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Pundarikakshya Saha

2026-05-04T20:17:57Z

Athenian:

{{Short description|Indian politician from West Bengal (b.1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| assembly =
| constituency = [[Nabadwip Assembly constituency|Nabadwip]]
| predecessor = Biswanath Mitra
| term_start = 23 May 2001
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|12|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Nadia]], [[West Bengal]], India
| education = Bachelor of Commerce ([[Nabadwip Vidyasagar College]])
| alma_mater =
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| parents = Gurupada Saha (father)
| profession = Politician
}}

'''Pundarikakshya Saha''' (born 30 December 1955) is an Indian politician from West Bengal. He was as a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nabadwip Assembly constituency|Nabadwip constituency]] from 2001 to 2026 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=WB: Net worth of richest MLA Rs 40 crore, poorest has Rs |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/wb-net-worth-of-richest-mla-rs-40-crore-poorest-has-rs-615418-2016-05-26 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=India Today |date=26 May 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Youth's brick & nude parade punishment - Ordeal for bathing in hotelier's pond |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/youths-brick-nude-parade-punishment-ordeal-for-bathing-in-hoteliers-pond/cid/396078 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Citation |title=৮০০ বৃদ্ধাকে নিয়ে বিজয়া সম্মিলনী বিধায়কের |url=https://bengali.timesxp.com/tmc-mla-pundarikakshya-saha-arranges-vijaya-sammilani-with-800-old-women-in-nabadwip-watch-the-video/videoshow/104697543.cms |access-date=2023-12-19 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Iskcon Mayapur celebrates Rath Yatra |work=The Statesman |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/iskcon-mayapur-celebrates-rath-yatra-1503086523.html |access-date=2023-12-19}}</ref> He is one of the MLAs with lowest assets in India with [[Indian rupee|INR]] 30,423.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-18 |title=D K Shivakumar is India's richest MLA. This BJP leader has just ₹1,700 in assets {{!}} Top 10 lists |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/d-k-shivakumar-is-indias-richest-mla-this-bjp-leader-has-just-1-700-in-assets-top-10-lists-101689694961120.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Saha is from [[Nabadwip]], Nadia district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Gurupada Saha. He completed his Bachelor of Commerce in 1975 at Nabadwip Vidyasagar College, which is affiliated with [[University of Calcutta]].

== Career ==
Saha won from [[Nabadwip Assembly constituency]] representing [[All India Trinamool Congress]] in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 102,170 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Sidhartha Shankar Naskar of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 18,571 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-01 |title=Nabadwip (West Bengal) Assembly Election Results 2021 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nabadwip-west-bengal-assembly-election-results-2021-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7294438/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Nabadwip, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/nabadwip-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797164-2021-05-01 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saha, Pundarikakshya}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]

Sultan Bathery Municipality

2026-05-03T09:52:57Z

Athenian: Created basic bio basic info

{{Short description|Local civic body in Wayanad, Kerala, India}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Sultan Bathery Municipality
| leader1_type = [[Chairperson]]
| leader1 = Raseena Abdul Khader, IUML
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Chairperson]]
| leader2 = Indrajith M.G, INC
| political_groups1 = '''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] (20)'''
* {{color box|#00BFFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (10)
* {{color box|#008000}} [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]] (8)
* {{color box|white}} [[Kerala Congress|KEC]] (1)
* {{color box|blue}} [[Independent politician|Independent]] (1)

'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] (15)'''
* {{color box|#FF0000}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (13)
* {{color box|#CC9900}} [[Kerala Congress (M)|KC(M)]] (1)
* {{color box|DarkRed}} [[Independent politician|Independent]] (1)

'''[[National Democratic Alliance]] (1)'''
*{{color box|#FF9900}} [[ Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] (1)

| foundation = {{Start date|2015}}
| website = {{URL|http://sulthanbatherymunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/en}}
}}

'''Sultan Bathery Municipality''' is the [[Municipal council (India)|Municipality]] that administers the city of [[Sultan Bathery]] in [[Wayanad district]], [[Kerala]]. Established in 2015, it is in the [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency]] and [[Sulthan Bathery Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sulthan-bathery-municipality-steps-up-measures-to-make-town-litter-free/article66508897.ece|title=Sulthan Bathery municipality steps up measures to make town litter-free|first=The Hindu|last=Bureau|date=February 14, 2023|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/at-sulthan-bathery-municipality-spotlight-on-town-beautification/article33216467.ece|title=At Sulthan Bathery Municipality, spotlight on town beautification|first=E. M.|last=Manoj|date=November 30, 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Municipality Wards and Members==

Sultan Bathery Municipality is divided into 36 wards for ease of administration from which a member is elected from each for a duration of five years.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: left;" | '''Governing Council'''
|-
! scope="col" | Position !! scope="col" | Name !! scope="col" | Alliance !! scope="col" | Division
|-
! scope="row" | Chairperson
| Raseena Abdul Khader
| style="background:Green; color:white;" | UDF || C Kunnu
|-
! scope="row" | Deputy Chairperson
| Indrajith M.G
| style="background:Blue; color:white;" | UDF || Cheroorkunnu
|}
(Note: The image provides election results for individual wards but does not explicitly name the Chairperson/Deputy Chairperson. Since UDF won 20 seats, they hold the majority to elect these positions.)
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: left;" | '''Councillors'''
|-
! scope="col" | Ward !! scope="col" | Division Name !! scope="col" | Member !! scope="col" | Party !! scope="col" |
|-
! scope="row" | 001
| Aram Mile || Anjali Teacher || style="background:Red; color:white;" | CPI(M) ||
|-
! scope="row" | 002
| Chethalayam || Sherina Abdulla || style="background:Green; color:white;" | IUML ||
|-
! scope="row" | 003
| Chenadu || C. K. Sathyaraj || style="background:Red; color:white;" | CPI(M) ||
|-
! scope="row" | 004
| Vengur North || K. K. Moithu || style="background:Green; color:white;" | IUML ||
|-
! scope="row" | 005
| Odappallam || Priya Vinod || style="background:Red; color:white;" | CPI(M) ||
|-
! scope="row" | 006
| Vengur South || Samshad P. || style="background:Blue; color:white;" | INC ||
|-
! scope="row" | 007
| Pazheri || Vinod C. || style="background: Blue; color:white;" | INC ||
|-
! scope="row" | 008
| Karuvallikunnu || Preetha Ravi || style="background:Blue; color:white;" | INC ||
|-
! scope="row" | 009
| Armadu || Vincy Baiju || style="background:Skyblue; color:black;" | OTH ||
|-
! scope="row" | 010
| Kottakunnu || Lisha Teacher || style="background:Red; color:white;" | CPI(M) ||
|-
! scope="row" | 011
| Kidangil || C. M. Anil || style="background:Red; color:white;" | CPI(M) ||
|-
! scope="row" | 012
| Kuppadi || Supriya Anilkumar || style="background:Red; color:white;" |CPI(M) ||
|-
! scope="row" | 013
| Thirunelli || Tom Jose || style="background:Brown; color:white;" | KC(M) ||
|-
! scope="row" | 014
| Manthandikunnu || Radha Raveendran || style="background: Blue; color:white;" | INC ||
|-
! scope="row" | 015
| Sathramkunnu || Abdul Gafoor U. P. || style="background:Red; color:white;" | CPI(M) ||
|-
! scope="row" | 016
| Cheroorkunnu || Indrajith M. G. || style="background:Blue; color:white;" | INC ||
|-
! scope="row" | 017
| Palakkara || Pramod Palakkara || style="background:Blue; color:white;" | INC ||
|-
! scope="row" | 018
| Thelambatta || V. M. Yunus Ali || style="background:Blue; color:white;" | INC ||
|-
! scope="row" | 019
| Thoduvelty || Radha Mahadevan || style="background:Blue; color:white;" | INC ||
|-
! scope="row" | 020
| Kaipancheri || Shifanath V. K. || style="background:Green; color:white;" | IUML ||
|-
! scope="row" | 021
| Mythanikunnu || Shabarban (Banu Pulikkal) || style="background:Green; color:white;" | IUML ||
|-
! scope="row" | 022
| Fairland || Radha Babu || style="background:Green; color:white;" | IUML ||
|-
! scope="row" | 023
| C Kunnu || Raseena Abdul Khader || style="background:Green; color:white;" | IUML ||
|-
! scope="row" | 024
| Kattayad || Nisha Sabu || style="background:Blue; color:white;" | INC ||
|-
! scope="row" | 025
| Sulthan Bathery || Sulabi Moses || style="background:Purple; color:white;" | KEC ||
|-
! scope="row" | 026
| Pallikandi || Balkees Shoukathali || style="background:Green; color:white;" | IUML ||
|-
! scope="row" | 027
| Manichira || Fauziya Teacher || style="background:Green; color:white;" | IUML ||
|-
! scope="row" | 028
| Kalluvayal || Leela Paalpath || style="background:Blue; color:white;" | INC ||
|-
! scope="row" | 029
| Poomala || M. S. Vishwanathan || style="background:Red; color:white;" | CPI(M) ||
|-
! scope="row" | 030
| Dhottappankulam || A. P. Prashinth || style="background:Red; color:white;" | CPI(M) ||
|-
! scope="row" | 031
| Beenachi || K. C. Yohannan || style="background:Red; color:white;" | CPI(M) ||
|-
! scope="row" | 032
| Poothikkad || Bindhu Pramod || style="background:Red; color:white;" | CPI(M) ||
|-
! scope="row" | 033
| Cheenapullu || Noushad Mangalassery || style="background:Skyblue; color:black;" | OTH ||
|-
! scope="row" | 034
| Manthamkolli || Sherly Krishnan || style="background:Red; color:white;" | CPI(M) ||
|-
! scope="row" | 035
| Pazhuppathoor || Jayesh J. P. || style="background:Orange; color:white;" | BJP ||
|-
! scope="row" | 036
| Kaivattamoola || Hyrunnisa Riyas || style="background:Red; color:white;" | CPI(M) ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://kozhikodecorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/en}}
{{Municipalities of Kerala}}
{{Malabar}}
{{Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Municipalities of Kerala]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Kerala]]

Anoop Sasikumar

2026-05-02T05:56:25Z

Athenian: new initial bio w/ refs...

{{Short description|Indian economist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anoop Sasikumar
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|2|23}}
| birth_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = {{ublist|Economist|Novelist}}
| yearsactive = Since 2006
| alma mater = {{ublist|[[Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Kottayam|Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology]]|[[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]]|[[Hyderabad Central University]]}}
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards =
}}
'''Anoop Sasikumar''' is an Indian economist and a novelist of [[Malayalam]] literature.

== Biography ==
He was born on 23 February 1984.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} He graduated in mechanical engineering from [[Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Kottayam]] of [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]]. He started his career as an engineer at [[Shapoorji Pallonji Group]] in 2006.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

His first novel, ''Ettamathe Velipadu'' (The Eighth Revelation),<ref name="ഭയത്തിന്റെ ബീജഗണിതം">{{Cite web |title=ഭയത്തിന്റെ ബീജഗണിതം |url=https://www.marunadanmalayalee.com/column/pusthaka-vich-ram/ettamathe-velipadu-novel-by-anoop-sasikumar-150750 |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=www.marunadanmalayalee.com}}</ref> shortlisted for the 2018 [[DC Books|DC Books Literary Award]], was published in 2019.<ref name="KLF -PROGRAMS SCHEDULE -2019 (MALAYALAM)">{{cite web | url=http://keralaliteraturefestival.com/program_eng_2019.aspx?year=2019&lang=Malayalam | title=KLF -PROGRAMS SCHEDULE -2019 (MALAYALAM) | publisher=Kerala Literature Festival 2019 | date=2019 | access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="Plotting a New Mystery">{{Cite web |title=Plotting a New Mystery |url=https://www.pallikkutam.com/edu-landscape/plotting-a-new-mystery |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=www.pallikkutam.com}}</ref> His second novel, ''Gotham'', was published by Logos Books in 2020.<ref name="Contribute to flood relief fund get your name featured on this writer's novel">{{Cite news |title=Contribute to flood relief fund get your name featured on this writer's novel |language=en |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/books/books-news/contribute-to-flood-relief-fund-get-your-name-featured-on-this-writer-s-novel--1.4042755 |access-date=2020-07-13}}</ref><ref name="ദുരിതാശ്വാസ നിധിയിലേക്ക് സംഭാവന നല്‍കൂ; അനൂപിന്റെ നോവലിലെ 'കഥാപാത്രമാകാം'">{{Cite web |title=ദുരിതാശ്വാസ നിധിയിലേക്ക് സംഭാവന നല്‍കൂ; അനൂപിന്റെ നോവലിലെ 'കഥാപാത്രമാകാം' |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/news/kerala-chief-minister-s-distress-relief-fund-raising-through-character-options-anoop-sasikumar-1.4042678 |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=Mathrubhumi |date=15 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Sasikumar lives in Kottayam, Kerala.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

==Bibliography==
{{Empty section|date=February 2026}}{{Portal|India||Literature}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |title=ഫിക്‌ഷൻ എഴുതുന്നത് മോറൽ ക്ലാസ് എടുക്കാനോ അറിവുകൾ പകരാനോ അല്ല: അനൂപ് ശശികുമാർ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/interviews/2021/07/18/talk-with-writer-anoop-sasikumar.html |access-date=2021-07-19 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}
* {{Cite web |date=2020-06-19 |title=എണ്ണിത്തിട്ടപ്പെടുത്തിയ ദു:ഖങ്ങളുടെ കണക്കുപുസ്തകം |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/literature/ennithittappeduthiya-dukhangalude-kanakkupusthakam-short-story-anoop-sasikumar-377698/ |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml}}
* {{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=കടലിലെ നക്ഷത്രങ്ങളും ആകാശത്തിലെ മീനുകളും |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/literature/kadalile-nakshatrangalum-akashathile-meenukalum-short-story-anoop-sasikumar-219507/ |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml}}
* {{Cite web |date=2019-02-09 |title=പകര്‍പ്പവകാശവും പകർപ്പവകാശ ലംഘനവും: അറിയേണ്ട കാര്യങ്ങൾ |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/opinion/plagiarism-copyright-violation-all-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml}}
* {{Cite web |title=മിത്താണോ യഥാർഥ്യമാണോ ഗോലം?; കൊച്ചിയുമായുള്ള ബന്ധമെന്താണ്? |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/literaryworld/2020/03/12/does-golem-myth-or-reality-pacha-book-review.html |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |title=Anoop KUMAR - ResearchGate |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anoop_Kumar3 |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=Anoop Sasikumar - University of Hyderabad - Academia.edu |url=https://uohyd.academia.edu/AnoopSasikumar |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=uohyd.academia.edu}}
* {{cite web | url=https://works.bepress.com/anoop_sasikumar/2/ | title=n Analysis of Presence of Long Memory In The Indian Foreign Exchange Market | publisher=GITAM review of International Business | work=Article | date=2011 | access-date=21 January 2019 | author=Anoop Sasikumar}}
* {{cite web | url=https://works.bepress.com/anoop_sasikumar/1/ | title=Testing for Weak Form Market Efficiency in Indian Foreign Exchange Market | publisher=The IUP Journal of Monetary Economics | work=Article | date=2011 | access-date=21 January 2019 | author=Anoop Sasikumar}}
* {{Cite web |title=Anoop Sasikumar, Author at Indian Express Malayalam |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/author/anoop-sasikumar/ |access-date=2020-07-13 |language=ml}}
* {{Cite web |title=പുസ്തകത്തിന്റെ പിഡിഎഫ് ഉണ്ടോ എഴുത്തുകാരേ? |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/interviews/2020/03/30/malayalam-writers-talks-about-pirated-books-pdf.html |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sasikumar, Anoop}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian economists]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian economics writers]]
[[Category:Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani]]
[[Category:University of Hyderabad alumni]]
[[Category:Indian mechanical engineers]]

Darunda

2026-04-29T20:57:54Z

Athenian: Done

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Darunda
| settlement_type = Village
| other_name = Dadunda
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.09|N|74.89|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Village in India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sikar district|Sikar]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Fatehpur, Shekhawati|Fatherpur]]
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title = Member of Legislative Assembly
| leader_name = Hakam Ali Khan
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_note =
| population_total = 1870<ref name="cen">{{cite web |title=Dadunda Population - Sikar, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/81199-dadunda-rajasthan.html}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 =
| population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 332302
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01571
| registration_plate = RJ-23
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 331
| elevation_ft =
| blank_name =
| blank_info =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Darunda''' is a village located in the [[Sikar]] district of [[Shekhawati]] region, in [[Rajasthan]] state, [[India]]. Darunda is within the [[Fatehpur, Shekhawati|Fatehpur]] Tehsil. [[Sand dunes]] of the [[Thar Desert]] can be seen in Darunda. {{As of|2011}}, the village had a total population of 1870.<ref name="cen" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Village/Town-wise Primary Census Abstract, 2011 - Sikar District of RAJASTHAN |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/datagov/CDB_PCA_Census/PCA_CDB_0813_F_Census.xls |website=censusIndia.gov.in |page=1 |quote=S.N. 16}}</ref>

==Geography==
Darunda is located at 28°09' North, 74°89' East. The total geographical area of the village is 3600 [[Bigha]] ({{convert|2252|acre|disp=or}}), and has a [[forest]] area of 55.8 hectare.<ref>{{cite web |title=Forest Blocks Sikar |url=https://forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/forest/ForestDepartment/PDFs/Department%20Wing/Forest%20Development/Districtwise%20Forest%20Blocks%20a%20Google%20Earth/sikar.pdf |website=forest.rajasthan.gov.in |publisher=[[Rajasthan Government]]}}</ref> It is located at a distance of 12 km from Fatehpur. Darunda is near to the historical village of [[Fadanpura]], Goras, and [[Nagardas]]. The natural climatic conditions in the village are harsh. The [[temperature]] ranges from sub-zero in the winter to above 45 °C during summer. Darunda is situated in the Thar [[Desert]] area with a rainfall of 500 mm during [[monsoon]] season.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

==Demographics==
As per the census of 2011, the population was 1870, of whom 952 were male and 918 were female with [[literacy rate]] of 78.9%.<ref name="cen" /> The village has a diverse population of different castes, such as [[Jat people|Jat]], [[Rajput]]s, [[Brahman]]s, [[Harijan]]s, [[Aheria|Naik]], [[Jangir]], Kazi and [[Mian (title)|Mian]]. Majority of the [[Population (human biology)|population]] depends on the [[rainwater]] for the [[agriculture]]; its main crops are [[Pearl millet|Bajra]], [[Mung bean|Mung]], [[Guar]], [[Black-eyed pea|Chawla]], [[Wheat]], and Mustard. Three temples in the village and oldest among them is of "Shree Bhanwar Singh Medi" situated at the top of the [[sand dunes]]. Other temples are [[Karni Mata]] temple, Thakur Ji temple, and Goga Medi.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Sikar district]]

Vilayat Inayat Khan

2026-04-26T10:39:57Z

Athenian: Created the info v1...

{{short description|Mystic of the Inayati Order (1916–2004)}}
{{For|the musician|Vilayat Khan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox religious biography/Wikidata
|fetchwikidata=ALL
}}
'''Vilayat Inayat Khan''' (19 June 1916 {{spaced ndash}} 17 June 2004) was a teacher of meditation and of the traditions of the [[East India]]n [[Chishti Order|Chishti Sufi Order]] of [[Sufism]]. His teaching derived from the tradition of his father, [[Inayat Khan]], founder of [[Inayati Order|The Sufi Order in the West]] (now named the Ināyati Order), in a form tailored to the needs of Western seekers. One of his sisters was [[Noor Inayat Khan|Noor Inayat Khan GC MBE]]. He taught in the tradition of [[Universal Sufism]]. His parents met at the New York City ashram of American yogi, [[Pierre Bernard (yogi)|Pierre Bernard]], half-brother of his mother [[Ameena Begum|Pirani Ameena Begum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://library-archives.cumc.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/finding-aids/Bernard%20finding%20aid%20complete%20web%20version_0.pdf |title=BERNARD, VIOLA WERTHEIM, 1907-1998. |website=Library-archives.cumc.columbia.edu |access-date=2017-05-23 |archive-date=21 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221041748/http://library-archives.cumc.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/finding-aids/Bernard%20finding%20aid%20complete%20web%20version_0.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Prior to his teaching career he worked in [[London]] as an assistant to Ghulam Mohammed, the Finance Minister of [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] in 1949, and served as a personal assistant to Pakistan Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] during his visit to [[England]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Horowitz |first=Mikhail |title=Illumination The Saga of a Spiritual Master |publisher=Mikhail Horowitz |year=2018 |isbn=978-1732102903 |pages=46–50 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Harper |first=Claire Ray |title=We Rubies Four |publisher=Omega Publications, Inc. |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-930872-84-7 |location=NY |pages=147–149 |language=English}}</ref>

In 1975 he founded [[The Abode of the Message]], which serves as the central residential community of the Sufi Order International, a conference and retreat center, and a center of esoteric study.<ref name="Sutton2005">Sutton, Robert P. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=pA01_CvpCsIC&lpg=PR3&pg=PA3 Modern American Communes: A Dictionary]. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 3-4; {{ISBN|978-0-313-32181-8}}.</ref>

Pir Vilayat had two sons (Zia and Mirza) and a daughter, Maria. He choose his eldest son, Zia Inayat Khan to be his successor. Zia is now the head of the Sufi Order International, which he changed name to [https://inayatiyya.org/ Inayatiyya].

== Legacy ==
During his lifetime Vilayat Inayat Khan was instrumental in the founding of several organisations that continue to operate today.

[[The Abode of the Message]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pir Vilayat Center For Meditation and Retreat |url=https://theabode.org/pirvilayatcenter/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Abode of the Message |language=en-US |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330175839/https://theabode.org/pirvilayatcenter/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[https://hopeproject.nl/hopeproject.nl/founder/?lang=en Hope Project]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Founder {{!}} Hope Project |url=https://hopeproject.nl/hopeproject.nl/founder/?lang=en |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=hopeproject.nl}}</ref>

[[Omega Institute for Holistic Studies]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.eomega.org/about/overview/history |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=eomega.org |language=en}}</ref>

[https://www.iamheart.org/ The Institute for Applied Meditation]<ref>{{Cite web |title=iamHeart Home |url=https://www.iamheart.org/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=iamHeart |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Death==
Vilayat Inayat Khan died on 17 June 2004, two days before his 88th birthday.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/22/us/pir-vilayat-inayat-khan-87-sect-leader.html|title = Pir Vilayat Inayat-Khan, 87, Sect Leader|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 22 June 2004}}</ref> His son is [[Zia Inayat Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/explorations/teachers/view/157/pir-vilayat-inayat-khan|title=Pir Vilayat Inayat Khan {{!}} Teachers {{!}} Spirituality & Practice|website=www.spiritualityandpractice.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-27}}</ref> His [[Dargah]] is located in Delhi, India.

==Bibliography==

* Inayat Khan, Pir Vilayat (2014) ''The Ecstasy Beyond Knowing: A Manual of Meditation''. NY. Omega Publications ISBN 1941810012.
* Inayat Khan, Pir Vilayat (2011) ''Life is a Pilgrimage.'' NY. Omega Publications ISBN 0930872819.
* 
* {{Cite book
| last = Inayat Khan | first = Pir Vilayat
| title = Toward the One
| publisher = Harper and Row
| year = 1974
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-0-06-090352-7}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Inayat Khan
| first = Pir Vilayat
| title = The Message in Our Time: The Life and Teaching of the Sufi Master, Pir-O-Murshid Inayat Khan
| publisher = Harper and Row
| year = 1978
| location = San Francisco
| isbn = 978-0-06-064237-2
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/messageinourtime00inayrich
}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Inayat Khan | first = Pir Vilayat
| editor-last= Khan | editor-first = Hazrat Inayat 
| title = The Complete Sayings of Hazrat Inayat Khan
| publisher = Sufi Order Publications
| year = 1978
| location = New Lebanon, NY
| contribution = Front matter: Forward
| isbn = 978-0-930872-02-1}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Inayat Khan | first = Pir Vilayat
| title = The Call of the Dervish
| publisher = Sufi Order Publications
| year = 1981
| location = Santa Fe, NM
| isbn = 978-0-930872-26-7}}

* {{Cite book
| last = Inayat Khan
| first = Pir Vilayat
| title = Introducing Spirituality Into Counseling and Therapy
| publisher = Omega Press
| year = 1982
| location = Santa Fe, NM
| isbn = 978-0-930872-30-4
| url = https://archive.org/details/introducingspiri00inay
}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Inayat Khan
| first = Pir Vilayat
| title = That Which Transpires Behind That Which Appears
| publisher = Omega Publications
| year = 1994
| location = NY
| isbn = 978-0-930872-49-6
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/thatwhichtranspi00pirv
}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Inayat Khan
| first = Pir Vilayat
| title = Awakening: A Sufi Experience
| publisher = J.P. Tarcher/Putnam
| year = 1999
| location = New York, NY
| isbn = 978-1-58542-038-4
| url = https://archive.org/details/awakening00pirv
}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Inayat Khan | first = Pir Vilayat
| title = In Search of the Hidden Treasure: A Conference of Sufis
| publisher = J.P. Tarcher/Putnam
| year = 2003
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-1-58542-180-0}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Vilayat Inayat}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Chishtis]]
[[Category:École Normale de Musique de Paris alumni]]
[[Category:University of Paris alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Ināyati Sufis]]
[[Category:Sufi psychology]]
[[Category:People from Suresnes]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to France]]

{{Islam-bio-stub}}

Sabyasachi (1977 film)

2026-04-24T21:28:07Z

Athenian:

{{Short description|1977 Bengali-language action thriller film by Pijush Basu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Distinguish|Sabyasachi (1948 film)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sabyasachi
| image = Sabyasachi (1977) film poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = Pijush Basu
| screenplay = Pijush Bose
| producer = Asim Sarkar
| writer = [[Sharatchandra Chattopadhyay]]
| based_on = ''[[Pather Dabi]]'' by Sharatchandra Chattopadhay
| starring = {{ubl|
*[[Uttam Kumar]]
*[[Supriya Devi]]
*[[Jayashree Kabir]]
*[[Anil Chatterjee]]
}}
| music = [[Uttam Kumar]], Nidan Bandhu Bannerjee
| cinematography = Bijoy Ghosh
| editing = Baidyanath Chatterjee
| studio = Usha Films
| distributor = Chandimata Films Pvt Ltd
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1977|01|21}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sabyasachi''''' is a 1977 [[Bengali language]] [[Period film|period]] [[Political film|political]] [[action thriller film]] directed by Pijush Basu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-15 |title='Sabyasachi' to 'Gumnaami': Bengali patriotic films to watch this Independence Day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sabyasachi-to-gumnaami-bengali-patriotic-films-to-watch-this-independence-day/articleshow/77542861.cms |access-date=2024-06-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Based on the novel ''[[Pather Dabi]]'' written by [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=9 Bengali films that captured India's freedom struggle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/9-bengali-films-that-captured-indias-freedom-struggle/Sabyasachi-1977/photostory/63728930.cms |access-date=20 March 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Sharatchandra |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.7012 |title=Pather Dabi পথের দাবী |publisher=Gurudas Chattopadhyay and Sons, Kolkata}}</ref> the film produced by Asim Sarkar under the banner of Usha Films. It stars [[Uttam Kumar]] in the titular role, alongside [[Supriya Devi]], [[Bikash Roy]], Kiran Lahiri and [[Tarun Kumar Chatterjee|Tarun Kumar]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Sabyasachi (1977) |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/sabyasachi-1977-bengali-movie |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref> The soundtrack of the film was composed by Nidan Bandhu Banerjee and particularly Uttam Kumar himself, marking his second film as a composer after ''Kal Tumi Aleya'' (1966). Set in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]], it revolves around a freedom fighter as well as revolutionary Dr. Sabyasachi Mallick, arresting whom is very difficult for the police as he always escape through his presence of mind and jaw dropping disguises. When he comes to [[Myanmar|Burma]] to continue his foundation ''Pather Dabi'' against the British raj and the [[Myanmar Police Force|Burma police service]] hires [[Deputy commissioner|DCP]] Nimai Roy from [[India]] to bring him down.

==Plot==
The plot revolves with the activities of an absconded Bengali revolutionary Sabyasachi and India's freedom movement against the British rule. The protagonist Sabyasachi forms a secrete revolutionary organization ''Pather Dabi''. He is extremely talented, highly educated, courageous and committed to his organisation. He meets Rose in a brothel and inspires her to come into the freedom struggle. Rose become Sumitra and takes active part to organise the movement. Several other revolutionaries join with them to lead an armed uprising. Sabyasachi also inspires Apuraba and Bharati, a Bengali couple. But there is a story of betrayal behind Sabyasachi to gain the leadership, love and power.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chan |first1=F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9GKADAAAQBAJ&dq=sabyasachi+film+1977&pg=PA198 |title=Genre in Asian Film and Television: New Approaches |last2=Karpovich |first2=A. |last3=Zhang |first3=X. |date=2011-03-29 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-30190-0 |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Uttam Kumar]] as Sabyasachi Mallick, founder of '''Pather Dabi'<nowiki/>''
* [[Supriya Devi]] as Sumitra / Rose
* Kiran Lahiri as Apurba
* [[Bikash Roy]] as Inspector Nimai Roy
* [[Anil Chatterjee]] as Brajendra
* [[Tarun Kumar Chatterjee|Tarun Kumar]] as Kabi
* [[Sulata Chowdhury]] as Burmese servant
* [[Shambhu Bhattacharya]] as Police officer
* [[Nripati Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]]
* Sujata Dutta as Nabatara
* Satya Bandyopadhyay
* Mantu Bandyopadhyay

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sabyasachi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Uttam Kumar]], [[Nidan Bandhu Baneejee]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1977
| recorded = 1976
| venue =
| studio = Usha Films
| genre =
| length =
| label = Angel Digital Pvt Ltd
| producer = Ashim Sarkar
| prev_title = Kal Tumi Aleya
| prev_year = 1966
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Songs
| extra_column = Playback
| all_lyrics = [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Kaji Najrul Islam]], [[Dwijendralal Ray]]<ref>{{cite web |title=ARTICLE |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/article-details.php?i=NQ==}}</ref>
| all_music = Rabindranath Tagore, Kaji Najrul Islam, Dwijendralal Roy. Music scored and composed by Uttam Kumar and his childhood singing trainer Nidan Bannerjee

| title1 = Jodi Tor Dak Sune
| artist1 = Rabindranath Tagore
| title2 = Karar Oi Louha Kopat
| artist2 = Kaji Najrul Islam
| title3 = Banga Amar Janoni Amar
| artist3 = Dwijendralal Roy
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4119102}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:1977 drama films]]
[[Category:1977 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language political thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films set in the Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]

Vikash Singh (race walker)

2026-04-24T12:10:22Z

Athenian: Created a bio from scratch

{{Short description|Indian athlete}}
'''Vikash Singh''' (born 6 July 1996) is an Indian athlete from [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikash SINGH {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/india/vikash-singh-14716483 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> He takes part in [[20 kilometres race walk|20km race walk]]. He is selected to represent India in the [[India at the 2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Summer Olympics]] at [[Paris]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-19 |title=Indian racewalkers Vikas Singh and Paramjeet Singh Bisht qualify for 2024 Paris Olympics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/vikash-singh-paramjeet-singh-bisht-2024-paris-olympics-2348740-2023-03-19 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He finished 30th at the Paris Olympics with a time of 1hour, 22min, 36 seconds.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-20 |title=Vikash Singh Paris Olympics 2024, Athletics: Know Your Olympian |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/vikash-singh-paris-olympics-2024-athletics-know-your-olympian-8971518.html |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SINGH |first=NAVNEET |date=2024-08-15 |title=Paris Olympics 2024: Nervous Vikash Singh returns wiser |url=https://thepatriot.in/sport/paris-olympics-2024-nervous-vikash-singh-returns-wiser-55666#google_vignette |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=The Patriot |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Singh is a Kerala-born athlete, settled in Delhi.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Singh met the Olympic qualifying mark at the Asian 20 km Race Walking Championships by clocking 1:20:05 seconds on way to a silver medal on 19 March 2023. The qualifying mark was 1hour, 20min, 10sec. [[Paramjeet Singh Bisht|Paramjeet]], who won the bronze medal also crossed the qualifying mark and made it to the Olympics.<ref name=":0" /> The duo will take part in the 20 km race walk at the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] in Paris.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-19 |title=Race walkers Vikash Singh, Paramjeet Singh Bisht qualify for 2024 Olympics and 2023 World C'ships in 20km event |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/race-walkers-vikash-paramjeet-qualify-for-2024-olympics-and-2023-world-cships-in-20km-event/articleshow/98770159.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Vikash}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men race walkers]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}

Kethavath Somlal

2026-04-22T15:42:24Z

Athenian: new

{{Infobox person
| name = Kethavath Somlal
| birth_date = 8 August 1959
| birth_place = Akuthota Bavi Thanda, Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district, Telangana, India
| education = [[Osmania University]]
| occupation = Writer, Folk Artist, Translator
| known_for = Translating the Bhagavad Gita into Lambadi
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Kethavath Somlal''' (born; 8 August 1959) is an Indian writer, translator, and folk artist from [[Telangana]].<ref name="padma">{{cite web |title=Shri Kethavath Somlal - Padma Awards Citation |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/2024118.pdf |access-date=February 28, 2026 |publisher=Government of India}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Lambadi]] community and is known for his work in documenting and promoting Banjara culture and language. The [[Government of India]] awarded him the [[Padma Shri]] in 2024 for his contributions to literature and education.<ref name="pib">{{cite web |date=January 25, 2024 |title=Padma Awards 2024 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1999790 |access-date=February 28, 2026 |publisher=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Somlal was born on 8 August 1959 in Akuthota Bavi Thanda, a hamlet in the [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri]] district of [[Telangana]].<ref name="tt">{{cite news |date=January 27, 2024 |title=Telangana: Two Padma awardees from same village |url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-two-padma-awardees-from-same-village |access-date=February 28, 2026 |work=Telangana Today}}</ref> He completed his higher education at [[Osmania University]] in [[Hyderabad]], earning a Master of Arts, a Master of Philosophy, a Bachelor of Education, and a Bachelor of Laws.<ref name="padma" /> He was employed at the [[State Bank of India]] and served as a deputy manager until he retired under the Voluntary Retirement Scheme in 2013.<ref name="tnm">{{cite news |date=April 23, 2024 |title=Four Padma Shri recipients hail from Telangana |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/four-padma-shri-recipients-hail-from-telangana |access-date=February 28, 2026 |work=The News Minute}}</ref>

== Cultural and literary work ==
Somlal has collected and performed traditional folk songs from rural Banjara settlements known as tandas. He has recorded musical albums and performed on All India Radio and Doordarshan.<ref name="padma" /> He has written devotional songs about figures such as Sevalal Maharaj, Hathiram Bavoji, Merama Mai, Tulja Bhavani, Venkateswara, and Anjaneya Swamy.<ref name="guide">{{cite web |title=Who Got Padma Shri 2024 For Literature and Education From Telangana? |url=https://guidely.in/learn/exams-padma-shri-2024-literature-education-telangana |access-date=February 28, 2026 |publisher=Guidely}}</ref>

In 1986, he published the play ''Tholi Velugu''. In 1987, he wrote a historical account of the Banjara community titled ''Coolie lu Palerlu ga marina okappati Raja Putra Lambadilu'', which was serialized in the ''Andhra Bhoomi'' newspaper.<ref name="padma" />

In 1990, Somlal began translating 701 shlokas of the [[Bhagavad Gita]] into the Lambadi language.<ref name="ani">{{cite news |date=April 22, 2024 |title="Excellent experience": Padma Shri awardee Kethavath Somlal expresses gratitude to Centre |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/excellent-experience-padma-shri-awardee-kethavath-somlal-expresses-gratitude-to-centre20240422223702/ |access-date=February 28, 2026 |work=ANI News}}</ref> He submitted the manuscript to the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam press. The press published the Banjara Bhagavad Gita in 2014. The book was released by the then Chief Justice of India, H. L. Dattu, and Justice N. V. Ramana during the Tirumala Srivari Brahmotsavam.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |date=January 26, 2024 |title=Yakshaganam - Padma Shri Awardees from Telugu States |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/yakshaganam-padma-shri-awardees-from-telugu-states/articleshow/107159025.cms |access-date=February 28, 2026 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2021, the Department of Tribal Welfare of the Telangana government published his Lambadi-Telugu dictionary, the ''Banjara Telugu Padakosham''.<ref name="padma" />

== Awards ==
The All India Banjara Seva Sangh awarded Somlal the title of Banjara Janapada Brahma in 2001. He received the Swarna Kankanam in 2006. In 2013, the Heera Bai Banjara Memorial Trust awarded him the Banjara Kala Ratna. The [[Government of Telangana]] presented him with the Uttama Kalakar award on Telangana Formation Day in 2017, and the state's Department of Language and Culture recognized him as the Best Folk Artist the same year. He was awarded the Banjara Ratna by the Swamy Naik Memorial Society in 2020.<ref name="padma" /><ref name="tb">{{cite web |title=Who among the following from Telangana State was conferred Padma Shri award for the year 2024 in the field of Literature and Education? |url=https://testbook.com/question-answer/who-among-the-following-from-telangana-state-was-c--671a2ff9dfea4dce5494552f |access-date=February 28, 2026 |publisher=Testbook}}</ref> In 2024, he received the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award.<ref name="et">{{cite news |date=January 25, 2024 |title=Padma Awards 2024: Full list of winners |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/padma-awards-2024-full-list-of-34-winners-to-be-conferred-with-one-of-the-highest-civilian-honors/articleshow/107153472.cms |access-date=February 28, 2026 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Somlal, Kethavath}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian translators]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

North–South Dedicated Freight Corridor

2026-04-20T18:29:08Z

Athenian:

{{Short description|Proposed railway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
The '''North–South Dedicated Freight Corridor''' or '''North-South DFC''' is a proposed [[Dedicated freight corridors in India|freight-specific railway]] connecting [[New Delhi]] and [[Chennai]]. The approximate length of the corridor is 2,343 km with 43 proposed stations. [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] has assigned [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India]] (DFCCIL) to undertake Preliminary Engineering & Traffic Survey (PETS) for four additional corridors:
* [[East–West Dedicated Freight Corridor|East–West Corridor]] ([[Kolkata]]–[[Mumbai]]): 2,330 km
* North–South Corridor (Delhi-Chennai): 2,343 km
* [[East Coast Dedicated Freight Corridor|East Coast Corridor]] ([[Kharagpur]]–[[Vijayawada]]): 1,100 km
* Southern Corridor (Chennai–[[Goa]]): 899 km<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=124598|title=Progress in Dedicated Freight Corridor|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2016-04-18}}</ref>

It was announced by then [[railway minister (India)|railway minister]] [[Suresh Prabhu]], while presenting the Railway Budget of India 2016-17.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/union-budget-2016-17/railway-budget/railways-to-develop-three-dedicated-freight-corridors/story/229571.html|title=Rail Budget 2016: Railways to develop three dedicated freight corridors|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=25 February 2016 |access-date=2016-04-18}}</ref> The estimated project cost is US$13 Billion. The Government has indicated that they are likely to use a [[foreign direct investment]] for funding the project. The project would be undertaken through [[Public–private partnership|Public Private Partnerships]] (PPP) model.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/budget-2016/rail-budget-2016-govt-plans-3-more-freight-corridors-through-ppp/216265/|title=Rail Budget 2016: Govt plans 3 more freight corridors through PPP|website=The Financial Express|date=26 February 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-18}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Dedicated freight corridors in India]]
**[[Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor]]
**[[Western Dedicated Freight Corridor]]
**[[East–West Dedicated Freight Corridor]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dedicated freight corridors of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:North-South Dedicated Freight Corridor}}
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Dedicated freight corridors of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Madhya Pradesh]]

Garad saree

2026-04-20T07:33:28Z

Athenian:

{{Short description|Traditional handwoven cotton sari of West Bengal}}
{{infobox Sharee
| name = '''Garad saree'''
| image = Gorod saree IMG 3358.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| location = [[Mirzapur, Murshidabad|Mirzapur]]
| origin‌‌_place = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] and [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]], West Bengal
| origin‌‌_date =
| created_by =
| creation_date =
| ingredients = Silk
| cotton_thread_count = 90s–92s
| length = 5.50–6.50 m
| breadth = 1.20 m
| anchal =
| style of anchal =
| colour =
| style = Bengal tradition
| borders = {{convert|4|–|7|in|cm}}
| style of borders =
| usage = Festival
| variants =
| related_saree =
| manufacturer =
| distributor =
| gi_status = Registered
| file_no = 703
| website =
}}

'''''Garad saree''''' ({{langx|bn|গরদ শাড়ি}}) is a traditional handwoven [[Sari|saree]] (''sari'') of [[West Bengal]]. It is produced in [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] and [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] districts of West Bengal. Mrityunjay Sarkar, a weaver of [[Mirzapur, Murshidabad|Mirzapur]], is the inventor of this famous saree.<ref name="bartamanpatrika"/> This handloom saree is famous for the beautiful delicate designs on the ''anchal'' and "butti", the use of 100% pure silk in the weave and the saree fineness of the fabric. In 2024, Garad Saree received recognition as a Registered [[Geographical indication]].<ref name="ipindia">{{cite web |title=Application details of the Garad Saree – Geographical Indications |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/703 |publisher=Intellectual Property India |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref>

This saree is traditionally woven on fly shuttle pit looms using 90-92S silk yarn and golden zari yarn. Plain border and ground, or additional warp J/C or ''jala'' designs on the border and ground are observed on sarees. In the past, the saree had no design on the border, body and ''aanchal'', and this saree was a symbol of holiness, purity and good shine. Even at present, [[Bengali Hindus|Bengali Hindu women]] wear this saree during [[Puja (Hinduism)|''puja''s]], especially during the ''Ashtami puja'' of [[Durga Puja]] and the ''Sindur khela'' on the day of ''Bishorjan''. The specialty of the Garad saree is that it is given a simple traditional ''Kha'i Māṛa'' or ''Khai Finish'' and finally folded into a special shape called ''pat''.<ref name="ipindia"/>

The weaving community of Raghunathganj and Murarai regions, make these sarees. As of 2024, more than 600 [[loom]]s are involved in Garad saree weaving in [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] and [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] districts of [[West Bengal]]. In the financial year 2018–19, Garad sarees with a value of {{INRConvert|149.6|m|year=2019}} crore were traded.<ref name="GI-1">{{cite web |title=703 – Form GI-1 – 08-09-2020 |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/ViewDocument |access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Eastern India Bengal Silk, 1740-1828 Economic.png|thumb|left|Centres of cloth weaving for export and of Bengal silk manufacture (1740–1828)]]
The silk industry of Murshidabad district is quite old, silk industry has been the main industry for the last three centuries. The district was famous for silk during the pre-British period. At that time, the main center of the silk industry was [[Cossimbazar]] in Murshidabad, where the company opened a factory around 1658 AD. Initially, factory operations were limited. Cossimbazar was the general silk market of [[Bengal]]; from here it was exported to a large part of Asia.<ref name="ipindia"/>

Garad weaving started in the late 19th century. This saree was first woven in [[Mirzapur, Murshidabad|Mirzapur]] in the present [[Murshidabad district]]. This famous cloth was invented by Mrutynjoy Sarkar, a weaver from Mirzapur. In the past this saree was a symbol of aristocracy. Saswankosekhar Gambhira, Monoranjan Posti, Shyam Sahana and Manindra Biro of Mirzapur won for their garad weaving skills in various competitions and exhibitions.<ref name="ipindia"/>

Politician [[Padmaja Naidu]] was the [[List of governors of West Bengal|Governor of West Bengal]] between 1956 and 1967, wearing only Shyam Sahana's woven Garad Saree. Since then, these sarees also became popular as "Padmaja" after the name of the former Governor of Bengal. Also, [[Indira Gandhi]], first woman [[List of prime ministers of India|Prime Minister of India]], regularly procured sarees from Mirzapur.<ref name="ipindia"/><ref name="bartamanpatrika">{{cite news |last1=Roy Chowdhury |first1=Bappaditya |title=আন্তর্জাতিক স্বীকৃতির লড়াইয়ে নামল বাংলার টাঙ্গাইল, কড়িয়াল, গরদ |url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=19&nID=253670&P=1 |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=Bartaman Patrika |date=9 October 2020 |language=bn |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301055820/https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=19&nID=253670&P=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Dhunuchi Dance - Lake View Road - Kolkata 2014-10-02 9162.JPG|Two women dressed in garad sari are performing ''Dhunuchi'' dance at Lake View Road of [[Kolkata]].
File:Aarti-dance-bangalore-2009.jpg|''Aarti'' dance is performed by women dressed in garad sari in [[Bangalore]].
File:Devi Baran on Vijayadashami.jpg|A woman dressed in garad sari ''devi baran'' (welcomes the goddess) on [[Vijayadashami#Eastern India|''Bijoya Dashomi'']].
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Sari}}
{{Geographical indications in West Bengal}}
{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Saris]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]

Raipur, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:40:15Z

Athenian: added first data from scratch

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Raipur
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Dehradun]]
| reservation = None
| latest_election_year = 2022
| mla = [[Umesh Sharma]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| electors = {{formatnum:177176}} (2022)<ref name="ceouk">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf |title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Election - 2022 - AC wise Voter Turnout |website=ceo.uk.gov.in |date=1 March 2022 |accessdate=8 April 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301040631/https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf}}</ref>{{update after|2027|03}}
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Tehri Garhwal]]
| constituency_no = 19
| map_image = Raipur Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''Raipur Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |website=Ceo.uk.gov.in |accessdate=2016-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/RESULTS_2012_Uttarakhand_State.pdf |title=RESULTS_2012_Uttarakhand_State |website=Ceo.uk.gov.in |accessdate=2016-11-13}}</ref> It includes [[Raipur, Uttarakhand|Raipur]] area.

Raipur Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of [[Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |title=Ac_pc |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060201/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |title=Assembly Constituencies |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060144/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The constituency also covers 20 wards of the [[Dehradun Municipal Corporation]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || rowspan=3 | [[Umesh Sharma]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Raipur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Umesh Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=65,756 |percentage=60.15% |change={{decrease}}0.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hira Singh Bisht]]|party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,704 |percentage=32.66% |change={{increase}}9.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Navin Pirshali |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=3,992 |percentage=3.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Dobhal |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=994 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=956 |percentage=0.87% |change={{increase}}0.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarmista Praliyan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=893 |percentage=0.82% |change={{decrease}}0.89 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,052 |percentage=27.49% |change= {{decrease}}9.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,09,316 |percentage=61.36% |change= {{increase}}1.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,78,153 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Raipur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Umesh Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=59,764 |percentage=60.60% |change={{increase}}22.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhu Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,993 |percentage=23.31% |change={{decrease}}15.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajni Rawat |party=Independent politician |votes=7,569 |percentage=7.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahender Singh Negi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,714 |percentage=2.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Singh Khorwal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,680 |percentage=1.70% |change={{decrease}}5.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tejendra Singh Rawat |party=Independent politician |votes=1,079 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=548 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=36,771 |percentage=37.29% |change= {{increase}}36.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=98,620 |percentage=59.77% |change= {{decrease}}4.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,64,986 |ref = |change= {{increase}}37.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}21.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Raipur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Umesh Sharma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,900 |percentage=39.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,426 |percentage=38.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Sood |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,142 |percentage=6.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Bharthwal |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=4,128 |percentage=5.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajani Rawat |party=Independent politician |votes=3,144 |percentage=4.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pankaj Chetri |party=Independent politician |votes=705 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Singh Rawat |party=Independent politician |votes=639 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Prasad Bhattkoti |party=Uttarakhand Raksha Morcha |votes=536 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roop Chand |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=441 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=409 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=474 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,613 |percentage=63.84% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,20,008 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Raipur, Uttarakhand]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|29.95|77.79|display=title}}

[[Category:Politics of Dehradun]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Dehradun district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2012]]

Neena Prasad

2026-04-19T15:15:55Z

Athenian: put up new data more to come

{{short description|Indian dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Dr.Neena Prasad - Neena Prasad.jpg
| name = Neena Prasad
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| spouse = Adv Sunil.C.Kurian
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Indian classical dancer]]|choreographer|academic}}
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Mohiniyattam]]
| website = {{URL|neenaprasad.com}}
}}
'''Neena Prasad''' is an Indian dancer.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/dancers-lack-professional-approach/article8281841.ece | title='Dancers lack professional approach' | work=thehindu.com | accessdate=16 June 2016}}</ref> She is an exponent in the field of [[Mohiniyattam]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/dancing-queen/article1427640.ece | title=Dancing Queen | work=thehindu.com | accessdate=16 June 2016}}</ref> She is the founder and principal of Bharthanjali Academy of Indian Dances in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and Sougandika Centre for Mohinyattam in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/preserve-pristine-moorings-veterans/article8142817.ece | title=NEENA PRASAD | work=thehindu.com | accessdate=16 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/neena-prasad-to-perform-classic-indian-dance-of-mohiniyattam-in-dubai | title=Neena Prasad to perform classic Indian dance of Mohiniyattam in Dubai | work=thenational.ae | accessdate=16 June 2016}}{{dead link|date=January 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/mohiniyattam-danseuse-neena-prasad-on-her-workspace-bharatanjali/article8655102.ece | title=An inspiring milieu | work=thehindu.com | accessdate=16 June 2016}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
She pursued dance education, achieving proficiency in Bharatanatyam, Kuchipudi, Mohiniyattam and Kathakali. After her MA in English Literature, she was awarded a PhD from [[Rabindra Bharati University]], [[Calcutta]], for her thesis on "The concepts of Lasya and Tandava in the classical dances of South India-A detailed Study". She was also awarded a post doctoral Research Fellowship from the AHRB Research Centre for Cross Cultural Music and Dance Performance, [[University of Surrey]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.artindia.net/neena.html | title=Fellowship from the AHRB Research Centre for Cross Cultural Music and Dance Performance, University of Surrey, UK | work=artindia.net | accessdate=20 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524170400/http://www.artindia.net/neena.html | archive-date=24 May 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Her professional training included:
*[[Mohiniyattam]] - [[Kalamandalam Sugandhi]] – 8 years
*Kalamandalam Kshemavathy – 3 years
*[[Bharatanatyam]] - Padmashri [[Adyar K. Lakshman]] – 11 years
*[[Kuchipudi]] - Padmabhushan Vempatti China Satyam –12 years
*[[Kathakali]] - Vembayam Appukuttan Pillai – 10 years

==Awards==
Prasad received the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/dance-a-ksna/466|title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Dance|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref> She is a recipient of the Mayilpeeli Award.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/mayilpeeli-award-for-sugathakumari-neena-prasad/article5066821.ece | title=Mayilpeeli award for Sugathakumari, Neena Prasad | work=thehindu.com | accessdate=17 June 2016}}</ref> She also received the "Nirtya Chudamani" Award in 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indian-heritage.org/musicseason/awards.html |title= Nritya Choodamani|work=indian heritage.org |accessdate=20 June 2016}}</ref> Received Kerala Kalmandalam Award 2017 (Mohiniyattam) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kalamandalam-awards-announced/articleshow/66323308.cms|title=Kalamandalam awards announced | Kochi News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Neena}}
[[Category:Artists from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Mohiniyattam dancers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Mekapati Chandrasekhar Reddy

2026-04-16T04:40:54Z

Athenian: put up the stub and citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mekapati Chandrasekhar Reddy
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| predecessor = Bollineni Venkata Rama Rao
| successor = [[Kakarla Suresh]]
| constituency = [[Udayagiri Assembly constituency|Udayagiri]]
| term_start1 = 2004
| term_end1 = 2014
| predecessor1 = Kambam Vijaya Rami Reddy
| successor1 = Bollineni Venkata Rama Rao
| constituency1 = [[Udayagiri Assembly constituency|Udayagiri]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]] (since 2023)
| other_party = [[YSR Congress Party]] (until 2023) [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Mekapati Chandrasekhar Reddy''' (born 1954)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a four-time MLA from [[Udayagiri Assembly constituency|Udayagiri Assembly Constituency]] in [[Nellore district]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=D. Surendra |date=2023-07-03 |title=Mekapati family not to lose grip on Udayagiri |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/Jul/03/mekapati-family-not-to-lose-grip-on-udayagiri-2590840.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[YSR Congress Party]] but did not contest the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Assembly election]].

== Early life and education ==
Reddy was born in Brahmanapalli''',''' [[Marripadu, Nellore district|Marripaadu]], Nellore district. His father M. Venku Reddy was a farmer. He completed his intermediate, the pre university course, from Jawahar Bharathi in [[Kavali]] in 1968.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-17 |title=Mekapati Chandrasekhar Reddy {{!}} MLA {{!}} YSRCP {{!}} Udayagiri {{!}} Nellore {{!}} A.P |url=https://theleaderspage.com/mekapati-chandrasekhar-reddy/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy started his political career with [[Indian National Congress]] in 2004. He won the Udayagiri Assembly Constituency representing Congress Party in the [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] defeating Kambam Vijayarami Reddy of Telugu Desam Party by a margin of 23,075 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=M. Srinivasa |date=2023-12-20 |title=Udayagiri constituency dominated by Reddys, Kammas |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/udayagiri-constituency-dominated-by-reddys-kammas-845524 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He was reelected from Udayagiri on Congress ticket in the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udayagiri Election 2024: Get Latest News Updates of the Udayagiri Constituency Seat in Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2024. |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/udayagiri-constituency/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Later, he joined YSR Congress Party and won the [[2012 Andhra Pradesh by-elections|2012 byelection]] but lost the 2014 Assembly Election.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanyam |first=Avinash P. |date=2024-04-17 |title=Debutants lock horns in Udayagiri poll battle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/debutants-lock-horns-in-udayagiri-poll-battle-889864 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> He regained the seat in the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] beating Bollineni Venkata Ramarao of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 36,528 votes. In March 2023, he was suspended by YSRCP for allegedly cross voting in the MLC elections.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murali |first=S. |date=2023-03-31 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Suspended YSRCP legislator Mekapati Chandrasekhar Reddy falls ill, taken to Chennai for treatment |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-suspended-ysrcp-legislator-mekapati-chandrasekhar-reddy-falls-ill-taken-to-chennai-for-treatment/article66684007.ece |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In December 2023, he joined TDP<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2023-12-16 |title=Two Andhra MLAs suspended from YSRCP formally join TDP |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/andhra-pradesh/two-andhra-mlas-suspended-from-ysrcp-formally-join-tdp |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=2023-12-16 |title=People Have Lost Trust in YSRC: Naidu |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/161223/people-have-lost-trust-in-ysrc-naidu.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> but did not contest the 2024 election.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Mekapati Chandrasekhar}}
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]

Indore-3 Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:40:08Z

Athenian: put up

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Indore-3
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 206
| map_image = 206-Indore-3.svg
| mla = [[Golu Shukla]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Akash Vijayvargiya]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Indore district|Indore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
}}
'''Indore-3 Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in [[central India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=9 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Overview ==

Indore-3 Assembly constituency is one of the 8 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Indore district]] which comes under [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. The constituency includes Ward Numbers 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63 & 64 of [[Indore]] city.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=(Madhya Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections|url=http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/indore-3.html|website=elections.in|access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Kalyan Jain]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Chandra Prabha Shekhar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Rajendra Dharkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Mahesh Joshi (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Mahesh Joshi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Gopi Krishna Nema]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Ashwin Joshi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Usha Thakur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Akash Vijayvargiya]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Golu Shukla]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Golu Shukla]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:73541}}
|percentage = 54.61
|change = +3.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pintu Joshi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:58784}}
|percentage = 43.65
|change = -2.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1117}}
|percentage = 0.83
|change = -0.27
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14757}}
|percentage = 10.96
|change = +6.59
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:134672}}
|percentage = 71.92
|change = +1.63
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Indore-3<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Akash Vijayvargiya]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:67075}}
|percentage = 50.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ashwin Joshi
|votes = {{formatnum:61324}}
|percentage = 46.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1447}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5751}}
|percentage = 4.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:131625}}
|percentage = 70.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Indore]]
* [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.717|75.861|display=title}}

[[Category:Politics of Indore]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indore]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Dhoraiya Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:21:40Z

Athenian: Stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Bihar legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Dhoraiya Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = 160-Dhoraiya constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Manish Kumar]] 
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Banka district|Banka]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|160]]
|established = 1951
| electors = 307,230
|abolished = 
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}

'''Dhoraiya Assembly constituency''' alternatively '''Dhauraiya''' or '''Dhuraiya Assembly constituency''' is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It is part of [[Banka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banka]] Lok Sabha constituency along with other assembly constituencies viz. Amarpur, Katoria, Belhar and Banka.<ref name=commission/>

==Overview==
Dhoraiya comprises CD Blocks Rajoun & Dhoraiya.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2013-12-20 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Pashupati Singh<ref name=election1951>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3886-bihar-1951/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1951 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name=election1957>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3887-bihar-1957/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1957 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Maulana Saminuddin
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name=election1962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3888-bihar-1962/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1962 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|S. Mandal<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3889-bihar-1967/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1967 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Ram Chanura Bhanu<ref name=election1969>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3890-bihar-1969/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1969 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3892-bihar-1972/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |Naresh Das
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3893-bihar-1977/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1977 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name=election1980>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3894-bihar-1980/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1980 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Ramroop Harijan<ref name=election1985>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3896-bihar-1985/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1985 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name=election1990>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3897-bihar-1990/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1990 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Naresh Das
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<ref name=election1995>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3899-bihar-1995/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1995 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<ref name=election2000>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3900-bihar-2000/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2000 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[Bhudeo Choudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<ref name=election2005/>
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<ref name=election2005>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3901-bihar-2005/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2005 - Feb and Oct |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<ref name=election2010>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3903-bihar-2010/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2010 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Manish Kumar]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<ref name=election2015/>
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| Bhudeo Choudhary
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Manish Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhoraiya<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Dhoraiya">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Dhoraiya |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04160.htm |access-date=15 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215053637/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04160.htm |archive-date=15 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Manish Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:113011}}
|percentage = 51.21
|change = +9.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Tribhuwan Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:90585}}
|percentage = 41.05
|change = -2.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Suman Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:6284}}
|percentage = 2.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3025}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change = -0.42
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22426}}
|percentage = 10.16
|change = +8.47
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:220693}}
|percentage = 71.83
|change = +10.88
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhoraiya<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Bhudeo Choudhary]]
|votes = {{formatnum:79324}}
|percentage = 43.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Manish Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:76264}}
|percentage = 42.17
|change = -2.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Dipak Kumar Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:4108}}
|percentage = 2.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Shiv Shankar
|votes = {{formatnum:3157}}
|percentage = 1.75
|change = -27.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ranjeet Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:3108}}
|percentage = 1.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Prof. Bilkshan Ravidas
|votes = {{formatnum:2959}}
|percentage = 1.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Puja Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2256}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sadanand Tanti
|votes = {{formatnum:2245}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Vanchit Samaj Party
|candidate = Mritunjay Kumar Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:1813}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3233}}
|percentage = 1.79
|change = -1.97
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3060}}
|percentage = 1.69
|change = -13.89
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:180867}}
|percentage = 60.95
|change = +3.36
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhauraiya<ref name=election2015>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Manish Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:68858}}
|percentage = 44.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = [[Bhudeo Choudhary]]
|votes = {{formatnum:44704}}
|percentage = 28.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Munilal Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:24501}}
|percentage = 15.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = ''n/a''
|votes = {{formatnum:5836}}
|percentage = 3.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sarvajan Kalyan Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Vijay Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:3345}}
|percentage = 2.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pushpalata Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:2642}}
|percentage = 1.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Dalit Party
|candidate = Neelu Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2319}}
|percentage = 1.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Garib Janta Dal (Secular)
|candidate = Anil Rajak
|votes = {{formatnum:1489}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5836}}
|percentage = 3.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:24154}}
|percentage = 15.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:155039}}
|percentage = 57.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Politics of Banka district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge

2026-04-06T23:42:10Z

Athenian: new - done

{{short description|British Field Marshal and politician (1785–1856)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Viscount Hardinge
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB|PC|PCi}}
| office1 = [[Governor-General of India]]
| term_start1 = 1844
| term_end1 = 1848
| monarch1 = [[Queen Victoria]]
| prime_minister1 = [[Sir Robert Peel]] [[Lord John Russell]]
| predecessor1 = [[William Wilberforce Bird (governor)|William Wilberforce Bird]] As Acting Governor-General
| successor1 = [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|The Earl of Dalhousie]]
| office2 = [[Chief Secretary for Ireland]]
| term_start2 = 30 July 1830
| term_end2 = 15 November 1830
| prime_minister2 = [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|The Duke of Wellington]]
| predecessor2 = [[Francis Egerton, 1st Earl of Ellesmere|Lord Francis Leveson-Gower]]
| successor2 = [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby|Edward Smith Stanley]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament (UK)|Member of Parliament]]
| term_start3 = 1820
| term_end3 = 1844
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1785|3|30}}
| birth_place = [[Wrotham]], [[Kent]], [[England]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1856|9|24|1785|3|30}}
| death_place = [[Tunbridge Wells]], [[Kent]], [[England]]
| image = Henryhardinge.jpg
| caption =
| nickname =
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[British Army]]
| service_years = 1799–1856
| rank = [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]]
| unit =
| commands = [[Commander-in-Chief of the Forces|Commander-in-Chief of the British Army]]
| battles = {{Plainlist|
* [[Peninsular War]]
* [[Waterloo Campaign]]
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]
* [[Crimean War]]}}
| mawards = [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
| spouse = Lady Emily Jane Stewart
| children = 4
}}
[[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] '''Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCB|PC|PCi}} (30 March 1785 – 24 September 1856) was a [[British Army]] officer and politician. After serving in the [[Peninsular War]] and the [[Waterloo Campaign]] he became [[Secretary at War]] in [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Wellington]]'s ministry. After a tour as [[Chief Secretary for Ireland]] in 1830 he became Secretary at War again in Sir [[Robert Peel]]'s cabinet. He went on to be [[Governor-General of India]] at the time of the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] and then [[Commander-in-Chief of the Forces]] during the [[Crimean War]].

