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Vatva railway station

2021-08-03T20:00:19Z

August:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Vatva
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|100px]]
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Vatva]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|22.958805|72.629470|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{cvt|48|m}}
| line = [[Ahmedabad–Mumbai main line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 4
| tracks = 4
| parking = Yes
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| ADA =
| code =
{{Indian railway code
| code = VTA
| zone = [[Western Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Ahmedabad}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railways]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| map_type = India Ahmedabad#India Gujarat#India
| map_dot_label = '''Vatva''' railway station
| map_size = 300

}}
'''Vatva railway station''' is a [[railway station]] under [[Western Railway zone]] in [[Gujarat]] state, India. Its code is '''Vatva'''. Vatva also has [[Diesel Loco Shed, Vatva|Diesel Loco Shed]] in [[Vatva]]. Passenger and MEMU trains halt here.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/vatva-vta/3160| title=VTA/Vatva| website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.yatra.com/indian-railways/vatva-vta-railway-station| title=VTA/Vatva:Timetable| website=Yatra}}</ref>

== Location ==

This railway station is located in the [[Vatva]], an industrial area of [[Ahmedabad district]]. It is {{convert|9|km|mi}} from the main [[Ahmedabad railway station]] and {{convert|13|km|mi}} from [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]].

== Nearby stations ==

{{stnlnk|Maninagar}} is nearest railway station towards {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}, whereas {{stnlnk|Geratpur}} is the nearest railway station towards {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Gujarat}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad railway division]]

{{Gujarat-railstation-stub}}

Ahmedabad Suburban Railway

2021-08-03T19:58:32Z

August:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox Public transit
| name = Ahmedabad Suburban Railway
| native_name = અમદાવાદ ઉપનગરીય રેલવે
| locale = [[Ahmedabad]]
| transit_type = [[Suburban rail]]
| began_operation =
| chief_executive =
| headquarters = [[Ahmedabad]]
| lines = 2 (planned)
| stations = 41 (planned) {{cn|date=September 2017}}
| ridership = 4,55,000 (Estimated)
| train_length = 3 coaches
| headway = 10 minutes
| vehicles =
| track_gauge = [[Broad gauge]]
| system_length = 52.96 km
| average_speed =
| top_speed =
| operator = Western Railways
| owner = Gujarat Infrastructure Development Board [[Indian Railways]]
| map =
| website = {{url|http://www.gidb.org/rrs}}
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| area served =
| line_number =
| start =
| end =
| annual_ridership =
| character =
| map_state =
}}
'''Ahmedabad Suburban Railway''' is a planned [[Regional rail|regional rail system]] in the city of [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India.

== History ==
The suburban railway was proposed to let people live in satellite towns and commute easily making less pressure on urban infrastructure. The project was conceptualised by the Delhi Metro Board around 2003. The Detailed Project Review was submitted to the Gujarat Infrastructure Development Board (GIDB) by [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] in October 2005. GIDB sent it to RITES for verification. The project had received approval in 2009 but was not implemented.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others//articleshow/51144965.cms|title=Rail min breathes life into old suburban train project|last=Avasthi|first=Yogesh|date=Feb 26, 2016|work=Ahmedabad Mirror|access-date=2017-09-27}}</ref> During [[Vibrant Gujarat Global Investor Summit|Vibrant Gujarat Global Investors Summit]] 2015, [[Memorandum of understanding|MOU]] was signed with Rail Vikas Nigam Ltd for a suburban railway system in Ahmedabad. Later it was announced in 2016 Union Rail Budget.<ref name=":0" />

== Corridors ==
The project will use the existing [[Right-of-way (transportation)|Right of Way]] of [[Indian Railways]], passing through Ahmedabad by upgrading and integrating existing facilities. Two corridors are planned for Ahmedabad Suburban Railway.<ref name=":0" />

* '''Corridor 1''' : [[Barejadi railway station|Barejadi]]-[[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|Ahmedabad Junction]]-[[Kalol railway station|Kalol]] (43.49 km) with stops at [[Geratpur railway station|Geratpur]], [[Vatva railway station|Vatva]], [[Maninagar]], [[Sabarmati Junction railway station|Sabarmati]], [[Chandkheda]], [[Khodiyarnagar|Khodiyar]], and Saij Sertha Road
* '''Corridor 2''' : [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|Ahmedabad Junction]]-[[Naroda]] (9.47 km) with stops at [[Asarva Junction railway station|Asarva]], [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad Airport]], [[Saijpur]] and Sardargram.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gidb.org/rrs RRS on GIDB website]
{{Suburban railways in India}}

[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Ahmedabad]]
{{India-rail-transport-stub}}

Bengali language

2021-08-03T19:55:31Z

August:

{{Infobox language
| name = Bengali
| altname = Bangla
| nativename = {{lang|bn|বাংলা}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA-bn|ˈbaŋla||Bn-বাংলা.oga}}
| region = [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]]
| ethnicity = [[Bengalis]]
| speakers = 250{{ndash}}300{{nbsp}}million
| date = 2017
| ref = <ref>{{cite book|title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh|chapter=Article 3. The state language|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24550|website=bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd|publisher=Ministry of Law, The People's Republic of Bangladesh|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|date=29 June 2018}}</ref><ref name=EthnologueSp>{{e21|ben|Bengali}}</ref>
| speakers2 = ([[first language|L1]] plus [[Second language|L2]] speakers)
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Magadhi Prakrit]]
| fam5 = [[Eastern Indic|Eastern Zone]]
| fam6 = [[Bengali-Assamese]]
| ancestor = [[Abahattha]]
| ancestor2 = Old Bengali
| dia1 = see [[Bengali dialects]]
| script = [[Eastern Nagari script]] ([[Bengali alphabet]]) [[Bengali Braille]]
| sign = Bengali signed forms<ref>{{cite web|title=Bangla Sign Language Dictionary|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/251910320/Bangla-Sign-Language-Dictionary|website=www.scribd.com|accessdate=12 September 2018|work=|date=}}</ref>
| nation = {{BAN|Bangladesh}} {{IND|India}} (in [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Barak Valley]])
| agency = [[Bangla Academy]] [[Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi]]
| iso1 = bn
| iso2 = ben
| iso3 = ben
| lingua = [http://www.linguasphere.info/lcontao/tl_files/pdf/master/OL-SITE%201999-2000%20MASTER%20ONE%20Sectors%205-Zones%2055-59.pdf <code>59-AAF-u</code>]
| image = Bangla Script.svg
| imagesize = 200px
| imagecaption = "Bangla" in [[Bengali script]]
| map = Bengalispeaking region.png
| mapcaption = Bengali speaking region of [[South Asia]]
| notice = IPA
| glotto = beng1280
| glottorefname = Bengali
}}
{{InterWiki|code=bn}}

'''Bengali''' is the most eastern [[Indo-Aryan language]] from [[South Asia]]. It developed from a language called [[Pali]].

Bengali is spoken in [[Bangladesh]] and in the [[Republic of India|Indian]] states of [[West Bengal]] and [[Tripura]].

There are about 220 million native speakers and about 250 million total speakers of Bengali. It is one of the most widely spoken languages in the [[world]], ranking seventh.<ref name="popstat">{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size |title=Statistical Summaries |accessdate=2012-05-23|year=2012|work =|publisher=Ethnologue}}</ref>

Almost all of the people in Bangladesh speak Bengali, and many famous [[book]]s and [[poem]]s are written in Bengali. [[Rabindranath Tagore]] was a famous poet who wrote in Bengali. Tagore won the [[Nobel Prize]] in [[Literature]]. The national anthems of both [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]] were written in this language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.bd/statements/fm39.htm|title=Statement by Hon'ble Foreign Minister on Second Bangladesh-India Track II dialogue at BRAC Centre on 07 August, 2005|accessdate=2008-05-27|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, [[Government of Bangladesh]]|archive-date=2008-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418063436/http://www.mofa.gov.bd/statements/fm39.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bengali has developed over the course of more than 1,300 years. [[Bengali literature]], with its millennium-old literary history, has extensively developed since the [[Bengali Renaissance]] and is one of the most prolific and diverse literary traditions in Asia. The [[Bengali language movement]] from 1948 to 1956 demanding Bengali to be an official language of Pakistan fostered [[Bengali nationalism]] in [[East Bengal]] leading to the emergence of Bangladesh in 1971. In 1999, [[UNESCO]] recognised [[Language Movement Day|21 February]] as [[International Mother Language Day]] in recognition of the language movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001177/117709E.pdf|title=Amendment to the Draft Programme and Budget for 2000–2001 (30 C/5)|year=1999|work=General Conference, 30th Session, Draft Resolution|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=27 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521161342/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001177/117709E.pdf|archive-date=21 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D28672%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|title=Resolution adopted by the 30th Session of UNESCO's General Conference (1999)|work=International Mother Language Day|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=27 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601025416/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D28672%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|archive-date=1 June 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Bengali language is the quintessential element of Bengali identity and binds together a [[Culture of Bengal|culturally diverse]]region.

==History==
[[File:East-magadhan-proto-languages.png|thumb|left|The descent of proto-Gauda, the ancestor of the modern Bengali language, from the proto-Gauda-Kamarupa line of the proto-Magadhan(Magadhi Prakrit).<ref>{{harvcol|Toulmin|2009|p=220}}</ref>]]

===Ancient===
Although [[Sanskrit]] was practised by Hindu [[Brahmins]] in [[Bengal]] since the [[first millennium BCE]], the local [[Buddhist]] population were speaking in some varieties of the [[Prakrit|Prakrita languages]]. These varieties generally referred to as "eastern [[Magadhi Prakrit]]", as coined by linguist [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]],{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} as the [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Middle Indo-Aryan dialects]] were influential in the [[first millennium]] when Bengal was a part of the [[Magadha]]n realm. The local varieties had no official status during the [[Gupta Empire]], and with Bengal increasingly becoming a hub of [[Sanskrit literature]] for Hindu priests, the vernacular of Bengal gained a lot of influence from Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Bangla Script|author=Shariful Islam}}</ref> [[Magadhi Prakrit]] was also spoken in modern-day [[Bihar]] and [[Assam]], and this vernacular eventually evolved into [[Ardha Magadhi]].<ref name=jain>{{Harvnb|Shah|1998|p=11}}</ref><ref name=keith>{{Harvnb|Keith|1998|p=187}}</ref> Ardha Magadhi began to give way to what is known as [[Apabhraṃśa]], by the end of the first millennium. The Bengali language evolved as a distinct language by the course of time.<ref name="tb">{{Harv|Bhattacharya|2000
}}</ref>

===Early===
Though some claim that some 10th-century texts were in Bengali; it is not certain whether they represent a differentiated language or whether they represent a stage when [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]] were differentiating.<ref>"Within the Eastern Indic language family the history of the separation of Bangla from Oriya, Assamese, and the languages of Bihar remains to be worked out carefully. Scholars do not yet agree on criteria for deciding if certain tenth century AD texts were in a Bangla already distinguishable from the other languages, or marked a stage at which Eastern Indic had not finished differentiating." {{harvcol|Dasgupta|2003|pp=386–387}}</ref> The local Apabhraṃśa of the eastern subcontinent, Purbi Apabhraṃśa or [[Abahatta]] ("Meaningless Sounds"), eventually evolved into regional dialects, which in turn formed three groups of the [[Bengali–Assamese languages]], the [[Bihari languages]], and the [[Odia language]]. Some argue that the points of divergence occurred much earlier – going back to even 500 CE<ref>{{Harv|Sen|1996}}</ref> but the language was not static: different varieties coexisted and authors often wrote in multiple dialects in this period. For example, Ardhamagadhi is believed to have evolved into Abahatta around the 6th century, which competed with the ancestor of Bengali for some time.<ref name="abahatta">{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php|title=Banglapedia|website=En.banglapedia.org|access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref>{{bcn|date=February 2021}} Proto-Bengali was the language of the [[Pala Empire]] and the [[Sena dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://global.britannica.com/topic/Pala-dynasty|title=Pala dynasty – Indian dynasty|website=Global.britannica.com|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002609/https://global.britannica.com/topic/Pala-dynasty|archive-date=5 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianmirror.com/dynasty/paladynasty.html|title=Pala Dynasty, Pala Empire, Pala empire in India, Pala School of Sculptures|last=nimmi|website=Indianmirror.com|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028151905/http://www.indianmirror.com/dynasty/paladynasty.html|archive-date=28 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Medieval===
[[File:Silver coin of Danujamarddana.jpg|thumb|left|Silver Taka from the [[Sultanate of Bengal]], circa 1417]]
[[File:Coin - Silver - Circa 9-10th Century 13th Century CE - Harikela Kingdom - ACCN 90-C2752 - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2014-04-04 4303.JPG|thumb|Silver coin with proto-Bengali script, [[Harikela]] Kingdom, circa 9th–13th century]]
During the medieval period, Middle Bengali was characterised by the [[elision]] of word-final {{lang|bn|অ}} ''ô'', the spread of compound verbs, and influence from the [[Arabic]], [[Farsi|Persian]] and [[Turkic languages]]. The arrival of merchants and traders from the [[Middle East]] and [[Turkestan]] into the [[Buddhist]]-ruling [[Pala Empire]], from as early as the 7th century, gave birth to Islamic influence in the region. Starting with [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]]'s conquest in the 13th century, the subsequent Muslim expeditions to Bengal greatly encouraged the migratory movements of [[Arab Muslims]] and [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turco-Persian]]s, who heavily influenced the local vernacular by settling among the native population. Bengali acquired prominence, over Persian, in the court of the [[Sultans of Bengal]] with the ascent of [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]].<ref>"What is more significant, a contemporary Chinese traveller reported that although Persian was understood by some in the court, the language in universal use there was Bengali. This points to the waning, although certainly not yet the disappearance, of the sort of foreign mentality that the Muslim ruling class in Bengal had exhibited since its arrival over two centuries earlier. It also points to the survival, and now the triumph, of local Bengali culture at the highest level of official society." {{harvcol|Eaton|1993|p=60}}</ref> Subsequent Muslim rulers actively promoted the literary development of Bengali,<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DUJL/article/view/3344|title=Politics and Literary Activities in the Bengali Language during the Independent Sultanate of Bengal|first=AKM Golam|last=Rabbani|date=7 November 2017|journal=Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics|volume=1|issue=1|pages=151–166|access-date=7 November 2017|via=www.banglajol.info|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011123110/https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DUJL/article/view/3344|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> allowing it to become the most spoken [[vernacular]] language in the Sultanate.{{sfn|Eaton|1993}} Bengali gained many vocabulary from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]], which cultivated a manifestation of [[Islamic culture]] on the language. Major texts of Middle Bengali (1400–1800) include [[Yusuf-Zulekha]] by [[Shah Muhammad Sagir]] and [[Shreekrishna Kirtana]] by the [[Chandidas]] poets. Court support for Bengali culture and language waned when the [[Mughal Empire]] colonised Bengal in the late 16th and early 17th century.<ref>{{harvcol|Eaton|1993|pp=167–174}}</ref>

