in.htm |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=dtf.in}}</ref>
| office1 = CEO, [[National Health Authority]]
| termend1 = 31 January 2023
| termstart1 = 1 February 2021
| predecessor1 = [[Indu Bhushan]]
| successor1= Dipti Gaur Mukharjee <ref>{{Cite web | title=National Health Authority appoints Deepti Gaur Mukerjee as CEO - Elets eHealth | url=https://ehealth.eletsonline.com/2023/12/national-health-authority-appoints-deepti-gaur-mukerjee-as-ceo/ | access-date=2025-01-03 | website=ehealth.eletsonline.com| date=14 December 2023 }}</ref>
| office2 = Chairman, [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]]
| termend2 = 30 September 2020
| termstart2 = 20 August 2015
| predecessor2 = [[Rahul Khullar]]
| successor2 = PD Vaghela
| office3 = Director General, [[Aadhaar#Unique Identification Authority|Unique Identification Authority of India]]
| termend3 = 31 March 2013
| termstart3 = 31 July 2009
| predecessor3 = ''Position Established''
| successor3 = Vijay Madan
| occupation = Retired [[Civil servant]]
| spouse =
|alma_mater = [[University of Allahabad]] [[IIT Kanpur]] [[University of California Riverside]]
}}

'''Ram Sewak Sharma''' (born 1 October 1955) is a retired Indian bureaucrat and former civil servant. He is currently a Distinguished Visiting Professor at the [[Indian Institute of Technology (Kanpur)|Indian Institute of Technology]] (IIT Kanpur), where he teaches Technology and Policy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visiting faculty |url=https://iitk.ac.in/doms/visiting-faculty |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=iitk.ac.in}}</ref> He also serves as the non-executive Chairperson of [[Open Network for Digital Commerce]] (ONDC), a non-profit organisation aimed at fostering digital commerce.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-19 |title=All About Open Network for Digital Commerce |url=https://ondc.org/about-ondc/ |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=ONDC {{!}} Open Network for Digital Commerce |language=en}}</ref>

In the past, he has served as the chief executive officer of the [[National Health Authority]], an Indian governmental organisation tasked with managing public health insurance;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare notification |url=https://pmjay.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-02/Notification.pdf}}</ref> the Chairperson of [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]]; and the first Director General of the [[Aadhaar|Unique Identification Authority of India]].

==Early life and education==
Born in a small village of [[Uttar Pradesh]], he completed his early education from schools near his village. He joined [[University of Allahabad]] from where he earned his Bachelor of Science (BSc). He completed his master's in Mathematics from [[IIT, Kanpur]], in 1978.<ref name="MINT">{{cite web | url=http://www.livemint.com/2009/12/31192617/Ram-Sewak-Sharma--A-different.html | title=Ram Sewak Sharma {{!}} A different drummer | work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] | date=1 January 2010 | access-date=1 April 2013 | author=Jain, Akshai}}</ref> While on leave from the Government of India, he earned a master's in computer science from [[University of California, Riverside]] in 2002<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucriverside.academia.edu/RamSewakSharma|title=Ram Sewak Sharma {{!}} University of California, Riverside - Academia.edu|website=ucriverside.academia.edu|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref> and subsequently a PhD from [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|IIT, Delhi]].<ref name="retire">{{cite web |last1=Pandey |first1=Navadha |title=R.S. Sharma, outspoken Trai chairman with a flair for technology, retires today |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/lovyq1QAHgdQfF4GLnZmVJ/RS-Sharma-outspoken-Trai-chairman-with-a-flair-for-techno.html |website=Mint |access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Ram Sewak Sharma joined the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) in 1978.He belongs to the Jharkhand cadre.<ref name="bio">{{cite web |title=Complete Biodata |url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=6985&PageId= |website=Ministry of Personnel |publisher=Government of India |access-date=2 March 2021 |ref=bio}}</ref>
In 1986, he wrote a program in [[DBASE]], a programming language that would keep a record of all stolen firearms in the crime-prone district. As soon as a firearm would be found, the programme would run a search query among thousands of age-old records. This software enabled the solving of 22 cases in just 30 days.<ref name="ET">{{cite news | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-07-20/news/27632558_1_programme-uid-biometrics | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812043011/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-07-20/news/27632558_1_programme-uid-biometrics | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 August 2011 | title=UID will give mobile identity to people | work=[[The Economic Times]] | date=20 July 2010 | access-date=1 April 2013 | author=Julka, Harsimran}}</ref>