==Early life==
The son of the Rev, Henry Hardinge, Rector of [[Stanhope, County Durham|Stanhope]],<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=12833|page=101|date=24 February 1787}}</ref> and his wife Frances Best, he was educated at [[Durham School]] and [[Sevenoaks School]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sevenoaksschool.org/news/article/news/henry-hardinge-os-1799/?tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=3bf3b8559877764f62e913d665c316b7|title=Henry Hardinge|publisher=Sevenoaks School|access-date=3 January 2020|archive-date=8 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708171824/https://www.sevenoaksschool.org/news/article/news/henry-hardinge-os-1799/?tx_news_pi1[controller]=News&tx_news_pi1[action]=detail&cHash=3bf3b8559877764f62e913d665c316b7|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hardinge entered the [[British Army]] on 23 July 1799 as an [[ensign (rank)|ensign]] in the [[Queen's Rangers]],<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15161|page=730|date=20 July 1799}}</ref> a corps then stationed in [[Upper Canada]].<ref name=odnb>{{Cite ODNB|id=12271|title=Hardinge, Henry}}</ref> He was promoted to [[lieutenant]] by purchase in the [[King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)|4th Regiment of Foot]] on 27 March 1802<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15464|page=304|date=23 March 1802}}</ref> and transferred to the [[Royal Scots|1st Regiment of Foot]] on 11 July 1803<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15600|page=831|date=9 July 1803}}</ref> before becoming a [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] of a company by purchase in the [[57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot|57th Regiment of Foot]] on 21 April 1804.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15694|page=475|date=17 April 1804}}</ref> In February 1806 he was sent to the newly formed [[Staff College, Camberley|Staff College]] at [[High Wycombe]].<ref name=heath1>Heathcote, p.171</ref>

== Military career ==
=== Peninsular War ===
[[File:Denis Dighton Battle of Orthez.jpg|thumb|left|The Battle of Orthez, at which Hardinge commanded the Portuguese brigade, during the Peninsular War]]
He saw action at the [[Battle of Roliça]] on 17 August 1808, at the [[Battle of Vimeiro]] on 21 August 1808, where he was wounded, and at [[battle of Corunna|Corunna]] on 16 January 1809 where he was by the side of [[John Moore (British Army officer)|Sir John Moore]] when the latter was killed.<ref name=odnb/> He was promoted to [[Major (rank)|major]] on 13 April 1809<ref name=heath1/> and appointed deputy-quartermaster-general in the Portuguese army and was present at many of the battles of the [[Peninsular War]].<ref name=odnb/> Promoted to [[lieutenant-colonel]] in 1811, he saved the day for the British at [[Battle of Albuera]] on 16 May 1811 by taking responsibility at a critical moment and strongly urging General [[Galbraith Lowry Cole|Cole]]'s division to advance.<ref name=odnb/> He took part in the [[Battle of Vitoria]] on 21 June 1813,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16887|page=836|date=19 April 1814}}</ref> where he was wounded again,<ref name=odnb/> and was also present at the [[Battle of the Pyrenees]] in July 1813<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16934|page=1850|date=13 September 1814}}</ref> and the [[Battle of Nivelle]] on 10 November 1813.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16934|page=1852|date=13 September 1814}}</ref> He commanded the Portuguese brigade at the [[Battle of Orthez]] on 27 February 1814 and the [[Battle of Toulouse (1814)|Battle of Toulouse]] on 10 April 1814.<ref name=odnb/> He was appointed [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] in January 1815.<ref name=heath1/>

=== Hundred Days campaign ===
When war broke out again in 1815 after [[Napoleon]]'s escape from [[Elba]], Hardinge returned to active service as a [[brigadier]].<ref name=odnb/> Attached to the staff of the allied [[Prussian Army]] under Marshal Blucher, he was present at the [[Battle of Ligny]] on 16 June 1815, where he lost his left hand by a shot, and thus was not present at [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]] two days later.<ref name=odnb/><ref name=histparl>{{cite web|url=http://www.histparl.ac.uk/volume/1820-1832/member/hardinge-sir-henry-1785-1856|title=Hardinge, Sir Henry|publisher=History of Parliament|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Wellington]] presented him with a sword that had belonged to Napoleon.<ref name=odnb/> Hardinge remained attached to the Prussian army of occupation in France until 1818.<ref name=histparl/>

He was promoted to brevet [[colonel]] on 19 July 1821<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17727|page=1510|date=20 July 1821}}</ref> and to [[major-general]] on 22 July 1830.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=18709|page=1535|date=23 July 1830}}</ref>

==Political service==
=== Member of Parliament ===
[[File:KITLV 91934 - Samuel Bourne - Lord Hardinge sculpture and monument Ochterlony at Calcutta in India - Around 1860-1870.tif|thumbnail|left|Statue of Hardinge in Calcutta, circa 1860.]]
At the 1820 general election, Hardinge was returned to parliament as member for [[Durham (UK Parliament constituency)|Durham]].<ref name=odnb/> On 4 April 1823 he was appointed [[Clerk of the Ordnance]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17911|page=541|date=5 April 1823}}</ref> a post he held until May 1827, and then again from January to May 1828.<ref name="hop">{{cite web |title=HARDINGE, Sir Henry (1785–1856), of Ketton, co. Dur. and 16 Sackville Street, Mdx. |url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/hardinge-sir-henry-1785-1856 |website=History of Parliament Online}}</ref> On 9 June 1828 he accepted the office of [[Secretary at War]] in Wellington's ministry,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=18477|page=1118|date=10 June 1828}}</ref> and was appointed a [[privy councillor]]. On 21 March 1829 he acted as the Duke of Wellington's [[second (duel)|second]] for the [[Wellington–Winchilsea duel]] at [[Battersea Fields]].<ref>Muir (2015), p. 576</ref> At the 1830 general election he transferred to the [[pocket borough]] of [[St Germans (UK Parliament constituency)|St Germans]].<ref name="hop"/>

In July 1830 he exchanged portfolios with [[Lord Francis Leveson-Gower]], becoming [[Chief Secretary for Ireland]], but relinquished the post in November following the collapse of the [[Wellington–Peel ministry]]. He resigned his seat at St Germans in December and was elected for [[Newport (Cornwall) (UK Parliament constituency)|Newport]], another Tory pocket borough, a week later.<ref name="hop"/> He held Newport at the 1831 general election and in 1832, after Newport was disenfranchised, stood in [[Launceston (UK Parliament constituency)|Launceston]] and was re-elected. He would remain in this seat until he stood down in May 1844.<ref name="hop"/>

=== Chief Secretary for Ireland ===
He was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland from December 1834 to April 1835, and then was Secretary at War once again in Sir [[Robert Peel]]'s cabinet from 1841 to 1844.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=20015|page=2247|date=7 September 1841}}</ref> He was promoted to [[lieutenant-general]] in 1841.<ref name=odnb/> At this time he had a London home at Whitehall Gardens, Westminster.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cox |first1=Montagu H and Norman, Philip |title=No. 3 Whitehall Gardens Pages 204–207 Survey of London: Volume 13, St Margaret, Westminster, Part II: Whitehall I. Originally published by London County Council, London, 1930. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol13/pt2/pp204-207 |website=British History Online |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

=== Governor-General of India ===
In May 1844 he succeeded [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|Lord Ellenborough]] as [[Governor-General of India]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=20346|page=1762|date=24 May 1844}}</ref> He was advanced to [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] on 1 July 1844.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=20363|page=2418|date=12 July 1844}}</ref> Following the death of Maharajah [[Ranjit Singh]] tribal war broke out and the [[First Anglo-Sikh War|first Sikh War]] ensued in 1845.<ref name=odnb/> Hardinge, waiving his right to the supreme command, offered to serve as second in command under [[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough|Sir Hugh Gough]].<ref name=odnb/> At the [[Battle of Mudki]] on 18 December 1845 Gough commanded the right flank and Hardinge commanded the left flank.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=20576|page=721|date=23 February 1846}}</ref> After further British successes at the [[Battle of Sobraon]] on 10 February 1846, the [[Battle of Ferozeshah]] on 21 December 1845 and the [[Battle of Aliwal]] on 28 January 1846, Hardinge concluded the campaign with the [[Treaty of Lahore]] with Maharajah [[Duleep Singh]] on 9 March 1846<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=20602|page=1678|date=8 May 1846}}</ref> and the [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1846|Treaty of Amritsar]] with Maharajah [[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Gulab Singh]] on 16 March 1846.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=20602|page=1681|date=8 May 1846}}</ref> He was created '''Viscount Hardinge''' of [[Lahore]] and of [[Kings Newton|King's Newton]] in [[Derbyshire]] on 7 April 1846.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=20592|page=1278|date=7 April 1846}}</ref>

{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Viscount Hardinge's Annuity Act 1846
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title = An Act to enable the Right Honourable Henry Viscount Hardinge to receive the full Benefit of an Annuity of Five thousand Pounds granted to him by the East India Company.
| year = 1846
| citation = [[9 & 10 Vict.]] c. 21
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 18 June 1846
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date = 11 August 1875
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation = [[Statute Law Revision Act 1875]]
| related_legislation =
| status = Repealed
| original_text =
| collapsed = yes
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Annuity Lord Hardinge Act 1846
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title = An act to settle an Annuity on Viscount Hardinge, and the Two next surviving Heirs Male of the Body of the said Viscount Hardinge to whom the Title of Viscount shall descend, in consideration of his great and brilliant Services.
| year = 1846
| citation = [[9 & 10 Vict.]] c. 31
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 27 July 1846
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation = [[Statute Law Revision Act 1953]]
| related_legislation =
| status = Repealed
| original_text =
| collapsed = yes
}}
Recognising an annuity of £5,000 being paid by the East India Company, Parliament provided that Viscount Hardinge should continue to receive his full salary as Governor General.<ref>Viscount Hardinge's Annuity Act 1846 ([[9 & 10 Vict.]] c. 21)</ref> Under a subsequent Act, in recognition of his "great and brilliant services", Parliament settled an annuity of £3,000 on Lord Hardinge and the next two heirs male of his body, although this was not to be paid if the East India Company paid an annuity.<ref>Annuity Lord Hardinge Act 1846 ([[9 & 10 Vict.]] c. 31)</ref>

==Commander-in-Chief==
[[File:Panorama dentro.JPG|thumb|left|The Crimean War, the conduct of which Hardinge directed as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces]]
Hardinge returned to England in 1848, and became [[Master-General of the Ordnance]] on 5 March 1852;<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=21299|page=741|date=9 March 1852}}</ref> he succeeded the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]] as [[Commander-in-Chief of the Forces|commander-in-chief of the British Army]] on 28 September 1852.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=21362|page=2573|date=28 September 1852}}</ref> While in this position he had responsibility for the direction of the [[Crimean War]], which he endeavoured to conduct on Wellington's principles — a system not altogether suited to the changed mode of warfare.<ref name=odnb/> He was promoted to brevet [[general]] on 20 June 1854<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=21564|page=1931|date=22 June 1854}}</ref> and [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|field marshal]] on 2 October 1855.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=21792|page=3652|date=2 October 1855}}</ref> A commission was set up to investigate the failings of the British military during the Crimean campaign.<ref name=odnb/> As Hardinge was delivering the report of the commission to [[Queen Victoria]] and [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]], he collapsed with a stroke.<ref name=odnb/> Albert helped him to a sofa, where despite being paralysed on one side, he continued to deliver his report, apologizing for the interruption.<ref>[[Stanley Weintraub|Weintraub, Stanley]] (1997). ''Albert: Uncrowned King'' London: John Murray. {{ISBN|0-7195-5756-9}} Weintraub, p.334</ref>

He was also colonel of the [[97th (The Earl of Ulster's) Regiment of Foot|97th Regiment of Foot]] from 4 March 1833<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=19028|page=474|date=8 March 1833}}</ref> and of the [[57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot|57th Regiment of Foot]] from 31 May 1843.<ref>Heathcote, p.172</ref>

[[File:Fordcombe.jpg|thumb|St Peter, Fordcombe]]

Hardinge resigned his office of commander-in-chief in July 1856, owing to failing health, and died on 24 September 1856 at South Park near [[Royal Tunbridge Wells|Tunbridge Wells]].<ref name=odnb/> There is a memorial to him at [[St John the Baptist, Penshurst]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-446486-church-of-st-john-the-baptist-penshurst-#.Va_9DflViko|title=Church of St John the Baptist, Penshurst|publisher=British listed buildings|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref> He is buried in the churchyard at St. Peter, [[Fordcombe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kentfallen.com/PDF%20reports/FORDCOMBE.pdf|title=Fordcombe|publisher=Kent Fallen|access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref>

==Family==
In 1821 he married Lady Emily Jane, seventh daughter of [[Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry]].<ref name=odnb/> They had two sons, and two daughters:

*[[Charles Hardinge, 2nd Viscount Hardinge|Charles Stewart Hardinge, 2nd Viscount Hardinge of Lahore and Kings Newton]] (2 Sep 1822 – 28 July 1894)
*[[Arthur Edward Hardinge]] (2 Mar 1828 – 15 July 1892) married Mary Georgina Frances Ellis, daughter of [[Augustus Frederick Ellis|Lt.-Col. Hon. Augustus Frederick Ellis]]. They had two sons, and three daughters, one of whom being [[Arthur Henry Hardinge]].
*Hon. Frances Elizabeth Hardinge (d. 9 July 1894) married [[Arthur Cunynghame|Gen. Sir Arthur Cunynghame]], son of [[Sir David Cunynghame, 5th Baronet]]. They had two sons, and three daughters.
*Hon. Emily Caroline Hardinge (d. 4 Sep 1876). Unmarried, a lady-in-waiting to [[Princess Alice of the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/60880/60880-h/60880-h.htm |title=Princess Alice of Hesse |publisher=The Knickerbocker Press |access-date=4 December 2022 }}</ref>

His elder son, Charles Stewart, who had been his private secretary in India, was the 2nd Viscount Hardinge. The younger son of the 2nd Viscount, [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Charles Hardinge]] (b. 1858), became a prominent diplomat, and was appointed Viceroy of India in 1910, being created [[Baron Hardinge of Penshurst]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/index986.htm |title=Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst |publisher=Cracrofts Peerage |access-date=3 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617123955/http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/index986.htm |archive-date=17 June 2012 }}</ref>

His stepson was [[Walter James, 1st Baron Northbourne]], (1816–1893).<ref>''[[Kelly's Directory]] of Kent'' 1882, pp. 306, 307</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|last=Hardinge|first= Charles|title=Viscount Hardinge |publisher=Forgotten Books|year= 1891|asin=B008VNGNS6}}
*{{cite book|last=Heathcote |first= Tony| title =The British Field Marshals 1736–1997 | publisher =Pen & Sword Books Ltd | year = 1999|isbn=0-85052-696-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Muir|first= Rory|title=Wellington: Waterloo and the Fortunes of Peace 1814–1852|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2015}}
*{{cite book|last=Rait|first= Robert|title=Life and Campaigns of Viscount Gough|year=1903|publisher=Forgotten Books|asin= B008ROL9TC}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{EB1911 poster|Hardinge, Henry Hardinge, Viscount}}
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-henry-hardinge | the Viscount Hardinge }}

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{{succession box | title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Durham (UK Parliament constituency)|Durham]] | years=1820–1830 | with = [[Michael Angelo Taylor]] | before=[[Richard Wharton (barrister)|Richard Wharton]] [[Michael Angelo Taylor]] | after=[[Michael Angelo Taylor]] [[Sir Roger Gresley, 8th Baronet|Sir Roger Gresley]]}}
{{succession box | title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[St Germans (UK Parliament constituency)|St Germans]] | years=1830 | with = [[Charles Ross (1799–1860)|Charles Ross]] | before=[[Charles Ross (1799–1860)|Charles Ross]] [[James Loch]] | after=[[Charles Ross (1799–1860)|Charles Ross]] [[Winthrop Mackworth Praed]]}}
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| title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Newport (Cornwall) (UK Parliament constituency)|Newport (Cornwall)]]
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}}
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{{succession box | title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Launceston (UK Parliament constituency)|Launceston]] | years=1832–1844 | before=[[James Brogden (MP)|James Brogden]] [[John Malcolm|Sir John Malcolm]] | after=[[William Bowles (Royal Navy officer)|William Bowles]]}}
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{{s-ttl | title=[[Viscount Hardinge]] | years=1846–1856}}
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{{Viceroys of India}}
{{Chief of the General Staff}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hardinge, Henry 1st Viscount Hardinge}}
[[Category:1785 births|Hardinge, Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount]]
[[Category:1856 deaths|Hardinge, Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount]]
[[Category:People from Wrotham|Hardinge, Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College|Hardinge, Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount]]
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[[Category:British field marshals|Hardinge, Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars|Hardinge, Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the First Anglo-Sikh War|Hardinge, Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount]]
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[[Category:Governors-general of India|Hardinge, Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount]]
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Arun Nehru (Tamil Nadu politician)

2026-04-04T03:29:32Z

Athenian: new the pg v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{About|the Tamil Nadu politician|the Uttar Pradesh politician|Arun Nehru}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arun Nehru
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[T. R. Paarivendhar]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5797?from=members
}}

'''Arun Nehru''' is an Indian [[politician]] and a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] from the [[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2225.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Jun/05/dmks-arun-nehru-triumphs-in-perambalur-defeats-aiadmk-rival-by-massive-margin |title=DMK's Arun Nehru triumphs in Perambalur, defeats AIADMK rival by massive margin | date=5 June 2024 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=3 July 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref name="eci"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/dmk-allies-reaffirm-supremacy-in-central-tn/article68251839.ece |title=DMK, allies reaffirm supremacy in central T.N. |author=S.GANESAN |date=4 June 2024 |access-date=6 June 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="Businessmen {{!}} In august company">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Businessmen {{!}} In august company |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807175452/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
In the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election of India]], Arun defeated Chandramohan N D of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] by 389107 votes.<ref name="eci"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/perambalur-election-results-2024-tamil-nadu-perambalur-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-arun-nehru-dmk-chandramohan-n-d-aiadmk-paarivendhar-t-r-bjp/articleshow/110672355.cms |title=Perambalur election results 2024 live updates: DMK's Arun Nehru wins with over 6 lakh votes |date=5 June 2024 |access-date=6 June 2024 |publisher=[[Times of India]] |author=TOI News Desk}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[2024 Indian general election]]
*[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
*[[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nehru, Arun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}

De-Sanskritisation

2026-04-02T21:45:01Z

Athenian: New - done

{{Short description|Opposition to Sanskrit cultural influence}}
'''De-Sanskritisation''' is a term that denotes opposition to the cultural influence propagated through [[Sanskritisation]].<ref name="b286">{{cite book | last=Pandian | first=S.K. | title=The Hidden Heritage | publisher=Sterling Publishers | year=1987 | isbn=978-81-207-0661-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FfAtAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2024-10-05 | page=13}}</ref>

==Background==
The attempts at Sanskritisation by the lower-castes before the British rule were severely resisted by the upper-castes. During the British period, the process of sanskritisation saw a significant increase in frequency.<ref name="e868">{{cite book | last=Vijayan | first=P.K. | title=Gender and Hindu Nationalism: Understanding Masculine Hegemony | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge Studies in South Asian Politics | year=2019 | isbn=978-1-317-23576-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsuqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT144 | page=144}}</ref>

According to Jaffrelot,<ref name="Jaffrelot2003"/>{{rp|148}} the formation of Caste associations was a by-product of enumeration of caste in censuses undertaken by the British regime. Herbert Hope Risley, a colonial administrator who served as the census commissioner, decided to categorise castes in their local context and rank them accordingly into a Varna. This led to the creation of advocacy groups that sought upward mobility of their social and Varna status through sanskritisation. In the late 19th century and 20th century, many Indian lower caste groups underwent sanskritisation in order to seek upward mobility to a high Varna status as that of Brahmins or Kshatriyas. The Castes such as [[Kurmis]],<ref name="Singh" />{{rp|92}} [[Kachhi (caste)|Kachi]], [[Jatav]]s,<ref name="lynch1969">{{cite book |last=Lynch |first=O.M. |title=The Politics of Untouchability: Social Mobility and Social Change in a City of India |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1969 |isbn=978-0-231-03230-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5oBAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2024-10-05}}</ref>{{rp|68-74}} [[Lodh]]s, [[Kalwar (caste)|Kalwar]],<ref name="baylay1973">{{cite book |title=Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940 |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Gallagher |editor2-first=Gordon |editor2-last=Johnson |editor3-first=Anil |editor3-last=Seal |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-52109-811-3 |first=Christopher A. |last=Bayly |authorlink=Christopher Bayly |chapter=Patrons and Politics in Northern India |page= 63}}</ref> [[Ahirs]]<ref name="Jaffrelot2003">{{cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJZp5tDuY-gC&pg=PA210|year=2003|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12786-8|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|144–148}} underwent sanskritisation in order to recast themselves as Kshatriyas.

According to [[Owen Lynch]]:<ref name="lynch1969"/>{{rp|97}} {{blockquote|The change is due to the fact that Sanskritization is no longer as effective a means as is political participation for achieving a change in style of life and a rise in the Indian social system, now composed of both caste and class elements. The ultimate object of Sanskritization was to open and legitimize a place in the opportunity and power structures of the caste society. It is hoped that the same objectives can now be achieved by active, but separatist, political participation. No longer is entrance into the power, opportunity, and wealth structures of Indian society based solely on ascribed caste status; in the public sector, at least, achievement based on citizen-ship status is the principle of recruitment to these structures.}}

The criticism of the Sanskritisation process by backward class intellectuals in post-independence led to its reversal through de-Sanskritization. In this process, backward classes strove to establish an autonomous identity, similar to the way Dalits did during the pre-independence period.<ref name="Singh"/>{{rp|92}} Jagpal Singh notes:
{{blockquote|In this process they replaced the high caste suffix with the names of their organizations and their title names, renamed their educational and other caste related institutions after the names of their caste icons and invented/discovered alternative cultural traditions/icons}}

The attempts at de-sanskritisation have been observed among several communities in order to gain the benefits provided by the Indian government to the scheduled caste communities.<ref name="r420">{{cite book | last=Chaki-Sircar | first=M. | title=Feminism in a Traditional Society: Women of the Manipur Valley | publisher=Shakti Books | series=Vikas Library of Modern Indian Writing | year=1984 | isbn=978-0-7069-1967-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNALAAAAIAAJ | page=9}}</ref>

==Prevalence==

Anthropologist [[Dhirendra Nath Majumdar]] found de-Sanskritisation to be more prevalent than Sanskritisation. He also noted that lower castes were not moving towards the higher but the higher ones were abandoning their traditional life style.<ref name="m871">{{cite book | last=Sharma | first=R.K. | title=Indian Society, Institutions and Change | publisher=Atlantic | year=2004 | isbn=978-81-7156-665-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBOh24IJ9t8C&pg=PA343 | access-date=2024-10-05 | page=343}}</ref>

After initially becoming the followers of the [[Arya Samaj]], some of the Dalits began the process of de-Sanskritisation after questioning the Arya Samaj and Sanskritisation thesis. In the period following independence, de-Sanskritization became a key feature among Dalits who sought an alternative cultural identity. In Rajasthan and Western UP, backward class public intellectuals blamed the backwardness of their caste on earlier leadership, which, under the influence of Arya Samaj, had failed to dissociate itself from the process of Sanskritisation, as well as had been unable to assert a distinct identity from that of upper-caste people.<ref name="Singh">{{cite book | last=Singh | first=J. | title=Caste, State and Society: Degrees of Democracy in North India | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-000-19606-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfn1DwAAQBAJ | access-date=2024-10-05}}</ref>{{rp|87–91}}

The [[Sanamahism|Sanamahi]] movement took place after the death of [[Laininghal Naoriya Phulo]] to support the de-Sanskritisation of Meetei culture and revival of their heritage. This movement opposed any links to the [[Indo-Aryan people|Indo-Aryan]] heritage.<ref name="o331">{{cite book | last=Sanajaoba | first=N. | title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization | publisher=Mittal Publications | series=Manipur, Past and Present | issue=v. 4 | year=1988 | isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA194 | access-date=2024-10-05 | page=194}}</ref>
===Linguistics===
{{See also|Sanskritisation (linguistics)}}
The [[Tanittamil Iyakkam|de-Sanskritisation of Tamil]] started during the 1950s following the popularization of [[Dravidian nationalism|Dravidianism]].<ref name="j248">{{cite book | last=Sekar | first=R. | title=The Sabarimalai Pilgrimage and Ayyappan Cultus | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year=1992 | isbn=978-81-208-1056-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DOuEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 | access-date=2024-10-05 | page=92}}</ref> These attempts at "de-sanskritization" came to see the language having altered to remove a lot of the Sanskrit borrowing.<ref name="e971">{{cite book | author=Indian Political Science Association | title=The Indian Journal of Political Science | publisher=Indian Political Science Association | series=The Indian journal of political science | issue=v. 32 | year=1971 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmoKAAAAIAAJ | access-date=2024-10-05 | page=39}}</ref>

The [[Hela Havula]] movement advocated de-Sanskritisation of the [[Sinhala language]].<ref name="l268">{{cite book | last=Henry | first=J.W. | title=Ravana's Kingdom: The Ramayana and Sri Lankan History from Below | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2022 | isbn=978-0-19-763630-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vz2HEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 | access-date=2024-10-06 | page=17}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cultural assimilation]]
[[Category:Social change]]

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005

2026-03-27T03:06:07Z

Athenian: added references also and updated info

{{short description|Indian worker law}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| image =
| imagesize = 100px
| imagealt = National Emblem of India
| caption =
| long_title = An Act to provide for the enhancement of livelihood security of the households in rural areas of the country by providing at least one hundred days of guaranteed wage employment in every financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
| citation = {{cite act
| index = 42
| language = en-mc
| date = 2005
| url = https://rural.nic.in/sites/default/files/rajaswa_0.pdf
}}
| territorial_extent = [[India]]
| enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
| date_enacted = Same day
| date_passed = 23 August 2005<ref name=FAQs>{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on MGNREGA Operational Guidelines 2013 |date=June 2014 |url=https://rural.nic.in/sites/default/files/rajaswa_0.pdf}}</ref>
| enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_enacted2 =
| date_passed2 = 25 August 2005<ref name=act>{{cite web |title=National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 |url=https://rural.nic.in/sites/default/files/rajaswa_0.pdf |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref>
| date_assented = 5 September 2005<ref name=act/>
| date_commenced = 2 February 2006<ref name=FAQs/>
| bill = The National Rural Employment Guarantee Bill, 2005
| bill_citation =
| bill_date = 22 March 2005
| introduced_by = [[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]], Minister of Rural Development
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| committee_report =
| bill2 =
| bill_citation2 =
| bill_date2 =
| introduced_by2 =
| 1st_reading2 =
| 2nd_reading2 =
| 3rd_reading2 =
| committee_report2 =
| white_paper =
| amended_by = National Rural Employment Guarantee (Amendment) Act, 2009<ref name=amd>{{cite web |title=National Rural Employment Guarantee (Amendment) Act, 2009 |url=http://164.100.47.4/billstexts/lsbilltexts/PassedLokSabha/NREGA%20102-C%20OF%202009.pdf |website=loksabhaph.nic.in |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref>
| repealed_by = [[Viksit Bharat–Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Act, 2025]]<ref>{{cite web | title=The Viksit Bharat – Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) VB – G RAM G Bill, 2025 | website=PRS Legislative Research | date=2026-01-02 | url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-viksit-bharat-%E2%80%93-guarantee-for-rozgar-and-ajeevika-mission-gramin-vb-%E2%80%93-g-ram-g-bill-2025 | access-date=2026-01-02}}</ref>
| related_legislation =
| summary =
| keywords = MGNREGA, NREGA
| status = repealed
}}
'''Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005''', popularly known as '''MGNREGA''', was an Indian [[social welfare]] measure that aimed to guarantee the '[[right to work]]'. This act was passed on 23 August 2005<ref name="FAQs" /> and was implemented in February 2006 under the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA government]] of Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] following the tabling of the bill in parliament by the Minister for Rural Development [[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]]. The bill was originally known as the '''National Rural Employment Guarantee Act''' ('''NREGA''').<ref name="amd" /> In 2025, it was repealed by the [[Parliament of India]] after the [[Lok Sabha]] and [[Rajya Sabha]] passed the [[Viksit Bharat–Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Act, 2025|Viksit Bharat–Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Act]] (VB–G RAM G). The new legislation replaced MGNREGA with an updated rural employment and livelihood guarantee framework under the [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Ministry of Rural Development]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-19 |title=Parliament clears VB-G RAM G Bill, replacing MGNREGA amid Opposition protests |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/parliament-clears-vb-g-ram-g-bill-replacing-mgnrega-amid-opposition-protests/articleshow/126064211.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-18 |title=VB-G RAM G bill vs MGNREGA: Key differences, new initiatives & Opposition's concerns explained |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vb-g-ram-g-bill-vs-mgnrega-key-differences-new-initiatives-opposition-concerns-explained-101766066074294.html |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament passes Viksit Bharat -G RAM G Bill, opposition stages walkout |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/parliament-passes-viksit-bharat-g-ram-g-bill-opposition-stages-walkout20251219004601 |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=www.aninews.in |language=en}}</ref>

It aimed to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of assured and guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to at least one member of every Indian rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.{{sfn|Ministry of Rural Development|2005|p=1}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Chitravanshi |first=Ruchika |date=8 October 2015 |title=Nationwide review of rural job scheme NREGS ordered by government |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/nationwide-review-of-rural-job-scheme-nregs-ordered-by-government/articleshow/49264512.cms |access-date=2022-04-10 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160406145800/http://economictimes.com/news/economy/policy/nationwide-review-of-rural-job-scheme-nregs-ordered-by-government/articleshow/49264512.cms |archive-date=6 April 2016}}</ref>{{sfn|Comptroller and Auditor General of India|2013b|p=i}} Women are guaranteed one half of the jobs made available under the MGNREGA and efforts are made to ensure that cross the limit of 50%.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Bipan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dE9qEg-NgHMC|title=India Since Independence|last2=Mukherjee|first2=Aditya|last3=Mukherjee|first3=Mridula|date=2008|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-310409-4|pages=374}}</ref> Another aim of MGNREGA is to create durable assets (such as roads, canals, ponds and wells). Employment is to be provided within 5 km of an applicant's residence, and minimum legal wage under the law is to be paid. If work is not provided within 15 days of applying, applicants are entitled to an unemployment allowance. That is, if the government fails to provide employment, it has to provide certain unemployment allowances to those people. Thus, employment under MGNREGA is a legal entitlement. Apart from providing economic security and creating rural assets, other things said to promote NREGA are that it can help in [[Environmental issues in India|protecting the environment]], [[Women in India|empowering rural women]], reducing [[Urbanisation in India|rural-urban migration]] and fostering [[social equity]], among others."{{sfn|Ministry of Rural Development|2005|pp=1–2}}

The act was first proposed in 1991 by then Prime Minister [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]].<ref name="lion">{{cite book|last1=Seetapati |first1=Vinay|title=Half - Lion: How P.V Narasimha Rao Transformed India|date=1 February 2015|edition=1st |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0670088225}}</ref> It was finally accepted in the parliament and commenced implementation in [[List of districts in India|625 districts of India]]. Based on this pilot experience, NREGA was scoped up to cover all the districts of India from 1 April 2008.{{sfn|Ministry of Rural Development|2005|p=10}} The statute was praised by the government as "the largest and most ambitious social security and public works program in the world".{{sfn|Ministry of Rural Development|2012|p=ix}} In 2009 the World Bank had chided the act along with others for hurting development through policy restrictions on internal movement.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 March 2009 |title=World Bank sees NREGA as a barrier to economic development |work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/world-bank-sees-nrega-as-a-barrier-to-economic-development/articleshow/4266622.cms |access-date=2022-04-18}}</ref> However in its [[World Development Report]] 2014, the [[World Bank]] called it a "stellar example of rural development".<ref>{{cite web |date=10 October 2013 |title=World Bank calls NREGA a stellar example of rural development |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-10/news/42902947_1_world-bank-world-development-report-safety-net |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013043250/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-10/news/42902947_1_world-bank-world-development-report-safety-net |archive-date=2013-10-13 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> MGNREGA is to be implemented mainly by [[gram panchayat]]s (GPs). The law states it provides many safeguards to promote its effective management and implementation. The act explicitly mentions the principles and agencies for implementation, list of allowed works, financing pattern, [[Monitoring and Evaluation|monitoring and evaluation]], and detailed measures to ensure transparency and accountability.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/wzbisp/spi2015201.html |title=An uneven path to accountability: A comparative study of MGNREGA in two states of India |last=Dutta |first=Sujoy |date=2015 |publisher=[[Research Papers in Economics]]}}</ref>

==History==

Since 1960, 30 years were expended in struggling to find suitable employment schemes in India's vast rural hinterland. The experiences of these decades provided important lessons to the government. These included the 'Rural Manpower Programme' which exposed the tribulations of financial management, the 'Crash Scheme for Rural Employment' on planning for outcomes, a 'Pilot Intensive Rural Employment Programme' of labour-intensive works, the 'Drought Prone Area Programme' of integrated rural development, 'Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers Scheme' of rural economic development, the ‘[[National Food For Work Programme|Food for Work Programme]]’ (FWP) of holistic development and better coordination with the states, the ‘National Rural Employment Programme’ (NREP) of community development, and the ‘Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme’ (RLEGP) of focus on landless households.{{sfn|Planning Commission|2001|pp=12–20}} The Planning Commission later approved the scheme and it was adopted on national scale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2013-07-01 |title=President Mukherje pays tribute to former Maharashtra CM Vasantrao Naik |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/president-mukherje-pays-tribute-to-former-maharashtra-cm-vasantrao-naik-113070100989_1.html |access-date=2022-04-18}}</ref>
[[File:Burden of life.jpg|thumb|MGNREGA workers removing mud from a dry pond]]

In April 1989, to converge employment generation, infrastructure development and food security in rural areas, the government integrated NREP and RLEGP{{efn|The Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) of August 1983 to focus specially on landless households.{{sfn|Planning Commission|2001|p=15}}}} into a new scheme [[Jawahar Rozgar Yojana]] (JRY). The most significant change was the decentralization of implementation by involving the local people through local village governments or Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and hence a decreasing role of bureaucracy.{{sfn|Planning Commission|2001|pp=16, 24–27}} In October 1993, the Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) was initiated to provide employment to agricultural hands during the lean agricultural season. The role of PRIs was reinforced with the local self-government at the district level called the '[[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]]' as the main implementing authority. Later, the EAS was merged with [[Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana|Sampoorna Gramin Rojgar Yojana]] (SGRY) in 2001.{{sfn|Planning Commission|2001|pp=17–19}}

On 1 April 1999, the JRY was revamped and renamed to Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) with a similar objective. The role of PRIs was further reinforced with the local self-government at the village level called the ‘Village Panchayats’ as the sole implementing authority. In 2001, it was merged with SGRY.{{sfn|Planning Commission|2001|pp=21–23}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ranganna |first=T.S. |date=16 November 2001 |title=PR Dept. loses Central assistance |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/11/17/stories/0417210g.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105045341/http://www.hindu.com/2001/11/17/stories/0417210g.htm |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> On 25 September 2001 to converge employment generation, infrastructure development and food security in rural areas, the government integrated EAS and JGSY into a new scheme SGRY. The role of PRIs was retained with the 'Village Panchayats' as the sole implementing authority.{{sfn|Ministry of Rural Development|2002|pp=1–3}} Due to implementation issues, it was merged with NREGA in 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dorairaj |first=S. |date=15 August 2006 |title=CAG report reveals irregularities in Sampoorna Rozgar Yojana |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/15/stories/2006081506090500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827103337/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/15/stories/2006081506090500.htm |archive-date=27 August 2006}}</ref> In January 2001, the government introduced a FWP similar to the one that was initiated in 1977. Once NREGA was enacted, the two were merged in 2006.{{sfn|Planning Commission|2001|p=20}} The total government allocation to these precursors of NREGA had been about three-quarters of {{INRConvert|1|t}}.{{sfn|Centre for Science and Environment|2007|p=7}} Employment generation programmes created after 2005 include the Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP).{{sfnp|Chapter 1, Employment Guarantee Programme and Dynamics of Rural Transformation in India|2018|p=5}}

The colonial era, when [[India]] was governed by the [[British Empire|British]], is when the problems of poverty and a lack of employment possibilities in rural areas first surfaced. The lopsided economic development pattern was caused by the colonial government's emphasis on growing the urban economy at the expense of the rural economy, which remained even after India attained independence. Additionally, the colonial authority established land revenue procedures that led to a [[concentration of land ownership]] in the hands of a select few, which in turn marginalized the rural poor. Additionally, the British promoted the growth of cash crops above food crops, which reduced agricultural productivity and brought about famine in some regions of the nation. Despite independence, the legacy of colonialism remains.

Particularly, colonialism had a lasting effect on the economic and social advancement of India, with rural areas and people being the most negatively impacted. The colonial era is still evident in the underfunding of rural infrastructure, the lack of systemic social assistance programs, and the scarcity of job prospects. To address these difficulties, a determined effort must be made to reverse the historical neglect of rural areas and give them development priority.

In response to the cries for help, the Indian government put together a nationwide welfare scheme aimed at targeting this very issue: The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, or MGNREGA. The Government of India introduced the MGNREGA social welfare program in 2005 to address the problem of unemployment and poverty in rural areas. Recognizing the high rates of unemployment and poverty in rural India, especially among the underprivileged groups of the population, led to the need for such a program.

The MGNREGA was created with the idea of giving rural households a safety net in the form of guaranteed work possibilities. Every rural household in the nation was to receive 100 days of guaranteed employment each year as part of the program, guaranteeing that each household had access to a minimum amount of income. The program was intended to be labor-intensive, with the main sources of employment being initiatives like road building, water conservation, and afforestation. The [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Ministry of Rural Development]], a section of the Government of India’s economic bureau, was in charge of overseeing the implementation and rollout of the plan. [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]] - governing heads in rural villages, were the envoy for implementing the scheme at the local level.

== Provisions ==

The registration process involves an application to the Gram Panchayat and issuance of job cards. The wage employment must be provided within 15 days of the date of application. The work entitlement of 100 days{{Efn|This number has been increased on paper. In practice the number varies to less than half the stipulated days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-21 |title=Guaranteed man-days under MGNREGA increased to 150 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/guaranteed-man-days-under-mgnrega-increased-to-150/article37604245.ece |access-date=2022-04-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2019 |title=Forget 150 days employment under MGNREGA! Numbers on ground not even half of existing 100 workdays |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/congress-manifesto-150-workdays-forget-150-days-employment-under-mgnrega-numbers-on-ground-not-even-half-of-existing-100-workdays-184993-2019-04-03 |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2014 |publisher=Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India |title=Centre issues directive for 150 days work under MGNREGA for STs in Forest Areas. |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=102603 |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Purkayastha |first=Samir K |date=2022-04-07 |title=No state provided 100 days of work under MGNREGA in FY22: Govt data |url=https://thefederal.com/news/no-state-provided-100-days-of-work-under-mgnrega-in-fy22-govt-data/ |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=The Federal |language=en-US}}</ref>}} per household per year may be shared between different adult members of the same household.{{sfn|Ministry of Rural Development|2005|pp=14–20}} The law lists permissible works: water conservation and water harvesting; drought proofing including afforestation; irrigation works; restoration of traditional water bodies; land development; flood control; rural connectivity; and works notified by the government. The Act sets a minimum limit to the wage-material ratio as 60:40. The provision of accredited engineers, worksite facilities and a weekly report on worksites is also mandated by the Act.{{sfn|Ministry of Rural Development|2005|pp=21–25}} The Act sets a minimum limit to the wages, to be paid with gender equality, either on a time-rate basis or on a piece-rate basis. The states are required to evolve a set of norms for the measurement of works and schedule of rates. Unemployment allowance must be paid if the work is not provided within the statutory limit of 15 days.{{sfn|Ministry of Rural Development|2005|pp=26–29}} The law stipulates Gram Panchayats to have a single bank account for NREGA works which shall be subjected to public scrutiny. To promote transparency and accountability, the act mandates 'monthly squaring of accounts'.{{sfn|Ministry of Rural Development|2005|pp=30–34}} To ensure public accountability through public vigilance, the NREGA designates ‘social audits’ as key to its implementation.{{sfn|Ministry of Rural Development|2005|pp=46–61}}

The most detailed part of the Act (chapter 10 and 11) deals with transparency and accountability that lays out role of the state, the public vigilance and, above all, the social audits.{{sfn|Ministry of Rural Development|2005|pp=41–62}} For evaluation of outcomes, the law also requires management of data and maintenance of records, like registers related to employment, job cards, assets, muster rolls and complaints, by the implementing agencies at the village, block and state level.{{sfn|Ministry of Rural Development|2005|pp=38–40}} The legislation specifies the role of the state in ensuring transparency and accountability through upholding the right to information and disclosing information proactively, preparation of annual reports by the Central Employment Guarantee Council for the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] and State Employment Guarantee Councils for [[Vidhan Sabha|state legislatures]], undertaking mandatory financial audits by each district along with physical audit, taking action on audit reports, developing a [[Citizen's Charter]], establishing vigilance and monitoring committees, and developing a grievance redressal system.{{sfn|Ministry of Rural Development|2005|pp=41–45}}

The Act recommends establishment of 'Technical Resource Support Groups' at district, state and central level and active use of information technology, like creation of a 'Monitoring and Information System (MIS)' and a NREGA website, to assure quality in implementation of NREGA through technical support.{{sfn|Ministry of Rural Development|2005|pp=62–64}} The law allows convergence of NREGA with other programmes. As NREGA intends to create ‘additional’ employment, the convergence should not affect employment provided by other programmes.{{sfn|Ministry of Rural Development|2005|pp=65–66}}

== The law and the Constitution of India ==
The Act aimed to follow the [[Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India|Directive Principles of State Policy]] enunciated in Part IV of the [[Constitution of India]]. The law by providing a 'right to work' is consistent with Article 41 that directs the State to secure to all citizens the right to work.{{sfnp|Constitution of India|2007|p=22}}{{sfnp|Doungel, Genesis of the MGNREGS and its constitutional basis|2019|p=3-4}} The statute also seeks to protect the environment through rural works{{sfn|Ministry of Rural Development|2005|p=22}} which is consistent with Article 48A that directs the State to protect the environment.{{sfnp|Constitution of India|2007|p=24}}

In accordance with the [[Fundamental Rights in India|Article 21]] of the [[Constitution of India]] that guarantees the right to life with dignity to every citizen of India, this act imparts dignity to the rural people through an assurance of livelihood security.{{sfnp|Constitution of India|2007|p=10}}{{sfnp|Doungel, Genesis of the MGNREGS and its constitutional basis|2019|p=5}} The [[Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India|Fundamental Right]] enshrined in Article 16 of the Constitution of India guarantees equality of opportunity in matters of public employment and prevents the State from discriminating against anyone in matters of employment on the grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, place of residence or any of them.{{sfnp|Constitution of India|2007|p=7}} NREGA also follows Article 46 that requires the State to promote the interests of and work for the economic uplift of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and protect them from discrimination and exploitation.{{sfnp|Constitution of India|2007|p=23}}

Article 40 mandates the State to organise village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government.{{sfnp|Constitution of India|2007|p=22}} Conferring the primary responsibility of implementation on Gram Panchayats, the Act adheres to this constitutional principle. Also the process of decentralization initiated by 73rd Amendment to the Constitution of India that granted a constitutional status to the Panchayats{{sfnp|Constitution of India|2007|p=129}} is further reinforced by the Mahatma Gandhi NREGA that endowed these rural self-government institutions with authority to implement the law.{{sfn|Ministry of Rural Development|2005|p=3}} Additionally, the Act also empowers women by mandating at least one-third participation of women in the implementation of works under NREGA.

==The law in action==

===Independent academic research===
Academic research has focused on many dimensions of the NREGA: economic security, self-targeting,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-11-04 |title=The Whys and Whats of India's Rural Jobs Scheme |url=https://www.indiaspend.com/the-whys-and-whats-of-indias-rural-jobs-scheme-99284/ |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=IndiaSpend}}</ref> women's empowerment, asset creation, corruption, how the scheme impacts agricultural wages.

An early overall assessment in 2008 in six north Indian states suggested that NREGA was "making a difference to the lives of the rural poor, slowly but surely."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last1=Dreze |first1=Jean |author-link=Jean Drèze |last2=Khera |first2=Reetika |date=January 16, 2009 |title=The battle for employment guarantee |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30183321.ece |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=Frontline |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref> The composition of NREGA workers included the poorest and socially and economically deprived. A majority of them belong to [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]], are illiterate and do not have electricity at home.<ref name=":2" /> Self-targeting evidence suggests that there is a lot of unmet demand for work.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barrett |first1=Christopher B |last2=Liu |first2=Yanyan |name-list-style=amp |date=9 March 2013 |title=Heterogeneous Pro-Poor Targeting in the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2013/10/special-articles/heterogeneous-pro-poor-targeting-national-rural-employment |url-access=subscription |website=Economic and Political Weekly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Walle |first1=Dominique van de |last2=Ravallion |first2=Martin |last3=Dutta |first3=Puja |last4=Murgai |first4=Rinku |date=2012 |title=Does India's Employment Guarantee Scheme Guarantee Employment? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23214599 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=47 |issue=16 |pages=55–64 |jstor=23214599 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

Agricultural wages have increased, especially for women, since the inception of the scheme.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Imbert |first1=Clément |last2=Papp |first2=John |name-list-style=amp |date=April 2015 |title=Labor Market Effects of Social Programs: Evidence from India's Employment Guarantee |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24739040 |journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics |publisher=American Economic Association |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=233–263 |doi=10.1257/app.20130401 |jstor=24739040 |url-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=https://ftp.iza.org/dp6858.pdf |title=Labor market impacts of a large-scale public works program: evidence from the Indian Employment Guarantee Scheme |author=Zimmermann, L. |date=2012 |publisher=IZA Institute of Labor Economics}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=https://conference.iza.org/conference_files/worldb2012/bhattacharyya_s8177.pdf |title=Can Rural Public Works Affect Agricultural Wages? Evidence from India |last1=Berg |first1=E. |last2=Bhattacharyya |first2=S. |date=2012 |last3=Durgam |first3=R. |last4=Ramachandra |first4=M. |name-list-style=amp |series=CSAE Working Paper}}</ref> This indicates that overall wage levels have increased due to the act, however, further research highlights that the key benefit of the scheme lies in the reduction of wage volatility.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/eopp/eopp53.pdf |title=Can Workfare Programs Moderate Violence? Evidence from India. mimeo, 1–42. |author=Fetzer, T. |date=2014 |publisher=London School of Economics and STICERD}}</ref> This highlights that NREGA may be an effective insurance scheme. A particular focus has been to understand whether the scheme has reduced migration into urban centres for casual work.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/research/workingpapers/2016/twerp_1116_imbert.pdf |title=Short-term Migration Rural Workfare Programs and Urban Labor Markets - Evidence from India |last1=Imbert |first1=Clément |last2=Papp |first2=John |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Economics, University of Warwick |volume=1116 |name-list-style=amp |journal=The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series}}</ref>


Studies have suggested that women's participation has remained high, though there are inter-state variations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Narayanan |first1=Sudha |last2=Das |first2=Upasak |date=2014 |title=Women Participation and Rationing in the Employment Guarantee Scheme |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24480958 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=49 |issue=46 |pages=46–53 |jstor=24480958 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khera |first1=Reetika |last2=Nayak |first2=Nandini |date=2009 |title=Women Workers and Perceptions of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25663707 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=44 |issue=43 |pages=49–57 |jstor=25663707 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> One study in border villages of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat studied the effect on short term migration and child welfare and found that among children who do not migrate, grade completed is higher.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coffey |first=Diane |date=2013 |title=Children's welfare and short term migration from rural India |journal=The Journal of Development Studies |volume=49 |issue=8 |pages=1101–1117 |doi=10.1080/00220388.2013.794934 |issn=0022-0388 |pmc=3773470 |pmid=24049212}}</ref> The study found that demand for NREGA work is higher, even though migrant wages are higher.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Imbert |first1=Clément |last2=Papp |first2=John |name-list-style=amp |date=2018 |title=Costs and Benefits of Seasonal Migration: Evidence from India |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/research/workingpapers/2018/twerp_1161_imbert.pdf |journal=The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series |publisher=Department of Economics, University of Warwick |volume=1161}}</ref>

A few studies focusing on the potential for asset creation under NREGA suggest that (a) the potential is substantial; (b) in some places, it is being realized, and (c) lack of staff, especially technical staff, rather than lack of material are to blame for poor realization of this potential.<ref>{{cite web |author=Narayanan |first=Sudha |date=20 Oct 2014 |title=Saving people's livelihoods |url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/hz2CLtVBL7q45SrIfg1BfL/Saving-peoples-livelihoods.html |website=Livemint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aggarwal |first1=Ankita |last2=Gupta |first2=Aashish |last3=Kumar |first3=Ankit |date=2012 |title=Evaluation of NREGA Wells in Jharkhand |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41720080 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=47 |issue=35 |pages=24–27 |jstor=41720080 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> Others have pointed out that water harvesting and soil conservation works promoted through NREGA "could have high positive results on environment security and biodiversity and environment conservation".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sebastian |first1=Mathew K. |last2=Azeez |first2=P A |date=2014 |title=MGNREGA and Biodiversity Conservation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24479220 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=16–19 |jstor=24479220 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> A study conducted by researchers at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] and other collaborators found that activities related to natural resource management under the MGNREGA can capture 249 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent by 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moudgil |first=Manu |date=2021-06-18 |title=Rural job scheme guarantees carbon sequestration |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2021/06/rural-job-scheme-guarantees-carbon-sequestration/ |access-date=2021-08-06 |website=Mongabay-India}}</ref> India has placed emphasis on MGNREGA as a contributor to [[carbon sequestration]] in its Third Biennial Update Report submitted to the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=India - Third Biennial Update Report to The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/INDIA_%20BUR-3_20.02.2021_High.pdf |access-date=6 August 2021 |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India}}</ref>

Improvements in reducing corruption are attributable to the move to pay NREGA wages through bank and post office accounts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Adhikari |first1=Anindita |last2=Bhatia |first2=Kartika |date=2 January 2020 |title=NREGA Wage Payments: Can We Bank on the Banks? |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2010/01/insight/nrega-wage-payments-can-we-bank-banks.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=7–8 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Some of the success in battling corruption can also be attributed to the strong provisions for community monitoring.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aiyar |first1=Yamini |last2=Samji |first2=Salimah |date=2006 |title=Improving the Effectiveness of National Rural Employment Guarantee Act |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4417731 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=320–326 |jstor=4417731 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> Others find that "the overall social audit effects on reducing easy-to-detect malpractices was mostly absent".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Afridi |first1=Farzana |last2=Iversen |first2=Vegard |date=12 March 2014 |title=Has community monitoring helped reduce corruption in public programme delivery? |url=http://ideasforindia.in/Article.aspx?article_id=262 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906034851/http://ideasforindia.in/Article.aspx?article_id=262 |archive-date=6 September 2017 |website=Ideas for India}}</ref>

A few papers also study the link between electoral gains and implementation of NREGA. One studies the effect in Andhra Pradesh - the authors find that "while politics may influence programme expenditure in some places and to a small extent, this is not universally true and does not undermine the effective targeting and good work of the scheme at large."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Barrett |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Liu |first2=Yanyan |last3=Narayanan |first3=Sudha |last4=Sheahan |first4=Megan |date=19 November 2014 |title=Politics and MNREGA: A limited Link in Andhra Pradesh |url=http://www.ideasforindia.in/topics/social-identity/politics-and-mnrega-a-limited-link-in-andhra-pradesh.html |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=Ideas For India}}</ref> The two other studies focus on these links in Rajasthan<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Bhanu |last2=Mukhopadhyay |first2=Abhiroop |date=20 November 2014 |title=Local funds and political competition: Evidence from the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in India |url=http://www.effective-states.org/working-paper-42/ |website=Effective States and Inclusive Development (ESID)}}</ref> and West Bengal.<ref>Das (2014) http://www.themenplattform-ez.de/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/SSRN-id2262533.pdf</ref> Several local case studies are also being conducted to identify the regional impacts of NREGA.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Saha |first1=Anindita R |last2=Bhatt |first2=Pankaj |date=2016 |title=MGNREGA as an Environmental Policy: A Case Study of Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand |url=http://jiid.in/2016/08/mgnrega-environmental-policy-case-study-pithoragarh-uttarakhand/ |access-date=2016-09-18 |publisher=Journal of Innovation for Inclusive Development}}</ref>

===Assessment by the constitutional auditor===

The second performance audit by the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India]] covered 3,848 [[Panchayati raj|gram panchayats (GPs)]] in 28 [[States and union territories of India|states]] and 4 [[Union territory|union territories (UTs)]] from April 2007 to March 2012.{{sfn|Comptroller and Auditor General of India|2013a}} This comprehensive survey by the CAG documents lapses in implementation of the act.<ref>{{cite web |title=Executive Summary |work=Performance Audit of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme |url=http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2013/Civil/Report_6/exe-sum.pdf |access-date=2014-11-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030090338/http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2013/Civil/Report_6/exe-sum.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Devonshire-Ellis|2012}}

The main problems identified in the audit included: a fall in the level of employment, low rates of completion of works (only 30.3 per cent of planned works had been completed), poor planning (in one-third of Gram Panchayats, the planning process mandated by the act had not been followed), lack of public awareness partly due to poor information,{{sfn|Comptroller and Auditor General of India|2013b|p=vii}} education and communication IEC) by the state governments, shortage of staff (e.g., Gram Rozgar Sewaks had not been appointed in some states) and so on.{{sfn|Comptroller and Auditor General of India|2013b|pp=vii–ix}} Not withstanding the statutory requirement of notification, yet five states had not even notified the eight-years-old scheme.

The comprehensive assessment of the performance of the law by the constitutional auditor revealed serious lapses arising mainly due to lack of public awareness, mismanagement and institutional incapacity. The CAG also suggested some corrective measures.

Even though the mass social audits have a statutory mandate of Section 17 (As outlined in Chapter 11 of the NREGA Operational Guidelines), only seven states have the institutional capacity to facilitate the social audits as per prescribed norms.{{sfn|Ministry of Rural Development|2005|p=46}} Although the Central Council is mandated to establish a central evaluation and monitoring system as per the NREGA Operational Guidelines, even after six years it is yet to fulfill the NREGA directive. Further, the CAG audit reports discrepancies in the maintenance of prescribed basic records in up to half of the [[Panchayati raj|gram panchayats (GPs)]] which inhibits the critical evaluation of the NREGA outcomes. The unreliability of [[Management Information System]] (MIS), due to significant disparity between the data in the MIS and the actual official documents, is also reported.{{sfn|Comptroller and Auditor General of India|2013b|p=ix}}

To improve management of outcomes, it recommended proper maintenance of records at the [[Panchayati raj|gram panchayat (GP)]] level. Further the Central Council is recommended to establish a central evaluation and monitoring system for "a national level, comprehensive and independent evaluation of the scheme". The CAG also recommends a timely payment of unemployment allowance to the rural poor and a wage material ratio of 60:40 in the NREGA works. Moreover, for effective financial management, the CAG recommends proper maintenance of accounts, in a uniform format, on a monthly basis and also enforcing the statutory guidelines to ensure transparency in the disposal of funds. For capacity building, the CAG recommends an increase in staff hiring to fill the large number of vacancies.{{sfn|Comptroller and Auditor General of India|2013b|pp=ix–x}}

For the first time, the CAG also included a survey of more than 38,000 NREGA beneficiaries.<ref>Chapter 13 of the CAG report available online {{cite web |title=Chapter 13: Findings of the Beneficiary Survey |work=Performance Audit of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme |url=http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2013/Civil/Report_6/chap_13.pdf |access-date=2014-11-17 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030095112/http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2013/Civil/Report_6/chap_13.pdf}}</ref> An earlier evaluation of the NREGA by the CAG was criticized for its methodology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vanaik |first1=Anish |last2=Siddhartha |date=2015-06-05 |title=CAG Report on NREGA: Fact and Fiction |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2008/25/insight/cag-report-nrega-fact-and-fiction.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en |volume=43 |issue=25 |pages=7–8}}</ref>

===Evaluation by the government===

The Prime Minister of India [[Manmohan Singh]] released an [[anthology]] of research studies on the MGNREGA called "MGNREGA Sameeksha" in New Delhi on 14 July 2012, about a year before the CAG report.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2012-07-14 |title=Manmohan directs Planning Commission to address gaps in NREGA |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national//article60479130.ece |access-date=2022-04-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Much more than a survival scheme">{{Cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Aruna |last2=Dey |first2=Nikhil |date=2012-08-30 |title=Much more than a survival scheme |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/much-more-than-a-survival-scheme/article3842374.ece |access-date=2022-04-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Aruna Roy]] and [[Nikhil Dey]] said that "the MGNREGA Sameeksha is a significant innovation to evaluate policy and delivery".<ref name="Much more than a survival scheme"/> The anthology draws on independent assessments of MGNREGA conducted by [[Indian Institute of Management|Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs)]], [[Indian Institute of Technology|Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs)]] and others in collaboration with [[United Nations Development Programme|United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)]] published from 2008 to 2012.{{sfn|Ministry of Rural Development|2012|p=79}}

The Prime Minister said, "The Mahatma Gandhi NREGA story in numbers is a story worth telling... (but) statistics do not tell the whole truth":<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2012 |title=PM directs Planning Commission to address gaps in NREGA |work=The Times of India |agency=PTI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-directs-Planning-Commission-to-address-gaps-in-NREGA/articleshow/14902487.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212075904/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-14/india/32674193_1_nrega-workforce-singh-ahluwalia-planning-commission |archive-date=12 December 2013}}</ref> Minister of Rural Development [[Jairam Ramesh]] says in the 'MGNREGA Sameeksha':{{sfn|Ministry of Rural Development|2012|p=ix}}

{{blockquote|MGNREGA’s other quantitative achievements:
# Since its inception in 2006, around {{INR}}1,10,000 crore (about USD$25 billion) has gone directly as wage payment to rural households and 1200 crore (12 billion) person-days of employment has been generated. On an average, 5 crore (50 million) households have been provided employment every year since 2008.
# Eighty per cent of households are being paid directly through bank/post office accounts, and 10 crore (100 million) new bank/post office accounts have been opened.
# The average wage per person-day has gone up by 81 per cent since the Scheme’s inception, with state-level variations. The notified wage today varies from a minimum of {{INR}}122 (USD$1.76) in Bihar, Jharkhand to {{INR}}191 (USD$2.76) in Haryana.
# [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)]] have accounted for 51 per cent of the total person-days generated and women for 47 per cent, well above the mandatory 33 per cent as required by the Act.
# 146 lakh (14.6 million) works have been taken up since the beginning of the programme, of which about 60 per cent have been completed.
# 12 crore (120 million) Job Cards (JCs) have been given and these along with the 9 crore (90 million) muster rolls have been uploaded on the [[Management Information System]] (MIS), available for public scrutiny. Since 2010–11, all details with regard to the expenditure of the MGNREGA are available on the MIS in the public domain.{{sfn|Ministry of Rural Development|2012|pp=ix-xi}}}}Proponents of the scheme enumerate number of benefits. For example, [[Rejaul Karim Laskar]], an ideologue of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]]- the largest constituent of the [[United Progressive Alliance (India)|UPA]] Government which introduced the scheme, claimed that the scheme has multifarious benefits including "reduction in poverty, reduction in migration, women empowerment, improvement of productivity of agricultural land and regeneration of water resources".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Laskar |first1=R. K. |date=March 14, 2013 |title=MGNREGA: Safety net for the rural poor |agency=The Financial World |url=http://old.thefinancialworld.com/epaper/fwepaper_new.aspx |url-status=dead |access-date=30 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210142619/http://old.thefinancialworld.com/epaper/fwepaper_new.aspx |archive-date=10 February 2018}}</ref>

===Social audit===
{{See also|Social audit}}
[[Civil society organization|Civil society organisations]] (CSOs), [[Non-governmental organization|nongovernmental organisations]] (NGOs), political representatives, civil servants and workers of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] collectively organise social audits to prevent corruption under the NREGA.{{sfn|Dobhal|2011|p=420}} As the corruption is attributed to the secrecy in governance, the 'Janasunani' or public hearing and the [[Right to Information Act|right to information (RTI)]], enacted in 2005, are used to fight this secrecy.{{sfn|Goetz|Jenkins|1999}} Official records obtained using RTI are read out at the public hearing to identify and rectify irregularities. "This process of reviewing official records and determining whether state reported expenditures reflect the actual monies spent on the ground is referred to as a social audit."{{sfn|Aiyar|2009|pp=8–9}} Participation of informed citizens promotes collective responsibility and awareness about entitlements.{{sfn|Chandoke|2007}}

A continuous process of social audit on NREGA works involves public vigilance and verification at the stipulated 11 stages of implementation: registration of families; distribution of job cards; receipt of work applications; selection of suitable public works; preparation of technical estimates; work allocation; implementation and supervision; payment of wages; payment of unemployment allowance; evaluation of outcomes; and mandatory social audit in the Gram Sabha or Social Audit Forum. The Gram Panchayat Secretary is designated as the authority responsible for carrying out the social audit at all stages. For some stages, the programme officer and the junior engineer is also responsible along with Sarpanch.{{sfn|Ministry of Rural Development|2005|pp=46–54}}

The statute designates the Gram Sabha meetings held to conduct social audit as the 'Social Audit Forums' and spells out three steps to make them effective: publicity and preparation of documents; organizational and procedural aspects; and the mandatory agenda involving questions verifying compliance with norms specified at each of the 11 stages of implementation.{{sfn|Ministry of Rural Development|2005|pp=55–61}}

An application under the [[Right to Information Act|RTI]] to access relevant official documents is the first step of the social audit. Then the management personnel of the social audit verify these official records by conducting field visits. Finally, the 'Janasunani' or public hearing is organised at two levels: the [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] or village level and the [[Tehsil|Mandal]] level. The direct public debate involving the beneficiaries, political representatives, civil servants and, above all, the government officers responsible for implementing the NREGA works highlights corruption like the practice of rigging muster rolls (attendance registers) and also generates public awareness about the scheme.{{sfn|Aiyar|2009|pp=12–16}}

These social audits on NREGA works in Rajasthan highlight: a significant demand for the scheme, less than 2 per cent corruption in the form of fudging of muster rolls, building the water harvesting infrastructure as the first priority in the drought-prone district, reduction of out-migration, and above all the women participation of more than 80 per cent in the employment guarantee scheme. The need for effective management of tasks, timely payment of wages and provision of support facilities at work sites is also emphasised.{{sfn|Malekar|2006}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghildiyal |first=Subodh |date=11 June 2006 |title=More women opt for rural job scheme in Rajasthan |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/More-women-opt-for-rural-job-scheme-in-Rajasthan/articleshow/1637657.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201255/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-06-11/india/27785021_1_rural-job-nrega-road-work |archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref>

To assess the effectiveness of the mass social audits on NREGA works in Andhra Pradesh, a [[World Bank]] study investigated the effect of the social audit on the level of public awareness about NREGA, its effect on the NREGA implementation, and its efficacy as a grievance redressal mechanism. The study found that the public awareness about the NREGA increased from about 30 per cent before the social audit to about 99 per cent after the social audit. Further, the efficacy of NREGA implementation increased from an average of about 60 per cent to about 97 per cent.{{sfn|World Bank|2008}}{{sfn|Aiyar|2009}} In 2014 a large number of localities did not conduct NREGA social audits.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-29 |title=No MGNREGA social audit done in close to 50% gram panchayats in 2014-15: CAG |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/no-mgnrega-social-audit-done-in-close-to-50-gram-panchayats-in-2014-15-cag/article64333359.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=The Hindu BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> Social audits have been found lacking in terms of quality and retrievability.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=4 October 2021 |title=NREGA implementation: 'Unsatisfactory' social audit across States, Govt of India told |url=https://www.counterview.net/2021/10/nrega-implementation-unsatisfactory.html |access-date=2022-04-19 |publisher=Counterview}}</ref>

=== Wages ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="float:right; clear:right; max-width:45em; font-size:85%;"
! rowspan="2" |State
! colspan="3" |Per day wages (In Rs.)<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Wage Rates |url=https://mgnrega.cg.nic.in/WageRates.aspx |website= |publisher=Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, Department of Panchayat and Rural Development, Government of Chhattisgarh}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |State
! colspan="3" |Per day wages (In Rs.)<ref name=":3" />
|-
!2022
!2018
!2012
!2022
!2018
!2012
|-
![[Andhra Pradesh]]
|257
|205
|137
![[Manipur]]
|251
|209
|144
|-
![[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|216
|177
|124
![[Meghalaya]]
|230
|181
|128
|-
![[Assam]]
|229
|189
|136
![[Mizoram]]
|233
|194
|136
|-
![[Bihar]]
|210
|168
|122
![[Nagaland]]
|216
|177
|124
|-
![[Chhattisgarh]]
|204
|174
|132
![[Odisha]]
|222
|182
|126
|-
![[Goa]]
|315
|254
|158
![[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|281
|240
|166
|-
![[Gujarat]]
|239
|194
|134
![[Rajasthan]]
|231
|192
|133
|-
![[Haryana]]
|331
|281
|191
![[Sikkim]]
|222
|177
|124
|-
![[Himachal Pradesh]]
|266
|184
|157
![[Tamil Nadu]]
|281
|224
|132
|-
![[Jharkhand]]
|210
|168
|122
![[Telangana]]
|257
|205
|{{Em dash}}
|-
![[Karnataka]]
|309
|249
|155
![[Tripura]]
|212
|177
|124
|-
![[Kerala]]
|311
|271
|164
![[Uttar Pradesh]]
|213
|175
|125
|-
![[Madhya Pradesh]]
|204
|174
|132
![[Uttarakhand]]
|213
|175
|125
|-
![[Maharashtra]]
|256
|203
|145
![[West Bengal]]
|223
|191
|136
|-
! colspan="8" |One day is considered as 9 hours of work with one hour of rest.{{Sfn|Dutta|Murgai|Ravallion|Walle|2014|p=3}} Difference between states due to difference in state-wise inflation rates.{{Sfn|Dutta|Murgai|Ravallion|Walle|2014|p=3}}
2022: Highest- {{INRConvert|331|lk=on}} Lowest- {{INRConvert|204|lk=on}} per day wages
|}
{{See also|Minimum Wages Act 1948#Conflict of MGNREGA wage rates and the Minimum Wages Act}}

Wage transfer processes in relation to NREGA have undergone significant changes since its initial implementation.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Drèze |first=Jean |date=19 November 2020 |title=Jean Dreze: Last-mile hurdles in NREGA payments puncture India's techno-utopian delusions |url=https://scroll.in/article/978862/jean-dreze-last-mile-hurdles-in-nrega-payments-puncture-indias-techno-utopian-delusions |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2011/2016, the wage payment method was shifted to the National electronic Fund Management System (Ne-FMS), a [[Direct Benefit Transfer]] system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandy |first=Debmalya |date=15 July 2019 |title=Underfunding, misleading claims: The story of MGNREGA in New India |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/economy/underfunding-misleading-claims-the-story-of-mgnrega-in-new-india-65627 |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Down to Earth}}</ref>{{Sfn|Narayanan|Dhorajiwala|Golani|2019|p=3}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2018 |agency=Press Information Bureau |title=99% of wage payments electronically credited into workers account through Direct Benefit Transfer system to bring more transparency and minimize leakages in MGNREGS |url=https://rural.nic.in/en/press-release/99-wage-payments-electronically-credited-workers-account-through-direct-benefit |access-date=17 April 2022 |website=Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India}}</ref> The Consumer Price Index-Agriculture Labour (CPI-AL) now provides a guide to fixing MGNREGA wages.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Harikishan |date=2022-03-30 |title=NREGS wages revised, less than 5 per cent hike in 21 states, Union Territories |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nregs-wages-revised-less-than-5-per-cent-hike-in-21-states-union-territories-7843460/ |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The scheme has resulted in an increase in the growth rate of wages when the initial pre and post NREGA years are considered.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Narayanamoorthya |first1=A. |last2=Bhattaraib |first2=Madhusudan |date=2013 |title=Rural Employment Scheme and Agricultural Wage Rate Nexus: An Analysis across States |journal=Agricultural Economics Research Review |volume=26 |pages=149–163}}</ref>

As of 2019, the wages are less than the minimum wages in a majority of states and union territories.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2019 |title=MNREGA wage hike less than minimum wage in 33 states |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/mnrega-wage-hike-less-than-minimum-wage-in-33-states-63791 |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=Down to Earth}}</ref> Since 2009 wages stipulated under MGNREGA are disconnected from wages determined by the [[Minimum Wages Act 1948|Minimum Wages Act]].{{Sfn|Dutta|Murgai|Ravallion|Walle|2014|p=3}} There has been some debate with regard to comparison between the two wages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sankaran |first=Kamala |date=2011 |title=NREGA Wages: Ensuring Decent Work |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27918140 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=46 |issue=7 |pages=23–25 |jstor=27918140 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ediwn |first=Tina |date=2020-03-29 |title=MGNREGA wages up about 11%; yet at least 40% lower than minimum wages |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/mgnrega-wages-up-about-11-yet-at-least-40-lower-than-minimum-wages/article31197140.ece |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=The Hindu BusinessLine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Balchand |first=K. |date=2011-10-16 |title=Minimum wages likely for MGNREGA workers |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national//article60531415.ece |access-date=2022-04-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joyita |date=September 23, 2013 |title=Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act: Review of implementation |url=https://prsindia.org/theprsblog/mahatma-gandhi-national-rural-employment-guarantee-act-review-of-implementation?page=97&per-page=1 |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref> One day is considered as 9 hours of work with one hour of rest.{{Sfn|Dutta|Murgai|Ravallion|Walle|2014|p=3}} Payment is on a [[piece work]] basis.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Khera |first=Reetika |date=2014-11-04 |others=Data research: Dimple Kukreja. Visualisation: Sanjit Oberai & Chaitanya Mallapur |title=The Whys and Whats of India's Rural Jobs Scheme |url=https://www.indiaspend.com/the-whys-and-whats-of-indias-rural-jobs-scheme-99284/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907073236/http://www.indiaspend.com:80/cover-story/the-whys-and-whats-of-indias-rural-jobs-scheme-99284 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=IndiaSpend}}</ref>

In addition to expanding the transparency of the scheme via digitization, Strong increases in the minimum wage improved the plan. As was previously mentioned in section II, the previous salaries had resulted in a lack of desire among employees and harmed the caliber of work completed under the program. As a result, the minimum wage was raised by 10% to Rs. 169 per day as part of the 2014 programs. Even though the rise was not significant, it greatly increased the motivation of low-income rural workers, encouraging them to enter the labor field.<ref name=":8" />

Wage payments face delays, in some cases up to 200 days.{{Sfn|Narayanan|Dhorajiwala|Golani|2019|p=1-3}} Center-state disunity, compliance, and "infrastructural bottlenecks" are some of the causes of delay.{{Sfn|Narayanan|Dhorajiwala|Golani|2019|p=2}} By 2021, 99.7% of payments under the Act were through electronic transfer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2021 |publisher=Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India |title=9.7 per cent payment of MGNREGA wages being made through e-transfer |url=https://rural.nic.in/en/press-release/997-cent-payment-mgnrega-wages-being-made-through-e-transfer |access-date=17 April 2022 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> These are also affected by "last mile" issues.<ref name=":5" /> Ideal [[financial inclusion]] in still lacking.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandy |first=Debmalya |date=5 November 2018 |title=MGNREGA is failing: 10 reasons why |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/economy/mgnrega-is-failing-10-reasons-why-62035 |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Down to Earth}}</ref> While the scheme stipulates 100 days, in practice the average is around 45 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapoor |first=Mudit |date=18 September 2018 |title=Forget 100 days! Not even 50 days of employment provided under MGNREGS |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/forget-100-days-not-even-50-days-of-employment-provided-under-mgnregs-110417-2018-09-18 |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>{{Clear}}

=== Asset creation ===
Assets created include rural connectivity assets such as pucca roads and brick soling, land development assets which improve productivity of land such as the creation of new plantations, unskilled construction such as poultry shelters, cattle shelters and fish drying yard platform. Water-related assets include village tanks and ponds, check dams, water harvesting tanks, bunding, irrigation channels, renovation of existing water assets. Infrastructure construction also includes sanitation works and grain storage facilities. The act also provides for maintenance of created assets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Towards Creation of Sustainable Assets under MGNREGA… |url=https://nrega.nic.in/Circular_Archive/archive/Photobook_Documentation_Sustainable_Assets_Created.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, New Delhi}}</ref> Asset creation varies widely between states with five states accounting for a majority of the assets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadhav |first=Radheshyam |date=2019-09-07 |title=MGNREGS: More than half the assets created are concentrated in just 5 States |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mgnregs-more-than-half-the-assets-created-are-concentrated-in-just-5-states/article29360329.ece |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=The Hindu BusinessLine}}</ref> The focus of MNREGA has also shifted to quality of assets and skilling workers to map assets.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Nidhi |date=2 March 2020 |title=MGNREGA focus on asset quality, skilling now |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mgnrega-focus-on-asset-quality-skilling-now/articleshow/74433019.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-04-19}}</ref>

Over the last decade, it has been observed that more than half the NREGA funds have been spent on water related projects. This was very much needed because water bodies have been shrinking, especially in rural India. India became a water deficient nation 5 years ago, and every year since then, the water level has shrunk further. Though over Rs 20,000 crores under MGNREGA has been spent each year during the last decade on developing rural water bodies, wells, aquifers, catchment areas, etc, these were not permanent assets.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2019 |publisher=Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India |title=Water Conservation under MGNREGS |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1576612 |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>
[[File:MGNREGA Labour at work.jpg|thumb|MGNREGA Workers removing mud from a dry pond at village Asir, District Sirsa of Haryana, India]]

=== Convergence ===
There has been increasing rationale for convergence of MNREGA with other government schemes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2013 |title=Convergence of MNREGA with other welfare schemes on anvil |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/convergence-of-mnrega-with-other-welfare-schemes-on-anvil/articleshow/22556915.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Nayak |first1=Narayan Chandra |last2=Jenamani |first2=Mamata |last3=Sahoo |first3=Bimal K |title=Assessment of the Convergence Activities under Mahatma Gandhi NREGA in Odisha |url=https://tsird.gov.in/documents/resources/cnrm/Assessment%20of%20the%20Convergence%20Activities%20under%20Mahatma%20Gandhi%20NREGA%20in%20Odisha.pdf |website=Telangana State Institute of Rural Development |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj}}</ref> Assets created under the act have been converged with aligning assets from other schemes such as housing and sanitation schemes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiyar |first=Yamini |date=4 July 2019 |title=Should PM-KISAN and MGNREGS Co-Exist? |url=https://cprindia.org/should-pm-kisan-and-mgnregs-co-exist/ |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=Centre for Policy Research}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vasudevan |first1=Gayathri |last2=Singh |first2=Shanu |last3=Gupta |first3=Gaurav |last4=Jalajakshi |first4=C. K. |date=2020 |title=MGNREGA in the Times of COVID-19 and Beyond: Can India do More with Less? |journal=The Indian Journal of Labour Economics |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=799–814 |doi=10.1007/s41027-020-00247-0 |issn=0971-7927 |pmc=7478243 |pmid=32921943}}</ref> [[Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme|Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme]] was converged in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2012 |title=Govt converges MPLAD & MGNREGA to create more durable assets |work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/govt-converges-mplad-mgnrega-to-create-more-durable-assets/articleshow/11605108.cms |access-date=2022-04-19}}</ref> Trekking trails have been planned in Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Naresh K |date=2020-02-09 |title=Chamba to develop trekking trails under MGNREGA convergence scheme |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chamba-to-develop-trekking-trails-under-mgnrega-convergence-scheme/story-aYMe2kJdN6NLYSpgtAwusM.html |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Convergence calls for greater inter-department cooperation.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last= |date=August 23, 2018 |title=MGNREGA and DAYNRLM convergence, best method to address state's dev progs: Tashi {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2018/08/23/mgnrega-and-daynrlm-convergence-best-method-to-address-states-dev-progs-tashi/ |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=The Arunachal Times}}</ref> While convergence has been seen as a way to save resources, at the same time it weakens income means for those availing the scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandy |first=Debmalya |date=28 September 2021 |title=A shift in focus in NREGA |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/a-shift-in-focus-in-nrega/cid/1832449 |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

=== Composition of youth workforce ===
In 2013-14, the ratio of young workers among total MGNREGA workers was 13.64 per cent which came down to 7.73 percent in 2017-18 before rising to 9.1 percent in 2018-19 and 10.06 percent in 2019-20.The trend shows that a steady decline in the proportion of young workers, those between 18 and 30, under the Act has halted and has begun to rise in the wake of [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetisation]] and the rollout of [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|GST]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Harikishan |date=22 October 2019 |title=Distress signal: Share of youngest workers in NREG begins to rise |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/distress-signal-share-of-youngest-workers-in-nreg-begins-to-rise-6081133/ |access-date=2020-04-04 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref> This has been projected by a section of analysts as a reflection of rural distress intensifying.