===Modern===
The modern literary form of Bengali was developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries based on the dialect spoken in the [[Nadia district|Nadia region]], a west-central Bengali dialect. Bengali presents a strong case of [[diglossia]], with the literary and standard form differing greatly from the colloquial speech of the regions that identify with the language.<ref name="cornell">{{cite web |url=http://lrc.cornell.edu/asian/courses/bengali |title=Bengali Language at Cornell |website=Department of Asian Studies |publisher=Cornell University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115131805/http://lrc.cornell.edu/asian/courses/bengali |archive-date=15 November 2012}}</ref> The modern [[Bengali vocabulary]] contains the vocabulary base from Magadhi Prakrit and Pali, also [[tatsama]]s and reborrowings from Sanskrit and other major borrowings from [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Austroasiatic languages]] and other languages in contact with.

During this period, there were two main forms of written Bengali:
* {{lang|bn|চলিতভাষা}} ''Chôlitôbhasha''; colloquial form of Bengali using simplified inflections
* {{lang|bn|সাধুভাষা}} ''[[Sadhu bhasha|Sadhubhasha]]''; Sanskritised form of Bengali.<ref name="SKumar">{{cite web|url=http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/translation/articles/bengali-language.html|title=The Bengali Language and Translation|access-date= 19 November 2006|last=Ray|first=S Kumar|work=Translation Articles|publisher=Kwintessential|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925204904/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/translation/articles/bengali-language.html|archive-date=25 September 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1948, the Government of Pakistan tried to impose [[Urdu]] as the sole state language in Pakistan, starting the Bengali language movement.<ref name="sas">{{cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=Hanne-Ruth|title=Bengali|date=2012|publisher=John Benjamins Pub. Co.|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-90-272-3819-1|page=3|edition=Paperback with corrections.}}</ref> The [[Bengali Language Movement]] was a popular ethno-linguistic movement in the former [[East Bengal]] (today [[Bangladesh]]), which was a result of the strong linguistic consciousness of the [[Bengalis]] to gain and protect spoken and written Bengali's recognition as a state language of the then [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. On 21 February 1952, five students and political activists were killed during protests near the campus of the [[University of Dhaka]]. In 1956, Bengali was made a state language of Pakistan.<ref name="sas" /> The day has since been observed as [[Language Movement Day]] in Bangladesh and is also commemorated as [[International Mother Language Day]] by [[UNESCO]] every year since 2000.

In 2010, the parliament of Bangladesh and the legislative assembly of West Bengal proposed that Bengali be made an official [[United Nations|UN]] language,<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8425744.stm|title=Bengali 'should be UN language'|date=22 December 2009|website=News.bbc.co.uk|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108040418/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8425744.stm|archive-date=8 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> though no further action was taken on this matter.
{{multiple image
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| total_width = 400px
| image1 = Shaheed Minar.JPG
| width1 =
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| caption1 = The [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Central Shaheed Minar]] in [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]
| image2 = Silchar Bhasa.jpeg
| width2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Language Martyr's Memorial at Silchar Railway Station in [[Assam]], [[India]].
| footer =
}}

==Geographical distribution==
[[File:Brick Lane - London.jpg|thumb|left|A Bengali sign in [[Brick Lane]] in [[London]], which is home to a large Bengali diaspora]]
{{Pie chart
|caption=Approximate distribution of native Bengali speakers (assuming a rounded total of 261 million) worldwide.
|value1=61.3
|label1=Bangladesh
|color1=#5b9bd5
|value2=37.2
|label2=India
|color2=#ffc000
|value3=1.5
|label3=Other
|color3=#a5a5a5
}}

The Bengali language is native to the region of [[Bengal]], which comprises the present-day nation of [[Bangladesh]] and the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].

Besides the native region it is also spoken by the Bengalis living in [[Tripura]], southern [[Assam]] and the Bengali population in the Indian union territory of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. Bengali is also spoken in the neighbouring states of [[Odisha]], [[Bihar]], and [[Jharkhand]], and sizeable minorities of Bengali speakers reside in Indian cities outside Bengal, including [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Thane]], [[Varanasi]], and [[Vrindavan]]. There are also significant Bengali-speaking communities in the [[Bangladeshis in the Middle East|Middle East]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/09/07/kuwait-restricts-imports-male-bangladeshi-workers/|title=Kuwait restricts recruitment of male Bangladeshi workers {{!}} Dhaka Tribune|website=www.dhakatribune.com|language=en-US|access-date=4 December 2017|date=7 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830163025/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/09/07/kuwait-restricts-imports-male-bangladeshi-workers/|archive-date=30 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://gulfmigration.eu/bahrain-foreign-population-by-country-of-citizenship-sex-and-migration-status-worker-family-dependent-selected-countries-january-2015/|title=Bahrain: Foreign population by country of citizenship, sex and migration status (worker/ family dependent) (selected countries, January 2015) – GLMM|date=20 October 2015|work=GLMM|access-date=4 December 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216162345/http://gulfmigration.eu/bahrain-foreign-population-by-country-of-citizenship-sex-and-migration-status-worker-family-dependent-selected-countries-january-2015/|archive-date=16 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SA|title=Saudi Arabia|work=Ethnologue|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123150627/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SA|archive-date=23 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Bengali American|United States]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/download/voting/voteform.pdf |title=New York State Voter Registration Form |access-date=10 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127085322/http://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/download/voting/voteform.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Singapore]],<ref>http://blls.sg {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505011428/http://blls.sg/ |date=5 May 2013 }} Bangla Language and Literary Society, Singapore</ref> [[Bangladeshis in Malaysia|Malaysia]], [[Bangladeshis in Australia|Australia]], [[Bangladeshi Canadian|Canada]], the [[British Bangladeshi|United Kingdom]], and [[Bangladeshis in Italy|Italy]].

===Official status===
{{See also|States of India by Bengali speakers}}
The 3rd article of the [[Constitution of Bangladesh]] states Bengali to be the sole [[official language]] of Bangladesh. The [[Bangla Bhasha Prachalan Ain, 1987|Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987]] made it mandatory to use Bengali in all records and correspondences, laws, proceedings of court and other legal actions in all courts, government or semi-government offices, and autonomous institutions in Bangladesh. It is also the ''de facto'' [[National language|national]] language of the country

In India, Bengali is one of the 23 [[Languages with official status in India|official languages]].<ref name="secondmost">{{cite web| url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IN| title=Languages of India| publisher=Ethnologue Report| access-date=4 November 2006| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226043734/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IN| archive-date=26 December 2009| url-status=live}}</ref> It is the official language of the Indian states of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and in [[Barak Valley]] of [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Language |website=Government of Assam| url=http://www.assam.gov.in/language.asp| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826225557/http://www.assam.gov.in/language.asp|archive-date=26 August 2006| access-date=20 June 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Kishalay |date=30 April 2008 |title=It's Indian language vs Indian language|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080048434 |work=[[NDTV]].com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723023746/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080048434 |archive-date=23 July 2013 |access-date=27 May 2008}}</ref> Bengali is a second official language of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Jharkhand]] since September 2011. It is also a recognised secondary language in the City of [[Karachi]] in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |author=Syed Yasir Kazmi |date=16 October 2009 |title=Pakistani Bengalis |url=http://www.demotix.com/news/160560/bengalis-pakistan-karachi#media-160511 |work=DEMOTIX |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102005045/http://www.demotix.com/news/160560/bengalis-pakistan-karachi |archive-date=2 January 2015 |access-date=2 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/pakistan/story/2003/11/031117_karachi_bangali_as.shtml | title=کراچی کے 'بنگالی پاکستانی'(Urdu) | work=محمد عثمان جامعی | date=17 November 2003 | access-date=2 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031119115353/http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/pakistan/story/2003/11/031117_karachi_bangali_as.shtml | archive-date=19 November 2003 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.21stfebruary.org/eassy21_5.htm|title=The Language Movement : An Outline|last=Rafiqul Islam|access-date=12 May 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119232520/http://www.21stfebruary.org/eassy21_5.htm|archive-date=19 November 2012}}</ref> The Department of Bengali in the [[University of Karachi]] also offers regular programs of studies at the Bachelors and at the Masters levels for Bengali Literature.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uok.edu.pk/faculties/bengali/ | title=Karachi Department of Bengali | access-date=2 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510221536/http://www.uok.edu.pk/faculties/bengali/ | archive-date=10 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> The national anthems of both Bangladesh (''[[Amar Sonar Bangla]]'') and India (''[[Jana Gana Mana]]'') were written in Bengali by the Bengali Nobel laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.bd/statements/fm39.htm|title=Statement by Hon'ble Foreign Minister on Second Bangladesh-India Track II dialogue at BRAC Centre on 07 August, 2005|access-date=27 May 2008|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, [[Government of Bangladesh]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418063436/http://www.mofa.gov.bd/statements/fm39.htm  |archive-date=18 April 2008}}</ref> Additionally, the first two verses of ''[[Vande Mataram]]'', a patriotic song written in Bengali by [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]], was adopted as the "national song" of India in both the colonial period and later in 1950 in independent India. Furthermore, it is believed by many that the national anthem of Sri Lanka ([[Sri Lanka Matha]]) was inspired by a Bengali poem written by [[Rabindranath Tagore]],<ref name="CIA">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Sri Lanka|encyclopedia=[[The World Factbook]]|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sri-lanka/|access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="TOI030411">{{cite news|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=CAP/2011/04/03&ID=Ar01601|title=Man of the series: Nobel laureate Tagore|date=3 April 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=[[Times News Network]]|access-date=20 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143239/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=CAP%2F2011%2F04%2F03&ID=Ar01601|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="TH040216">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/sri-lanka-iday-to-have-anthem-in-tamil/article8189939.ece|title=Sri Lanka I-Day to have anthem in Tamil|date=4 February 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204001139/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/sri-lanka-iday-to-have-anthem-in-tamil/article8189939.ece|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HT120510">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world/tagore-s-influence-on-lankan-culture/story-ABmSseNTEg4EFv5AAoDpbN.html|title=Tagore's influence on Lankan culture|date=12 May 2010|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011122425/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world/tagore-s-influence-on-lankan-culture/story-ABmSseNTEg4EFv5AAoDpbN.html|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> while some even believe the anthem was originally written in Bengali and then translated into [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]].<ref name="Wickramasinghe">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wde58hbSxUEC&q=Tagore|title=Dressing the Colonised Body: Politics, Clothing, and Identity in Sri Lanka|last1=Wickramasinghe|first1=Nira|date=2003|publisher=[[Orient Longman]]|isbn=978-81-250-2479-8|page=26|author-link1=Nira Wickramasinghe|access-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929080417/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wde58hbSxUEC&printsec=frontcover&q=Tagore|archive-date=29 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DM300315">{{cite news|url=http://mirrorcitizen.dailymirror.lk/2015/03/30/sri-lankan-national-anthem-can-it-be-used-to-narrow-the-gap/|title=Sri Lankan National Anthem: can it be used to narrow the gap?|last1=Wickramasinghe|first1=Kamanthi|work=[[The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)]]|last2=Perera|first2=Yoshitha|issue=30 March 2015|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011123106/http://mirrorcitizen.dailymirror.lk/2015/03/30/sri-lankan-national-anthem-can-it-be-used-to-narrow-the-gap/|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DS070511">{{cite news|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=184548|title=Rabindranath: He belonged to the world|last1=Haque|first1=Junaidul|date=7 May 2011|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092524/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=184548|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TH170511">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/celebrating-rabindranath-tagores-legacy/article2026880.ece|title=Celebrating Rabindranath Tagore's legacy|last1=Habib|first1=Haroon|date=17 May 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|author-link1=Haroon Habib|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613010300/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/celebrating-rabindranath-tagores-legacy/article2026880.ece|archive-date=13 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> After the contribution made by the [[Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force]] in the [[Sierra Leone Civil War]] under the [[United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone]], the government of [[Ahmad Tejan Kabbah]] declared Bengali as an honorary official language in December 2002.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/research/how-bengali-became-an-official-language-in-sierra-leone-in-west-africa-international-mother-language-day-2017-4536551/|title=How Bengali became an official language in Sierra Leone|date=2017-02-21|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-03-22|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2017/02/23/bangla-language-sierra-leone|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|title=Why Bangla is an official language in Sierra Leone|date=23 Feb 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Recounting the sacrifices that made Bangla the State Language|url=http://thedailynewnation.com/news/125160/recounting-the-sacrifices-that-made-bangla-the-state-language|last=Ahmed|first=Nazir|date=21 Feb 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927121835/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-12-2002_pg9_6|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-12-2002_pg9_6|date=29 Dec 2002|archive-date=27 September 2013|title=Sierra Leone makes Bengali official language|location=[[Pakistan]]}}</ref>