He held responsibilities in his home cadre of Jharkhand as well as in ministries of the Central government, including, as Secretary, Department of Electronics and Information Technology and Chief Secretary of Jharkhand .<ref name="bio" />

===UIDAI===
As the first Director General of the [[Aadhaar#Unique Identification Authority|Unique Identification Authority of India]], he helped create the 12-digit identity number, called [[Aadhaar]], which is available to all eligible residents in India. He has authored a book titled ''The Making of Aadhaar: World's Largest Identity Platform'' ({{ISBN|9390356121}}) describing this project.<ref name="aadhaar">{{cite web |title='Making of Aadhaar' — new book presents candid, first-hand account of how the ID was created |url=https://theprint.in/softcover/making-of-aadhaar-new-book-presents-candid-first-hand-account-of-how-the-id-was-created/497484/ |website=The Print |date=8 September 2020 |access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref>

===TRAI===
He was appointed the Chairman of [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] (TRAI) from August 2015 for a period of three years. At the end of this tenure, he was given a further extension of two years.<ref name="extension">{{cite web |title=R S Sharma re-appointed TRAI chairperson till 2020 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/r-s-sharma-re-appointed-trai-chairperson-till-2020/article24643471.ece |website=Business Line |date=9 August 2018 |publisher=Hindu |access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref>
As Chairman of TRAI, he steered the adoption of [[Net neutrality in India|net neutrality regulations in India]]. He has taken measures to enable [[consumer choice]] in determining market outcomes, e.g. a new framework for broadcasting and cable services,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://main.trai.gov.in/release-publication/regulations/amendments-page/94209|title=Regulation and Amendment|website=Telecom Regulatory Authority of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-13}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> regulations for mobile number portability,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://main.trai.gov.in/telecom/mobile-number-portability|title=Mobile Number Portability|website=Telecom Regulatory Authority of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-13|archive-date=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818185956/https://main.trai.gov.in/telecom/mobile-number-portability|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the use of crowd-sourced information or field measurements to inform customers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://analytics.trai.gov.in/|title=TRAI Analytics|website=analytics.trai.gov.in|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref>
As the TRAI chairman, his goal to gradually reduce [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/interconnect-usage-charge-facts-that-you-should-know/articleshow/60772580.cms Interconnect Usage Charges] earned him acclaim from some and criticism from others. Critics allege that the decision is biased towards [[Jio]] while those defending TRAI claim that reducing these charges was necessary for the continuous growth of the sector.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/government-helping-reliance-jio-monopolise-telecom|title=How Reliance Jio is monopolising the telecom sector|last=Block|first=Daniel|website=The Caravan|language=en|access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref>

