https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=AssameseboyBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-07-28T15:06:51ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abin_Varkey_Kodiyattu&diff=484398Abin Varkey Kodiyattu2026-05-08T04:49:51Z<p>Assameseboy: new...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian Youth Congress politician and advocate from Kerala}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Abin Varkey<br />
| native_name = {{nobold|അബിൻ വർകി കൊടിയാട്ട്}}<br />
| image =Abin Varkey.jpg<br />
| caption = Abin in 2015<br />
| birth_place = [[Kolenchery]], Kerala<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Sree Narayana Gurukulam College of Engineering]], [[Kerala Law Academy Law College]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
| occupation = Politician, advocate<br />
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start1 = {{Start date|2026|5|13|df=yes}}<br />
| term_end1 = <br />
| constituency1 = [[Aranmula (State Assembly constituency)|Aranmula]]<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Veena George]]<br />
| successor = <br />
}}<br />
'''Abin Varkey''' is an Indian lawyer and politician affiliated with the [[Indian National Congress]]. He has been active in the party’s youth wings, serving as State Vice President of the [[Indian Youth Congress]] in Kerala and as National Secretary of the [[National Students' Union of India]]. His involvement in internal party elections and organisational debates has been reported in regional and national media.<ref name="nie">{{Cite news |title=Abin Varkey seeks to continue in Kerala amid new Youth Congress appointments |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Oct/14/abin-varkey-seeks-to-continue-in-kerala-amid-new-youth-congress-appointments |work=The New Indian Express |date=14 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="onmanorama">{{Cite news |title=Congress denies Abin Varkey's request to stay in Kerala after YC national role |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/10/14/abin-varkey-youth-congress-national.html |work=Onmanorama |date=14 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="toi">{{Cite news |title=Abin not keen on nat'l job, wants to continue in state |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/abin-not-keen-on-natl-job-wants-to-continue-in-state/articleshow/124556667.cms |work=The Times of India |date=14 October 2025}}</ref><br />
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== Early life and education ==<br />
Kodiyattu was born in [[Kolenchery]], Ernakulam district, Kerala. He studied civil engineering at [[Sree Narayana Gurukulam College of Engineering]] and later obtained a law degree from [[Kerala Law Academy Law College]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<br />
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== Political career ==<br />
Kodiyattu began his political activity in the [[National Students' Union of India]], where he served as National Secretary. He later became State Vice President of the Indian Youth Congress in Kerala.<ref name="nie" /><ref name="onmanorama" /><br />
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In the 2023 Youth Congress Kerala State President election, he received 168,588 votes, finishing second behind [[Rahul Mamkootathil]]. He was subsequently appointed one of the State Vice Presidents.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rahul Mamkootathil to succeed Shafi Parambil as YC state prez |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Nov/15/rahul-mamkootathil-to-succeed-shafi-parambil-as-yc-state-prez-2632923.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=15 November 2023}}</ref><br />
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During the 2025 reorganisation of the Youth Congress in Kerala, media reports noted him as a possible candidate for the State President post, though the role went to O. J. Janeesh.<ref name="toi" /><ref name="onmanorama" /> Following his appointment as National Secretary of the Youth Congress, Kodiyattu requested permission to continue political work in Kerala.<ref name="nie" /><ref name="toi" /><br />
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== Professional career ==<br />
Kodiyattu also practices as an advocate and has a background in civil engineering.<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]<br />
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2026–2031]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mughal_Maidan&diff=518744Mughal Maidan2026-05-04T08:28:14Z<p>Assameseboy: Made new details</p>
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<div>{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Mughal Maidan<br />
| native_name = مغل میدان<br />
| settlement_type = Tehsil<br />
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = Union Territory<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Jammu and Kashmir}}<br />