In 2009, elected representatives in both Bangladesh and West Bengal called for Bengali language to be made an [[Official languages of the United Nations|official language of the United Nations]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8425744.stm |date=22 December 2009 |access-date=25 January 2010 |first=Subir |last=Bhaumik |title=Bengali 'should be UN language' |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403040151/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8425744.stm |archive-date=3 April 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Dialects===
{{Main|Bengali dialects}}
[[File:Bengali dialects political map.svg|300px|thumb|A map of [[Bengal]] (and some districts of [[Assam]] and [[Jharkhand]]) which shows the [[dialect]]s of the Bengali Language.{{Citation needed|reason=This map includes [[Goalpariya dialect|Goalpariya]] of [[Goalpara region|Goalpara]] which is politically not classified as a Bengali dialect, but as a dialect of [[Assamese language|Assamese]], though linguistically it is a dialect of [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]]. Rarhi, Bangali, Varendri, Manbhumi and Sundarbani are not dialects, they are sub groups of Bengali-Assamese languages. Sylheti, Chittagonian and Rajbanshi are languages. Sylheti and Chittagonian are classified as Bangic languages and Rajbanshi is classified as a Kamarupi language. Also except Rarhi none of those groups and languages are linguistically Bengali dialects.|date=August 2018}}
{{Legend|yellow|[[Bangali dialect]]}} {{Legend|#ff8080|[[Manbhumi dialect]]}}
{{Legend|blue|[[Varendri dialect]]}} {{Legend|red|[[Rarhi dialect]]}}
{{Legend|maroon|Sundarbani dialect}}
{{Legend|#7c7cfc|[[KRNB lects|Rajbanshi dialect/language]]*}}
{{Legend|green|[[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian dialect/language]]*}}
{{Legend|orange|[[Sylheti language|Sylheti dialect/language]]*}}
(''those marked with an asterisk * are sometimes considered dialects or sometimes as separate languages.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}'')]]
Regional variation in spoken Bengali constitutes a [[dialect continuum]]. Linguist [[Suniti Kumar Chattopadhyay]] grouped the dialects of the eastern Magadhan languages into four large clusters that included Assamese and Oriya – [[Rarhi dialect|Rarhi]], [[Bangali dialect|Vangiya]], [[Kamarupi Prakrit|Kamrupi]] and [[Varendri dialect|Varendri]];<ref name="huq_sarkar"/><ref>"Note that Chatterji’s classification of ‘Bengali dialects’ includes lects ancestral to both Asamiya and Oriya. However, Chatterji does not intend to classify these lects as dialects of Bangla. Therefore, Chatterji’s four dialects—Rāḍha, Varêndra, Vaŋga, and Kāmrupa—should not be termed ‘dialects of Bengali’ but rather, ‘dialects [in the sense of historical
derivatives] of eastern Magadhan’ (cf. Chatterji 1926:92ff.)." {{harvcol|Toulmin|2009|p=218}}</ref> but many alternative grouping schemes have also been proposed.<ref name="morshed">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Dialect|author=Morshed, Abul Kalam Manjoor}}</ref> The south-western dialects ([[Rarhi dialect|Rarhi]] or [[Nadia district|Nadia]] dialect) form the basis of modern standard colloquial Bengali. In the dialects prevalent in much of eastern and south-eastern Bangladesh ([[Barisal Division|Barisal]], [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]], [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]] and [[Sylhet Division]]s of Bangladesh), many of the stops and [[Affricate consonant|affricates]] heard in [[West Bengal]] are pronounced as [[Fricative consonant|fricatives]]. Western [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal affricates]] {{lang|bn|চ}} {{IPAblink|tɕ|tɕɔ}}, {{lang|bn|ছ}} {{IPAblink|ʰ|tɕʰɔ}}, {{lang|bn|জ}} {{IPAblink|dʑ|dʑɔ}} correspond to eastern {{lang|bn|চ}} {{IPA|[tsɔ]}}, {{lang|bn|ছ}} {{IPA|[tsʰɔ~sɔ]}}, {{lang|bn|জ}} {{IPA|[dzɔ~zɔ]}}. The influence of [[Tibeto-Burman languages]] on the phonology of Eastern Bengali is seen through the lack of nasalised vowels and an alveolar articulation of what are categorised as the "cerebral" consonants (as opposed to the postalveolar articulation of [[West Bengal]]). Some variants of Bengali, particularly [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]] and [[Chakma language|Chakma]], have contrastive [[tone (linguistics)|tone]]; differences in the pitch of the speaker's voice can distinguish words. [[Rangpuri language|Rangpuri]], Kharia Thar and Mal Paharia are closely related to Western Bengali dialects, but are typically classified as separate languages. Similarly, [[Hajong language|Hajong]] is considered a separate language, although it shares similarities to Northern Bengali dialects.<ref name="hajong">{{cite web | url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=haj | title=Hajong | publisher=The Ethnologue Report | access-date=19 November 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115092134/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=haj | archive-date=15 November 2006 | url-status=live }}</ref>

During the standardisation of Bengali in the 19th century and early 20th century, the cultural centre of Bengal was in [[Kolkata]], a city founded by the British. What is accepted as the standard form today in both West Bengal and Bangladesh is based on the [[Rarhi dialect|West-Central dialect]] of [[Nadia District]], located next to the border of Bangladesh and 76 miles north of Kolkata.<ref name="daniul">{{cite Banglapedia|first1=Chalita|last1=Bhasa|author2=Huq, Mohammad Daniul}}</ref> There are cases where speakers of Standard Bengali in [[West Bengal]] will use a different word from a speaker of Standard Bengali in Bangladesh, even though both words are of native Bengali descent. For example, the word [[salt]] is {{lang|bn|নুন}} ''nun'' in the west which corresponds to {{lang|bn|লবণ}} ''lôbôṇ'' in the east.<ref name=Banglabetelco/>

Bengali exhibits [[diglossia]], though some scholars have proposed triglossia or even n-glossia or [[heteroglossia]] between the written and spoken forms of the language.<ref name="cornell" /> Two styles of writing have emerged, involving somewhat different vocabularies and [[syntax]]:<ref name="daniul"/><ref name="daniul1">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Sadhu Bhasa|author=Huq, Mohammad Daniul}}</ref>
# ''[[Shadhu-bhasha]]'' ({{lang|bn|সাধুভাষা}} "uptight language") was the written language, with longer verb inflections and more of a [[Pali]] and [[Sanskrit]]-derived ''[[Tatsama]]'' vocabulary. Songs such as India's national anthem ''[[Jana Gana Mana]]'' (by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]) were composed in this style. Its use in modern writing however is uncommon, restricted to some official signs and documents in Bangladesh as well as for achieving particular literary effects.
# ''Cholito-bhasha'' ({{lang|bn|চলিতভাষা}} "running language"), known by linguists as Standard Colloquial Bengali, is a written Bengali style exhibiting a preponderance of colloquial idiom and shortened verb forms, and is the standard for written Bengali now. This form came into vogue towards the turn of the 19th century, promoted by the writings of [[Peary Chand Mitra]] (''[[Alaler Gharer Dulal]]'', 1857),<ref name="alal">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Alaler Gharer Dulal|author=Huq, Mohammad Daniul}}</ref> [[Pramatha Chaudhuri]] (''Sabujpatra'', 1914) and in the later writings of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. It is modelled on the dialect spoken in the [[Shantipur]] region in [[Nadia district]], West Bengal. This form of Bengali is often referred to as the "Nadia standard", "Nadia dialect", "Southwestern/West-Central dialect" or "Shantipuri Bangla".<ref name="morshed"/>

Linguist [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]] categorises the language as:
* Madhya Rādhi dialect
* Kanthi (Contai) dialect
* Kolkata dialect
* Shantipuri (Nadia) dialect
* Shershabadia (Maldahiya/ Jangipuri) dialect
* Barendri dialect
* Rangpuriya dialect
* Sylheti dialect
* Dhakaiya (Bikrampuri) dialect
* Jessor/Jessoriya dialect
* Barisal (Chandradwip) dialect
* Chattal (Chittagong) dialect

While most writing is in Standard Colloquial Bengali (SCB), spoken dialects exhibit a greater variety. People in southeastern West Bengal, including Kolkata, speak in SCB. Other dialects, with minor variations from Standard Colloquial, are used in other parts of West Bengal and western Bangladesh, such as the [[Midnapore]] dialect, characterised by some unique words and constructions. However, a majority in Bangladesh speak in dialects notably different from SCB. Some dialects, particularly those of the [[Chittagong]] region, bear only a superficial resemblance to SCB.<ref name="ray89">{{Harvnb|Ray|Hai|Ray|1966|p=89}}</ref> The dialect in the Chittagong region is least widely understood by the general body of Bengalis.<ref name="ray89" /> The majority of Bengalis are able to communicate in more than one [[Variety (linguistics)|variety]] – often, speakers are fluent in ''Cholitobhasha'' (SCB) and one or more regional dialects.<ref name="SKumar" />

Even in SCB, the vocabulary may differ according to the speaker's religion: Muslims are more likely to use words of Persian and Arabic origin, along with more native words respectively whereas Hindus are more likely to use [[tatsama|words derived from Sanskrit]].<ref name=ray80>{{Harvnb|Ray|Hai|Ray|1966|p=80}}</ref> For example:<ref name=Banglabetelco>{{cite web
| url=http://www.betelco.com/bd/bangla/bangla.html
| title=History of Bengali (Banglar itihash)
| access-date=20 November 2006
| publisher=Bengal Telecommunication and Electric Company
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707230420/http://www.betelco.com/bd/bangla/bangla.html
| archive-date=7 July 2011
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Predominantly Hindu usage !! Predominantly Muslim usage !! Translation
|-
|{{lang|bn|নমস্কার}} ''nômôshkar''||{{lang|bn|আসসালামু আলাইকুম}} ''Assalamu-Alaikum''|| hello
|-
|{{lang|bn|নিমন্ত্রণ}} ''nimôntrôn''||{{lang|bn|দাওয়াত}} ''dawat''|| invitation
|-
|{{lang|bn|জল}} ''jôl''||{{lang|bn|পানি}} ''pani''|| water
|-
|{{lang|bn|স্নান}} ''snan''||{{lang|bn|গোসল}} ''gosôl''|| bath
|-
|{{lang|bn|দিদি}} ''didi''||{{lang|bn|আপু}} ''apu''|| sister / elder sister
|-
|{{lang|bn|দাদা}} ''dada''||{{lang|bn|ভাইয়া}} ''bhaiya''|| brother / elder brother<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bengali-dictionary.com/english_bengali_words_phrases_relations%202.html|title=A Bilingual Dictionary of Words and Phrases (English-Bengali)|website=Bengali-dictionary.com|access-date=25 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025180820/http://www.bengali-dictionary.com/english_bengali_words_phrases_relations%202.html|archive-date=25 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|মাসী ''mashi''
|খালা ''khala''
|maternal aunt
|-
|পিসি ''pishi''
|ফুফু ''phuphu''
|paternal aunt
|-
|কাকা ''kaka''
|চাচা ''chacha''
|paternal uncle
|-
|প্রার্থনা ''prarthona''
|দুআ ''dua''
|prayer
|-
|প্রদীপ ''prodeep''
|বাতি ''bati''
|light
|-
|লঙ্কা ''lonka''
|মরিচ ''morich''
|chilli
|}

The [[phoneme|phonemic]] inventory of standard Bengali consists of 29 consonants and 7 vowels, as well as 7 [[Nasalization|nasalised vowels]]. The inventory is set out below in the [[help:IPA|International Phonetic Alphabet]] (upper grapheme in each box) and romanisation (lower grapheme).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;display: inline-table;"
|+'''Vowels'''
! ||[[Front vowel|Front]]||[[Central vowel|Central]]||[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{lang|bn|ই~ঈ}} {{IPA link|i}} i|| ||{{lang|bn|উ~ঊ}} {{IPA link|u}} u
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{lang|bn|এ}} {{IPA link|e}} e|| ||{{lang|bn|ও}} {{IPA link|o}} o
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|{{lang|bn|অ্যা}} {{IPA link|ɛ}} ê || ||{{lang|bn|অ}} {{IPA link|ɔ }} ô
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| ||{{lang|bn|আ}} {{IPA link|ɐ|a}} a ||
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;display: inline-table;"
|+Nasalized vowels
! ||[[Front vowel|Front]]||[[Central vowel|Central]]||[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|ইঁ~ঈঁ {{IPA|ĩ}} {{IPA|ĩ}}
| || উঁ~ঊঁ {{IPA|ũ}} {{IPA|ũ}}
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| এঁ {{IPA|ẽ}} {{IPA|ẽ}}
| || ওঁ {{IPA|õ}} {{IPA|õ}}
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| এ্যাঁ / অ্যাঁ {{IPA|ɛ̃}}
|
| অঁ {{IPA|ɔ̃}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| আঁ {{IPA|ã}}
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+'''Consonants'''
! colspan="3" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Palatoalveolar consonant|Palatoalveolar]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}|| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|n}}|| ||{{IPA link|ŋ}}|| 
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! rowspan="2" |[[voicelessness|voiceless]]
![[aspirated consonant|unaspirated]]
|{{IPA link|p}}||{{IPA link|t̪|t}}||{{IPA link|ʈ}}||{{IPA|[[Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|tʃ]]}}||{{IPA link|k}}||
|-
![[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|{{IPA|pʰ}}~{{IPAplink|f}}||{{IPA|tʰ}}||{{IPA|ʈʰ}}||{{IPA|tʃʰ}}||{{IPA|kʰ}}||
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
![[aspirated consonant|unaspirated]]
|{{IPA link|b}}||{{IPA link|d̪|d}}||{{IPA link|ɖ}}||{{IPA|[[Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|dʒ]]}}||{{IPA link|ɡ}}||
|-
![[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|{{IPA|bʱ}}~{{IPAplink|v}}||{{IPA|dʱ}}||{{IPA|ɖʱ}}||{{IPA|dʒʱ}}||{{IPA|ɡʱ}}||
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| || colspan="2" |{{IPA link|s}}
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}|| ||[[Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| ({{IPA link|w}}) ||{{IPA link|l}}|| || ({{IPA link|j}}) || ||
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
| ||{{IPA|r}}||{{IPA|ɽ~ɽʱ}}|| || ||
|}