=== CoWIN ===
He is the chairperson of an empowered committee for administration of COVID-19 vaccine delivery technology platform (Co-WIN).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mookerji |first=Nivedita |date=2021-01-09 |title=RS Sharma, former Trai chief, to head empowered panel for Covid-19 vaccine |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/rs-sharma-former-trai-chief-to-head-empowered-panel-for-covid-19-vaccine-121010900353_1.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of India, Cabinet Secretariat notification |url=https://pmjay.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-07/Empowered%20Group%20on%20Vaccine%20Administration.pdf}}</ref> [[CoWIN]] along with the national COVID-19 vaccination campaign was launched by the Prime Minister on January 16, 2021. Dr. Sharma was called back from retirement to take the responsibility of developing and executing the CoWIN or the COVID-19 Vaccine Intelligence Network.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The CoWIN story started with the pandemic, but it won't end with it |date=7 June 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-cowin-story-started-with-the-pandemic-but-it-wont-end-with-it-7956262/}}</ref> India crossed a mark of administering 2 billion vaccinations in July, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=India crosses 200 crore Covid-19 vaccinations: Day to remember forever, says Health Minister Mansukh Mandaviya |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health-specials/india-crosses-200-crore-covid-19-vaccination-mansukh-mandaviya-8034580/ |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The country also signed an MoU with the government of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana for sharing CoWIN.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Perappadan |first=Bindu Shajan |date=2022-07-23 |title=CoWIN platform 'know-how' now available free of cost to any country |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cowin-platform-know-how-now-available-free-of-cost-to-any-country/article65674020.ece |access-date=2022-08-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Dr. Sharma also served on the National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19, a body constituted by the Government of India to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1687421 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

===NHA===
In February 2021, Sharma was appointed as the chief executive officer of the [[National Health Authority|National Health Authority of India]], a body responsible for implementing two health initiatives of the Government of India, [[Ayushman Bharat Yojana|Ayushman Bharat Jan Arogya Yojana]] (AB PM-JAY) which is a public health insurance scheme and [[National Digital Health Mission|Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission]], a platform to promote digitization of healthcare in India and served the office till January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare notification |url=https://pmjay.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-02/Notification.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mookerji |first=Nivedita |date=2021-01-28 |title=Indu Bhushan to leave as Ayushman Bharat chief, R S Sharma to take over |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/indu-bhushan-to-leave-as-ayushman-bharat-chief-rs-sharma-to-take-over-121012800638_1.html |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ABDM will aid universal health coverage in accessible, affordable, timely manner: R S Sharma |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/health-trends/interview-i-abdm-will-aid-universal-health-coverage-in-accessible-affordable-timely-manner-r-s-sharma-8205221.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In 2018, Sharma dismissed concerns regarding privacy and potential misuse of India's national biometric ID, and disclosed his Aadhar number on twitter, challenging users to “do any harm to me.” and stating that the purpose of the challenge was "... to debunk the theory that Aadhaar compromises the privacy of the person.”<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2018-07-29|title=TRAI chief's Aadhar dare backfires, personal details put online|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/trai-chiefs-aadhar-dare-backfires-personal-details-put-online/article24544828.ece|access-date=2020-12-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-31|title=TRAI chief's Aadhaar challenge decoded: Why R S Sharma gave out his Aadhaar number|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/aadhaar-card/trai-chiefs-aadhar-challenge-decoded-why-r-s-sharma-gave-out-his-aadhar-number/1264177/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> Following this, individual researchers were able to locate his personal address, the number of the mobile phone he used as well as an alternate phone number that he used, his [[WhatsApp]] profile picture, his voter identification card and his tax identification card ([[PAN card]]). Sharma dismissed these disclosures on Twitter, stating that the information could not be used to harm him.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-29|title=Personal details of TRAI chief RS Sharma 'leaked' after open challenge on Twitter|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/personal-details-of-trai-chief-rs-sharma-leaked-after-open-challenge-on-twitter-4844361.html|access-date=2020-12-14|website=Tech2}}</ref> The information was used to make a symbolic deposit of {{INR}}1 in one of his bank accounts, to demonstrate the potential for misuse.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rachel Chitra|date=Jul 30, 2018|title=Hackers deposit Re 1 in Trai chief's account {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hackers-deposit-re-1-in-trai-chiefs-account/articleshow/65190556.cms|access-date=2020-12-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The UIDAI made a statement indicating that this personal information concerning Mr. Sharma was already in the public domain.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-29|title=Trai chief's personal details not taken from Aadhaar database: UIDAI|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/trai-chief-s-personal-details-not-fetched-from-aadhaar-database-servers-uidai/story-p155PgKW0Y2L24YXeYcolK.html|access-date=2020-12-14|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> In December 2020, Sharma's Aadhar number was used to fraudulently register him for an agricultural benefit scheme, the [[PM Kisan Yojana]], as a result of which benefits that he was not eligible for were deposited into his account. Sharma has blamed the state government for failing to conduct adequate verification.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Yasmin Ahmed |date=December 14, 2020 |title=Former UIDAI chief RS Sharma suffers Aadhaar fraud, Rs 6000 PM Kisan fund deposited in his account|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/former-uidai-chief-rs-sharma-suffers-aadhaar-fraud-rs-6000-pm-kisan-fund-deposited-in-his-account-1749464-2020-12-14|access-date=2020-12-14|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
* Voice and Data "Telecom Person of the Year" award for his role in balancing the interests of the telecom industry and consumers - 2019<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Voice&Data |title=RS Sharma, Manoj Kohli, Dr. Anand Agarwal conferred Voice&Data Leadership Awards |url=https://www.voicendata.com/rs-sharma-manoj-kohli-dr-anand-agarwal-get-voicedata-leadership-award/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=www.voicendata.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Voice & Data Lifetime Achievement Award - 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Voice&Data |title=V&D Confers Lifetime Achievement Award to RS Sharma |url=https://www.voicendata.com/vd-confers-lifetime-achievement-award-to-rs-sharma/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=www.voicendata.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Economic Times Telecom Award for Lifetime Achievement - 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETTelecom.com |title=ETTelecom Awards 2022: Former Trai Chief RS Sharma bags Lifetime Achievement Award - ET Telecom |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/former-trai-chief-rs-sharma-bags-ettelecom-lifetime-achievement-award/90543503 |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=ETTelecom.com |language=en}}</ref>