| subdivision_type2 = Division <br />
| subdivision_name2 = Jammu<br />
| subdivision_type3 = Region<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chenab Valley]]<br />
| subdivision_type4 = District <br />
| subdivision_name4 = [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]]<br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| population_total = 25827<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|33|23|42|N|75|39|45|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mughal Maidan''' is a tehsil in the [[Kishtwar district]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] union territory, [[India]]. It is situated about 22 kilometers from the town of [[Kishtwar]] and lies on the banks of the Chatroo river. <br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Mughal Maidan is historically notable as a site where the Mughals reportedly fought a battle against Kishtwar's rulers while advancing via Sinthan and Singhpora passes. The area has a legacy associated with the Mughal period, lending it historical and cultural importance.<ref name="z941"/><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Mughal Maidan is located at an elevation of approximately 1,500 meters (4,921 feet). The village serves as the starting point for a scenic trek to the Kashmir Valley via the Singhpora pass, which culminates at Vailo near Kokarnag. The trek passes through mountainous terrain, reaching a height of 11,570 feet (3,527 meters).<ref name="z941">{{cite web | title=Jammu & Kashmir Film Development Council | website=Jammu & Kashmir Film Development Council | url=https://jkfilm.jk.gov.in/location-description/254/nocat | access-date=16 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Panchayat Mughal Maidan|url=https://jkpanchayat.jk.gov.in/reportpanchayatregisteredblock.php?block=Mughal%20Maidan|website=J&K Panchayat Government Website|access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref><br />
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== Demographics ==<br />
As per the 2011 Census of India, Mughal Maidan has a population of 25,827 residing in 5,773 households. It is part of a block that includes 15 panchayats, indicating its administrative significance.<ref>{{cite web | title=Tehsils in Kishtwar district| website=District Kishtwar, Government of Jammu & Kashmir | date=20 October 2018 | url=https://kishtwar.nic.in/tehsil/ | access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref><br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[Kishtwar district]]<br />
* [[Chenab Valley]]<br />
* [[Sinthan Top]]<br />
* [[Kokarnag]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://kishtwar.nic.in/ Official Kishtwar district website]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kishtwar district]]<br />
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lodi_Rikhola_Negi&diff=513402Lodi Rikhola Negi2026-05-03T00:24:15Z<p>Assameseboy: Made details</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Commander of Garhwal}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox military person<br />
| name = Rikhola Lodi<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_place = Bayeli, Badalpur Patti, Garhwal Kingdom<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| allegiance = [[File:Flag of the Princely State of Tehri Garhwal.svg|20px]][[Garhwal Kingdom]]<br />
| branch = [[Negi (surname)|Rikhola(Negi)]] clan<br />
| rank = Commander<br />
| house = <br />
| battles = <br />
* Defense of Doon Valley<br />
* Campaigns against Sirmur and Kumaon<br />
| awards = Jagir (land grant) in Khairasain and Badalpur region<br />
| relations = [[Negi (surname)|Rikhola(Negi)]]<br />
| other_work = Local administration and fortification projects<br />
}}<br />
'''Lodi Rikhola ''' (also referred to as '''Rikhola Lodi Negi''') was a prominent 17th-century general in the [[Garhwal Kingdom]] in present-day [[Uttarakhand]], India.<ref name="BhaktDarshan">{{cite book |last=Bhakt Darshan |title=Gadhwal ki Divangat Vibhutiyan |publisher=Himalaya Publications |year=1968 |url=https://epustakalay.com/book/15517-gadhwal-ki-divangat-vibhutiya-by-bhakt-darshan/}}</ref> He served under King '''Mahipat Shah''' (r. 1625–1646) and played a key role in defending the kingdom’s western frontier, especially around the [[Doon Valley]]. His military service and local reforms are noted in both historical sources and Garhwali oral traditions.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
<br />
Rikhola Lodi was one of three main generals in Mahipat Shah’s army, alongside Madho Singh Bhandari and Banwari Dass.<ref name="Rawat1989">{{cite book |last=Rawat |first=Ajay Singh |title=History of Garhwal, 1358–1947: An Erstwhile Kingdom in the Himalayas |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |year=1989 |page=45}}</ref> He was entrusted with safeguarding the western and southwestern frontiers of Garhwal following the death of King Shyam Shah (r. 1611–1625).<ref name="Nautiyal1997">{{cite book |last=Nautiyal |first=Vinod |title=Him-Kanti: Archaeology, Art, and History: Prof. Kanti Prasad Nautiyal Felicitation Volume |publisher=Book India Publishing Company |year=1997 |page=275}}</ref><br />