Bengali is known for its wide variety of [[diphthongs]], combinations of [[vowel]]s occurring within the same [[syllable]].<ref>{{Harv|Masica|1991|pp=116}}</ref> Two of these, {{IPA|/oi̯/}} and {{IPA|/ou̯/}}, are the only ones with representation in script, as {{lang|bn|ঐ}} and {{lang|bn|ঔ}} respectively. {{IPA|/e̯ i̯ o̯ u̯/}} may all form the glide part of a diphthong. The total number of diphthongs is not established, with bounds at 17 and 31. An incomplete chart is given by Sarkar (1985) of the following:<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sarkar|first1=Pabitra|title=Bangla diswar dhoni|date=1985|location=Bhasa}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! ||{{IPA|e̯}}||{{IPA|i̯}}||{{IPA|o̯}}||{{IPA|u̯}}
|-
!{{IPA|a}}
|{{IPA|ae̯}}||{{IPA|ai̯}}||{{IPA|ao̯}}||{{IPA|au̯}}
|-
!{{IPA|æ}}
|{{IPA|æe̯}}|| ||{{IPA|æo̯}}||
|-
!{{IPA|e}}
| ||{{IPA|ei̯}}|| ||{{IPA|eu̯}}
|-
!{{IPA|i}}
| ||{{IPA|ii̯}}|| ||{{IPA|iu̯}}
|-
!{{IPA|o}}
|{{IPA|oe̯}}||{{IPA|oi̯}}||{{IPA|oo̯}}||{{IPA|ou̯}}
|-
!{{IPA|u}}
| ||{{IPA|ui̯}}|| ||
|}

===Stress===
In standard Bengali, [[Stress (linguistics)|stress]] is predominantly initial. Bengali words are virtually all [[trochee|trochaic]]; the primary stress falls on the initial [[syllable]] of the word, while secondary stress often falls on all odd-numbered syllables thereafter, giving strings such as in {{lang|bn|সহযোগিতা}} '''''shô'''-hô-'''jo'''-gi-'''ta''''' "cooperation", where the '''boldface''' represents primary and secondary stress.

===Consonant clusters===
{{Main|Bengali consonant clusters}}

Native Bengali words do not allow initial [[consonant cluster]]s;<ref>{{Harv|Masica|1991|pp=125}}</ref> the maximum syllabic structure is CVC (i.e. one vowel flanked by a consonant on each side). Many speakers of Bengali restrict their phonology to this pattern, even when using Sanskrit or English borrowings, such as {{lang|bn|গেরাম}} ''geram'' (CV.CVC) for {{lang|bn|গ্রাম}} ''gram'' (CCVC) "village" or {{lang|bn|ইস্কুল}} ''iskul'' (VC.CVC) for {{lang|bn|স্কুল}} ''skul'' (CCVC) "school".

=== Number system ===
Bengali numbers are written as follows.
{| class="wikitable"
!0
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
|-
|০
|১
|২
|৩
|৪
|৫
|৬
|৭
|৮
|৯
|}

==Writing system==
{{Main|Bengali-Assamese Script|Bengali alphabet|Bengali Braille}}
[[File:Tagore handwriting Bengali.jpg|thumb|An example of handwritten Bengali. Part of a poem written in Bengali (and with its English translation below each Bengali paragraph) by Nobel Laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in 1926 in Hungary]]

[[Bengali-Assamese script]] is an [[abugida]], a script with letters for consonants, diacritics for vowels, and in which an [[inherent vowel]] (অ ''ô'') is assumed for consonants if no vowel is marked.<ref name="it46">{{cite web | url=http://www.it46.se/docs/courses/ICT4D_localization_software_primer_it46_v1.5.pdf | author=Escudero Pascual Alberto | title=Writing Systems/ Scripts | date=23 October 2005 | access-date=20 November 2006 | work=Primer to Localization of Software | publisher=it46.se | archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090319013436/http://www.it46.se/docs/courses/ICT4D_localization_software_primer_it46_v1.5.pdf | archive-date=19 March 2009 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[Bengali alphabet]] is used throughout Bangladesh and eastern India (Assam, West Bengal, Tripura). The Bengali alphabet is believed to have evolved from a modified [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic script]] around 1000 CE (or 10th–11th century).<ref name="akhor">[http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangalah Bangalah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705234223/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangalah |date=5 July 2015 }} in {{Harvnb|Asiatic Society of Bangladesh|2003}}</ref> Note that despite Bangladesh being majority Muslim, it uses the Bengali alphabet rather than an [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic-based one]] like the [[Shahmukhi script]] used in Pakistan. However, throughout history there have been instances of the Bengali language being written in [[Perso-Arabic]]. The use of the [[Sylheti Nagari]] script also emerged in the [[Sylhet region]] of the Bengal.

The Bengali script is a [[cursive]] script with eleven [[grapheme]]s or signs denoting nine vowels and two [[diphthong]]s, and thirty-nine graphemes representing [[consonant]]s and other modifiers.<ref name="akhor" /> There are no distinct [[Letter case|upper and lower case]] letter forms. The letters run from left to right and spaces are used to separate [[Word#Orthography|orthographic words]]. Bengali script has a distinctive horizontal line running along the tops of the graphemes that links them together called {{lang|bn|মাত্রা}} ''matra''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://banglasemantics.net/ |title=banglasemantics.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224112403/http://banglasemantics.net/ |archive-date=24 December 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Since the Bengali script is an abugida, its consonant graphemes usually do not represent phonetic [[Segment (linguistics)|segments]], but carry an "inherent" vowel and thus are [[Syllable|syllabic]] in nature. The inherent vowel is usually a back vowel, either {{IPA|[ɔ]}} as in {{lang|bn|মত}} {{IPA|[m'''ɔ'''t]}} "opinion" or {{IPA|[o]}}, as in {{lang|bn|মন}} {{IPA|[m'''o'''n]}} "mind", with variants like the more open {{IPA|[ɒ]}}. To emphatically represent a consonant sound without any inherent vowel attached to it, a special diacritic, called the ''[[virama|hôsôntô]]'' {{lang|bn|(্)}}, may be added below the basic consonant grapheme (as in {{lang|bn|ম্}} {{IPA|[m]}}). This diacritic, however, is not common, and is chiefly employed as a guide to pronunciation. The abugida nature of Bengali consonant graphemes is not consistent, however. Often, syllable-final consonant graphemes, though not marked by a ''hôsôntô'', may carry no inherent vowel sound (as in the final {{lang|bn|ন}} in {{lang|bn|মন}} {{IPA|[m'''o'''n]}} or the medial {{lang|bn|ম}} in {{lang|bn|গামলা}} {{IPA|[ɡamla]}}).

A consonant sound followed by some vowel sound other than the inherent {{IPA|[ɔ]}} is orthographically realised by using a variety of vowel [[allography|allographs]] above, below, before, after, or around the consonant sign, thus forming the ubiquitous consonant-vowel [[typographic ligature]]s. These allographs, called {{lang|bn|কার}} ''kar'', are [[diacritic]]al vowel forms and cannot stand on their own. For example, the graph {{lang|bn|মি}} {{IPA|[mi]}} represents the consonant {{IPA|[m]}} followed by the vowel {{IPA|[i]}}, where {{IPA|[i]}} is represented as the diacritical allograph{{lang|bn| ি}} (called {{lang|bn|ই-কার}} ''i-kar'') and is placed ''before'' the default consonant sign. Similarly, the graphs {{lang|bn|মা}} {{IPA|[ma]}}, {{lang|bn|মী}} {{IPA|[mi]}}, {{lang|bn|মু}} {{IPA|[mu]}}, {{lang|bn|মূ}} {{IPA|[mu]}}, {{lang|bn|মৃ}} {{IPA|[mri]}}, {{lang|bn|মে}} {{IPA|[me~mɛ]}}, {{lang|bn|মৈ}} {{IPA|[moj]}}, {{lang|bn|মো}} {{IPA|[mo]}} and {{lang|bn|মৌ}} {{IPA|[mow]}} represent the same consonant {{lang|bn|ম}} combined with seven other vowels and two diphthongs. In these consonant-vowel ligatures, the so-called "inherent" vowel {{IPA|[ɔ]}} is first expunged from the consonant before adding the vowel, but this intermediate expulsion of the inherent vowel is not indicated in any visual manner on the basic consonant sign {{lang|bn|ম}} {{IPA|[mɔ]}}.

The vowel graphemes in Bengali can take two forms: the independent form found in the basic inventory of the script and the dependent, abridged, allograph form (as discussed above). To represent a vowel in isolation from any preceding or following consonant, the independent form of the vowel is used. For example, in {{lang|bn|মই}} {{IPA|[moj]}} "ladder" and in {{lang|bn|ইলিশ}} {{IPA|[iliʃ]}} "Hilsa fish", the independent form of the vowel {{lang|bn|ই}} is used (cf. the dependent form{{lang|bn| ি)}}. A vowel at the beginning of a word is always realised using its independent form.

In addition to the inherent-vowel-suppressing ''hôsôntô'', three more diacritics are commonly used in Bengali. These are the superposed ''chôndrôbindu'' {{lang|bn|(ঁ)}}, denoting a suprasegmental for [[nasalisation]] of vowels (as in {{lang|bn|চাঁদ}} {{IPA|[tʃãd]}} "moon"), the postposed ''ônusbar'' {{lang|bn|(ং)}} indicating the [[velar nasal]] {{IPA|[ŋ]}} (as in {{lang|bn|বাংলা}} {{IPA|[baŋla]}} "Bengali") and the postposed ''bisôrgô'' {{lang|bn|(ঃ)}} indicating the [[voiceless glottal fricative]] {{IPA|[h]}} (as in {{lang|bn|উঃ!}} {{IPA|[uh]}} "ouch!") or the [[gemination]] of the following consonant (as in {{lang|bn|দুঃখ}} {{IPA|[dukʰːɔ]}} "sorrow").

The [[Bengali consonant clusters]] ({{lang|bn|যুক্তব্যঞ্জন}} ''juktôbênjôn'') are usually realised as ligatures, where the consonant which comes first is put on top of or to the left of the one that immediately follows. In these ligatures, the shapes of the constituent consonant signs are often contracted and sometimes even distorted beyond recognition. In the Bengali writing system, there are nearly 285 such ligatures denoting consonant clusters. Although there exist [[Bengali alphabet#Consonant conjuncts|a few visual formulas]] to construct some of these ligatures, many of them have to be learned by rote. Recently, in a bid to lessen this burden on young learners, efforts have been made by educational institutions in the two main Bengali-speaking regions (West Bengal and Bangladesh) to address the opaque nature of many consonant clusters, and as a result, modern Bengali textbooks are beginning to contain more and more "transparent" graphical forms of consonant clusters, in which the constituent consonants of a cluster are readily apparent from the graphical form. However, since this change is not as widespread and is not being followed as uniformly in the rest of the Bengali printed literature, today's Bengali-learning children will possibly have to learn to recognise both the new "transparent" and the old "opaque" forms, which ultimately amounts to an increase in learning burden.

Bengali punctuation marks, apart from the downstroke {{lang|bn|।}} ''daṛi'' – the Bengali equivalent of a [[full stop]] – have been adopted from western scripts and their usage is similar.<ref name="huq_sarkar" />

Unlike in western scripts (Latin, Cyrillic, etc.) where the letter-forms stand on an invisible baseline, the Bengali letter-forms instead hang from a visible horizontal left-to-right headstroke called {{lang|bn|মাত্রা}} ''matra''. The presence and absence of this matra can be important. For example, the letter {{lang|bn|ত}} ''tô'' and the numeral {{lang|bn|৩}} "3" are distinguishable only by the presence or absence of the ''matra'', as is the case between the consonant cluster {{lang|bn|ত্র}} ''trô'' and the independent vowel {{lang|bn|এ}} ''e''. The letter-forms also employ the concepts of letter-width and letter-height (the vertical space between the visible matra and an invisible baseline).

There is yet to be a uniform standard [[collating sequence]] (sorting order of graphemes to be used in dictionaries, indices, computer sorting programs, etc.) of Bengali graphemes. Experts in both Bangladesh and India are currently working towards a common solution for this problem.

===Orthographic depth===
The Bengali script in general has a comparatively [[orthographic depth|shallow orthography]], i.e., in most cases there is a one-to-one correspondence between the sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) of Bengali. But grapheme-phoneme inconsistencies do occur in certain cases.