== Subsequent developments ==
By 2015, over a thousand advisories and circulars related to the act had been issued.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tewari |first=Ruhi |date=13 November 2015 |title=Save MGNREGA, don't drown it in paperwork |url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/mgnrega-narendra-modi-nda-upa-panchayats-rural-development-ministry/story/1/7346.html |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=DailyO}}</ref>

=== New amendments proposed in 2014 ===
{{Update section|date=October 2015}}
Union Rural Development Minister [[Nitin Gadkari]] proposed to limit MGNREGA programmes within tribal and poor areas. He also proposed to change the labour: material ratio from 60:40 to 51:49. As per the new proposal, the programme will be implemented in 2,500 backward blocks.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Yadav |first=Anumeha |date=2014-09-21 |title=Changes to MGNREGS may cut into wages |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/changes-to-mgnregs-may-cut-into-wages/article6433087.ece |access-date=2022-04-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Yadav |first=Anumeha |date=2014-11-05 |title=With Gadkari away, MNREGS changes yet to take shape |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/With-Union-Rural-Development-Minister-Nitin-Gadkari-away-MNREGS-changes-yet-to-take-shape/article60415966.ece |access-date=2022-04-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Both proposals came in for sharp criticism. A number of economists with diverse views opposed the idea of restricting or "focusing" implementation in a few districts or blocks.<ref>{{cite web |author=Dilip Abreu |author2=Pranab Bardhan |author3=Maitreesh Ghatak |author4=Ashok Kotwal |author5=Dilip Mookherjee |author6=Debraj Ray |date=Nov 22, 2014 |title=Wrong numbers: Attack on NREGA is misleading |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/all-that-matters/Wrong-numbers-Attack-on-NREGA-is-misleading/articleshow/45085301.cms |access-date=18 January 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravallion |first=Martin |date=2014-10-24 |title=MGNREGA is unwell |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/mgnrega-is-unwell/ |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ray |first=Atmadip |date=12 November 2014 |title=NREGA is in need of reform: Jean Dreze, economist-cum-activist |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/nrega-is-in-need-of-reform-jean-dreze-economist-cum-activist/articleshow/45117070.cms |access-date=2022-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2014 |title=Full Text of Leading Economists' Letter to PM Modi on NREGA |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/full-text-of-leading-economists-letter-to-pm-modi-on-nrega-679089 |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

In the November 2014 cabinet expansion, [[Birender Singh (politician, born 1946)|Birender Singh]] replaced Nitin Gadkari as rural development minister. Among the first statements made by the new minister was an assurance that NREGA would continue in all districts. Around the same time, however, NREGA budget saw a sharp cut,<ref>{{cite news |last=Acharya |first=Namrata |date=8 November 2014 |title=Sharpest-ever fund cut for rural job scheme |newspaper=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/sharpest-ever-fund-cut-for-rural-job-scheme-114110801336_1.html}}</ref> and in the name of 'focusing' on a few blocks the programme has been limited to those blocks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkatesh |first=M |date=17 November 2014 |title=Union Government Limits MGNREGA to 69 Taluks |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2014/nov/17/union-government-limits-mgnrega-to-69-taluks-683393.html |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 November 2014 |title=NREGA will cover all 600 districts: Birender Singh |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nrega-will-cover-all-600-districts-birender-singh/articleshow/45108673.cms |access-date=2022-04-18}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=Select blocks?|date=April 2022}}

The Government of India (GoI) has created a new Ministry of Jal Shakti to allow faster decision making on all subjects related to water. On 1 July 2019 the GoI has launched the ambitious Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA) across 256 districts covering 1593 water stress blocks with a focus on water conservation and rain water harvesting. The effort will be to make water conservation a “mass movement” like Swachhata Abhiyan in the country [https://nrega.org.in/ MGNREGA] is a key partner in the JSA and is committed to make it a success.

=== Save MGNREGA ===
In September 2014 'Save MGNREGA' is a set of demands proposed during the joint meeting of the national leadership of [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]] (CITU), [[All India Agricultural Workers Union]] (AIAWU), [[All India Democratic Women's Association]] (AIDWA) and [[All India Kisan Sabha]] (AIKS) in New Delhi. The [[agenda (meeting)|agenda]] was to discuss the dilution of MGNREGA scheme by the new government. Following demands were proposed:<ref>{{cite web |date=14 September 2014 |title=Call for joint movement to Protect and strengthen MGNREGA |url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2014/0914_pd/call-joint-movement-protect-and-strengthen-mgnrega |website=Peoples Democracy}}</ref>

# Government of India should increase the Central allocation for the scheme so that number of workdays can be increased to 200 and per day wage can be increased to Rs. 300.
# Job card to be issued for everyone who demands job, failing which, after 15 days employment benefits should be given.
# Minimum 150 days of work should be ensured to all card holders
# Minimum wage act should be strictly implemented. Delay in wage payment should be resolved.
# MGNREGA should be extended to urban areas.
# Gram Sabhas should be strengthened to monitor proper implementation of the scheme and also to check corruption.

=== New amendments proposed in 2017 ===
Finance Minister [[Arun Jaitley]] announced Rs. 48,000 crore to be allocated to the MGNREGA as a part of [[2017 Union budget of India]].<ref>{{citation |last1=Chitravanshi |first1=Ruchika |title=Arun Jaitley gives highest ever allocation for MGNREGS in Budget 2017 |date=2 February 2017 |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/highest-ever-allocation-for-mgnrega-at-rs-48000-crore-arun-jaitley/articleshow/56907695.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Chitnis |first=Purva |title=Budget 2017: Highest Ever Allocation For MGNREGA At Rs 48,000 Crore, Says Jaitley |date=1 February 2017 |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/union-budget-india/budget-2017-highest-ever-allocation-for-mgnrega-at-rs-48000-crore-says-jaitley |newspaper=Bloomberg Quint}}</ref>

==Criticism==
{{Quote box
| quote = My political instincts tell me that MNREGA should not be discontinued... This is a living monument of your failure to tackle poverty in 60 years. After so many years in power, all you were able to deliver is for a poor man to dig ditches a few days a month.
| author = Prime Minister Narendra Modi
| source = February 2015<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=27 February 2015 |title=Modi says MNREGA will continue as a living monument to Congress failure |url=http://scroll.in/article/710095/modi-says-mnrega-will-continue-as-a-living-monument-to-congress-failure |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-02 |agency=PTI |title=Now Modi govt praises MGNREGA, 'living monument of UPA's failure' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/u-turn-on-mgnrega-now-nda-govt-terms-scheme-cause-of-national-pride-2606330.html |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>. Environment Sciences says the true story, i.e. revival of the Water Table (ref Ministry of Rural Development).
| width = 250px
}}

A major criticism of the MGNREGA is that a lot of money disbursed by the government gets siphoned off by middlemen, thus leaving a number of MGNREGA workers either with unpaid wages or less than standard wages. In Mahuadand, [[Jharkhand]], most of the people who had worked under the MGNREGA did not get paid, while some either got paid less than stipulated or were given 5 kg of rice by private contractors instead.<ref name="wire1">{{cite news|last1=Narayanan|first1=Rajendran|title=Communalism Has Been Injected Even in Bread and Butter Issues of Jharkhand|url=https://thewire.in/151604/communalism-has-been-injected-even-in-the-bread-and-butter-issues-ofjharkhand/|access-date=27 June 2017|publisher=The Wire|date=27 June 2017}}</ref> Following allegations of corruption in the scheme, the NDA government ordered a re-evaluation of MNREGA in 2015.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{citation |last=Bhalla |first=Surjeet S. |title=No proof required: Move from NREGA to cash transfers |date=12 December 2014 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/no-proof-required-move-from-nrega-to-cash-transfers |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref> Between 2017 and 2021 about 1000 crore of funds were stolen in the form of bribes, ghost accounts and fake material rates (loss rate is 0.4% p.a.).<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2021 |title=Nearly Rs 1,000 Crore Misappropriated In Last Four Years Under NREGA Schemes |url=https://thewire.in/government/rs-935-crore-misappropriated-last-four-years-nrega-schemes-government-audits |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=The Wire}}</ref> However there are proponents that claim NREGA is relatively successful in reducing corruption.<ref name=":6" />

Another criticism of NREGA is that it is making agriculture less profitable.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahapatra |first=Richard |date=15 March 2013 |title=Victim of its success |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/victim-of-its-success-40443 |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Down to Earth}}</ref> Landholders often oppose it on these grounds. The big farmer's point of view can be summed up as follows: landless labourers are lazy and they don't want to work on farms as they can get money without doing anything at NREGA worksites; farmers may have to sell their land, thereby laying foundation for the [[corporate farming]].{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}. Farm workers earn twice as much per day (breakfast, lunch and samosa & tea included), as the workers on NREGA workssites.

Economists like [[Jagdish Bhagwati]] and [[Arvind Panagariya]] have described NREGA as "an inefficient instrument of shifting income to the poor" – the general notion being that it takes five rupees to transfer one rupee to NREGA workers. This may be an exaggeration of consultancies, reviews and analysis, and needs to be verified by the National Institute of Rural Development (Hyderabad), and compared with green renovation of the parks in urban India. Economists including [[Surjit Bhalla]] have termed it as unsuccessful suggesting that schemes such as the NREGA need to be junked, saying that any scheme with 85 percent leakages can't be proclaimed to be "working successfully".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akanksha |date=2016-02-11 |title=11 Years of NREGA: Surjit Bhalla on the Failure of the Scheme |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/nrega-has-been-a-horrendous-failure-economist-surjit-bhalla |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

Issues related to delayed/inadequate wage payments persist in the programme’s implementation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delays in processing of MGNREGA wage payment |url=https://www.dvara.com/research/blog/2021/05/03/delays-in-processing-of-mgnrega-wage-payments/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/inordinate-delay-in-release-of-funds-for-mgnrega-workers-discouraging-parliamentary-panel/620037/|title='Inordinate delay' in release of funds for MGNREGA workers discouraging — Parliamentary panel |date=11 March 2021 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Economic development in India]]
* [[Poverty in India]]
* [[Midday Meal Scheme]]
* [[Public Distribution System]]
* [[National Food Security Act, 2013]]
* [[Attacks on RTI activists in India]]
* [[Job guarantee]]
* [[Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{Clear}}

==References==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
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{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Sudha |first1=Narayanan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgPIDgAAQBAJ |title=The "Discouraged Worker Effect" in public works programs: Evidence from the MGNREGA in India |last2=Upasak |first2=Das |last3=Yanyan |first3=Liu |last4=Barrett |first4=Christopher |date=2017 |publisher=Intl Food Policy Res Inst }}
* {{Cite web |last1=Narayanan |first1=Rajendran |last2=Dhorajiwala |first2=Sakina |last3=Buddha |first3=Chakradhar |date=January 2021 |title=Can a Machine Learn Democracy? |url=https://cse.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Narayanan_Dhorajiwala_Buddha_Machine_Democracy_Jan_2021.pdf |publisher=Centre for Sustainable Employment, Azim Premji University}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Reddy |first1=A. Amarender |last2=Singha Roy |first2=Namrata |last3=Pradeep |first3=Divya |date=2021 |title=Has India's Employment Guarantee Program Achieved Intended Targets? |journal=SAGE Open |language=en |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=215824402110522 |doi=10.1177/21582440211052281 |s2cid=239609046 |issn=2158-2440|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dDlfDwAAQBAJ |title=Employment Guarantee Programme and Dynamics of Rural Transformation in India: Challenges and Opportunities |date=2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-6262-9 |veditors=Madhusudan B, PK V, Rudra NM, Cynthia B |ref={{sfnref|Chapter 1, Employment Guarantee Programme and Dynamics of Rural Transformation in India|2018}}}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons-inline|Category:NREGA|NREGA}}
* {{Official website|https://mgnrega.in/}}
* [https://ruraldiksha.nic.in/RuralDashboard/MGNREGA_NEW.aspx# Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523023402/https://ruraldiksha.nic.in/RuralDashboard/MGNREGA_New.aspx |date=23 May 2022 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130816020142/http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2013/Civil/Report_6/Report_6.html Report of the CAG on Performance Audit of MGNREGA]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130921125532/http://nrega.nic.in/netnrega/writereaddata/Circulars/MGNREGA_SAMEEKSHA.pdf MGNREGA Sameeksha, An Anthology of Research Studies on MGNREGA]
* [https://nrega.nic.in/Netnrega/WriteReaddata/Circulars/AMC_2018-19_nk_v3_21.03.18.pdf MGNREGA Master Circular Guide FY2018-19]
* [https://nrega.nic.in/Netnrega/Data/SPS_Watershed_Works_Manual_Eng.pdf National Rural Employment Guarantee Act Watershed Works Manual 2006]
* [https://www.cwds.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/NREGA_Report.pdf Women in NREGA: Issues of Child Care. Case Studies from Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh]
* [https://mgnrega.org/ NREGA website]

{{India topics}}

[[Category:Employment in India]]
[[Category:Rural development in India]]
[[Category:Welfare in India]]
[[Category:Indian labour law]]
[[Category:Right to work]]
[[Category:Work relief programs]]
[[Category:Manmohan Singh administration]]

Drugs Control Act, 1950

2026-03-25T21:19:47Z

Athenian:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Drugs (Control) Act, 1950
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to provide for the control of the sale, supply and distribution of drugs.
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/repealedfileopen?rfilename=A1950-26.pdf 26 of 1950]
| territorial_extent = [[India]]
| enacted_by =
| date_passed =
| date_enacted = 7 April 1950
| enacted_by2 =
| date_passed2 =
| date_assented =
| date_commenced =
| date_of_expiry =
| date_repealed =
| administered_by =
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| bill_date =
| introduced_by =
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| conf_committee_passed =
| bill2 =
| bill_citation2 =
| bill_date2 =
| introduced_by2 =
| 1st_reading2 =
| 2nd_reading2 =
| 3rd_reading2 =
| conf_committee_passed2 =
| date_conf_committee =
| white_paper =
| committee_report =
| amended_by = Delegated Legislation Provisions (Amendment) Act, 2004 (4 of 2005) Repealing and Amending Act, 2016 (23 of 2016)
| repeals = The Drugs (Control) Ordinance, 1949 (XXVI of 1949)
| related_legislation =
| summary =
| keywords =
| status = in force amended
}}
The '''Drugs Control Act, 1950''' (Act 26 of 1950) is an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] which regulates the pricing of drugs. It allows the government to fix the maximum price of any drug.<ref name="Pillay2012">{{cite book|author=Pillay|title=Modern Medical Toxicology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MFcHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30|accessdate=22 February 2015|date=30 November 2012|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Publishers|isbn=978-93-5025-965-8|page=30}}</ref>

==Summary==
The Act allows the [[Government of India]] to control the sales, supply and distribution of any drug in India. The government can set maximum selling price, and impose various restriction on sale, including the maximum quantity to be possessed by a dealer and the maximum quantity to be sold to one person.<ref name=full>{{cite web|title=Drugs (Control) Act, 1950|url=http://clap.nls.ac.in/legis/legis17.pdf|publisher=[[National Law School of India University]]|accessdate=21 February 2015}}</ref>

The Act requires a retailer to give a cash [[memorandum]] to the customer for any purchase above {{currency|5|INR}}, and in case the purchase is below {{currency|5|INR}} the retailer must give a memo if the customer demands.<ref name=full/>

The violation of the Act carries a maximum of 3 years with or without fine. In case of corporate violators, every
director, manager, secretary, agent or other officer or person concerned with the management may be prosecuted unless he/she the offence occurred without his/her knowledge. The investigating officer must have the rank of [[List of police ranks in India|Inspector]] in the police.<ref name=full/>

==See also==
* [[Drug policy of India]]
* [[List of acts of the Parliament of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1950]]
[[Category:Drug control law in India]]

Sangeet Natak Akademi Award

2026-03-23T06:34:40Z

Athenian: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Indian music award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = Award for contributions to [[Performing arts]]
| awarded_for = Award for performing arts in [[India]]
| sponsor = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]
| firstawarded = 1952
| lastawarded = 2023
| reward =
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner =
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner =
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner =
| website = {{Official URL}}
| previous = [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
| next =
}}
{{Indian music|expanded=Awards}}
'''Sangeet Natak Akademi Award''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: Saṅgīta Nāṭaka Akādamī Puraskāra), also known as the '''Akademi Puraskar''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=25 November 2022 |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi to felicitate 86 artistes |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/special-sangeet-natak-akademi-awards-on-75th-anniversary-of-independence/article66184470.ece |access-date=2 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> is an award given by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India's National Academy of Music, Dance & Drama. It is the highest Indian recognition<ref>{{cite news|title=Gursharan gets 'Akademi Ratna' |author=[[United News of India]], [[Press Trust of India]] |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | location=Chandigarh |date=2007-03-01 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070302/nation.htm#3 |access-date=2009-03-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304065453/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070302/nation.htm#3 |archive-date=4 March 2007 }}</ref> given to people in the field of performing arts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 2019 |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Award to UoH professor |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/sangeet-natak-akademi-award-to-uoh-professor/article28614913.ece |access-date=2 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2003, the award consisted of [[Rupee|Rs.]] 50,000, a citation, an ''[[Angvastra|angavastram]]'' (a [[shawl]]), and a ''tamrapatra'' (a brass plaque).<ref name="guide">{{cite web|title=Guidelines for Sangeet Natak Akademi Ratna and Akademi Puraskar|publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]|url=http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/guide-snaawards.htm|access-date=2009-07-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727235124/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/guide-snaawards.htm|archive-date=2011-07-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=24 October 2015|title=President gives away Sangeet Natak Akademi awards, fellowships|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/president-gives-away-sangeet-natak-akademi-awards-fellowships/|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210220121/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/president-gives-away-sangeet-natak-akademi-awards-fellowships/|archive-date=10 December 2016|access-date=4 December 2022|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref> Since 2009, the cash prize has been increased to ₹1,00,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Sangeet-Natak-Akademi-honour-for-Jasraj-Shreeram-Lagoo/article16815044.ece|title=Sangeet Natak Akademi honour for Jasraj, Shreeram Lagoo|date=2010-02-17|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-04-26|agency=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The awards are given in the categories of music, dance, theatre, other traditional arts and puppetry, and for contribution/scholarship in performing arts.<ref name="guide" />

{{TOC limit|4}}

== Award recipients ==
The recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi award in various categories of performing arts arelisted below:<ref name="SNAA" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm|title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar (Akademi Awards)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023610/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|publisher=sangeetnatak.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/Awardees.php?section=aa|title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards: List of Awardees|access-date=4 January 2017|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323031618/https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/Awardees.php?section=aa|archive-date=23 March 2021}}</ref>

==Music==

=== Hindustani music ===

==== Vocal ====
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1952 – [[Mushtaq Hussain Khan]]
*1953 – [[Kesarbai Kerkar]]
*1954 – [[Rajab Ali Khan]]
*1955 – [[Anant Manohar Joshi]]
*1956 – [[Rajabhaiyya Poonchhwale]]
*1957 – [[Rasoolan Bai]]
*1958 – Ganesh Ramachandra Behere
*1959 – [[Krishnarao Shankar Pandit]]
*1960 – Altaf Hussain Khan
*1961 – [[Y. S. Mirashi Buwa]]
*1962 – [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]]
*1963 – [[Omkarnath Thakur]]
*1964 – [[Rahim-ud-in Khan Dagar|Rahimuddin Khan Dagar]]
*1965 – [[Hirabai Barodekar]]
*1966 – [[Siddheswari Devi]]
*1967 – [[Amir Khan (singer)|Amir Khan]]
*1968 – [[Mogubai Kurdikar]]
*1969 – [[Ram Chatur Mallick|Ramchatur Mallick]]
*1970 – [[Nissar Hussain Khan|Nisar Hussain Khan]]
*1971 – [[Mallikarjun Mansur]]
*1972 – [[Begum Akhtar]]
*1973 – [[Gangubai Hangal]]
*1974 – [[Kumar Gandharva]]
*1975 – [[Bhimsen Joshi]]
*1975-76 [[Gavri Devi]] (Vocal) (Jodhpur, Rajasthan)
*1976 – [[Narayanrao Vyas]]
*1977 – [[Girija Devi]]
*1978 – [[Khadim Hussain Khan]]
*1979 – Sarachchandra Arolkar
*1980 – Nivruttibua Sarnaik
*1981 – [[Basavaraj Rajguru]]
*1982 – [[Vasantrao Deshpande]]
*1983 – [[Mahadev Prasad Mishra]]
*1984 – [[Sharafat Hussain Khan]]
*1985 – [[Kishori Amonkar]], [[Aminuddin Dagar]]
*1986 – [[Gavri Devi]] (Vocal) (Jodhpur, Rajasthan)
*1986 – [[Asgari Bai]], [[Firoz Dastur]], [[Manik Varma]]
*1987 – [[C. R. Vyas]], [[Shobha Gurtu]], [[Pandit Jasraj]],
*1988 – [[Padmavati Gokhale Shaligram]]
*1989 – [[Jitendra Abhisheki]]
*1990 – [[K. G. Ginde]], [[Dhondutai Kulkarni]]
*1991 – N. Zahiruddin Dagar, [[Prabha Atre]]
*1992 – [[Ramarao V. Naik]], [[Shiv Kumar Shukla]]
*1993 – [[Balasaheb Poonchwale|Bala Saheb Poochwale]], [[Rahim Fahimuddin Dagar]]
*1994 – [[Sulochana Brahaspati]], [[Zia Fariddudin Dagar]]
*1995 – [[A. Kanan]]
*1996 – Dinkar Kaikini, [[Hafeez Ahmed Khan]]
*1997 – L. K. Pandit
*1998 – [[Puttaraj Gawai]]galu, [[Parveen Sultana]], [[Rajan and Sajan Mishra]]
*1999–2000 – [[Ajoy Chakraborty]], [[Rita Ganguly]], [[Malabika Kanan]]
*2001 – Abhay Narayan Mallick, [[Sangmeshwar Gurav|Sangameshwar Gurav]], [[Malini Rajurkar]]
*2002 – [[Sushila Rani Patel]], Sharayu Kalekar
*2003 – [[Ghulam Mustafa Khan (singer)|Ghulam Mustafa Khan]], [[Yeshwant Balkrishna Joshi]]
*2004 – [[Balwantrai Bhatt|Balwant Rai Bhatt]], [[Singh Bandhu|Tejpal Singh]] and [[Surinder Singh (singer)|Surinder Singh]]
*2005 – [[SCR Bhatt|S. C. R. Bhat]], [[Ramashreya Jha]]
*2006 – Vijay Kumar Kichlu, [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]]
*2007 – [[Vidyadhar Vyas]], Govardhan Mishra
*2008 – [[Ulhas Kashalkar]], [[M.R. Gautam]]
*2009 – [[Abdul Rashid Khan]], [[Vasundhara Komkali]]
*2010 – [[Chhannulal Mishra]], [[Yashpaul]]
*2011 – [[Shruti Sadolikar]], [[Pandit Venkatesh Kumar]]
*2012 – Shankar Lal Mishra, [[Rajashekhar Mansur]], [[Ajay Pohankar]]
*2013 – [[Ritwik Sanyal]], [[Veena Sahasrabuddhe]]
*2014 – [[Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande]], [[Iqbal Ahmad Khan]], [[Nathrao Neralkar]]
*2015 – [[Mashkoor Ali Khan]]
*2016 – [[Prabhakar Karekar]]
*2017 – [[Lalith J. Rao]], Umakant and Ramakant Gundecha - [[Gundecha Brothers]]
*2018 – [[Mani Prasad]], [[Madhup Mudgal]]
*2019 – [[Vinayak Torvi]], Prem Kumar Mallick
*2020 – [[Sumitra Guha]], [[Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar]]
*2021 – [[Uday Bhawalkar]], [[Subhra Guha]]
*2022 – [[Devaki Pandit]], Harvinder Singh
*2023 – [[Kalapini Komkali]], Vinod Kumar Dwivedi
{{div col end}}

==== Instrumental ====
===== [[Pungi|Been]]/[[Rudra Veena]]/[[Vichitra Veena]] =====
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1969 – [[Dabir Khan]]
*1977 – [[Asad Ali Khan]]
*1981 – [[Zia Mohiuddin Dagar]]
*1994 – [[Pandit Gopal Krishan]]
*2012 – [[Bahauddin Dagar]]

{{div col end}}

===== [[Flute]] =====
*1983 – [[Hari Prasad Chaurasia|Pt. Hari Prasad Chaurasiya]]
*1986 – [[Devendra Murdeshwar]]
*1994 – [[Raghunath Seth]]
*2010 – [[Nityanand Haldipur]]
*2014 – [[Ronu Majumdar]]
*2017 – [[Rajendra Prasanna|Pt. Rajendra Prasanna]]
*2019 – [[Chetan Joshi]]

===== [[Guitar]] =====
*2005 – [[Brij Bhushan Kabra]]

===== [[Harmonium]] =====
*2000 – [[Appa Jalgaonkar]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=17 September 2009 |title=Appa Jalgaonkar no more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/appa-jalgaonkar-no-more/articleshow/5020330.cms |access-date=7 January 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
*2005 – [[Tulsidas Borkar|Tulsidas Vasant Borkar]]
*2022 – Dharamnath Mishra

===== [[Pakhavaj]] =====
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1955 – Govind Rao Burhanpurkar
*1965 – Sakharam Tavde
*1967 – Ayodhya Prasad
*1978 – [[Purushottam Das]]
*1988 – Ramshankardas Pagaldas
*1991 – [[Chatrapati Singh]]
*1993 – Gopaldas Panse
*1995 – Ram Ashish Pathak
*2003 – [[Bhavani Shankar]]
*2011 – Totaram Sharma
*2020 – Dal Chand Sharma

{{div col end}}

===== [[Santoor]] =====
*1986 – [[Shivkumar Sharma]]
*1993 – [[Bhajan Sopori]]
*2018 – [[Tarun Bhattacharya]]

===== [[Sarangi]] =====
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1966 – Shakoor Khan
*1975 – [[Ram Narayan]]
*1976 – Gopal Misra
*1986 – [[Sabri Khan]]
*1988 – Hanuman Prasad Mishra
*1990 – [[Abdul Latif Khan|Abdul Lateef Khan]]
*1992 – [[Sultan Khan (musician)|Sultan Khan]]
*1996 – Inderlal Dhandra, Ramchandra Mishra
*2008 – [[Ramesh Mishra]]
*2013 – [[Dhruba Ghosh]]
*2023 – [[Moinuddin Khan (musician)|Moinuddin Khan]]
{{div col end}}

===== [[Sarod]] =====
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}*1952 – [[Allauddin Khan]]
*1953 – [[Hafiz Ali Khan]]
*1963 – [[Ali Akbar Khan]]
*1971 – [[Radhika Mohan Maitra]]
*1986 – [[Sharan Rani Backliwal]]
*1988 – Zarin Sharma
*1989 – [[Amjad Ali Khan]]
*1993 – [[Buddhadev Das Gupta]]
*1999–2000 – [[Rajeev Taranath]]
*2004 – [[Aashish Khan]]
*2018 – [[Tejendra Majumdar]]
*2022 – Basant Kabra{{div col end}}

===== [[Shehnai]] =====
*1956 – [[Bismillah Khan|Ustad Bismillah Khan]]
*1985 – Ali Hussain Khan
*1989 – Pt. [[Anant Lal]]
*1996 – [[Raghunath Prasanna|Pt. Raghunath Prasanna]]
*2008 – [[Krishna Ram Chaudhary]]
*2009 – [[Ali Ahmed Hussain Khan|Ali Ahmad Hussain]]
*2017 – [[Rajendra Prasanna]]

===== [[Sitar]] =====
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1958 – Yusuf Ali
*1960 – [[Wahid Khan]]
*1962 – [[Ravi Shankar|Pt. Ravi Shankar]]
*1968 – [[Mushtaq Ali Khan]]
*1974 – [[Nikhil Banerjee]]
*1987 – [[Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan]], [[Imrat Khan]] (also Surbahar)
*1989 – Balaram Pathak
*1992 – Uma Shankar Mishra
*1994 – [[Shamim Ahmed Khan]]
*1996 – [[Debu Chaudhuri]]
*2001 – [[Manilal Nag]]
*2003 – [[Arvind Parikh]]
*2006 – [[Shahid Parvez]]
*2010 – [[Budhaditya Mukherjee]]
*2015 – [[Kartick Kumar|Karthick Kumar]]
*2019 – [[Manju Mehta]]
*2020 – [[Kushal Das]]
*2023 –Harvinder Kumar Sharma
{{div col end}}

===== [[Surbahar]] =====
*1991 – [[Annapurna Devi]]
*2011 – [[Pushparaj Koshti]]

===== [[Tabla]] =====
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1954 – [[Ahmed Jan Thirakwa|Ustad Ahmed Jan Thirakwa]]
*1959 – Ustad Jahangir Khan
*1961 – Pt. Kanthe Maharaj
*1970 – Masit Khan
*1976 – Karamatulla Khan
*1979 – [[Samta Prasad|Pt. Samta Prasad]]
*1982 – [[Alla Rakha|Ustad Alla Rakha]]
*1984 – [[Kishan Maharaj|Pt. Kishan Maharaj]]
*1990 – [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Ustad Zakir Hussain]]
*1991 – [[Shaikh Dawood Khan|Shaikh Dawood]]
*1997 – [[Swapan Chaudhuri]], Lalji Gokhale
*1998 – Pandharinath Gangadhar Nageshkar
*1999–2000 – [[Shankar Ghosh (musician)|Shankar Ghosh]]
*2001 – Ishwar Lal Mishra
*2002 – [[Bhai Gaitonde|Suresh B. Gaitonde]], [[Anindo Chatterjee]]
*2004 – [[Suresh Talwalkar|Pt. Suresh Talwalkar]]
*2006 – [[Kumar Bose]]
*2007 – [[Nandan Mehta]]
*2009 – Lachman Singh Seen
*2012 – Sabir Khan (Tabla)
*2013 – Hashmat Ali Khan
*2014 – [[Nayan Ghosh|Pt. Nayan Ghosh]]
*2016 – Arvind Mulgaonkar
*2017 – [[Yogesh Samsi|Pt. Yogesh Samsi]]
*2021 – [[Ravindra Yavagal]]
{{div col end}}

===== [[Violin]] =====
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1972 – [[Gajananrao Joshi]]
*1980 – [[V. G. Jog]]
*1990 – [[N. Rajam]]
*1995 – [[D. K. Datar]]
*1996 – [[Annavarapu Rama Swamy]]
*1997 – [[Sisir Kana Dhar Chowdhury]]
*2007 – Ramoo Prasad Shastri
*2016 – [[Kala Ramnath]]
*2021 – [[Sangeeta Shankar]]
*2023- H.K Venkatram

{{div col end}}

=== Carnatic music ===

==== Vocal ====
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1952 – [[Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar]]
*1953 – [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer|Semmangudi R. Srinivasa Iyer]]
*1954 – [[Mysore Vasudevachar|Mysore K. Vasudevacharya]]
*1955 – [[Maharajapuram Viswanatha Iyer|Maharajapuram Vishwanatha Iyer]]
*1956 – [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]]
*1957 – [[Musiri Subramania Iyer]]
*1958 – [[Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavathar]]
*1959 – [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]]
*1960 – [[Madurai Mani Iyer]]
*1961 – [[Mudicondan Venkatarama Iyer|Mudikondan C. Venkatarama Iyer]]
*1962 – [[D. K. Pattammal]]
*1963 – [[B. Devendrappa]]
*1964 – [[Chittoor Subramaniam Pillai|Chittoor S. Subramanyam]]
*1965 – [[T. Brinda]]
*1966 – Madurai Srirangam Iyengar
*1967 – C. Venkata Rao
*1968 – [[Alathur Srinivasa Iyer]]
*1969 – [[Dandapani Desikar]]
*1970 – [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]
*1971 – N. Channakeshaviah
*1972 – [[T. Muktha]]
*1973 – [[B.S. Raja Iyengar]]
*1974 – [[M. D. Ramanathan]]
*1975 – [[Mangalampalli Balamurali Krishna|M. Balamurali Krishna]]
*1976 – [[K.V.Narayanaswamy]]
*1977 – [[Sripada Pinakapani]]
*1978 – [[S. Somasundaram|Madurai S. Somasundaram]]
*1979 – [[R K Srikanthan]]
*1980 – [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan|Seerkhazhi S. Govindarajan]]
*1981 – [[Radha Jayalakshmi|Radha and Jayalakshmi]]
*1982 – [[T. M. Thiagarajan]]
*1983 – [[D. K. Jayaraman]]
*1984 – [[Maharajapuram Santhanam|Maharajapuram V. Santhanam]]
*1985 – Voleti Venkatesvarulu
*1986 – [[B. Rajam Iyer]]
*1986 – [[Nedunuri Krishnamoorthy]]
*1987 – [[Madurai N. Krishnan]]
*1987 – [[Mani Krishnaswami]]
*1988 – [[Nookala Chinna Satyanarayana]]
*1989 – Titte Krishna Iyengar
*1990 – [[T. V. Sankaranarayanan]]
*1991 – [[S. Rajam]]
*1992 – K. R. Kumaraswamy Iyer
*1993 – [[Tiruchi S. Swaminatha Iyer|Trichy Swaminathan Iyer]]
*1994 – C. S. Krishna Iyer
*1995 – [[R. Vedavalli]]
*1996 – [[T. K. Govinda Rao]]
*1997 – M. S. Balasubramanya Sarma
*2000 – [[S. R. Janakiraman]]
*2001 – B. V. Raman
*2002 – [[T. R. Subramaniam]]
*2003 – [[Trichur V. Ramachandran]], M. A. Narasimhachar
*2004 – Thiruvengadu A. Jayaraman, [[C. Saroja]] & [[C. Lalitha]]
*2005 – S. V. Parthasarrathy, [[P. S. Narayanaswamy]]
*2006 – D. Pasupathi, [[Chingleput Ranganathan]]
*2007 – B. Krishnamoorti
*2008 – [[Puranam Purushottama Sastri]]
*2009 – [[Parassala B. Ponnammal|Parassala B Ponnammal]]
*2010 – [[Suguna Purushothaman]], [[Mysore Nagamani Srinath]]
*2011 – J. Venkataraman
*2012 – [[O. S. Thyagarajan]]
*2013 – [[Aruna Sairam]], D. Seshchari & D. Raghavachari ([[Hyderabad Brothers]])
*2014 – [[Neyveli Santhanagopalan]]
*2015 – [[Rudrapatnam Brothers|R.N. Tharanathan]], [[Suguna Varadachari]], [[Rudrapatnam Brothers|R.N. Thiagarajan]]
*2016 – [[Neela Ramgopal]], [[K. Omanakutty]]
*2017 – [[M. S. Sheela]]
*2018 – [[Alamelu Mani]], [[Malladi Suribabu]]
*2019 – [[Charumathi Ramachandran]], [[Palai C.K. Ramachandran]]
*2020 – [[R. K. Padmanabha]], [[Garimella Balakrishna Prasad|G. Balakrishna Prasad]]
*2021 – [[Sudha Ragunathan]], [[Radha Namboodiri]]
*2022 – [[Maharajapuram S. Ramachandran]], [[Manda Sudharani]]
*2023 – [[Bombay Jayashri]], Shankar Sastry{{div col end}}

==== Instrumental ====
===== [[Clarinet]] =====
*1994 – [[A. K. C. Natarajan]]

===== [[Flute]] =====
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1954 – [[Palladam Sanjiva Rao]]
*1961 – T. N. Swaminatha Pillai
*1965 – [[T. R. Mahalingam (flautist)|T. R. Mahalingam]]
*1984 – [[N. Ramani|Natesan Ramani]]
*1987 – [[T. Viswanathan]]
*1989 – [[Sikkil Sisters - Kunjumani & Neela]]
*1997 – [[N. Kesi|Kesi Narayanaswamy]]
*1999–2000 – [[T.S Sankaran]]
*2004 – [[Prapancham Sitaram]]
*2017 – [[Shashank Subramanyam]]
*2019 – [[Sikkil Mala Chandrasekar]]

{{div col end}}

===== [[Ghatam]] =====
*1988 – [[Thetakudi Harihara Vinayakram]]
*1995 – [[Umayalpuram K. Narayanaswamy]]
*2011 – [[E. M. Subramaniam]]
*2014 – [[Sukanya Ramgopal]]

===== [[Gottuvadhyam]] =====
*1958 – [[Budaloor Krishnamurthy Shastri]]
*2006 – [[N. Ravikiran]]

===== [[Kanjira]] =====
*2001 – [[G. Harishankar]]

===== [[Mandolin]] =====
*2009 – [[U. Srinivas]]

===== [[Mridangam]] =====
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1956 – [[Palghat Mani Iyer]]
*1975 – [[C.S. Murugabhupathy]]
*1979 – [[Kolanka Venkata Raju]]
*1983 – [[Palghat R. Raghu]]
*1987 – [[T. K. Murthy]]
*1990 – [[T. V. Gopalakrishnan]]
*1991 – [[Vellore G. Ramabhadran]]
*1992 – [[Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman]]
*1994 – [[Dandamudi Ramamohan Rao]]
*1996 – [[Guruvayur Dorai]]
*1998 – [[Karaikudi Mani]]
*1999–2000 – V. Kamalakar Rao
*2002 – [[Yella Venkateswara Rao|Yella Venkateshwara Rao]]
*2004 – [[Madras A. Kannan]]
*2006 – [[Thiruvarur Bakthavathsalam]]
*2008 – [[Mannargudi Easwaran]]
*2009 – [[Dandamudi Sumathi Ram Mohan Rao]]
*2010 – [[Srimushnam V. Raja Rao]]
*2012 – [[K. V. Prasad]]
*2013 – [[Trichy Sankaran]]
*2016 – [[J. Vaidhyanathan]]
*2017 – [[Tiruvarur Vaidyanathan]]
*2019 – [[Trivandrum V. Surendran]]
*2020 – [[Patri Satish Kumar]]
*2023 – Neyveli Narayanan
{{div col end}}

===== [[Nadaswaram]] =====
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1955 – [[T. N. Rajarathinam Pillai]]
*1962 – Thiruvengadu Subramania Pillai
*1966 – P. S. Veeruswamy Pillai
*1972 – T. S. Natarajasundaram Pillai
*1976 – [[Sheik Chinna Moulana]]
*1981 – [[Namagiripettai Krishnan]]
*1995 – [[Domada Chittiabbayi]]
*2005 – Ongale N. Rangaiah
*2007 – [[S. R. D. Vaidyanathan]]
*2011 – Seshampatti T Sivalingam
*2013 – [[Thiruvizha Jayashankar]]
*2017 – S.Kasim, S.Babu - [[Kasim-Babu Brothers]]

{{div col end}}

===== [[Saxophone]] =====
*2003 – [[Kadri Gopalnath]]

===== [[Thavil]] =====
*1985 – Valangaiman A. Shanmugasundaram Pillai
*1988 – [[Valayapatti A. R. Subramaniam]]
*2001 – [[Haridwaramangalam A. K. Palanivel]]
*2014 – [[Thiruvalaputhur T A Kaliyamurthy]]
*2021 – Thanjavur R. Govindarajan
*2022 – Vinukonda Subrahmanyam

===== [[Veena]] =====
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1952 – [[Karaikudi Sambasiva Iyer]]
*1960 – L. Subramanya Sastri
*1968 – [[K. S. Narayanaswamy]]
*1969 – Devakottai A. Narayana Iyengar
*1970 – [[Mysore V. Doreswamy Iyengar]]
*1973 – [[Emani Sankara Sastry]]
*1977 – [[S. Balachander]]
*1980 – [[Thanjavur K. P. Sivanandam]]
*1986 – [[Rajeswari Padmanabhan]]
*1988 – [[R. Pichumani Iyer]]
*1990 – [[Chitti Babu (musician)|Chitti Babu]]
*1992 – M. K. Kalyanakrishna Bhagavathar
*1993 – [[Kalpakam Swaminathan]]
*2001 – R. N. Doreswamy
*2002 – [[E. Gayathri]]
*2007 – [[Vidya Shankar (musician)|Vidya Shankar]]
*2011 – Ayyagari Syamasundaram
*2017 – [[Suma Sudhindra]]
*2021 – [[D. Balakrishna]]n
*2022 – [[Jayanthi Kumaresh]]

{{div col end}}

===== [[Violin]] =====
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1953 – [[Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu]]
*1957 – [[Tirumakudalu Chowdiah]]
*1959 – [[Kumbakonam Rajamanickam Pillai]]
*1963 – T. K. Jayarama Iyer
*1964 – K. N. Chinnaswamy Iyer
*1967 – [[Papa Venkataramaiah|K. S. Venkataramiah 'Papa']]
*1971 – Madurai S. Subramanya Iyer
*1974 – [[T. N. Krishnan]]
*1978 – [[Lalgudi Jayaraman]]
*1982 – [[M. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
*1986 – [[M. Chandrasekaran]]
*1988 – Chalakudy N. S. Narayanaswamy
*1989 – R. K. Venkatarama Sastry
*1991 – [[Kandadevi S. Alagiriswamy]]
*1993 – [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
*1996 – [[Annavarapu Rama Swamy|Annavarapu Ramaswamy]]
*1997 – [[T. Rukmini]]
*1998 – [[M. S. Anantharaman]]
*1999–2000 – [[R. R. Keshavamurthy]]
*2003 – [[A. Kanyakumari]]
*2005 – [[V.V. Subrahmanyam|V. V. Subrahmanyam]]
*2008 – [[B. Sasikumar]]
*2010 – [[Nagai Muralidharan]]
*2012 – Mysore M. Nagaraja
*2014 – Dwaram Durga Prasad Rao
*2015 – [[G. J. R. Krishnan|Lalgudi G. J. R. Krishnan]]
*2016 – [[Mysore Manjunath]]
*2018 – [[Ganesh and Kumaresh]]
*2020 – M. A. Sundareswaran
*2023 – [[H. K. Venkatram]]
{{div col end}}

=== Creative and experimental music ===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1973 – Vishnudas Shirali
*1976 – Timir Baran Bhattacharya
*1978 – [[Rai Chand Boral]]
*1982 – [[Vijay Raghav Rao]]
*1983 – [[C. S. Jayaraman|Chidambaram S. Jayaraman]]
*1986 – [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]]
*1986 – M. B. Srinivasan
*1986 – [[Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay]]
*1988 – [[Bhaskar Chandavarkar]]
*1989 – [[Vanraj Bhatia]]
*1990 – [[L. Subramaniam]]
*1994 – V. Balsara
*1995 – Atul Desai
*1997 – Satish Bhatia
*1998 – [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]]
*2001 – S. Rajaram
*2002 – [[K. P. Udayabhanu]]
*2007 – [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]]
*2012 – [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
*2020 – [[Bickram Ghosh]]
*2022 – [[Purushottam Upadhyay]], [[Osman Mir]]
*2023 – S. Shekhar, [[Niladri Kumar]]{{div col end}}

=== Other major traditions of music ===
*1986 - Chhabi Banerjee ([[Kirtan]] song of [[West Bengal]])
*1996 – [[Hemanta Kumar Jamatia]] (Folk and tribal music of [[Tripura]])
*2008 – Ningombam Ibobi Singh ([[Manipuri Sankirtana|Nata Sankirtana]], Manipur)
*2009 – L. Ibohalmacha Singh (Nata Sankirtana, Manipur)
*2010 – M.V. Simhachala Sastry ([[Harikatha]], Tirupathi)
*2011 – [[Gopal Chandra Panda]] (Odissi Music)
*2012 – Bhai Balbir Singh Ragi ([[Gurbani]])
*2013 – Bankim Sethi (Odissi Music)
*2015 – [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]] (Sugam Sangeet), [[Prafulla Kar]] (Sugam Sangeet), [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]] (Sugam Sangeet)
*2018 – [[Suresh Wadkar]] (Sugam Sangeet), [[Shanti Hiranand]] (Sugam Sangeet), H. Ashangbi Devi (Nata Sankirtana, Manipur)
*2019 – O. S. Arun (Sugam Sangeet), [[Sharma Bandhu]] (Sugam Sangeet), D. Uma Maheshwari (Harikatha)
*2020 – [[Anup Jalota]] (Sugam Sangeet), N. Irabot Singh (Nata Sankirtana)
*2021 – Susmita Das (Sugam Sangeet), H. R. Leelavathi (Sugam Sangeet), Kumud Diwan (Thumri)
*2022 – Sapam Kullabi Singh (Nata Pung), Sitaram Singh (Sugam Sangeet)
*2023 – [[L. V. Gangadhara Sastry]], Sangita Gosain (Oddissi Music)
*2023-[Bharat Sharma Vyas(Folk Music-Bihar)

==Dance==
=== [[Bharatanatyam]] ===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1955 – [[Balasaraswati|T. Balasaraswati]]
*1957 – [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]]
*1959 – [[Mylapore Gowri Amma]]
*1962 – R. Muthurathnambal
*1965 – P. Chockkalingam Pillai
*1966 – [[Vazhuvoor B. Ramiah Pillai]], Swarnasaraswathi
*1968 – [[Kumari Kamala|Kamala]]
*1969 – [[T. K. Swaminatha Pillai]]
*1970 – [[Shanta Rao]]
*1971 – T. Chandrakanthamma
*1972 – Sikkil Ramaswami Pillai
*1973 – [[Kumbakonam K. Bhanumathi]]
*1974 – [[K. P. Kittappa Pillai]]
*1976 – M. Muthiah Pillai
*1977 – [[Yamini Krishnamurthy]]
*1979 – Pandanallur Subbaraya Pillai
*1981 – [[Indrani Rahman]]
*1982 – [[Vyjayanthimala]]
*1983 – [[Padma Subramanyam]]
*1984 – Subramaniam Sarada, [[Sudharani Raghupathy]]
*1985 – T. K. Mahalingam Pillai
*1986 – Krishnaveni Lakshmanan
*1987 – U. S. Krishna Rao and Chandrabhaga Devi, [[Chitra Visweswaran|Chitra Viswaswaran]]
*1989 – [[Muthuswamy Pillai|V. S. Muthuswamy Pillai]]
*1990 – [[Kalanidhi Narayanan]]
*1991 – [[Adyar K. Lakshman]]
*1992 – [[K. J. Sarasa]]
*1993 – Guru Kubernath Tanjorkar(Tanjavurkar), [[C. V. Chandrasekhar]]
*1994 – [[Dhananjayans|V. P. Dhananjayan and Shanta Dhananjayan]]
*1995 – [[M. K. Saroja]], Indira Rajan
*1996 – [[Sarada Hoffman]]
*1997 – [[Kanaka Srinivasan]]
*1998 – [[Lakshmi Viswanathan]]
*1999–2000 – K. Kalyanasundaram Pillai, [[Leela Samson]], [[H. R. Keshava Murthy]]
*2001 – [[Alarmel Valli]], [[Pratibha Prahlad]]
*2002 – [[Malavika Sarukkai]]
*2003 – [[C.K. Balagopalan]]
*2004 – [[Nirmala Ramachandran]]
*2005 – R. Rhadha
*2006 – [[S. Narmada]]
*2007 – [[Sucheta Bhide Chapekar]]
*2008 – [[Saroja Vaidyanathan]]
*2009 – [[Ananda Shankar Jayant]]
*2011 – [[Narthaki Nataraj]] (First Transgender to receive SN Akademi Award)
*2012 – [[Priyadarsini Govind]]
*2013 – Jamuna Krishnan, B. Herabhanathan
*2014 – Adayar Janardanan
*2015 – Ranganayaki Jayaraman
*2016 – [[Geeta Chandran]]
*2017 – [[Rama Vaidyanathan]]
*2018 – Radha Sridhar
*2019 – [[Vasundhara Doraswamy]]
*2020 – [[Meenakshi Chitharanjan]]
*2021 – Jayalakshmi Eshwar
*2022 – [[Manjula Ramaswamy]]
*2023 – [[Urmila Satyanarayana]]{{div col end}}

=== [[Chhau dance|Chhau]] ===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1963 – Sudhendra Narayan Singh Deo (Seraikella)
*1971 – [[Ananta Charan Sai Babu|Ananta Charan Sai]] (Mayurbhanj)
*1975 – Krishna Chandra Naik (Mayurbhanj)
*1981 – [[Kedar Nath Sahoo]] (Seraikella)
*1982 – [[Gambhir Singh Mura]] (Purulia)
*1987 – Madan Mohan Lenka (Mayurbhanj)
*1988 – Srihari Nayak (Mayurbhanj)
*1990 – Bikram Kumbhakar (Seraikella)
*1991 – Chandra Sekhar Bhanj (Mayurbhanj)
*2004 – [[Shashadhar Acharya]]
*2012 – Jai Narayan Samal
*2014 – Jagru Mahato
*2015 – Sadashiva Pradhan
*2016 – [[Gopal Prasad Dubey]]
*2017 – Janmajay Saibabu
*2018 – Tapan Kumar Pattanayak (Seraikella)
*2019 – Brajendra Kumar Pattnaik
*2020 – Trilochan Mohanta
*2021 – Bhuvan Kumar
*2022 – Sadhucharan Mahato
*2023 – Parikshit Mahato{{div col end}}

=== Creative dance/Choreography ===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1960 – [[Uday Shankar]]
*1970 – [[Mrinalini Sarabhai]]
*1976 – [[Narendra Sharma (dancer)|Narendra Sharma]]
*1979 – Prabhat Ganguli
*1980 – R. K. Priyagopal Sana
*1981 – [[Acharya Parvati Kumar|Parvati Kumar]]
*1984 – [[Rajkumar Singhajit Singh]]
*1989 – [[Maya Rao]]
*1991 – [[Chandralekha (dancer)|Chandralekha]]
*1992 – Sachin Shankar
*1993 – Manjusri Chaki Sircar
*1995 – [[Astad Deboo]]
*1999–2000 [[Mallika Sarabhai]]
*2001 – [[Gul Bardhan]]
*2002 – Sambhu Bhattacharya
*2005 – Th. Chaotombi Singh
*2006 – Gorima Hazarika
*2008 – [[Yog Sunder Desai]]
*2009 – Daksha Sheth
*2010 – Uttara Asha Coorlawala
*2011 – [[Tanushree Shankar]]
*2014 – [[Navtej Singh Johar]]
*2015 – W. Lokendrajit Singh
*2016 – [[Anita Ratnam]]
*2018 – Deepak Mazumdar
*2019 – [[Mamata Shankar]]
*2020 – Bhushan Lakhandri
*2022 – Bharat Sharma
*2023 – [[Nirupama Rajendra]]{{div col end}}

=== [[Kathak]] ===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1955 – [[Shambhu Maharaj]]
*1957 – Baijnath Prasad "[[Lacchu Maharaj]]"
*1959 – [[Sunder Prasad]]
*1962 – [[Mohanrao Kallianpurkar]]
*1964 – [[Birju Maharaj]]
*1968 – [[Damayanti Joshi]]
*1969 – [[Sitara Devi]]
*1974 – Gauri Shankar Devilal Kathak
*1975 – [[Roshan Kumari]]
*1979 – [[Rohini Bhate]]
*1982 – Kartik Ram, [[Kumudini Lakhia]]
*1984 – [[Durga Lal]]
*1987 – [[Uma Sharma]]
*1991 – Reba Vidyarthi
*1995 – Ramlal Bareth
*1996 – [[Rani Karnaa]]
*1998 – Sunderlal Sathyanarayan Gangani
*1999–2000 – [[Shovana Narayan]]
*2000 – Surendra Saikia
*2002 – [[Rajendra Gangani]]
*2003 – [[Sunayana Hazarilal|Sunayana Hazarilal Agarwal]], Urmila Nagar
*2004 – [[Saswati Sen]]
*2005 – Tirath Ram Azad
*2006 – [[Munna Shukla]]
*2007 – [[Geetanjali Lal]]
*2008 – [[Shashi Sankhla]]
*2009 – [[Prerana Shrimali]]
*2010 – Malabika Mitra
*2011 – Manjushree Chatterjee
*2012 – Vijay Shankar
*2013 – Rajashree Shirke
*2014 – [[Uma Dogra]]
*2016 – [[Jitendra Maharaj]]
*2017 – [[Shobha Koser]]
*2018 – Maulik Shah, Ishira Parikh
*2019 – [[Raghav Raj Bhatt]] & [[Mangala Bhatt]]
*2020 – [[Kumkum Dhar]]
*2021 – [[Shama Bhate]]
*2022 – [[Kamalini Asthana and Nalini Asthana]]
*2023 – Jagdish Gangani{{div col end}}

=== [[Kathakali]] ===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1956 – [[Guru Kunchu Kurup]]
*1958 – Thotton K. Chandu Panikkar
*1961 – [[Thekkinkattil Ravunni Nair]]
*1963 – [[Chenganoor Raman Pillai]]
*1965 – [[Guru Gopinath]]
*1967 – [[Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair]]
*1968 – Kurichi Kunjan Panickar
*1969 – [[Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair]]
*1970 – M. Vishnu Namboodiri
*1971 – [[Kudamaloor Karunakaran Nair]]
*1972 – M. Madhava Panicker
*1973 – Velinezhi K. Nanu Nayar
*1973 – [[Kavungal Chathunni Panicker]]
*1974 – [[Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair]]
*1975 – K. Sankarankutty Panicker
*1983 – [[Champakulam Pachu Pillai]]
*1985 – [[Mankompu Sivasankara Pillai]]
*1987 – [[Kalamandalam Gopi]]
*1988 – [[Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair]]
*1989 – Oyoor Kochugovinda Pillai
*1991 – Chennithala Chellapan Pillai
*1993 – [[Kalamandalam Padmanabhan Nair]]
*1996 – Kottakkal Krishnan Kutty Nair
*1997 – [[Madavoor Vasudevan Nair]]
*1998 – [[Kottakkal Sivaraman]]
*1999–2000 – [[Nelliyode Vasudevan Namboodiri]]
*2003 – [[Sadanam P. V. Balakrishnan]]
*2004 – [[Kalamandalam Vasu Pisharody]]
*2005 – [[Mathoor Govindan Kutty]]
*2006 – [[Kottakkal Chandrasekharan]]
*2007 – [[Sadanam Krishnankutty]]
*2008 – [[Kalamandalam Kuttan]]
*2009 – [[Kalamandalam Rajan]]
*2010 – [[Kalamandalam K. G. Vasudevan Nair]]
*2011 – [[Thonnakkal Peethambaran]]
*2012 – [[Vazhenkada Vijayan|Vazhengada Vijayan]]
*2013 – [[Kalamandalam M. P. S. Namboodiri]]
*2015 – K. Kunhiraman Nair
*2016 – [[Kalamandalam Ramachandran Unnithan]]
*2017 – [[Madambi Subramanian Namboodiri]]
*2019 – Kottakkal Nandakumaran Nair
*2021 – Inchakkattu Ramachandran Pillai
*2022 – [[Kalamandalam Balasubramanian]]
*2023 – [[Margi Vijayakumar]]{{div col end}}

=== [[Kuchipudi]] ===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1961 – [[V. Satyanarayana Sarma|Vedantam Satyanarayana Sarma ‘Satyam’]]
*1968 – Chinta Krishnamurthy
*1978 – C. Ramacharyalu
*1981 – [[Vempati Chinna Satyam]]
*1983 – [[Nataraja Ramakrishna]] (also Bharatanatyam)
*1985 – Vedantam Prahlada Sarma
*1987 – Pasumarthi Venugopala Krishna Sarma
*1990 – [[Sobha Naidu]]
*1991 – [[Raja and Radha Reddy|Raja Reddy and Radha Reddy]]
*1993 – Josyula Seetharamaiah
*1994 – Vedantam Parvateesam
*1998 – [[Veernala Jayarama Rao]] and Banashree Rao
*1999–2000 – [[Swapna Sundari (dancer)|Swapnasundari]]
*2003 – [[Uma Rama Rao|K. Uma Rama Rao]]
*2004 – Pasumarthi Seetha Ramiah
*2005 – Korada Narasimha Rao
*2006 – Pasumarthi Rathiah Sarma
*2007 – Yelesarapu Nageswara Sarma
*2008 – Vasanta Lakshmi and Narasimhachari
*2009 – [[Vyjayanthi Kashi]]
*2010 – Ratna Kumar
*2011 – [[Alekhya Punjala]]
*2012 – [[Vedantam Ramalinga Sastry]]
*2013 – Chinta Seetha Ramanjaneyulu
*2014 – Vedantam Radhesyam
*2015 – [[Gaddam Padmaja Reddy]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-26 |title=మాజీ ఎంపీ గడ్డం గంగారెడ్డి చిన్నకోడలికి 'పద్మశ్రీ' |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/telangana/nizamabad-kuchipudi-dancer-gaddam-padmaja-reddy-won-padma-shri-award-1430018 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref>
*2016 – A B Bala Kondala Rao
*2017 – [[Deepika Reddy]]
*2018 – Pasumarthy Ramalinga Sastry
*2019 – [[Manju Bhargavi|Manju Barggavee]]
*2020 – Pasumarthy Vithal and Bharathi Vithal
*2021 – [[N. Sailaja]]
*2022 – Bhagavatula Sethuram
*2023 – [[Maddali Usha Gayatri]]{{div col end}}

=== [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]] ===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1956 – [[Maisnam Amubi Singh]]
*1958 – Haobam Atomba Singh
*1961 – T. Amudon Sharma
*1963 – [[Atombapu Sharma]]
*1965 – [[Guru Bipin Singh]]
*1969 – Ojha Thangjam Chaoba Singh
*1972 – Kshetri Tombi Devi
*1973 – L. Koireng Singh
*1974 – L. Ibemhal Devi
*1975 – Rajani Maibi
*1976 – Ojha Maibam Ibungohal Singh
*1977 – Nayana Susheel Jhaveri
*1980 – [[Kshetrimayum Ongbi Thouranisabi Devi|L. Thouranishabi Devi]]
*1982 – L. Tombi Devi
*1985 – Khaidem Lokeshwar Singh
*1987 – Tarun Kumar Singh
*1988 – Ibopishak Sharma
*1990 – [[Thingbaijam Babu Singh|Th. Babu Singh]]
*1993 – [[Haobam Ongbi Ngangbi Devi|H. Ngangbi Devi]]
*1994 – T. Nadia Singh
*1995 – L. Thambalngoubi Devi
*1996 – [[Darshana Jhaveri]]
*1997 – Samanduram Tondon Devi
*1998 – N. Madhabi Devi
*1999–2000 – Sorokhaibam Naran Singh
*2001 – Charu Sija Mathur
*2002 – K. Ongbi Leipaklotpi Devi
*2003 – Thiyam Suryamukhi Devi, Kalavati Devi
*2005 – K. Radhamohon Sharma
*2009 – L. Bino Devi
*2010 – Phanjoubam Iboton Singh
*2011 – Priti Patel
*2014 – N. Amusana Devi
*2016 – Maisnam Kaminikumar Singh
*2017 – L.N. Oinam Ongdi Doni Devi
*2018 – Akham Lakshmi Devi
*2020 – Sruti Bandopadhay
*2021 – Thokchom Ibemubi Devi
*2022 – S. Noyonshakhi Devi
*2023 – [[Latasana Devi]]
{{div col end}}

=== [[Mohiniattam]] ===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1972 – [[T. Chinnammu Amma]]
*1978 – [[Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma]]
*1994 – [[Kalamandalam Satyabhama]]
*1998 – [[Kalamandalam Kshemavathy]]
*1999–2000 – [[Bharati Shivaji]]
*2004 – [[Kalamandalam Sugandhi]]
*2006 – [[Vimala Menon|Kalamandalam Vimala Menon]]
*2007 – [[Deepti Omchery Bhalla]]
*2008 – [[Kalamandalam Leelamma]]
*2011 – [[V. K. Hymavathy]]
*2015 – [[Mandakini Trivedi]]
*2018 – [[Gopika Varma]]
*2019 – [[Nirmala Paniker]]
*2021 – [[Neena Prasad]]
*2022 – [[Kala Vijayan]]
*2023 – [[Pallavi Krishnan]]{{div col end}}

=== [[Odissi]] ===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1966 – [[Kelucharan Mohapatra]]
*1970 – [[Pankaj Charan Das]]
*1976 – [[Sanjukta Panigrahi]] (joint award with [[Raghunath Panigrahi]] for Odissi music)
*1977 – [[Deba Prasad Das]]
*1985 – [[Mayadhar Raut]]
*1986 – [[Priyambada Mohanty Hejmadi]]
*1987 – [[Sonal Mansingh]]
*1992 – D. N. Pattnaik
*1994 – [[Kumkum Mohanty]]
*1995 – Raghunath Dutta
*1997 – [[Gangadhar Pradhan]]
*1999–2000 – [[Minati Mishra]], [[Madhavi Mudgal]]
*2002 – [[Kiran Segal]]
*2003 – Hare Krishna Behera
*2004 – Durllav Chandra Singh
*2005 – Durga Charan Ranbir
*2006 – [[Surendra Nath Jena]]
*2007 – [[Ranjana Gauhar]]
*2008 – Ramani Ranjan Jena
*2009 – [[Geeta Mahalik]]
*2010 – [[Aruna Mohanty]]
*2011 – Ramli Ibrahim
*2012 – [[Sharmila Biswas]]
*2013 – Sangeeta Dash
*2014 – Sudhakar Sahoo
*2015 – Aloka Kanungo
*2016 – [[Ratikant Mohapatra]]
*2017 – [[Sujata Mohapatra]]
*2018 – [[Surupa Sen]]
*2019 – Sutapa Talukdar
*2020 – Rabindra Atibudhi
*2022 – Niranjan Rout
*2023 – Snehaprava Samantaray{{div col end}}

=== [[Sattriya]] ===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1963 – Maniram Datta Moktar
*1978 – Bapuram Bayan Attai
*1980 – Roseshwar Saikia Bayan Moktar
*1996 – [[Indira P. P. Bora]]
*1998 – Pradip Chaliha
*1999–2000 – Parmanand Borbayan
*2001 – [[Ghanakanta Bora]]
*2004 – [[Jatin Goswami]]
*2007 – Ganakanta Dutta Borbayan
*2010 – Manik Borbayan
*2013 – Jogen Dutta Bayan
*2014 – [[Anita Sharma (sattriya dancer)|Anita Sharma]]
*2015 – [[Sarodi Saikia]]
*2016 – Haricharan Bhuyan Borbayan
*2017 – Ramkrishna Talukdar
*2018 – Tankeswar Hazarika Borbayan
*2019 – Ranjumoni Saikia
*2022 – Gobinda Saikia
*2023 – Bhaben Borbayan{{div col end}}

=== Other major traditions of dance and dance theatre ===
*2007 – [[Kalamandalam Sivan Namboodiri]] (Kutiyattam)
*2009 – Kala Krishna (Andhranatyam)
*2010 – Painkulam Rama Chakyar (Kutiyattam)
*2012 – Painkulam Damodara Chakyar (Kutiyattam)
*2013 – Srinivasa Rangachariar (Arayer Sevai)
*2021 – [[Kalamandalam Girija]] (Kutiyattam)
*2022 – Karuna Borah ([[Bhaona|Ankiya Bhaona]])
*2023 – Perini Prakash (Periniattam)

=== Music for dance ===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*2005 – Josyula Krishna Murthy (Kuchipudi Bhagavatha Maddalla)
*2006 – [[Kalamandalam Gangadharan]] (Kathakali Pattu)
*2008 – [[Ramhari Das]] (Odissi)
*2010 – [[S. Rajeswari]] (Bharatanatyam)
*2011 – Karaikudi Krishnamurthi
*2012 – Jwala Prasad
*2013 – [[Dhaneswar Swain|Dhaneshwar Swain]]
*2014 – [[Varanasi Vishnu Namboothiri]] (Kathakali)
*2015 – [[Rajkumar Bharathi]]
*2017 – [[Ashit Desai]]
*2020 – [[Prema Ramamurthy]], Arambam Tombinou Devi
*2021 – Bijay Kumar Jena
*2022 – Pusthakam Ramaa
*2023 – Kalinath Mishra

===Folk and Tribal dance===
*2019 – [[Mukund Nayak]]

{{div col end}}

==Theatre==

=== Acting ===

==== From 1952–2003 (language-wise) ====
===== Assamese =====
*1961 – [[Mitradev Mahanta|Mitradev Mahanta Adhikari]]
*2001 – Girish Chowdhury
*2019 - Pranjal Saikia

===== [[Bengali theatre]] =====
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1958 – [[Ahindra Choudhury]]
*1962 – [[Tripti Mitra]]
*1967 – Sabitabrata Dutta
*1970 – [[Sarajubala Devi|Saraju Bala Devi]]
*1973 – [[Shobha Sen]]
*1975 – [[Molina Devi]]
*1977 – Krishna Roy
*1983 – [[Kumar Roy]]
*1989 – [[Sekhar Chatterjee]]
*1995 – [[Satya Bandyopadhyay|Satya Bandopadhyay]]
*1998 – [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
*1999–2000 – [[Ketaki Dutta]] [[Sabitri Chatterjee]]
*2003 – [[Shaoli Mitra]]
{{div col end}}

===== [[Gujarati theatre]] =====
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1960 – Ashraf Khan
*1965 – [[Muljibhai Nayak|Muljibhai Khushalbhai Nayak]]
*1968 – [[Jashwant Thaker]]
*1974 – [[Pransukh Nayak|Pransukh Manilal Nayak]]
*1980 – [[Dina Pathak|Dina Pathak (Gandhi)]]
*1988 – [[Sarita Joshi]]
{{div col end}}

===== [[Hindi theatre]] =====
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1979 – [[Amrish Puri]]
*1982 – [[Manohar Singh]]
*1984 – [[Uttara Baokar]]
*1985 – Fida Hussain
*1989 – [[Surekha Sikri]]
*1990– [[Naseeruddin Shah]] (also Urdu)
*1999–2000 – [[Seema Biswas]]
{{div col end}}

===== Kannada =====
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1955 – [[Gubbi Veeranna]]
*1961 – [[Subbaiah Naidu]]
*1985 – [[B. Jayamma]]
*1992 – [[R. Nagarathnamma]]
*1994 – Balappa Yenagi
*1996 – [[B. Jayashree]]
*2003 – [[C. R. Simha]]
{{div col end}}