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Lodi led successful military campaigns to repel the joint invasion of Garhwal by the rulers of Sirmur and Kumaon, allegedly aided by Emperor [[Jahangir]]’s forces around 1620–21. He not only defeated the invading armies but also stabilized the region by constructing boundary pillars and eliminating bandit groups operating near Chakrata and Kalsi.<ref name="Nautiyal1997" /><ref name="HarLal1993">{{cite book |last=Har Lal |first=Prem Hari |title=The Doon Valley Down the Ages |publisher=Interprint |year=1993 |page=57}}</ref><ref name="GarhwalHimalaya">{{cite book |last=Rawat |first=Ajay S. |title=Garhwal Himalaya: A Historical Perspective |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2002 |page=40}}</ref><br />
<br />
His actions helped fortify Garhwal’s territorial claims over the Doon Valley and prevented further Mughal expansion into the region.<ref name="GarhwalHimalaya" /><br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
<br />
Though lesser known than Madho Singh Bhandari, Rikhola Lodi holds an important place in local Garhwali traditions. Bards and historians have preserved his memory for his courage, administration, and defense of Garhwal’s sovereignty.<ref name="Rawat1989" /><ref name="GarhwalHimalaya" /><ref name="Nautiyal1997" /><ref name="HarLal1993" /><br />
<br />
In Bhakt Darshan's work ''Gadhwal ki Divangat Vibhutiyan'', Lodi is remembered as one of the “divangat vibhutiyan” (departed luminaries) of Garhwal, praised for his military service and loyalty to the Garhwali throne. The book specifically refers to him as Rikhola Lodi Negi, confirming his clan identity.<ref name="BhaktDarshan" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[History of Uttarakhand]]<br />
* [[Garhwal Kingdom]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* Darshan, Bhakt. ''Gadhwal ki Divangat Vibhutiyan''. Himalaya Publications, 1968.<br />
* Rawat, Ajay Singh. ''History of Garhwal, 1358–1947''. Indus Publishing Company, 1989.<br />
* Rawat, Ajay S. ''Garhwal Himalaya: A Historical Perspective''. Indus Publishing, 2002.<br />
* Har Lal, Prem Hari. ''The Doon Valley Down the Ages''. Interprint, 1993.<br />
* Nautiyal, Vinod. ''Him-Kanti: Archaeology, Art, and History''. Book India Publishing Company, 1997.<br />
[[Category:17th-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian generals]]<br />
[[Category:Year of death missing]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puttakkana_Makkalu&diff=527512Puttakkana Makkalu2026-05-02T11:25:37Z<p>Assameseboy: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|2021 Indian Kannada language TV series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = PuttakanaMakkaluuu.png<br />
| director = Arooru Jagadish, Mahesh Sarang<br />
| caption = <br />
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]<br />
| editor = <br />
| runtime = 22 minutes<br />
| creator = <br />
| developer = <br />
| producer = Aroor jagadish<br />
| executive_producer = Smita Jagadish<br />
| writer = Satya Ki<br />
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]<br />
| narrated = <br />
| theme_music_composer = Sunad gowtham<br />
| opentheme = Puttakkana Makkalu<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| network = [[Zee Kannada]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2021|12|13}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2026|03|05}}<br />
| num_episodes = 1239<br />
| num_seasons = <br />
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| related = ''[[Radhamma Kuthuru]]''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Puttakkana Makkalu''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Kannada]]-language television soap opera which airs on [[Zee Kannada]]. This series is directed by Arooru Jagadish<ref>{{cite news |title=Puttakanna Makkalu will strike a chord with women, says Jagadish Aroor|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/puttakaa-makkalu-will-strike-a-chord-with-women-says-jagadish-aroor/articleshow/86161128.