One kind of inconsistency is due to the presence of several letters in the script for the same sound. In spite of some modifications in the 19th century, the Bengali spelling system continues to be based on the one used for Sanskrit,<ref name="huq_sarkar" /> and thus does not take into account some sound mergers that have occurred in the spoken language. For example, there are three letters ({{lang|bn|শ}}, {{lang|bn|ষ}}, and {{lang|bn|স}}) for the [[voiceless postalveolar fricative]] {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, although the letter {{lang|bn|স}} retains the [[voiceless alveolar sibilant]] {{IPA|[s]}} sound when used in certain consonant conjuncts as in {{lang|bn|স্খলন}} {{IPA|[skʰɔlon]}} "fall", {{lang|bn|স্পন্দন}} {{IPA|[spɔndon]}} "beat", etc. The letter {{lang|bn|ষ}} also retains the [[voiceless retroflex sibilant]] {{IPA|[ʂ]}} sound when used in certain consonant conjuncts as in {{lang|bn|কষ্ট}} {{IPA|[kɔʂʈɔ]}} "suffering", {{lang|bn|গোষ্ঠী}} {{IPA|[ɡoʂʈʰi]}} "clan", etc. Similarly, there are two letters ({{lang|bn|জ}} and {{lang|bn|য}}) for the [[voiced postalveolar affricate]] {{IPA|[dʒ]}}. Moreover, what was once pronounced and written as a retroflex nasal {{lang|bn|ণ}} {{IPA|[ɳ]}} is now pronounced as an alveolar {{IPA|[n]}} when in conversation (the difference is heard when reading) (unless conjoined with another [[retroflex consonant]] such as {{lang|bn|ট}}, {{lang|bn|ঠ}}, {{lang|bn|ড}} and {{lang|bn|ঢ}}), although the spelling does not reflect this change. The [[open-mid front unrounded vowel]] {{IPA|[ɛ]}} is orthographically realised by multiple means, as seen in the following examples: {{lang|bn|এত}} {{IPA|[ɛto]}} "so much", {{lang|bn|এ্যাকাডেমী}} {{IPA|[ɛkademi]}} "academy", {{lang|bn|অ্যামিবা}} {{IPA|[ɛmiba]}} "amoeba", {{lang|bn|দেখা}} {{IPA|[dɛkʰa]}} "to see", {{lang|bn|ব্যস্ত}} {{IPA|[bɛsto]}} "busy", {{lang|bn|ব্যাকরণ}} {{IPA|[bɛkorɔn]}} "grammar".

Another kind of inconsistency is concerned with the incomplete coverage of phonological information in the script. The inherent vowel attached to every consonant can be either {{IPA|[ɔ]}} or {{IPA|[o]}} depending on [[vowel harmony]] ({{lang|bn|স্বরসঙ্গতি}}) with the preceding or following vowel or on the context, but this phonological information is not captured by the script, creating ambiguity for the reader. Furthermore, the inherent vowel is often not pronounced at the end of a syllable, as in {{lang|bn|কম}} {{IPA|[kɔm]}} "less", but this omission is not generally reflected in the script, making it difficult for the new reader.

Many consonant clusters have different sounds than their constituent consonants. For example, the combination of the consonants {{lang|bn|ক্}} {{IPA|[k]}} and {{lang|bn|ষ}} {{IPA|[ʂ]}} is graphically realised as {{lang|bn|ক্ষ}} and is pronounced {{IPA|[kkʰo]}} (as in {{lang|bn|রুক্ষ}} {{IPA|[rukkʰo]}} "coarse"), {{IPA|[kkʰɔ]}} (as in {{lang|bn|ক্ষমতা}} {{IPA|[kkʰɔmota]}} "capability") or even {{IPA|[kʰo]}} (as in {{lang|bn|ক্ষতি}} {{IPA|[kʰoti]}} "harm"), depending on the position of the cluster in a word. The Bengali writing system is, therefore, not always a true guide to pronunciation.

===Uses===
The script used for Bengali, Assamese and other languages is known as [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]]. The script is known as the [[Bengali alphabet]] for Bengali and its dialects and the [[Assamese alphabet]] for [[Assamese language]] with some minor variations. Other related languages in the nearby region also make use of the Bengali alphabet like the [[Meitei language]] in the Indian state of [[Manipur]], where the Meitei language has been written in the Bengali alphabet for centuries, though the [[Meitei script]] has been promoted in recent times.

===Romanisation===
{{Main|Romanisation of Bengali}}

There are various Romanisation systems used for Bengali created in recent years which have failed to represent the true Bengali phonetic sound. The Bengali alphabet has often been included with the group of Brahmic scripts for romanisation where the true phonetic value of Bengali is never represented. Some of them are the [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration]] or IAST system (based on diacritics),<ref name="IAST1">{{cite web
| url=http://www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com.ar/english/sanskrit/sanskrit3.html
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212100431/http://www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com.ar/english/sanskrit/sanskrit3.html
| archive-date=12 February 2007
| title=Learning International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration
| work=Sanskrit 3 – Learning transliteration
| publisher=Gabriel Pradiipaka & Andrés Muni | access-date=20 November 2006
}}</ref> "Indian languages Transliteration" or [[ITRANS]] (uses upper case letters suited for [[ASCII]] keyboards),<ref name="ITRANS1">{{cite web
| url=http://www.aczoom.com/itrans/
| title=ITRANS – Indian Language Transliteration Package
| access-date=20 November 2006
| publisher=Avinash Chopde
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123020111/http://www.aczoom.com/itrans/
| archive-date=23 January 2013
| url-status=live
}}</ref> and the [[National Library at Kolkata romanisation]].<ref name="NatLib">{{cite web
| url=http://varamozhi.sourceforge.net/iscii91.pdf
| title=Annex-F: Roman Script Transliteration
| access-date=20 November 2006
| date=1 April 1999
| work=Indian Standard: Indian Script Code for Information Interchange – ISCII
| publisher=[[Bureau of Indian Standards]]
| page=32
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716225648/http://varamozhi.sourceforge.net/iscii91.pdf
| archive-date=16 July 2012
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

In the context of Bengali [[romanisation]], it is important to distinguish [[transliteration]] from [[transcription (linguistics)|transcription]]. Transliteration is orthographically accurate (i.e. the original spelling can be recovered), whereas transcription is phonetically accurate (the pronunciation can be reproduced).

Although it might be desirable to use a transliteration scheme where the original Bengali orthography is recoverable from the Latin text, Bengali words are currently Romanized on Wikipedia using a [[phonemic orthography|phonemic transcription]], where the true phonetic pronunciation of Bengali is represented with no reference to how it is written.

The most recent attempt has been by publishers Mitra and Ghosh with the launch of three popular children's books, ''Abol Tabol'', ''Hasi Khusi'' and ''Sahoj Path'' in Roman script at the Kolkata Book Fair 2018. Published under the imprint of Benglish Books, these are based on phonetic transliteration and closely follow spellings used in social media but for using an underline to describe soft consonants.

==Grammar==
{{Main|Bengali grammar}}

Bengali nouns are not assigned gender, which leads to minimal changing of adjectives ([[inflection]]). However, nouns and pronouns are moderately [[declension|declined]] (altered depending on their function in a sentence) into four [[grammatical case|cases]] while verbs are heavily [[grammatical conjugation|conjugated]], and the verbs do not change form depending on the gender of the nouns.

===Word order===
As a [[Head-directionality parameter|head-final]] language, Bengali follows a [[subject–object–verb]] [[word order]], although variations on this theme are common.<ref name="tb16">{{Harv|Bhattacharya|2000|pp=16}}</ref> Bengali makes use of [[Preposition and postposition|postpositions]], as opposed to the prepositions used in English and other European languages. [[Determiner]]s follow the [[noun]], while numerals, [[adjective]]s, and [[possession (linguistics)|possessors]] precede the noun.<ref name="UCLA1">{{cite web
| url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=84&menu=004
| title=Bengali
| access-date=20 November 2006
| work=UCLA Language Materials project
| publisher=University of California, Los Angeles
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715213818/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=84&menu=004
| archive-date=15 July 2007
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>

Yes-no questions do not require any change to the basic word order; instead, the low (L) [[tone (linguistics)|tone]] of the final syllable in the utterance is replaced with a falling (HL) tone. Additionally, optional [[grammatical particle|particles]] (e.g. {{lang|bn|কি}} ''-ki'', {{lang|bn|না}} ''-na'', etc.) are often [[clitic|encliticised]] onto the first or last word of a yes-no questio

Wh-questions are formed by fronting the wh-word to [[focus (linguistics)|focus]] position, which is typically the first or second word in the utterance.

===Nouns===
Nouns and pronouns are inflected for [[declension|case]], including [[Nominative case|nominative]], [[Accusative case|objective]], [[genitive case|genitive (possessive)]], and [[locative case|locative]].<ref name="tb" /> The case marking pattern for each noun being inflected depends on the noun's degree of [[animacy]]. When a [[article (grammar)|definite article]] such as {{lang|bn|-টা}} ''-ṭa'' (singular) or {{lang|bn|-গুলো}} ''-gulo'' (plural) is added, as in the tables below, nouns are also inflected for [[grammatical number|number]].

In most of the Bengali grammar books, cases are divided into 6 categories and an additional possessive case (possessive form is not recognised as a type of case by Bengali grammarians). But in terms of usages, cases are generally grouped into only 4 categories.

{| style="align:center; width:60%; margin:1em auto 1em auto;"
|- valign="top"
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+Singular noun inflection
!
! Animate
! Inanimate
|-
! Nominative
|{{lang|bn|ছাত্রটি}} chatrô-ṭi the student
|{{lang|bn|জুতাটা}} juta-ṭa the shoe
|-
! Objective
|{{lang|bn|ছাত্রটি'''কে'''}} chatrô-ṭi-'''ke''' the student
|{{lang|bn|জুতাটা}} juta-ṭa the shoe
|-
! Genitive
|{{lang|bn|ছাত্রটি'''র'''}} chatrô-ṭi-'''r''' the student's
|{{lang|bn|জুতাটা'''র'''}} juta-ṭa-'''r''' the shoe's
|-
! Locative
| –
|{{lang|bn|জুতাটা'''য়'''}} juta-ṭa-'''y''' on/in the shoe
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+Plural noun inflection
!
! Animate
! Inanimate
|-
! Nominative
|{{lang|bn|ছাত্র'''রা'''/ছাত্রগণ}} chatrô-'''ra''' the students
|{{lang|bn|জুতাগুলা/জুতোগুলো}} juta-gula/juto-gulo the shoes
|-
! Objective
|{{lang|bn|ছাত্র'''দের(কে)'''}} chatrô-'''der(ke)''' the students
|{{lang|bn|জুতাগুলা/জুতোগুলো}} juta-gula/juto-gulo the shoes
|-
! Genitive
|{{lang|bn|ছাত্র'''দের'''}} chatrô-'''der''' the students'
|{{lang|bn|জুতাগুলা/জুতোগুলো'''র'''}} juta-gula/juto-gulo-'''r''' the shoes'
|-
! Locative
| –
|{{lang|bn|জুতাগুলা/জুতোগুলো'''তে'''}} juta-gula/juto-gulo-'''te''' on/in the shoes
|}
|}

When counted, nouns take one of a small set of [[measure word]]s. Nouns in Bengali cannot be counted by adding the numeral directly adjacent to the noun. An appropriate measure word ('''MW'''), a [[Classifier (linguistics)|classifier]], must be used between the numeral and the noun (most languages of the [[Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area]] are similar in this respect). Most nouns take the generic measure word {{lang|bn|-টা}} ''-ṭa'', though other measure words indicate semantic classes (e.g. {{lang|bn|-জন}} ''-jôn'' for humans). There is also the classifier ''-khana,'' and its diminutive form ''-khani'', which attach only to nouns denoting something flat, long, square, or thin. These are the least common of the classifiers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Descriptive grammar of Bangla|last=Boyle David|first=Anne|publisher=De Gruyter|year=2015|pages=141–142}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|-
|+Measure words
|-
! Bengali
! Bengali transliteration
! Literal translation
! English translation
|-
|{{lang|bn|নয়'''টা''' গরু}}
| Nôy-'''ṭa''' goru
| Nine-'''MW''' cow
| Nine cows
|-
|{{lang|bn|কয়'''টা''' বালিশ}}
| Kôy-'''ṭa''' balish
| How many-'''MW''' pillow
| How many pillows
|-
|{{lang|bn|অনেক'''জন''' লোক}}
| Ônek-'''jôn''' lok
| Many-'''MW''' person
| Many people
|-
|{{lang|bn|চার-পাঁচ'''জন''' শিক্ষক}}
| Car-pãc-'''jôn''' shikkhôk
| Four-five-'''MW''' teacher
| Four to five teachers
|}

Measuring nouns in Bengali without their corresponding measure words (e.g. {{lang|bn|আট বিড়াল}} ''aṭ biṛal'' instead of {{lang|bn|আট'''টা''' বিড়াল}} ''aṭ-'''ṭa''' biṛal'' "eight cats") would typically be considered ungrammatical. However, when the semantic class of the noun is understood from the measure word, the noun is often omitted and only the measure word is used, e.g. {{lang|bn|শুধু এক'''জন''' থাকবে।}} ''Shudhu êk-'''jôn''' thakbe.'' (lit. "Only one-'''MW''' will remain.") would be understood to mean "Only one '''person''' will remain.", given the semantic class implicit in {{lang|bn|-জন}} ''-jôn''.

In this sense, all nouns in Bengali, unlike most other Indo-European languages, are similar to [[mass noun]]s.

===Verbs===
There are two classes of verbs: [[finite verb|finite]] and non-finite. Non-finite verbs have no inflection for tense or person, while finite verbs are fully inflected for [[grammatical person|person]] (first, second, third), [[grammatical tense|tense]] (present, past, future), [[grammatical aspect|aspect]] (simple, perfect, progressive), and [[honorific|honour]] (intimate, familiar, and formal), but ''not'' for number. [[conditional mood|Conditional]], imperative, and other special inflections for [[grammatical mood|mood]] can replace the tense and aspect suffixes. The number of inflections on many verb roots can total more than 200.