Recognition for CoWIN platform developed under his leadership

* In 2021, Voice & Data recognized CoWIN as a "Pathbreaker" for its role in the vaccination drive during the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Voice&Data |title=Cowin Platform, Among V&D Jury Award Winners, at Voice&Data Telecom Leadership Forum, 2022 |url=https://www.voicendata.com/72792-2-jury-awar-winners-at-voicedata-telecom-leadership-forum/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=www.voicendata.com |language=en}}</ref>
* In 2023, CoWIN received the Global Game Changer Award from Marico Foundation, recognizing its innovative use of technology to facilitate the vaccination process.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=6985&PageId= Complete Biodata]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Ram Sewak}}
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of California, Riverside alumni]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]

Kunduvadi language

2026-01-01T11:27:21Z

Augustine V. Williams: adding initial post from scratch

{{Short description|Southern Dravidian language of India}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Kunduvadi
|nativename=
|states=[[India]]
|ethnicity=
|speakers=1,000
|date=2004
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Dravidian
| fam2 = Southern
| fam3 = [[South Dravidian languages|Southern I]]
| fam4 = Tamil–[[Kannada dialects|Kannada]]
| fam5 = Tamil–[[Kota language (India)|Kota]]
| fam6 = Tamil–[[Toda language|Toda]]
| fam7 = Tamil–Irula
| fam8 = Tamil–[[Kodava language|Kodava]]–[[Urali language|Urali]]
| fam9 = [[Tamiloid languages|Tamil]]–[[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalam]]
| fam10 = [[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalamoid]]
| fam11 = [[Kalanadi language|Kalanadi]]–Kunduvadi–[[Pathiya language|Pathiya]]
| ancestor = [[Old Tamil language|Old Tamil]]
| ancestor2 = [[Middle Tamil language|Middle Tamil]]
|iso3=wku
|glotto=kund1253
|glottorefname=Kunduvadi
}}
'''Kunduvadi''' ({{ipa|wku|kuɳɖuʋɐɖi|ipa}}) is a [[Southern Dravidian languages|Southern Dravidian language]] of [[India]]. It is structurally similar to Malayalam, but is closer to [[Pathiya language|Pathiya]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dravidian languages |state=autocollapse}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dravidian languages]]

{{Dravidian-lang-stub}}

Ratnatraya

2025-11-18T04:06:55Z

Augustine V. Williams: Put Up First Pg From Scratch - done

{{Short description|Jainism teaching of right faith, right knowledge, right conduct}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Jainism}}
[[File:MahaveeJi.jpg|thumb|The three [[Shikhara|shikhar]] (top) of a [[Jain temple]] represents ''Ratnatraya'' (three jewels)]]
The '''ratnatraya''' are the three jewels of [[Jainism]], namely ''samyak darshana'' (right faith or view), ''samyak gyana'' (right knowledge), and ''samyak charitra'' (right conduct), which constitute the path to liberation.