===== Malayalam =====
*1960 – [[C. I. Parameswaran Pillai]]
*1965 – [[V. T. Aravindaksha Menon]]
*1969 – [[N. N. Pillai]]

===== Manipuri =====
*1991 – [[Sabitri Heisnam]]
*1997 – R. K. Bhogen

===== [[Marathi theatre]] =====
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1955 – [[Bal Gandharva|Narayan Rao Rajhans 'Bal Gandharva']]
*1956 – [[Ganesh Bodas|Ganesh Govind Bodas]]
*1957 – [[Chintaman Ganesh Kolhatkar]]
*1960 – Gopal Govind Pathak
*1964 – [[Keshavrao Date|Keshav Trimbak Date]]
*1971 – [[Shreeram Lagoo]]
*1976 – [[Jyotsna Keshav Bhole|Jyotsna Bhole]]
*1978 – [[Master Dattaram|Dattaram Walwaikar]]
*1981 – [[Chintamani Govind Pendse]]
*1983 – [[Dattatray Ramachandra Bhat]]
*1986 – [[Prabhakar Panshikar|Prabhakar V. Panshikar]]
*1987 – [[Sulabha Deshpande]] (also Hindi)
*1988 – Saudagar Nagnath Gore 'Chhota Gandharva'
*1990 – [[Bhakti Barve|Bhakti Barve Inamdar]]
*1991 – [[Neelu Phule]]
*1996 – [[Mohan Agashe]]

{{div col end}}

===== Oriya =====
*1961 – Samuel Sahu

===== Sanskrit =====
*1965 – [[Daji Bhatawadekar|Krishnachandra Moreshwar "Daji Bhatawadekar"]]

===== Tamil =====
*1959 – [[Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar]]
*1962 – [[T. K. Shanmugam]]
*1967 – [[S. V. Sahasranamam]]
*1992 – [[Poornam Viswanathan]]

===== [[Telugu theatre]] =====
*1961 – [[Sthanam Narasimha Rao]]
*1963 – [[Banda Kanakalingeswara Rao]]
*1973 – [[Kalyanam Raghuramaiah]]
*1986 – [[Peesapati Narasimha Murty]]

===== Urdu =====
*1963 – [[Zohra Sehgal]]
*1994 – [[Uzra Butt]]

==== From 2004 onwards ====
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*2004 – [[Rohini Hattangady]], Ramcharan Nirmalkar
*2005 – [[Chindodi Leela]]
*2006 – Dharani Barman, [[Gita Dey]], K. Kaladharan Nair
*2007 – [[Ramesh Mehta (playwright)|Ramesh Mehta]]
*2008 – [[Markand Bhatt]], [[Arundhati Nag]]
*2009 – [[Sudha Shivpuri]], Neeta Mohindra
*2010 – [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]], Banwari Taneja, [[Maya Krishna Rao]], [[Swatilekha Sengupta]]
*2012 – Parvesh Seth, [[Nirmal Rishi]], Purisai Kannappa Sambandan
*2013 – Vasant Josalkar, Kusum Haidar
*2014 – [[Debshankar Haldar]], [[Ramdas Kamat]]
*2017 – [[Anil Tickoo]]
*2018 – [[Suhas Joshi]], Teekam Joshi
*2019 – [[Alok Chatterjee]], Pranjal Saikia
*2020 – [[Prashant Damle]], Bhupesh Joshi, Amit Banerjee
*2021 – Neeleshwar Mishra, [[Y. G. Mahendran]]
*2022 – [[Ashok Saraf]], Prem Lata Mishra
*2023 – [[Anil Rastogi|Anil Kumar Rastogi]], [[Rajeev Verma]]{{div col end}}

=== Mime ===
*1993 – [[Jogesh Dutta]]
*2002 – [[Niranjan Goswami]]
*2009 – Moinul Haque
*2018 – Swapan Nandy
*2021 – Vilas Janve
*2022 – Yumnam Sadananda Singh

=== Direction ===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* 1957 – [[Jaishankar Bhojak]] 'Sundari'
* 1959 – [[Sombhu Mitra]]
* 1961 – Kasambhai Nathubhai Mir
* 1962 – [[Ebrahim Alkazi]]
* 1964 – T. S. Rajamanikkam
* 1969 – [[Habib Tanvir]]
* 1970 – [[Adi Pherozeshah Marzban|Adi Ferozeshah Marzban]]
* 1971 – [[Satyadev Dubey]]
* 1972 – [[Shyamanand Jalan]]
* 1973 – [[Ajitesh Bandopadhyay]]
* 1974 – [[Damu Kenkre|Damodar Kashinath Kenkre]]
* 1975 – [[Vijaya Mehta]]
* 1976 – [[B. V. Karanth]]
* 1977 – Rajinder Nath
* 1978 – [[Jabbar Patel]]
* 1979 – [[B. M. Shah]]
* 1980 – [[Rudraprasad Sengupta]]
* 1981 – [[R. S. Manohar]]
* 1982 – [[Sheila Bhatia]]
* 1983 – [[Kavalam Narayana Panikkar]]
* 1985 – [[Heisnam Kanhailal]]
* 1986 – [[Alyque Padamsee]]
* 1987 – Tarun Roy
* 1987 – [[Ratan Thiyam]]
* 1989 – [[Bibhas Chakraborty|Bibhash Chakraborty]]
* 1990 – [[Geoffrey Kendal]] & Laura Kendal (Joint Award)
* 1991 – [[Fritz Bennewitz]]
* 1992 – [[Mohan Maharishi]]
* 1993 – [[Kailash Pandya]]
* 1993 – [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]]
* 1995 – [[M. K. Raina]]
* 1995 – [[Bansi Kaul]]
* 1996 – [[Purushottam Darvhekar|Purushottam Darwhekar]]
* 1997 – [[Bhanu Bharti]]
* 1998 – [[Amal Allana]]
* 1998 – [[Dulal Roy]]
* 1998 – [[Usha Ganguly]]
* 1999–2000 – [[Balwant Thakur]]
* 1999–2000 – [[Nadira Babbar|Nadira Zaheer Babbar]]
* 1999–2000 – [[Prasanna (theatre director)|Prasanna]]
* 2001 – [[Shanta Gandhi]]
* 2002 – Arun Mukherjee, Satish Anand
* 2003 – Devendra Raj Ankur, [[Neelam Mansingh Chowdhry]]
* 2004 – [[Anuradha Kapur]], Arambam Lokendra Singh, [[Raj Bisaria|Raj Besaria]]
* 2005 – Ranjit Kapoor, [[V K Sharma]]
* 2006 – E. Joychandra Singh, R. Nagesh, Amitava Dasgupta
* 2007 – Hari Madhab Mukherjee, N.C. Thakur
* 2008 – S. Ramanujam, Probir Guha
* 2009 – [[Joy Michael]], [[Dinesh Thakur]]
* 2010 – [[Veenapani Chawla]], Urmil Kumar Thapliyal
* 2011 – Alakhnandan, [[Kirti Jain]]
* 2012 – Tripurari Sharma, [[Waman Kendre]]
* 2013 – Kamalkar Muralidhar Sontakke, [[Kewal Dhaliwal]], Prasanna Ramaswamy
* 2014 – Surya Mohan Kulshreshtha, Chidambar Rao Jambe
* 2015 – Parvez Akhtar, [[Mushtaq Kak]]
* 2016 – [[Satyabrata Rout]], Rajkamal Nayak
* 2018 – Sanjay Upadhyay, S. Raghunandana
* 2019 – [[Bharti Sharma]], Kumar Sohoni, Abinash Sarma
* 2020 – Lokendra Trivedi, Mithilesh Rai
* 2021 – R. Venugopal Rao (Surabhi), Lalit Singh Pokharia, Sudesh Sharma, Ajay Malkani, Manoj Pattnaik
* 2022 – Gunakar Dev Goswami, Suresh Sharma, Susairaj A
* 2023 – Surinder Sharma, Zahoor Alam{{div col end}}

=== Playwriting ===
*Assamese
**1986 – Satya Prasad Barua
**2003 – [[Arun Sarma|Aruna Sarma]]
*Bengali
**1968 – [[Badal Sircar]]
**1969 – [[Manmatha Ray]]
**1975 – [[Bijon Bhattacharya]]
**1985 – [[Manoj Mitra]]
**1991 – [[Mohit Chattopadhyay]]a
*Dogri
**2008 – [[Narsingh Dev Jamwal]]
*Gujarati
**1961 – Prabhulal Dayaram Dwivedi
**1971 – [[C. C. Mehta]], Pragji Dossa
*Hindi
**1965 – [[Upendranath Ashk|Upendra Nath Ashk]]
**1968 – [[Mohan Rakesh]]
**1977 – [[Laxminarayan Lal|Lakshmi Narain Lal]]
**1988 – [[Dharamvir Bharati]]
**1992 – [[Surendra Verma]]
**2001 – [[Bhisham Sahni]], [[Daya Prakash Sinha|D.P. Sinha]]
**2006 – Prabhat Kumar Bhattacharya
**2004 – [[Swadesh Deepak]]
**2007 – Reoti Sharan Sharna
**2008 – [[Mudrarakshas|Mudra Rakshasa]]
*Kannada
**1963 – [[Adya Rangacharya|Adya Rangacharya 'Shriranga']]
**1972 – [[Girish Karnad]]
**1983 – [[Chandrashekhara Kambara]]
**1980 – Narasinga Rao Parwathavani
**1989 – [[G. B. Joshi]]
**1997 – [[H. S. Shivaprakash]]
*Kashmiri
**1997 – [[Moti Lal Kemmu]]
*Malayalam
**1979 – [[G. Sankara Pillai]]
**1983 – [[Kavalam Narayana Panikkar]]
**1986 – [[K. T. Muhammed]]
**1997 – [[N. Krishna Pillai]]
**2009 – [[Vayala Vasudevan Pillai]]
*Manipuri
**2007 – Yumnam Rajendra Singh
*Marathi
**1958 – [[Bhargavaram Viththal Varerkar|B.V. 'Mama' Warerkar]]
**1967 – [[P. L. Deshpande]]
**1970 – [[Vijay Tendulkar]]
**1976 – [[C. T. Khanolkar]]
**1982 – [[Motiram Gajanan Rangnekar|M.G. Rangnekar]]
**1984 – [[Vasant Shankar Kanetkar]]
**1987 – [[V.V. Shirwadkar]]
**1989 – [[Mahesh Elkunchwar]]
**1994 – [[Satish Alekar]]
**1996 – [[G.P. Deshpande]]
**2003 – [[Ratnakar Matkari|Ratnakar Ramkrishna Matkari]]
**2009 – Shankar Narayan Navre
*Mizo
**2007 – [[Lalthangfala Sailo|Lathangfala Sailo]]
*Oriya
**1981 – [[Manoranjan Das]]
**1982 – [[Biswajit Das (playwright)|Biswajit Das]]
**1987 – [[Gopal Chhotray]]
*Punjabi
**1993 – [[Gursharan Singh (theatre director)|Gursharan Singh]]
**1998 – [[Balwant Gargi]]
**2010 – [[Atamjit Singh|Atamjeet Singh]]
*Tamil
**1974 – [[S. D. Sundharam|S.D. Sundaram]]
**1999–2000 – [[Na. Muthuswamy]]
**2004 – [[Indira Parthasarathy]]
*Telugu
**2010 – [[Deerghasi Vizai Bhaskar|D. Vizai Bhaskar]]

==== 2012 onwards ====
*2012 – [[Arjun Deo Charan]]
*2013 – Rameshwar Prem, [[Pundalik Naik|Pundalik Narayan Naik]]
*2014 – [[Asghar Wajahat|Asgar Wajahat]]
*2018 – Rajiv Naik, [[Laltluangliana Khiangte]]
*2019 – [[Hrishikesh Sulabh]]
*2022 – Sohan Lal Kaul
*2023 – Asif Ali Haider Khan, Pali Bhupinder Singh

=== Allied Theatre Arts ===
*Lighting
**1974 – [[Tapas Sen]]
**1977 – V, Ramamurthy
**1989 – G.N. Dasgupta
**1994 – Kanishka Sen
**1997 – Mansukh Joshi (for scenic design also)
**1999–2000 – R.K. Dhingra
**2002 – Ashok Sagar Bhagat
**2003 – [[Sreenivas G. Kappanna]]
**2005 – [[Suresh Bhardwaj (actor)|Suresh Bhardwaj]]
**2006 - Gautam Bhattacharya
**2011 – Kamal Jain
**2019 – Souti Chakraborty
**2020 – Raghav Prakash
**2022 – Daulat Ram Vaid
**2023 – Anoop Joshi, Sandeep Dutta
*Scenic Design
**1985 – Goverdhan Panchal
**1986 – [[Khaled Choudhury]]
**1988 – [[Dattatraya Ganesh Godse]]
**1997 – Mansukh Joshi
**1999–2000 – Robin Das
**2007 – Mahendra Kumar
*Costumes/Make-up
**1981 – Ashok Srivastava (Make-up)
**1990 – Roshan Alkazi (Costume Design)
**1999–2000 – Shakti Sen (Make-up)
**2001 – [[Dolly Ahluwalia]] (Costume Design)
**2003 – Anant Gopal Shinde (Make-up)
**2004 – [[Prema Karanth]] (Costume Design)
**2008 – [[Amba Sanyal]] (Costume Designing)
**2009 – Kamal Arora (Make-up)
**2013 – Krishna Borkar (Make-up)
**2019 – N.K. Ramakrishna (Make-up)
**2020 – M. Purushottam (Costume Design)
*Music for Theatre
**1999–2000 – Kajal Ghosh, Kamal Tewari
**2005 - [[R. Paramashivan]]
**2009 – [[Kuldeep Singh (music director)|Kuldeep Singh]]
**2012 - Murari Roychoudhury
**2014 - Amod Bhatt, Amardas Manikpuri (Chhattisgarh)
*Stagecraft
**1993 – [[M.S. Sathyu]]
**1995 – N. Krishnamoorthy
**2002 – Nissar Allana
**2005 – H. V. Sharma
**2020 – N. Jadumani Singh

=== Major traditions of theatre ===
*2007 – Kolyur Ramachandra Rao ([[Yakshagana]])
*2008 – Bansi Lal Khiladi, Khayal (Rajasthan)
*2012 – Ghulam Rasool Bhagat ([[Bhand#Bhand Pather of Kashmir|Bhand Pather]])
*2014 – Manjunath Bhagwat Hostota (Yakshagana)
*2015 – [[Sarojini Nangiaramma]] ([[Koodiyattam]])<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=G. S. |date=2016-10-06 |title=A traditionalist to the core |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/A-traditionalist-to-the-core/article15412970.ece |access-date=2025-02-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*2018 – Bhagawat A. S. Nanjappa (Yakshagana), A. M. Parameswaran Kuttan Chakkiyar ([[Koodiyattam|Kutiyattam]])
*2019 – K. S. Krishanappa (Isai Natakam)
*2020 – P. P. Kandaswami ([[Koothu|Therukoothu]])
*2021 – Gunindra Nath Ojah (Music and Direction in Ankiya Bhaona)
*2022 – [[Margi Madhu Chakyar]] (Kutiyattam)
*2023 – [[Piyal Bhattacharya]] (Sanskrit Theatre)

===Other Traditional/ Folk/ Tribal/ Dance/ Music/ Theatre and Puppetry===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* 1964 – [[Mani Madhava Chakyar]] (Kutiyattam), Kerala
* 1969 – Gahan Chandra Goswami (Ankia Nat, Assam)
* 1972 – [[Kudamaloor Karunakaran Nair]] (Kathakali), Kerala
* 1976 – [[Raghunath Panigrahi]] (Joint Award with [[Sanjukta Panigrahi]] for Odissi Music, Orissa)
* 1981 – Kamini Kumar Narzary (Bodo Tribal Dance, Assam)
* 1983 – Dharmiklal Chunilal Pandya (Akhyana), Gujarat
* 1983 – [[Lalit Chandra Nath|Lalit Chandra Ojha]] (Ojapali and Deodhani Dances, Assam)
* 1984 – [[Balakrushna Dash]] (Odissi Music, Orissa)
* 1985 – Mohan Chandra Barman (Bhaona, Assam)
* 1984 – [[Bhubaneswar Mishra (musician)|Bhubaneswar Mishra]] (Odissi Music, Orissa)
* 1987 – [[Bhupen Hazarika]] (Folk Music, Assam)
* 1988 – [[Pratima Barua Pandey]] (Folk Music, Assam)
* 1989 – Rajen Pam (Tribal Music, Assam)
* 1990 – [[Rameshwar Pathak]] (Folk Music, Assam)
* 1991 – [[Wadali brothers|Puranchand Wadali & Pyarelal Wadali]] (Folk Music), Punjab
* 1992 – [[Khagen Mahanta]] (Folk Music, Assam)
* 1994 – [[M. Boyer]] ([[Tiatr]]), Goa
* 1995 – [[Teejan Bai]] ([[Pandavani]]), Madhya Pradesh
* 1997 – Arghya sen [(Rabindra Sangeet), West Bengal
* 1997 – [[P. R. Thilagam]], Kuravanji performer, Tamil Nadu
* 1998 – [[Ghulam Mohammad Saznawaz]], Jammu and Kashmir
* 2002 – Dilip Sarma & [[Sudakshina Sarma]] (Jyoti Sangeet, Assam - Joint Award)
* 2003 – [[Prabhat Sarma]] (traditional & Folk Music, Assam)
* 2003 – Kosha Kanta Deva Goswami (Mask Making Bhaona, Assam)
* 2003 – [[Banamali Maharana]] (Odissi Music, Orissa)
* 2005 – Khirod Khakhlari (Bodo Dance & Music, Assam)
* 2005 – Kashinath Pujapanda (Odissi Music, Orissa)
* 2005 – [[Mathoor Govindan Kutty]] (Kathakali), Kerala
* 2007 – Subodh Debbarma (Folk dance), Tripura
* 2007 – [[Amar Pal]] (Folk Song), West Bengal
* 2008 – Kartar Singh (Gurbani), Punjab
* 2008 – Mangi Bai Arya ([[Mand (Singing style)|Mand]]), Rajasthan
* 2008 – [[Lakha Khan|Lakha Khan Mangniyar]], (Folk Music), Rajasthan
* 2008 – Bansi Lal Khilari ([[Khayal]]), Rajasthan
* 2009 – [[Bhikhudan Gadhvi]] (Folk music), Gujarat
* 2010 – Harbhajan Singh Namdhari (Gurbani Kirtan), Punjab
* 2010 – [[Warsi Brothers|Nazeer Ahmed Khan Warsi and Naseer Ahmed Khan Warsi]] ([[Qawwali]]), Andhra Pradesh
* 2010 – [[Dwijen Mukhopadhyay|Dwijen Mukherjee]] ([[Rabindra Sangeet]]), West Bengal
* 2010 – Chandabai Tiwadi (Bharud), Maharashtra
* 2010 – T. Somasundaram (Folk dance), Tamil Nadu
* 2010 – Krishna Kumari (Folk music: Bhakha), Jammu and Kashmir
* 2010 – Chand Jagdish Tiwadi (Folk theatre: [[Bharud]]), Maharashtra
* 2011 – [[Thrippekulam Achuta Marar]], Kerala
* 2011 – [[Hemant Chauhan]] (Folk Music), Gujarat
* 2011 – [[Gurmeet Bawa]] (Folk Music), Punjab
* 2011 – Kashiram Sahu (Folk Theatre), Chhattisgarh
* 2011 – Mipham Otsal (Traditional Theatre), Jammu & Kashmir
* 2011 – Bellagallu Veeranna (Togalu Gombeyatta, Puppetry), Karnataka
* 2011 – Gopal Chandra Das (Putul Nach), Tripura
* 2011 – Kasmi Khan Niyazi (Making of musical Instrument), DeIhi
* 2012 – Go Ru Channabasappa (Folk Music - Karnataka)
* 2012 – Kinaram Nath Oja (Suknani Ojapali - Assam)
* 2012 – Prem Singh Dehati (Folk Music - Haryana)
* 2012 – [[Sulochana Chavan]] (Lavani - Maharashtra)
* 2012 – [[Mattannoor Sankarankutty|Mattannur Sankaran Kutty Marar]] (Thayambaka - Kerala)
* 2012 – [[Govind Ram Nirmalkar]] (Nacha - Chhattisgarh)
* 2012 – Heera Das Negi (Mask Making - Himachal Pradesh)
* 2013 – Meeenakshi K. (Instrument Making - Ghatam - Tamil Nadu)
* 2013 – [[Raj Begum]], Traditional, Folk Music/Dance & Theatre (Jammu & Kashmir)
* 2013 – T.A.R. Nadi Rao & N Jeeva Rao (Joint Award), Folk Music (Tamil Nadu)
* 2013 – Gurdial Singh, Instrument Making (Punjab)
* 2013 – Mohan Singh Khangura, Rabindra Sangeet (West Bengal)
* 2013 – [[Umakanta Bairagi|Umakanta Gogoi (Bairagi)]], Tokari Geet and Dehbichar Geet, (Assam)
* 2013 – Sheikh Riyajuddin alias Rajubaba, Folk Theatre (Maharashtra)
* 2014 – Puran Shah Koti (Traditional Music - Punjab)
* 2014 – Kalamandalam Ram Mohan (Makeup/Costume for Kathakali)
* 2014 – Reba Kanta Mohanta (Mask Making - Assam)
* 2014 – Abdul Rashid Hafiz (Folk Music - Jammu & Kashmir )
* 2014 – K.Shanathoiba Sharma (Thang-Ta - Manipur)
* 2014 – [[Ramdayal Sharma]] (Nautanki - U.P.)
* 2014 – [[Thanga Darlong]] (Folk Music - Tripura)
* 2015 - [[K. K. Ramachandra Pulavar]] ([[Tholpavakoothu]])<ref name="Akademi">{{cite web |title=K.K. RAMACHANDRA PULAVAR |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/K_K_Ramachandra_Pulavar.pdf |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]}}</ref>
* 2015 – Ramchandra Singh (Folk Theater - Bihar)
* 2017 – [[Mukund Nayak]] (Folk Music - Jharkhand)
* 2017 – [[Prakash Khandge]] (Folk Arts - Maharashtra)
* 2018 – [[Malini Awasthi]] (Folk Music - Uttar Pradesh)
* 2018 – Gazi Khan Barna (Folk Music - Khartal, Rajasthan)
* 2018 – [[Narendra Singh Negi]] (Folk Songs - Uttarakhand)
* 2018 – Niranjan Rajyaguru (Folk Music - Gujarat)
* 2018 – Mohd. Sadiq Bhagat (Folk Theatre - Bhand Pather, J&K)
* 2018 – Kota Sachidanand Shastry (Harikatha - Andhra Pradesh)
* 2018 – [[Arjun Singh Dhurve]] (Folk Dance - Madhya Pradesh)
* 2018 – Somnath Battu (Folk Music - Himachal Pradesh)
* 2018 – Hem Chandra Goswami (Mask Making - Assam)
* 2019 – [[Mamta Chandrakar]] (Folk Music Chhattisgarh)
* 2019 – Ram Lal (Folk Music, Uttarakhand)
* 2019 – Shankarbhai Hakabhai Dharjiya (Folk Music & Dance - Gujarat)
* 2019 – Nathulal Solanki (Folk Music - Rajasthan)
* 2019 – Pandurang Ghotkar (Folk Music - Maharashtra)
* 2019 – [[Peruvanam Kuttan Marar]] (Thayambaka - Kerala)
* 2019 – Urmila Pandey (Folk Music - Madhya Pradesh)
* 2019 – Sayed Mohmmed P.P. (Folk Music & Dance - Lakshadweep)
* 2019 – Majid Gulabsaheb Sitarmaker (Instrument Making - Maharashtra)
* 2019 – Dulal Kanji (Instrument Making - West Bengal)
* 2020 – Balkar Sidhu (Folk Dance - Punjab)
* 2020 – Nandlal Garg (Folk Music - Himachal Pradesh)
* 2020 – B. Lalthlengliana (Folk Theatre - Mizoram)
* 2020 – Ranjana Kumri Jha (Folk Music - Bihar)
* 2020 – S. G. Lakshmidevamma (Folk Music - Karnataka)
* 2020 – Tarubala Debbarma (Folk Music and Dance - Tripura)
* 2020 – Sang Jangmu (Folk Dance - Arunachal Pradesh)
* 2020 – Gafoor Khan Manganiar (Folk Music - Rajasthan)
* 2020 – Zachunu Keyho (Folk Music - Nagaland)
* 2021 – Silbi Passah (Folk Music - Meghalaya)
* 2021 – Durga Prasad Murmu (Folk Music and Dance - Jharkhand)
* 2021 – Prashanna Gogoi (Folk Music & Dance - Assam)
* 2021 – Gartigere Raghanna (H. N Raghavenda) (Folk Music - Karnataka)
* 2021 – S Samundaram (Folk Music - Tamil Nadu)
* 2021 – Data Ram Purohit (Folk Music & Theatre - Uttarakhand)
* 2021 – Mahavir Singh Guddu (Folk Music & Dance - Haryana)
* 2021 – N Tiken Singh (Folk Music - Manipur)
* 2021 – N. Sekar (Folk Music - Puducherry)
* 2021 – R. Murugan (Instrument Making - Tamil Nadu)
* 2022 – Shailesh Shrivastava (Folk Music - Uttar Pradesh)
* 2022 – Vijay Shamrao Chavan (Folk Music - Dholak, Maharashtra)
* 2022 – Tsering Jorgais (Folk Music - Ladakh)
* 2022 – Olen Megu Damin (Folk &Traditional Music & Dance - Arunachal Pradesh)
* 2022 – [[Nitu Kumari Nootan]] (Folk Music - Bihar)
* 2022 – Gaffruddin Mewati Jogi (Folk/Traditional Music – Bhapang, Rajasthan)
* 2022 – [[Tarawati Mili Bori|Tarawati Bori]] (Folk /Traditional Music - Assam)
* 2022 – K. Viswanatha Pulavar (Puppetry - Tholpavakoothu)
* 2022 – Mahendrakumar Karsandas Andani (Folk Dance - Gujarat)
* 2022 – Chingtham Ranjeet Khuman (Thang Ta - Manipur)
* 2022 – Poonam Tivari (Folk Music - Chhattisgarh)
* 2023 – Kanta Kashinath Gaude (Folk Music, Goa)
* 2023 – Swapan Mukhopadhyay (Folk Music, West Bengal)
* 2023 – Rakesh Bhatt (Folk Theatre/Music, Uttarakhand)
* 2023 – Krishna Lal Sehgal (Folk Song- Himachal Pradesh)
* 2023 – Bharat Sharma Vyas (Folk Music, Bihar)
* 2023 – [[Helen Giri Syiem]] (Folk & traditional Music, Meghalaya)
* 2023 – P. K. Kunhiraman (Traditional Music - Chenda, Kerala)
* 2023 – Abdul Gaffar Das Kanihami (Folk Music, Jammu & Kashmir)
* 2023 – Jayantibhai Maganbhai Sharma (Instrument Making, Gujarat)
* 2023 – K. Pajanivel (Martial Arts, Puducherry)
* 2023 – Gurpreet Singh Khalsa (Martial Arts, Punjab){{div col end}}

===Puppetry/ Mime/ Allied arts of traditional forms===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* 1978 – Kathinanada Das (Ravanchhaya puppetry), Orissa
* 1979 – [[Kogga Devanna Kamath|U. Kogga Devanna Kamath]] (Gombeatta puppetry), Karnataka
* 1980 – K.L. Krishnan Kutty Pulavar (Tholpava Koothu), Kerala
* 1981 – M.R. Ranganatha Rao, Karnataka
* 1983 – Meher Rustom Contractor, Gujarat
* 1987 – [[Suresh Dutta]], West Bengal
* 1992 – [[Dadi Pudumjee|Dadi Dorab Pudumjee]], Delhi
* 1995 – T. Hombiah, Karnataka
* 1998 – Kolhacharan Sahu (Ravanchhaya puppetry), Orissa
* 1999 – B.H. Puttashamachar, Karanataka
* 2001 – Hiren Bhattacharya, Assam
* 2003 – [[Puran Bhatt]], Rajasthan
* 2004 – [[Maguni Charan Kuanr]], Odisha<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/Maguni_Charan_Kuanr.pdf|title=MAGUNI CHARAN KUANR Akademi Award: Puppetry|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi}}</ref>
* 2005 – Ganpat Sakharam Masge, Maharashtra
* 2010 – K. Chinna Anjannamma (Shadow puppetry: Tolu Bommalata), Andhra Pradesh
* 2010 – K.V. Ramakrishnan and K.C. Ramakrishnan (Glove puppetry: Pava Kathakali), Kerala
* 2012 – Prafulla Karmakar (Traditional Puppetry - West Bengal)
* 2013 – Lilavati M Kavi (Bajaj), Puppetry
* 2014 – K. Kesavasamy (Puppetry - Puducherry)
* 2016 – Prabhitangsu Das (Contemporary Puppetry - Tripura)
* 2018 – [[Anupama Hoskere]] (Classical String Puppetry of Karnataka, Bengaluru)
* 2020 – Meena Nayak (Puppetry - Maharashtra)

{{div col end}}

==Films==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Key
! scope="row" | {{legend|#CEE8F0| {{Hash}} Indicates an award for the performing arts in the media|outline=blue|border=1px solid blue}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of recipients, showing the year and field
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Recipient
! scope="col" | Field
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1957
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Debaki|Bose}}
| Direction
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1957
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gajanan Digambar|Madgulkar}}
| Screenplay
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1958
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sachin Dev|Burman}}
| Music Direction
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1958
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Durga|Khote}}
| Acting
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1959
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashok|Kumar}}
| Acting
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1959
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Satyajit|Ray}}
| Direction
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1960
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chhabi|Biswas}}
| Acting
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1961
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lalita|Pawar}}
| Acting
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1961
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kavi|Pradeep}}
| Lyricist
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1961
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mukhram|Sharma}}
| Screenplay
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1988
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | {{sortname|Salil|Chowdhury}}{{Hash}}
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | {{sortname|Sudhir|Phadke}}{{Hash}}
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1992
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | {{sortname||Naushad}}{{Hash}}
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1992
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | {{sortname|K. J.|Yesudas}}{{Hash}}
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2001
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | {{sortname|Prem|Matiyani|nolink=1}}{{Hash}}
| Theatre
|}

==Overall Contribution/Scholarship==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of recipients, showing the year and field<ref name="SNAA" />
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Recipient
! scope="col" | Field
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1994
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kanak|Rele}}
| Dance
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1994
! scope="row" | {{sortname|K. V.|Subbanna}}
| Theatre
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1995
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sunil|Kothari}}
| Dance
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1996
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ram Gopal|Bajaj}}
| Theatre
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2000
! scope="row" | {{sortname|B. V. K.|Sastry}}
| Performing Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2000
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nemi Chandra|Jain}}
| Performing Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2000
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shanta Serbjeet|Singh|nolink=1}}
| Performing Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2001
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Suresh|Awasthi|nolink=1}}
| Performing Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2002
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Romesh|Chander|nolink=1}}
| Theatre
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2002
! scope="row" | {{sortname|J. N.|Kaushal|nolink=1}}
| Theatre
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2003
! scope="row" | {{sortname|P. V.|Subramanium 'Subbudu'|Subbudu}}
| Performing Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2004
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sushil Kumar|Saxena}}
| Performing Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2005
! scope="row" | [[Pratibha Agrawal]]
| Theatre
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2006
! scope="row" | [[Rekha Jain]]
| Performing Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2007
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mukund|Lath}}
| Performing Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2008
! scope="row" | {{sortname|R.|Sathyanarayana}}
| Performing Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2009
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Leela|Venkataraman|nolink=1}}
| Performing Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2010
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashok|Ranade}}
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2010
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jaidev|Taneja|nolink=1}}
| Theatre
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2011
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shrivatsa|Goswami}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2011
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sundari K.|Shridharani}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2012
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Arun|Kakade|nolink=1}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2012
! scope="row" | [[Nandini Ramani]]
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2013
! scope="row" | {{sortname|N.|Ramanathan}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2013
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mysore V.|Subramanya|nolink=1}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2014
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Indudhar|Nirody|nolink=1}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2014
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Akshara K.|V.|nolink=1}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2015
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chaman Lal|Ahuja|nolink=1}}
| Performing Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2015
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shanta|Gokhale}}
| Performing Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2015
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rani Balbir|Kaur}}
| Theatre
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2016
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Avinash|Pasricha}}
| Performing Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2017
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sandhya|Purecha}}
| Dance
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2018
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Diwan Singh|Bajeli|nolink=1}}
| Theatre
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2018
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Puru|Dadheech}}
| Dance
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2019
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Utpal K.|Banerjee}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2019
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ritha|Rajan|nolink=1}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mahesh|Champaklal}}
| Theatre
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nandkishore|Kapote}}
| Dance
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vibha|Dadheech}}
| Dance
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Premchand|Hombal|nolink=1}}
| Dance
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lakshahira|Das|Lakshahira Das|nolink=1}}
| Performing Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2022
! scope="row" | [[Prameela Gurumurthy]]
| Performing Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2023
! scope="row" | [[G. Venu]]
| Performing Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2023
! scope="row" | [[Jagdish Trivedi]]
| Performing Arts
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="SNAA">{{cite web|url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/award-honours/awardees|title=List of Awardees (1954 - 2018)|access-date=3 December 2022|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|location=New Delhi}}
*{{Cite web|year=2009|title=Sangeet Natak Academy Annual Report 2008-09|url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/reports/164093175492185.PDF|website=sangeetnatak.gov.in|publisher=Govt. of India}}
*{{cite web | url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/files2013-14/Press%20Release%20SNA%20Awards%20for%20the%20year%202013%20-%20English.pdf | title=List of Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar awardees 2013 | access-date=28 December 2013 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211111722/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/files2013-14/Press%20Release%20SNA%20Awards%20for%20the%20year%202013%20-%20English.pdf | archive-date=11 December 2013 }}
*{{cite press release|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/uploads/2018-19/PressReleaseSNAAwards2017-English.pdf |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards (Akademi Puraskar) for the Year 2017|access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119141858/https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/uploads/2018-19/PressReleaseSNAAwards2017-English.pdf |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowships (Akademi Ratna) & Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards (Akademi Puraskar) for the Year 2018 |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/08.pdf |website=pib.gov.in |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|access-date=3 December 2022}}
*{{cite press release|title=Announcement of Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowships (Akademi Ratna) & Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards (Akademi Puraskar) for the Years 2019, 2020 and 2021|url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/annoucement/1669376088_Akademi%20Main%20Awards%20for%20the%20year%202019,%202020%20&%202021.pdf|website=sangeetnatak.gov.in|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|date=25 November 2022|access-date=3 December 2022}}
*{{Cite web |date=27 February 2024 |title=Announcement of Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowships (Akademi Ratna) & Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards (Akademi Puraskar) for the Years 2022 & 2023 and Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar for the years 2022 & 2023|url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/annoucement/1709191095_Final%20Press%20Release%20for%20Sangeet%20Natak%20Akademki%20Fellowship,%20Sangeet%20Natak%20Akademi%20Awards%20and%20Ustad%20Bismilla%20Khan%20Yuva%20Puraskar%20for%20the%20years%202022%20and%202023.pdf |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=Sangeet Natak Akademi}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{Official website}}

[[Category:Awards established in 1952]]
[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of India]]
[[Category:Indian film awards]]
[[Category:Indian music awards]]
[[Category:Indian visual arts awards]]
[[Category:Indian dance awards]]
[[Category:Sangeet Natak Akademi]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in India]]

[[hi:संगीत नाटक अकादमी पुरस्कार]]

Indo-Mesopotamia relations

2026-03-22T02:07:33Z

Athenian: stub

{{Short description|none}}
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =vertical
| header=Indus–Mesopotamia relations
| image1 = Mesopotamia-Indus.jpg
| caption1 = Trade routes between Mesopotamia and the Indus would have been significantly shorter due to lower sea levels in the 3rd millennium BCE.<ref name="JR12"/>
| image2 = Sharkalisharri seal.jpg
| caption2 = Impression of a cylinder seal of the [[Akkadian Empire]], with label: "The Divine [[Sharkalisharri]] Prince of Akkad, Ibni-Sharrum the Scribe his servant". The [[Indian Buffalo|long-horned water buffalo]] depicted in the seal is thought to have come from the [[Indus Valley]], and testifies to exchanges with Meluhha, the [[Indus Valley Civilization]]. Circa 2217–2193 BCE. [[Louvre Museum]], reference AO 22303.<ref name="Cylinder Seal of Ibni-Sharrum">{{cite web |title=Cylinder Seal of Ibni-Sharrum |url=https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/cylinder-seal-ibni-sharrum |website=Louvre Museum |access-date=2019-03-26 |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209060130/https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/cylinder-seal-ibni-sharrum }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Site officiel du musée du Louvre |url=http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=12067 |website=cartelfr.louvre.fr}}</ref><ref name="Walter de Gruyter">{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Brian A. |last2=Feldman |first2=Marian H. |title=Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art |date=2013 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-1-61451-035-2 |page=187 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F4DoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA187 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Indus: Lost Civilizations">{{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=Andrew |title=The Indus: Lost Civilizations |date=2015 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78023-541-7 |page=100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzS6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 |language=en}}</ref>
| footer=
}}
'''Indus–Mesopotamia relations''' are thought to have developed during the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE, until they came to a halt with the extinction of the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] after around 1900 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stiebing |first1=William H. |title=Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-51116-0 |page=85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoyTDAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NATC">{{cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=James H. |last2=Price |first2=T. Douglas |last3=Kenoyer |first3=J. Mark |title=A new approach to tracking connections between the Indus Valley and Mesopotamia: initial results of strontium isotope analyses from Harappa and Ur |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |year=2013 |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=2286–2297 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3511650 |language=en |issn=0305-4403|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2012.12.040|bibcode=2013JArSc..40.2286K }}</ref><ref>"The wide distribution of lower Indus Valley seals and other artifacts from the Persian Gulf to Shortughaï in the Amu Darya/ Oxus River valley in Badakhshan (northeastern Afghanistan) demonstrates long-distance maritime and overland trade connections until ca. 1800 BCE." in {{cite book |last1=Neelis |first1=Jason |title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange within and beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia |date=2011 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-19458-8 |pages=94–95 |url=https://brill.com/view/title/18172 |language=en}}</ref> Mesopotamia had already been an intermediary in the trade of [[lapis lazuli]] between the [[Indus Valley]] and [[Egypt]] since at least about 3200 BCE, in the context of [[Egypt-Mesopotamia relations]].<ref name="John Wiley & Sons">{{cite book |last1=Demand |first1=Nancy H. |title=The Mediterranean Context of Early Greek History |date=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-4234-5 |pages=71–72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVSg-DOHzJMC&pg=PA71 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="CP">{{cite book |last1=Rowlands |first1=Michael J. |title=Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World |date=1987 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-25103-7 |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA37 |language=en}}</ref>

==Neolithic expansion (9000–6500 BCE)==
{{main|Neolithic Revolution|Neolithic}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Neolithic fertility figurines
| total_width=300
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Female Statuette Halaf Culture 6000-5100 BCE.jpg
| caption1 = Fertility figurine of the [[Halaf culture]], [[Mesopotamia]], 6000–5100 BCE. [[Louvre]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Site officiel du musée du Louvre |url=http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=9772 |website=cartelfr.louvre.fr}}</ref>
| image2 = Statuette Mehrgarh.jpg
| caption2 = Fertility figurine from [[Mehrgarh]], [[Indus Valley]], 7000–3100 BCE.<ref>{{cite web |title=Figure féminine – Les Musées Barbier-Mueller |url=http://www.musee-barbier-mueller.org/collections/antiquite/art-neolithique/article/figure-feminine-665?lang=fr |website=www.musee-barbier-mueller.org}}</ref>
| footer=Neolithic fertility goddesses in Mehrgarh are similar to those of the Near-East.<ref name="MBT8"/> They are all part of the Neolithic '[[Venus figurines]]' tradition, the abundant breasts and hips of these figurines suggest links to fertility and procreation.
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A first period of indirect contacts seems to have occurred as a consequence of the [[Neolithic Revolution]] and the diffusion of agriculture after 9000 BCE.{{efn|According to [[Ahmad Hasan Dani]], professor emeritus at [[Quaid-e-Azam University]], [[Islamabad]], the discovery of Mehrgarh "changed the entire concept of the Indus civilisation [...] There we have the whole sequence, right from the beginning of settled village life."<ref name="Chandler 34–42">{{cite journal|last=Chandler|first=Graham|date=September–October 1999|title=Traders of the Plain|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199905/traders.of.the.plain.htm|journal=Saudi Aramco World|pages=34–42|access-date=11 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218235318/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199905/traders.of.the.plain.htm|archive-date=18 February 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}} The prehistoric agriculture of the Indian subcontinent is thought to have combined local resources, such as humped cattle, with agricultural resources from the [[Near East]] as a first step in the 8th–7th millennium BCE, to which were later added resources from [[Africa]] and [[East Asia]] from the 3rd millennium BCE.<ref name="MBT8">{{cite book |last1=Tauger |first1=Mark B. |title=Agriculture in World History |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-94161-0 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPZb78oXek8C&pg=PA8 |language=en}}</ref> Mehrgarh is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in the subcontinent.<ref>UNESCO World Heritage. 2004. [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1876/"]. ''Archaeological Site of Mehrgarh''</ref><ref>Hirst, K. Kris. 2005. [http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/g/mehrgarh.htm "Mehrgarh"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118071157/http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/g/mehrgarh.htm |date=2017-01-18 }}. '' Guide to Archaeology''</ref>{{efn|Excavations at [[Bhirrana]], Haryana, in India between 2006 and 2009, by archaeologist K.N. Dikshit, provided six artefacts, including "relatively advanced pottery", so-called [[Hakra]] ware, which were dated at a time bracket between 7380 and 6201 BCE.<ref name="indusmilleniumold">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/india/121116/indus-civilization-2000-years-old-archaeologists|title=Archeologists confirm Indian civilization is 2000 years older than previously believed, Jason Overdorf, Globalpost, 28 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="milleniumold">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/indus-valley-2-000-years-older-than-thought/article1-954601.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209053815/http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/indus-valley-2-000-years-older-than-thought/article1-954601.aspx|archive-date=February 9, 2015|title=Indus Valley 2,000 years older than thought|date=2012-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indus-era-8000-years-old-not-5500-ended-because-of-weaker-monsoon/articleshow/52485332.cms|title=Archeologists confirm Indian civilization is 8000 years old, Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey, Times of India, 29 May 2016|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 May 2016 }}</ref><ref name="oldestbhirranna">{{cite web | title=History What their lives reveal| url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ljfXtPZHUSi5eG8Di1n9YO/History--What-their-lives-reveal.html | date=2013-01-04 }}</ref> These dates compete with Mehrgarh for being the oldest site for cultural remains in the area.<ref name="oldest">{{cite news | title=Haryana's Bhirrana oldest Harappan site, Rakhigarhi Asia's largest: ASI | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Haryanas-Bhirrana-oldest-Harappan-site-Rakhigarhi-Asias-largest-ASI/articleshow/46926693.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 April 2015}}</ref>{{pb}}Yet, Dikshit and Mani clarify that this time-bracket concerns only charcoal samples, which were radio-carbon dated at respectively 7570–7180 BCE (sample 2481) and 6689–6201 BCE (sample 2333).{{sfn|Dikshit|2013|pp=132, 131}}{{sfn|Mani|2008|p=237}} Dikshit further writes that the earliest phase concerns 14 shallow dwelling-pits which "could accommodate about 3–4 people".{{sfn|Dikshit|2013|p=129}} According to Dikshit, in the lowest level of these pits wheel-made Hakra Ware was found which was "not well finished",{{sfn|Dikshit|2013|p=129}} together with other wares.{{sfn|Dikshit|2013|p=130}}}} At [[Mehrgarh]], around 7000 BCE, the full set of [[Near Eastern]] incipient agricultural products can be found: wheat, barley, as well as goats, sheep and cattle.<ref name="MBT8"/> The rectangular houses of Mehrgarh as well as the female figurines are essentially identical with those of the Near East.<ref name="MBT8"/>

The Near-Eastern origin of South Asian agriculture is generally accepted, and it has been the "virtual archaeological dogma for decades".<ref>"It has been virtual archaeological dogma for decades that Braidwood's constellation of potentially domesticable plants... were first domesticated in the Near East... early in the Holocene (c. 8,000 to 10,000 years ago). [...] The usual story is that domestic plants and animals, and the techniques of food production, then somehow 'diffused' to other parts of the Old World, including South Asia." in {{cite book |last1=Possehl |first1=Gregory L. |title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0-7591-0172-2 |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&pg=PA24 |language=en}}</ref> [[Gregory Possehl]] however argues for a more nuanced model, in which the early domestication of plant and animal species may have occurred in a wide area from the Mediterranean to the [[Indus]], in which new technology and ideas circulated fast and were widely shared.<ref name="GLP23">{{cite book |last1=Possehl |first1=Gregory L. |title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0-7591-0172-2 |pages=23–28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&pg=PA23 |language=en}}</ref> Today, the main objection to this model lies in the fact that [[Einkorn wheat|wild wheat]] has never been found in South Asia, suggesting that either wheat was first domesticated in the Near-East from well-known domestic wild species and then brought to South Asia, or that wild wheat existed in the past in South Asia but somehow became extinct without leaving a trace.<ref name="GLP23"/>

[[Jean-François Jarrige]] argues for an independent origin of Mehrgarh. Jarrige notes "the assumption that farming economy was introduced full-fledged from Near-East to South Asia",<ref name="Jarrige">Jean-Francois Jarrige [http://www.archaeology.up.nic.in/doc/mn_jfj.pdf ''Mehrgarh Neolithic''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221610/http://archaeology.up.nic.in/doc/mn_jfj.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }}, Paper presented in the International Seminar on the "First Farmers in Global Perspective", Lucknow, India, 18–20 January 2006</ref>{{efn|name="Near East"|According to Gangal et al. (2014), there is strong archeological and geographical evidence that neolithic farming spread from the Near East into north-west India.{{sfn|Gangal|Sarson|Shukurov|2014}}{{sfn|Singh|2016}} Gangal et al. (2014):{{sfn|Gangal|Sarson|Shukurov|2014}} "There are several lines of evidence that support the idea of connection between the Neolithic in the Near East and in the Indian subcontinent. The prehistoric site of Mehrgarh in Baluchistan (modern Pakistan) is the earliest Neolithic site in the north-west Indian subcontinent, dated as early as 8500 BCE.[18]<ref>Possehl GL (1999) Indus Age: The Beginnings. Philadelphia: Univ. Pennsylvania Press.</ref>{{pb}}Neolithic domesticated crops in Mehrgarh include more than 90% barley and a small amount of wheat. There is good evidence for the local domestication of barley and the zebu cattle at Mehrgarh [19],<ref name="Jarrige JF 2008">Jarrige JF (2008) Mehrgarh Neolithic. Pragdhara 18: 136–154</ref> [20],<ref>Costantini L (2008) The first farmers in Western Pakistan: the evidence of the Neolithic agropastoral settlement of Mehrgarh. Pragdhara 18: 167–178</ref> but the wheat varieties are suggested to be of Near-Eastern origin, as the modern distribution of wild varieties of wheat is limited to Northern Levant and Southern Turkey [21].<ref>Fuller DQ (2006) Agricultural origins and frontiers in South Asia: a working synthesis. J World Prehistory 20: 1–86</ref> A detailed satellite map study of a few archaeological sites in the Baluchistan and Khybar Pakhtunkhwa regions also suggests similarities in early phases of farming with sites in Western Asia [22].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Petrie | first1 = CA | last2 = Thomas | first2 = KD | year = 2012 | title = The topographic and environmental context of the earliest village sites in western South Asia | journal = Antiquity | volume = 86 | issue = 334| pages = 1055–1067 | doi=10.1017/s0003598x00048249| s2cid = 131732322 }}</ref> Pottery prepared by sequential slab construction, circular fire pits filled with burnt pebbles, and large granaries are common to both Mehrgarh and many Mesopotamian sites [23].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Goring-Morris | first1 = AN | last2 = Belfer-Cohen | first2 = A | year = 2011 | title = Neolithization processes in the Levant: the outer envelope | journal = Curr Anthropol | volume = 52 | issue = S4 | pages = S195–S208 | doi=10.1086/658860| bibcode = 2011CurrA..52S.195G | s2cid = 142928528 }}</ref> The postures of the skeletal remains in graves at Mehrgarh bear strong resemblance to those at [[Ali Kosh]] in the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran [19].<ref name="Jarrige JF 2008">Jarrige JF (2008) Mehrgarh Neolithic. Pragdhara 18: 136–154</ref> Clay figurines found in Mehrgarh resemble those discovered at [[Teppe Zagheh]] on the Qazvin plain south of the Elburz range in Iran (the 7th millennium BCE) and [[Jeitun]] in Turkmenistan (the 6th millennium BCE) [24].<ref>Jarrige C (2008) The figurines of the first farmers at Mehrgarh and their offshoots. Pragdhara 18: 155–166</ref> Strong arguments have been made for the Near-Eastern origin of some domesticated plants and herd animals at Jeitun in Turkmenistan (pp. 225–227 in [25]).<ref name="Harris DR 2010">Harris DR (2010) Origins of Agriculture in Western Central Asia: An Environmental-Archaeological Study. Philadelphia: Univ. Pennsylvania Press.</ref>{{pb}}The Near East is separated from the Indus Valley by the arid plateaus, ridges and deserts of Iran and Afghanistan, where rainfall agriculture is possible only in the foothills and cul-de-sac valleys [26].<ref name="Hiebert FT 2002">Hiebert FT, Dyson RH (2002) Prehistoric Nishapur and frontier between Central Asia and Iran. Iranica Antiqua XXXVII: 113–149</ref> Nevertheless, this area was not an insurmountable obstacle for the dispersal of the Neolithic. The route south of the Caspian sea is a part of the Silk Road, some sections of which were in use from at least 3,000 BCE, connecting Badakhshan (north-eastern Afghanistan and south-eastern Tajikistan) with Western Asia, Egypt and India [27].<ref>Kuzmina EE, Mair VH (2008) The Prehistory of the Silk Road. Philadelphia: Univ. Pennsylvania Press</ref> Similarly, the section from Badakhshan to the Mesopotamian plains (the [[Great Khorasan Road]]) was apparently functioning by 4,000 BCE and numerous prehistoric sites are located along it, whose assemblages are dominated by the [[Cheshmeh-Ali (Shahr-e-Rey)|Cheshmeh-Ali]] (Tehran Plain) ceramic technology, forms and designs [26].<ref name="Hiebert FT 2002">Hiebert FT, Dyson RH (2002) Prehistoric Nishapur and frontier between Central Asia and Iran. Iranica Antiqua XXXVII: 113–149</ref> Striking similarities in figurines and pottery styles, and mud-brick shapes, between widely separated early Neolithic sites in the Zagros Mountains of north-western Iran (Jarmo and Sarab), the Deh Luran Plain in southwestern Iran (Tappeh Ali Kosh and Chogha Sefid), Susiana (Chogha Bonut and Chogha Mish), the Iranian Central Plateau ([[Sang-i Chakmak|Tappeh-Sang-e Chakhmaq]]), and Turkmenistan (Jeitun) suggest a common incipient culture [28].<ref>Alizadeh A (2003) Excavations at the prehistoric mound of Chogha Bonut, Khuzestan, Iran. Technical report, University of Chicago, Illinois.</ref> The Neolithic dispersal across South Asia plausibly involved migration of the population ([29]<ref>Dolukhanov P (1994) Environment and Ethnicity in the Ancient Middle East. Aldershot: Ashgate.</ref> and [25], pp. 231–233).<ref name="Harris DR 2010">Harris DR (2010) Origins of Agriculture in Western Central Asia: An Environmental-Archaeological Study. Philadelphia: Univ. Pennsylvania Press.</ref> This possibility is also supported by Y-chromosome and mtDNA analyses [30],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Quintana-Murci | first1 = L | last2 = Krausz | first2 = C | last3 = Zerjal | first3 = T | last4 = Sayar | first4 = SH | last5 = Hammer | first5 = MF | display-authors = et al | year = 2001 | title = Y-chromosome lineages trace diffusion of people and languages in Southwestern Asia | journal = Am J Hum Genet | volume = 68 | issue = 2| pages = 537–542 | doi=10.1086/318200 | pmid=11133362 | pmc=1235289 | bibcode = 2001AmJHG..68..537Q }}</ref> [31]."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Quintana-Murci | first1 = L | last2 = Chaix | first2 = R | last3 = Spencer Wells | first3 = R | last4 = Behar | first4 = DM | last5 = Sayar | first5 = H | display-authors = et al | year = 2004 | title = Where West meets East: the complex mtDNA landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian corridor | journal = Am J Hum Genet | volume = 74 | issue = 5| pages = 827–845 | doi=10.1086/383236 | pmid=15077202 | pmc=1181978 | bibcode = 2004AmJHG..74..827Q }}</ref>}} and the similarities between Neolithic sites from eastern Mesopotamia and the western Indus valley, which are evidence of a "cultural continuum" between those sites. But given the originality of Mehrgarh, Jarrige concludes that Mehrgarh has an earlier local background, and is not a {{"'}}backwater' of the Neolithic culture of the Near East".<ref name="Jarrige" />

==Land and maritime relations==
[[File:Global sea levels and vegetation during the last Ice Age (South Asia).jpg|thumb|left|Global sea levels and vegetation during the [[Last Glacial Period|Last Ice Age]]. The coastline was still roughly similar in about 10,000 BCE.<ref name="JR12"/>]]
[[File:Indus_Valley_Civilization,_Mature_Phase_(2600-1900_BCE).png|thumb|right|The Indus Valley Civilization extended westward as far as the Harappan trading station of [[Sutkagan Dor]].<ref name="JMCI"/>]]
Sea levels have been rising about 100 meters over the last 15,000 years until modern times, with the effect that coast lines have been receding vastly. This is especially the case of the coast lines of the Indus and Mesopotamia, which were originally only separated by a distance of about 1000 kilometers, compared to 2000 kilometers today.<ref name="JR12">{{cite book |last1=Reade |first1=Julian E. |title=The Indus-Mesopotamia relationship reconsidered (Gs Elisabeth During Caspers) |date=2008 |publisher=Archaeopress |isbn=978-1-4073-0312-3 |pages=12–14 |url=https://www.academia.edu/28245304 |language=en}}</ref> For the ancestors of the [[Sumerians]], the distance between the coasts of the Mesopotamian area and the Indus area would have been much shorter than it is today.<ref name="JR12"/> In particular the [[Persian Gulf]], which is only about 30 meters deep today, would have been at least partially dry, and would have formed an extension of the Mesopotamian basin.<ref name="JR12"/>

[[File:Disha Kaka Boat with Direction Finding Birds, model of Mohenjo-Daro seal, 3000 BCE.jpg|thumb|Boat with direction-finding birds to find land.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kenoyer |first1=Jonathan M. |last2=Heuston |first2=Kimberley Burton |title=The Ancient South Asian World |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-522243-2 |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CjvF88iEE8C&pg=PA66 |language=en|quote=The molded terra-cotta tablet shows a flat-bottomed Indus boat with a central cabin. Branches tied to the roof may have been used for protection from bad luck, and travelers took a pet bird along to help them guide them to land.}}</ref>{{sfn|Mathew|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=u0IwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 32]}} Model of [[Mohenjo-daro]] tablet, 2500–1750 BCE.([[National Museum, New Delhi]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=McIntosh |first1=Jane |title=The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives |date=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-907-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA158 158]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA159 159]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA158 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last2=Allchin |first2=Bridget |last1=Allchin |first1=Raymond |title=The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan |date=29 July 1982 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-28550-6 |pages=188–189, listing of figures [https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PR10 p.x]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PA189 |language=en}}</ref>]]
The westernmost Harappan city was located on the [[Makran]] coast at [[Sutkagan Dor]], near the tip of the [[Arabian Peninsula]], and is considered as an ancient maritime trading station, probably between modern day [[Pakistan]] and the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref name="JMCI">{{cite book |last1=McIntosh |first1=Jane |title=The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives |date=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-907-2 |page=181 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA181 |language=en}}</ref>

Sea-going vessels were known in the Indus region, as shown by seals showing ships with land-finding birds (''disha-kaka''), dating to 2500–1750 BCE.<ref name="KSM"/> When a boat was lost at sea, with land beyond the horizon, birds released by the mariners would securely fly back to land, and therefore show the boats the way to safety.<ref name="KSM">{{cite book |last1=Mathew |first1=K. S. |title=Shipbuilding, Navigation and the Portuguese in Pre-modern India |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-58833-1 |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u0IwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 |language=en}}</ref> Various stamp seals are known from the Indus and the [[Persian Gulf]] area, with depictions of large ships pertaining to different shipbuilding traditions.<ref name="DTP">{{cite book |last1=Potts |first1=Daniel T. |title=Mesopotamian Civilization: The Material Foundations |date=1997 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-3339-9 |pages=134–135 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OdZS9gBu4KwC&pg=PA134 |language=en}}</ref> [[Sargon of Akkad]] (c. 2334–2284 BCE) claimed in one of his inscriptions that "ships from [[Meluhha]], [[Magan (civilization)|Magan]] and [[Dilmun]] made fast at the docks of [[Akkad (city)|Akkad]]".<ref name="DTP"/>

==Commercial and cultural exchanges==
Many archaeological finds suggest that maritime trade along the shores of Africa and Asia started several millennia ago.<ref name="JR14"/> Indus pottery and seals have been found along the sea routes between the Indus and Mesopotamia, as in [[Ras al-Jinz]], at the tip of [[Arabia]].<ref>Drawings of Indus seals and inscriptions discovered in Ras al-Jinz, in {{cite journal |last1=Cleuziou |first1=Serge |last2=Gnoli |first2=Gherardo |last3=Robin |first3=Christian Julien |last4=Tosi |first4=Maurizio |title=Cachets inscrits de la fin du IIIe millénaire av. notre ère à Ra's al-Junays, sultanat d'Oman (note d'information) |journal=Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres |date=1994 |volume=138 |issue=2 |pages=453–468 |doi=10.3406/crai.1994.15376 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1994_num_138_2_15376}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frenez |first1=Dennys |title=The Indus Civilization Trade with the Oman Peninsula |journal=In the Shadow of the Ancestors. The Prehistoric Foundations of the Early Arabian Civilization in Oman – Second Expanded Edition (Cleuziou S. & M. Tosi) |date=January 2018 |pages=385–396 |url=https://www.academia.edu/38745013 |language=en}}</ref>

===Indus imports into Mesopotamia===
[[File:British Museum Middle East 14022019 Gold and carnelian beads 2600-2300 BC Royal cemetery of Ur (composite).jpg|thumb|The [[etched carnelian beads]] in this necklace from the [[Royal Cemetery of Ur|Royal Cemetery]] dating to the [[First Dynasty of Ur]] (2600–2500 BCE) were probably imported from the Indus Valley.<ref name="BM Carnelian">British Museum notice: "Gold and carnelians beads. The two beads etched with patterns in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley. They were made by a technique developed by the Harappan civilization". [[:File:Ur Grave gold and carnelian beads necklace.jpg|Photograph of the necklace in question]].</ref>]]

[[Clove]] heads, thought to originate from the [[Moluccas]] in [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] were found in a 2nd millennium BCE site in [[Terqa]].<ref name="JR14">{{cite book |last1=Reade |first1=Julian E. |title=The Indus-Mesopotamia relationship reconsidered (Gs Elisabeth During Caspers) |date=2008 |publisher=Archaeopress |isbn=978-1-4073-0312-3 |pages=14–17 |url=https://www.academia.edu/28245304 |language=en}}</ref> Evidence for imports from the Indus to [[Ur]] can be found from around 2350 BCE.<ref name="JR14"/> Various objects made with shell species that are characteristic of the Indus coast, particularly ''Trubinella Pyrum'' and ''Fasciolaria Trapezium'', have been found in the archaeological sites of Mesopotamia dating from around 2500–2000 BCE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gensheimer |first1=T. R. |title=The Role of shell in Mesopotamia: evidence for trade exchange with Oman and the Indus Valley |journal=Paléorient |volume=10 |date=1984 |pages=71–72 |doi=10.3406/paleo.1984.4350 }}</ref><ref name="NATC"/> [[Carnelian]] beads from the Indus were found in [[Ur]] tombs dating to 2600–2450.<ref name="JMI">{{cite book |last1=McIntosh |first1=Jane |title=The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives |date=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-907-2 |pages=182–190 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA189 |language=en}}</ref> In particular, carnelian beads with an etched design in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley, and made according to a technique of acid-etching developed by the [[Harappa]]ns.<ref>For the etching technique, see {{cite journal |last1=MacKay |first1=Ernest |title=Sumerian Connexions with Ancient India |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=4 |date=1925 |page=699 |jstor=25220818 }}</ref><ref name="BM Carnelian"/><ref name="FeniXX réédition numérique">{{cite book |last1=Guimet |first1=Musée |title=Les Cités oubliées de l'Indus: Archéologie du Pakistan |date=2016 |publisher=FeniXX réédition numérique |isbn=978-2-402-05246-7 |page=355 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HpYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA355 |language=fr}}</ref> [[Lapis Lazuli]] was imported in great quantity by [[Egypt]], and already used in many tombs of the [[Naqada II]] period (circa 3200 BCE). Lapis Lazuli probably originated in northern [[Afghanistan]], as no other sources are known from that time, and had to be transported across the [[Iranian plateau]] to Mesopotamia, and then Egypt.<ref name="John Wiley & Sons"/><ref name="CP"/>

Several Indus seals with Harappan script have also been found in Mesopotamia, particularly in [[Ur]], [[Babylon]] and [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]].<ref>For a full list of discoveries of Indus seals in Mesopotamia, see {{cite book |last1=Reade |first1=Julian |title=Indian Ocean In Antiquity |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-15531-4 |pages=148–152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PtzWAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA148 |language=en}}</ref><ref>For another list of Mesopotamian finds of Indus seals: {{cite book |last1=Possehl |first1=Gregory L. |title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0-7591-0172-2 |page=221 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&pg=PA221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indus stamp-seal found in Ur BM 122187 |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=805148&partId=1&images=true |website=British Museum}} {{cite web |title=Indus stamp-seal discovered in Ur BM 123208 |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=804667&partId=1&museumno=1932.1008.178&page=2 |website=British Museum}} {{cite web |title=Indus stamp-seal discovered in Ur BM 120228 |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=805338&partId=1&images=true |website=British Museum}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gadd |first1=G. J. |title=Seals of Ancient Indian style found at Ur |date=1958 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.33779/page/n11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East|page=49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JTvRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|first=Amanda H.|last=Podany|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-19-971829-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC&pg=PA246|quote=Square-shaped Indus seals of fired steatite have been found at a few sites in Mesopotamia.|author1=Joan Aruz|author2=Ronald Wallenfels|page=246|isbn=978-1-58839-043-1|year=2003| publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art }}</ref> The [[Indian Buffalo|water buffalos]] that appear on Akkadian cylinder seals from the time of [[Naram-Sin of Akkad|Naram-Sin]] (circa 2250 BCE) may have been imported to Mesopotamia from the Indus as a result of trade.<ref name="The Indus: Lost Civilizations"/><ref name="Cylinder Seal of Ibni-Sharrum"/><ref name="Walter de Gruyter"/>

[[Akkadian Empire]] records mention timber, carnelian and ivory as being imported from [[Meluhha]] by Meluhhan ships, Meluhha being generally considered as the Mesopotamian name for the Indus Valley.<ref name="JMI"/><ref name="NATC"/>

{{blockquote|'The ships from [[Meluhha]], the ships from [[Magan (civilization)|Magan]], the ships from [[Dilmun]], he made tie-up alongside the quay of Akkad'|Inscription by [[Sargon of Akkad]] (ca.2270–2215 BCE)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Himanshu Prabha |title=The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-01109-9 |page=85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHHzP4uVpn4C&pg=PA85 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Indus Civilization and Dilmun, the Sumerian Paradise Land |url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/the-indus-civilization-and-dilmun-the-sumerian-paradise-land/ |website=www.penn.museum}}</ref>}}

After the collapse of the Akkadian Empire, [[Gudea]], the ruler of [[Lagash]], is recorded as having imported "translucent carnelian" from Meluhha.<ref name="JMI"/> Various inscriptions also mention the presence of Meluhha traders and interpreters in Mesopotamia.<ref name="JMI"/> About twenty seals have been found from the Akkadian and [[Ur III]] sites, that have connections with Harappa and often use Harappan symbols or writing.<ref name="JMI"/>