[[Inflection]]al suffixes in the [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] of Bengali vary from region to region, along with minor differences in [[syntax]].

Bengali differs from most Indo-Aryan Languages in the [[zero copula]], where the [[Copula (linguistics)|copula]] or connective ''be'' is often missing in the present tense.<ref name="huq_sarkar">[http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangla_Language Bangla language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706032246/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangla_Language |date=6 July 2015 }} in {{Harvnb|Asiatic Society of Bangladesh|2003}}</ref> Thus, "he is a teacher" is {{lang|bn|সে শিক্ষক}} ''se shikkhôk'', (literally "he teacher").<ref name="hacce-bangali">Among Bengali speakers brought up in neighbouring linguistic regions (e.g. Hindi), the lost copula may surface in utterances such as ''she shikkhôk hocche''. This is viewed as ungrammatical by other speakers, and speakers of this variety are sometimes (humorously) referred as "hocche-Bangali".</ref> In this respect, Bengali is similar to Russian and [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]. [[Romani language|Romani]] grammar is also the closest to Bengali grammar.<ref name="hub1995">
{{cite journal|first=Milena|last=Hübschmannová|title=Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku|journal=Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury|issue=4/1995|year=1995|place=Brno|quote=Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.}}
</ref>

==Vocabulary==
[[File:Bengali Vocabulary2.gif|thumb|upright=1.15|Sources of modern literary Bengali words{{Legend|#FFCC99|67% native}}{{Legend|#993300|25% Sanskrit reborrowings}}{{Legend|#FF6666|8% indigenous and foreign loans}}]]
{{Main|Bengali vocabulary}}

Bengali has as many as 100,000 separate words, of which 50,000 are considered [[Tadbhava]]s, 21,100 are [[Tatsama]]s and the remainder [[loanword]]s from [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] and other foreign languages.

However, these figures do not take into account the large proportion of archaic or highly technical words that are very rarely used. Furthermore, different dialects use more [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] vocabulary especially in different areas of Bangladesh and Muslim majority areas of [[West Bengal]]. Hindus, on the other hand, use more Sanskrit vocabulary than Muslims. While standard Bengali is based on the [[Bengali dialects|Nadia dialect]] spoken in the Hindu majority states of West Bengal, about 90% of Bengalis in Bangladesh (ca. 148 million) and 27% of Bengalis in West Bengal and 10% in Assam (ca. 36 million) are Muslim and speak a more "persio-arabised" version of Bengali instead of the more Sanskrit influenced Standard [[Bengali dialects|Nadia dialect]]. The productive vocabulary used in modern literary works, in fact, is made up mostly (67%) of tadbhavas, while tatsamas make up only 25% of the total.<ref name="bhoumick">[http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tatsama Tatsama] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706010902/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tatsama |date=6 July 2015 }} in {{Harvnb|Asiatic Society of Bangladesh|2003}}</ref><ref name="bhoumick1">[http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tadbhaba Tadbhaba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706052525/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tadbhaba |date=6 July 2015 }} in {{Harvnb|Asiatic Society of Bangladesh|2003}}</ref> Loanwords from non-Indic languages account for the remaining 8% of the vocabulary used in modern [[Bengali literature]].

According to [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]], dictionaries from the early 20th century attributed about 50% of the Bengali vocabulary to native words (i.e., naturally modified [[Prakrit]] words, corrupted forms of [[Aryan]] words, and non-Indo-European languages). About 45% percent of Bengali words are unmodified Sanskrit, and the remaining words are from foreign languages.<ref name=":02">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bengali-language|title=Bengali language|access-date=2 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011103133/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bengali-language|archive-date=11 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Dominant in the last group was [[Persian language|Persian]], which was also the source of some grammatical forms. More recent studies suggest that the use of native and foreign words has been increasing, mainly because of the preference of Bengali speakers for the colloquial style.<ref name=":02" /> Because of centuries of contact with [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]], [[Turkic peoples]], and [[Persians]], Bengali has absorbed numerous words from foreign languages, often totally integrating these borrowings into the core vocabulary.

The most common borrowings from foreign languages come from three different kinds of contact. After close contact with several indigenous Austroasiatic languages,<ref>[[Byomkes Chakrabarti]] ''A Comparative Study of Santali and Bengali'', K.P. Bagchi & Co., Kolkata, 1994, {{ISBN|81-7074-128-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Santhali Bangla Samashabda Abhidhan|last=Das|first=Khudiram|publisher=Paschim Banga Bangla Akademi|year=1998|location=Kolkata, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://professorkhudiramdas.com/files/ebooks/Bangla-santali-vasa-samporko-by-khudiram-das.pdf |title=Bangla santali vasa samporko |access-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301012141/http://professorkhudiramdas.com/files/ebooks/Bangla-santali-vasa-samporko-by-khudiram-das.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Bangla Santali Bhasa Samporko (eBook)|last=Das|first=Khudiram}}</ref> and later the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] invasion whose court language was Persian, numerous [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]], Arabic, and Persian words were absorbed into the lexicon.

Later, East Asian travellers and lately European [[colonialism]] brought words from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], French, [[Dutch language|Dutch]], and most significantly English during the [[British Raj|colonial period]].

==Sample text==
The following is a sample text in Bengali of Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]:

'''Bengali in the [[Bengali alphabet]]'''
:{{lang|bn|'''ধারা ১:''' সমস্ত মানুষ স্বাধীনভাবে সমান মর্যাদা এবং অধিকার নিয়ে জন্মগ্রহণ করে। তাঁদের বিবেক এবং বুদ্ধি আছে; সুতরাং সকলেরই একে অপরের প্রতি ভ্রাতৃত্বসুলভ মনোভাব নিয়ে আচরণ করা উচিত।}}

'''Bengali in [[Romanization of Bengali|phonetic Romanization]]'''

:'''Dhara êk:''' Sômôstô manush shadhinbhabe sôman môrjada ebông ôdhikar niye jônmôgrôhôn kôre. Tãder bibek ebông buddhi achhe; sutôrang sôkôleri êke ôpôrer prôti bhratrittôsulôbh mônobhab niye achôrôn kôra uchit.

'''Bengali in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]'''

:{{IPA|dʱara ɛk {{!}} ʃɔmosto manuʃ ʃadʱinbʱabe ʃoman mɔɾdʒada eboŋ odʱikaɾ nie̯e dʒɔnmoɡrohon kɔɾe {{!}} tãdeɾ bibek eboŋ budʱːi atʃʰe {{!}} ʃutoraŋ ʃɔkoleɾi ɛke ɔporeɾ proti bʱratritːoʃulɔbʱ monobʱab nie̯e atʃorɔn kɔra utʃit}}

'''Gloss'''

:'''Clause 1:''' All human free-manner-in equal dignity and right taken birth-take do. Their reason and intelligence exist; therefore everyone-indeed one another's towards brotherhood-ly attitude taken conduct do should.

'''Translation'''

:'''Article 1:''' All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They possess conscience and reason. Therefore, everyone should act in a spirit of brotherhood towards each other.

==Phonology==
{{Main|Bengali phonology}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book
| last=Alam | first=M
| year=2000
| title=Bhasha Shourôbh: Bêkorôn O Rôchona (The Fragrance of Language: Grammar and Rhetoric)
| publisher=S.N. Printers, Dhaka
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1=Ali | first1=Shaheen Sardar | last2 =Rehman | first2=Javaid
| year=2001
| title =Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities of Pakistan: Constitutional and Legal Perspectives
| publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-0-7007-1159-8
}}
* {{Cite book
| last=Bhattacharya | first=T
| year=2000
| chapter=Bengali
| title=Encyclopedia of World's Languages: Past and Present (Facts About the World's Languages)
| publisher=WW Wilson, New York | editor=Gary, J. and Rubino. C.
| chapter-url=http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~uclyara/bong_us.pdf
| isbn=978-0-8242-0970-4
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060625045854/http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~uclyara/bong_us.pdf
| archive-date=25 June 2006
}}
* {{Cite book
| last=Bonazzi | first=Eros
| year=2008
| chapter=Bengali
| title=Dizionario Bengali
| publisher=Avallardi (Italy) | isbn=978-88-7887-168-7
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1=Cardona | first1=George | last2=Jain | first2=Danesh
| year=2007
| title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1
| publisher=Routledge
| isbn=978-1-135-79711-9
}}
* {{Cite book
| last=Chatterji | first=SK
| year=1926
| title=The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language
| url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42610 | publisher=Calcutta Univ. Press
| oclc=4700363
}}
* {{Cite book
| last=Chisholm | first=H
| year=1910
| editor-first=Hugh
| editor-last=Chisholm
| title =The Encyclopædia Britannica : A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information
| url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopdiabrit13chisgoog | publisher =Cambridge, England; New York : At the University Press
| oclc=266598
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Dasgupta
|first=Probal
|editor-last=Cardona
|editor-first=George
|editor2-last=Jain
|editor2-first=Dhanesh
|contribution=Bangla
|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
|year=2003
|pages=386–428
|publisher=Routledge
|ref={{harvid|Dasgupta|2003}}
}}
*{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |year=1993 |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |url=https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato |publisher=University of California |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |access-date=13 July 2017 |url-access=registration }}
* {{Cite journal
| last1=Ferguson | first1=CA | last2=Chowdhury | first2=M | year=1960
| title=The Phonemes of Bengali
| journal=Language
| volume=36 |issue=1
| pages=22–59 | doi=10.2307/410622
| jstor=410622 }}
{{refend}}
{{Col-2}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal
| last1=Hayes | first1=B | last2=Lahiri | first2=A
| s2cid=170109876 | year=1991
| title=Bengali intonational phonology
| journal=[[Natural Language & Linguistic Theory]]
| doi=10.1007/BF00133326
| volume=9
| page=47
}}
* {{Cite book
| last=Keith | first=Arthur Berriedale
| year=1998
| title=The Sanskrit Drama
| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ | isbn=978-81-208-0977-2
}}
* {{cite journal |last=Khan |first=Sameer ud Dowla |title=Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard) |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association | volume=40 |number=2 |year=2010 |pages=221–225 |doi=10.1017/S0025100310000071|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite book
| last=Klaiman
| first=MH
| year=1987
| chapter=Bengali
| editor-first=Bernard
| editor-last=Comrie
| title=The World's Major Languages
| publisher=Croon Helm, London and Sydney
| isbn=978-0-19-506511-4
| chapter-url-access=registration
| chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/worldsmajorlangu0000unse
}}
* {{Cite book
| last=Masica | first=Colin P.
| year=1991
| title=The Indo-Aryan Languages | publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press
| isbn=978-0-521-23420-7
}}
* {{Cite book
| last=Radice | first=W
| year=1994
| title=Teach Yourself Bengali: A Complete Course for Beginners
| publisher=NTC/Contemporary Publishing Company | isbn=978-0-8442-3752-7
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1=Ray | first1=P | last2=Hai | first2=MA
| last3=Ray | first3=L
| year=1966
| title=Bengali language handbook
| publisher=Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington | asin=B000B9G89C
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1=Sen | first1=Dineshchandra
| year=1996
| title=Bengali Language and Literature
| publisher=International Centre for Bengal Studies, Calcutta
| isbn=978-81-7023-504-0
}}
* {{Cite book
| last=Shah | first=Natubhai
| year=1998
| title =Jainism: The World of Conquerors
| publisher=Sussex Academic Press | isbn=978-1-898723-31-8
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1=Tagore | first1=Rabindranath | last2=Das | first2=Sisir Kumar
| year=1996
| title =The English Writings of Rabindranath Tagore
| publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-0094-4
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1=Wilson | first1=A.J. | last2=Dalton | first2=D.
| year=1982
| title =The States of South Asia: Problems of National Integration. Essays in Honour of W.H. Morris-Jones
| publisher=University of Hawaii Press | isbn=978-0-8248-1183-9
}}
* {{Cite book
| last=Bonazzi | first=E
| year=2008
| title=Grammatica Bengali
| publisher=Libreria Bonomo Editrice|location= Bologna | isbn=978-88-6071-017-8
}}
* Shaw, Rameswar ''Sadharan Bhasabigna O Bangal Bhasa'', Pustak Bipani, Kolkata, 1997.
*{{citation |first=Mathew W S |last=Toulmin |title=From Linguistic to Sociolinguistic Reconstruction: The Kamta Historical Subgroup of Indo-Aryan |publisher=Pacific Linguistics | year=2009}}
{{refend}}
{{Col-end}}

==Further reading==
* Thompson, Hanne-Ruth (2012). ''[https://books.google.comM/books?id=C7vz0ABJnJsC Bengali]''. Volume 18 of London Oriental and African Language Library. John Benjamins Publishing. {{ISBN|90-272-7313-8}}.

==External links==

* {{Curlie|Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan/Bengali/}}
* {{Britannica|60785}}
* [https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/bengali.html The South Asian Literary Recordings Project, The Library of Congress. Bengali Authors.]

{{Symbols of Bangladesh}}

{{Asia-stub}}

[[Category:Dravidian languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]

{{en-Wikipedia}}

Bimal Kar

2021-08-03T19:52:45Z

August:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Bimal Kar
| image = BimalKarPic.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 19 September 1921
| birth_place = [[Bengal]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 26 August 2003
| death_place = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Novelist]]
| notable_works = Asamay
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi]]
| signature =
}}
'''Bimal Kar''' ({{lang-bn|বিমল কর}})(19 September 1921 — 26 August 2003) was an eminent [[Bengali language|Bengali]] writer and novelist.
He received 1975 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in [[Sahitya Akademi Award to Bengali Writers|Bengali]], by [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters, for his novel ''Asamay''.