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=7 July 2022 |date=13 September 2021}}</ref> who is the director of the TV series ''[[Jothe Jotheyali (TV series)|Jothe Jotheyali]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=New show Puttakana Makkalu to be premiered soon - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/new-show-puttakana-makkalu-to-be-premiered-soon/articleshow/85235080.cms |website=The Times of India |date=11 August 2021 |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> It premiered on 13 December 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Puttakkana Makkalu to premiere today; here's all you need to know about the new show - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/puttakkana-makkalu-to-premiere-today-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-show/articleshow/88249916.cms |website=The Times of India |date=13 December 2021 |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> The show is a remake of Telugu series ''[[Radhamma Kuthuru]]'', which aired on [[Zee Telugu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Umashree returns to TV as a single mother in Puttakana Makkalu - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/umashree-returns-to-tv-as-a-single-mother-in-puttakana-makkalu/articleshow/81666810.cms |website=The Times of India |date=24 March 2021 |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> The series stars [[Umashree]], Manju Bhashini, Ramesh Pandit, Sanjana, Akshara and Shilpa, Dhanush NS.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the star cast of the new show Puttakkana Makkalu which is premiering today - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/meet-the-star-cast-of-the-new-show-puttakkana-makkalu-which-is-premiering-today/articleshow/88250703.cms |website=The Times of India |date=13 December 2021 |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Umashree]] as Puttakka<br />
* Akshara as Sahana <br />
* Sanjana Burli/Vidya as Sneha <br />
* Shilpa as Suma <br />
* Dhanush NS as Kanti <br />
* Manju Bhashini as Bangaramma <br />
* Hamsa Pratap/Swathi as Rajeshwari<br />
* Ramesh Pandit as Gopala<br />
* Sarika as Nanjamma<br />
* [[Karthik Mahesh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Puttakkana Makkalu fame Chandru aka Karthik Mahesh quits the show - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/puttakkana-makkalu-fame-chandru-aka-karthik-mahesh-quits-the-show/articleshow/91829097.cms |website=The Times of India |date=27 May 2022 |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>/Nandeesh as Chandru<br />
* Deepashree/Sowmya Mendan as Vasu<br />
* Pavan as Muruli<br />
* Gowthami as Pallavi<br />
* Tukali Santosh as Naga<br />
* Gajendra as Mungsi<br />
* Anirish as Kaali<br />
* Praveen as Huli<br />
* Ramya Raju as Radha<br />
* Madhusudhan as Chotu<br />
* Sundarashri as Chowdavva<br />
<br />
==Adaptations==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"<br />
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:20%;"| Language<br />
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:24%;"| Title<br />
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:16%;"| Original release<br />
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:12%;"| Network(s)<br />
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:18%;"| Last aired<br />
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:22%;"| Notes<br />
|-<br />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| ''[[Radhamma Kuthuru]]'' <br /> రాధమ్మ కూతూరు<br />
| 26 August 2019<br />
| [[Zee Telugu]]<br />
| 3 August 2024<br />
| Original<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kannada]]<br />
| ''Puttakkana Makkalu'' <br /> ಪುಟ್ಟಕ್ಕನ ಮಕ್ಕಳು<br />
| 13 December 2021<br />
| [[Zee Kannada]]<br />
| 5 March 2026<br />
| rowspan="10"| Remake<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| ''[[Uron Tubri]]'' <br /> উড়ন তুবড়ি<br />
| 28 March 2022 <br />
| [[Zee Bangla]]<br />
| 16 December 2022<br />
|-<br />
| [[Malayalam]]<br />
| ''[[Kudumbashree Sharada]]'' <br /> കുടുംബശ്രീ ശാരദ<br />
| 11 April 2022<br />
| [[Zee Keralam]]<br />
| rowspan="2"| Ongoing<br />
|-<br />
| [[Odia language|Odia]]<br />
| ''[[Suna Jhia]]'' <br /> ସୁନା ଝିଅ<br />
| 30 May 2022<br />
| Zee Sarthak<br />
|-<br />
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
| ''[[Dheeyan Meriyaan]]'' <br /> ਧੀਆਂ ਮੇਰੀਆਂ<br />
| 6 June 2022<br />
| [[Zee Punjabi]]<br />
| 30 March 2024<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| ''[[Meenakshi Ponnunga]]'' <br /> மீனாட்சி பொண்ணுங்க<br />
| 1 August 2022<br />
| [[Zee Tamil]]<br />
| 4 August 2024<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| ''[[Main Hoon Aparajita]]'' <br /> मैं हूं अपराजिता<br />
| 27 September 2022<br />
| [[Zee TV]]<br />
| 25 June 2023<br />
|-<br />
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| ''[[Lavangi Mirchi]]'' <br /> लवंगी मिरची<br />
| 13 February 2023<br />
| [[Zee Marathi]]<br />
| 5 August 2023<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| ''[[Ganga Mai Ki Betiyan]]'' <br /> गंगा माई की बेटियाँ<br />
| 22 September 2025<br />
| [[Zee TV]]<br />
| Ongoing<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| ''Annapurnar Lokkhira'' <br /> অন্নপূর্ণা লক্ষ্মীরা <br />
| {{TBA}}<br />
| [[Zee Bangla]]<br />
| Upcoming<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/puttakkana-makkalu/0-6-3506 ''Puttakkana Makkalu''] at [[ZEE5]]<br />
* {{IMDb title|18335700}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Zee Kannada original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2026 Indian television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]<br />