{{clear}}
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Susa seal with Indus signs.jpg|A modern impression of an Indus cylinder seal discovered in Susa, in strata dated to 2600–1700 BCE. Elongated buffalo with line of standard [[Indus script]] signs. [[Tell (archaeology)|Tell]] of the Susa acropolis. [[Louvre Museum]], reference Sb 2425.<ref>{{cite web|title=Site officiel du musée du Louvre|url=http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=13544|website=cartelfr.louvre.fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Marshall|first1=John|title=Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927|date=1996|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1179-5|page=425|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ds_hazstxY4C&pg=PA425|language=en}}</ref> Indus script numbering convention per [[Asko Parpola]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Corpus by Asko Parpola|url=http://www.mohenjodaroonline.net/index.php/indus-script/corpus-by-asko-parpola|website=Mohenjodaro|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>Also, for another numbering scheme: {{cite book|last1=Mahadevan|first1=Iravatham|title=The Indus Script. Text, Concordance And Tables Iravathan Mahadevan|date=1987|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|pages=32–36|url=https://archive.org/stream/TheIndusScript.TextConcordanceAndTablesIravathanMahadevan/The%20Indus%20Script.%20Text%2C%20Concordance%20and%20Tables%20-Iravathan%20Mahadevan#page/n41/mode/2up|language=en}}</ref>
File:Indus Valley unicorn seal and etched carnelian beads found in Kish, Mesopotamia.jpg|[[Indus Valley Civilization|Indus Valley]] "Unicorn" seal and [[etched carnelian beads]] excavated in [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]] by [[Ernest J. H. Mackay]], Mesopotamia, early Sumerian period stratification, circa 3000 BCE.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=MacKay|first1=Ernest|title=Sumerian Connexions with Ancient India|journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|issue=4|date=1925|pages=698–699|jstor=25220818 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Marshall|first1=John|title=Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927|date=1996|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1179-5|page=426|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ds_hazstxY4C&pg=PA426|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ameri|first1=Marta|last2=Costello|first2=Sarah Kielt|last3=Jamison|first3=Gregg|last4=Scott|first4=Sarah Jarmer|title=Seals and Sealing in the Ancient World: Case Studies from the Near East, Egypt, the Aegean, and South Asia|date=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-17351-3|page=128|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SklVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128|language=en}}</ref><ref name="SB">"Still the largest number of Indus or Indus-type finds is from Mesopotamia. Among the seals there are four indisputably Indus specimens: two from Kish (MacKay, 1925; Langdon, 1931) and one each from Lagash (Genouillac, 1930, p. 27) and Nippur (Gibson, 1977). The Nippur seal found in a 14th century ac Kassite context is in all probability a relic of an earlier period." in {{cite book|last1=Allchin|first1=Frank Raymond|last2=Chakrabarti|first2=Dilip K.|title=A Source-book of Indian Archaeology: Settlements, technology and trade|date=1997|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|page=560|isbn=978-81-215-0465-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SNOAQAAIAAJ|language=en}}</ref>
File:Indus seal found in Telloh.jpg|Indus seal discovered in [[Telloh]], Mesopotamia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Marshall|first1=John|title=Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927|date=1996|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1179-5|pages=425–426|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ds_hazstxY4C&pg=PA425|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Thureau-Dangint|first1=F.|title=Sceaux de Tello et Sceaux de Harappa |journal=Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie Orientale|volume=22|issue=3|date=1925|pages=99–101|jstor=23283916 }}</ref>
File:Indus seal found in Kish by Langdon 1931.jpg|Indus seal found in [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]] by [[Stephen Herbert Langdon|S. Langdon]]. Pre-Sargonid (pre-2250 BCE) stratification.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Langdon|first1=S.|title=A New Factor in the Problem of Sumerian Origins|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|issue=3|date=1931|volume=63|pages=593–596|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00110615|jstor=25194308 |s2cid=163870671 }}</ref><ref name="SB"/>
File:Indus round seal with impression Elongated buffalo with Harappan scrpit imported to Susa in 2600-1700 BCE LOUVRE Sb5614.jpg|Indus round seal with impression. Elongated buffalo with Harappan script imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BCE. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. [[Louvre Museum]], reference Sb 5614<ref>{{cite web|title=Site officiel du musée du Louvre|url=http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=13556|website=cartelfr.louvre.fr}}</ref>
File:Indus carnelian beads with white design imported to Susa in 2600-1700 BCE LOUVRE Sb 13099.jpg|Indian [[carnelian]] beads with white design, etched in white with an alkali through a heat process, imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BCE. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. [[Louvre Museum]], reference Sb 17751.<ref>{{cite web|title=Site officiel du musée du Louvre|url=http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=13589|website=cartelfr.louvre.fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Guimet|first1=Musée|title=Les Cités oubliées de l'Indus: Archéologie du Pakistan|date=2016|publisher=FeniXX réédition numérique|isbn=978-2-402-05246-7|pages=354–355|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HpYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA354|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Art of the first cities: the third millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus.|page=395|url=https://archive.org/details/ArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ/page/n419|language=en}}</ref> These beads are identical with beads found in the Indus Civilization site of [[Dholavira]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nandagopal|first1=Prabhakar|title=Decorated Carnelian Beads from the Indus Civilization Site of Dholavira (Great Rann of Kachchha, Gujarat)|publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd|isbn=978-1-78491-917-7|url=https://www.academia.edu/37860117|language=en|date=2018-08-13|archive-date=2022-01-20|access-date=2019-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120032858/https://www.academia.edu/37860117}}</ref>
File:Indus bracelet made of Fasciolaria Trapezium or Xandus Pyrum imported front and back with inscribed chevron to Susa in 2600-1700 BCE LOUVRE Sb14473.jpg|Indus bracelet, front and back, made of Fasciolaria Trapezium or Xandus Pyrum imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BCE. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 14473.<ref>{{cite web|title=Louvre Museum Official Website|url=http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=13532|website=cartelen.louvre.fr}}</ref> This type of bracelet was manufactured in [[Mohenjo-daro]], [[Lothal]] and [[Balakot]].<ref name="FeniXX réédition numérique"/> The back is engraved with an oblong chevron design which is typical of shell bangles of the Indus Civilization.<ref>{{cite book|title=Art of the first cities: the third millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus.|page=398|url=https://archive.org/details/ArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ/page/n422|language=en}}</ref>
File:Indus Civilisation Carnelian bead with white design, ca. 2900–2350 BC Found in Nippur, Mesopotamian (detail).jpg|Indus Civilisation Carnelian bead with white design, ca. 2900–2350 BCE. Found in [[Nippur]], Mesopotamian.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indus carnelian bead found in Nippur Mesopotamia|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/324872|website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref>
File:Etched carnelian beads at Ur.jpg|[[Etched carnelian beads]] excavated in the [[Royal Cemetery of Ur]], tomb PG 1133, 2600–2500 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1= Harry Reginald |last2=Woolley |first2=Leonard |last3=Legrain |first3=Leon |title=Ur excavations |date=1934 |publisher=Trustees of the Two Museums by the aid of a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York |page=133 |url=https://archive.org/details/urexcavations191319join/page/n278/mode/2up}}</ref>
File:Indus Valley Civilization weight excavated in Susa. Louvre Museum Sb 17774.jpg|Indus Valley Civilization weight in veined [[jasper]], excavated in Susa in a 12th-century BCE princely tomb. Louvre Museum Sb 17774.<ref name="Metropolitan Museum of Art">{{cite book|title=Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus|date=2003|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-1-58839-043-1|pages=401–402|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC&pg=PA401|language=en}}</ref>
Harappan weights Delhi Museum.jpg|Similar Harappan weights found in the Indus Valley. [[New Delhi Museum]].<ref name="Metropolitan Museum of Art"/>
File:Indus carnelian bead UC30334 Egypt Middle Kingdom London, Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology.jpg|A rare etched [[carnelian]] bead found in Egypt, thought to have been imported from the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] through Mesopotamia. Late [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]]. London, Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, ref. UC30334.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Grajetzki|first1=Wolfram|title=Tomb 197 at Abydos, further evidence for long distance trade in the Middle Kingdom |journal=Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant|volume=24|date=2014|pages=159–170|jstor=43553796|doi=10.1553/s159 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Stevenson|first1=Alice|title=Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology: Characters and Collections|date=2015|publisher=UCL Press|isbn=978-1-910634-04-2|page=54|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEZLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54|language=en}}</ref>
</gallery>

===Mesopotamian imports into the Indus===
{{anchor | IVC Indus }}
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| caption1 = [[Uruk period]] [[Mesopotamian]] king as [[Master of Animals]] on the [[Gebel el-Arak Knife]], dated circa 3300–3200 BCE. [[Louvre Museum]], reference E 11517.<ref>{{cite web |title=Site officiel du musée du Louvre |url=http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=668 |website=cartelfr.louvre.fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Jerrol S. |title=The Study of the Ancient Near East in the Twenty-first Century: The William Foxwell Albright Centennial Conference |date=1996 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=978-0-931464-96-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hc1Yp0VcjoC&pg=PA10 |pages=10–14|language=en}}</ref>
| image2 = Indus valley civilization "Gilgamesh" seal (2500-1500 BC).jpg
| caption2 = Indus valley civilization seal, with man fighting two tigers (2500–1500 BC).<ref name="GLP">{{cite book |last1=Possehl |first1=Gregory L. |title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0-7591-1642-9 |page=146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XVgeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Popular Prakashan">{{cite book |last1=Kosambi |first1=Damodar Dharmanand |title=An Introduction to the Study of Indian History |date=1975 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-038-9 |page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTvQiXVFB0gC&pg=PR64 |language=en}}</ref>
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| caption1 = [[Enkidu]] fighting a lion, [[Akkadian Empire]] seal, Mesopotamia, circa 2200 BCE.
| image2 = Indus bull-man fighting beast.jpg
| caption2 = Fighting scene between a beast and a man with horns, hooves and a tail, who has been compared to the Mesopotamian bull-man [[Enkidu]].<ref name="Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology">{{cite book |last1=Littleton |first1=C. Scott |title=Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology |date=2005 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-7565-1 |page=732 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u27FpnXoyJQC&pg=PA732 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Marshall |first1=John |title=Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927 |date=1996 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1179-5 |page=389 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ds_hazstxY4C&pg=PA389 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Pearson Education India">{{cite book |last1=Singh |title=The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1753-0 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wsiXwh_tIGkC&pg=PA35 |language=en}}</ref> [[Indus Valley civilization]] seal.
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====Possible iconographical influences====
Various authors have described possible iconographical influences from Mesopotamia to the Indus Valley.<ref>"Possible influences from other cultures", citing Mesopotamian themes in Indus iconography {{cite book |last1=Littleton |first1=C. Scott |title=Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology: Inca-Mercury |date=2005 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-7565-1 |page=732 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u27FpnXoyJQC&pg=PA732 |language=en}}</ref> [[Gregory Possehl]] notes "Mesopotamian themes in Indus iconography", particularly designs related to the [[Gilgamesh epic]], suggesting that "some aspects of Mesopotamian religion and ideology would have been accepted at face value is a reasonable notion".<ref name="GLP"/> [[Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi]] also describes the presence of [[Gilgamesh]] on Indus seals.<ref name="Popular Prakashan"/> In the archaeological sites of the Indus valley civilization, twenty-four stone [[haematite]] weights of the Mesopotamian barrel-shaped type were found at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa.<ref name="JR16"/>

There are also many instances of influence the other way round, in which Indus Valley seals and designs have been found in Mesopotamia.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

=====Indus Valley stamp seals=====
Some Indus seals seem to show possible Mesopotamian influence, as in the "[[Gilgamesh]]" motif of a man fighting two lions (2500–1500 BCE).<ref name="GLP"/><ref name="Popular Prakashan"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Josh |first1=Jagat Pati |title=Memoirs Of The Archeological Survey Of India No.86; Vol.1 |date=1987 |page=76 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532743/page/n111}}</ref>

Several Indus Valley seals show a fighting scene between a tiger-like beast and a man with horns, hooves and a tail, who has been compared to the Mesopotamian bull-man [[Enkidu]], also a partner of Gilgamesh, and suggests a transmission of Mesopotamian mythology.<ref name="Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology">{{cite book |last1=Littleton |first1=C. Scott |title=Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology |date=2005 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-7565-1 |page=732 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u27FpnXoyJQC&pg=PA732 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Marshall |first1=John |title=Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927 |date=1996 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1179-5 |page=389 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ds_hazstxY4C&pg=PA389 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Pearson Education India">{{cite book |last1=Singh |title=The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1753-0 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wsiXwh_tIGkC&pg=PA35 |language=en}}</ref>

=====Cylinder seals=====
A few rare [[cylinder seals]] have been found in Indus valley sites, which suggest Mesopotamian influence: they were probably made locally, but they use Mesopotamian motifs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elisseeff |first1=Vadime |title=The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce |date=2000 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-57181-222-3 |page=83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zRPbecWnkoIC&pg=PA82 |language=en}}</ref> One such cylinder seal, the Kalibangan seal, shows a battle between men in the presence of [[centaurs]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ameri |first1=Marta |last2=Costello |first2=Sarah Kielt |last3=Jamison |first3=Gregg |last4=Scott |first4=Sarah Jarmer |title=Seals and Sealing in the Ancient World: Case Studies from the Near East, Egypt, the Aegean, and South Asia |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-16869-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mu9UDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT255 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="MMA239"/> Other seals show processions of animals.<ref name="MMA239">{{cite book |title=Art of the first cities: the third millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |pages=239–246|url=https://archive.org/details/ArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ/page/n263 |language=en}}</ref>

Others have suggested that the cylinder seals show the Indus valley's influence on Mesopotamia. These may have been due to overland trade between the two cultures.<ref>{{cite book|title=The external trade of Indus civilization|author=Dilip K. Chakrabarti|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|quote=The cylinder seals showing Indus influence in Mesopotamia (and also in Kalibangan) seem on the other hand to suggest that they were in response to the Indus-Mesopotamia overland trade.|year=1990}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="70px" perrow="4">
File:Mesopotamian cylinder seal with antilopes, excavated in Kish, Mesopotamia.jpg|[[Sumer]]ian cylinder seal with two long-horned [[antelope]]s with a tree or bush in front, excavated in [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]], [[Mesopotamia]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mackay|first1=Ernest John Henry|last2=Langdon|first2=Stephen|last3=Laufer|first3=Berthold|title=Report on the excavation of the "A" cemetery at Kish, Mesopotamia|date=1925|publisher=Chicago : Field Museum of Natural History|url=https://archive.org/details/reportonexcavati11mack/page/75}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mackay|first1=Ernest John Henry|last2=Langdon|first2=Stephen|last3=Laufer|first3=Berthold|title=Report on the excavation of the "A" cemetery at Kish, Mesopotamia|date=1925|publisher=Chicago : Field Museum of Natural History|page=61 Nb.3|url=https://archive.org/details/reportonexcavati11mack/page/60}}</ref>
File:Indus Valley civilization cylinder seal.jpg|A rare Indus Valley civilization [[cylinder seal]] composed of two animals with a tree or bush in front. Such cylinder seals are indicative of contacts with Mesopotamia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Podany|first1=Amanda H.|title=Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-979875-9|page=50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ez3ih5JgzUC&pg=PA50|language=en}}</ref>
File:Horned deities on an Indus Valley seal with detail.jpg|Horned deity with one-horned attendants on an Indus Valley seal. Horned deities are a standard Mesopotamian theme. 2000–1900 BCE. Islamabad Museum.<ref>"An anthropomorphic figure has knelt in front of a fig tree, with hands raised in respectful salutation, prayer or worship. This reverence suggests the divinity of its object, another anthropomorphic figure standing inside the fig tree. In the ancient Near East, the gods and goddesses, as well as their earthly representatives, the divine kings and queens functioning as high priests and priestesses, were distinguished by a horned crown. A similar crown is worn by the two anthropomorphic figures in the fig deity seal. Among various tribal people of India, horned head-dresses are worn by priests on sacrificial occasions." in {{cite book|last1=Conference|first1=Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe International|title=South Asian Archaeology, 1989: Papers from the Tenth International Conference of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, Musée National Des Arts Asiatiques-Guimet, Paris, France, 3–7 July 1989|date=1992|publisher=Prehistory Press|isbn=978-1-881094-03-6|page=227|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ye2s6ZZ09S0C|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Image of the seal with horned deity|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/bce_500back/indusvalley/sacrifice/sacrifice.html|website=www.columbia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus|date=2003|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-1-58839-043-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC&pg=PA403|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Indus Script. Text, Concordance And Tables Iravathan Mahadevan|page=139|url=https://archive.org/stream/TheIndusScript.TextConcordanceAndTablesIravathanMahadevan/Corpus%20of%20Indus%20Seals%20and%20Inscriptions.%20Collections%20in%20Pakistan#page/n173/mode/2up|language=en}}</ref>
</gallery>

===Indian genes in ancient Mesopotamia===
It has long been suggested that the [[Sumerians]], who ruled in Lower Mesopotamia from circa 4500 to 1900 BCE and who spoke a non-[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] and non-[[Semitic languages|Semitic]] language, may have initially come from India.<ref name="AHNE">{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Harry Reginald |title=The ancient history of the Near East, from the earliest times to the battle of Salamis |date=1913 |place=London |publisher=Methuen & Co. |pages=173–174 |url=https://archive.org/details/ancienthistoryof00hall/page/n229}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Daniélou |first1=Alain |title=A Brief History of India |date=2003 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-59477-794-3 |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlwoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT22 |language=en}}</ref> This appeared to historian [[Henry Hall (Egyptologist)|Henry Hall]] as the most probable conclusion, particularly based on the portrayal of Sumerians in their own art and "how very Indian the Sumerians were in type".<ref name="AHNE"/> Recent genetic analysis of ancient Mesopotamian skeletal DNA tends to confirm a significant association.<ref name="EBA"/> The Sumerians progressively lost control to Semitic states from the northwest, starting with the [[Akkadian Empire]], from circa 2300 BCE.

====Methodology====
[[File: Indus Valley Civilization, Mature Phase (2600-1900 BCE).svg|thumb| Estimated population size of 5 million.<ref name="books.google.com">"The 1,500 Harappan cities and towns contained a total population of perhaps 5 million people at their zenith" in {{cite book |last1=Lockard |first1=Craig A. |title=Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History |date=2014 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-285-78312-3 |page=39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRMeCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |language=en}}</ref>]]

[[File: N-Mesopotamia and Syria english.svg|thumb|Estimated population size of 290,000. <ref>"The total urban population of Mesopotamia at 2500 B.C. had reached 290,000" {{cite book |last1=Chew |first1=Sing C. |title=The Recurring Dark Ages: Ecological Stress, Climate Changes, and System Transformation |date=2007 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0-7591-0452-5 |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YmtN6zr_hroC&pg=PA67 |language=en}}</ref>]]

A genetic analysis of the ancient DNA of Mesopotamian skeletons was made on the excavated remains of four individuals from ancient tombs in Tell Ashara (ancient [[Terqa]]) and Tell Masaikh (near Terqa, also known as ancient Kar-Assurnasirpal), both in the middle Euphrates valley in the east of modern [[Syria]].<ref name="EBA"/> The two oldest skeletons were dated to 2,650–2,450 BCE and 2,200–1,900 BCE respectively, while the two younger skeletons were dated to circa 500 AD.<ref name="EBA"/> All the studied individuals carried mtDNA [[haplotypes]] corresponding to the M4b1, M49 and/or M61 haplogroups, which are believed to have arisen in the area of the [[Indian subcontinent]] during the [[Upper Paleolithic]], and are absent in people living today in [[Syria]].<ref name="EBA"/> These haplogroups are still present in people inhabiting today's [[Tibet]], [[Himalayas]] ([[Ladakh]]), [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], and are restricted today to the South, East and Southeast Asia regions.<ref name="EBA"/> The data suggests a genetic link of the region with the Indian subcontinent in the past that has not left traces in the modern population of Mesopotamia.<ref name="EBA"/>

Other studies have also shown connections between the populations of Mesopotamia and population groups now located in Southern India, such as the [[Tamils]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bradnock |first1=Robert W. |title=The Routledge Atlas of South Asian Affairs |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-40511-5 |page=84 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzjbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Ya-Ping |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Tapas Kumar |title=Tamil Merchant in Ancient Mesopotamia |journal=PLOS ONE |date=9 October 2014 |volume=9 |issue=10 |article-number=e109331 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0109331 |language=en |issn=1932-6203|pmc=4192148 |pmid=25299580 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j9331P|doi-access=free }}</ref>

====Analysis====
[[File:Head of Gudea.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|Sculpture of the head of Sumerian ruler [[Gudea]], c. 2150 BC]]
The genetic analysis suggests that a continuity existed between Trans-Himalaya and Mesopotamia regions in ancient time, and that the studied individuals represent genetic associations with the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="EBA"/> It is likely that this genetic connection was broken as a result of population movements during more recent times.<ref name="EBA"/>

The fact that the studied individuals comprised both males and a female, each living in a different period and representing different haplotypes, suggests that the nature of their presence in Mesopotamia was long-lasting rather than incidental.<ref name="EBA"/> The close ancestors of the specimens could fall within the population founding [[Terqa]], a historical site that was probably constructed during the early [[Bronze Age]], at a time only slightly preceding the dating of the skeletons.<ref name="EBA"/>

The studied individuals could also have been the descendants of much earlier migration waves who brought these genes from the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="EBA"/> It cannot be excluded that among them were people involved in the founding of the [[Mesopotamian civilization]]s.<ref name="EBA"/> For instance, it is commonly accepted that the founders of [[Sumerian civilization]] may have come from outside the region, but their exact origin is still a matter of debate.<ref name="EBA"/> The migrants could have entered Mesopotamia earlier than 4,500 years ago, during the lifetime of the oldest studied individual.<ref name="EBA"/> Alternatively, the studied individuals may have belonged to groups of itinerant merchants moving along a trade route passing near or through the region.<ref name="EBA">[[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Material was adapted from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]: {{cite journal |last1=Płoszaj |first1=Tomasz |last2=Chaubey |first2=Gyaneshwer |last3=Jędrychowska-Dańska |first3=Krystyna |last4=Tomczyk |first4=Jacek |last5=Witas |first5=Henryk W. |title=mtDNA from the Early Bronze Age to the Roman Period Suggests a Genetic Link between the Indian Subcontinent and Mesopotamian Cradle of Civilization |journal=PLOS ONE |date=11 September 2013 |volume=8 |issue=9 |article-number=e73682 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0073682 |language=en |issn=1932-6203|pmc=3770703 |pmid=24040024 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...873682W|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Enthroned King of Ur.jpg|Enthroned Sumerian king of [[Ur]], with attendants. [[Standard of Ur]], c. 2600 BCE.
File:Prisoners on the victory stele of an Akkadian king circa 2300 BCE Louvre Museum Sb 3.jpg|Sumerian prisoners on a victory stele of Akkadian king [[Sargon of Akkad|Sargon]], circa 2300 BCE.<ref name="ArchaeologyofElam">{{cite book|last1=Potts|first1=D. T.|title=The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State|date=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-56496-0|page=104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mc4cfzkRVj4C&pg=PA104|language=en}}</ref><ref name="TwoSteles">{{cite journal|last1=Nigro|first1=Lorenzo|title=The Two Steles of Sargon: Iconology and Visual Propaganda at the Beginning of Royal Akkadian Relief|journal=Iraq|volume=60|date=1998|pages=85–102 |publisher=British Institute for the Study of Iraq|doi=10.2307/4200454|jstor=4200454 |hdl=11573/109737 |s2cid=193050892 }}</ref> Louvre Museum.
Image:Ur-Ningirsu ruler of Lagash portrait circa 2110 BCE.jpg|Portrait of Sumerian ruler [[Ur-Ningirsu]], son of [[Gudea]], c.2100 BCE. [[Louvre Museum]].
File:Sumerian_princess_of_the_time_of_Gudea_circa_2150_BCE.jpg|Sumerian princess of the time of Gudea circa 2150 BCE.
</gallery>

===Scripts and languages===
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=400|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Mesopotamian "Meluhha" seal
| image1 = Akkadian cylinder seal with inscription Shu-ilishu, interpreter of the Meluhhan language, Louvre Museum AO 22310.jpg
| caption1= The seal
| image2 = Meluhha-ki on a cylinder seal.jpg
| caption2="Meluhha"
| footer=[[Akkadian Empire]] cylinder seal with inscription: ''"Shu-ilishu, interpreter of the language of Meluhha"'': "[[Meluhha]]" appears with the standard [[cuneiform]] as {{cuneiform|𒈨𒈛𒄩[[𒆠]]}} (''Me-luh-haKI'', "KI" standing for "country").<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parpola |first1=Asko |title=The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-022693-0 |page=353 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DagXCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT353 |language=en}}</ref> [[Louvre Museum]], reference AO 22310.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meluhha interpreter seal. Site officiel du musée du Louvre |url=http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=12071 |website=cartelfr.louvre.fr}}</ref>
}}
{{See also|Harappan language|Elamo-Dravidian languages}}
Similarities between [[Proto-Elamite]] (circa 3000 BCE) and especially [[Linear Elamite]] (2300–2000 BCE) scripts with the [[Indus script]] have been noted, although it has not been possible to decipher any of them.<ref name="IN">"The so-called Proto-Elamite script from sites such as Susa in the lowlands of eastern Mesopotamia, dating from around 3000 BCE, is undeciphered and technically similar to the Harappan script." {{cite book |last1=Ness |first1=Immanuel |title=The Global Prehistory of Human Migration |date=2014 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-97058-4 |page=240 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TyJlBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA240 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rowman Altamira">{{cite book |last1=Possehl |first1=Gregory L. |title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0-7591-0172-2 |page=131 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&pg=PA131 |language=en}}</ref> Elamite only starts to be readable from around 2300 BCE, when Elamite adopted the cuneiform system.<ref name="IN"/> These Elamite scripts are said to be "technically similar" to the Indus script.<ref name="IN"/> On comparing the Linear Elamite to the Indus script, a number of similar symbols have also been found.<ref name="Rowman Altamira"/>

The [[Meluhha]]n language was not readily understandable at the Akkadian court, since interpretators of the Meluhhan language are known to have resided in Mesopotamia, particularly through an Akkadian seal with the inscription ''"Shu-ilishu, interpreter of the Meluhhan language"''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parpola |first1=Asko |author-link1= Asko Parpola|title=The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-022693-0 |page=353 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DagXCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT353 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McIntosh |first1=Jane |title=Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives |date=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-965-2 |page=279 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9veK7E2JwkUC&pg=PA279 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=Andrew |title=The Indus: Lost Civilizations |date=2015 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78023-541-7 |page=101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzS6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101 |language=en}}</ref>
{{clear}}
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Bilingual Linear Elamite Akkadian inscription of king Kutik-Inshushinak Table of the Lion Louvre Museum Sb 17 (Linear Elamite detail).jpg|[[Linear Elamite]] inscription the "Table of the Lion", time of king [[Kutik-Inshushinak]], Louvre Museum Sb 17.
File:Table au Lion transcription.jpg|Transcription of the "Table of the Lion" Linear Elamite text.
File:Elephant. Mold of Seal, Indus valley civilization.JPG|A seal with an inscription in the Indus script.
</gallery>

==Chronology==
[[File:Indus head statuette in red limestone imported to Susa in 2600-1700 BCE disovered in the Tel of the Acropolis at Susa LOUVRE Sb80.jpg|thumb|Indus-type statuette, found in Susa in the 2600–1700 BCE site of the Tel of the Acropolis at Susa. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 80.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Guimet |first1=Musée |title=Les Cités oubliées de l'Indus: Archéologie du Pakistan |date=2016 |publisher=FeniXX réédition numérique |isbn=978-2-402-05246-7 |page=354 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HpYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA354 |language=fr}}</ref>]]
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Etched carnelian beads
| total_width=230
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Etched carnelian bead, Mohenjo-daro, Indus Valley Civilization.jpg
| caption1 = Indus valley civilization etched carnelian bead, excavated in [[Mohenjo-daro]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mackay |first1=Ernest |title=Indus civilization |date=1935 |pages=Plate K, Item Nb 5 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.22579/page/n231}}</ref>
| image2 = Indus carnelian beads with white design imported to Susa in 2600-1700 BCE LOUVRE Sb 13099 (detail).jpg
| caption2 = Etched carnelian bead excavated in [[Susa]], dated 2600–1700 BCE.
}}
[[Sargon of Akkad]] (circa 2300 or 2250 BCE), was the first Mesopotamian ruler to make an explicit reference to the region of [[Meluhha]], which is generally understood as being the [[Baluchistan]] or the [[Indus]] area.<ref name="JR14"/> Sargon mentions the presence of Meluhha, Magan, and Dilmun ships at Akkad.<ref name="JR14"/>

These dates correspond roughly to the Mature [[Indus Valley civilisation|Harappan]] phase, dated from around 2600 to 2000 BCE.<ref name="JR14"/> The dates for the main occupation of [[Mohenjo-Daro]] are from about 2350 to 2000/1900 BCE.<ref name="JR14"/>

It has been suggested that the early Mesopotamian Empire preceded the emergence of the Harappan civilization, and that trade and cultural exchanges may have facilitated the emergence of Harappan culture.<ref name="JR14"/> Alternatively, it is possible that the Harappan culture had already emerged by the time trade with Mesopotamia started.<ref name="JR14"/> Uncertainties in dating make it impossible to establish a clear order at this stage.<ref name="JR14"/>

Exchanges seem to have been most significant during the [[Akkadian Empire]] and [[Ur III]] periods, and to have waned afterwards together with the disappearance of the Indus valley civilization.<ref name="JR16">{{cite book |last1=Reade |first1=Julian E. |title=The Indus-Mesopotamia relationship reconsidered (Gs Elisabeth During Caspers) |date=2008 |publisher=Archaeopress |isbn=978-1-4073-0312-3 |pages=16–17 |url=https://www.academia.edu/28245304 |language=en}}</ref>

===Comparative sizes===
The Indus Valley Civilization only flourished in its most developed form between 2500 and 1800 BCE until it became extinct, but at the time of these exchanges, it was a much larger entity than the Mesopotamian civilization, covering an area of 1.2 million square kilometres with thousands of settlements, compared to an area of only about 65,000 square kilometres for the occupied area of Mesopotamia, while the largest cities were comparable in size at about 30,000–40,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cotterell |first1=Arthur |title=Asia: A Concise History |date=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-82959-2 |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_vVTWXK5kQC&pg=PT42 |language=en}}</ref>

There were altogether about 1,500 Indus valley cities, amounting to a population of perhaps 5 million at the maximum time of their florescence.<ref name="books.google.com"/> In contrast, the total urban population of Mesopotamia in 2,500 BCE was around 290,000.<ref>"However, the total urban population of Mesopotamia at 2500 B.C. had reached 290,000" {{cite book |last1=Chew |first1=Sing C. |title=The Recurring Dark Ages: Ecological Stress, Climate Changes, and System Transformation |date=2007 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0-7591-0452-5 |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YmtN6zr_hroC&pg=PA67 |language=en}}</ref>

Large-scale exchanges recovered with the [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley]], circa 500 BCE.

==Views of cultural diffusion ==
Many scholars have pointed towards exaggerated notions of cultural diffusions from Western Asia to the Indian subcontinent, such as when overlinking Vedic astronomy and mathematics to Sumerian origins.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Levitt|first=Stephen Hillyer|title=Vedicancient Mesopotamian Interconnections and the Dating of the Indian Tradition|date=2012|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|volume=93|page=139|jstor=26491233|issn=0378-1143}}</ref> Likewise scholars have questioned the supposed borrowings of Western Asian motifs without the evidence of any actual artifact and trade contacts.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kenoyer|first=Mark|title=The Master of Animals in Old World Iconography: Master of Animals and Animal Masters in the Iconography of the Indus Tradition|year=2010|isbn=978-963-9911-14-7|location=Budapest|page=53}}</ref> Recent archaeogenetic research based on DNA samples collected from the Harappan site of [[Rakhigarhi]] suggests that Western Asian migration to northern India occurred as early as 12,000 years ago, but that the rise of agriculture in India was a later phenomenon, probably due to cultural exchanges around 2,000 years later, rather than direct migration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Price |first=Michael |date=2019-09-05|title=Genome of nearly 5000-year-old woman links modern Indians to ancient civilization|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/genome-nearly-5000-year-old-woman-links-modern-indians-ancient-civilization|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Science |publisher=AAAS|language=en}}</ref> According to Richard H. Meadow, evidence gathered from [[Mehrgarh]] points towards domestication of sheep, cattle and goats as a separate local phenomenon in the subcontinent around 7,000 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Franke|first=Ute|chapter=Prehistoric Balochistan: Cultural Developments in an Arid Region|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/37463158|title=Palaeoenvironment and the Development of Early Settlements |date=January 2016 |editor1=Markus Reindel |editor2= Karin Bartl |editor3=Friedrich Lüth |editor4=Norbert Benecke |isbn=978-3-86757-395-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Meadow|first=Richard H.|title=Harappa Excavations 1986–1990 A Multidisciplinary Approach to Third Millennium Urbanism|publisher=Prehistory Press |year=1991|location=Madison Wisconsin|pages=94 Moving east to the Greater Indus Valley, decreases in the size of cattle, goat, and sheep also appear to have taken place starting in the 6th or even 7th Millennium BCE (Meadow 1984b, 1992). Details of that phenomenon, which I have argued elsewhere was a local process at least for sheep and cattle (Meadow 1984b, 1992)}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Columnslist|colwidth=30em|
* [[Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations]]
* [[Buddhism and the Roman world]]
* [[Economic history of India]]
* [[List of regions by past GDP (PPP)#Indian|Historic GDP of India (1–1947 CE)]]
* [[Indo-Roman trade relations]]
* [[Indian maritime history]]
* [[Jiroft culture]]
* [[Meluhha#Trade with Sumer|Meluhha trade with Sumer]]
* [[Tamil loanwords in Biblical Hebrew]]
}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Commons category|Indus-Mesopotamia relations}}
* {{Citation | last =Dikshit | first =K.N. | title =Origin of Early Harappan Cultures in the Sarasvati Valley: Recent Archaeological Evidence and Radiometric Dates | journal =Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology | issue =9 | year =2013 | url =http://server2.docfoc.com/uploads/Z2015/11/21/vESLakMBYz/45a03572f94e7a873d7c350293cca188.pdf | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170118032736/http://server2.docfoc.com/uploads/Z2015/11/21/vESLakMBYz/45a03572f94e7a873d7c350293cca188.pdf | archive-date =2017-01-18 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Gadd |first1=G. J. |title=Seals of Ancient Indian style found at Ur |date=1958 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.33779/page/n7}}
* {{Citation | last =Mani | first =B.R. | year =2008 | title =Kashmir Neolithic and Early Harappan: A Linkage | journal =Pragdhara 18, 229–247 (2008) | url =http://archaeology.up.nic.in/doc/kneh_brm.pdf | access-date =17 January 2017 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170118050909/http://archaeology.up.nic.in/doc/kneh_brm.pdf | archive-date =18 January 2017 }}
*{{cite book |title=Art of the first cities: the third millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://archive.org/details/ArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ/page/n269 |language=en}}

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* {{Citation | last1 =Gangal | first1 =Kavita | last2 =Sarson | first2 =Graeme R. | last3 =Shukurov | first3 =Anvar | year =2014 | title =The Near-Eastern roots of the Neolithic in South Asia | journal =PLOS ONE | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0095714 | pmid=24806472 | volume=9 | issue =5 | pmc=4012948 | article-number=e95714| bibcode=2014PLoSO...995714G | doi-access =free }}
* {{Citation |last1=Mascarenhas |first1=Desmond D. |last2=Raina |first2=Anupuma |last3=Aston |first3=Christopher E. |last4 =Sanghera |first4=Dharambir K. | year=2015 |title=Genetic and Cultural Reconstruction of the Migration of an Ancient Lineage |journal =BioMed Research International |volume=2015 |doi=10.1155/2015/651415 |pmid=26491681 |pmc=4605215 |pages=1–16|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | last1 =Narasimhan | first1 =Vagheesh M. | last2 =Anthony | first2 =David | last3 =Mallory | first3 =James | last4 =Reich | first4 =David | title =The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia | journal =Science | date =2019 | volume =365 | issue =6457 | article-number =eaat7487 | doi =10.1126/science.aat7487 | pmid =31488661 | bibcode =2019Sci...365t7487N |ref={{sfnref|Narasimhan et al.|2018}}| biorxiv =10.1101/292581 | pmc =6822619 }}
* {{Citation | last =Parpola | first =Asko | year =2015 | title =The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilisation | publisher =Oxford University Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Singh | first =Sakshi | year =2016 | title =Dissecting the influence of Neolithic demic diffusion on Indian Y-chromosome pool through J2-M172 haplogroup | journal =Scientific Reports | doi =10.1038/srep19157 | pmid=26754573 | pmc=4709632 | volume=6 | article-number=19157| bibcode=2016NatSR...619157S }}
{{Refend}}

{{Ancient international relations}}
{{Indus Valley Civilization}}
{{Ancient Mesopotamia}}
{{Ancient seafaring}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indus-Mesopotamia relations}}
[[Category:Akkadian Empire]]
[[Category:Ancient international relations]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of ancient India]]
[[Category:Indian Ocean trade]]
[[Category:Cultural exchange]]

Virar

2026-03-21T21:00:28Z

Athenian: small adjusted structure per standard format further and cleaned formatting

{{refimprove|date=December 2024}}

{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Virar
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = JivDani,Virar - panoramio (32).jpg
| image_alt = 250
| image_caption = Panoramic view of the city
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|19.47|N|72.8|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Vasai-Virar Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title1 = Member of Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra.
| leader_name1 = [[Rajan Naik]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 10
| population_total = 1,221,234
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = Auto & Bus
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = Virar (West) – 401303, Virar (East) – 401305
| area_code = 91250
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = MH- 48
| website = {{URL|www.vasaivirar.com}}
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| subdivision_type3 = Division
| subdivision_name3 = [[Konkan division|Konkan]]
}}

'''Virar''' (Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[ʋiɾaːɾ]]]) is a coastal city in the [[Palghar district]], [[Maharashtra]], India. The northern third of the city of [[Vasai-Virar]], is administered by the [[Vasai-Virar Municipal Corporation]]. It lies to the south of the [[Palghar district]], and to the north of the city of [[Mumbai]]. It is an important part of the Palghar District because it forms the outermost part on the northern side of the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] and comes under the police jurisdiction of [[Mira-Bhayandar|Mira-Bhayander]], Vasai-Virar Police Commissionerate.

[[Virar railway station]] is one of the prominent<ref>{{Cite web|title=Western Railways – Mumbai Suburban Locals|url=https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,629,631}}</ref> railway stations on the Western Line of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] being the station on the line with a high frequency of local-train transit for both ends: Palghar (Dahanu) as well as Churchgate ([[South Mumbai]]).

As per provisional reports of [[2011 the Census of India|Census of India]], population of Virar in 2011 was 1,222,390; of which males and females were 648,172 and 574,218, respectively.

== History ==

Virar is mentioned as Vihar in the 15th-17th century Marathi-language text ''[[Mahikavatichi Bakhar]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dipesh Karmarkar |title=Understanding Place Names in 'Mahikavati's Bakhar': A Case of Mumbai-Thane Region |journal=Studies in Indian Place Names |issn=2394-3114 |publisher=Place Names Society of India |location=Mysore |volume=XXXI |year=2012 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308925531 |page=123 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 India census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/363-vasai-virar.html?|title=Web Data}}</ref> Virar had a population of 1,221,233. Virar has an average [[literacy rate]] of 91.95%, higher than the national average of 59.5%.

Over a period of time Virar has become a [[wikt:cosmopolitan|cosmopolitan]] suburb with approximately 50% population being [[Marathi language|Marathi]] speaking and the rest a mix of other communities, mainly the [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]] and the Catholics. 70% of the population is below 30 years. The slow and gradual adoption of the cosmopolitan nature of the city is the result of migration from the Mumbai mainland to this part due to ever increasing cost of the real estate property.

Among minority languages, [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] is spoken by 28.30% of the population and [[Hindi]] by 15.31%. The local Communities like [[Samvedi|Samvedi Brahmin]], [[Kupari]], Vadwals, Bhandhari, Panmali, Aagri have their local dialects of Konkani which are widely spoken in these communities.<ref>{{cite web|title=51st Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|date=15 July 2015|access-date=15 February 2018|page=151|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025959/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
The growth of Virar is yet to be seen in full as the quadrupling of the railway line between [[Borivali]] and Virar has just taken place in 2007. The railways are still pleading the lack of sufficient number of rakes to take full advantage of the quadrupling.

The global city developed by rustomjee and evershine builders is a big township spread over an area of more than 200 acers leading to significant development and new settlements.

The city has seen a lot of development in the past 5 years. The Municipal Council was upgraded to [[Vasai-Virar Municipal Corporation]] in May 2009. There are various housing and road transport development projects initiated by the corporation with the help of [[MMRDA]], Mumbai. The [[skywalk]] in the west section of the city was one of the first amongst the many skywalks that were built near all the railway stations of Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/after-bandra-mmrda-plans-skywalk-at-virar/251218/ | title=After Bandra, MMRDA plans skywalk at Virar | access-date=28 January 2011 | author=Swapnil Rawal | date=17 December 2007 | publisher=Express India | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011161224/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/after-bandra-mmrda-plans-skywalk-at-virar/251218/ | archive-date=11 October 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> It was the seventh skywalk in the city and it cost INR 91.5 million. Virar-West skywalk is 589 meters long with four meters wide walkway. The skywalk was found to be the busiest amongst the others built by the MMRDA by recording a footfall of 58,038 commuters during peak hours. It was followed by [[Santa Cruz, Mumbai|Santa Cruz]] skywalk with a figure of 37,546.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.indiainfo.com/c-82-944680-860038-1049929.html | title=MMRDA claims record footfalls on six skywalks | access-date=28 January 2011 | author=Ninad Siddhaye | date=10 April 2010 | publisher=India Info}}</ref>

Virar-Alibaug Corridor Project is a project undertaken by the MMRDA. The Rs 10,000-crore project is expected to provide seamless connectivity by the metro as well as by road from [[Alibaug]] to Virar. The corridor will bypass the western and eastern suburbs and also the routes which will witness growth in the future. The proposed alignment will connect four crucial national highways, [[National Highway 8 (India)|NH8]] (Mumbai-Ahmedabad), [[National Highway 3 (India)|NH3]] (Mumbai-Agra-Delhi), [[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)|NH4]] (Mumbai-Chennai) and [[National Highway 17 (India)|NH17]] (Goa-Mangalore-Kerala). The MMRDA has claimed that the 140-km corridor will reduce the long commute to barely an hour. Phase-I of the corridor will be of 90 km from Virar to [[Panvel]]. Phase-II will be of 50 km from Panvel to Alibaug.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_virar-alibaug-corridor-to-be-aligned-by-december_1448273 | title=Virar-Alibaug corridor to be aligned by December | access-date=28 January 2011 | author=Ninad Siddhaye | date=6 October 2010 | publisher=DNA}}</ref>

==Governance==
Virar falls under the jurisdiction of the newly created [[Vasai-Virar Municipal Corporation]] (VVMC). It primarily comes in the Nalla Sopara constituency for the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly elections and in the Palghar constituency for the Lok Sabha elections. For all the three seats, the ruling party, the [[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi]] (BVA), has shown its dominance over the past few decades. The BVA has won 55 seats out of the 89 in the VVMC; thus, Virar elected its first Mayor in the form of Shri. Rajeev Patil, who was also the ex-President of the preceding Virar Municipal Council. For the Legislative Assembly seat, [[Kshitij Thakur]], a BVA candidate and the son of the ex-MLA of the region, [[Hitendra Thakur]], won the seat in 2009, defeating Shirish Chavan of the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] by more than 40,000 votes at just 26 years of age.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_it-s-thakur-junior-in-nalasopara-now_1301947 | title=It's Thakur junior in Nalasopara now | access-date=29 January 2011 | author=Sudhaanshu Atalye | date=23 October 2009 | publisher=DNA}}</ref> Earlier, in the 15th Lok Sabha elections, people voted for [[Baliram Sukur Jadhav]], also a BVA candidate, from the Palghar constituency, who went on to become the member of parliament representing the region, defeating a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] rival, advocate Chintaman Vanga, by 12,358 votes.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Virar-muscle-wins-tribal-seat/articleshow/4540828.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718180059/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-17/mumbai/28187759_1_bahujan-vikas-aghadi-nalasopara-hitendra-thakur | url-status=live | archive-date=18 July 2012 | title=Virar muscle wins tribal seat | access-date=29 January 2011 | author=Sandhya Nair | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=17 May 2009 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|India}}
* https://vvcmc.in/en/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209154849/https://vvcmc.in/en/ |date=9 December 2022 }}

{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Palghar district]]
[[Category:Palghar district]]
[[Category:Vasai-Virar]]

Balutola

2026-03-21T05:21:07Z

Athenian:

{{Short description|Village in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Balutola
| official_name =
| native_name = बालुटोला
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 350
| image_style =
| perrow =2/2
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Corn field Balutola.jpg
| caption1 = Corn (Makai)
| image2 = Balutola sky view January.jpg
| caption2 = Sky view
| image3 = Baba Raghuni Maharaj.jpg
| caption3 = Baba Raghuni Sthan
| image4 = Balutola road with greenery.jpg
| caption4 = Balutola Road
|image5 = Balutola road Sign Board.jpg
|caption5 =Balutola village Greenery in Jan 2025
}}
| image_caption =
| image_flag = India flag 300.png
| flag_size = 170 px
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| mapframe =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|45|42.11|N|86|34|59.41|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
| named_for = Baba Raghuni
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_total_ha = 37.54
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 45
| population_total = 409
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=10 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/maithili-language-missed-out-on-classical-status-for-lack-of-proposal-from-bihar-government/article68810651.ece | title=Maithili language missed out on classical status for lack of proposal from Bihar government | newspaper=The Hindu | date=29 October 2024 | last1=Chakrabarty | first1=Sreeparna }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 852127
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06478
| registration_plate = BR 19
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|Ward Number]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 5
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000 females per 1000 males [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]] [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Balutola''' ({{IPA|hi|Bəˈluːtoʊlɑː|lang|Balutola.ogg}}) is a [[village]] in Saharsa situated in the [[south]] corner of [[Saharsa district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Bihar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Balutola, Village In Bihar - Google Maps Community |url=https://support.google.com/maps/thread/309926826/balutola-village-in-bihar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114102345/https://support.google.com/maps/thread/309926826/balutola-village-in-bihar |archive-date=14 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=support.google.com |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[temple]] of Baba Raghuni Maharaj is situated in this village.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Balutola.jpg|alt=Balutola|thumb|Balutola village [[rice]] cultivation in 2024]]
Balutola is part of [[Simri Bakhtiyarpur]] Block and [[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency|khagaria Loksabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Khagaria Lok Sabha Election 2024: Date, Result, News, Candidates & Constituency List, Previous Year Polls - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/khagaria-lok-sabha-election-result-67/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403180403/https://www.oneindia.com/khagaria-lok-sabha-election-result-67/ |archive-date=3 April 2024 |access-date=2025-01-23 |work=www.oneindia.com |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of the [[Neighbourhood|neighbouring]] places include [[Saharsa]]<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Saharsa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Saharsa |access-date=2025-01-23 |encyclopedia=Britannica |language=en}}</ref>(15 km north), Simri, Bhorha (2 km east), Simri Bakhtiyarpur (4 km south) and [[Balhampur]](1 km West). Balutola is come under Raipura [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balutola Pin Code Saharsa Postal and Zip Code |url=https://hamariweb.com/directories/balhampur-postal-code-saharsa |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=hamariweb.com}}</ref>

==Geography==
Balutola is located at [[coordinates]] {{coord|25.7616972|86.5831694|display=inline}} at an elevation of 45 m above [[Sea level|MSL]]. [[Postal Index Number|Pin code]] of Balutola is 852127, and [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|Ward Number]] 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Village in Bihar |first=Balutola |date=2024-11-13 |title=Balutola: Village in Bihar |url=https://support.google.com/maps/thread/309926826/balutola-village-in-bihar |website=Google maps Support}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{bar box|title=Religion in Balutola|titlebar=#F6F6F6|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|float=right|bars={{bar percent|Hinduism|darkorange|100}}
{{bar percent|Muslim|green|0}}
{{bar percent|Other religions|grey|0}}|caption=}}
Balutola is a village with a population of 409, where [[Hinduism]] is the predominant religion practiced by all residents.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |date=2025-01-14 |title=Hinduism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism |access-date=2025-01-23 |encyclopedia=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> The entire [[community]] belongs to the [[Kushwaha]] (Singh) [[caste]], a group traditionally associated with [[agriculture]] and [[Rural area|rural]] life.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Nawal Kishor Kumar |date=3 November 2023 |title=Bihar Caste Survey: The Who's Who in the Data {{!}} Koeri/Kushwaha |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/caste/bihar-caste-survey-the-whos-who-in-the-data-koeri-kushwaha |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> This shared religious and caste identity fosters strong [[social]] bonds, creating a cohesive and supportive community. The villagers continue to uphold their [[Culture|cultural]] heritage, ensuring the preservation of local traditions and a sense of unity that is characteristic of rural India.

== Transportation ==
[[File:Baba Raghuni Dwarika Halt.jpg|thumb|'Baba Raghuni Halt Dwarika' nearest railway station]]
Balutola is well connected to rail, Road. Nearest railway station is [[Baba Raghuni Halt Dwarika railway station|Baba Raghuni Halt Dwarika]] which is 1.2 km east. [[National Highway 231 (India)|National Highway 231]] which connects [[Saharsa]], [[Madhepura]], [[Purnea]] is passes 1 km west from village.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharan |first=Prabhat |title=7 Departures from Baba Raghuni Halt Dwarika ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/baba-raghuni-halt-dwarika-brhd/10095 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग एनएच-231 का किया जा रहा सीमांकन - National Highway NH-231 being demarcated - Uttar Pradesh Pratapgarh Common Man Issues News |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/pratapgarh-national-highway-nh231-being-demarcated-20804193.html |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Balutola}}

{{Saharsa district}}

[[Category:Villages in Saharsa district]]
[[Category:Populated places in Mithila, India]]

Lingaya's Lalita Devi Institute of Management & Sciences

2026-03-16T10:12:11Z

Athenian: put up some biography basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Lingaya's Lalita Devi Institute of Management & Sciences
|image_name =
|caption =
|established = 2005
|type = [[Private university|Private]]
|chairman = Dr. Picheshwar Gadde
|chancellor =
|vice_chancellor =
| director = Prof. (Dr.) Pranav Mishra
|students = 1156
|undergrad = 1156
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|city = [[New Delhi]]
|state = [[Delhi]]
|country = [[India]]
|campus = Mandi Road
| colors =
| nickname =
|website = [http://lldims.edu.in/ lldims.edu.in]
|logo =
|footnotes =
|affiliations = [[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC A+]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Management Sciences College Gets NAAC 'A+' Grade|url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Management-Sciences-College-Gets-NAAC-A+-Grade/09-11-2017-131147/|accessdate=30 November 2018}}</ref>
|faculty =
}}

'''Lingaya's Lalita Devi Institute of Management & Sciences''' ('''LLDIMS''') is a NAAC A+ college affiliated with Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and located in Mandi, Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Self Financing Institute|url=http://ipu.ac.in/affiliates/Instlist220318.pdf|accessdate=30 November 2018}}</ref> Admission to LLDIMS is through the [[Common Entrance Test]] (CET) conducted by Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and CUET conducted by NTA. LLDIMS is recognised under section 2(f) by [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Colleges Under 2(f) of UGC|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/colleges/List%20of%20Colleges%20under%202(f)%20and%2012(B)%20as%20on%2030-09-2018.pdf|accessdate=30 November 2018}}</ref>

==Background==
LLDIMS was established in 2005 by Gadde Charitable Trust.<ref>{{cite web|title=NAAC SELF STUDY REPORT 2017|url=http://rnd.legomsys.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SSR-Copy-NAAC-2017.pdf|accessdate=30 November 2018}}</ref>

==Recognition and accreditation==
Lingaya's Lalita Devi Institute of Management & Sciences has been accredited by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) with an "A+" grade.<ref>{{cite web|title=Accreditation List|url=http://web5.kar.nic.in/naac_ec/NAAC_accreditlist_pdf.aspx|website=web5.kar.nic.in|accessdate=30 November 2018|publisher=[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118225051/http://web5.kar.nic.in/naac_ec/NAAC_accreditlist_pdf.aspx|archive-date=18 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The institute offers [https://lldims.edu.in/bcom-honours/ B.Com.] (Hons), B.Ed., [https://lldims.edu.in/BBA/ BBA], [https://lldims.edu.in/bca/ BCA] and [https://lldims.edu.in/ba-jmc/ BAJMC] undergraduate full-time degree programmes.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Self Financing Institute|url=http://ipu.ac.in/affiliates/Instlist220318.pdf|accessdate=30 November 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lingaya's Lalita Devi Institute of Management and Sciences}}
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Colleges of the Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]
[[Category:Journalism schools in India]]
[[Category:Business schools in Delhi]]

Surupa Sen

2026-03-15T05:06:00Z

Athenian: Created the post added tags...

{{Short description|Indian Odissi dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Surupa Sen
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1969|11|22}}
| birth_place = [[Bareilly]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Odissi dancer, choreographer, artistic director
| known_for = Artistic Director of [[Nrityagram]], contributions to [[Odissi]]
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2018) Raza Foundation Award (2006) Yagnaraman Award (2008) Nritya Choodamani (2011)
}}

'''Surupa Sen''' (born 22 November 1969) is an Indian [[Odissi]] dancer, choreographer, and artistic director of [[Nrityagram]], a dance ensemble and training institute based in Hessaraghatta, [[Karnataka]]. She is recognized for her innovative choreography and leadership in promoting Odissi globally, contributing significantly to Indian classical dance.<ref name="indiatoday2013">{{Cite news |title=Odissi dance: Surupa Sen, Bijayini Satpathy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/bijayini-satpathy-surupa-sen-nrityagram-odissi-bharatnatyam-220661-2013-12-12 |work=[[India Today]] |date=2013-12-12 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref><ref name="sangeetnatak2018">{{Cite web |title=Surupa Sen - Sangeet Natak Akademi Award 2018 |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1649439334_Surupa%20Sen.pdf |website=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref> She has received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2018), Raza Foundation Award (2006, 2017), Yagnaraman Award (2008), and Nritya Choodamani title from Sri Krishna Gana Sabha, Chennai (2011) for her contributions to Odissi.<ref name="sangeetnatak2018" /><ref name="raza">{{Cite web |title=Awards - Surupa Sen |url=https://www.therazafoundation.org/awards-Surupa-Sen |website=[[Raza Foundation]] |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref><ref name="hindu2011a">{{Cite news |title=Annual Music and Dance Fest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/annual-music-and-dance-fest/article2677564.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2011-12-09 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sen was born on 22 November 1969 in [[Bareilly]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="sangeetnatak2018" /> She began training in Odissi at age five under gurus including [[Kelucharan Mohapatra]], [[Protima Gauri]], Bichitranandan Swain, and Ratikant Mohapatra.<ref name="sangeetnatak2018" /><ref name="hindu2019">{{Cite news |title=Surupa Sen: He painstakingly taught us every aspect of his art |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/surupa-sen-he-painstakingly-taught-us-every-aspect-of-his-art/article30360118.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2019-12-12 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday2013" /> She also studied Abhinaya under Kalanidhi Narayanan and Natyashastra under Padma Subrahmanyam.<ref name="sangeetnatak2018" /> Additionally, she trained in [[Bharatanatyam]], which informed her approach to Odissi.<ref name="indiatoday2013" /><ref name="indiatoday1999">{{Cite news |title=Odissi dance: Surupa Sen, Bijayini Satpathy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20131223-odissi-dance-surupa-sen-bijayini-satpathy-769342-1999-11-29 |work=[[India Today]] |date=1999-11-29 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sen joined [[Nrityagram]] in 1990, soon after its founding by Protima Gauri, and later became its artistic director.<ref name="indiatoday2013" /><ref name="bangaloremirror">{{Cite news |title=Lynne Fernandez, Surupa Sen, Bijayini Satpathy: Nrityagram Dance Ensemble |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/lynne-fernandez-surupa-sen-bijayani-satpathy-nrityagram-dance-ensemble-bangalore-heroes/articleshow/24495104.cms |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=2013-10-13 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref><ref name="sangeetnatak2018" /> She has choreographed productions such as ''Sri: In Search of the Goddess'' (2000), ''Ansh'' (2006), ''Sacred Space'' (2006), and ''Ahuti'' (2018), blending traditional Odissi techniques with contemporary themes.<ref name="raza" /><ref name="midday">{{Cite news |title=Surupa Sen dwells on the immersive Ahuti dance performance at NCPA |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/photo/in-photos-odissi-dancer-surupa-sen-dwells-on-the-immersive-ahuti-dance-performance-at-ncpa-96820/1 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=2018-08-24 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress2009">{{Cite news |title=Gained in Wanderings |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2009/Nov/08/gained-in-wanderings-102252.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=2009-11-08 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref> Her choreography, often performed with Bijayini Satpathy, emphasizes Odissi’s lyrical and expressive qualities.<ref name="nyt2013a">{{Cite news |title=Surupa Sen and Bijayini Satpathy at Skirball Center |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/09/arts/dance/surupa-sen-and-bijayini-satpathy-at-skirball-center.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2013-04-08 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref><ref name="nyt2014">{{Cite news |title=Surupa Sen and Bijayini Satpathy at Baryshnikov Arts Center |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/05/arts/dance/surupa-sen-and-bijayini-satpathy-at-baryshnikov-arts-center.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2014-05-05 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref><ref name="hindu2016">{{Cite news |title=In step |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/In-step/article16044702.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2016-07-29 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>

Under Sen’s direction, Nrityagram has performed at international venues, including the Joyce Theater, Jacob’s Pillow Dance Festival, Edinburgh International Festival, and Skirball Center in New York, earning recognition for precision and emotional depth.<ref name="sangeetnatak2018" /><ref name="nyt2023">{{Cite news |title=Nrityagram & Chitrasena at Joyce Theater |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/10/arts/dance/review-nrityagram-chitrasena-joyce-theater.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2023-05-10 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref><ref name="nyt2013a" /><ref name="nyt2013b">{{Cite news |title=Forces of creation moving in unison |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/24/arts/dance/forces-of-creation-moving-in-unison.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2013-02-24 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref> She has performed in the U.S., U.K., Australia, Sri Lanka, and countries in the Far East.<ref name="sangeetnatak2018" /> Her work at festivals like Dancing the Gods has showcased Odissi’s spiritual and aesthetic qualities.<ref name="nyt2021">{{Cite news |title=Dancing the Gods: Review |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/24/arts/dance/dancing-the-gods-review.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2021-05-24 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref> Sen has collaborated with groups like Sri Lanka’s Chitrasena Dance Company for cross-cultural productions.<ref name="nyt2023" /><ref name="hindu2021">{{Cite news |title=Dance is a struggle to communicate an idea through movement: Surupa Sen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/dance-is-a-struggle-to-communicate-an-idea-through-movement-surupa-sen/article37822331.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2021-10-21 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref> Her leadership has fostered a community dedicated to Indian classical dance at Nrityagram.<ref name="rediff">{{Cite news |title=Nrityagram: A dance village |url=https://m.rediff.com/style/1998/jan/02sen.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=1998-01-02 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref><ref name="hindu2015">{{Cite news |title=The dance of a village, the soul of an artiste |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/the-dance-of-a-village-the-soul-of-an-artiste/article7612030.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2015-09-11 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Surupa Sen received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2018 for her contributions to Odissi.<ref name="sangeetnatak2018" /> She was also honored with the Raza Foundation Award for Excellence (2006) and Raza Foundation Award (2017), Yagnaraman Award (2008), and Nritya Choodamani title by Sri Krishna Gana Sabha, Chennai (2011).<ref name="sangeetnatak2018" /><ref name="raza" /><ref name="hindu2011a" /> Her performances have been recognized at events like the Annual Music and Dance Fest in Chennai.<ref name="hindu2011a" /><ref name="hindu2011b">{{Cite news |title=Charmed by Odissi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/charmed-by-odissi/article2534205.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2011-10-14 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.therazafoundation.org/awards-Surupa-Sen|Profile of Surupa Sen on The Raza Foundation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Surupa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Odissi dancers]]
[[Category:People from Bareilly]]
[[Category:1969 births]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1971

2026-03-10T20:29:11Z

Athenian: made new bio from scratch...

{{Short description|none}}

{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}{{Bengali films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
A list of films produced by the [[Tollywood Bangla|Tollywood]] ([[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali language film industry]]) based in [[Kolkata]] in the year '''1971'''.

==A-Z of films==

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
|-
! Title
! Director
! Cast
! Genre
! Notes
|-
|''Alo Amar Alo''||Pinaki Bhushan Mukherjee||Suchitra Sen, Uttam Kumar, Bikash Roy|| ||
|-
|''Aparna''||Salil Sen||[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Tanuja]], Shubhendru Chattopadhyay||Drama||
|-
|''[[Bhanu Goenda Jahar Assistant]]''||Purnendu Roy Chowdhury||[[Bhanu Bannerjee]], [[Jahor Roy]], [[Subhendu Chatterjee]]||Romance, Comedy||
|-
|''[[Chhadmabeshi]]''||[[Agradoot]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Phukan |first=Vikram |date=2018-12-07 |title=Lights, camera, remake: How Bollywood has thrived with take-offs from Bengali originals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lights-camera-remake/article25690210.ece |access-date=2026-03-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>||[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Madhabi Mukherjee]], Ajoy Bannerjee||Comedy||
|-
|''[[Dhanyee Meye]]''||Arabinda Mukhopadhyay||[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]]||Romance, Comedy||
|-
|''[[Ekhoni]]''||[[Tapan Sinha]]||[[Aparna Sen]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]], [[Chinmoy Roy]]||Drama||
|-
|''[[Interview (1971 film)|Interview]]''||[[Mrinal Sen]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-01 |title=Cinema as conscience: The politics of everyday life in Mrinal Sen’s films |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/life/cinema-as-conscience-the-politics-of-everyday-life-in-mrinal-sens-films |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref>||[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Karuna Banerjee]]||Parallel Drama||
|-
|''Janani''||Ajit Ganguly||[[Sulochana Chatterjee]], [[Kali Banerjee]], Satya Banerjee||Drama||
|-
|''Jiban Jiggasa''||Piyush Bose||Mantu Bannerjee, Ashim Chakraborty, Tarun Kumar Chatterjee|| ||
|-
|''Joyjayanti''||Sunil Basu Mallick||Biren Chatterjee, Tarun Kumar Chatterjee, Chandrabati Devi|| ||
|-
|''[[Kuheli]]''||[[Tarun Majumdar]]||[[Biswajit Chatterjee]], [[Chhaya Devi]], [[Utpal Dutt]]||Suspense||
|-
|''Mahabiplabi Aurobindo''||Deepak Gupta||[[Dilip Roy (actor)|Dilip Roy]], Subrata Chatterjee, [[Ajitesh Bandopadhyay]]||Drama||
|-
|''[[Malyadan]]''||[[Ajoy Kar]]||[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]]||Drama||
|-
|''Nabaraag''||Bijoy Bose||Uttam Kumar, Suchitra Sen, Bijon Bhattacharya|| ||
|-
|''[[Nimantran]]''||[[Tarun Majumdar]]||[[Sandhya Roy]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]]||Drama||
|-
|''Prathan Basanta''||Nirmal Mitra||[[Madhabi Mukherjee]], [[Anil Chatterjee]], [[Lily Chakravarty]]||Romance, Drama||
|-
|''[[Pratidwandi]]''|| [[Satyajit Ray]] || [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''Sansar''||Salil Sen||[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]], Nandini Maliya||Drama||
|-
|''[[Seemabaddha]]''||[[Satyajit Ray]]||[[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Barun Chanda]]||Social Drama||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Indian film list}}
{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{1971 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Films Of 1971}}
[[Category:Lists of Bengali films by year|1971]]
[[Category:Lists of 1971 films by language|Bengali]]
[[Category:1971 in Indian cinema|Films, Bengali]]

Rudra Tandava

2026-03-06T03:06:13Z

Athenian: brief improve structure after review and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rudra Tandava
| image = 2015 Kannada film Rudra Tandava poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Guru Deshpande
| producer = S Vinod Kumar Srinagesh
| writer = [[Suseenthiran]]
| screenplay = Guru Deshpande
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Pandiya Naadu]]'' (2013)|[[Suseenthiran]]}}
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] [[Radhika Kumaraswamy]] [[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Krishna]] [[Girish Karnad]] [[P. Ravi Shankar]] [[Vasishta N. Simha]]
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]] [[D. Imman]]
| cinematography = Jagadish Vali
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| studio = G Cinemas
| distributor = Magnum Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2015|02|27|df=yes}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Rudra Tandava''''' ({{translation|Violent dance}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action film]] directed by Guru Deshpande, and is a remake of the 2013 [[Tamil film]] ''[[Pandiya Naadu]]''. It stars [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] and [[Radhika Kumaraswamy]] in the lead roles. [[P. Ravi Shankar]], [[Girish Karnad]] and [[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Krishna]] feature in supporting roles. The film tells the story about how Shivaraj (Sarja), a regular man avenges the killing of his brother by the local mafia. The film upon theatrical release on 27 February 2015 received mixed reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
Shivaraj, a carefree young man, is devastated when a gangster, Narasimha, kills his elder brother. When Narasimha is not arrested by the police, Shivaraj and his father vow to take revenge.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|* [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] as Shivaraj
* [[Radhika Kumaraswamy]] as Jhanavi
* [[P. Ravi Shankar]] as Narasimha Reddy
* [[Girish Karnad]] as Girishanna
* [[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Krishna]] (credited as Darling Krishna) as Kumar
* [[Kumar Govind]] as Nagaraj
* [[Chikkanna]]
* Babitha (Shruthi Raj)
* [[Vasishta N. Simha]] as Jagga
* [[Chithra Shenoy]]
* Malathi Sardeshpande
* Suresh Mangalore
* [[Lohithaswa]]
* Rockline Sudhakar}}

==Soundtrack==
[[V. Harikrishna]] scored the film's background music and composed for its soundtrack, with its lyrics written by Dhananjay Adiga, Puneeth Arya and [[K. Kalyan]]. The soundtrack album consists of five tracks, and all the songs from ''Pandiya Naadu'' (composed by [[D. Imman]]) have been retained. The track "Try Try Try" was sung solo by actress [[Ramya Nambeesan]], who made her debut in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]] as a playback singer with the song.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Remya-Croons-for-Rudratandava/2015/01/13/article2616514.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715151302/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Remya-Croons-for-Rudratandava/2015/01/13/article2616514.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2015|title=Remya Croons for Rudratandava|publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The track "Ondooralli Obba" was sung by actor [[Puneeth Rajkumar]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141230034811/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Puneeth-Lends-His-Voice-to-Three-Actors-in-Rudratandava/2014/12/29/article2592819.ece Puneeth lends his voice to three actors in Rudratandava]</ref> with the other three tracks sung by [[Shankar Mahadevan]] (two) and [[Rajesh Krishnan]] (one). The album was released in January 2015 in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rudra Tandava Audio Release|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/rudra-tandava-audio-release-kannada-event-56899.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812033056/http://www.indiaglitz.com/rudra-tandava-audio-release-kannada-event-56899.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 August 2015|work=indiaglitz.com|date=12 January 2015|accessdate=13 July 2015}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ee Baala Belago
| lyrics1 = Dhananjay Adiga
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Ondooralli Obba
| lyrics2 = Puneeth Arya
| extra2 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Yaare Yaare
| lyrics3 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra3 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Try Try Try
| lyrics4 = K. Kalyan
| extra4 = [[Ramya Nambeesan]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Shantha Shivane
| lyrics5 = Dhananjay Adiga
| extra5 = Shankar Mahadevan
| length5 =
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

A Shardhha of [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "Though the storyline is not new, Guru has added elements to keep the audiences hooked and his effort shows".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2015/Feb/28/rudratandavas-magic-lies-in-its-many-twists-723005.html|title=Rudratandava's Magic Lies in its Many Twists|date=11 February 2015 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=28 February 2015}}</ref> Shyam Prasad S of [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "storyline showing a realistic streak, it would have been better to showcase the fights in similar light. Chiru is bettering himself with each film and this film is his best showcase so far".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/ambareesh-shankar-nag/articleshow/46399738.cms|title=Movie Review: Rudratandava|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=27 February 2015}}</ref> Muralikrishna P from [[Vijaya Karnataka]] wrote "Jagdish Wali cinematography is noted in some scenes. But, the koala's sunshine rolls the eye of the spectator. Scenes are bleak. V. Harikrishna does not play music. There is no such Josh in prose songs such as the one he once had when he was a middle school teacher. The film fails to capture the audience".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/moviereview/46401386.cms|title=Rudratandava: The tandava of cruelty|publisher=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]|access-date=16 March 2015}}</ref> S Viswanath from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Till virtually first half, the film runs on this promising premise. Shivaraj, a timid mobile sales and services guy, wary of confronting baddies, stammers when it comes to convey his mind to school teacher Jhanavi, who, incidentally, happens to be his tenant. With a sidekick in tow, Deshpande believes this would suffice to take care of comic part".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/462493/a-stupefying-show.html|title=A stupefying show|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=5 December 2009}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4515226}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rudra Tandava}}
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:2015 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]
[[Category:2015 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Guru Deshpande]]

{{2010s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Foster care

2026-03-04T09:21:58Z

Athenian: add details for accuracy and updated info

{{Short description|System of non-parental temporary child-care}}
{{Redirect|Foster child||Foster Child (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Care leaver| the Australian children referred to as care leavers|Forgotten Australians}}

[[File:Childrens migrant programme.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Children of the United Kingdom's [[Home Children|Child Migration Programme]] – many of whom were placed in foster care in Australia]]
'''Foster care''' is a system in which a [[underage|minor]] has been placed into a [[ward (law)|ward]], [[group home]] ([[Residential Child Care Community|residential child care community]] or treatment centre), or private home of a state-[[certified]] caregiver, referred to as a "foster parent", or with a family member approved by the state. The placement of a "foster child" is normally arranged through the government or a social service agency. The institution, group home, or foster parent is compensated for expenses unless with a family member. Any adult who has spent time in care can be described as a "care leaver", especially in European countries.

The state, via the [[family court]] and [[child protective services]] agency, stand ''[[in loco parentis]]'' to the minor, making all legal decisions while the foster parent is responsible for the day-to-day care of the minor.

Scholars and activists have expressed concerns about the efficacy of foster care services provided by non-government organisations.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last1=Paddock |first1=Christina |last2=Waters-Roman |first2=Debra |last3=Borja |first3=Jessica |editor-first1=Christina |editor-first2=Debra |editor-first3=Jessica |editor-last1=Paddock |editor-last2=Waters-Roman |editor-last3=Borja |date=2013-06-11 |title=Child Welfare: History and Policy |url=https://oxfordre.com/socialwork/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.001.0001/acrefore-9780199975839-e-530 |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Encyclopedia of Social Work |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.530|isbn=978-0-19-997583-9 }}</ref> Specifically, this pertains to poor retention rates of social workers. Poor retention rates are attributed to being overworked in an emotionally draining field that offers minimal monetary compensation.<ref name=":02" /> The lack of professionals pursuing a degree in social work coupled with poor retention rates in the field has led to a shortage of social workers and created large caseloads for those who choose to work and stay in the field.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Corkran |first=K |date=2006 |title=Principal Agent Obstacles to Foster Care Contracting |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jecoplcy2&div=6&g_sent=1&casa_token=6NvzOlIgjUwAAAAA:AtXKXiUb9G-dN2mzIekai60DsdhMduYGhEnzOQRGAvq_nmLvfNIMe8muGzSXGD27Hp0aAgL4HF4&collection=journals |access-date=November 29, 2022 |website=Journal of Law, Economics, & Policy HeinOnline}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last1=Chipungu |first1=Sandra Stukes |last2=Bent-Goodley |first2=Tricia B. |date=Winter 2004 |title=Meeting the Challenges of Contemporary Foster Care |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1602755 |journal=The Future of Children |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=74–93 |doi=10.2307/1602755|jstor=1602755 |pmid=15072019 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last=Reimer |first=Daniela |date=May 2021 |title=Better quality in foster care in Europe : how can it be achieved? |url=https://digitalcollection.zhaw.ch/handle/11475/22698 |language=en |publisher=European Commission |doi=10.21256/zhaw-22698|s2cid=238049851 }}</ref> The efficacy of caseworker retention also affects the overall ability to care for clients. Low staffing leads to data limitations that infringe on caseworkers' ability to adequately serve clients and their families.<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":42"/>

Foster care is correlated with a range of negative outcomes compared to the general population. Children in foster care have a high rate of ill health, particularly psychiatric conditions such as anxiety, depression, and eating disorders. One third of foster children in a US study reported abuse from a foster parent or other adult in the foster home. Nearly half of foster children in the US become homeless when they reach the age of 18, and the poverty rate is three times higher among foster care alumni than in the general population.