== The path to liberation ==
{{Quote box |width=20em | bgcolor=#c6dbf7 |align=right |quote=Right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct (together) constitute the path to liberation. | salign = right|source =Tattvārthasūtra (1-1){{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2011|p=2}}}}

The spiritual goal in Jainism is to reach ''moksha'' for ascetics, but for most Jain laypersons, it is to accumulate good karma that leads to better rebirth and a step closer to liberation.{{sfn|Bailey|2012|p=108}}{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=18, 98–100}} Purification of soul and liberation can be achieved through the three jewels (''ratnatraya''):{{sfn|Cort|2001a|pp=6–7}}{{sfn|Fohr|2015|pp=9–10, 37}} ''samyak darśana'', right vision or faith in the Jain teachings{{sfn|Fohr|2015|p=10}} or scriptures,{{sfn|Grimes|1996|p=323}} more specifically the seven tattvas;{{sfn|Grimes|1996|p=279}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=148, 151, 200}}{{efn|According to Padmanabh S. Jaini, ''samyak darśana'' is acceptance of the truth of soul (''jīva'').{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=141–147}}}} ''samyak gyana'', right knowledge and understanding of the Jain teachings,{{sfn|Grimes|1996|p=323}}{{sfn|Cort|2001a|p=7}} more specifically of self (''jiva'') and non-self (''ajiva'');{{sfn|Grimes|1996|p=279}} and ''samyak charitra'', correct conduct, behavior consistent with these teachinngs and the five vows.{{sfn|Grimes|1996|p=323}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=148, 200}} Jain texts often add ''samyak tapas'' (correct asceticism) as a fourth jewel, emphasizing belief in ascetic practices as the means to liberation ([[moksha]]).{{sfn|Cort|2001a|p=7}} The four jewels are called ''Moksha Marga'' (the path of liberation).{{sfn|Cort|2001a|pp=6–7}}

== Right faith ==
Acharya [[Umaswami]] states in ''Tattvārthasūtra'' (1-2) that "Belief in substances [''tattvas''] ascertained as they are is right faith."{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2011|p=2}} According to the [[Digambara]], there are seven ''[[Tattva (Jainism)|tattva]]'':{{sfn|S. A. Jain|1992|p=7}}
#''jīva'' — the [[Soul (Jainism)|soul]] which is characterized by consciousness.
#''ajīva'' — the non-soul
#''[[Asrava|āsrava]]'' — inflow of auspicious and evil karmic matter into the soul.
#bondage ([[Bandha (Jainism)|Bandha]]) — mutual intermingling of the soul and ''karmas''
#''[[Samvara]]'' (stoppage) — obstruction of the inflow of karmic matter into the soul.
#''[[Nirjara]]'' — gradual dissociation of karmic matter from the soul
#''[[moksha (Jainism)|Moksha]]'' (liberation) — complete annihilation of all karmic matter (bound with any particular soul)

== Right conduct ==
Right conduct is the application of the knowledge developed, so as to exercise control over our inner desires and reach a stage where there is no attachment or aversion.