==Personal life and education==
Bimal Kar was born in North 24-Parganas, on 19 September 1921. Bimal Kar had gone by of Bihar like Jabalpur, Hazaribagh, Gomoh and Dhanbad. He died on 26 August 2003.<ref name="telegraphindia.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/bimal-kar-dead/cid/808759|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=Calcutta | title=Bimal Kar dead | date=26 August 2003 | accessdate=11 October 2018 }}</ref>

==Career==
Bimal Kar has written many Bengali classics. He also wrote dramas depicting society.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/charming-tales/article2269352.ece | title=Charming tales | date=15 June 2007 | newspaper=The Hindu | first=Antara | last=Das | accessdate=11 October 2018 }}</ref>

The special ability of Kar was that he had many completely different narration styles. For example, he has written superb stories without any dialogue, and he has also written noteworthy ones almost entirely comprising dialogue. His mastery of the Western Bengal and Chhota Nagpur locales matched well his in-depth association with modern Calcutta. Another special strength was his willingness to think when necessary as a woman.

He was involved in myriad professions that later helped him write on varied subjects. His writings reflect a modern mind and have inspired many young writers whom he also supported at the start of their literary careers.

For children, He created the retired magician Kinkar Kishore Ray, alias [[Kikira]] who solved mysteries with his two assistants. He created another detective character called Victor.

After moving to Kolkata, Bimal Kar worked as a journalist with Parag, Paschimbanga and Satyajug.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Writer-Bimal-Kar-dead/articleshow/147534.cms | title=Writer Bimal Kar dead | date=26 August 2003 | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=11 October 2018 }}</ref>

From 1954 to 1982, he was associated with Desh where his novel Grahan was published in 1964. Asamay, also published in Desh, won him the Sahitya Akademi award in 1975. Kar won the Ananda Puraskar in 1967 and the Saratchandra Award from Calcutta University in 1981, among other honours.

Apart from Desh, the other magazines he was associated with were Shiladitya and Galpapatro.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>

Kar's other works include novels like Dewal, Purna Apurna, Jadubansa and Balika Badhu. He introduced a new trend in Bengali short stories with his lucid language. He could win over the heart of the average reader of Bengali literature with his ability to craft characters and the fine art of storytelling. Many of his novels were made into films.<ref name="telegraphindia.com" />

==Bibliography==
{{Div col}}
===Novels===
*Deoyal
*Nim Fuler Gondho
*Kushilob
*Asamay
*Sannidho
*Dongson
*Khorkuto
*Moho
*Dwip
*Procchonno
*A Aboron
*Swapne
*Nirosro
*Osesh
*Mallica
*Granthi
*Balika Badhu

===Works for younger audience===
*Raboner Mukhosh (Ananda Pub.)
*Ekti Photo Churi'r Rahasya (Ananda Pub.)
*Neel Banorer Haar (Ananda Pub.)
*Aloukik (Ananda Pub.)
*Ekti Obhisopto Puthi o OstodhatU (Ananda Pub.)
*Pakhighar (Ananda Pub.)
*Bagher Thaba (Ananda Pub.)
*Kalbaishakhir Ratre
*Jadukorer Rahsyamoy Mreetyu (Ananda Pub.)
*Circus theke Palea (Ananda Pub.)
*Holud Palak Badha Teer (Ananda Pub.)
*Sudhananda Pretsidha o Kikira (Ananda Pub.)
*Harano Diarir Khoje (Ananda Pub.)
*Mondargarher Rahasyamay Jotsna (Ananda Pub.)
*Bhuler Phade Nabakumar (Ananda Pub.)
*Turuper Sesh Tash (Ananda Pub.)
*Sonar Gharir Khoje (Ananda Pub.)
*Haider Laner Tero Nombor Barir Coffin Baxo (Ananda Pub.)
*Gajopati Bhejitable Shoe Company (Ananda Pub.)
*Kishore Phire Esechilo (Ananda Pub.)
*Jhiler Dhare Ekdin (Ananda Pub.)
*Phuldani Club (Ananda Pub.)
*Sonali Saper Chobol (Ananda Pub.)
*Mayurganjer Nirshigosadan
*Doshti Kishore Uponyas (Ananda Pub.)
*Kikira Somogro (Vol 1-3) (Ananda Pub.)
*Swanirbachito Kishore Golpo (Punascha)
*Sisher Angti (Punascha)
*Ajab Desher Gajab Raja (Gangchil)
*Ek Bhoutik Malgari aar Guardsaheb (Srestha Bhuter Golpo, Tulikolom)

===Pakhik Anandamela Golpo Sonkolon===
*Magician
*Bhunikaka'r Chauroshtomh
*Keu Ki Esechilo
*Mojadar Ek Football Match aar Danapuri

===PujaBarshiki Anandamela Golpo Sonkolon===
*Bonobiral (Pujabarshiki Anandamela,1388)
*Ekti Bhuture Ghori

===Doshti Kishore Uponyas===
*Wondermama
*Gojopoti Vegetable Shoe Company
*Aloukik
*Siser Angti
*Harano Jeep er Rahasya
*Kisore Fire Esechilo
*Mondargor'er Rahasyamoy Jyotsna
*Harano Diary'r Khonje
*Kaalbaishakh'er Ratre
*Rabon'er Mukhosh

===Drama===
*Ghughu

===Cinema===
He also has to his credit several novels that were successfully adapted for the screen. These include the classic comedy, Basanta-Bilap, the evergreen ''[[Balika Badhu (1967 film)|Balika Badhu]]'' (1967) aka The Young Wife (International: English title), later remade in Hindi as ''[[Balika Badhu (1976 film)|Balika Badhu]]'' (1976), Jadubangsha and Chhuti (1967) (based on his novel, Khar-Kuto), ''[[Dillagi (1978 film)|Dillagi]]'' (1978) aka Mischief (International: English title), Bonobhumi.<ref>{{IMDb name|1680373}}</ref>

{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110524172810/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/js/popup.php?pic=%2Fshop%2Fusa%2Fbook%2Fbimal_kar.jpg&picdesc=UPAKHYANMALA_BIMAL_KAR Short Biography in Bengali]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110817031957/http://www.anandapub.com/ Ananda Publishers er website]


{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kar, Bimal}}
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Bengali detective fiction writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ananda Purashkar]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Asansol]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]

Balika Badhu (1976 film)

2021-08-03T19:51:41Z

August:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Balika Badhu
| image = Balika Badhu, 1976 Hindi film.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| director = [[Tarun Majumdar]]
| producer = [[Shakti Samanta]]
| writer = Shabd Kumar (dialogue)
| screenplay = Tarun Majumdar
| story = [[Bimal Kar]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Sachin Pilgaonkar|Sachin]] Rajni Sharma [[Asrani]] [[A. K. Hangal]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]] [[Anand Bakshi]] (lyrics)
| cinematography = Nando Bhattacharya
| editing = Bijoy Chowdhary
| distributor =
| released = August 20, 1976
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''Balika Badhu''''' ([[Hindi]]: बालिका बधू; [[translation]]: Child Bride) is a [[Bollywood films of 1976|1976]] [[Hindi film|Hindi]] [[romance film|romantic]] [[comedy-drama film]] produced by [[Shakti Samanta]] and directed by [[Tarun Majumdar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/balika-badhu-14597|title=Balika Badhu (1976) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-05-22}}</ref> The film is based on the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] novel by the same name by [[Bimal Kar]], about a young girl who is married before she is old enough to understand what marriage is all about, against the backdrop of [[Indian freedom struggle]]. Gradually she and her school-going husband grow as a couple and begin to love one another. The film was previously made into a Bengali film, ''[[Balika Badhu (1967 film)|Balika Badhu]]'' (1967), starring [[Moushumi Chatterjee]], by Tarun Majumdar himself.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/remakes-of-bengali-films-whats-new-in-this-trend/articleshow/72241437.cms</ref>

This romantic [[comedy drama]] stars [[Sachin (actor)|Sachin]] with Rajni Sharma, [[Asrani]], [[A. K. Hangal]], Asit Sen, [[Paintal (comedian)|Paintal]] and [[Om Shivpuri]]. Initially [[Debashree Roy]] was offered to play the titular role but Majumdar later considered her to be imperfect to play the role and she got replaced by Rajni Sharma.<ref name=":0" /> The music is by [[R. D. Burman]] and lyrics by [[Anand Bakshi]], who penned several hits in the film including "Bade Achchhe Lagte Hain...", which was singer [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]'s first hit, and featured on the [[Binaca Geetmala annual list 1977]] at # 26. It was the second film of Mrityunjay Sil.<ref name="chakpak.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.chakpak.com/movie/balika-badhu/6418|title=Balika Badhu (1976) on chakpak.com|access-date=1 April 2010|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120722102152/http://www.chakpak.com/movie/balika-badhu/6418|archive-date=22 July 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Cast==

*[[Sachin (actor)|Sachin]] as Amal
*Mrityunjay Sil as Rahul <ref name="chakpak.com"/>
*Rajni Sharma as Rajni
*Kajri as Chandra
*[[Asrani (actor)|Asrani]] as Sharat
*[[A. K. Hangal]] as Masterji
*[[Prema Narayan]] as Radhiya
*[[Om Shivpuri]] as Amal's father
*[[Urmila Bhatt]] as Amal's mother
*Kajri as Chandra, Amal's sister <ref name="chakpak.com"/>
*[[Paintal (comedian)|Paintal]] as Shambhu
*[[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] as Udasu
*[[Preeti Ganguli]] as Nandini
*S. N. Banerjee as Pandit
*Birbal as Imported bangle seller
*Polson as School teacher
*[[Ashok Kumar]] as Aged Amal's voice
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Adult Amal's voice
*[[Zeenat Aman]] as Adult Rajni's voice
*[[Leela Mishra]] as grannie

==Crew==
*''Director'' - [[Tarun Majumdar]]
*''Story'' - [[Bimal Kar]]
*''Screenplay'' - [[Tarun Majumdar]]
*''Dialogue'' - Shabd Kumar
*''Producer'' - [[Shakti Samanta]]
*''Editor'' - [[:as: Bijoy Chowdhury|Bijoy Chowdhury]]
*''Cinematographer'' - Nandu Bhattacharya

==Music==
*Song "Bade Achhe Lagte Hain" was Amit Kumar's first hit song and listed at #26 on the [[Binaca Geetmala annual list 1977]].
{{Track listing
| headline = Songs
| extra_column = Playback
| all_lyrics = [[Anand Bakshi]]
| all_music = [[Rahul Dev Burman]]

| title1 = Aao Re Aao Khelo Holi Brij Mein
| extra1 = [[Sapan Chakraborty]]
| length1 = 4:10

| title2 = Bade Achhe Lagte Hain
| extra2 = [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
| length2 = 5:09

| title3 = Doli Mein Sawaar Sajnee Ka Pyaar
| extra3 = [[Rahul Dev Burman]]
| length3 = 4:27

| title4 = Jagat Musafir Khana
| extra4 = [[Bhupinder]]
| length4 = 4:36

| title5 = O Jhumke Wale
| extra5 = [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length5 = 4:29

| title6 = Yeh Choodiyan Nahin
| extra6 = [[Mohammad Rafi]]
| length6 = 5:00
}}

==Awards==
{{awards table}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|1977
| Kajri
| [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Asrani]]
| [[Filmfare Best Comedian Award]]
| {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0237022|Balika Badhu}}

{{Tarun Majumdar}}

[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Tarun Majumdar]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Child marriage in India]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Bengali films]]

Patthe Bapurao

2021-08-03T19:49:57Z

August:

{{short description|Indian singer-poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Patthe Bapurao''' (11 November 1868 – 22 December 1941) was a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] singer-poet in the [[Tamasha]] [[musical theatre]] genre.<ref name="Rao2009">{{cite book|author=Anupama Rao|title=The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDRiJ3HZVPQC&pg=PA63|accessdate=4 August 2013|year=2009|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25761-0|pages=63–}}</ref> He also composed severals Vags, dramatic and humorous skits, which were also popular.<ref name="Varadpande1992">{{cite book|author=Manohar Laxman Varadpande|title=History of Indian Theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZrjC24PuDQC&pg=PA170|accessdate=5 August 2013|year=1992|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-278-9|pages=170–}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Born on 11 November 1868, (at Rethareharnax, Sangli, Maharashtra) <ref name="aatha" /> as Shridhar Balkrishna Kulkarni in a typical Maharashtrian [[Brahmin]] family, he married the [[Beautiful Laavani Dancer]] Pawala and became one of the most popular performers of early twentieth century.
*his wife pawala bai was from hivargao pavsa in sanganmener (नृत्यागणा पवळादेवी रमारकाचा प्रस्ताव धूळखात शासनाने प्रस्तावाला मंजुरी देण्याची मागणी.)<ref>Shirgaonkar, Varsha. "“Patthe Bapurao ani Mumbaichi Lavani”." Akhil Maharashtra Itihas Parishad (2002): 45-50.</ref> In his memory,Patthe Bapurao Street is a name given to a street in Redlight area of South Mumbai (Falkland Road, Foras road near Alfred cinema). A movie has been made after him, and several streets are named for him in [[Mumbai]] and other [[India]]n cities.{{fact|date=February 2020}}
The name is also written Bapurav.{{fact|date=February 2020}}

He died on 22 December 1941.<ref name="aatha">{{Cite web | title = Patthe_Bapurao | url = http://www.aathavanitli-gani.com/Geetkar/Patthe_Bapurao | publisher = aathavanitli-gani. | date = | accessdate = 5 August 2013 | archive-url = https://archive.is/20130805164359/http://www.aathavanitli-gani.com/Geetkar/Patthe_Bapurao | archive-date = 5 August 2013 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*his wife pawala bai was from hivargao in sanganmener Ahmednagar, Maharashtra.