==By country==

===Australia===
{{Main|Foster care in Australia}}
In Australia foster care was known as "boarding-out". Foster care had its early stages in [[South Australia]] in 1867 and stretched to the second half of the 19th century. It is said that the system was mostly run by women until the early 20th century. Then the control was centered in many state children's departments. "Although boarding-out was also implemented by non-government[al] child rescue organizations, many large institutions remained. These institutions assumed an increasing importance from the late 1920s when the system went into decline." The system was re-energized in the postwar era, and in the 1970s. The system is still the main structure for "out-of-home care". The system took care of both local and foreign children. "The first adoption legislation was passed in [[Western Australia]] in 1896, but the remaining states did not act until the 1920s, introducing the beginnings of the closed adoption that reached it peak in the period 1940–1975. New baby adoption dropped dramatically from the mid-1970s, with the greater tolerance of and support for single mothers".<ref>Swain, Shurlee. "History of Adoption and Fostering in Australia by Shurlee Swain." History of Adoption and Fostering in Australia. Oxford University, 28 Jan. 2013. Web. 05 Oct. 2016.</ref>

===Cambodia===
Foster care in [[Cambodia]] is relatively new as an official practice within the government. However, despite a later start, the practice is currently making great strides within the country. Left with a large number of official and unofficial [[orphanage]]s from the 1990s, the Cambodian government conducted several research projects in 2006 and 2008, pointing to the overuse of orphanages as a solution for caring for vulnerable children within the country. Most notably, the studies found that the percentage of children within orphanages that had parents approached 80%. At the same time, local NGOs like "Children In Families"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chlidreninfamilies.org/foster-care/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-12-17 |archive-date=2020-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301085746/http://www.chlidreninfamilies.org/foster-care/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> began offering limited foster care services within the country. In the subsequent years, the Cambodian government began implementing policies that required the closure of some orphanages and the implementation of minimum standards for [[residential care]] institutions. These actions lead to an increase in the number of NGOs providing foster care placements and helped to set the course for care reform around the country. As of 2015, the Cambodian government is working with UNICEF, USAID, several governments, and many local NGOs in continuing to build the capacity for child protection and foster care within the Kingdom.

===Canada===
{{Main|Foster care in Canada}}

Foster children in Canada are known as '''permanent wards''' ('''crown wards''' in Ontario).<ref name="anne">Anne Tweddle, [http://www.voices.mb.ca/assets/Anne%20Tweddle%20Youth%20Leaving%20Care%20Report.pdf "Youth Leaving Care Report"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021093334/http://www.voices.mb.ca/assets/anne%20tweddle%20youth%20leaving%20care%20report.pdf |date=2014-10-21 }}, September 2005</ref> A [[Ward (law)|ward]] is someone, in this case a child, placed under protection of a [[legal guardian]] and are the legal responsibility of the [[Canadian government|government]]. Census data from 2011 counted children in foster care for the first time, counting 47,885 children in care. The majority of foster children – 29,590, or about 62 per cent – were aged 14 and under.<ref name="nationalpost">National Post,[https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/census-2011-canadas-foster-children-counted-for-first-time "Census 2011: Canada's foster children counted for first time"], September 19, 2012</ref> The wards remain under the care of the government until they "age out of care". All ties are severed from the government and there is no longer any legal responsibility toward the youth. This age is different depending on the province.

===Israel===
In December 2013, the Israeli [[Knesset]] approved a bill co-drafted by the [[Israel National Council for the Child]] to regulate the rights and obligations of participants in the foster care system in Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/National-News/Knesset-passes-bill-regulating-foster-care-system-in-Israel-334292 |author=Danielle Ziri|title=Knesset passes bill regulating foster care system in Israel|publisher=The Jerusalem Post|date=December 8, 2013|access-date=July 31, 2015}}</ref>

===Japan===
The idea of foster care or taking in abandoned children actually came about around 1392–1490s in Japan. The foster care system in Japan is similar to the Orphan Trains system of the US, thinking the children would do better on farms rather than living in the "dusty city".{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} The families would often send their children to a farm family outside the village and only keep their oldest son. The farm families served as the foster parents and they were financially rewarded for taking in the younger siblings. "It was considered an honor to be chosen as foster parents, and selection greatly depended on the family's reputation and status within the village".<ref>Kumasaka, Y, and H Aiba. "Foster Care in Japan: Past and Present." The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. 46.2 (1968): 255. Print.</ref> Around 1895 the foster care program became more like the system used in the United States because the [[Tokyo Metropolitan Police]] sent children to a hospital where they would be "settled".<ref>Kumasaka, Y, and H Aiba. "Foster Care in Japan: Past and Present." The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. 46.2 (1968): 258. Print.</ref> Problems emerged in this system, such as [[child abuse]], so the government started phasing it out and "began increasing institutional facilities". In 1948 the Child Welfare Law was passed, increasing official oversight, and creating better conditions for the children to grow up in.<ref>Kumasaka, Y, and H Aiba. "Foster Care in Japan: Past and Present." The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. 46.2 (1968): 259. Print.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/05/01/japan-children-institutions-denied-family-life | title=Japan: Children in Institutions Denied Family Life| date=May 2014}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
{{Main|Foster care in the United Kingdom}}
In the United Kingdom, foster care and adoption has always been an option, "in the sense of taking other people's children into their homes and looking after them on a permanent or temporary basis." However, nothing about it had a legal foundation until the 20th century. The UK had "wardship", the family taking in the child had custody by the [[Court of Chancery|Chancery Court]]. Wardship was not used very often because it did not give the guardian "parental rights". In the 19th century came a "series of baby farming scandals". At the end of the 19th century they started calling it "boarding-out" like they did in Australia. They started placing the children in [[orphanage]]s and [[workhouse]]s as well. "The First World War saw an increase in organized adoption through adoption societies and child rescue organizations, and pressure grew for adoption to be given legal status." The first laws based on adoption and foster care were passed in 1926. "The peak number of adoptions was in 1968, since then there has been an enormous decline in adoption in the United Kingdom. The main reasons for children being adopted in the United Kingdom had been unmarried mothers giving up their children for adoption and stepparents adopting their new partner's children".<ref>Keating, Jenny. "History of Adoption and Fostering in the United Kingdom." Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford University, 28 May 2013. Web. 06 Oct. 2013.</ref>

===United States===
{{Main|Foster care in the United States}}
Historians of foster care in America emphasize biases of race and class status that shaped divergent experiences for children. In particular, the United States welfare system has reckoned with a longer history of Black children taken away from their families during [[slavery]]. Scholars have also documented the negative conditions faced by often impoverished children during the creation of early orphanages. Prior to protections of Tribes and the right of Indigenous children to remain within their tribal communities such as the 1978 [[Indian Child Welfare Act]], child welfare concerns were cited as reasoning to remove 35% of Indigenous children from their families and tribes.<ref name="Sarah A p2">{{Cite journal |last1=Font |first1=Sarah A. |last2=Gershoff |first2=Elizabeth T. |date=2020 |title=Foster Care: How We Can, and Should, Do More for Maltreated Children |journal=Social Policy Report |language=en |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.1002/sop2.10 |issn=2379-3988 |pmc=8023222 |pmid=33833492}}</ref>

In the United States, formal foster care started as a result of the efforts of [[Charles Loring Brace]], who founded the Children's Aid Society. Taking note that nearly 30,000 homeless or neglected children lived in New York City alone,<ref name="Foster Care History 2013">"Foster Care History & Accomplishments." The Children's Aid Society. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2013.</ref> Brace took these children off the streets and placed them with families around the United States, particularly Christian families living on farms, in an attempt to improve their quality of life.<ref name="Nordmark, Oliver 2010">Nordmark, Oliver. "Orphan Train History.": REVEREND CHARLES LORING BRACE. N.p., 09 Feb. 2010. Web. 19 Oct. 2013.</ref> Between 1853 and his death in 1890, Brace transported over 120,000 children by train, giving name to the [[Orphan Train]] Movement.<ref>"Foster Care History & Accomplishments." The Children's Aid Society. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2013</ref> When Brace died in 1890, his sons took over his work of the Children's Aid Society until they retired.<ref name="Nordmark, Oliver 2010" /> The foster care approach pioneered by Brace and the Children's Aid Society became the basis for Concurrent Planning, which was the basis of the federal [[Adoption and Safe Families Act]] of 1997.

From August 1999 to August 2019, over 9 million American children were removed from their families and placed in foster homes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Adoption & Foster Care Statistics|url=https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/research-data-technology/statistics-research/afcars|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729095332/http://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/research-data-technology/statistics-research/afcars|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 29, 2016|access-date=2020-11-16|website=Children's Bureau {{!}} ACF|language=en}}</ref> As of August 2022 there were 368,530 children nationally located in foster homes. On average, an American child in foster care spends two birthdays in the system.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children's Bureau |year=2023 |title=AFCARS Report #30 |url=https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cb/afcars-report-30.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402052722/https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cb/afcars-report-30.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 2, 2024 |website=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services}}</ref>

To create a safe environment for the child long term, children in American foster care have both a case plan and a case plan goal. A case plan is a clear statement about why the child needs protection and the roles and responsibilities of all participants (case worker, foster parents, etc.) in addressing the child's needs and their protection. The case plan goal is the end goal for the child that ends their stay in foster care.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2024 |title=Children's Foster Care Manual, State of Michigan Department of Health & Human Services |url=https://mdhhs-pres-prod.michigan.gov/olmweb/ex/FO/Public/FOM/722-06.pdf }}</ref> 52% of foster children in America have the goal to reunify with their parent(s) or primary caretaker(s).<ref name=":4" />

===France===
In France, foster families are called {{Lang|fr|familles d'accueil}} (literally "welcome families"). Foster homes must obtain an official approval<ref>{{cite web |url=https://drees.solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2020-07/aas2019_0.pdf|title='L'aide et l'action sociales en France'|date=2019}}</ref> from the government in order to welcome a minor or an elderly person. In order to receive this approval they must follow a training and their home is inspected to be sure it is safe and healthy. In 2017, 344,000 minors<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F1260|title=Famille d'accueil (Assistant familial)}}</ref> and 15,000 elderly persons<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.famillys.fr/faq|title=FAQ}}</ref> were welcomed in foster homes.

The Foundling Hospital in [[Paris]] is often considered the first state efforts to assist children, founded in 1670 by [[Vincent de Paul|Saint Vincent de Paul]]. Mothers had the option of anonymously depositing their infant children at the gate, a practice that was unique across much of Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Mother Depositing Her Child at the Foundling Hospital in Paris |url=https://foundlingmuseum.org.uk/object/a-mother-depositing-her-child-at-the-foundling-hospital-in-paris-c-1855/ |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=Foundling Museum |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Adoption in France|Simple adoption]], a form of additional parentage, was first codified into French law through the [[Napoleonic Code|Civil Code of 1804]] and allowed only adults over fifty without any legitimate children to adopt. The specificity of a lack of legitimate children hoped to reduce interference with inheritance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mignot |first=Jean-Françios |date=2016 |title="Simple" adoption in France: Revival of an old institution (1804-2007) |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01407701/document |journal=Revue française de sociologie |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=525–560|doi=10.3917/rfs.563.0525 }}</ref>

Traditionally, there is an emphasis on keeping families in contact as much as possible as parents often keep parental responsibility . The majority of social services for these children relies on both local authorities and Judicial Juvenile Protection, which includes laws outlining protections allowed to the children.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dumaret |first1=Annick-Camille |last2=Rosset |first2=Dominique-Jeanne |date=November 2005 |title=Adoption and Child Welfare Protection in France |url=https://inserm.hal.science/inserm-00476402/file/inserm-00476402_edited.pdf |journal=Early Child Development and Care |volume=175 |issue=7 |pages=661–670|doi=10.1080/0300443042000302636 }}</ref> Current laws limit families to three children in foster care, but exceptions may be made by the president of the [[Departmental council (France)|Departmental Council]] in certain cases.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-20 |title=Standards on foster care {{!}} European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights |url=https://fra.europa.eu/en/content/standards-foster-care |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=fra.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref>

=== Italy ===
Although the numbers have greatly decreased since post [[World War II]], over 27,000 children in Italy are in alternative care. Under 40% of children are able to return to their birth families, which is the ultimate goal of foster care.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General information on Italy |url=https://www.sos-childrensvillages.org/where-we-help/europe/italy |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=SOS Children’s Villages |language=en-US}}</ref>

Italian law considers familial relationships to be pivotal to a child's developments and gives primary relevance to the original family and offer home based support. However, if neglect or abuse is present, the judicial system may intervene to remove involved children. In 2001, all institution based facilities for displaced children were closed and replaced with [[Residential child care community|residential homes]] in order to provide a more familial feeling.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sità |first1=Chiara |last2=Mortari |first2=Luigina |date=2022 |title=Rethinking "the family" in foster care in Italy: The perspective of children in care and of foster parents' children |journal=Global Studies of Childhood |volume=1 |issue=14}}</ref>

== Placement ==
Family-based foster care is generally preferred to other forms of out of home care.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Barber|first1=James G.|first2=Paul H.|last2=Delfabbro|title=Children in Foster Care|url= |publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2003|location=New York|pages=3–4|isbn=}}{{ISBN?}}</ref> Foster care is intended to be a short-term solution until a permanent placement can be made.<ref name="dorsey">Dorsey et Al. ''Current status and evidence base of training for foster and treatment foster parents''</ref> In most states, the primary objective is to reconcile children with the biological parents. However, if the parents are unable or unwilling to care for the child, or if the child is an [[orphan]], then the first choice of adoptive parents is a relative such as an [[aunt]], [[uncle]] or [[grandparent]], known as [[kinship care]]. Most [[kinship care]] is done informally, without the involvement of a court or public organization. However, in the United States, formal kinship care is increasingly common. In 2012, a quarter of all children in formal foster care were placed with relatives instead of being placed into the system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aecf.org/~/media/Pubs/Initiatives/KIDS%20COUNT/S/SteppingUpforKids2012PolicyReport/SteppingUpForKidsPolicyReport2012.pdf |title= Stepping Up for Kids, Annie E. Casey Foundation |year=2012 |access-date=November 9, 2013}}</ref>

If no related family member is willing or able to adopt, the next preference is for the child to be adopted by the foster parents or by someone else involved in the child's life (such as a [[teacher]] or [[Coach (sport)|coach]]). This is to maintain continuity in the child's life. If neither above option are available, the child may be adopted by someone who is a stranger to the child.

If none of these options are viable, the plan for the minor may be to enter OPPLA (Other Planned Permanent Living Arrangement). This option allows the child to stay in custody of the state and the child can stay placed in a foster home, with a relative or a long-term care facility, such as a [[Residential Child Care Community|residential child care community]] or, for children with development disabilities, physical disabilities or mental disabilities, a [[Residential treatment center|treatment center]].

671,000 children were served by the foster care system in the United States in 2015.<ref name="pewfostercare.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/trends_fostercare_adoption2015.pdf|title=Trends in Foster Care and Adoption: FY 2006 - FY 2015|date=June 8, 2016|publisher=U.S. Children's Bureau, Administration for Children, Youth and Families|access-date=May 11, 2017|archive-date=May 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526143905/https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/trends_fostercare_adoption2015.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> "After declining more than 20 percent between FY 2006 and FY 2012 to a low of 397,000, the number of children in foster care on the last day of the fiscal year increased to 428,000 in FY 2015, with a slightly higher percent change from 2014 to 2015 (3.3%) than observed from 2013 to 2014 (3.2%)."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/trends_fostercare_adoption2015.pdf|title=Trends in Foster Care and Adoption: FY 2006 - FY 2015|date=June 8, 2016|access-date=May 11, 2017|archive-date=May 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526143905/https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/trends_fostercare_adoption2015.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since FY 2012, the number of children in foster care at the end of each FY has steadily increased.<ref name="pewfostercare.org" />

The median amount of time a child spent in foster care in the U.S. in 2015 was 13.5 months.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/foster.pdf|title=Foster Care Statistics 2015|date=March 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308084002/http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/foster.pdf|archive-date=2015-03-08|url-status=dead|access-date=May 11, 2017}}</ref> That year, 74% of children spent less than two years in foster care, while 13% were in care for three or more years.<ref name="id.">Id.</ref> Of the estimated 427,910 children in foster care on September 30, 2015: 43 percent were White, 24 percent were African-American, 21 percent were Hispanic (of any race), 10 percent were other races or multiracial, and 2 percent were unknown or unable to be determined.<ref name="id."/>

Children may enter foster care voluntarily or involuntarily. Voluntary placement may occur when a biological parent or lawful guardian is unable to care for a child. Involuntary placement occurs when a child is removed from their biological parent or lawful guardian due to the risk or actual occurrence of physical or psychological harm, or if the child has been orphaned. In the US, most children enter foster care due to neglect.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pewfostercare.org/ |title=Pew Commission on Children in Foster Care |publisher=Pewfostercare.org |access-date=2011-11-01}}</ref> If a biological parent or [[legal guardian]] is unwilling or unable to care for a child, the child is deemed to be dependent by the Juvenile Court and is placed under the legal care of the child protection agency. The policies regarding foster care as well as the criteria to be met to become a foster parent vary according to legal jurisdiction.

Especially egregious failures of child protective services often serve as a catalyst for increased removal of children from the homes of biological parents. An example is the brutal torture and murder of 17-month-old [[Death of Baby P|Peter Connelly]], a British toddler who died in [[London Borough of Haringey]], North London after suffering more than 50 severe injuries over an eight-month period, including eight broken ribs and a broken back. Throughout the period of time in which he was being tortured, he was repeatedly seen by Haringey Children's services and [[National Health Service|NHS]] health professionals.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7708398.stm ''BBC'': A short life of misery and pain]</ref> Haringey Children's services already failed ten years earlier in the case of [[murder of Victoria Climbié|Victoria Climbié]].<ref name="White">{{cite news |title=Squabble over Baby P was not the Commons at its best |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2008/nov/12/pmqs-baby-p |work=The Guardian |date=2008-11-12 |first=Michael |last=White |access-date=2008-11-12 | location=London}}</ref> In the time since his death, in 2007, cases have reached a record rate in England surpassing 10,000 in the reporting year ending in March 2012.

== Abuse and negligence ==
{{anchor|State abuses in the United States}}Although the majority of children in the foster care system are not abused or neglected,<ref name="Sarah A p2"/> children in foster care do experience higher rates of [[child abuse]], emotional deprivation, and physical [[neglect]] than those not in care. In one study in the United Kingdom, "foster children were 7–8 times, and children in residential care 6 times more likely to be assessed by a pediatrician for [[abuse]] than a child in the general population".<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hobbs | first1 = GF | last2 = Hobbs | first2 = CJ | last3 = Wynne | first3 = JM | title = Abuse of children in foster and resident ial care | journal = Child Abuse & Neglect | volume = 23 | issue = 12 | pages = 1239–52 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10626608 | doi = 10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00096-4 }}</ref> A study of foster children in Oregon and Washington State in the US found that nearly one-third reported being abused by a foster parent or another adult in a foster home.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pecora |first=Peter J. |url=http://www.casey.org/Resources/Publications/ImprovingFamilyFosterCare.htm |title=Improving Family Foster Care | Casey Family Programs |publisher=Casey.org |date= 2005-04-06|access-date=2011-11-01}}</ref>

Although caregivers are put through a thorough and intense screening before being allowed to take in any children, the foster care system often lacks any safeguards to reevaluate families once they have taken in children. The death of a child in foster care may not be investigated as thoroughly in order to not further displace other children in the same foster home.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Unsafe In Foster Care' Investigates How A System To Keep Kids Safe Can Harm Them |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/07/20/1018501145/unsafe-in-foster-care-investigates-how-how-a-system-to-keep-kids-safe-can-harm-t |access-date=2025-03-24 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref> Organizations such as Child Abuse Prevention Services, located in Long Island, New York, suggest regular home visits and monitoring to ensure early intervention in the case of any avoidable issues or clearly unsafe conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gadys |date=2024-04-03 |title=How to Prevent Child Abuse in the Foster Care System - |url=https://capsli.org/how-to-prevent-child-abuse-in-the-foster-care-system/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In a 2023 study, 66% of the 143 youth currently in foster care who had reached out for help were victims of [[sexual abuse]] by a foster family member. These youth may encounter different barriers than their peers not in foster care such as concerns for safety, a lack of trust in the foster care system, previous negative reception to disclosure of sexual abuse, or not wanting to move placements.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kirkner |first1=Anne |last2=Goodman |first2=Kimberly L. |last3=Mullin |first3=Tara M. |last4=Wright |first4=Anna W. |date=2024-03-01 |title=Sexual abuse and disclosure concerns of youth in foster care |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0145213424000334 |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |volume=149 |article-number=106658 |doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106658 |pmid=38340427 |issn=0145-2134|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The race, sex, age, and sibling status all significantly influence potential instability of a placement. Non-white children, males, older children, and those who are only children were the most at risk of an unsafe or unstable foster care placement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liming |first1=Kiley W. |last2=Akin |first2=Becci |last3=Brook |first3=Jody |date=2021-12-01 |title=Adverse Childhood Experiences and Foster Care Placement Stability |journal=Pediatrics |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=e2021052700 |doi=10.1542/peds.2021-052700 |issn=0031-4005|doi-access=free |pmid=34851423 }}</ref> In general, older children in foster care are more likely to experience behavioral and mental health issues, which have been correlated with less likely success of adoption and fostering.<ref name="Sarah A p2"/>

== Development ==
As of 2019, in the US, the majority of children in the foster care system were under eight years of age.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The AFCARS Report |url=https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/afcarsreport27.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920105350/https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/afcarsreport27.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2020}}</ref> These early years are quite important for the physical and mental development of children. More specifically, these early years are most important for brain development. Stressful and traumatic experiences have been found to have long-term negative consequences for the brain development in children whereas talking, singing, and playing can help encourage brain growth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Early Brain Development and Health|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date=4 February 2021|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/early-brain-development.html}}</ref> Since the majority of children are removed from their homes due to neglect, this means that many of these children did not experience stable and stimulating environments to help promote this necessary growth.<ref name=":3" />

In a research study conducted at the University of Minnesota, researchers found that children placed in non-parental homes, such as foster homes, showed significant behavior problems and higher levels of internalizing problems in comparison to children in traditional families, even those who were mistreated by caregivers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lawerence|first=Catherine R.|title=The impact of foster care on development|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/development-and-psychopathology/article/impact-of-foster-care-on-development/9B6A8059208B7FA5F677E2A063968C5B|journal=Development and Psychopathology|year=2006|volume=18|issue=1|pages=57–76|doi=10.1017/S0954579406060044|pmid=16478552|s2cid=1051095}}</ref> A child who has lived in an orphanage or a home for multiple children may have learned survival skills but lack family skills due to a lack of permanency.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://adoption.com/5-things-know-about-how-orphanage-life-affects-children/ | title=5 Things You Should Know about How Orphanage Life Affects Children }}</ref>

== Medical and psychiatric disorders ==
A higher prevalence of physical, psychological, cognitive and epigenetic disorders for children in foster care has been established in studies in various countries. The Casey Family Programs Northwest Foster Care Alumni Study was a fairly extensive study of various aspects of children who had been in foster care.
Individuals who were in foster care experience higher rates of physical and psychiatric morbidity than the general population and suffer from not being able to trust and that can lead to placements breaking down.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = McCann | first1 = JB | last2 = James | first2 = A | last3 = Wilson | first3 = S | last4 = Dunn | first4 = G | title = Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in young people in the care system | journal = BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) | volume = 313 | issue = 7071 | pages = 1529–30 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8978231 | pmc = 2353045 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.313.7071.1529 }}</ref>

In the Casey study of foster children in [[Oregon]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]], they were found to have double the incidence of [[depression (mood)|depression]], 20% as compared to 10% and were found to have a higher rate of [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD) than combat veterans with 25% of those studied having PTSD. Children in foster care have a higher probability of having [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD), and deficits in [[frontal lobe disorder|executive functioning]], [[anxiety]] as well as other developmental problems.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pears | first1 = K | last2 = Fisher | first2 = PA | title = Developmental, cognitive, and neuropsychological functioning in preschool-aged foster children: associations with prior maltreatment and placement history | journal = Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 112–22 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15827462 | doi=10.1097/00004703-200504000-00006| s2cid = 28641807 }}</ref><ref name = "Tarren">{{cite journal | last1 = Tarren-Sweeney | first1 = M | last2 = Hazell | first2 = P | title = Mental health of children in foster and kinship care in New South Wales, Australia | journal = Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 89–97 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16509906 | doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2006.00804.x | s2cid = 23910822 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pecora | first1 = PJ | last2 = Jensen | first2 = PS | last3 = Romanelli | first3 = LH | last4 = Jackson | first4 = LJ | last5 = Ortiz | first5 = A | title = Mental health services for children placed in foster care: an overview of current challenges | journal = Child Welfare | volume = 88 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–26 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19653451 | pmc = 3061347 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last= Karnik | first= Niranjan S. | journal= Journal of Medical Humanities |title=Foster Children and ADHD: Anger, Violence, and Institutional Power | volume= 21 | pages= 199–214 | year= 2000 | doi= 10.1023/A:1009073008365 | issue= 4 | s2cid= 140865450 }}</ref>

These children experience higher degrees of [[incarceration]], [[poverty]], [[homelessness]], and [[suicide]]. Studies in the U.S. have suggested that some foster care placements may be more detrimental to children than remaining in a troubled home,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mit.edu/~jjdoyle/doyle_fosterlt_march07_aer.pdf |title=Child Protection and Child Outcomes: Measuring the Effects of Foster Care|access-date=2011-11-01}}

* {{cite journal | last1 = Lawrence | first1 = CR | last2 = Carlson | first2 = EA | last3 = Egeland | first3 = B | title = The impact of foster care on development | journal = Development and Psychopathology | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 57–76 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16478552 | doi = 10.1017/S0954579406060044 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.476.8380 | s2cid = 1051095 }}</ref> but a more recent study suggested that these findings may have been affected by [[selection bias]], and that foster care has little effect on behavioral problems.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Lawrence M. |last1=Berger|first2=Sarah K. |last2=Bruch|first3=Elizabeth I. |last3=Johnson|first4=Sigrid|last4=James|first5=David |last5=Rubin|title=Estimating the "Impact" of Out-of-Home Placement on Child Well-Being: Approaching the Problem of Selection Bias|journal=Child Development|volume=80|issue=6|year=2009 | doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01372.x|pages=1856–1876 |pmc=2836492 |pmid=19930356}}</ref>

=== Neurodevelopment ===
Foster children have elevated levels of [[cortisol]], a [[Stress (biology)|stress]] [[hormone]], in comparison to children raised by their biological parents. Elevated cortisol levels can compromise the immune system. (Harden BJ, 2004).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Harden | first1 = BJ | s2cid = 16596745 | title = Safety and stability for foster children: a developmental perspective| journal = The Future of Children / Center for the Future of Children, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation | volume = 14 | issue = 1| pages = 30–47 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15072017 | doi=10.2307/1602753| jstor = 1602753 }}</ref> Most of the processes involved in typical neurodevelopment are predicated upon the establishment of close nurturing relationships and environmental stimulation. Negative environmental influences during this critical period of brain development can have lifelong consequences.<ref>{{cite journal |title = American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Early Childhood and Adoption and Dependent Care. Developmental issues for young children in foster care | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 106 | issue = 5 | pages = 1145–50 | year = 2000 | pmid = 11061791 | doi=10.1542/peds.106.5.1145| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Silverman | first1 = AB | last2 = Reinherz | first2 = HZ | last3 = Giaconia | first3 = RM | title = The long-term sequelae of child and adolescent abuse: a longitudinal community study | journal = Child Abuse & Neglect | volume = 20 |issue = 8 | pages = 709–23 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8866117 | doi = 10.1016/0145-2134(96)00059-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bourgeois | first1 = JP | title = Brain synaptogenesis and epigenesis | journal = Médecine/Sciences | volume = 21 | issue = 4 | pages = 428–33 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15811309 | doi = 10.1051/medsci/2005214428 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>Childhood Experience and the Expression of Genetic Potential: What childhood neglect tells about nature versus nurture. Perry, BD. (2002)[http://www.childtrauma.org/CTAMATERIALS/MindBrain.pdf Article] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708032821/http://www.childtrauma.org/CTAMATERIALS/MindBrain.pdf |date=July 8, 2007 }}</ref>

=== Post-traumatic stress disorder ===
[[Image:PTSD stress brain.gif|thumb|Regions of the brain associated with stress and post-traumatic stress disorder<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-research-fact-sheet/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226210323/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-research-fact-sheet/index.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 26, 2009 |title=NIMH · Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Research Fact Sheet |work=National Institutes of Health }}</ref>]]
Children in foster care have a higher incidence of [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD). In one study,<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite journal | last1 = Dubner | first1 = AE | last2 = Motta | first2 = RW | title = Sexually and physically abused foster care children and posttraumatic stress disorder | journal = Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology | volume = 67 | issue = 3 | pages = 367–73 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10369057 | doi=10.1037/0022-006X.67.3.367}}</ref> 60% of children in foster care who had experienced sexual abuse had PTSD, and 42% of those who had been physically abused met the PTSD criteria. PTSD was also found in 18% of the children who were not abused. These children may have developed PTSD due to witnessing violence in the home. (Marsenich, 2002).

In order to figure out if a child has developed PTSD, there is a PTSD module, the 'anxiety disorder interview'. This is considered a reliable resource for establishing if a child has developed post traumatic stress disorder due to physical, sexual, or mental abuse.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid=33534094 | year=2021 | last1=McGuire | first1=R. | last2=Hiller | first2=R. M. | last3=Ehlers | first3=A. | last4=Fearon | first4=P. | last5=Meiser-Stedman | first5=R. | last6=Leuteritz | first6=S. | last7=Halligan | first7=S. L. | title=A Longitudinal Investigation of Children's Trauma Memory Characteristics and Their Relationship with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms | journal=Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology | volume=49 | issue=6 | pages=807–816 | doi=10.1007/s10802-021-00773-5 | pmc=8096753 }}</ref>

In a study conducted in Oregon and Washington state, the rate of PTSD in adults who were in foster care for one year between the ages of 14 and 18 was found to be higher than that of combat veterans, with 25% of those in the study meeting the diagnostic criteria as compared to 12–13% of Iraq war veterans and 15% of Vietnam war veterans, and a rate of 4% in the general population. The recovery rate for foster home alumni was 28.2% as opposed to 47% in the general population. Understanding the impact of the child's early experience, and the maltreatment that brought the child to child welfare's attention is critical to identifying causation.

"More than half the study participants reported clinical levels of mental illness, compared to less than a quarter of the general population".<ref>Casey Family Programs, Harvard Medical School (2005.04.05). "Former Foster Children in Oregon and Washington Suffer Posttraumatic Stress Disorder at Twice the Rate of U.S War Veterans"[http://www.jimcaseyyouth.org/docs/nwa_release.pdf Jimcaseyyouth.org]. Retrieved 2010.03.23. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221122245/http://www.jimcaseyyouth.org/docs/nwa_release.pdf |date=February 21, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cook |first=Rebecca |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/health/2002232816_webptsd06.html |title=One in four foster children suffers from post-traumatic stress, study finds |publisher=Seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=2005-04-07 |access-date=2011-11-01}}</ref>

=== Eating disorders ===

Foster children are at increased risk for a variety of [[eating disorders]] in comparison to the general population. In a study done in the United Kingdom, 35% of foster children experienced an increase in [[Body Mass Index]] (BMI) once in care.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hadfield | first1 = SC | last2 = Preece | first2 = PM | title = Obesity in looked after children: is foster care protective from the dangers of obesity? | journal = Child: Care, Health and Development | volume = 34 | issue = 6 | pages = 710–2 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18959567 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2008.00874.x }}</ref> Food Maintenance Syndrome is characterized by a set of aberrant eating behaviors of children in foster care. It is "a pattern of excessive eating and food acquisition and maintenance behaviors without concurrent obesity"; it resembles "the behavioral correlates of Hyperphagic Short Stature". It is hypothesized that this syndrome is triggered by the stress and maltreatment foster children are subjected to, it was prevalent amongst 25 percent of the study group in New Zealand.<ref name = "Tarren" /> [[Bulimia nervosa]] is seven times more prevalent among former foster children than in the general population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://research.casey.org |title=Northwest Foster Care Alumni Study |publisher=Research.casey.org |access-date=2011-11-01}}</ref>

=== Poverty and homelessness ===

[[File:Riischildren.jpg|thumb|New York street children in 1890]]
Nearly half of foster children in the U.S. become homeless when they turn 18.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/04/11/MNGPH63KM31.DTL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040617154455/http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/04/11/MNGPH63KM31.DTL |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 17, 2004 |title=Saving foster kids from the streets / As the nation faces a new wave of homeless children, Larkin youth center helps provide a transition to adulthood |publisher=Sfgate.com |date=2004-04-11 |access-date=2011-11-01}}</ref> One of every 10 foster children stays in foster care longer than seven years, and each year about 15,000 reach the age of majority and leave foster care without a permanent family—many to join the ranks of the homeless or to commit crimes and be imprisoned.<ref>Current Controversies: Issues in Adoption. Ed. William Dudley. Publisher: Greenhaven Press; 1 edition (December 19, 2003) Language: English {{ISBN|0-7377-1626-6}} {{ISBN|978-0-7377-1626-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lopez | first1 = P | last2 = Allen | first2 = PJ | title = Addressing the health needs of adolescents transitioning out of foster care | journal = Pediatric Nursing | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 345–55 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17907736 }}</ref>

Three out of 10 of the [[Homelessness in the United States|United States homeless]] are former foster children.<ref>V.Roman, N.P. & Wolfe, N. (1995). Web of failure: The relationship between foster care and homelessness. Washington, DC: National Alliance to End Homelessness.</ref> According to the results of the Casey Family Study of Foster Care Alumni, up to 80 percent are doing poorly—with a quarter to a third of former foster children at or below the [[poverty line]], three times the national poverty rate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nccpr.info/80-percent-failure/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003171951/http://nccpr.info/80-percent-failure/ |archive-date=2010-10-03 |title=80 Percent Failure A Brief Analysis of the Casey Family Programs Northwest Foster Care Alumni Study |work=National Coalition for Child Protection Reform |publisher=Nccpr.info |date=2005-04-07 |access-date=2022-10-14}}</ref> Very frequently, people who are homeless had multiple placements as children: some were in foster care, but others experienced "unofficial" placements in the homes of family or friends.

Individuals with a history of foster care tend to become homeless at an earlier age than those who were not in foster care.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} The length of time a person remains homeless is longer in individuals who were in foster care.<ref>Web of Failure: The Relationship Between Foster Care and Homelessness, Nan P. Roman, Phyllis Wolfe, National Alliance to End Homelessness</ref>

=== Suicide-death rate ===

Children in foster care are at a greater risk of suicide.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Charles | first1 = G | last2 = Matheson | first2 = J | title = Suicide prevention and intervention with young people in foster care in Canada | journal = Child Welfare | volume = 70 | issue = 2 | pages = 185–91 | year = 1991 | pmid = 2036873 }}</ref> The increased risk of suicide is still prevalent after leaving foster care. In a small study of twenty-two [[Texas|Texan]] youths who aged out of the system, 23 percent had a history of suicide attempts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.casey.org/Resources/Publications/pdf/WhitePaper_ImprovingOutcomesOlderYouth_FR.pdf |title=Improving Outcomes for Older Youth |access-date=2011-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928050855/http://www.casey.org/Resources/Publications/pdf/WhitePaper_ImprovingOutcomesOlderYouth_FR.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A [[Sweden|Swedish]] study utilizing the data of almost one million people including 22,305 former foster children who had been in care prior to their teens, concluded:
{{blockquote|Former child welfare clients were in year of birth and sex standardised risk ratios (RRs) four to five times more likely than peers in the general population to have been hospitalised for suicide attempts....Individuals who had been in long-term foster care tended to have the most dismal outcome...former child welfare/protection clients should be considered a high-risk group for suicide attempts and severe psychiatric morbidity.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Vinnerljung | first1 = B | last2 = Hjern | first2 = A | last3 = Lindblad | first3 = F | title = Suicide attempts and severe psychiatric morbidity among former child welfare clients—a national cohort study | journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines | volume = 47 | issue = 7 | pages = 723–33 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16790007 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01530.x }}</ref>
}}

===Death rate===
Children in foster care have an overall higher mortality rate than children in the general population.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Barth | first1=R | title=Death rates among California's foster care and former foster care populations | journal=Children and Youth Services Review | volume=20 | issue=7 | pages=577–604 | year=1998 | doi=10.1016/S0190-7409(98)00027-9 | last2=Blackwell | first2=Debra L. }}</ref> A study conducted in Finland among current and former foster children up to age 24 found a higher mortality rate due to substance abuse, accidents, suicide and illness. The deaths due to illness were attributed to an increased incidence of [[Acute (medicine)|acute]] and
[[Chronic (medicine)|chronic]] medical conditions and [[Developmental disability|developmental delays]] among children in foster care.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kalland | first1 = M | last2 = Pensola | first2 = TH | last3 = Meriläinen | first3 = J | last4 = Sinkkonen | first4 = J | title = Mortality in children registered in the Finnish child welfare registry: population based study | journal = BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) | volume = 323 | issue = 7306 | pages = 207–8 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11473912 | pmc= 35273 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.323.7306.207 }}</ref>

Georgia Senator [[Nancy Schaefer]] published a report "The Corrupt Business of Child Protective Services"<ref name="schaefer">{{cite web|url=http://www.nccr.info/attachments/600_The%20Corrupt%20Business%20Of%20Child%20Protective%20Services.pdf|title=The Corrupt Business of Child Protective Services – report by Senator Nancy Schaefer, September 25, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426010415/http://www.nccr.info/attachments/600_The%20Corrupt%20Business%20Of%20Child%20Protective%20Services.pdf|archive-date=April 26, 2012}}</ref> stating:

{{blockquote|The National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect in 1998 reported that six times as many children died in foster care than in the general public and that once removed to official "safety", these children are far more likely to suffer abuse, including sexual molestation than in the general population.<ref name="schaefer" />}}

===Academic prospects===
Educational outcomes of ex-foster children in the Northwest Alumni Study:<ref name="casey">{{cite web|url=http://www.casey.org/Resources/Publications/pdf/ImprovingFamilyFosterCare_FR.pdf|title=Findings from the Northwest Foster Care Alumni Study|access-date=2019-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603044012/http://www.casey.org/resources/publications/pdf/improvingfamilyfostercare_fr.pdf|archive-date=2014-06-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 56% completed high school compared to 82% of the general population, although an additional 29% of former foster children received a [[General Educational Development|G.E.D.]] compared to an additional 5% of the general population.
* 42.7% completed some education beyond [[high school]].
* 20.6% completed any degree or certificate beyond high school
* 16.1% completed a [[Vocational school|vocational degree]]; 21.9% for those over 25.
* 1.8% complete a [[Bachelor of Arts|bachelor's degree]], 2.7% for over 25, the completion rate for the general population in the same age group is 24%, a sizable difference.

The study reviewed case records for 659 foster care alumni in Northwest USA, and interviewed 479 of them
between September 2000 and January 2002.<ref name="casey" />

=== Higher Education ===
Approximately 10% of foster youth make it to college and of those 10%, only about 3% actually graduate and obtain a 4-year degree.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nfyi.org/issues/education/|title=National Foster Youth Institute {{!}} Education|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-13}}</ref> Although the number of foster youth who are starting at a 4-year university after high school has increased over the years, the number of youth who graduate from college continues to remain stable. A study of 712 youth in California, the results revealed that foster care youth are five times less likely to attend college than youth who do not go through foster care.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1086/694897|title = Who Goes to College? Social Capital and Other Predictors of College Enrollment for Foster-Care Youth|journal = Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research|volume = 8|issue = 4|pages = 563–593|year = 2017|last1 = Okpych|first1 = Nathanael J.|last2 = Courtney|first2 = Mark E.|s2cid = 148590912}}</ref> There are different resources that offer both financial and emotional support for foster youth to continue their education. Simultaneously, there are also many barriers that make getting to a college or university difficult.

Borton describes some of the barriers youth face in her article, ''Barriers to Post-Secondary Enrollment for Former Foster Youth''. A few of those barriers include financial hurdles, navigating through the application process with little to no support, and lack of housing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morton |first=Brenda |title=Barriers to Post-Secondary Enrollment for Former Foster Youth |url=https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1024&context=soe_faculty |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=Digital Commons @ George Fox University}}</ref>

Many studies have shown that there are a few factors that have seemingly played a role in the success of foster youth making it to and graduating from a college or university. While having financial resources for foster youth is a huge help, there are other components to look at. Beginning with having support for these youth at the high school level. In order for foster youth to obtain a college degree, they must enroll at a university first.

Out of the different factors that play in increasing college enrollment such as youth participating in extended foster care, reading ability, etc., youth who received assistance or had supportive relationships from adults, were more likely than youth who did not have supportive relationships, to enroll at a university.<ref name=":0" />

At colleges across the nation, there are programs that are specifically put in place to help youth who have aged out of the foster care system and continued into higher education. These programs often help youth financially by giving them supplemental funds and providing support through peer mentor programs or academic counseling services. While funding is an important key in helping get through college, it has not been found as the only crucial component in aiding a youth's success.

A study done by Jay and colleagues provides insight on what youth view as important in helping them thrive on a college campus. The study, which had a sample of 51 foster youth, used Conceptual Mapping to break down the different components of support that may be important for youth to receive on a college campus.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jay Miller|first1=J.|last2=Benner|first2=Kalea|last3=Kheibari|first3=Athena|last4=Washington|first4=Earl|date=2017|title=Conceptualizing on-campus support programs for collegiate foster youth and alumni: A plan for action|url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/cysrev/v83y2017icp57-67.html|journal=Children and Youth Services Review|language=en|volume=83|issue=C|pages=57–67|doi=10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.10.028|s2cid=148831777 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Psychotropic medication use ===

Studies have revealed that youth in foster care covered by [[Medicaid]] insurance receive [[psychotropic medication]] at a rate that was 3 times higher than that of Medicaid-insured youth who qualify by low family income. In a review (September 2003 to August 2004) of the medical records of 32,135 Texas foster care 0–19 years old, 12,189 were prescribed psychotropic medication, resulting in an annual prevalence of 37.9% of these children being prescribed medication. 41.3% received 3 different classes of these drugs during July 2004, and 15.9% received 4 different classes. The most frequently used medications were [[antidepressants]] (56.8%), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder drugs (55.9%), and antipsychotic agents (53.2%). The study also showed that youth in foster care are frequently treated with [[Concomitant drugs|concomitant]] [[psychotropic]] medication, for which sufficient evidence regarding safety and effectiveness is not available.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Zito | first1 = JM | last2 = Safer| first2 = DJ | last3 = Sai | first3 = D | last4 = Gardner | first4 = JF | last5 = Thomas | first5 = D | last6 = Coombes | first6 = P |last7 = Dubowski | first7 = M | last8 = Mendez-Lewis| first8 = M | title = Psychotropic medication patterns among youth in foster care |journal = Pediatrics | volume = 121 |issue = 1 |pages = e157–63 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18166534 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2007-0212| s2cid = 1779836 }}</ref>

The use of expensive, brand name, patent protected medication was prevalent. In the case of [[SSRI]]s the use of the most expensive medications was noted to be 74%; in the general market only 28% are for brand name SSRI's vs generics. The average out-of-pocket expense per prescription was $34.75 for generics and $90.17 for branded products, a $55.42, difference.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=19727306|pmc=2719553|year=2008|last1=Cascade|first1=EF|last2=Kalali|first2=AH|title=Generic Penetration of the SSRI Market|volume=5|issue=4|pages=25–6|journal=Psychiatry }}</ref>

== Therapeutic intervention ==

Children in the child welfare system have often experienced significant and repeated traumas and having a background in foster homes—especially in instances of sexual abuse—can be the precipitating factor in a wide variety of psychological and cognitive deficits<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Racusin | first1 = R | last2 = Maerlender | first2 = AC Jr | last3 = Sengupta | first3 = A | display-authors = etal | year = 2005 | title = Psychosocial treatment of children in foster care: a review | url = https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1719&context=psychfacpub| journal = Community Ment Health J | volume = 41 | issue = 2| pages = 199–221 | pmid = 15974499 | doi=10.1007/s10597-005-2656-7| s2cid = 17728425 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> it may also serve to obfuscate the true cause of underlying issues. The foster care experience may have nothing to do with the symptoms, or on the other hand, a disorder may be exacerbated by having a history of foster care and attendant abuses. The human brain however has been shown to have a fair degree of [[neuroplasticity]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Johansen-Berg | first1 = H | title = Structural plasticity: rewiring the brain | journal = Current Biology | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = R141–4 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17307051 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2006.12.022 | s2cid = 15766149 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2007CBio...17.R141J }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Duffau | first1 = H | title = Brain plasticity: from pathophysiological mechanisms to therapeutic applications | journal = Journal of Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 13 | issue = 9 | pages = 885–97 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17049865 | doi = 10.1016/j.jocn.2005.11.045 | s2cid = 6060894 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Holtmaat | first1 = A | last2 = Svoboda | first2 = K |author2-link=Karel Svoboda (scientist)| title = Experience-dependent structural synaptic plasticity in the mammalian brain | journal = Nature Reviews. Neuroscience | volume = 10 | issue = 9 | pages = 647–58 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19693029 | doi = 10.1038/nrn2699 | s2cid = 16384008 }}</ref> and adult [[neurogenesis]] has been shown to be an ongoing process.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ge | first1 = S | last2 = Sailor | first2 = KA | last3 = Ming | first3 = GL | last4 = Song | first4 = H | title = Synaptic integration and plasticity of new neurons in the adult hippocampus | journal = The Journal of Physiology | volume = 586 | issue = 16 | pages = 3759–65 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18499723 | pmc = 2538931 | doi = 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.155655 }}</ref>

Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC), also referred to as Treatment Foster Care Oregon (TFCO) and Treatment Foster Care (TFC) is a community-based intervention that was created in 1983 by Dr. Patricia Chamberlain and her associated colleagues with the initial design intended to offer a replacement for group facilities.<ref name=":6">{{Cite thesis |last=Ladner-Graham |first=Jennifer |date=2019 |title=Empirical Support for Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC): A Critical Review |type=PhD dissertation |publisher=University of Mississippi |url=https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd/1714 }}</ref> MTFC has differing approaches for different age groups. Preschoolers receive “a behavior-management approach and intensively trains, supervises, and supports foster caregivers to provide positive adult support and consistent limit setting” coupled with “coordinated interventions with the child’s biological parents.”<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Leve |first1=Leslie D. |last2=Harold |first2=Gordon T. |last3=Chamberlain |first3=Patricia |last4=Landsverk |first4=John A. |last5=Fisher |first5=Philip A. |last6=Vostanis |first6=Panos |date=December 2012 |title=Practitioner Review: Children in foster care – vulnerabilities and evidence-based interventions that promote resilience processes |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines |volume=53 |issue=12 |pages=1197–1211 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02594.x |issn=0021-9630 |pmc=3505234 |pmid=22882015}}</ref> MTFC for adolescence consists of individual placement with an intensely trained foster family providing “coordinated interventions in the home, with peers, [and] in educational settings.”<ref name=":7" /> MTFC has been shown to provide better results than group facilities<ref name=":7" /> and proves to be more cost effective.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Åström |first1=Therese |last2=Bergström |first2=Martin |last3=Håkansson |first3=Kickan |last4=Jonsson |first4=Ann Kristine |last5=Munthe |first5=Christian |last6=Wirtberg |first6=Ingegerd |last7=Wiss |first7=Johanna |last8=Sundell |first8=Knut |date=May 2020 |title=Treatment Foster Care Oregon for Delinquent Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Research on Social Work Practice |language=en |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=355–367 |doi=10.1177/1049731519890394 |s2cid=210124556 |issn=1049-7315|doi-access=free }}</ref> Reports show that Multidimensional treatment has effective results in reducing depression, arrest rates, deviant peer affiliations, placement disruption, and pregnancy rates while having positive replication trials.<ref name=":7" /> It is one method that attempts to incorporate [[Trauma-informed care|trauma informed care]] into its design.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Dana K. |last2=Chamberlain |first2=Patricia |last3=Deblinger |first3=Esther |date=2012-09-01 |title=Adapting Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for the Treatment of Co-occurring Trauma and Delinquency in Adolescent Girls |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19361521.2012.697101 |journal=Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=224–238 |doi=10.1080/19361521.2012.697101 |s2cid=145347023 |issn=1936-153X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, it is important to mention that MTFC is a voluntary program, and both the youth and their parent(s) must agree to participate. Delinquent youth may face less desirable settings, unlike those in the foster care system, that increases their motivation to participate.

Researchers have faced difficulty when it comes to accurately assessing what makes MTFC and other similar programs that involve multiple levels of intervention successful. It seems to remain in a "black box" scenario where it is unsure what aspect of the treatment plan is actually producing positive effects.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Osei |first1=Gershon K. |last2=Gorey |first2=Kevin M. |last3=Hernandez Jozefowicz |first3=Debra M. |date=2016-02-01 |title=Delinquency and Crime Prevention: Overview of Research Comparing Treatment Foster Care and Group Care |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-015-9315-0 |journal=Child & Youth Care Forum |language=en |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=33–46 |doi=10.1007/s10566-015-9315-0 |s2cid=254374576 |issn=1573-3319|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Multiple peer-reviewed research articles on foster care programs point out a lack of research effectively evaluating the outcomes of specific foster care programs,<ref name=":42"/><ref name=":5">{{Citation |last1=Font |first1=Sarah A. |title=Foster Care as a Problem and a Solution |date=2020 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41146-6_3 |work=Foster Care and Best Interests of the Child: Integrating Research, Policy, and Practice |pages=39–58 |editor-last=Font |editor-first=Sarah A. |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-41146-6_3 |isbn=978-3-030-41146-6 |access-date=2022-11-30 |last2=Gershoff |first2=Elizabeth T. |series=SpringerBriefs in Psychology |s2cid=216275536 |editor2-last=Gershoff |editor2-first=Elizabeth T.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" /> calling for more complete assessments to be conducted in order to properly compare outcomes between treatment plans and evaluate what practices in MTFC are most effective.<ref name=":9" /> Ethical concerns have also been raised by Therese Åström and other associated researchers when conducting a systematic review on behalf of the Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services in 2018, noting that on the one hand MTFC is evaluated as effective, however, it tends to be implemented in a way that diminishes the child's agency.<ref name=":8" />

The L.Y.G.H.T. program is a peer grief support program that has been shown to increase perceived social support and hope while decreasing perceived problems.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mitchell |first1=Monique B. |last2=Schuurman |first2=Donna L. |last3=Shapiro |first3=Cheri J. |last4=Sattler |first4=Sebastian |last5=Sorensen |first5=Carl |last6=Martinez |first6=Juliette |date=2024 |title=The L.Y.G.H.T. Program: An Evaluation of a Peer Grief Support Intervention for Youth in Foster Care |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-022-00843-7 |journal=Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal |volume=41 |pages=15–32 |doi=10.1007/s10560-022-00843-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Cross-cultural adoption policies ===
George Shanti, Nico Van Oudenhoven, and Rekha Wazir, co-authors of ''Foster Care Beyond the Crossroads: Lessons from an International Comparative Analysis'', say that there are four types of Government foster care systems. The first one is that of developing countries. These countries do not have policies implemented to take care of the basic needs of these children and these children mostly receive assistance from relatives. The second system is that of former socialist governments. The historical context of these states has not allowed for the evolution of their foster care system. NGO's have urged them to evolve; however the traditional system of institutionalizing these children is still in place. Thirdly, liberal democracies do not have the support from its political system in order to take care of these children, even though they have the resources. Finally, social democracies are the most advanced governments in regards to their foster care system. These governments have a massive infrastructure, funding, and support system in order to help foster care children.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=George |first1=Shanti |last2=Van Oudenhoven |first2=Nico |last3=Wazir |first3=Rekha |title=Foster Care Beyond the Crossroads: Lessons from an International Comparative Analysis |journal=Childhood |date=August 2003 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=343–361 |doi=10.1177/09075682030103006|s2cid=145426488 }}</ref>

== Adoption ==
{{See also|Adoption}}
Foster care<ref>{{cite web|title=The Current State of Foster Care in the U.S.|url=http://socialwork.une.edu/resources/infographics/the-current-state-of-foster-parenting/|website=University of New England Master of Social Work Online|publisher=University of New England|access-date=2015-05-11|archive-date=2017-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304230337/http://socialwork.une.edu/resources/infographics/the-current-state-of-foster-parenting/|url-status=dead}}</ref> adoption is a type of domestic adoption where the child is initially placed into a foster care system and is subsequently placed for adoption.

Children may be placed into foster care for a variety of reasons; including, removal from the home by a governmental agency because of maltreatment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/|title=HHS.gov|first=U.S. Department of Health and Human|last=Services|website=HHS.gov}}</ref> Removals must be sanctioned by a legal authority from the Juvenile Court, and regular reviews conducted. In some jurisdictions, adoptive parents are licensed as and technically considered foster parents while the adoption is being finalized.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/foster/ |title=Foster Care Adoption |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527123709/http://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/foster/ |archive-date=2010-05-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Children's Bureau, there were approximately 408,425 children in foster care in 2010. Of those children, twenty-five percent had a goal of adoption. In 2015, 243,060 children exited foster care and twenty-two percent were adopted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/foster.pdf|title=Foster care statistics 2015|publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children's Bureau|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308084002/http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/foster.pdf|archive-date=2015-03-08|url-status=dead|access-date=May 11, 2017}}</ref> Nationwide, there are more than one hundred thousand children in the U.S. foster care system waiting for permanent families.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.davethomasfoundation.org/|title=Dave Thomas Foundation for Adoption - Foster Care Adoption|website=Dave Thomas Foundation for Adoption}}</ref>

Adoptive parenting can have an impact on children, recent research has shown that warm adoptive parenting reduces internalizing and externalizing problems of the adoptive children over time.<ref name="Paine">{{cite journal |author1=Amy L. Paine, Oliver Perra, Rebecca Anthony, and Katherine H. Shelton |title=Charting the trajectories of adopted children's emotional and behavioral problems: The impact of early adversity and postadoptive parental warmth |journal=Development and Psychopathology |date=Aug 2021|volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=922–936 |doi=10.1017/S0954579420000231 |pmid=32366341 |pmc=8374623 }}</ref>

== Outcomes ==
Youth who are aging out of foster care often face difficulties in transitioning into adulthood, especially in terms of finding stable housing, employment, finances, and educational opportunities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Gypen|first1=Laura|last2=Vanderfaeillie|first2=Johan|last3=De Maeyer|first3=Skrallan|last4=Belenger|first4=Laurence|last5=Van Holen|first5=Frank|date=May 2017|title=Outcomes of children who grew up in foster care: Systematic-review|journal=Children and Youth Services Review|volume=76|pages=74–83|doi=10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.02.035|issn=0190-7409}}</ref> The suspected reason for these difficulties involves a lack of stability experienced while in the foster care system, and the reported abuse and/or neglect in their childhood, which may affect their ability to cope with significant life changes.<ref name=":1" /> In the United States, there are independent living programs designed with the intent to serve the needs of transitioning foster youth.<ref name=":1" /> However, youth aging out of foster care have indicated that these programs are failing to fully address the needs of young adults without familial assistance.<ref name=":1" /> Nearly half reported that they were unprepared for independent living and cited a lack of concrete needs such as safe housing, money and bus passes after aging out.<ref name=":1" />

In a study conducted by Gypen et al. (2017),<ref name=":1" /> involving a cross-database analysis of research articles relevant to the outcomes of former foster youth, they found that the educational, mental health, employment, income, stable housing, criminal involvement and substance abuse issues outcomes for youth who have aged out of the foster care system are substantially poorer than their peers. For example, Gypen et al. (2017),<ref name=":1" /> indicated that only 45% of former foster youth received a high school diploma, which is 23% lower than the general population. There are also significantly poorer outcomes for children who were formerly in foster care than children from low-income households and racial minorities.<ref name=":1" /> African American former foster youth graduate high school at a much lower rate then their white counterparts.<ref name=":1" /> The likelihood for secondary degree obtainment, whether a two or four year degree, is significantly decreased compared to the general population in every survey. A 2011 study found that between 8-13% of former foster youth obtained either a 2 or 4 year college degree compared to 34-44% of the general population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vinnerljung |first1=Bo |last2=Hjern |first2=Anders |date=2011-10-01 |title=Cognitive, educational and self-support outcomes of long-term foster care versus adoption. A Swedish national cohort study |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S019074091100185X |journal=Children and Youth Services Review |volume=33 |issue=10 |pages=1902–1910 |doi=10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.05.016 |issn=0190-7409|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Children who are eventually adopted by their placement family show greater outcomes, in terms of finding stable housing, employment, finances and education opportunities, than those who aged out of the foster care system without a permanent placement.<ref name=":1" />

Economically, former foster youth also fall behind their non-foster youth peers. Annually, former foster youth make about $7550 less than their peers.<ref name=":1" /> After aging out about 17%-33% are dependent on public assistance (such as food stamps).<ref name=":1" /> Of those who age out of the family services system and move in with a partner, 32% don't have any sort of income compared to 3% of the general population.<ref name=":1" />

The mental health of those that age out of foster care also suffers more than the general population.<ref name=":1" /> Around 62% of former foster youth will be diagnosed with at least 1 psychiatric illness in their life time with a much higher rate of women getting such a diagnosis.<ref name=":1" /> Former foster youth also experience higher levels of substance abuse and alcohol dependency. Between 40% and 49% of former foster youth will abuse alcohol and 3% to 13% will become dependent on it. 39% of former foster youth smoke compared to 20% of youth in general and 16% use cannabis compared to 6.5%.<ref name=":1" /> Former foster youth who identify as male are 3 times more likely to abuse substances than females.<ref name=":1" />

It has also been reported that former foster youth have a higher chance of ending up in [[prostitution]], and even fall prey to [[sex trafficking]].<ref>[https://nfyi.org/issues/sex-trafficking/ Sex trafficking]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.liftingtheveil.org/2016/08/14/prostitution-human-trafficking-the-foster-care-connection/ |title=PROSTITUTION, HUMAN TRAFFICKING: THE FOSTER CARE CONNECTION |access-date=2021-05-12 |archive-date=2021-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512152122/http://blog.liftingtheveil.org/2016/08/14/prostitution-human-trafficking-the-foster-care-connection/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Opinion {{!}} Foster Care and Prostitution (Published 2014) |work=The New York Times |date=19 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601113226/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/20/opinion/foster-care-and-prostitution.html |archive-date=2022-06-01 |url-status=live |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/20/opinion/foster-care-and-prostitution.html}}</ref> This has also been called the "foster care to prostitution pipeline".<ref>[https://psmag.com/social-justice/the-factors-and-figures-behind-the-so-called-foster-care-to-prostitution-pipeline From the system to the street]</ref> a 2012 study in Los Angeles found that 59% of juveniles arrested for prostitution were or had been in foster care, but the generalizability of these findings has been disputed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most L.A. County youths held for prostitution come from foster care |date=2012-11-27 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710162535/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2012-nov-27-la-me-1128-sex-trafficking-20121128-story.html |archive-date=2023-07-10 |url-status=live |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2012-nov-27-la-me-1128-sex-trafficking-20121128-story.html}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* [[Assisted living]]
* [[Attachment theory]]
* [[Child abandonment]]
* [[Child and family services]]
* [[Child and Youth Care|Child and youth care]]
* [[Community-based care]]
* [[Community integration]]
* [[Complex post-traumatic stress disorder]]
* [[Residential child care community|Congregate Care]]
* [[Cottage Homes]]
* [[Independent living]]
* [[Orphan train]]
* [[Orphanage]]
* [[Reactive attachment disorder]]
* [[Residential education]]
* [[Substance dependence]]
* [[Supported living]]
* [[Supported housing]]
* [[Teaching-family model]]
* [[Family support]]
*[[Wraparound (childcare)]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Bald, Anthony, Joseph J. Doyle Jr., Max Gross, and Brian A. Jacob. 2022. "Economics of Foster Care." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 36 (2): 223–46.
* Hurley, Kendra (2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20021119075503/http://www.nhi.org/online/issues/125/fostercare.html "Almost Home"] Retrieved June 27, 2006.
* {{cite journal|year = 1998|title = A prospective longitudinal study of disorganized/disoriented attachment|journal = Child Development|volume = 69|issue = 4|pages = 1107–1128|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06163.x|jstor=1132365|pmid = 9768489|last1 = Carlson|first1 = E.A.|doi-access = free}}
* Knowlton, Paul E. (2001). "The Original Foster Care Survival Guide"; A first person account directed to successfully aging out of foster care.
* McCutcheon, James, 2010. "Historical Analysis and Contemporary Assessment of Foster Care in Texas: Perceptions of Social Workers in a Private, Non-Profit Foster Care Agency". Applied Research Projects. [[Texas State University]] [http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/332 Paper 332.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318021455/http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/332 |date=2012-03-18 }}
* [https://a.co/d/axr3mP0 Forever Home] is a novel that can give insights into becoming a foster parent.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/575410_2 The Mental Health of Children in Out-of-Home Care: Scale and Complexity of Mental Health Problems]
* [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/482742 Effects of Enhanced Foster Care on the Long-term Physical and Mental Health of Foster Care Alumni]
* [http://fixcas.com/scholar/impact.pdf The impact of foster care on development]
* [http://www.frontiersin.org/Behavioral_Neuroscience/10.3389/neuro.08.022.2009/full Enduring neurobehavioral effects of early life trauma mediated through learning and corticosterone suppression ]
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Boarding-Out System}}

{{Adopt}}
{{Parenting}}
{{Infants and their care}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Foster care| ]]
[[Category:Adoption forms and related practices]]
[[Category:Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement]]
[[Category:Family]]

Maatho Pettukoku

2026-03-03T18:23:32Z

Athenian: put up first post basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maatho Pettukoku
| image = Maato Pettukoku.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| writer = Ganesh Patro {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Bhargav Arts Unit
| screenplay = [[Balabhadrapatruni Ramani|Ramani]]
| producer = [[S. Gopal Reddy]]
| director = [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
| starring = [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]
| music = [[Madhavapeddi Suresh]]
| cinematography = [[V. S. R. Swamy]]
| editing = Tirunavukkarasu Narasimha Rao
| studio = Bhargav Art Productions<ref name="Titles">{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/maatho-pettukoku-movie/18315 |title=Titles |publisher=gomolo}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|7|28}}
| runtime = 147 min
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Maatho Pettukoku''''' ({{translation|''Don't try to mess with us''}}) is a 1995 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] produced by [[S. Gopal Reddy]] under the Bhargav Art Productions banner and directed by [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]. The film stars [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], and music composed by [[Madhavapeddi Suresh]].<ref name="Heading">{{cite web |url=http://telugumoviepedia.com/movie/cast/198/maato-pettukoku-cast.html |title=Heading |publisher=Chitr |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305224640/http://telugumoviepedia.com/movie/cast/198/maato-pettukoku-cast.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Heading2">{{cite web |url=http://www.nthwall.com/te/Maatho-Pettukoku-2014/8291801799 |title=Heading2 |publisher=Nth Wall |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122151649/http://www.nthwall.com/te/Maatho-Pettukoku-2014/8291801799 |archivedate=22 January 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins in the town where Sitamma, a benevolent daughter-in-law of a Zamindar, leads a delightful life with her husband and the two identical children, Arjun & Kishtaiah. Chakravarthy, a malice son-in-law of Zamindar, intrudes into their house, slays him & his son, and grabs their riches. Thus, Sitamma pledges not to disperse her husband's ashes until he seeks to avenge Chakravarthy when suddenly, Chakravarthy attacks, which detaches all. Years roll by, and a bold woman, Manikyam, rears Kishtaiah, who becomes a pickpocket. Once, he clashes with a naughty girl, Latha, the daughter of Chakravarthy's sidekick, Mayor Geedapenta Basavaiah, and crushes on her. Besides, Arjun turns into a stout-hearted cop and intentionally makes his posting to his hometown.

Whereat, Bhavani, the vicious son of Chakravarthy, conducts various trafficking & torts and tramples law & order. Upon arrival, Arjun acquaints with a handywoman, Lakshmi, and falls for her. In the interim, Latha returns home, and Kishtaiah shadows her; from there, a confusing drama arises, which ends hilariously. Parallelly, Sitamma resides at a temple in an insane state, carrying her husband's ashes and waiting for her children. Kishtaiah comes across her, and an unknown bondage relates to them. Meanwhile, Arjun destroys the Bhavani dynasty and seizes him. Being conscious of it, Chakravarthy lands to rescue his son and challenges Arjun. However, Arjun strikes back with his wit and blocks all the roads. So, Chakravarthy bribes a wicked cop, SI Venkata Rao, to free his son. Here, Arjun tactically gets Venkata Rao killed by Bhavani and encounters him. Infuriated, Chakravarthy roars at Arjun when he reveals his identity and vows to ruin him.