Right conduct includes:{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1917|p=57}}
* Five kinds of spiritual purity
# ''[[Sāmāyika]]'' (equanimity),
# penalties for faults arising from inadvertence, or negligence, on account of which one loses equanimity,
# refraining from ''himsa'' (injury),
# control of passions, and
# contemplation of one's own soul

* Observance of [[Mahavrata]]s (five major vows):
# [[Ahimsa in Jainism|Ahiṃsā]], not to hurt any living being by actions and thoughts
# [[Satya]], not to lie or speak what is not commendable.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=61}}
# [[Asteya]], not to take anything if not given.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=68}}
# [[Brahmacharya]], chastity / Celibacy in action, words & thoughts
# [[Aparigraha]] ([[Non-possession]]), detachment from material property.

* Seven supplementary vows:
:'''Guņa vratas''', merit vows{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=88}}
:1. ''digvrata'', restriction on movement with regard to directions.
:2. ''bhogopabhogaparimana'', vow of limiting consumable and non-consumable things
:3. ''anartha-dandaviramana'', refraining from harmful occupations and activities (purposeless sins).
:'''Śikşā vratas''',{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=88}} disciplinary vows
:4. ''[[samayika]]'', vow to meditate and concentrate periodically.
:5. ''desavrata'', limiting movement to certain places for a fixed period of time.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=90}}
:6. ''upvas'', fasting at regular intervals.
:7. ''atihti samvibhag'', vow of offering food to the ascetic and needy people

== See also ==
*[[Three Jewels|Three Jewels of Buddhism]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}

* {{citation |last=Bailey |first=William |title=The Theological Universe |url={{Google books|G7_GBgAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Bailey Publishing, PA |date=2012 |isbn=978-1-312-23861-9 }}

* {{citation |last=Cort |first=John E. |date=2001a |title=Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India |url={{Google books|PZk-4HOMzsoC|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-513234-2 }}

* {{citation |last=Fohr |first=Sherry |title=Jainism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url={{Google books|iAXsBQAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |year=2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4742-2756-8 }}

* {{citation |last =Grimes | first =John | year=1996 | title =A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English | publisher =SUNY Press | location =New York | isbn =0-7914-3068-5 }}

*{{Citation| author =Champat Rai Jain | year =1917| author-link=Champat Rai Jain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EscwAQAAMAAJ|title=The Practical Path|publisher=The Central Jaina Publishing House}}
* {{citation | last =Jain |first=S. A. | year =1992 | orig-year =1960 |author-link=S.A. Jain |title=Reality (English Translation of Srimat Pujyapadacharya's Sarvarthasiddhi) |publisher=[[Jwalamalini Trust]] |url=https://archive.org/details/Reality_JMT |edition=Second |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|S. A. Jain|1992}} }}
* {{citation | last=Jain |first=Vijay K. | date=2011 |title=Acharya Umasvami's Tattvarthsūtra |publisher=[[Vikalp Printers]] |location=[[Uttarakhand]] |isbn=978-81-903639-2-1 |edition=1st |url={{Google books|zLmx9bvtglkC|plainurl=yes}} |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|Vijay K. Jain|2011}} }}
* {{citation | last=Jain |first=Vijay K. | date =2012|title=Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya: Realization of the Pure Self, With Hindi and English Translation |url={{Google books|4iyUu4Fc2-YC|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Vikalp Printers]] |isbn=978-81-903639-4-5 |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|Vijay K. Jain|2012}} }}
* {{citation | last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. | date =1998 | orig-year =1979 |title=The Jaina Path of Purification |url={{Google books|wE6v6ahxHi8C|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-1578-0 }}

* {{citation | last =Long | first=Jeffery D. | year =2013 | title =Jainism: An Introduction | publisher =I.B. Tauris |isbn =978-0-85771-392-6}}
{{refend}}
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Jain Community: A Social Survey |url={{Google books|FWdWrRGV_t8C|plainurl=yes}} |date=1980 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |location=Bombay |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-317-12346-3 }}

{{Jainism Topics}}

[[Category:Jain philosophical concepts]]