<br />
{{India-tv-stub}}</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._S._Manilal&diff=507029K. S. Manilal2026-05-02T05:54:40Z<p>Assameseboy: made a data</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian botany scholar and taxonomist (1938–2025)}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Sources|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Resume-like|date=October 2020}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
| name = Kattungal S. Manilal<br />
| image = K S Manilal.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = Manilal and wife Jyotsna in 2008<br />
| birth_name = Kattungal Subramaniam Manilal<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|9|17|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[North Paravur|Paravur]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]], [[British Raj|India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|1|1|1938|9|17|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India<br />
| fields = [[Botany]], [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]]<br />
| workplaces = [[University of Calicut]],<br /> [[Royal Society of London]],<br /> [[Westfield College]],<br /> [[Bangor University]],<br /><br />
[[Smithsonian Institution]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Sagar University]]<br />
| doctoral_advisor = <br />
| academic_advisors = <br />
| doctoral_students = <br />
| notable_students = <br />
| known_for = [[Biodiversity|Biodiversity studies]],<br /> Discoveries at [[Silent Valley National Park|Silent Valley]],<br /> Translation of [[Hortus Malabaricus]] to English and [[Malayalam]]<br />
| author_abbrev_bot = Manilal<br />
| awards = Officer of the [[Order of Orange-Nassau]] <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kattungal Subramaniam Manilal''' (17 September 1938 – 1 January 2025) was an Indian botany scholar and taxonomist, emeritus professor of the [[University of Calicut]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nobelprizeseries.in/tbis/ks-manilal |title=K S Manilal {{!}} The Best of Indian Science |website=nobelprizeseries.in |access-date=1 February 2020 }}</ref> a [[botany]] scholar and [[taxonomist]], who devoted over 35 years of his life to research, translation and annotation work of the [[Latin]] botanical treatise ''[[Hortus Malabaricus]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://researchmatters.in/news/prof-k-s-manilal-among-padma-awardees-2020-under-science-and-engineering |title=Prof K S Manilal among the Padma awardees of 2020 under Science and Engineering |date=26 January 2020 |website=Research Matters |language=en |access-date=1 February 2020 }}</ref> This epic effort brought to light the main contents of the book, a wealth of botanical information on [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] that had largely remained inaccessible to English-speaking scholars, because the entire text was in the Latin language.<br />
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In January 2020, Manilal was conferred with the [[Padma Shri]] award, the fourth-highest civilian honour of India, for his contribution to the field of Science and Engineering.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/seven-unique-achievers-bring-laurels-for-state/article30654325.ece |title=Padma Awards 2020: Seven unique achievers bring laurels for Kerala |date=25 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |access-date=1 February 2020 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-list-of-2020-padma-awardees/article30656841.ece |title=Full list of 2020 Padma awardees |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=26 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |access-date=1 February 2020 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X }}</ref><br />
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Despite the existence of [[Hendrik van Rheede]]'s ''[[Hortus Malabaricus]]'' over the last three centuries, the correct taxonomic identity of many plants listed in ''[[Hortus Malabaricus]]'', their medicinal properties, methods of use, etc., as described and codified by renowned traditional medical authorities of 17th-century India remained inaccessible to English language based scholars, until Manilal commenced publication of research papers and books on [[Hortus Malabaricus]].<br />
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Manilal's efforts ultimately resulted in an English edition of ''[[Hortus Malabaricus]]'', for the first time, 325 years after its original publication from [[Amsterdam]]. The English edition contains a word by word translation of all the twelve volumes of the book, retaining the original style of language. Medicinal properties of plants are translated and interpreted, with commentaries on their [[Malayalam]] names given by Van Rheede. In addition, the correct scientific identity of all plants, acceptable under [[ICBN]] is set out along with their important synonyms and basionyms.<br />