At that point, Chakravarthy gazes at the existence of two alike. Hence, he lures Kishtaiah to fulfill his longing to knit Latha and ruses to assassinate Basavaiah via him to incriminate Arjun. At a public function, when Kishtaiah is about to shoot, Mayor Sitamma fires on Chakravarthy, and Arjun apprehends her. Learning it, Kishtaiah bails her out in the guise of Arjun when Manikyam discerns and declares Kishtaiah as Sitamma's son. Meanwhile, Arjun detects Sitamma's bag, recognizes his mother, and all unite. At last, Arjun & Kishtaiah cease Chakravarthy and dissolve their father's ashes. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Arjun to Lakshmi & Kishtaiah to Latha.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] as ([[dual role]])
** SP Arjun; Seetamma's son;Kishtayya 's elder brother; Lakshmi's husband
** Kishtayya;Seetamma's son; Arjun's younger brother; Latha's husband
*[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Latha; Kishtayya's wife
*[[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] as Lakshmi; Arjun's wife
*[[Captain Raju]] as Chakravarthy
*[[Raghuvaran]] as Bhavani
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Mayor Geedapenta Basavayya
*[[Babu Mohan]] as Hanumanthu
*[[Giri Babu]] as Head Constable
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Writer
*[[Ahuti Prasad]] as the father of the lead characters
*Ramalinga Raju as the grandfather of the lead characters
*[[Chinna (Telugu actor)|Chinna]] as Inspector
*Vinod as S.I. Venkatrao
*[[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] as Rishawala
*[[Visweswara Rao]] as Kishtayya's henchman
*[[Gautam Raju]] as Kishtayya's henchman
*KK Sarma as Lawyer Pichaiah Chowdary
*Juttu Narasimham as Chilaka Jyothishikudu
*Dham
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Seetamma; Arjun and Kishtayya 's mother
*Varalakshmi as Shanti
*[[Disco Shanthi]] as [[item number]]
*[[Kalpana Rai]] as Hostel Warden
*[[Y. Vijaya]] as Manikyam
*[[Baladitya (actor)|Master Baladitya]] as Young Arjun
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Maato Pettukoku
| type = film
| artist = [[Madhavapeddi Suresh]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1995
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 26:14
| label = Supreme Music
| producer = [[Madhavapeddi Suresh]]
| prev_title = [[Bhairava Dweepam]]
| prev_year = 1994
| next_title = [[Sri Krishnarjuna Vijayam]]
| next_year = 1996
}}

Music composed by [[Madhavapeddi Suresh]]. Music released on Supreme Music Company.
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:14
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Adhirindhi Adhirindhi
| lyrics1 = [[Vennelakanti]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Renuka
| length1 = 4:20

| title2 = Lachimee Lachimee
| lyrics2 = [[Bhuvanachandra]]
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length2 = 4:26

| title3 = Super Duper
| lyrics3 = Vennelakanti
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Annupamaa]]
| length3 = 4:14

| title4 = Maaghamasam
| lyrics4 = Vennelakanti
| extra4 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Chitra
| length4 = 4:09

| title5 = Mazare Gajjala
| lyrics5 = Vennelakanti
| extra5 = Mano, Chitra
| length5 = 4:25

| title6 = Ammante Elelo
| lyrics6 = [[C. Narayana Reddy]]
| extra6 = Mano, [[P. Susheela]], Renuka
| length6 = 4:23
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt7860344}}
{{A. Kodandarami Reddy}}

[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
[[Category:1995 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language action films]]
[[Category:1995 action films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]

Oinam Shilla Chanu

2026-03-02T06:19:53Z

Athenian: added a article with sources

{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

'''Oinam Shilla Chanu''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥꯝ ꯁꯤꯜꯂꯥ ꯆꯅꯨ}}) is an Indian [[police officer]] and [[beauty pageant]] participant from [[Manipur]]. She is known for her participation in Mrs India Earth 2018 and her social welfare work in [[New Delhi]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Oinam Shilla Chanu at The Grand Finale of Mrs India Earth 2018|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Top_Stories.Top_Stories_2018.Oinam_Shilla_Chanu_at_The_Grand_Finale_of_Mrs_India_Earth_2018|access-date=2025-11-05|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Agarwal|first=Rohan|title=Delhi police to reward cop who was also a beauty pageant finalist|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-delhi-police-to-reward-cop-who-was-also-a-beauty-pageant-finalist-2716698|access-date=2025-11-05|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==

Oinam Shilla Chanu serves as a police officer with the [[Delhi Police]]. She has also been involved in the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] (NCC). She was the [[parade]] [[commander]] of the [[Northeast India|North Eastern Region]] (NER) contingent during the [[Republic Day]] Parade in 2003 and is a holder of the NCC "C" Certificate.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Oinam Shilla Chanu conferred The Society Development Award 2019|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Top_Stories.Top_Stories_2019.Oinam_Shilla_Chanu_conferred_The_Society_Development_Award_2019|access-date=2025-11-05|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Mrs India Earth 2018 ==

Oinam Shilla Chanu represented Manipur in Mrs India Earth 2018, which was held on 7 September 2018 at the ITC Welcom Hotel, Dwarka, New Delhi. Out of 47 contestants, she was selected among the Top 25 finalists for the Question and Answer Round.<ref name=":1" />

She received two special titles at the event:

* Mrs Most Creative 2018<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
* Mrs Best Traditional Costume 2018<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Her department announced a cash prize in recognition of her social welfare activities.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== Social work and recognition ==

Oinam Shilla Chanu has carried out several community welfare activities. She initiated a Tree Plantation Programme in New Delhi with the help of Delhi Police and local community members. She also provided free education to underprivileged children by giving them books and pens.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

In addition, she has supported widows, divorcees, and women affected by domestic violence through assistance from the Women Help Desk.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== Awards and honours ==

In January 2019, Oinam Shilla Chanu received the Social Development Award 2019 from Chief Guest Dr. Janica Darbari, the Honorary Consul General of Montenegro in India. The award was presented during The Society Development Award 2019 ceremony organized by Anand Organisation for Social Development at Muktadhara Auditorium, Banga Sanskriti Bhavan, New Delhi, on 28 January 2019.<ref name=":0" />

She was also honoured with the Ningol Achievers Award 2018 by the 4th [[Ningol Chakouba]] Delhi 2018 Organizing Committee at [[Major Dhyanchand National Stadium]], [[India Gate]], New Delhi, in December 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ningol Chakouba celebration at Delhi : 11th dec18 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=6..111218.dec18|access-date=2025-11-05|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

She was rewarded by her department as Joint Commissioner of Police (Southern Range).<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
* [[Oinam family]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:Beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:People from Manipur]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National Cadet Corps (Sri Lanka)]]
[[Category:Delhi Police]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Coal in India

2026-02-24T23:01:47Z

Athenian: basic corrected section for clarity also and cleaned formatting

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
[[File:Coal production of India.svg|thumb|Coal production of India]]
'''Coal in India''' has been mined since 1774, and [[India]] is the second largest producer and consumer of [[coal]] in the world after [[Coal in China|China]], mining {{convert|1047|e6MT|e6ST|abbr=off}} in FY 2024-25. India imports around 15% of the coal it consumes. Due to demand-supply mismatch and poor quality with high-ash content, India imports [[Metallurgical coal|coking coal]] to meet the shortage of domestic supply. State-owned [[Coal India]] had a [[monopoly]] on [[coal mining]] between its nationalisation in 1973 and 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coaldashboard.cmpdi.co.in/dashboard.php|title=Koyala Darpan / Coal Dashboard|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>

Most of the coal is burned [[Electricity sector in India|to generate electricity]] and most electricity is generated by coal, but [[coal-fired power plants]] have been criticised for breaking [[environmental law]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's U-Turn on 'Clean' Energy Is a Bad Move|url=https://thewire.in/environment/coal-washing-environment-ministry-changing-rules|access-date=2020-06-16|website=The Wire}}</ref> The [[health and environmental impact of the coal industry]] is serious, and [[Coal phase-out|phasing out coal]] would have short-term health and environmental benefits greatly exceeding the costs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pik-potsdam.de/news/press-releases/coal-exit-benefits-outweigh-its-costs|title=Coal exit benefits outweigh its costs — PIK Research Portal|website=www.pik-potsdam.de|access-date=2020-03-24|archive-date=24 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324183652/https://www.pik-potsdam.de/news/press-releases/coal-exit-benefits-outweigh-its-costs|url-status=dead}}</ref> Electricity from new [[Solar power in India#Major photovoltaic power stations|solar farms in India]] is cheaper than that generated by [[List of power stations in India#Coal|the country's existing coal plants]].<ref name="Runyon">{{Cite web|last=Runyon|first=Jennifer|date=2021-06-23|title=Report: New solar is cheaper to build than to run existing coal plants in China, India and most of Europe|url=https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/solar/report-its-now-cheaper-to-build-new-solar-than-to-run-existing-coal-plants-in-china-india-and-most-of-europe/|website=Renewable Energy World|language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:19-38-25-2833 Coal mine Dhanbad India lg.jpg|thumb|Coal mine, [[Dhanbad]] India]]
The [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry of India|Indira Gandhi administration of India ]] nationalized coal mining in phases – coking coal mines in 1971–72 and non-coking coal mines in 1973. With the enactment of the ''Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1973'', all coal mines in India were nationalized in May 1973. This policy was reversed by the [[First Modi ministry|Narendra Modi administration]] four decades later. In March 2015, the government permitted private companies to mine coal for use in their own cement, steel, power or aluminium plants. The ''Coking Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1972'' and the ''Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1973'' were repealed in January 2018. In the final step toward denationalization, in February 2018, the government permitted private firms to enter the commercial coal [[mining industry]]. Under the new policy, mines were auctioned to the firm offering the highest per tonne price. The move broke the monopoly over commercial mining that state-owned [[Coal India]] had enjoyed since nationalisation in 1973.

===Pre-independence===

[[File:Singareni CoalPickingBelt 1928.jpeg|thumb| [[Singareni]] Coal Picking Belt in 1928]]
Commercial exploitation of coal in India began in 1774 with John Sumner and [[Suetonius Grant Heatly]] of the [[East India Company]] in the [[Raniganj Coalfield]] along the Western bank of [[Damodar River]]. The growth of Indian coal mining remained slow for nearly a century due to low demand. The introduction of [[steam locomotives]] increased coal production to an annual average of 1 million metric tons (1.1 million short tons) in 1853. By 1900, India produced 6.12 million metric tons (6.75 million short tons) of coal per year; by 1920, it produced 18 million metric tons (20 million short tons). During the First World War, coal production received a boost due to increased demand, but declined again in the early 1930s. Production reached a level of {{convert|29|e6MT|e6ST|abbr=off}} by 1942 and {{convert|30|e6MT|e6ST|abbr=off}} by 1946.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coal.nic.in/abtcoal.htm |title=Coal Mining in India: The Past |publisher=Ministry of Coal, Indian government |access-date=22 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831225354/http://www.coal.nic.in/abtcoal.htm |archive-date=31 August 2013 }}</ref>

In the regions of British India known as [[Bengal]], Bihar and [[Odisha, India|Odisha]], the many Indians pioneered Indian involvement in coal mining from 1894. They broke the previous monopolies held by British and other Europeans, establishing many collieries at locations such as [[Jharia Khas|Khas Jharia]], [[Jamadoba]], [[Baliari|Balihari]], [[Tisra]], [[Katras]]garh, [[Kailudih]], Kusunda, [[Gobindpur, Jharkhand|Govindpur]], [[Sijua]], [[Sijhua]], [[Loyabad]], [[Dhaunsar|Dhansar]], [[Bhuli, India|Bhuli]], [[Bermo]], [[Mugma]], [[Chas, Bokaro|Chas]]nala-[[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]], [[Bhagatdih|Bugatdih]], [[Chhotaputki|Putki]], [[Chirkunda]], [[Bhowrah]], [[Sahnidih|Sinidih]], [[Kenduadih|Kendwadih]], and [[Dumka]].<ref name=Y>''Diary of Golden Days at Jharia – A Memoir and History of Gurjar Kashtriya Samaj of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia'' – written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa of Calcutta (1998).</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1981: Bihar. Series 4|year=1981|publisher=Controller of Publications – Bihar|page=22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbNHAAAAYAAJ&q=expert+contractor|quote=It was the existence of coal that first attracted the railway authority to extend the railways and with them came the Gujrati people as an expert railway contractor with an experience of railway construction work at Thana. They then met Raja of Jharia and purchased some having underneath wast wealth in shape of coal.}}</ref>

[[Seth Khora Ramji Chawda]] of [[Kutch]] was the first Indian to break the British monopoly in the Jharia Coalfields.<ref name=Y/><ref name=K>Encyclopedia of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa by British Authority (1920)</ref> Natwarlal Devram Jethwa says that {{blockquote|The East Indian Railway in 1894–95 extended its line from [[Barakar]] to [[Dhanbad]] via [[Katras]] and [[Jharia]]. Messrs. Khora Ramji in 1894 was working on railway lines contract of Jharia branch line and with his brother Jetha Lira was also building Jharia Railway Station, when he discovered coal in Jharia belt. The location of his three collieries named [[Jeenagora]], Khas Jherria, Gareria is mentioned also in 1917 Gazetteers of Bengal, Assam, Bihar and Odisha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/bengalassambehar00playuoft/bengalassambehar00playuoft_djvu.txt |title=Gazetteers of Bengal, Assam, Bihar and Orissa 1917 Khora Ramji Colliries |access-date=2013-09-30}}</ref>}} Other Indian communities followed the example of him in the Dhanbad-Jharia-Bokaro fields after the 1930s. These included the [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]], [[Kutchi people|Kutchis]], [[Marwaris]], [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]], [[Bengali people|Bengali]]s and [[Hindustani people|Hindustani]]s.<ref name=Y/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbmyAAAAIAAJ&q=khora+ramji+ |title=Khora Ramji Mines capsized in 1938 |date= n.d.|access-date=30 September 2013|last1=Simeon |first1=Dilip |publisher=Manohar |isbn=9788173040368 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_BcsAAAAIAAJ&q=khora+ramji |title=Jharia Coalfields: Khora Ramji, Narayan Chowra, etc |date= n.d.|access-date=30 September 2013}}</ref><ref>''India at a Glance: A comprehensive reference book on India'' by T. V. Rama Rao, G. D. Binani. Published by Orient Longmans in 1954 (Coal Mines Section)</ref><ref>''Indigenous Enterprise in the Indian Coal Mining Industry c. 1835–1939'', C.P. Simmons. Published in 1976.</ref><ref>''Report on the production and consumption of coal in India of 1921'' India. Dept. of Statistics (Superintendent Government Printing, 1921 – Technology and Engineering).</ref>

===Post-independence===

[[File:Singareni StruttPit 1928.jpeg|thumb| [[Singareni]] StruttPit in 1928]]
Following [[India independence|independence]], the Government of India introduced several [[India Planning Commission|5-year development plans]]. Annual production rose to {{convert|33|e6MT|e6ST|abbr=off}} at the beginning of the First Five Year Plan. The National Coal Development Corporation (NCDC), a Government of India Undertaking, was established in 1956 with the collieries owned by the railways. The NCDC aimed to increase coal production efficiently by systematic and scientific development of the coal industry. The [[Singareni Collieries Company]] Ltd. (SCCL) which was already in operation since 1945 and which became a Government company under the control of Government of Andhra Pradesh in 1956. The coal industry in India was thus controlled by state-owned companies in the 1950s. Today, SCCL is a joint undertaking of Government of Telangana and Government of India sharing its equity in 51:49 ratio.

===Nationalisation of coal mines===

[[File:Coal.jpg|thumb|A piece of Coal]]
Right from its genesis, the commercial coal mining in modern times in India has been dictated by the needs of the domestic consumption. India has abundant domestic reserves of coal. Most of these are in the states of [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], West Bengal, Bihar, [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Telangana]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.krishnaninc.com/Power_India_01.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326134237/http://www.krishnaninc.com/Power_India_01.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On account of the growing needs of the steel industry, a thrust had to be given on systematic exploitation of coking coal reserves in [[Jharia coalfield]]. Adequate capital investment to meet the burgeoning energy needs of the country was not forthcoming from the private coal mine owners.

Unscientific mining practices adopted by some of them and poor working conditions of labor in some of the private coal mines became matters of concern for the Government. On account of these reasons, the Central Government took a decision to nationalize the private coal mines. The [[nationalization]] was done in two phases, the first with the coking coal mines in 1971–72 and then with the non-coking coal mines in 1973. In October 1971, the Coking Coal Mines (Emergency Provisions) Act, 1971 provided for taking over in public interest of the management of coking coal mines and coke oven plants pending nationalization. This was followed by the Coking Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1972 under which the coking coal mines and the coke oven plants other than those with the [[Tata Steel|Tata Iron & Steel Company Limited]] and [[IISCO Steel Plant|Indian Iron & Steel Company Limited]], were nationalized on 1 May 1972 and brought under the [[Bharat Coking Coal]] Limited (BCCL), a new Central Government Undertaking. Another enactment, namely the Coal Mines (Taking Over of Management) Act, 1973, extended the right of the Government of India to take over the management of the coking and non-coking coal mines in seven States including the coking coal mines taken over in 1971. This was followed by the nationalization of all these mines on 1 May 1973 with the enactment of the Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1973 which determined the eligibility of coal mining in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coalindia.in/en-us/company/aboutus.aspx|title=Coal India Limited – About Us|access-date=6 February 2014|archive-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109081113/https://www.coalindia.in/en-us/company/aboutus.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

All non-coking coal mines were nationalized in 1973 and placed under Coal Mines Authority of India. In 1975, Eastern Coalfields Limited, a subsidiary of [[Coal India]] Limited, was formed. It took over all the earlier private collieries in [[Raniganj Coalfield]]. Raniganj Coalfield covers an area of {{convert|443.50|km2|sqmi}} and has total coal reserves of {{convert|8552.85|e6MT|e6ST|abbr=off}}. [[Eastern Coalfields]] puts the reserves at {{convert|29.72|e9MT|e9ST|abbr=off}} which makes it the second largest coalfield in the country (in terms of reserves).

The North East Indian states enjoys special privileges under constitution of India. The Sixth Schedule of constitution and article 371 of constitution allows state governments to formulate its own policy to recognize customary tribal laws. For example, Nagaland has its own coal policy which allows its natives to mine coal from their respective lands. Similarly, coal mining in Meghalaya was rampant till imposition of ban on coal mining by National Green Tribunal. The Nagaland Coal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coaldunia.com/nagaland-coal.html|title=CoalDunia – Nagaland Coal|access-date=8 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021181246/http://www.coaldunia.com/nagaland-coal.html|archive-date=21 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Meghalaya Coal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coaldunia.com/meghalaya-coal.html|title=CoalDunia – Meghalaya Coal|access-date=8 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108064831/http://www.coaldunia.com/meghalaya-coal.html|archive-date=8 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> has large buyers in North India, Central India and Eastern India.

===Denationalisation of coal mines===
Parliament enacted the ''Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Act, 2015'' in March 2015 containing provisions enabling the government to allocate coal mines through auctions. The law also permitted private players to mine coal for use in their own cement, steel, power or aluminium plants. On 20 February 2018, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) permitted private firms to enter the commercial coal mining industry in India. Under the new policy, mines will be auctioned to the firm offering the highest per tonne price. The move broke the monopoly over commercial mining that state-owned Coal India has enjoyed since nationalisation in 1973.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|title=Govt allows pvt firms to mine coal for commercial use|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/govt-allows-pvt-firms-to-mine-coal-for-commercial-use-118022000978_1.html|website=Business Standard India|access-date=20 February 2018|date=20 February 2018}}</ref>

The ''Coking Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1972'' and the ''Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1973'' were repealed by the [[Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2017]] on 8 January 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/Rep-II-2017.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305142917/http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/Rep-II-2017.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Reserves==
{{See also|List of mines in India#Coal}}
India has the [[Coal#World coal reserves|fourth largest]] coal reserves in the world. {{As of|2021|04|01}}, India had {{convert|352.13|e9MT|e9ST|abbr=off}} of the resource. The total reserves of coal rose 2.36% over the previous year, with the discovery of an estimated {{convert|8.11|e9MT|e9ST|abbr=off}}. About half of India's coal reserves are [[Proven reserves|proven]], 42% are indicated/probable, and 8% are inferred. [[Coal bed|Coal deposits]] are primarily found in eastern and south-central India. [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], and [[Chhattisgarh]] accounted for almost 70% of the total known coal reserves in India.<ref name="EnergyStatistics">{{cite web |title=Energy Statistics 2022 |url=https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/1606151//Energy%20Statistics%20India%2020221644825594802.pdf/aed59aac-4d5a-995b-1232-bb68397cd873 |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=[[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]]}}</ref>

The estimated total reserves of lignite coal {{As of|2021|04|lc=y|01}} were {{convert|46.02|e9MT|e9ST|abbr=off}}, remaining unchanged from the previous year. The largest lignite reserves are present in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Only about 16% of India's lignite reserves are proven, 56% are indicated/probable, and 28% are inferred.<ref name="EnergyStatistics" />

The energy derived from coal in India is about twice that of the energy derived from oil, whereas worldwide, energy derived from coal is about 30% less than energy derived from oil.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

===Distribution of coal reserves by states===
[[File:Coal mine in Dhanbad, India.jpg|thumb|The [[Dhanbad]] mine complex.]]
The following table shows the estimated coal reserves in India by state as of 1 April 2021.<ref name="EnergyStatistics"/><ref name=CoalMinistry2012>{{cite web|url=https://coal.gov.in/major-statistics/coal-reserves |title=Coal Reserves |publisher=Ministry of Coal|date=31 March 2018}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! State !! Coal Reserves (in billion [[Tonne|metric tonnes]]) !! Type of Coalfield
|-
| [[Jharkhand]] || align="right"|86.217 || Gondwana
|-
| [[Odisha]] || align="right"|84.878 || Gondwana
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]] || align="right"|73.424 || Gondwana
|-
| [[West Bengal]] || align="right"|33.092 || Gondwana
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] || align="right"|30.217 || Gondwana
|-
| [[Telangana]] || align="right"|22.851 || Gondwana
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] || align="right"|12.936 || Gondwana
|-
| [[Bihar]]|| align="right" |3.464 || Gondwana
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| align="right" |2.247 || Gondwana
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || align="right"|1.062 || Gondwana
|-
| [[Meghalaya]] || align="right"|0.576 || Tertiary
|-
| [[Assam]] || align="right"|0.525 || Tertiary
|-
| [[Nagaland]] || align="right"|0.446 || Tertiary
|-
| [[Sikkim]] || align="right"|0.101 || Gondwana
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || align="right"|0.09 || Tertiary
|-
! ''India'' !! align="right"|''352.13'' !!
|}

===Distribution of lignite reserves by states===
The following table shows the estimated lignite reserves in India by state as of 1 April 2021.<ref name="EnergyStatistics"/>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! State !! Coal Reserves (in billion [[Tonne|metric tonnes]])
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || align="right"|36.490
|-
| [[Rajasthan]] || align="right"|6.349
|-
| [[Gujarat]] || align="right"|2.722
|-
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] || align="right"|0.417
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || align="right"|0.028
|-
| [[Kerala]] || align="right"|0.01
|-
| [[West Bengal]] || align="right"|0.004
|-
! ''India'' !! align="right"|''46.02''
|}

==Production==
[[File:India Coal Production.png|thumb|Coal production in India, 1950–2012]]
India is the [[List of countries by coal production|second largest producer]] of coal in the world, after China.<ref>[http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/excel/energy-economics/statistical-review-2015/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2015-workbook.xlsx Statistical Review of World Energy 2015]</ref> The production of coal was {{convert|1000|e6MT|e6ST|abbr=off}} in 2024 and {{convert|716.08|e6MT|e6ST|abbr=off}} in 2020–21, a decline of 2.02% over the previous year primarily due to disruptions caused by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The production of lignite was {{convert|36.61|e6MT|e6ST|abbr=off}} in 2020–21, a decrease of 13.04% over the previous fiscal. Production of coal grew by a [[compound annual growth rate]] (CAGR) of 3.19%, and production of lignite declined by a CAGR of 1.60% over the last 10 years.<ref name="EnergyStatistics"/> Coal mining is one of India's most dangerous jobs.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dash|first=Jatindra|date=2022-02-02|title=Five killed in eastern Indian coal mine collapse|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/five-killed-eastern-indian-coal-mine-collapse-2022-02-02/|access-date=2022-02-02}}</ref>

India targets to increase its coal production to {{convert|1200|e6MT|e6ST|abbr=off}} by 2023–24.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/india-targets-1-2-billion-ton-coal-production-by-2023-24/articleshow/89459102.cms | title=India targets 1.2 billion ton coal production by 2023-24 | newspaper=The Economic Times }}</ref>

===Washing===
[[Coal washing]] is an integral part of the coal production process in which raw coal from mines is washed to remove the ash content to make it fit for feeding into boilers such as those in steel plants. Coal washeries are generally not a part of coal mines in India, with some exceptions.<ref name="EnergyStatistics"/>

There were 60 coal washeries (19 [[coking]] and 41 non-coking) in India as on 31 March 2021 with a total installed capacity of 138.58 million tonnes per year, of which 108.60 million tonnes are non-coking and 29.98 million tonnes are coking coal washeries.<ref name="EnergyStatistics"/>

==Consumption==
[[File:Demand, production and import of coal (in million tonnes).png|thumb|Demand, production and import of coal (in million tonnes)<ref name="EnergyStatistics"/>]]
India is one of the largest consumers of coal in the world. The country consumed {{convert|906.08|e6MT|e9ST|abbr=off}} of coal in 2020–21, of which 79.03% was produced domestically. Coal consumption grew at a compound annual growth rate of 3.96% over the previous decade. Due to high demand and poor average quality, India is forced to import high quality coal to meet the requirements of steel plants. India imported {{convert|215.25|e6MT|e6ST|abbr=off}} and exported {{convert|2.95|e6MT|e6ST|abbr=off}} of coal in 2020–21. Net imports of coal declined by 13.39% over the previous fiscal. India's net imports of coal grew at a compound annual growth rate of 8.62% over the last 10 years.<ref name="EnergyStatistics"/> India is the second largest coal importer in the world, after China.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hui |first1=Mary |title=China's boycott of Australia has redirected global flows of coal |url=https://qz.com/2051594/chinas-boycott-of-australian-coal-has-been-good-for-india/ |website=Quartz |date=26 August 2021 |access-date=21 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Electricity sector in India|electricity sector]] is the largest consumer of raw coal in India and accounted for 64.07% of the total coal consumed in the country in 2020–21. Other significant consumers include the [[Iron and steel industry in India|steel and washery industry]] (6.65%), the [[Iron and steel industry in India|sponge iron industry]] (1.06%), the [[cement industry]] (0.75%), and fertilizers and [[Chemical industry in India|chemicals]] (0.19%).<ref name="EnergyStatistics"/>

Consumption of lignite stood at {{convert|37.22|e6MT|e9ST|abbr=off}} in 2020–21. Electricity generation alone accounts for 84.46% of the total lignite consumption. Other significant consumers include the paper industry (5.55%), the cement industry (2.18%) and the textile industry (2.01%). Lignite consumption declined at a compound annual growth rate of 1.30% over the previous decade.<ref name="EnergyStatistics"/>

===Electricity generation===
{{further|List of power stations in India#Coal}}
Coal generated over 73% of electricity produced in 2020–21, while lignite accounted for 3.6% of electricity generation.<ref name="EnergyStatistics"/> [[Electricity sector in India|India's electricity sector]] consumed over 70% of the coal produced in the country in 2013.<ref name="Key World Energy Statistics">{{Cite web|url = http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2013.pdf|title = Key World Energy Statistics|year = 2013|access-date = 18 June 2014|publisher=International Energy Agency}}</ref> In 2020 [[think tank]] [[Carbon Tracker]] estimated that 17% of coal-fired plants were already more expensive than new renewables and that 85% would be by 2025.<ref>{{Cite report|title=How to Retire Early: Making accelerated coal phaseout feasible and just|url=https://carbontracker.org/reports/how-to-retire-early/|date=June 2020|publisher=[[Carbon Tracker]]}}</ref> It has been suggested that no new coal plants are needed, but that existing plants could be retrofitted to operate more flexibly together with wind and solar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Endgame for new coal power projects?|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/is-the-indian-government-seriously-considering-the-endgame-for-new-coal-power-projects/article64941620.ece|access-date=2022-02-02|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com|date=27 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

A large part of Indian coal reserve is similar to [[Geology of India|Gondwana coal]]. It is of low [[calorific value]] and high ash content. The carbon content is low in India's coal, and toxic trace element concentrations are negligible. The natural fuel value of Indian coal is poor. On average, the Indian power plants using India's coal supply consume about 0.7 kg of coal to generate a kWh, whereas United States thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg of coal per kWh. This is because of the difference in the quality of the coal, as measured by the Gross Calorific Value (GCV). On average, Indian coal has a GCV of about 4500 Kcal/kg, whereas the quality in most other countries is much better; for example, in Australia, the GCV is 6500 Kcal/kg approximately.<ref>{{cite web|title=Economics of Coal and Gas Based Energy|publisher=Third Wave Solutions|year=2012|url=http://www.thirdwavesolutions.in/index.php/reports-and-opinions/2-uncategorised/14-coal-gas-indian-perspective}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/excel/Energy-Economics/statistical-review-2014/BP-Statistical_Review_of_world_energy_2014_workbook.xlsx |title=Statistical Review of world energy 2014 workbook |access-date=17 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622090917/http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/excel/Energy-Economics/statistical-review-2014/BP-Statistical_Review_of_world_energy_2014_workbook.xlsx |archive-date=22 June 2014 }}</ref>

===Coal gasification===
[[File:gasification.gif|frame|Gasification of [[Biochar|Char]]/Coal]]
[[Gasification]] of coal or lignite or [[Petroleum coke|pet coke]] or [[biomass]] produces synthesis gas or [[syngas]] (also known as [[coal gas]] or [[wood gas]]) which is a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide gases.<ref>{{cite news|title=Coal gas can help lower import bill by $10 billion in 5 years: Coal Secy|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=5 March 2017|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/coal-gas-can-help-lower-import-bill-by-10-billion-in-5-years-coal-secy-117030500463_1.html/|access-date=5 March 2017|agency=Press Trust of India|archive-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305153139/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/coal-gas-can-help-lower-import-bill-by-10-billion-in-5-years-coal-secy-117030500463_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Coal gas can be converted into [[synthetic natural gas]] by using the [[Fischer–Tropsch process]] at high pressure and medium temperature. Coal gas can also be produced by underground [[coal gasification]] if the coal deposits are located deep in the ground or it is uneconomical to mine the coal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese firm plans Thar coal mining in Pakistan|url=http://www.steelguru.com/raw_material_news/Chinese_firm_plans_Thar_coal_mining_in_October/273972.html|access-date=25 August 2014|archive-date=27 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827081425/http://www.steelguru.com/raw_material_news/Chinese_firm_plans_Thar_coal_mining_in_October/273972.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Synthetic natural gas production technologies promise to dramatically improve India's supply of natural gas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reliance Jamnagar coal gasification project|url=http://gasification2016.missionenergy.org/presentation/ril.pdf|access-date=15 January 2017|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118053312/http://gasification2016.missionenergy.org/presentation/ril.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Dankuni]] coal complex produces syngas that is piped to industrial users in Calcutta.<ref>{{cite web|title=GAIL, Coal India in pact to expand Dankuni gas project|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/02/15/stories/2004021501330200.htm|access-date=25 August 2014|archive-date=26 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115153/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/02/15/stories/2004021501330200.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Many coal-based fertiliser plants can also be economically retrofitted to produce synthetic natural gas. It is estimated that the production cost for syngas could be below US{{convert|6|$/MMBtu|$/MWh}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.edwardtdodge.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Jackson_Duke_China_SNG_opinion_2013.pdf |title= China's synthetic natural gas revolution |access-date= 5 March 2017 |archive-date= 12 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170312032338/http://www.edwardtdodge.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Jackson_Duke_China_SNG_opinion_2013.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hceco.com/HCEI105001.pdf |title= Conversion of Coal to Substitute Natural Gas (SNG) |access-date= 6 August 2014 |archive-date= 24 July 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150724110458/http://www.hceco.com/HCEI105001.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref> The abundantly available coal in India is low [[coal rank| rank]] coal which is not suitable for coal gasification without blending with [[pet coke]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://coal.gov.in/sites/default/files/ncgm/ncgm21-09-21.pdf |title= National Coal Gasification Mission, Ministry of Coal|access-date= 28 May 2025}}</ref> However, low rank coal/lignite can be converted into SNG by using hydrogen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sasidhar |first=Nallapaneni |date=May 2025 |title=In-situ and Ex-situ Conversion of Coal to Methane using Hydrogen |url=https://www.ijeer.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v4i3/C104404030525.pdf |access-date=2025-05-28 |journal=Indian Journal of Energy and Energy Resources |issn=2583-1186|volume=4 |issue=3|pages=1–5 |doi=10.54105/ijeer.C1044.04030525 |s2cid=258753397}}</ref>

== Health & Environmental Impacts ==
{{Expand section|date=June 2020}}
The [[health and environmental impact of the coal industry]] is serious in India.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-11-14|title=Air pollution claimed over 5 lakh lives in India, of which 97K died due to coal burning: Report|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/air-pollution-claimed-over-5-lakh-lives-in-india-of-which-97k-died-due-to-coal-burning-report/articleshow/72057701.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref> One study found that 90% of households surveyed in a village near a coal mine reported health problems in the last year, compared to 52% of households from villages at least {{cvt|40|km|mi}} away from a mine. Additionally, the villages closest to the mine had the greatest incidence of self-reported health problems.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094104| doi-access=free|title=Impacts of Coal Use on Health|year=2020|last1=Hendryx|first1=Michael|last2=Zullig|first2=Keith J.|last3=Luo|first3=Juhua|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=41| issue=1|pages=397–415|pmid=31913772| bibcode=2020ARPH...41..397H}}</ref> [[Health effects of coal ash]] are also a problem.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fed up with fly ash, India villagers fight back against power plants|work=Deutsch Welle|date=2019-02-13|url=https://www.dw.com/en/fed-up-with-fly-ash-india-villagers-fight-back-against-power-plants/a-47473349|access-date=2020-06-18|language=en-GB}}</ref> Air pollution from coal-fired power plants is linked with asthma, cancer, heart and lung ailments,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Counts |url=https://www.theworldcounts.com/stories/negative-effects-of-coal-mining |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.theworldcounts.com}}</ref> neurological problems, acid rain, global warming, and other severe environmental and public health impacts.[[File:Coal_Mine.jpg|thumb|[[Jharia coalfield|Jharia Coalfield]] with smoke and burning embers coming from the underground [[Coal-seam fire|coal field fire]]. The fire has burned for nearly a century and displaced or endangered the health of 100s of thousands of people.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=ab7c12d5-2837-4b87-804c-2649fd1a7413&MatchID1=4627&TeamID1=1&TeamID2=6&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1165&PrimaryID=4627&Headline='Declare+Jharia+fire+a+national+disaster' Hindustan Times, 15 December 2007]{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-15 |title=India Together: In the line of fire - 13 November 2006 |url=http://www.indiatogether.org/2006/nov/hlt-mining.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415053138/http://www.indiatogether.org/2006/nov/hlt-mining.htm |archive-date=2013-04-15 |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=archive.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stracher |first=Glenn B. |date=2007 |title=Coal fires burning around the world: Opportunity for innovative and interdisciplinary research |url=http://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/17/11/pdf/i1052-5173-17-11-36.pdf |journal=GSA Today |language=en |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=36 |doi=10.1130/GSAT01711GW.1 |issn=1052-5173 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2007GSAT...17k..36S }}</ref>]]Health damages are mainly led by particulate matter, including sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emitted from coal plants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cropper |first1=Maureen L. |last2=Gamkhar |first2=Shama |last3=Malik |first3=Kabir |last4=Limonov |first4=Alexander |last5=Partridge |first5=Ian |date=2012 |title=The Health Effects of Coal Electricity Generation in India |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2093610 |issn=1556-5068 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The [[Centre for Science and Environment]] has assessed the Indian coal-based power sector as one of the most resource-wasteful and polluting sectors in the world, in part due to the high ash content in India's coal.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhati |first=Priyavrat |date=21 March 2016 |title=Thermal power |url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/thermal-power-53219 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007102042/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/thermal-power-53219 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=13 March 2016 |website=Down To Earth}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]] has therefore mandated the use of coals whose ash content has been reduced to 34% (or lower) in power plants in urban, ecologically sensitive and other critically polluted areas.

In 2020 UN secretary general [[António Guterres]] said that India should stop building [[coal-fired power station]]s before the end of the year and end [[fossil fuel subsidies]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-28 |title=UN secretary general urges India to swiftly turn away from coal |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/28/un-secretary-general-urges-india-to-swiftly-turn-away-from-coal |access-date=2020-08-28 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> According to [[BloombergNEF]] excluding subsidies the [[levelized cost of electricity]] from new large-scale solar power has been below existing coal-fired power stations since 2021.<ref name="Runyon" />

Before a thermal power plant is approved for construction and commissioning in India it must undergo an extensive review process that includes environmental impact assessment.<ref>{{cite web |title=India's energy transition: the cost of meeting air pollution standards in the coal-fired electricity sector |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/465330/indias-energy-transition-the-cost-of-meeting-air-pollution-standards-in-the-coal-fired-electricity-sector/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813124628/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/465330/indias-energy-transition-the-cost-of-meeting-air-pollution-standards-in-the-coal-fired-electricity-sector/ |archive-date=13 August 2019 |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]] has produced a technical guidance manual to help project proposers avoid environmental pollution from thermal power plants.<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |title=Technical EIA guidance manual for thermal power plants |url=http://moef.nic.in/Manuals/Thermal%20Power.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125065241/http://moef.nic.in/Manuals/Thermal%20Power.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2011 |access-date=31 December 2011 |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India}}</ref> As of 2016, the existing coal-fired power stations in the utility and captive power sectors were estimated to require nearly 12.5 million [[Indian rupee|INR]] per MW capacity to install pollution control equipment to comply with the latest emission norms set out by the Ministry of Environment and Forests.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 March 2018 |title=Emission norms: How money is the fuel thermal plants lack |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/emission-norms-how-money-is-the-fuel-thermal-plants-lack/1110704/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326021608/http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/emission-norms-how-money-is-the-fuel-thermal-plants-lack/1110704/ |archive-date=26 March 2018 |access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Debjoy |date=22 February 2016 |title=power tariffs may rise 70 paise per unit as to comply with new set of pollution control norms |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/power-tariffs-may-rise-70-paise-per-unit-as-to-comply-with-new-set-of-pollution-control-norms/articleshow/51087293.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227002455/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/power-tariffs-may-rise-70-paise-per-unit-as-to-comply-with-new-set-of-pollution-control-norms/articleshow/51087293.cms |archive-date=27 February 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Revised standards for Coal-based Thermal Power Plants |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/423111/revised-standards-for-coal-based-thermal-power-plants/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323185100/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/423111/revised-standards-for-coal-based-thermal-power-plants/ |archive-date=23 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India to set up FGD plants to cut down emissions from 12 gigawatt coal-fired power projects |url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/india-to-set-up-plants-to-cut-down-emissions-from-122-gigawatt-coal-fired-power-projects/58857751 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084646/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/india-to-set-up-plants-to-cut-down-emissions-from-122-gigawatt-coal-fired-power-projects/58857751 |archive-date=27 March 2018 |access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref> Most of the coal fired stations have not complied installation of flue gas de-sulphurisation units for reducing the pollution.<ref>{{cite web |title=Quarterly Review Report – Renovation & Modernisation of Thermal Power Stations, September 2020 |url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/notification/2020/12/TRM_Sep_09_2020.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206044458/https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/notification/2020/12/TRM_Sep_09_2020.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2021 |access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref> In April 2020, [[CPCB]] declared that over 42,000 MW thermal power plants have outlived their lives.<ref>{{cite web |title=Over 42,000 MW thermal power plants have outlived their lives |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/over-42000-mw-thermal-power-plants-have-outlived-their-lives/75152875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421071401/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/over-42000-mw-thermal-power-plants-have-outlived-their-lives/75152875 |archive-date=21 April 2020 |access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref> India has also banned imports of [[pet coke]] for use as fuel.<ref>{{cite web |title=India bans petcoke import for use as fuel |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/india-bans-petroleum-coke-import-for-use-as-fuel/65439431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225520/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/india-bans-petroleum-coke-import-for-use-as-fuel/65439431 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> As a signatory to the [[Paris Agreement]], India is also reducing power generation from coal to control the emission of [[Greenhouse gas|greenhouse gases]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Boom and Bust 2019: Tracking the Global Coal Plant Pipeline |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/etanalytics/reports/coal/boom-and-bust-2019/637 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330123206/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/etanalytics/reports/coal/boom-and-bust-2019/637 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref> The particulate, NOx and SOx emissions (excluding particulate emissions in the form of drift from [[Cooling tower|wet cooling towers]] and mercury emissions from the flue stacks) of coal-, oil- and gas-fired power stations in utility power sector (excluding captive power plants) are monitored regularly.<ref>{{cite web |title=Environmental Data of Power sector |url=https://cea.nic.in/environmental-data-of-power-sector/?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718013155/https://cea.nic.in/environmental-data-of-power-sector/?lang=en |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=30 August 2023 |publisher=CEA, India}}</ref>

In 2021, the majority of CO2 emissions from power generation in India were produced by coal, accounting for 96.7% of the total. Natural gas was responsible for 2.6% of emissions, while oil contributed 0.5%.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=India - Countries & Regions |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/india/electricity |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref>

India's thermal power plants are inefficient and replacing them with cheaper renewable technologies offers significant potential for greenhouse gas (CO2) emission reduction. They emit 50% to 120% more CO2 per kWh produced compared to average emissions from their European Union (EU-27) counterparts.<ref name="iea1">{{cite web |year=2011 |title=CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION HIGHLIGHTS, 2011 Edition |url=http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202035728/http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2012 |access-date=19 January 2012 |publisher=International Energy Agency, France}}</ref>

The [[Government of India|central government]] plans to retire coal-based plants that are at least 25 years old and contributing excessive pollution, totalling 11,000 MW of capacity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Details of Retirement of more than 25 years old Coal based Thermal Power Plants (as on 31.03.2018) |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/thermal/tppd/repl_thermal_units.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826113646/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/thermal/tppd/repl_thermal_units.pdf |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> As of 2018 there is no similar retirement plan for the [[Captive power plant|captive power]] sector. In 2020 [[Carbon Tracker]] estimated that phasing out 20 years or more old coal-fired plants and the coal-fired plants under construction with electricity sale price exceeding INR 4/kWh with new renewables is more economical as these coal-fired plants are imposing heavy financial burden on Discoms.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 3Rs of Discom Recovery: Retirement, Renewables and Rationalisation |url=https://climateriskhorizons.com/CRH_3Rs-of-discom-recovery_Final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913081603/https://climateriskhorizons.com/CRH_3Rs-of-discom-recovery_Final.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2020 |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=Carbon Tracker Initiative |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Coal Mafia==
The state-owned coal mines of Bihar (now [[Jharkhand]] after the division of Bihar state) were among the first areas in India to see the emergence of a sophisticated [[mafia]], beginning with the mining town of Dhanbad.<ref name="bharti1989">Indu Bharti, "Usurpation of the State: Coal Mafia in Bihar", ''Economic and Political Weekly'', Vol. 24, No. 42, pg. 2353. 21 October 1989.</ref> It is alleged that the coal industry's trade union leadership forms the upper echelon of this arrangement and employs caste allegiances to maintain its power.<ref name="rao1983">S. Venugopala Rao, ''Crime in Our Society: A Political Perspective'', Vikas Publishing House, 1983, {{ISBN|0-7069-1209-8}}: "Using the vast money, muscle and caste power, trade union leaders have built up a Mafia-like empire which totally controls the life and economy of Dhanbad ... workers who constitute about 40 percent of Dhanbad districts population are mainly tribals, adivasis, Harijans and backward castes, while the trade union musclemen are mostly Rajputs of Bhojpur and Rohtas districts."</ref> Pilferage and sale of coal on the [[black market]], inflated or fictitious supply expenses, falsified worker contracts and the [[expropriation]] and leasing-out of government land have allegedly become routine.<ref name="mathur1991">Ajeet N. Mathur, Asian Regional Team for Employment Promotion, World Employment Programme, ''Industrial Restructuring and Union Power: Micro-economic Dimensions of Economic Restructuring and Industrial Relations in India'', International Labour Organization, 1991, {{ISBN|92-2-107494-3}}: "According to many workers, it is not possible for genuine trade unionism to flourish in Dhanbad because of illicit trading and profiteering in the garb of trade unionism and the protective umbrella such an institution holds out."</ref> A parallel economy has developed with a significant fraction of the local population employed by the mafia in manually transporting the stolen coal for long distances over unpaved roads to illegal mafia warehouses and points of sale.<ref name="frontline2005">{{cite web|date=2005-02-26|title=Coal theft and vote|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2205/stories/20050311001703700.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618051946/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2205/stories/20050311001703700.htm|archive-date=18 June 2008|access-date=29 October 2008|work=Frontline Magazine}}</ref>

The coal mafia has had a negative effect on Indian industry, with coal supplies and quality varying erratically. Higher-quality coal is sometimes selectively diverted, and missing coal is replaced with stones and boulders in railway cargo wagons. A human corpse has been discovered in a sealed coal wagon.<ref name="mittal1994">D. K. Mittal, ''Coal Industry'', Anmol Publications Private Limited, 1994, {{ISBN|81-7041-863-1}}. Snippet: "Default on quality, quantity and timely supply of coal have taken their toll on the Indian industry and come in their way in acquiring international competitiveness ... coal ministry officials have themselves observed boulders and dust being loaded in wagons supposed to be carrying steam coal ... checking officials even found the dead body of a person."</ref>

== Future Plans ==
Under the government's 2023-2027 National Electricity Plan, India will not build any new [[fossil fuel]] power plants in the utility sector, aside from those currently under construction.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 2022 |title=National Electricity Plan, 2022-27 |url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/irp/2022/09/DRAFT_NATIONAL_ELECTRICITY_PLAN_9_SEP_2022_2-1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914182122/https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/irp/2022/09/DRAFT_NATIONAL_ELECTRICITY_PLAN_9_SEP_2022_2-1.pdf |archive-date=14 September 2022 |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="CSM-NEP2023">{{Cite web |last=Arasu |first=Sibi |date=1 June 2023 |title=Next green leader? India halts new coal plant construction. |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2023/0601/Next-green-leader-India-halts-new-coal-plant-construction |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815025302/https://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2023/0601/Next-green-leader-India-halts-new-coal-plant-construction |archive-date=15 August 2023 |access-date=15 August 2023 |work=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref> It is expected that non-fossil fuel generation contribution is likely to reach around 44.7% of the total gross electricity generation by 2029–30.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 2020 |title=Optimal generation capacity mix |url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/irp/2020/12/Optimal_mix_report_2029-30_FINAL.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702224900/https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/irp/2020/12/Optimal_mix_report_2029-30_FINAL.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2021 |access-date=12 July 2020 |publisher=CEA, Govt. of India}}</ref>

India has committed to install 275,000 MW of renewable energy capacity by 2027.<ref>{{cite web |title=India Renewable Integration Study Report |url=https://posoco.in/reports/india-renewable-integration-study-report/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513103711/https://posoco.in/reports/india-renewable-integration-study-report/ |archive-date=13 May 2020 |access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref> The existing base load coal and gas based power plants need to be flexible enough to accommodate the variable renewable energy. Also ramping up, ramping down, warm start up, hot start up capabilities of existing coal based power stations are critical to accommodate the frequent variations in renewable power generation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Analysis of Ramping Capability of Coal-Fired Generation in India |url=https://posoco.in/download/analysis-of-ramping-capability-of-coal-fired-generation-in-india/?wpdmdl=23042 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120153853/https://posoco.in/download/analysis-of-ramping-capability-of-coal-fired-generation-in-india/?wpdmdl=23042 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Flexibility Analysis of Thermal Generation for RE Integration in India |url=https://posoco.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Flexibility-Analysis-of-Thermal-Generation-for-RE-Integration-in-India-1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001223921/https://posoco.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Flexibility-Analysis-of-Thermal-Generation-for-RE-Integration-in-India-1.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2020 |access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref> It is also examined to use the retired coal based electric generators as [[Synchronous condenser|synchronous condensers]] for improving the grid inertia when it is dominated by static power generation sources like solar and wind power.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pages 11 & 13, Operational Feedback on Transmission Constraints (Jul – Sep 2020) |url=https://posoco.in/download/nldc-operational-feedback_oct_2020_final/?wpdmdl=32657 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131071952/https://posoco.in/download/nldc-operational-feedback_oct_2020_final/?wpdmdl=32657 |archive-date=31 January 2021 |access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[India's Coal Story]]'' {{endash}} a 2017 book by Subhomoy Bhattacharjeeon on coal in India
* [[Ministry of Coal]]
* [[Indian Coal Allocation Scam]]
* [[1965 Dhanbad coal mine disaster]]
* [[Mining scams in India]]
* [[Carr, Tagore and Company]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==Further reading==
* [https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/fp_20190731_coal_in_india.pdf Adjusting to transition Brookings Institution]

==External links==
* [https://energyandcleanair.org/ Center for Research on Energy and Clean Air]

{{Coal}}
{{Asia topic|Coal in}}
{{Coalfields}}
{{Economy of India}}
{{World topic|Coal in|noredlinks=yes}}

[[Category:Coal in India| ]]
[[Category:Coal mining in India|*]]
[[Category:Coal mining]]

Roshini (actress)

2026-02-23T06:51:46Z

Athenian: added first stub with sources.

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Roshini
| image =
| imagesize =
| birthname = Radhika Sadanah
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1977|06|19}}
| birth_place = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Actress
| othername = Roshini
| yearsactive = 1997{{endash}}1998
| relatives = [[Jyothika]] (sister) [[Nagma]] (half-sister) [[Suriya]] (brother-in-law)
}}

'''Radhika Sadanah''' (born 19 June 1977), better known by her stage name '''Roshini''', is an Indian former actress who worked in the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] film industries from 1997 to 1998. She is the sister of actress [[Jyothika]] and half-sister of [[Nagma]].

==Career==
After getting a recommendation by [[Nagma]], Roshini made her acting debut in [[Selva (director)|Selva]]'s comedy film ''[[Sishya (film)|Sishya]]'', where she played the lead role alongside [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/dec/01simran.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies: Showbuzz! Simran gives way to sis Monal}}</ref> She subsequently starred in ''[[Master (1997 film)|Master]]'' (1997), opposite [[Chiranjeevi]].

Roshini was keen to accept performance-orientated roles and turned down several offers in late 1997 to be a part of films in glamorous roles. She subsequently worked on [[K. Balachander]]'s production ''[[Thulli Thirintha Kaalam]]'' (1998), opposite [[Arun Vijay|Arunkumar]], after actress [[Raasi (actress)|Manthra]] turned the film down. The film and her performance won mixed reviews and performed moderately at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Reviews/articles/Thulli_Thirintha_Kaalam_8347.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000601111546/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Reviews/articles/Thulli_Thirintha_Kaalam_8347.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=1 June 2000|title=Thulli Thirintha Kaalam: Movie Review}}</ref> However, thereafter, her ongoing films such as ''Puli Pirandha Mann'', opposite [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]], became stuck and she later quit the film industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-5.htm|title=A-Z (V)|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424003725/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-5.htm|archivedate=24 April 2013}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Roshini is the younger sister of actresses [[Nagma]] and [[Jyothika]].

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
|-guna
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 1997
| ''[[Sishya (film)|Sishya]]''
| Shruthi / Anu
| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Master (1997 film)|Master]]''
| Preethi
| Telugu
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | 1998
| ''Gulabi''
| Renjini
| Kannada
|-
| ''[[Pavitra Prema]]''
| Rani
| Telugu
|-
| ''[[Subhalekhalu]]''
| Priya
| Telugu
|-
| ''[[Thulli Thirintha Kaalam]]''
| Devi
| Tamil
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roshini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

Deccan thorn scrub forests

2026-02-19T12:28:29Z

Athenian: Info - done

{{Short description|Ecoregion of India and Sri Lanka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}

{{Infobox ecoregion
|name = Deccan thorn scrub forests
|image = Blackbucks ranebennur.jpg
|image_size =
|image_alt =
|caption = [[Blackbuck]]s at [[Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary]]
|map = Ecoregion IM1301.png
|map_size =
|map_alt =
|map_caption = Ecoregion territory (in purple)
|ecozone = [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]]
|biome = [[Deserts and xeric shrublands]]
|animals =
|bird_species =
|mammal_species =
|border = [[Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests]]
|border1 = [[East Deccan dry evergreen forests]]
|border2 = [[Godavari-Krishna mangroves]]
|border3 = [[Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests]]
|border4 = [[North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]]
|border5 = [[South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests]]
|border6 = [[Sri Lanka dry-zone dry evergreen forests]]
|area = 338,197
|country = [[India]]
|country1 = [[Sri Lanka]]
|state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|state1 = [[Karnataka]]
|state2 = [[Maharashtra]]
|state3 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|state4 = [[Telangana]]
|region_type = States of India
|elevation =
|geology =
|seas =
|rivers =
|climate =
|soil =
|conservation = critical/endangered<ref name = wwf>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Deccan thorn scrub forests|id=im1301}}</ref>
|global200 =
|habitat_loss =
|habitat_loss_ref =
|coordinates =
|protected = 9,430 km2 (3
|protected_ref = )<ref name = dinerstein>Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b. [https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014]</ref>
|embedded =
}}

[[File:Jodigere.jpg|thumb|Jodigere Dry Forests, [[Karnataka]]]]
[[File:Deccan Scrub Forests at Mastyagiri 02.JPG|thumb|Scrub forests at Mastyagiri, [[Telangana]]]]
The '''Deccan thorn scrub forests''' are a [[deserts and xeric shrublands|xeric shrubland]] [[ecoregion]] of [[south India]] and northern [[Sri Lanka]]. Historically this area was covered by tropical dry deciduous forest, but this only remains in isolated fragments. The vegetation now consists of
mainly of southern tropical thorn scrub type forests. These consist of open woodland with thorny trees with short trunks and low, branching crowns; spiny and xerophytic shrubs; and dry grassland. This is the habitat of the [[great Indian bustard]] and [[blackbuck]], though these and other animals are declining in numbers; this area was at one time home to large numbers of elephants and tigers. Almost 350 species of bird have been recorded here. The remaining natural habitat is threatened by [[overgrazing]] and invasive weeds, but there are a number of small protected areas which provide a haven for the wildlife. Trees in these forests have adapted to not require much water.

==Geography==
This ecoregion covers the semi-arid portions of the Deccan Plateau, extending across the Indian states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]], [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], and [[Tamil Nadu]] to the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Province]] of Sri Lanka. Only small patches of natural habitat remain, as most of the region has been cleared for grazing.

==Climate==
The annual rainfall is less than {{convert|750|mm|in|abbr=on}}, all falling during the short rainy season, and the area receives no rainfall during the months of November to April. Temperatures can exceed {{convert|40|C|F|abbr=on}} during the hotter months.<ref name = wwf/>

==Flora==
Today the remaining forest is mostly southern tropical thorn scrub,<ref name="Champion, H. G. 1968">Champion, H. G., and S. K. Seth. 1968. A revised survey of the forest types of India. Government of India Press</ref> and also includes patches of the original vegetation, tropical dry deciduous forests.<ref name = wwf/>

Southern tropical thorn scrub forests consist of open, low vegetation with thorny trees with short trunks and low, branching crowns that rarely meet to form a closed canopy. The trees grow up to {{convert|6|–|9|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Typical grasses of the ecoregion include ''[[Chrysopogon fulvus]]'', ''[[Heteropogon contortus]]'', ''[[Eremopogon foveolatus]]'', ''[[Aristida setacea]]'', and ''[[Dactyloctenium]]'' species.

The second storey of the thorn scrub forests in Maharashtra is poorly developed and mainly consists spiny and xerophytic species, mostly shrubs. An ill-defined lower storey can also be seen during the brief wet season. The plant species that dominate the vegetation in these forests are Acacia species, ''[[Balanites roxburghii]]'', ''[[Cordia myxa]]'', ''[[Capparis]]'' spp., ''[[Prosopis]]'' spp., ''[[Azadirachta indica]]'', ''[[Cassia fistula]]'', ''[[Diospyros chloroxylon]]'', ''[[Carissa carandas]]'', and ''[[Phoenix sylvestris]]''.<ref name = wwf/> There are also several other habitat types found in these forests.

The driest, rockiest areas of the ecoregion are covered with a scrub dominated by species of ''[[Euphorbia]]''.<ref name="Champion, H. G. 1968"/> The soil is usually bare in these areas; however, some grassy growth may also appear during the short [[Monsoon of Indian subcontinent|monsoon season]].<ref name = wwf/>

The parts of the ecoregion found in Tamil Nadu receive even less rainfall than most, and the vegetation in these parts is mainly made up of thinly spread thorny forests of ''[[Vachellia planifrons]]'', with umbrella-shaped crowns.<ref name = wwf/>

The remaining patches of forest are also home to a large number of plants, some of medicinal and botanical interest, including an endemic cycad (''[[Cycas beddomei]]'') and ''[[Psilotum nudum]]''. A small patch of the tree ''[[Shorea talura]]'' also exists within the Chittoor forest division, part of which is being maintained as a preservation plot by the Forest Department of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name = wwf/>

Finally, the area between the [[Nallamala Hills|Nallamala]] and [[Seshachalam Hills]] is well known for the red sanders (''[[Pterocarpus santalinus]]''), a rare, endemic tree species that is harvested for the medicinal value of its wood.<ref name = wwf/>

==Fauna==
The dry grasslands that predominate do provide habitat for the native fauna remaining scattered amid the thorn forest. The grasslands of southern Andhra Pradesh support a good population of the [[great Indian bustard]] (''Ardeotis nigriceps'') and [[blackbuck]] (''Antilope cervicapra''), although these and other species are declining in number.<ref name = wwf/>

The forests used to provide habitat for three prominent mammal species, the [[Bengal tiger]] (''Panthera tigris tigris''), the [[Indian elephant]] (''Elephas maximus indicus''), whose populations have recently dwindled and may have even become locally extinct, and the [[nilgai]] antelope (''Boselaphus tragocamelus'').<ref name = wwf/>

The ecoregion is home to 96 mammal species, out of which three are considered endemic: [[split roundleaf bat]] (''Hipposideros schistaceus''), [[Kondana soft-furred rat]] (''Millardia kondana''), and [[Elvira rat]] (''Cremnomys elvira''). Other threatened mammal species found in these forests include the tiger, [[gaur]] (''Bos gaurus''), [[dhole]] (''Cuon alpinus''), [[sloth bear]] (''Melursus ursinus''), [[chousingha]] (''Tetracerus quadricornis''), and blackbuck (''Antilope cervicapra''). Little-known ones like the [[Slender loris]] also occur here.<ref name = wwf/>

The Deccan thorn scrub forests are home to a richer variety of birds: almost 350 species, of which three are considered near-endemic: [[Jerdon's courser]] (''Rhinoptilus bitorquatus''), [[Sri Lanka junglefowl]] (''Gallus lafayetii''), and [[yellow-fronted barbet]] (''Megalaima flavifrons''). [[Jerdon's courser]] is a [[critically endangered]] species<ref>BirdLife International. 2017. ''Rhinoptilus bitorquatus'' (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22694103A117189206. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22694103A117189206.en. Accessed 18 August 2021.</ref> which was rediscovered in this ecoregion in 1986 after being recorded for the last time in 1900. Other [[endangered]] bird species such as the [[lesser florican]] (''Sypheotides indicus'') and Indian bustard can also be found in the ecoregion.<ref name = wwf/>

Over 60 species of herpetofauna are known to occur in such forest types. Unique species of amphibians and reptiles do occur here. Such species include the ''[[Duttaphrynus hololius]]'', lizards viz. ''[[Hemidactylus scabriceps]]'', ''[[Hemidactylus reticulatus]]'', ''[[Ophisops leschenaultii]]'', ''[[Eutropis beddomii]]'' and snakes viz. ''[[Coluber bholanathi]]'', ''[[Chrysopelea taprobanica]]''. Apart from such forms, most of the widespread species of herpetofauna, occurring on a pan-Indian scale, including the endangered [[Indian star tortoise]], [[Indian chameleon]], and [[Bengal monitor]] also occur here.

==Threats and conservation==
The remaining deciduous woodland continues to be cleared for grazing while the pasture that has been created is itself threatened by overgrazing and invasive weeds. One large area of natural forest remains in southern Andhra Pradesh.

==Protected areas==
9,430 km2, or 3%, of the ecoregion is within protected areas.<ref name = dinerstein/> In 1997, there were eleven protected areas that were entirely or partially within the ecoregion, totaling 4,110 km2.<ref name = wwf/> Current protected areas include:
* [[Chundikkulam National Park]], Sri Lanka (196 km2)
* [[Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary]], Karnataka (82.72 km2)
* [[Ghataprabha|Ghataprabha Bird Sanctuary]], Karnataka (29.8 km2)<ref>"Ghataprabha (Bird sanctuary)". ''Protected Planet.'' Accessed 3 May 2020. [https://www.protectedplanet.net/4596]</ref>
* [[Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary]], Maharashtra (8,496 km2, extension 400 km2)<ref>"Great Indian Bustard". ''Protected Planet.'' Accessed 3 May 2020. [https://www.protectedplanet.net/4607]</ref>
* [[Jayakwadi Dam|Jayakwadi Bird Sanctuary]], Maharashtra 230 km2
* [[Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary]], Andhra Pradesh (357.6 km2)<ref>"Kaundinya". ''Protected Planet.'' Accessed 3 May 2020. [https://www.protectedplanet.net/19725]</ref>
* [[Nandur Madhmeshwar Bird Sanctuary]], Maharashtra (100.1 km2)<ref>"Nandur Madhameshwar". ''Protected Planet.'' Accessed 3 May 2020. [https://www.protectedplanet.net/19723]</ref>
* [[Pakkamalai Reserve Forest]], Tamil Nadu
* [[Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary]], Karnataka (119 km2)
* [[Sagareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary]], Maharashtra (10.9 km2)<ref>"Sagareshwar". ''Protected Planet.'' Accessed 3 May 2020. [https://www.protectedplanet.net/19725]</ref>
* [[Sri Venkateswara National Park]], Andhra Pradesh 500 km2
* [[Tungabhadra Otter Conservation Reserve]], Karnataka
* [[Tungabhadra Wildlife Sanctuary]], Karnataka 90 km2
* [[Vettangudi Bird Sanctuary]], Tamil Nadu (0.38 km2; also in [[East Deccan dry evergreen forests]])

==References==
{{reflist}}
*Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). ''Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment.'' Island Press; [[Washington, DC]].

==External links==
*{{commons-inline||Deccan thorn scrub forests}}
*{{WWF ecoregion|name=Deccan thorn scrub forests|id=im1301}}

{{Geography of Sri Lanka}}

[[Category:Deserts and xeric shrublands]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of India]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Environment of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Environment of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indomalayan ecoregions]]

List of Gujarati films of 2014

2026-02-05T05:25:11Z

Athenian: put up basic article needs work

{{Short description|List of Gujarati language films released in 2023}}
{{incomplete list|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
This is a list of [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati language films]] that were released in 2014. The Gujarati films collectively earned total {{estimation|{{INRconvert|7|c}}}} in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 January 2016 |title=After Recent Hits At The Box Office, 'Gollywood' Rises in Gujarat |url=http://www.ndtv.com/ahmedabad-news/after-recent-hits-at-the-box-office-gollywood-rises-in-gujarat-1265062 |access-date=16 June 2016 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

==Box-office collection==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|-
! Rank
! Film
! Director
! Studio(s)
! Gross
!Source
|-
|1
|''[[Bey Yaar]]''
|[[Abhishek Jain]]
|[[CineMan Productions]]
|{{estimation|{{INRConvert|8.5|c}}}}
|<ref name="Hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/wrongside-raju-gujarati-film-industry-still-a-work-in-progress/article9017546.ece|title=Gujarati film industry, still a work in progress|date=20 August 2016|author=Hari Narayan|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|}

==January–March==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Opening
!Name
!Genre
!Director
!Cast
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|24 January
| ''Ek Premno Divano Ek Prem Ni Divani''
|Drama
|Harsukh Patel
|[[Vikram Thakor]], Rashmi Gupta
|<ref>https://in.bookmyshow.com/ahmedabad/movies/ek-premno-divano-ek-prem-ni-divani/ET00061870</ref>
|-
|7 February
|''Deshbook''
|Comedy drama
|Vipul Sharma
|Tushar Sadhu, Prasashya Choudhury
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=DeshbookU |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/deshbook/movieshow/62526337.cms |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |7 March
|''Nahi Re Chute Taro Saath''
|Action
|Ashok Ghosh
|[[Hiten Kumar]], [[Hitu Kanodia]], Nishan Pandiya
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nai Re Chute Taro Saath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/nai-re-chute-taro-saath/movieshow/62526367.cms |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''Rajvadi Bapu Ne Rang Chhe''
|Action drama
|S. K. Rawat
|Prithviraj Sinh Chawda, Komal Thakkar, [[Hitu Kanodia]], [[Mona Thiba]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajawadi Bapune Rang ChheUA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/rajawadi-bapune-rang-chhe/movieshow/61217561.cms |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|28 March
|''Padkar... The Challenge''
|Action
|Sunny Kumar
|[[Shakti Kapoor]], Firoz Irani, [[Hiten Kumar]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Padkar...The ChallengeUA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/padkar-the-challenge/movieshow/61217580.cms |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}
==April–June==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Opening
!Name
!Genre
!Director
!Cast
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|4 April
|''[[Whisky Is Risky]]''
|Drama
|Dhaval Patel
|Nirmit Vaishnav, Raju Barot, Rakesh Poojara, Shalaka Shiroya, Kshitisha Soni, Tejal Panchasara
|<ref name="Online PR News">{{cite web |author=OnlinePRNews |date=12 Mar 2014 |title=White Ink Pictures sets release date for "Whisky is Risky" |url=http://www.onlineprnews.com/news/468560-1394561029-white-ink-pictures-sets-release-date-for-whisky-is-risky.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032800/http://www.onlineprnews.com/news/468560-1394561029-white-ink-pictures-sets-release-date-for-whisky-is-risky.html |archive-date=2 May 2014 |access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
|18 April
|''Namo Saune Gamo''
|Political
|K. Amar Danny
|Sarad Sharma, Kirti Maan and Husainy Dawawala, Hemang Tanna, Prashant Saluke, Manish Rohit, Jay Patel, Lalji Bhai Dewariya ,Dilavar Bloch
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Namo Saune GamoA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/namo-saune-gamo/movieshow/61217649.cms |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|25 April
|''Boss Pappu Pass Thai Gayo''
|Comedy
|Vasant Narkar
|Naishal Shah, [[Rupali Ganguly]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Boss Pappu Pas Thayi GayoU |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/boss-pappu-pas-thayi-gayo/movieshow/61217727.cms |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|20 June
|''[[Rasiya Tari Radha Rokani Rann Ma]]''
|Romance
|Hussain Bloch
|[[Vikram Thakor]], Mamta Soni, Vasim Bloch, Yamini Joshi, Marjina Diwan
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rasiya Tari Radha Rokani Ran MaU |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/rasiya-tari-radha-rokani-ran-ma/movieshow/61217766.cms |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==July–September==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Opening
!Name
!Genre
!Director
!Cast
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|11 July
|''[[Sathiyo Chalyo Khodaldham]]''
|Drama devotional
|Samir Jagot
|[[Apoorva Arora]], [[Leena Jumani]], Ujjwal Rana, [[Sheela Sharma]], [[Mukesh Rawal]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-13 |title=Trailer of upcoming Gujarati movie Saathiyo Chaalyo Khodaldham is a hit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/trailer-of-upcoming-gujarati-movie-saathiyo-chaalyo-khodaldham-is-a-hit/articleshow/36661947.cms |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|8 August
|''Odhani''
|Action
|Vasant Narkar
|[[Vikram Thakor]], Mamta Soni
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=OdhaniUA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/odhani/movieshow/61217829.cms |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|15 August
|''Vishwasghat''
|Thriller
|Bapodara
|Khyati Madhu, [[Hitu Kanodia]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishwasghat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/vishwasghat/movieshow/61217863.cms |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|22 August
|''Gori Meto Kalje Lakhyu Taru Naam''
|Drama
|Niranjan Sharma
|Jawahar Vanjara, Anisha Belim, Nishant Pandya, Niharika Dave
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gori Meto Kalje Lakhyu Taru NaamUA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/gori-meto-kalje-lakhyu-taru-naam/movieshow/61217896.cms |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 29 August
| ''[[Bey Yaar]]''
|[[Coming-of-age story|Coming-of-age]] comedy drama film
| [[Abhishek Jain]]
|[[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]], [[Darshan Jariwala]], [[Divyang Thakkar]], [[Pratik Gandhi]], [[Amit Mistry]], Samvedna Suwalka
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-13 |title=Bey Yaar bags nine awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/Bey-Yaar-bags-nine-awards/articleshow/46419657.cms |access-date=2026-02-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''Aapne To Dhirubhai''
|Comedy
|Haritrushi Purohit
|Vrajesh Heerji, Jayaka Yagnik, Bhakti Rathod, Ritesh Mobh
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aapne To Dhirubhai Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-reviews/aapne-to-dhirubhai/movie-review/41575845.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|5 September
|''Deewana Dushman''
|Action drama
|Pankaj Gandhi
|[[Hitu Kanodia]], Hiral Trivedi, [[Naresh Kanodia]], Firoz Irani
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Deewana DushmanUA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/deewana-dushman/movieshow/61217943.cms |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|18 September
|''Tran Doba Tauba Tauba''
|Comedy
|Govind Sakariya
|[[Asrani]], [[Hiten Kumar]], Jeet Upendra, Kiran Acharya
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-11-02 |title=Vadodara based actor Kiran Acharya is perked up about her upcoming next Tran Doba Tauba Tauba, which also has actors Hiten Kumar, Firoz Irani and Jeet Upendra playing in the lead. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/vadodara-based-actor-kiran-acharya-is-perked-up-about-her-upcoming-next-tran-doba-tauba-tauba-which-also-has-actors-hiten-kumar-firoz-irani-and-jeet-upendra-playing-in-the-lead-/articleshow/10578812.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|26 September
|''Ghar Maru Mandir''
|Drama
|Keshav Rathod
|Chandan Rathod'','' Chandan Desani, Sunny Khatri, Nisha Soni, Dimple Upadhyay, Usha Bhatiya
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Patel |first=Ano |date=2014-09-25 |title=Ghar Maru Mandir will now release tomorrow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/chandan-rathod-ghar-maru-mandir-to-now-release-tomorrow/articleshow/43418159.cms |access-date=2021-08-12 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

==October–December==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Opening
!Name
!Genre
!Director
!Cast
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|17 October
|''Kon Halave Limdi Ne Kon Zulave Pipli''
|Romance action
|Harsukh Patel
|[[Vikram Thakor]], Mamta Soni, [[Hiten Kumar]], Firoz Irani, Jaimin Trivedi, Radhika, Hitesh Raval, Jitu Pandya.
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kon Halave Limdi Ne Kon Zulave PipliUA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/kon-halave-limdi-ne-kon-zulave-pipli/movieshow/61217989.cms |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|28 November
|''Vaav''
|Drama
|Ashok Patel
|Aanandee Tripathi, [[Komal Thacker]], Jagdish Thakor
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=VaavUA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/vaav/movieshow/62526457.cms |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|12 December
|''Bajrang Lila''
|Devotional romance
|Shreedutt Vyas
|[[Komal Thacker]], Mangal Gadhvi
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-13 |title=Gear up for a devotional romance: Bajrang Leela |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/new-film-bajrang-leela/articleshow/37452916.cms |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|19 December
|''Kalyug No Kano''
|Action
|Axant Patel
|Axant Patel
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kalyug No KanoA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/kalyug-no-kano/movieshow/62526471.cms |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati films]]
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Gujarati|List of highest-grossing Gujarati films]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/search/title?at=0&languages=gu&sort=year,asc&title_type=feature&year=2014,2014 List of Gujarati films of 2014] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{2014 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

[[Category:Lists of Gujarati films by year|2014]]
[[Category:Lists of 2014 films by language|Gujarati]]
[[Category:2014 in Indian cinema|Gujarati]]

Thirra

2026-01-14T08:45:23Z

Athenian: fixed issues

{{about|the ritual dance|the records system|THIRRA}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}

[[File:Thira festival of andalurkkavu.jpg|thumb|right|Thirra festival at a temple in North Kerala, India]]
[[File:Kanda karnan.jpg|thumb|right|Kandakarnan thira]]

''' Thirra''' or Theyyam thira is a [[ritual dance]] performed in "Kaavu" (grove) and temples of the [[Malabar region|Malabar]] region in [[Kerala State]], [[South India]].<ref name="t896">{{cite book | last=Karippath | first=R. C. | title=The World of Theyyam (A Study on Theyyam, the Ritual Art Form of North Kerala) | date=2019 | isbn=978-93-86822-45-1 | page=}}</ref> This art form is performed by the artists of ''malaya'' (the artist who recognised for performing the art form called as a "perumalayan") community. This art is performed during ''Utsavam'' (annual temple festival). Clan deities such as [[Bhagavathi]], [[Shiva]] are worshipped in these forms. It is usually celebrated from mid-December to mid-March, for a duration of 2–3 days in different temples, varying from temple to temple.