H. M. Desai

2025-07-21T14:22:39Z

Augustine V. Williams: small changes

{{Short description|Indian academic administrator}}
'''Harshad M. Desai''' is an educationist and academic from [[Gujarat]], India. He is a vice chancellor of Dharamsinh Desai University in [[Nadiad]], Gujarat.<ref name="AM">{{Cite web|date=2020-01-26|title=Eight from state get Padma awards|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/eight-from-state-get-padma-awards/articleshow/73620137.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-28|website=Ahmedabad Mirror}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-02-02|title=ભારત સરકાર દ્વારા ડો. હર્ષદ દેસાઈ અને યઝદી કરંજિયાને પદ્મશ્રીથી નવાજાયા|url=https://gujarattimesusa.com/%e0%aa%ad%e0%aa%be%e0%aa%b0%e0%aa%a4-%e0%aa%b8%e0%aa%b0%e0%aa%95%e0%aa%be%e0%aa%b0-%e0%aa%a6%e0%ab%8d%e0%aa%b5%e0%aa%be%e0%aa%b0%e0%aa%be-%e0%aa%a1%e0%ab%8b-%e0%aa%b9%e0%aa%b0%e0%ab%8d%e0%aa%b7/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225161654/https://gujarattimesusa.com/%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4-%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0-%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE-%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%8B-%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7/|archive-date=2022-02-25|access-date=2021-01-28|website=Gujarat Times|language=gu|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Career==
Desai started his career as a lecturer and later served as the principal and director. He has served as the vice chancellor of the [[Gujarat University]]. He has also served as the vice president the [[Association of Indian Universities]] for two terms and the president of the same for a term (2014). He is also a member of the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] and a member of the [[American Institute of Chemical Engineers]].<ref name=":0" />
==Awards==
Desai was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2020 for his contribution in literature and education.<ref name="AM" /><ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, H. M.}}

[[Category:People from Kheda district]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Dharamsinh Desai University]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

Mandana painting

2025-07-10T21:56:17Z

Augustine V. Williams: done!

{{short description|Painting in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
[[File:Mandana Painting.JPG|thumb|right|A Mandana painting depicting wedding celebrations. From the [[National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, New Delhi|Crafts Museum]].]]
'''Mandana paintings''' are wall and floor paintings of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>Meena, Madan, 2009, Nurturing Walls: Animal Paintings by Meena Women, Tara Books, {{ISBN|978-8-18-621168-7}}</ref> Mandana are drawn to protect home and hearth, welcome gods into the house and as a mark of celebrations on festive occasions. [[Meena]] women in the Hadoti area of Rajasthan possess skill for developing designs of perfect symmetry and accuracy. The art is practised on floors and walls, and the practice is often passed from mother to daughter.<ref name=HinduTimes /> The art is much more pronounced and attached to Meena community of Hadoti area. The [[Ground (art)|ground]] is prepared with [[cow dung]] mixed with rati, a local clay, and red ochre. Lime or [[Chalk|chalk powder]] is used for making the motif. Tools employed are a piece of cotton, a tuft of hair, or a rudimentary brush made out of a date stick. The design may show Ganesha, peacocks, women at work, tigers, floral motifs, etc.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kamboj|first=B. P.|title=Early wall painting of Garhwal|year=2003|publisher=Indus Publ. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=8173871396|pages=158}}</ref> Such paintings are also called Mandala in most of the parts of Nepal.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

<gallery>
File:Mandana art work at shilpgram.JPG|Mandana art work from Shilpgram, Udaipur
File:Mandana art work at shilpgram , udaipur.JPG|Mandana art work on the walls of Rajasthani mud huts from Shilpgram, Udaipur
</gallery>

In recent times, the practice has become less visible and has been called outdated.<ref name=HinduTimes /> Conservation efforts, such as those of Koshalya Devi from [[Baran, Rajasthan|Baran]], have been engaged in preserving and conserving the traditional white chalk on red background Mandana drawings.<ref name=HinduTimes>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/mandana-paintings-this-artist-is-struggling-to-keep-the-tradition-alive/story-r0EhVTA9VDhzWnI1njoKNO.html |title=Mandana paintings: This artist is struggling to keep the tradition alive |author= |date=2016 |website=www.hindustantimes.com/ |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=12 June 2022}},</ref> Devi has painted over 100 designs in the Mandana style on hardboard using oil paints, and is also engaged in spreading the practice to other countries.