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Whilst the scope of Manilal's contributions to botany extends far beyond the research and publications around [[Hortus Malabaricus]], his research work on [[Hortus Malabaricus]] alone is of botanical and [[social history|socio-historic]] significance, and can be broadly classified under two heads:<br />
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*Botanical and Medicinal aspects of Hortus Malabaricus; and<br />
*Historical, Political, Social and Linguistic aspects of Hortus Malabaricus.<br />
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Manilal has over 198 published research papers and 15 books to his credit as author and [[co-author]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.organiser.org/Encyc/2020/1/27/Prof-K-S-Manilal.html |title=Prof K S Manilal: India's hitherto unrecognised botanist bestowed with Padma Shri |website=organiser.org |language=en |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201185409/https://www.organiser.org/Encyc/2020/1/27/Prof-K-S-Manilal.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He and his associates have credits for discovering over 14 [[species]] of [[flowering plant]]s, varieties and combinations new to science. Dr. Manilal was the Founder President of the [[Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy]] (IAAT).<ref>[http://www.iaat.org.in/index.html Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623033942/http://www.iaat.org.in/index.html |date=23 June 2008 }}</ref><br />
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==Birth, early life and interest in Hortus Malabaricus==<br />
Manilal was born in the [[Kingdom of Cochin]] on 17 September 1938. He was one of three children born to his parents; father Advocate Kattungal A. Subramaniam (1914–1973) and mother K. K. Devaki (1919–1989).<ref name=":0" /> Manilal's father, K. A. Subramaniam, was besides being a practising advocate, also a writer, who authored the biography of [[Sahodaran Ayyapan]]. Manial's Kattungal family members are natives of [[North Paravur]] in Kerala, India.<br />
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As a young boy, Manilal's interest in ''[[Hortus Malabaricus]]'' was inspired by his father, whose avid reading habits and enthusiasm for [[sociology]] exposed Manilal to a collection of books, and more specifically newspaper cuttings on ''[[Hortus Malabaricus]]'' during the late 1940s and 1950s.<br />
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Manilal schooled initially at the Government Boys' High School, [[Kodungallur]] and later at the Government S.R.V. Boys' High School, [[Ernakulam]]. He enrolled for undergraduate studies in botany at the [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]], following which, he secured MSc Botany and PhD Degrees from University Teaching Department, [[Sagar University|Sagar]], in [[Madhya Pradesh]].<br />
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During his post-graduate studies, while on a study tour to the [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]] in [[Dehra Dun]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thewire.in/the-sciences/hortus-malabaricus-van-rheede-ks-manilal-botany-itty-achuden |title=A Kerala Botanist's Affair With an Unlikely 17th Century Book |website=The Wire |access-date=1 February 2020 }}</ref> Manilal was able to see, for the first time, a set of volumes of the original ''[[Hortus Malabaricus]]''. This was set of volumes acquired by the institute's library during the days of the [[British Raj]], when the institute was called the ''Imperial Forest College''. Manilal remarks "it fired my imagination!” on seeing a [[Latin]] book in which the names of plants were also written in native [[Malayalam]] language. Manilal maintained his interest in the book through his studies and professional life until 1969, when he commenced serious work on the transliteration of ''[[Hortus Malabaricus]]''.<br />
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He stayed in [[Kozhikode]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/kerala/2020/01/29/padmasree-ks-manilal-hortus-malabaricus.html |title=ഇത് സ്വപ്ന സാക്ഷാല്ക്കാരം; പത്മശ്രീ നിറവില് കെ എസ് മണിലാല് |website=Manoramanews |date=29 January 2020 |language=en |access-date=14 February 2020 }}</ref><br />
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==Major research and academic achievements==<br />
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===Botanical and medicinal aspects of Hortus Malabaricus===<br />
[[File:HortusMalabaricus.jpg|175px|right|thumb|Frontispiece of the original Latin Hortus Malabaricus]]<br />