==Overview==

Theyyam thira is main sub division of [[Theyyam]]. It is similar to the Theyyam dance performed in the same region, except that in Theyyam the performer is considered as the god he is representing, while in Thira the performer is considered as to be possessed by god.

Thira brings the gods to life. Performers dress up with ceremonial facial paint and loud clothing and dance in front of the deity, the bhagavathi. The objective clearly is to bring a sense of awe to the proceedings. Each performer represents a particular deity and is sponsored by devotees as a prayer offering. These dancers are viewed as being possessed by the gods when they are in their act, with devotees queuing up to meet them to share woes and wishes.

[[Palm toddy|Toddy]] plays a very significant role in the proceedings, it is an offering to the gods and almost all the performers dance under the influence. This helps in creating the feeling of being "possessed". The performers belong to the "Peruvannan" caste, who are given prime importance in Thira. Therefore in Kerala, both Forward caste Brahmins, and backward caste and tribals have an important place in worship.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* https://archive.today/20130704045059/http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/culture/artforms/thirayaattam/main.html

{{Navboxes
|title = [[North Malabar]]
|list =
{{North Malabar}}
{{Places of interest in North Malabar}}
{{Kozhikode district}}
{{Wayanad district}}
{{Kannur district}}
{{Kasaragod district}}
}}
{{Kerala}}

[[Category:Dances of Kerala]]
[[Category:Ritual dances]]

Ghuduwala, Mansa

2026-01-02T17:36:18Z

Athenian: New - done

{{Short description|Village in Mansa District, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ghuduwala
| other_name = Ghudu wala
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 15
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.810710|N|75.295733|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mansa district, Punjab|Mansa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Sardulgarh tehsil|Sardulgarh]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,429
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi (Gurmukhi)]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 151506
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01659-26*****
| registration_plate = PB51
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sardulgarh]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ghuduwala''' or '''Ghudu wala''', is a village in the [[Sardulgarh]] [[tehsil]] of [[Mansa district, Punjab|Mansa district]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village & Panchayats {{!}} District Mansa, Government of Punjab {{!}} India |url=https://mansa.nic.in/village-panchayats/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demography ==
Ghuduwala is the gram panchayat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GP Profile Report |url=https://egramswaraj.gov.in/viewGpProfile.do?localBodyCode=17172&stateCode=3 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=egramswaraj.gov.in}}</ref> According to Census 2011, village has a total population of 1,429 peoples, out of which male population is 700 while female population is 729. Literacy rate of village is 47.31% out of which 53.00% males and 41.84% females are literate. There are about 268 houses in village.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mansa district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mansa district, India]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Jai Prakash University

2025-12-14T07:06:16Z

Athenian: small added section after review and updated info

{{Short description|Public university in Chhapra, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Jai Prakash University
| native_name = जय प्रकाश विश्वविद्यालय
| image_name = Jai Prakash University logo.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto = विद्या ददाति विनयम्
| mottoeng = Knowledge gives us discipline
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1990}}
| founder = [[Government of Bihar]]
| closed =
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| affiliation =
| endowment =
| rector =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor = [[Governor of Bihar]]
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor = Paramendra Kumar Bajpai
| principal =
| dean =
| director =
| head_label = [[Visitor]]
| head =
| students =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Chhapra]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| province =
| country = India
| campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| athletics =
| colours =
| colors =
| sports =
| nickname = JPU
| mascot =
| website = {{url | https://jpv.ac.in}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
| faculty =
| staff =
| rad =
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
}}

'''Jai Prakash University''' ('''JPU''') is a [[state university (India)|state university]] located in [[Chhapra]], [[Bihar]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collegedunia.com/university/25411-jai-prakash-university-chapra|title=Jai Prakash University, Chapra|website=Collegedunia|language=en|access-date=2020-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bihar.result91.com/jpv|title= Jai Prakash Vishwavidyalaya (jpv) Exam Results 2020 Name Wise|website=Result91|language=en|access-date=2020-02-07}}</ref> Initially serving the needs of higher and quality education of the people of [[Saran district|Saran]] commissionary, it has completed its 29 years and has entered its 30th year. With 21 constituent colleges, 11 affiliated colleges and 23 proposed colleges including 10 professional colleges, it is offering courses at the [[undergraduate]] level and [[postgraduate]] level in most subjects.

It was established by the [[Government of Bihar]] in response to the needs of the people of Saran commissionary. The university was named in memory of freedom fighter Loknayak [[Jai Prakash Narayan]].

The university is recognised by the UGC as a [[State university (India)|state university]] and is a member of the Association of Indian Universities, having jurisdiction over the Saran Division, comprising the three districts of Saran, [[Siwan district|Siwan]] and [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]].

== Campus==
{{convert|250|acre|km2}} of land has been acquired for a new campus. The university campus is about two km away from the main town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://admission.aglasem.com/jai-prakash-university-admission/|title=Jai Prakash University Admission 2020 - Application Form, Admit Card|date=2019-08-14|website=AglaSem Admission|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-07}}</ref> Jai Prakash Vishwavidyala (University) was established on 22.11.90 by the enactment of Section 3(b) of Bihar State Universities Act, 1976 with its headquarters at Chhapra, after carving it out from the then, [[Bihar University]] (now B.R.A. Bihar University).

== Faculties ==
The university has four main faculties:

'''Faculty of Social Sciences'''
* Department of [[Economics]]
* Department of [[Geography]]
* Department of [[History]]
* Department of [[Political Science]]
* Department of [[Psychology]]

'''Faculty of Science'''
* Department of [[Botany]]
* Department of [[Zoology]]
* Department of [[Chemistry]]
* Department of [[Physics]]
* Department of [[Mathematics]]
* Department of [[Agriculture]]

'''Faculty of Commerce'''
* Department of [[Commerce]]

'''Faculty of Humanities'''
* Department of [[Hindi]]
* Department of [[English language | English]]
* Department of [[Sanskrit]]
* Department of [[Urdu]]
* Department of [[Philosophy]]

==Constituent colleges==

*In [[Chapra district|Saran district]]
**
** [[Rajendra College, Chapra|Rajendra College]]
** [[Jagdam College]]
** [[Jai Prakash Mahila College]]
** [[Ram Jaipal College]]
** [[Ganga Singh College]]
** [[Prithvi Chand Vigyan College]]
** [[HR College, Amnour]]
** [[Jaglal Choudhary College]]
** [[Yadunandan College, Dighwara]]
** [[Nand Lal Singh College]]
** [[Prabhunath College, Parsa]]
*In [[Siwan district]]
** [[D.A.V Post Graduate College Siwan]]
** [[Vidya Bhawan Mahila College]]
** [[Ram Vilas Ganga Ram College]]
** [[Narayan College, Goreyakothi]]
** [[Hariram College, Mairwa]]
*In [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj district]]
** [[Kamla Rai College]]
** [[Mahendra Mahila College]]
** [[Bhola Prasad Singh College]]

== Affiliated colleges ==
There are 11 affiliated colleges under Jai Prakash University.
*P.R. College, Sonpur, Saran (Deficit Grant)
*Z.A. Islamia College, Siwan (Deficit Grant and Minority College)
*Dr.P.N.Singh Degree College, Chapra
*B.D.S.M. Mahila College, Salempur, Chapra
*Lok Mahavidyalaya, Hafizpur Baniapur (Saran)
*Deoraha Baba Shridhar Das Degree College, Kadna Garkha (Saran)
* Daroga Prasad Rai College, [[Siwan District|Siwan]].
*Mazhrul Haque Degree College, Tarwara (Siwan)
*Desh Ratan Rajaendra Prasad Degree College, Ziradai (Siwan)
*Shri Mahendra Das Degree College, Mathia Nechua, Jalalpur (Gopalganj)
*Shrikant Babu Degree College(SKB) Belbanwa kuchaikote (Gopalganj)
*Mata Rojhni Devi Chhathu Ram Degree College, Mairwa (Siwan)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://jpv.ac.in Official website]

{{Universities in Bihar}}
{{Portal bar|India|Education}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|25.7856|84.7772|type:edu_region:IN-BR|display=title}}

[[Category:Universities in Bihar]]
[[Category:Saran district]]
[[Category:Memorials to Jayaprakash Narayan]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Bihar]]

{{Bihar-university-stub}}

U. R. Krishnan

2025-12-13T17:23:20Z

Athenian:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=December 2019}}
{{blp no footnotes|date=November 2018}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Urumandampalayam Rayappa Gounder Krishnan
| honorific-suffix =
| image = U R Krishnan.jpg
| imagesize =
| order1 = Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha)
| term_start1 = 25 July 1977
| term_end1 = 24 July 1983
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1944|04|01}}
| birth_place =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| religion =
| alma_mater = Madras Law College
| profession = [[Politician]]
| spouse = Kanmani Devi
}}
'''Urumandampalayam Rayappa Gounder Krishnan''' (born 1 April 1943) is an Indian politician from the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] Party.

== Early life ==
Krishnan was born on 1st April 1943, to Urumandampalayam Rayappa Gounder.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}

==Career==
He served as a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from 25 July 1977, to 24 July 1983.{{fact|date=September 2024}}

== References ==

* {{cite web|title=Members of the Rajya Sabha - K|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/k.pdf}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnan, U. R.}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Muppalla

2025-11-28T05:34:23Z

Athenian: add citations after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Muppalla
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|16|14|14|N|79|50|47|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Palnadu District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palnadu district|Guntur]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 = Muppalla
| government_footnotes = <ref name="panchayat">{{cite web |title=Gram Panchayat Identification Codes |url=http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |website=Saakshar Bharat Mission |publisher=National Informatics Centre |accessdate=7 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818173131/http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |archivedate=18 August 2017 |page=108 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]
| governing_body = Muppalla [[gram panchayat]]
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name = Mr.X vinukonda Praveen Kumar
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book : Guntur (Part B) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=11 June 2019 |pages=14,348 |date=2011}}</ref>
| area_total_ha = 1741
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web |title=Population |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=668379 |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |accessdate=8 May 2019}}</ref>
| population_total = 20000+
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 522661
| postal_code = 522661
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = +91
| registration_plate_type =
| registration_plate = AP
}}

'''Muppalla (Muppalla)''' is a village palnadu [[Guntur district|district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in Muppalla [[village ipur mondal]] of [[Guntur revenue division]].<ref name="village">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook : Guntur (Part A) |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_A_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=Census of India |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=5 June 2019 |pages=5,530–531 |date=2011}}</ref>

== Geography ==

Varagani is situated at {{coord|16|14|14|N|79|50|47|E|}}. It is spread over an area of {{Convert|1741|ha|abbr=on}}.<ref name="census" />

== Governance ==

Muppalla [[gram panchayat]] is the [[Local self-government in India|local self-government]] of the village.<ref name="panchayat" /> It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDoppmCmeqUC&q=sarpanch|title=Citizen Participation in Rural Development|last=Seetharam|first=Mukkavilli|date=1990-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170992271|page=34|language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==

As per the school information report for the academic year 2018–19, the village has 9 schools. These are 4 [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]]/[[Mandal Parishad Primary School|MPP]], one [[Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya|KGBV]], one other type and 3 private schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=School Information |url=https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls# |website=Commissionerate of School Education |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=7 May 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of villages in Guntur district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Guntur district]]

{{Guntur-geo-stub}}

Naulakha, Punjab

2025-11-25T14:49:54Z

Athenian: put up basic article and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2013}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Naulakha
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|30.53|N|76.39|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Punjab
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Fatehgarh Sahib
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 600 years ago
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat|Panchayat]]
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 264
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 147104
| area_code_type = Telephone
| area_code = 91-01763
| iso_code =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 =
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| blank4_name_sec1 =
| blank4_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Naulakha''' is a major village in [[Fatehgarh Sahib District]], in the [[Indian state]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].

It is situated on Sirhind-[[Patiala]] road, 13 km from Sirhind and 19 km from [[Patiala]]. It is a historic village. ''[[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] ji'', the ninth guru of Sikhs, and ''[[Mata Gujri]] ji'' are two of the most well-known visitors. Today, ''[[Gurudwara Naulakha Sahib]]'' is built on the site where they once stayed.

The village has a population of about 1000. The three schools in the village are the "Govt. Primary School", "Govt. Middle School" and a private convent school named "Baba Zoravar Singh Baba Fateh Singh, Sen. Sec. Public School, Naulakha", also known as "B.Z.S.F.S School". A [[mosque]] is also present in the village.

The village has a "cooperative society" from where farmers can buy or hire anything related to agriculture.

==History==
The name of the village is based on an event said to have taken place when Guru Tegh Bahadur and Mata Gujri stayed there for a day and night on a tour of the [[Malwa]] region. A man named [[Bhai Lakhi Rai Banjara|Lakhi Shah Wanjara]] who had lost his ox said that he would give several takkas to the guru if it were found. When he found the ox, he approached the guru and gave him nine takkas. When the guru forwarded these to the [[Sangat (term)|Sangat]] without even touching them, Wanjara feared that the amount of the offering had been insufficient and told the guru that while he didn't have any more money on that day he would try to give more soon. The guru told the man that his nine takkas were the equivalent of nine [[lakh]]s of takka (''nau lakh''). He asked visitors who came to him later to name the village Naulakha in remembrance of the offering.<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.historicalgurudwaras.com/India/Punjab/FatehgarhSahib/GurudwaraShriNaulakhaSahibNaulakha/gallery.php|title=Gurdwara Naulakha Sahib|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002100727/http://www.historicalgurudwaras.com/India/Punjab/FatehgarhSahib/GurudwaraShriNaulakhaSahibNaulakha/gallery.php|archive-date=2 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Sports==

Naulakha village is known for its enthusiastic support of sports. It has a sports club, founded in 1990, named "[[Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sports Club]]". Recently the President of this sports Club is "[[Gurdeep Singh Kharoud]]". The village is well known for its outstanding [[volleyball]] team which has won many tournaments throughout [[Punjab]] and [[Haryana]]. The [[Cricket]] team of the village is also famous, having won several tournaments. The club organised many volleyball and cricket competitions.

==Places==

* [[Gurudwara|Gurudwara Naulakha Sahib]]
* Mosque
* Baba Veergar
* Baba Matt
* Lalan wala Peer
* Nagar Kheda
* Guga Maadi
* Bhagatan di Motor
* Wifi chownk
* Water Tank park

==Administration==

The village is administrated by "Village [[Gram panchayat|Panchayat]]". [[Gurudwara Naulakha Sahib]] is administrated by "local gurdwara parbandhak committee" under [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Fatehgarh Sahib district]]
{{Fatehgarh Sahib district}}

British Asian Cup

2025-11-14T22:58:09Z

Athenian: Stub

{{EngvarB|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox limited overs final
| title = British Asian Cup
| image = [[File:RR Balcony.jpg|250px|The balcony of Rajasthan Royals during the match.]]
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team1score = 162/5
| team1overs =20
| team2 = [[Middlesex Panthers]]
| team2score = 116/7
| team2overs =20
| date = 6 July 2009
| stadium = [[Lord's Cricket Ground]]
| city = London
| man_of_the_match1a = [[Dimitri Mascarenhas]]
| umpires = {{ubl|[[Trevor Jesty]]|[[David Millns]]}}
| attendance = 20,000
}}

The '''British Asian Cup''' was a [[day/night cricket|day/night]] [[Twenty20]] [[cricket]] charity match played between the [[2008 Indian Premier League]] (IPL) champion [[Rajasthan Royals]] and the [[2008 Twenty20 Cup]] champion [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex Panthers]] played at the [[Lord's Cricket Ground]], London, England.<ref group=lower-greek>The Panthers were known as Middlesex Crusaders at the time of winnings the 2008 Twenty20 Cup</ref> A portion of the earnings of the match went to the [[British Asian Trust]]. It ended as the Royals defeated the Panthers by 46 runs.

[[Shaun Udal]] and [[Shane Warne]] were the captains for the Panthers and the Royals respectively. The Royals played a warm-up game with the Middlesex Second XI before the match, and won it by 28 runs. The match attracted a crowd of 20,000 people, but was delayed due to rain.

Winning the [[Toss (cricket)|toss]], the Panthers opted to [[Bowling (cricket)|bowl]] first. The Royals scored 162 [[Run (cricket)|runs]] for five [[wicket]]s, and [[Swapnil Asnodkar]] and [[Mohammad Kaif]] top-scored with 41 run each. [[Dawid Malan]] took two wickets for 23 runs. In reply, the Panthers made 116 runs for seven wickets, as the Royals won by 46 runs. [[Sohail Tanvir]] took three wickets for 20 runs, and [[Dimitri Mascarenhas]] was named the [[man of the match]] for his all-round performance.

==Background==
On 14 May 2009, it was announced that 2008 IPL champion Rajasthan Royals and 2008 Twenty20 Cup champion Middlesex Panthers will play a charity match on 6 July 2009 under the name of the British Asian Cup, a portion of the earnings of which will go to the British Asian Trust.<ref name=cricinfo1>{{cite news|title=Rajasthan and Middlesex to play charity game|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/story/404306.html|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=9 January 2013|date=14 May 2009}}</ref> The two teams would have played each other in the [[2008 Champions League Twenty20]], but the tournament was cancelled due to security reasons.<ref name=cricinfo1/> The then IPL chairman [[Lalit Modi]] said,"We have shown this year that the IPL truly has global appeal, and for one of our teams to be playing at the 'home of cricket [Lords]' in front of the wonderfully passionate British fans is very exciting." He also welcomed the association with the British Asian Trust.<ref name=cricinfo1/> Marlyebone Cricket Club (MCC) chief executive Keith Bradshaw said,"It is a great honour to be hosting the first year of this competition, and demonstrates the MCC commitment to globalising our brand and venue."<ref name=ht>{{cite web|title=Rajasthan Royals to play Middlesex Panthers in British Asian Cup|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/TopStories/Rajasthan-Royals-to-play-Middlesex-Panthers-in-British-Asian-Cup/Article1-410797.aspx|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=9 January 2013|location=London|date=14 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112032020/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/TopStories/Rajasthan-Royals-to-play-Middlesex-Panthers-in-British-Asian-Cup/Article1-410797.aspx|archive-date=12 January 2013}}</ref> It was planned that the British Asian Cup will be an annual series played between the IPL and Twenty20 Cup winners, and will consist of three matches in future.<ref name=ht/>

==Build up==
Udal and Warne captained the Panthers and the Royals respectively.<ref name=cricinfo1/> [[Tyron Henderson]], who had played for the Royals in the IPL, decided to play for the Panthers.<ref name=cricinfo1/> [[Sohail Tanvir]] played for the Royals after getting the permission of the [[Pakistan Cricket Board]].<ref name=tanvir>{{cite web|title=Tanvir to appear for Royals |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Articles/10/10681.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=9 January 2013|date=3 July 2009}}</ref> Tanvir was not able to play in the [[2009 Indian Premier League|2009 IPL]] due to tense relations between India and Pakistan after the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].<ref name=tanvir/> However it was later decided to move the 2009 edition to South Africa due to [[2009 Indian general election]],<ref>{{cite news|title=IPL to be played outside India|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/story/396319.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 March 2013|date=22 March 2009}}</ref> but till then the Pakistani players were either terminated or suspended by their franchisees due to their unavailability.<ref name=tanvir/> [[Kamran Akmal]] could not play for the Royals in the match because of [[Sri Lankan cricket team in Pakistan in 2009|Sri Lanka's tour of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Shankar|first=Ajay S|title=IPL teams hope to field Pakistan players again|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/story/410160.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=12 January 2013|date=22 June 2009}}</ref> It was also the last competitive game Warne played at the Lord's Cricket Ground.<ref name=report>{{cite news|title=All-round Mascarenhas takes Rajasthan to big win|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/story/413040.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 January 2013|date=6 July 2009}}</ref>

The Royals played a warm-up game with the Middlesex Second XI at [[Denis Compton Oval]] on 5 July 2009.<ref name=warmup>{{cite web|title=Middlesex Second XI v Rajasthan Royals |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/250/250816.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=9 January 2013}}</ref> Captained by Mohammad Kaif, the Royals won the toss elected to bat first.<ref name=warmup/> The scored 139 runs at a loss of seven wickets, and [[Faiz Fazal]] top scored with 47 runs.<ref name=warmup/> Batting second, the Middlesex Second XI got all out at 111 runs in the last over.<ref name=warmup/> [[Munaf Patel]] took three wickets, and the Royals won by 28 runs.<ref name=warmup/>

==Match==
[[File:Shane Warne bowling 2009.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Warne bowling in the match. This was the last competitive game played by Warne at the Lord's Cricket Ground.]]
The match attracted a crowd of 20,000 people and was a [[day/night cricket|day/night]] event.<ref name=warne>{{cite news|title=Shane Warne bids farewell to Lord's with last glimpse of brilliance|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/jul/06/shane-warne-ipl-british-asian-cup|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=9 January 2013|date=6 July 2009}}</ref><ref name=scorecard/><ref>{{cite news|title=Middlesex v Rajasthan Royals|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/engine/match/404477.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=12 January 2013}}</ref> The match was scheduled to start at 4:21 [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]], but it started raining heavily and the play was stopped.<ref name=commentary>{{cite news|title=British Asian Cup, 2009 / Commentary|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/engine/match/404477.html?innings=1;view=commentary|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 January 2013}}</ref> However the rain stopped at 4:25 GMT and the toss took place.<ref name=commentary2>{{cite web|title=Middlesex v Rajasthan Royals|url-access=subscription|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/244/244875/244875_commentary_i1_page.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=9 January 2013|archive-date=11 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111221719/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/244/244875/244875_commentary_i1_page.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Panthers won the toss and decided to bowl first.<ref name=commentary2/> Fazal and [[Swapnil Asnodkar]] [[Batting order (cricket)|opened]] for the Royals and [[Gareth Berg]] bowled the first over. [[Murali Karthik]] came to the attack in the seventh over.<ref name=commentary/> In the first ball of the over, a shot by Ashnodkar was deflected by the wicket-keeper's helmet, and the Royals got five penalty runs.<ref name=commentary/> In the same over, Fazal and Asnodkar reached to a 50 runs [[Partnership (cricket)|partnership]] in 38 balls.<ref name=scorecard>{{cite web|title=Middlesex v Rajasthan Royals |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/244/244875.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=9 January 2013}}</ref> However Karthik took the wicket of Fazal in the fifth ball.<ref name=commentary/> Fazal tried to hit play the ball towards extra cover, but it went high in the air and [[Billy Godleman]] took the catch.<ref name=commentary/> Fazal went out making 27 runs off 22 balls, hitting two sixes. Karthik slowed down the run rate,<ref name=report/> and no boundary was hit in the next six overs.<ref name=commentary/> Kaif and Ashnodkar added 50 runs in 45 balls for the second wicket,<ref name=scorecard/><ref name=commentary2/> but Ashnodkar got dismissed in the very next ball.<ref name=commentary/> [[Dawid Malan]] bowled a [[full toss]] and Ashnodkar hit it towards deep mid-wicket, however Shah took "well judged" catch.<ref name=commentary2/> Ashnodkar made 41 runs off 40 balls.<ref name=scorecard/> In the next [[Over (cricket)|over]], [[Eoin Morgan]] dropped [[Naman Ojha]] on [[Shaun Udal]].<ref name=commentary/> However Ojha got caught by [[Steven Finn]] on the next ball.<ref name=commentary/> Ojha made 10 run off 5 balls.<ref name=scorecard/> In the next over, Malan bowled [[Justin Langer]], who scored one run in two balls.<ref name=commentary/> The next over, bowled by Henderson, came out to be the most expensive over of the innings; 15 runs were scored in the over.<ref name=overs>{{cite news|title=British Asian Cup, 2009 / Over comparison|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/engine/match/404477.html?view=comparison|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 January 2013}}</ref> Mascarenhas hit a four and a six, and the Royals reached to 145 runs.<ref name=commentary/> The next over was bowled by Berg, who gave seven runs.<ref name=commentary/> In the last ball of the innings, Kaif got run out on 41 runs.<ref name=commentary/> The Royals scored 162 runs at a loss of five wickets in 20 overs.<ref name=scorecard/> Mascarenhas remained not out on 32 runs off 16 balls.<ref name=scorecard/> Malan took two wickets for the Panthers giving 23 runs.<ref name=scorecard/>

The Panthers opened with Godleman and [[Neil Dexter]].<ref name=commentary4>{{cite web|title=Middlesex v Rajasthan Royals|url-access=subscription|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/244/244875/244875_commentary_i2_page.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=12 January 2013|archive-date=12 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112012728/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/244/244875/244875_commentary_i2_page.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first wicket felt in the fourth over; Tanvir bowled Godleman, who went on four runs.<ref name=commentary3>{{cite news|title=British Asian Cup, 2009 / Commentary|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/engine/match/404477.html?innings=2;view=commentary|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=12 January 2013}}</ref> Mascarenhas took the important wicket of [[Owais Shah]] in the next over, as Shah went for one run.<ref name=report/><ref name=commentary3/> In the first ball of the seventh over, Ojha dropped Dexter, however Mascarenhas bowled him on 26 runs on the third ball of the same over.<ref name=commentary3/> Mascarenhas took two wickets for 24 runs in his four over spell.<ref name=commentary3/> Malan and Morgan scored 45 runs for the fourth wicket partnership,<ref>{{cite news|title=Middlesex v Rajasthan Royals|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/engine/match/404477.html?innings=2;view=fow|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=12 January 2013}}</ref> before Ojha caught Morgan on Tanvir.<ref name=commentary3/> Morgan went out making 15 runs on 19 balls.<ref name=commentary4/> Henderson got out in the same over, getting caught by Mascarenhas; he went out scoring one run.<ref name=commentary4/> Ojha stumped Malan on Warne in the next over,<ref name=commentary3/> and he went for 34 runs.<ref name=commentary3/> The Panthers required 79 runs in the last four overs.<ref name=commentary3/> Berg, who scored 26 runs, went out in the last over as Fazal caught him on [[Abhishek Raut]].<ref name=commentary4/> The Panthers could only manage to 116 runs for even wickets, and the Royals won by 46 runs.<ref name=commentary4/> Tanvir took three wickets for 20 runs.<ref name=scorecard/> Mascarenhas was named the man of the match for his "all-round effort".<ref name=report/><ref name=commentary4/>

===Scorecard===
* '''On-field [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]]''': [[Trevor Jesty]] ({{cr|ENG}}), [[David Millns]] ({{cr|ENG}})
* '''[[Third umpire]]''': [[Stephen Gale]] ({{cr|ENG}})
* '''[[Toss (cricket)|Toss]]''': Panthers elected to field first
* '''Result''': Royals won by 46 runs

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="border: grey solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center; width: 60%;" class=wikitable
|+ [[Rajasthan Royals]] batting innings
|-
! [[Batsman]]
! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Method of dismissal]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]]
! [[Strike rate#Batting Strike Rate|Strike rate]]
|-
| [[Faiz Fazal]] || c [[Billy Godleman|Godleman]] b [[Murali Kartik|Kartik]] || 27 || 22 || 122.72
|-
| [[Swapnil Asnodkar]] || c [[Owais Shah|Shah]] b [[Dawid Malan|Malan]] || 41 || 40 || 102.50
|-
| [[Mohammad Kaif]] || run out ({{dagger}} [[Ben Scott (cricketer)|Scott]]/[[Steven Finn|Finn]]) || 41 || 35 || 117.14
|-
| [[Naman Ojha]] {{dagger}} || c [[Steven Finn|Finn]] b [[Shaun Udal|Udal]] || 10 || 5 || 200.00
|-
| [[Justin Langer]] || b [[Dawid Malan|Malan]] || 1 || 2 || 50.00
|-
| [[Dimitri Mascarenhas]] || not out || 32 || 16 || 200.00
|-
| [[Abhishek Raut]] || did not bat || – || – || –
|-
| [[Sohail Tanvir]] || did not bat || – || – || –
|-
| [[Shane Warne]] * || did not bat || – || – || –
|-
| [[Munaf Patel]] || did not bat || – || – || –
|-
| [[Amit Singh (cricketer)|Amit Singh]] || did not bat || – || – || –
|-
| Extras || (4 [[bye (cricket)|bye]]s, 1 [[leg bye]]s, 5 penalty) || 10 || colspan="2" |
|-
| '''Totals''' || (20 overs) || '''162/5''' || colspan="2" |
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="border: grey solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center; width: 60%;" class=wikitable
|+ [[Middlesex Panthers]] bowling
|-
! width="25%" | [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Overs]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Maidens]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Wicket]]s
! Economy
|-
|| [[Gareth Berg]] || 3 || 0 || 14 || 0 || 4.66
|-
|| [[Steven Finn]] || 3 || 0 || 29 || 0 || 9.26
|-
|| [[Tyron Henderson]] || 3 || 0 || 32 || 0 || 10.66
|-
|| [[Murali Kartik]] || 4 || 0 || 18 || 1 || 4.50
|-
|| [[Shaun Udal]] || 4 || 0 || 36 || 1 || 9.00
|-
|| [[Dawid Malan]] || 3 || 0 || 23 || 2 || 7.66
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="border: grey solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center; width: 60%;" class=wikitable
|+ [[Middlesex Panthers]] batting innings
|-
! [[Batsman]]
! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Method of dismissal]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]]
! [[Strike rate#Batting Strike Rate|Strike rate]]
|-
| [[Billy Godleman]] || b [[Sohail Tanvir|Tanvir]] || 4 || 7 || 57.14
|-
| [[Neil Dexter]] || b [[Dimitri Mascarenhas|Mascarenhas]]|| 26 || 24 || 108.33
|-
| [[Owais Shah]] || lbw b [[Dimitri Mascarenhas|Mascarenhas]] || 1 || 5 || 20.00
|-
| [[Eoin Morgan]] || c [[Naman Ojha|Ojha]] b [[Sohail Tanvir|Tanvir]] || 15 || 19 || 78.94
|-
| [[Dawid Malan]] || st {{dagger}} [[Naman Ojha|Ojha]] b [[Shane Warne|Warne]] || 34 || 34 || 100.00
|-
| [[Tyron Henderson]] || c [[Dimitri Mascarenhas|Mascarenhas]] b [[Sohail Tanvir|Tanvir]] || 1 || 3 || 33.33
|-
| [[Gareth Berg]] || c [[Faiz Fazal|Fazal]] b [[Abhishek Raut|Raut]] || 26 || 18 || 144.44
|-
| [[Ben Scott (cricketer)|Ben Scott]] * || not out || 7 || 9 || 77.77
|-
| [[Shaun Udal]] || not out || 1 || 1 || 100.00
|-
| [[Murali Kartik]] || did not bat || – || – || –
|-
| [[Steven Finn]] || did not bat || – || – || –
|-
| Extras || (1 [[Wide (cricket)|wide]])|| 1 || colspan="2" |
|-
| '''Totals''' || (20 overs) || '''116/7''' || colspan="2" |
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="border: grey solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center; width: 60%;" class=wikitable
|+ [[Rajasthan Royals]] bowling
|-
! width="25%" | [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Overs]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Maidens]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Wicket]]s
! Economy
|-
|| [[Dimitri Mascarenhas]] || 4 || 0 || 24 || 2 || 6.00
|-
|| [[Sohail Tanvir]] || 4 || 0 || 20 || 3 || 5.00
|-
|| [[Amit Singh (cricketer)|Amit Singh]] || 2 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 2.50
|-
|| [[Munaf Patel]] || 3 || 0 || 21 || 0 || 7.00
|-
|| [[Shane Warne]] || 4 || 0 || 24 || 1 || 6.00
|-
|| [[Abhishek Raut]] || 3 || 0 || 22 || 1 || 7.33
|}

'''Key'''
* <nowiki>*</nowiki> – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
* {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]]
* c ''Fielder'' – the batsman was dismissed by a catch by the named [[Fielding (cricket)|fielder]]
* b ''Bowler'' – the [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]] who gains credit for the dismissal
* b  – the batsman was dismissed by bowled
* lbw – the batsman was dismissed [[leg before wicket]]
* Total runs are in the format: ''score/wickets''

==References==
{{reflist}}

;Note
{{Reflist|group=lower-greek}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|British Asian Cup, July 2009}}
*[https://www.britishasiantrust.org/ Official website of British Asian Trust]
*[http://www.middlesexccc.com/ Official website of Middlesex Panthers]
*[https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/ Official website of Rajasthan Royals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115054359/http://rajasthanroyals.com/ |date=15 January 2013 }}

[[Category:Cricket in Middlesex]]
[[Category:Twenty20 cricket matches]]
[[Category:2009 in cricket]]
[[Category:2009 in sport in London]]
[[Category:July 2009 sports events in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:India–United Kingdom cricket relations|2009]]

Nimai Charan Champati Birabar

2025-11-13T21:36:01Z

Athenian: added the entry w/ infobox

{{Short description|Raja of Talcher from 1774 to 1778}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Raja]]
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Talcher State|Talcher]]
| reign = 1774 – 1778
| predecessor = Ramachandra Birabar
| successor = [[Bhagirath Birabar]]
| death_date = 1778
| house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Talcher_Princely_State.svg}} [[Talcher State|Talcher]]
| dynasty = [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati]]
}}
'''Nimai Charan Champati Birabar Harichandan''' was the [[Raja]] of [[Talcher State|Talcher]] from 1774 until his death in 1778.

==Biography==
When Ramchandra Birabar died childless in 1774, he succeeded him as the [[Raja]] of [[Talcher State|Talcher]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Senapati |first=Nilamani |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08548/ |title=Orissa district gazetteers : Dhenkanal |last2=Tripathy |first2=Premananda |date=1972 |publisher=Orissa Government Press, Cuttack |pages=59}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=D. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8GXSR0SiF8C |title=People's Revolt in Orissa: A Study of Talcher |date=1998 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-739-3 |pages=53 |language=en}}</ref> Despite his best efforts, he was unable to alleviate the famine conditions in [[Talcher State|Talcher]].<ref name=":0" /> His reign was short-lived as he died in 1778.<ref name=":0" /> He was succeeded by [[Bhagirath Birabar]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Birabar, Nimai Charan Champati}}
[[Category:1778 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]

Jasu Patel

2025-10-16T15:42:55Z

Athenian: general updated references to improve readability additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (1924–1992)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Jasu Patel
| image = Jasubhai Patel.jpg
| caption =
| full_name = Jasubhai Motibhai Patel
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1924|11|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1992|12|12|1924|11|26|df=yes}}
| death_place = Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm off-break
| columns = 2
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 7
| runs1 = 25
| bat avg1 = 2.77
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 12
| deliveries1 = 1,725
| wickets1 = 29
| bowl avg1 = 21.96
| fivefor1 = 2
| tenfor1 = 1
| best bowling1 = 9/69
| catches/stumpings1= 2
| column2 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches2 = 68
| runs2 = 780
| bat avg2 = 12.78
| 100s/50s2 = 1/3
| top score2 = 152
| deliveries2 = 5,382
| wickets2 = 248
| bowl avg2 = 21.70
| fivefor2 = 19
| tenfor2 = 5
| best bowling2 = 9/69
| catches/stumpings2= 26
| international = true
| country = India
| testcap = 74
| testdebutagainst = Pakistan
| testdebutdate = 26 February
| testdebutyear = 1955
| lasttestdate = 23 January
| lasttestagainst = Australia
| lasttestyear = 1960
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1007/1007.html CricketArchive
| date = 3 September
| year = 2022
}}
'''Jasubhai Motibhai Patel''' {{audio|Jasu_Patel.ogg|pronunciation}} (26 November 1924 – 12 December 1992) was an [[Off spin|off-spinner]] who played [[Test cricket]] for [[Indian cricket team|India]].

==Early days==
At the age of ten, Patel broke his arm falling from a tree. Because of this injury he had a jerky bowling action, which some considered suspicious.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ramnarayan|first1=V.|title=Don't shed tears for chuckers|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/blogs/content/story/782525.html|access-date=14 December 2015|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=23 September 2014}}</ref><ref>[[Gideon Haigh]], ''The Summer Game'', Text, Melbourne, 1997, p. 132.</ref> He bowled off-cutters more than conventional off breaks. He was particularly dangerous on matting wickets where he got prodigious turn.

He began his first-class career in 1943–44, and played occasionally for [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] before establishing his place in the 1950–51 season, when he took 5 for 43 and 6 for 61 against Baroda, and 8 for 53 and 5 for 28 against [[Services Sports Control Board|Services]]. His batting was usually negligible, but in the [[Ranji Trophy]] final [[1950–51 Ranji Trophy|in 1950–51 against Holkar]], he scored 152 batting at No.10 in the fourth innings. Patel came in at 167 for 8 and scored his runs out of the last 191 runs in two hours, adding 136 in 90 minutes for the tenth wicket with Hasan Nakhuda.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2gNFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z7cMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3904%2C2706527 Holkar annex Ranji Trophy, Jasu Patel scores 152], Indian Express, 23 March 1951</ref> It is still the second highest score by a No.10 batter in first class cricket.<ref>[https://stats.acscricket.com/Records/First_Class/Overall/Batting/Highest_Scores_Batting_at_Number_10.html First-class highest score batting at No.10], ''acscricket.com''</ref> It was his only century.

He played once for India against the [[Commonwealth XI cricket team in India in 1953–54|Commonwealth XI in 1953-54]], and toured Pakistan the following season, taking 35 wickets at an average of 10.71, including 4 for 22 and 8 for 25 against [[Pakistan Universities cricket team|Pakistan Universities]]. He made his Test debut in the Fifth Test, taking three wickets. He played another Test against New Zealand in 1955–56, then two against Australia in 1956–57. These four Tests yielded 10 wickets at 31.00.

He was 35 and on the verge of retirement when he enjoyed his one great success against Australia at [[Green Park Stadium|Kanpur]] in 1959–60.

Australia came to India on the back of convincing wins over [[English cricket team|England]] and [[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistan]]. For India, the loss in the first Test of the series was their fifth innings defeat of the year. Kanpur had a newly laid pitch. Patel was picked as a gamble, on the insistence of the chairman of selectors, [[Lala Amarnath]].

=="Patel's Test"==
India was out for 152 before close on the first day. Patel got his first wicket on the second morning when he caught [[Gavin Stevens]] left-handed off an attempted big hit. At lunch, Australia were well on top at 128 for 1. Till that point of time, Patel had bowled from the city end, where he had not been able to exploit the footmarks created by the left arm bowlers [[Alan Keith Davidson|Alan Davidson]] and [[Ian Meckiff]]. Amarnath presumably had a word with the captain, [[Gulabrai Ramchand|Ramchand]], during lunch. Patel switched to the pavilion end after the break.

Patel's first ball after lunch went between the bat and pad to bowl [[Colin McDonald (Australian cricketer)|Colin McDonald]]. [[Norm O'Neill|Norman O'Neill]] who replaced him was all at sea and offered an easy chance to [[Bapu Nadkarni]] at midwicket, who missed it. This was to deprive Patel of a chance to take all ten wickets. [[Neil Harvey]] completed fifty before he was bowled. Patel pitched one well outside left-handed Harvey's off-stump. Harvey raised the bat and left it but the ball cut back and hit the stumps.

Once Harvey was out, the others followed quickly. Davidson hit out at the end to take the score to 219. O'Neill, bowled by a full-toss from [[Chandu Borde]], was the only wicket that Patel missed. His figures were 9 for 69.

India batted much better in the second innings to set Australia 225 to win in 400 minutes. Patel dismissed Stevens, and [[Polly Umrigar]] took the important wicket of Harvey before the close of the fourth day. Umrigar took two more wickets on the final morning to reduce Australia to 61 for 4. Patel took four of the remaining five wickets, [[Gordon Rorke]] being unable to bat. Australia was all out for 105 and India won by 119 runs. It was India's first win over Australia.

Patel's 14 for 124 remained the best [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-tour-of-india-1959-60-61422/india-vs-australia-2nd-test-62869/full-scorecard Test] bowling figures by an Indian bowler for nearly thirty years until they were bettered by [[Narendra Hirwani]]. Patel's 9 for 69 stood as the best bowling in a Test innings by an Indian bowler till [[Anil Kumble]] took 10 for 74 forty years later.

==Remaining career==
The Kanpur Test stayed as the lone bright spot in Patel's Test career. He played two more Tests in the series for five wickets. They were his last Test matches.

Patel played two more years of first-class cricket and ended up with 140 wickets for Gujarat in the [[Ranji Trophy]]. He and [[Vijay Hazare]] were the first cricketers to be honoured with the [[Padma Shri]]. He died on 12 December 1992, aged 68.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Almelkar |first1=Anwar |title='King of matting wicket' is dead |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CX9lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vp0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1204%2C936476 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=13 December 1992 |page=16}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Partab Ramchand]], ''Great Feats of Indian Cricket''
* [[Mihir Bose]], ''A History of Indian Cricket''

==External links==
*{{cricinfo|id=32236}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Jasu}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Gujarat cricketers]]
[[Category:West Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Gujarati sportspeople]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]

{{India-cricket-bio-stub}}

Gayathri Yuvraaj

2025-10-05T08:08:12Z

Athenian: Added - done

{{Short description|Indian television actress (born 1988)}}
{{Indian name|Gayathri|Yuvraaj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gayathri Yuvraaj
| image = Gayathri_Yuvraaj.jpg
| caption = Gayathri in 2022
| birth_name = Gayathri
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|11|11|df=y}}{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| years_active = 2009 {{endash}} present
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress}}
| spouse = Yuvraaj<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/gayathri-shares-an-adorable-message-for-hubby-yuvraaj-on-their-wedding-anniversary-see-post/articleshow/73961252.cms|title=Gayathri shares an adorable message for hubby Yuvraaj on their wedding anniversary; see post - Times of India
|website=The Times of India|date=5 February 2020
}}</ref>
| other_names = Gayatri Yuvraj
| known_for = ''[[Thendral]]'' ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi (season 3)]]'' ''[[Aranmanai Kili (TV series)|Aranmanai Kili]]'' ''[[Chithi 2]]''
| children = 2
| website =
}}

'''Gayathri Yuvraaj''' (born 11 November 1988) is an Indian television actress who works in Tamil television industry. She made her acting debut in the Tamil television serial ''[[Thendral]]'' which aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/web-stories/movies/2023/05/17/actress-gayathri-yuvraj-charming-pictures.html|title=Gayathri Yuvraaj - ഗായത്രി യുവരാജ്|website=www.manoramaonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-actress-gayathri-yuvraaj-announces-second-pregnancy-with-a-sweet-post/articleshow/101410763.cms|title=TV actress Gayathri Yuvraaj announces second pregnancy with a sweet post
|website=The Times of India|date=July 2023
}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Gayathri was born on 11 November 1988 and was brought up in [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]]. She was educated in Chennai and completed a college degree in Chennai. She married Yuvaraj and had a son.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chennaionline.com/gallery/actress-gayathri-yuvraj-stills/|title=
Actress Gayathri Yuvraj Stills|website=www.chennaionline.com}}</ref>

In July 2023, Gayathri announced her second pregnancy on social media via through [[Instagram]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/meenakshi-ponnuga-fame-gayathri-yuvraaj-shares-a-glimpse-of-her-baby-shower-watch/articleshow/101532341.cms|title='Meenakshi Ponnuga' fame Gayathri Yuvraaj shares a glimpse of her baby shower, watch|website=[[Times of India]]|date=6 July 2023 }}</ref> On 16 November 2023, Gayathri gave birth to a baby girl named Yuga.

==Career==
Gayathri made her first television appearance in the dance show ''[[Mr & Mrs Khiladis]]'' where she emerged as the winner and later appeared on ''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Number One]]'' which aired on [[Star Vijay]]. She made her acting debut in the Tamil television serial ''[[Thendral]]'', along with [[Deepak Dinkar]] and [[Shruthi Raj]], directed by S Kumaran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/viral/watch-video-internet-sensation-gayathri-yuvraaj-grooves-to-anirudh-ravichanders-mayakirriye|title=Watch video: Internet sensation Gayathri Yuvraaj grooves to Anirudh Ravichander's 'Mayakirriye'|website=www.chennaionline.com}}</ref>

She has appeared in well-known television serials including ''[[Priyasaki (TV series)|Priyasaki]]'', ''[[Azhagi (TV series)|Azhagi]]'', ''[[Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu (TV series)|Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu]]'', ''[[Mohini (TV series)|Mohini]]'', ''[[Kalathu Veedu]]'' and ''[[Aranmanai Kili (TV series)|Aranmanai Kili]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/nam-iruvar-nadu-iruvar-fame-gayatri-yuvraj-to-star-in-show-meenakshi-ponnunga-5599729.html|title=Nam Iruvar Nadu Iruvar Fame Gayatri Yuvraj to Star in Show Meenakshi Ponnunga|website=www.news18.com|date=21 July 2022 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Serial !! Role
!Notes
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Thendral]]''||Nila
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Azhagi (TV series)|Azhagi]]''|| Ambalika
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Ponnunjal (TV series)|Ponnunjal]]'' || Ramyapriya
|
|-
| 2014
|''[[Mohini (TV series)|Mohini]]''|| Archana
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Kalathu Veedu]]'' || Pusphavali
|
|-
| 2015
|''[[Priyasaki (TV series)|Priyasaki]]''|| Abhi
|
|-
| 2015
|''[[Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu (TV series)|Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu]]''|| Selvi
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi (season 3)]]'' || Muthazhagu
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Mr & Mrs Khiladis]]'' || Contestant
|Winner<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/mr-and-mrs-khiladi-grand-finale-tonight/articleshow/53896542.cms|title=Mr and Mrs Khiladi grand finale tonight|work=The Times of India|date=28 August 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Aranmanai Kili (TV series)|Aranmanai Kili]]''|| Renuka
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Chithi 2]]'' || Ganga
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/radikaa-sarathkumar-and-team-chithi-2s-lovely-gesture-leaves-gayathri-yuvraaj-emotional/articleshow/79285698.cms|title=Radikaa Sarathkumar and Team Chithi 2's lovely gesture leaves Gayathri Yuvraaj emotional
|website=The Times of India|date=19 November 2020
}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
|''[[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (TV series)|Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar]]''|| Gayathri Kathiresan
|
|-
| 2021
|''Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai 3''|| Contestant
|3rd finalist
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Meenakshi Ponnunga]]''|| Yamuna
|
|-
| 2023
| ''Tamizha Tamizha''|| Guest
|Reality show
|-
| 2023
| ''Chinthamani''|| Yamuna
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of Indian television actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.instagram.com/gayathri_yuvraaj Gayathri Yuvraaj on Instagram]
* {{IMDb name|10679412}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yuvraaj, Gayathri}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]

Bushirt T-shirt

2025-09-28T16:37:10Z

Athenian:

{{Short description|2023 Gujarati film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Bushirt T-shirt
| image = Bushirt T-shirt film poster.jpg
| alt = Official Poster
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|gu|બુશર્ટ ટી-શર્ટ}}
| director = Ishaan Randeria
| writer = Ishaan Randeria
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Rashmin Majithia
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Siddharth Randeria]]
* Kamlesh Ozza
* [[Vandana Pathak]]
* Reeva Rachh }}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Pratik Parmar
| editing = Tushar Parekh
| music = [[Sachin-Jigar]]
| studio = [[Coconut Motion Pictures]]
| distributor = Coconut Movies Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|05|05||ref1=}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}8.72 cr<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficebusiness.in/2023/05/bushirt-t-shirt-day-1-box-office-collection-budget.html|title= Bushirt T-shirt Day 26 Box Office Collection & Budget|publisher=BoxOfficeBusiness.|access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref>
}}

''''' Bushirt T-shirt''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] comedy drama film written and directed by Ishaan Randeria and produced by Rashmin Majithia under the banner [[Coconut Motion Pictures]]. It stars [[Siddharth Randeria]], Kamlesh Ozza, [[Vandana Pathak]] and Reeva Rachh in the lead roles. It was released on 5 May 2023 and received positively by critics.

== Cast ==
The cast is as follows:<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bushirt T-shirt |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/bushirt-t-shirt/movieshow/99612686.cms |access-date=2023-05-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Siddharth Randeria]] as Bhupat Pandya
* Kamlesh Ozza as Harsh Pandya
* [[Vandana Pathak]] as Manju Pandya
* Reeva Rachh as Payal
* Hardik Sangani as Divyang
* [[Kuldeep Gor]] as Jamnadas
* Muni Jha as Ajay
* Sunil Vishrani as Kotak
* Bhakti Kubavat as Mansi
* Rajesh Khatri as Navjee
* Dilip Rawal as Jitu
* Manan Desai as Hemang Shah
* Maulik Chauhan as Kunal
* Pavneet Bagga as Kuldeep Singh

== Production ==

The film is written and directed by Ishaan Randeria. It is produced by Rashmin Majithia under the banner of Coconut Motion Pictures. It stars [[Siddharth Randeria]], Kamlesh Ozza, [[Vandana Pathak]] and Reeva Rachh in lead roles.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=બોધ આપવાથી જનરેશન ગેપ દૂર થતો નથી, બાપ-દીકરો બન્ને એકબીજાની નજરે જૂએ: સિધ્ધાર્થ રાંદેરીયા |url=https://sanjsamachar.net/news/details/461969/giving-education-does-not-remove-the-generation-gap-both-father-and-son-should-look-at-each-other-siddharth-randeria |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Sanj Samachar |language=gu}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-05 |title=Siddharth Randeria starrer 'Bushirt T-Shirt' brings back family-friendly comedy—exclusive! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/siddharth-randeria-starrer-bushirt-t-shirt-brings-back-family-friendly-comedyexclusive/articleshow/100013620.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-04-17 |title=Gujarati superstar Siddharth Randeria shares official trailer for 'Bushirt T-shirt' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/gujarati/gujarati-superstar-siddharth-randeria-shares-official-trailer-for-bushirt-t-shirt/videoshow/99556820.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film focuses on the issue of [[generation gap]] between father and son.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2014-05-17 |title=પિતા-પુત્ર વચ્ચેની વિચારધારા દર્શાવતી ગુજરાતી કોમેડી ફિલ્મ બુશર્ટ ટી-શર્ટ શુક્રવારથી રીલીઝ થશે |url=http://www.azadsandesh.com/gujarati-comedy-film-bushart-t-shirt-which-portrays-the-ideologies-between-father-and-son-will-release-from-friday-21970.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=Azad Sandesh |language=gu}}</ref>

The film was shot in [[Ahmedabad]] and the shooting was completed in 32 days.<ref name=":3" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bushirt T-shirt
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|2023|04|22|df=y}}
| recorded =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=6|s=33}}
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| label = Zen Music Gujarati
| producer = Rashmin Majithia
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media | audio1 = [https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/bushirt-t-shirt/zH3as1XnicE_Album Bushirt T-shirt soundtrack]}}
}}
{{track listing
| headline =Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 10:25
|all_music= [[Sachin–Jigar]]
|all_lyrics= [[Niren Bhatt]]
| title1 = Dahyo Babo
| extra1 = [[Sachin-Jigar]], [[Sachin Sanghvi]], Aghori Muzik
| length1 = 1:49

| title2 = Kaka Kamarna Halaav
| extra2 = [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], [[Bhoomi Trivedi]], Aghori Muzik
| length2 = 2:54

| title3 = Bushirt T-shirt
| extra3 = Ishaan Randeria, Mansheel Gujral, Advait Nemlekar
| length3 = 1:50

| title4 = Mara Dariya No Tu Che Kinaro
| extra4 = [[Sachin-Jigar]], Akshat Shah
| length4 = 4:32
}}

== Marketing and release ==
The motion poster was released on 11 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-11 |title=Siddharth Randeria announces his upcoming family entertainer 'Bushirt T-shirt' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/siddharth-randeria-announces-his-upcoming-family-entertainer-bushirt-t-shirt/articleshow/99409879.cms?from= |access-date=2023-05-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The trailer was shared by Randeria on social media on 17 April 2023.<ref name=":1" /> The film was released on 5 May 2023.<ref name=":0" />

== Reception ==
The film grossed {{estimation|{{INRconvert|3.27|c}}}} in the first 10 days, according to ''FilmyFenil''.<ref>{{Citation |last=Fenil |date=2023-05-17 |title=Gujarati film Bushirt T-Shirt collects Rs. 3.27 cr in 10 days; holds rock-steady in 2nd week; expected to be a huge Success. Earn ₹8.72cr in 26 Days}}</ref>

Shruti Jambhekar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 3.5 out of 5. She praised production, direction, screenplay and performances.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jambhekar |first=Shruti |date=2023-05-11 |title=Bushirt T-shirt Movie Review : Overall, it is a wholesome family entertainer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-reviews/bushirt-t-shirt-review/movie-review/100167905.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Neeraj Solanki of ''The Heart News'' rated in 4 out of 5. He praised the story, theme, comedy and performances but criticised music and some scenes in the second half of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solanki |first=Neeraj |date=2023-05-05 |title=વાંચો નવી ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ બુશર્ટ ટીશર્ટ નો રીવ્યુ |url=https://theheart.in/read-review-of-new-gujarati-movie-busshirt-tshirt-neeraj-solanki/ |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=The Heart News |language=gu}}</ref> Fenil Seta rated it 3.5 out of 5 and he found direction, screenplay and story praiseworthy while criticised some characters' development.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fenil |date=2023-05-06 |title=Movie Review: BUSHIRT T-SHIRT by FENIL SETA |url=https://www.filmyfenil.com/crisp-movie-review-bushirt-t-shirt-by-fenil-seta/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Filmy Fenil |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|27599380}}

[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Films produced by Rashmin Majithia]]
[[Category:2020s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Ahmedabad]]

Lord Curzon Bridge

2025-09-08T05:47:40Z

Athenian:

[[File:Phaphamau.jpg|thumb|right|Sunrise scene near Lord Curzon Bridge Phaphamau]]
'''Lord Curzon Bridge''' is a road and rail bridge spanning the [[River Ganges]] and connecting [[Prayagraj]] with [[Phaphamau]] from the Teliarganj area of India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Deciding Against Dismantling, Railways To Hand Over Lord Curzon Bridge To Uttar Pradesh Government For Preservation|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/railways-to-hand-over-lord-curzon-bridge-to-uttar-pradesh-government-1841418|access-date=2022-02-12|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2017-10-13|title=UP: Plan afoot to make skywalk over historic Curzon Bridge|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/up-plan-afoot-to-make-skywalk-over-historic-curzon-bridge/story-ZNqz1P5XgrgbWxICfTxZeO.html|access-date=2022-02-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The bridge is 914 meters long.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Arvind Chauhan|date=Mar 1, 2021|title=Railways abandoned Lord Curzon bridge of Prayagraj to be redeveloped as skywalk by UP government |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/railways-abandoned-lord-curzon-bridge-of-prayagraj-to-be-redeveloped-as-skywalk-by-up-government/articleshow/81278034.cms|access-date=2022-02-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> It was sanctioned as state railway bridge in 1901 and was built for both railway and vehicle traffic.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title=Lord Curzon bridge develop as heritage place and skywalk|work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/lord-curzon-bridge-develop-as-heritage-place-and-sky-walk-5858488.html}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=115 साल पुराना हुआ गंगा नदी पर बना कर्जन पुल, जानिए कब गुजरी थी इस पुल से आखिरी और पहली ट्रेन Prayagraj News|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad-city-curzon-bridge-built-on-river-ganga-in-prayagraj-is115-years-old-21125073.html|access-date=2022-02-12|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref> The bridge consists of single broad gauge line with roadway on the top. The usage of the bridge for road [[traffic]] started on 20 December 1905 and for railways on 15 June 1905.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> The bridge was closed in 1998 due to safety concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2022 |title=Discarded Curzon Bridge To Be Converted Into Ganga Museum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/discarded-curzon-bridge-to-be-converted-into-ganga-museum/articleshow/90716193.cms |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

The bridge was in talks in 2017 as the commissioner requested the government to develop the bridge into a heritage site instead of dismantling it.<ref name=":1" /> As per the reports of the officials, [[Uttar Pradesh]] government requested the railways to hand over it to the state government rather than dismantling it. This was later agreed by the Railways.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|25.5076|81.8668|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Bridges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway bridges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Road-rail bridges in India]]

Arayianwala Kalan

2025-08-25T07:22:17Z

Athenian: new initial post from scratch...

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Arayianwala Kalan
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|30.722456|N|74.689879|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type =
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 =
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_total = 1042
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 151203
| area_code = +91-
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest cities
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]]
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_name_sec2 =
| blank2_info_sec2 =
}}
'''Arayianwala Kalan''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਅਰਾਈਆਂਵਾਲਾ ਕਲਾਂ) is a village located in [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab, India]]. It is situated 8km away from [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot City]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arayanwala Kalan Village {{!}} Map of Arayanwala Kalan Village in Faridkot Tehsil, Faridkot of Punjab |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/punjab/faridkot/faridkot/arayanwala-kalan.html |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=www.mapsofindia.com}}</ref> The Arayanwala Kalan village has a population of 6051 of which 3165 are males while 2886 are females as per Population Census 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arayanwala Kalan Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35530-arayanwala-kalan-punjab.html |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The census code of this village is 035530. The total geographical area of Arayianwala Kalan is 2221 Hectares / 22.21 KM2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arayanwala Kalan (56) village in Faridkot taluka, Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://vill.co.in/punjab/faridkot/faridkot-045002420/arayanwala-kalan-56-002420355300/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=vill.co.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]
<references />{{India-geo-stub}}

Chandpura Village

2025-07-23T16:31:02Z

Athenian: Added - done

{{Orphan|date=August 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chandpuravillage
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.85446156557356|N|77.29701514064364|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = BJP
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Ashish Sharma
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 455336
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07274
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-41
| blank_name_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chandpura Village''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] located in the [[Dewas district]] of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is known for its significant agricultural production in the region of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the population of Chandpura Village was reported to be 585.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chandpura(474218) |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=531491|accessdate=17 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= village name and Language |website=Linguistic Survey of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2138/1/38109_2001_DEW.pdf|accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dewas district]]

Shivneri Fort

2025-07-11T16:56:25Z

Athenian: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Fort in Maharashtra, India}}
{{for|the rock-cut caves|Shivneri Caves}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = Shivneri fort
| native_name =
| partof =
| location = [[Junnar]], [[Pune District]], [[Maharashtra]]
| image = [[File:Shivneri_fort1.JPG|270px|Shivneri fort]]
| caption =
| pushpin_mapsize = 270px
| pushpin_map_caption = Shivneri in Maharashtra
| type = Fort
| coordinates = {{coord|19.1990|73.8595|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| module = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
|child = yes
|Part_of = [[Maratha Military Landscapes of India]]
|ID = 1739-002
|Year = 2025
|Criteria = Cultural: iv, vi
}}
| code =
| built =
| builder =
| materials =
| height =
| used =
| demolished =
| condition =
| ownership = {{flagicon|India}} [[Government of India]]
| open_to_public = Yes
| controlledby = [[Yadava dynasty]] [[File:Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg|border|23x26px]] [[Delhi Sultanate]] [[Bahmani Sultanate]] [[File:Flag of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.svg|23x26px]] [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|23x26px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]] [[File:Flag Mughal Empire by bot.png|23x26px]] [[Mughal Empire]] [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|23x26px]] [[Company rule in India|Company Raj]] (1820–1858) {{flag|British Raj|name=Indian Empire}} (1858–1947) {{flag|Dominion of India}} (1947–1950) {{flag|Republic of India}} (1950–present)
| garrison =
| current_commander =
| commanders =
| occupants =
| battles =
| events =
}}
'''Shivneri Fort''' (''known as Killa'') (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[ʃiʋneɾiː]]]) is an ancient military [[fortification]] located near [[Junnar]] in [[Pune district]] in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is the birthplace of [[Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]], the founder of [[Maratha Kingdom]].<ref name="gun">{{cite book|last=Gunaji|first=Milind|title=Offbeat tracks in Maharashtra|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2003|pages=69|isbn=81-7154-669-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIjmDLardesC&q=shivneri+fort&pg=PA70|access-date=March 13, 2010}}</ref>

==History==
Shivneri got its name as it was under the possession of the [[Yadavas of Devagiri]]. This fort was mainly used to guard the old trading route from [[Desh, Maharashtra|Desh]] to the port city of [[Kalyan]]. The place passed on to the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] after the weakening of [[Delhi Sultanate]] during the 15th century and it then passed on to the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] in the 16th century. In 1595, a Maratha chief named [[Maloji Bhosale]], the grandfather of [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]], was ennobled by the Ahmadnagar Sultan, [[Bahadur Nizam Shah]] and he gave him Shivneri and [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]]. Shivaji maharaj was born at the fort on 19 February 1630, and spent his childhood there. Inside the fort is a small temple dedicated to goddess Shivai Devi (some accounts gives us information that name shivaji came from the name of the fort i.e. Shivneri),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Travel |url=https://www.google.com.pk/travel/unsupported?utm_campaign=sharing&utm_medium=link&utm_source=htls&ts=CAEaBAoCGgAqBAoAGgA&ucpp=CqkBaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS5way90cmF2ZWwvZW50aXR5L2tleS9DaG9JeWZ1MnR1T0poOUhlQVJvTkwyY3ZNVEZuT1dzeWJHSnJiQkFFL292ZXJ2aWV3P3V0bV9jYW1wYWlnbj1zaGFyaW5nJnV0bV9tZWRpdW09bGluayZ1dG1fc291cmNlPWh0bHMmdHM9Q0FFYUJBb0NHZ0FxQkFvQUdnQQ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.google.com.pk}}</ref> after whom [[Shivaji]] was named. The English traveller Fraze visited the fort in 1673 and found it invincible. According to his accounts, the fort was well-stocked to feed thousand families for seven years. The fort came under the control of the [[British rule]] in 1819 after the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]].{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

In 2021, it was added to the [[World Heritage Site#Nomination process|tentative list of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee]] as part of "Serial Nomination of Maratha Military Architecture in Maharashtra".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Serial Nomination of Maratha Military Architecture in Maharashtra|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6533/|access-date=2021-06-26|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref>

==Architecture==
Shivneri Fort<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-04|title=The Shivneri Fort Must Place To Visit In 2020 Complete Guide|url=https://www.forttrek.com/the-shivneri-fort-complete-guide-to-visit-fort/ |first1=Nelly-Nadia |last1=Nelson |access-date=2020-09-20|website=Fort Trek|language=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017110133/https://www.forttrek.com/the-shivneri-fort-complete-guide-to-visit-fort/ |archive-date= Oct 17, 2020 }}</ref> is a hill fort having a triangular shape and has its entrance from the South-west side of the hill.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Ashwin |date=Jun 24, 2019 |title=Shivneri Fort: Uncover the past |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/unwind/uncover-the-past/articleshow/69918368.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005141140/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/unwind/uncover-the-past/articleshow/69918368.cms |archive-date=Oct 5, 2021 |website=Pune Mirror}}</ref> Apart from the main gate there is an entrance to the fort from side called locally as ''the chain gate'', where in one has to hold chains to climb up to the fort gate. The fort extends up to {{convert|1|mile|km|abbr=on}} with seven spiral well-defended gates. There are mud walls all around the fort. Inside the fort, the major buildings are the prayer hall, a tomb and a mosque.<ref name=":0" /> There is an overhanging where executions took place.<ref name=Verma>{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=93–95|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}</ref> There are many gates structures protecting this fort. Maha Darvaja is one of the many gates of the fort. Its also called the origin of Tune.

At the centre of the fort is a water pond which is called 'Badami Talav', and to the south of this pond are statues of [[Rajmata Jijabai]] and a young Shivaji raje. In the fort there are two water springs, called [[Ganges|Ganga]] and [[Yamuna]], which have water throughout the year. Two kilometers away from this fort there are the Buddhist rock-cut caves, called [[Lenyadri]] caves, which is also one of [[Ashtavinayak]] temple in Maharashtra. It has been declared as a protected monument.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asimumbaicircle.com/images/list-of-protected-monuments-n-forts.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606093840/http://www.asimumbaicircle.com/images/list-of-protected-monuments-n-forts.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=June 6, 2013 |title=List of the protected monuments of Mumbai Circle district-wise|access-date=4 July 2015}}
</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-04-10|title=Lenyadri Group of Caves, Junnar - Ticketed Monument - Archaeological Survey of India|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_maha_junnarcaves.asp|access-date=2021-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410125940/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_maha_junnarcaves.asp|archive-date=2009-04-10}}</ref>

==Access==
The nearest town [[Junnar]] is a taluka place and is well connected by road. Junnar is about 90 km from [[Pune]]. The fort is at about 2–3 km from the junnar town. It is easy to reach the fort top via main entrance; however, the trekkers with proper climbing equipment can try the chain route which is located on the western scarp of the fort. From the top of the fort, [[Narayangad]], [[Hadsar]], [[Chavand, Maharashtra|Chavand]] and Nimgiri forts can easily be seen.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:MainEntranceGate.jpg|Entrance Gate
File:Shivneri pic2.jpg|Stairs Leading to Shivneri Fort
File:Shivneri.pic.jpg|Mandir at Shivneri Fort
File:Shivneripic5.jpg|Sideview of Shivneri Fort
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of forts in Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==Further reading==
* Dr. Lahu Kacharu Shivnerichi Jeevangatha, The life-story of fort shivneri, Sanay prakashan, Narayngaon, January 2015. p. 225.
* [https://www.fortfacts.com/en/shivneri-fort-birthplace-of/ Shivneri Fort - Birthplace of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj] for detailed information

{{Forts in India}}
{{commons category|Shivneri Fort}}
* [http://www.junnartourism.com Junnar Tourism's official website]
* [http://www.hachikotourism.in Parashar Agritourism website]

{{Forts in Maharashtra}}
{{Forts in India}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Forts in Pune district]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maratha Military Landscapes of India]]