==See also==
* [[Chowk poorana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Culture of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian painting]]

Matatila Dam

2025-07-04T07:21:00Z

Augustine V. Williams: cleanup

{{Short description|Dam in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup|reason=needs logical paragraph structure|date=December 2018}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=December 2018}}}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Matatila Dam
| name_official =
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| plant_name = Matalila Power House
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The '''Matatila Dam''' is a [[dam]] in district [[Lalitpur, India|Lalitpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, that was built in 1958 on the [[Betwa River]]. Situated 50 km from Jhansi and 93 km away from [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]], this earthen dam is 35 m high. The dam has 23 Spillway gates. The catchment area is around 20 km2 with a maximum storage capacity of 1132 million cubic metres.

The dam is popular among tourists. Water sports facilities are also available. The best period to visit this place is from September to May. It connects [[Jhansi]] to Babina route.

The dam generates about 45 MW of power.

Nearest railway stations are at [[Matatila]], [[Talbahat]] (10 km) and [[Lalitpur, India|Lalitpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] (40 km).

==Construction==
It is believed that, before the dam's construction, there was a seat of “Mata Sharda” on top of the hill. People worshipped the hill. Later, the hill was renamed as Matatila. “Mata” is for Goddess Sharda and “tila” means “top.” When the dam was constructed here it was given the same name, Matatila Dam.

Matatila Dam was built in 1958. It is an earthen dam with a height of 35 meters.

Power Station of the dam is located at the left bank of the River Betwa. The river originates from Bhopal and passes through the outskirts of Jhansi, forming a border line of the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Then, it flows mostly in Uttar Pradesh. Here, it meets the River Yamuna in Hamirpur district.

The River is completely rain fed. It features high water discharge during monsoon and very low water discharge during summer. The Matatila Power House features three machines of 10.2 MW each. It was set up in 1965.

The catchment area of Matatila Dam is 8000 square miles. Its reservoir capacity is at 4000 M.Cu.Ft.
[[File:Matatila Dam Lalitpur.jpg|thumb|right|420pxMatatila Dam Lalitpur]]
==Economy==
Matatila Dam was constructed for dual purposes – irrigation and production of hydro electric power.

The dam is built with a capacity to produce 30.6 MW hydro electricity. For this purpose, both flanks of the dam feature robust structural support to ensure ample water discharge force during the time of releasing water and operating heavy duty turbine engines.

Each unit of the power plant has a capacity to produce 10.2 MW electricity. Three hydro machines are installed at the dam. The method of electricity production is direct release of water.

==Best Time to Visit==
The best time to visit Matatila Dam is from September to May. Summers are hot with temperatures reaching up to 50 degree Celsius at times. Winters are too cold. Sometimes, it rains in the summer; otherwise the weather here is dry throughout the year.

==How to Reach==
Nearby cities from Matatila Dam are Talbehat, [[Pichhore, Shivpuri|Pichhore]], Shivpuri, and Babina. The nearest railway station from this Dam is Talbehat, which is 10 km. It is a busy station. The other two nearby stations are Jakhlaun, which is 13 km, and Lalitpur, which is 23 km.

Matatila Dam is located about 93 km from Deogarh and 50 km from Jhansi City. Tourists coming from Delhi-Bombay route find Jhansi as the nearest railway station to this dam.

==References==
*{{cite web|url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/Matatila-Dam-49875.htm|title=Matatila Dam in India|website=India9.com|accessdate=26 December 2018}}
*{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/577589/Matatila-Dam|title=Matatila Dam - Wikimapia|website=Wikimapia.org|accessdate=26 December 2018}}
{{Reflist}}

{{stack|{{Portal|India|Water|Renewable energy}}}}
{{Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Jhansi division topics}}

[[Category:Betwa River]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dams in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1958]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Lalitpur district, India]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]