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As ''[[Hortus Malabaricus]]'' is a pre-[[Linnaean taxonomy|Linnaean]] book, the scientific names of plants, equivalent to local Malayalam names, were not included. Since voucher specimens for the book are also not known to exist, the correct identity of many of the plants described was unclear and not verifiable to original specimens. Earlier attempts, over three centuries, by European and Indian botanists to correctly identify all specimens were futile. Under two research projects; one sponsored by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|U.G.C.]] (1975–1978) and the other by the [[Smithsonian Institution]] (1984–1987), Manilal collected all plants, described in Hortus Malabaricus, from localities in Malabar from where they were originally collected in the 17th century. Specimens were subjected to detailed studies and their correct identities were established in consultation with research institutes in Europe and USA.<ref name="theinterpretationofhortus">{{cite journal |author=Nicolson, Suresh, Manilal |title=An Interpretation of Van Rheede's Hortus Malabaricus |year=1988 |issn=0080-0694 |journal=Regnum Vegetabile }}</ref> Based on this work, initially a concise reference book: ''An Interpretation of Van Rheede's Hortus Malabaricus'', was published (with his collaborators) from Berlin (1988), by the [[International Association for Plant Taxonomy|IAPT]]. This remains the only book by Indian authors published by them (IAPT) till date and is an essential resource in study on the taxonomy of Southeast Asian plants.<br />
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Richard H. Grove, in his book ''Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins'', states that [[Itty Achudan]] and his team selected the plants which were to be drawn and included in Hortus Malabaricus, with accurate identification and mentioning of vernacular (local) name of the plants.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=h6xSzhlmNdoC]. Grove, Richard H. 'Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600–1860'(Studies in Environment and History), Cambridge University Press, retrieved on 7 June 2021.</ref> [[Itty Achudan]] also disclosed the medicinal and other uses of the plants which was known to him from his own experience as a herbal physician and from the 'palmleaf scripture' carried by his family as 'wealth of knowledge'. Achudan dictated the material, in his native [[Malayalam]] language, which was then translated into Latin. Hortus Malabaricus was compiled over a period of nearly 30 years and published in [[Amsterdam]] during 1678–1693.<ref name="BHL707">{{cite book |last=Reede tot Drakestein |first=Hendrik van |title=Hortus Indicus Malabaricus :continens regni Malabarici apud Indos cereberrimi onmis generis plantas rariores, Latinas, Malabaricis, Arabicis, Brachmanum charactareibus hominibusque expressas ... |publisher=Amstelaedami :sumptibus Johannis van Someren, et Joannis van Dyck |year=1678–1703 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/707 |access-date=9 September 2008 |language=Latin }}</ref><br />
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===Historical, political, social and linguistic aspects of Hortus Malabaricus===<br />
The compilation and publication of ''Hortus Malabaricus'' is intimately connected with the history of India, politics of the 17th century Netherlands and the then social conditions of Malabar. It is also an important source of information, and the oldest printed, authentic document, on the evolution of [[Malayalam]] language and script. Manilal studied these aspects for over 35 years bringing to light many interesting facts, some of which were included in his book: ''Botany & History of Hortus Malabaricus'', published from Rotterdam and Delhi (1980). Another book, in [[Malayalam]]: ''A study on the role of [[Itty Achudan]] in the compilation of Hortus Malabaricus'', was published from [[Kozhikode]] in 1996.<br />
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In the research paper published in the journal ''Global Histories'', entitled "Plants, Power and Knowledge: An Exploration of the Imperial Networks and the Circuits of Botanical Knowledge and Medical Systems on the Western Coast of India Against the Backdrop of European Expansionism", Malavika Binny states that Kerala had medical traditions that existed even prior to Ayurvedic tradition. As per the author, [[Ezhava]] Tradition of Healing Practices or '[[Ezhava]] vaidyam', as it is called, was prominent among other medical traditions that existed in Kerala which involved a considerable contribution from Buddhism which was a major force from the sixth century to about the eleventh century. This Buddhist tradition of treatment of diseases using plants and the knowledge of the indigenous plants preserved by the [[Ezhava]]s was exploited by the European endeavour as suggested by the inclusion of Itty Achuden in the compilation of Hortus Malabaricus which is basically an ethno-botanical treatise on the flora of Malabar.