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bapurao, Patthe}}
[[Category:Marathi-language poets]]
[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male folk singers]]
[[Category:Marathi-language singers]]
[[Category:Indian male musical theatre actors]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Singers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:19th-century male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century male singers]]
[[Category:19th-century male singers]]

{{India-singer-stub}}
{{en-Wikipedia}}

Patthe Bapurao

2021-08-03T19:48:57Z

August:

{{short description|Indian singer-poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Patthe Bapurao''' (11 November 1868 – 22 December 1941) was a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] singer-poet in the [[Tamasha]] [[musical theatre]] genre.<ref name="Rao2009">{{cite book|author=Anupama Rao|title=The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDRiJ3HZVPQC&pg=PA63|accessdate=4 August 2013|year=2009|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25761-0|pages=63–}}</ref> He also composed severals Vags, dramatic and humorous skits, which were also popular.<ref name="Varadpande1992">{{cite book|author=Manohar Laxman Varadpande|title=History of Indian Theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZrjC24PuDQC&pg=PA170|accessdate=5 August 2013|year=1992|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-278-9|pages=170–}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Born on 11 November 1868, (at Rethareharnax, Sangli, Maharashtra) <ref name="aatha" /> as Shridhar Balkrishna Kulkarni in a typical Maharashtrian [[Brahmin]] family, he married the [[Beautiful Laavani Dancer]] Pawala and became one of the most popular performers of early twentieth century.
*his wife pawala bai was from hivargao pavsa in sanganmener (नृत्यागणा पवळादेवी रमारकाचा प्रस्ताव धूळखात शासनाने प्रस्तावाला मंजुरी देण्याची मागणी.)<ref>Shirgaonkar, Varsha. "“Patthe Bapurao ani Mumbaichi Lavani”." Akhil Maharashtra Itihas Parishad (2002): 45-50.</ref> In his memory,Patthe Bapurao Street is a name given to a street in Redlight area of South Mumbai (Falkland Road, Foras road near Alfred cinema). A movie has been made after him, and several streets are named for him in [[Mumbai]] and other [[India]]n cities.{{fact|date=February 2020}}
The name is also written Bapurav.{{fact|date=February 2020}}

He died on 22 December 1941.<ref name="aatha">{{Cite web | title = Patthe_Bapurao | url = http://www.aathavanitli-gani.com/Geetkar/Patthe_Bapurao | publisher = aathavanitli-gani. | date = | accessdate = 5 August 2013 | archive-url = https://archive.is/20130805164359/http://www.aathavanitli-gani.com/Geetkar/Patthe_Bapurao | archive-date = 5 August 2013 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*his wife pawala bai was from hivargao in sanganmener ahmednagar Maharashtra.

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bapurao, Patthe}}
[[Category:Marathi-language poets]]
[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male folk singers]]
[[Category:Marathi-language singers]]
[[Category:Indian male musical theatre actors]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Singers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:19th-century male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century male singers]]
[[Category:19th-century male singers]]

{{India-singer-stub}}
{{en-Wikipedia}}

Shaque

2021-08-03T19:34:41Z

August:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Shaque
| image = Shaque_the_film.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Aruna Raje|Aruna]]-Vikas
| producer = N.B.Kamat
| writer = Vikas Desai (script) Haafiz (dialogue)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Vinod Khanna]] [[Shabana Azmi]] [[Utpal Dutt]]
| music = Vasant Desai
| cinematography = Apurba Kishore Bir
| editing = [[Aruna Raje|Aruna]]-Vikas
| distributor =
| released = 1976
| runtime = 121 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Shaque''''' ({{lang-en|italic=yes|Doubt}}) is a [[Bollywood films of 1976|1976]] [[Bollywood]] [[drama film]] directed by Aruna-Vikas. The film stars [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Utpal Dutt]].

==Plot==
Vinod Joshi lives a middle-class existence with his wife, Meena, and a young son. He would like to improve upon his living conditions and ensure that his child enjoys life thoroughly. One day Vinod returns home in a bloodied state and tells Meena that there has been a homicide at his place of work, and a large amount of money has been stolen. The police are called in to investigate, and as a result, a fellow employee by the name of Subramaniam is arrested and sentenced to jail. Then the Joshi family gets wealthy all of a sudden, and move to a different and more spacious location, and start enjoying their lives to the fullest. Meena finds out that another co-worker of Vinod's, Maan Singh, has been telling people that Vinod was the one who stole the money and also killed the employee in the process. Meena goes to meet Maan Singh to confirm this, and he does so, and even writes a letter to her to that effect, and threatens to inform the police. When Meena confronts Vinod, he vehemently denies ever stealing nor killing anyone but has no explanation to offer for their new-found wealth. As Meena attempts to trace the origin of this wealth and gets more and more convinced about his guilt, she and Vinod find themselves growing further apart from each other, and Meena coming to the shocking conclusion that she has been sleeping with someone who may have killed another human being. Then Maan Singh's girlfriend, Rosita, is killed. The police find Vinod's fingerprints on the knife. Upon seeing the police, Vinod asks Meena to get ready to run, which they do, with the police in the hot chase after them.
How long will Vinod continue to elude the police?
Did he really commit those murders?

==Cast==
*[[Vinod Khanna]] as Vinod Joshi
*[[Shabana Azmi]] as Meena Joshi
*[[Utpal Dutt]] as Maan Singh
*[[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Rosita
*[[Durga Khote]] as Mrs. Banerjee in guest appearance
*[[Farida Jalal]] as Mrs. Subramaniam in guest appearance
*[[Arvind Deshpande]] as Subramaniam
*[[Suhas Bhalekar]] as Bhalekar
*[[Master Atul]] as Mithu, Vinod and Meena's son
*[[Satya Kumar Patil]] as Police Inspector
*[[J.K.Banerjee]] as Mr Banerjee aka Kakaji

Also featuring in the supporting cast:- Nirmala Mathan, Onkar, Ninad Deshpande, Sunita, Ramji Koli, Padmakar Athavale, Balmukund Prabhu and Gopal Nair.

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Song !! Singer/s
|-
| 1
| "Ek Dil Hai Ek Jaan Hai"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 2
| "Megha Barasne Laga Hai Aaj Ki Raat"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 3
| "Ye Kaha Aa Gayi Main"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|4
| "Do Nainon Ke Pankh Lagakar"
| [[Kumari Faiyaz]]
|-
|5
| "Abhi Na Parda Giraao Thahro"
| [[J.K. Banerjee]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0259571}}

[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1976 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Shaque

2021-08-03T19:33:26Z

August:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Shaque
| image = Shaque_the_film.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Aruna Raje|Aruna]]-Vikas
| producer = N.B.Kamat
| writer = Vikas Desai (script) Haafiz (dialogue)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Vinod Khanna]] [[Shabana Azmi]] [[Utpal Dutt]]
| music = Vasant Desai
| cinematography = Apurba Kishore Bir
| editing = [[Aruna Raje|Aruna]]-Vikas
| distributor =
| released = 1976
| runtime = 121 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Shaque''''' ({{lang-en|italic=yes|Doubt}}) is a [[Bollywood films of 1976|1976]] [[Bollywood]] [[drama film]] directed by Aruna-Vikas. The film stars [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Utpal Dutt]].

==Plot==
Vinod Joshi lives a middle-class existence with his wife, Meena, and a young son. He would like to improve upon his living conditions and ensure that his child enjoys life thoroughly. One day Vinod returns home in a bloodied state, and tells Meena that there has been a homicide at his place of work, and a large amount of money has been stolen. The police are called in to investigate, and as a result a fellow-employee by the name of Subramaniam is arrested and sentenced to jail. Then the Joshi family gets wealthy all of a sudden, and move to a different and more spacious location, and start enjoying their lives to the fullest. Meena finds out that another co-worker of Vinod's, Maan Singh, has been telling people that Vinod was the one who stole the money and also killed the employee in the process. Meena goes to meet Maan Singh to confirm this, and he does so, and even writes a letter to her to that effect, and threatens to inform the police. When Meena confronts Vinod, he vehemently denies ever stealing nor killing anyone but has no explanation to offer for their new-found wealth. As Meena attempts to trace the origin of this wealth and gets more and more convinced about his guilt, she and Vinod finds themselves growing further apart from each other, and Meena coming to the shocking conclusion that she has been sleeping with someone who may have killed another human being. Then Maan Singh's girlfriend, Rosita, is killed. The police find Vinod's fingerprints on the knife. Upon seeing the police, Vinod asks Meena to get ready to run, which they do, with the police in hot chase after them.
How long will Vinod continue to elude the police?
Did he really commit those murders?

==Cast==
*[[Vinod Khanna]] as Vinod Joshi
*[[Shabana Azmi]] as Meena Joshi
*[[Utpal Dutt]] as Maan Singh
*[[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Rosita
*[[Durga Khote]] as Mrs. Banerjee in guest appearance
*[[Farida Jalal]] as Mrs. Subramaniam in guest appearance
*[[Arvind Deshpande]] as Subramaniam
*[[Suhas Bhalekar]] as Bhalekar
*[[Master Atul]] as Mithu, Vinod and Meena's son
*[[Satya Kumar Patil]] as Police Inspector
*[[J.K.Banerjee]] as Mr Banerjee aka Kakaji

Also featuring in the supporting cast:- Nirmala Mathan, Onkar, Ninad Deshpande, Sunita, Ramji Koli, Padmakar Athavale, Balmukund Prabhu and Gopal Nair.

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Song !! Singer/s
|-
| 1
| "Ek Dil Hai Ek Jaan Hai"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 2
| "Megha Barasne Laga Hai Aaj Ki Raat"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 3
| "Ye Kaha Aa Gayi Main"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|4
| "Do Nainon Ke Pankh Lagakar"
| [[Kumari Faiyaz]]
|-
|5
| "Abhi Na Parda Giraao Thahro"
| [[J.K. Banerjee]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0259571}}

[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1976 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Shaque

2021-08-03T19:32:30Z

August:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Shaque
| image = Shaque_the_film.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Aruna Raje|Aruna]]-Vikas
| producer = N.B.Kamat
| writer = Vikas Desai (script) Haafiz (dialogue)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Vinod Khanna]] [[Shabana Azmi]] [[Utpal Dutt]]
| music = Vasant Desai
| cinematography = Apurba Kishore Bir
| editing = [[Aruna Raje|Aruna]]-Vikas
| distributor =
| released = 1976
| runtime = 121 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Shaque''''' ({{lang-en|italic=yes|Doubt}}) is a [[Bollywood films of 1976|1976]] [[Bollywood]] [[drama film]] directed by Aruna-Vikas. The film stars [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Utpal Dutt]].

==Plot==
Vinod Joshi lives a middle-class existence with his wife, Meena, and a young son. He would like to improve upon his living conditions and ensure that his child enjoys life thoroughly. One day Vinod returns home in a bloodied state, and tells Meena that there has been a homicide at his place of work, and a large amount of money has been stolen. The police are called in to investigate, and as a result a fellow-employee by the name of Subramaniam is arrested and sentenced to jail. Then the Joshi family gets wealthy all of a sudden, and move to a different and more spacious location, and start enjoying their lives to the fullest. Meena finds out that another co-worker of Vinod's, Maan Singh, has been telling people that Vinod was the one who stole the money, and also killed the employee in the process. Meena goes to meet Maan Singh to confirm this, and he does so, and even writes a letter to her to that effect, and threatens to inform the police. When Meena confronts Vinod, he vehemently denies ever stealing nor killing anyone, but has no explanation to offer for their new-found wealth. As Meena attempts to trace the origin of this wealth, and gets more and more convinced about his guilt, she and Vinod finds themselves growing further apart from each other, and Meena coming to the shocking conclusion that she has been sleeping with someone who may have killed another human being. Then Maan Singh's girlfriend, Rosita, is killed. The police find Vinod's fingerprints on the knife. Upon seeing the police, Vinod asks Meena to get ready to run, which they do, with the police in hot chase after them.
How long will Vinod continue to elude the police?
Did he really commit those murders?

==Cast==
*[[Vinod Khanna]] as Vinod Joshi
*[[Shabana Azmi]] as Meena Joshi
*[[Utpal Dutt]] as Maan Singh
*[[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Rosita
*[[Durga Khote]] as Mrs. Banerjee in guest appearance
*[[Farida Jalal]] as Mrs. Subramaniam in guest appearance
*[[Arvind Deshpande]] as Subramaniam
*[[Suhas Bhalekar]] as Bhalekar
*[[Master Atul]] as Mithu, Vinod and Meena's son
*[[Satya Kumar Patil]] as Police Inspector
*[[J.K.Banerjee]] as Mr Banerjee aka Kakaji

Also featuring in the supporting cast:- Nirmala Mathan, Onkar, Ninad Deshpande, Sunita, Ramji Koli, Padmakar Athavale, Balmukund Prabhu and Gopal Nair.

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Song !! Singer/s
|-
| 1
| "Ek Dil Hai Ek Jaan Hai"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 2
| "Megha Barasne Laga Hai Aaj Ki Raat"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 3
| "Ye Kaha Aa Gayi Main"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|4
| "Do Nainon Ke Pankh Lagakar"
| [[Kumari Faiyaz]]
|-
|5
| "Abhi Na Parda Giraao Thahro"
| [[J.K. Banerjee]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0259571}}

[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1976 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}