<ref>[http://www.globalhistories.com/index.php/GHSJ/article/view/33/paper/Plants, Power and Knowledge:/]{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Plants, Power and Knowledge: An Exploration of the Imperial Networks and the Circuits of Botanical Knowledge and Medical Systems on the Western Coast of India Against the Backdrop of European Expansionism (2015) – Malavika Binny, Global Histories, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Dec. 2015), pp. 3–20 at Retrieved on 9 June 2021.</ref> Van Rheede's motivation to compile a book on the natural plant wealth of Malabar was to prove his belief that Malabar is self-sufficient in all requirements of military and commerce and hence that Cochin was better suited to be the south east Asian Headquarters of the Dutch overseas forces, compared to [[Colombo]] in [[Ceylon]].<br />
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Information is also available in the text of Hortus Malabaricus not only about the vegetation in 17th century Malabar, but also about the general social conditions prevalent in those days. Significant inferences could also be drawn on some of these matters, indirectly from the data available in the book. Several research papers have been published by Manilal on these topics. Some more, particularly on the different Numerals and Numerical Systems used in Hortus and their sociological implications and significances in the Indian society, are under preparation.<br />
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===Taxonomic and biodiversity studies in Kerala===<br />
Manilal pioneered taxonomic research and [[biodiversity]] studies in Kerala by training a genre of young taxonomists and identifying and cataloguing local plants in biodiversity-rich [[South India]]. A comprehensive study on the [[flora]] of the [[Kozhikode|Greater Kozhikode]] area, consisting of the western sectors of the present day [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]] and [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] districts, covering an area of about 600&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. was started in 1969. When completed in 1975, this work resulted in recording about one thousand [[species]] of [[flowering plant]]s from the region, including several species recorded for the first time in India and importantly seven species new to science. Based on this work, a book: ''Flora of Calicut'', was published (from [[Dehra Dun]]), and was taken as a model for subsequent research in India.<br />
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===Research and revelations at Silent Valley===<br />
In the 1970s, when a proposal to build a [[hydro-electric]] project in [[Silent Valley National Park|Silent Valley]] triggered political controversy in [[Kerala]] due to an impending [[ecological disaster]], the [[Government of Kerala]] appointed an experts' committee of scientists to study, inventorise and report on Silent Valley's [[flora]] and [[fauna]]. The experts' committee reported that the forests there could not be classified as ''tropical evergreen rainforests'' and that they contain only 240 species of flowering plants, which are also found elsewhere, and also that the Valley does not possess any new or rare species. Despite protests by [[environmentalists]] the State Government was about to go ahead with the project, only awaiting a clearance form the [[Government of India|Central Government]]. At this juncture, the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)]] accepted Manilal's proposal to study the [[flora]] of Silent Valley and also required him to make a general study of the ecological status of the forests.<br />
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Over a four-year period commencing 1981, Manilal and research assistants undertook a study that brought to light:<br />
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* A record of nearly 1,000 species of flowering plants;<br />
* Seven species new to science;<br />
* Several plants believed to be found only in [[Sri Lanka]], Philippines, etc.;<br />
* Some species which were believed to be [[extinct]], such as the ''Malabar Daffodil'', which was last seen in 1850 by a scientist named [[Thomas C. Jerdon]] in [[Nilgiris (mountains)|Nilgiris]];<br />
* Rare medicinal plants until then known to grow only in the islands of Philippines;<br />
* Many endemics of the neighbouring countries, where their existence was threatened, were found to have migrated to these forests for safety.<br />
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Further Manilal's study found that the Silent Valley forests fulfilled required parameters of ''tropical evergreen rainforests'' and, therefore, could be rightly so classified. His work was soon considered as model of how taxonomists could assist in solving socio-environmental issues; and many scientists and journalists from Europe, Africa and South America visited Silent Valley to study the working of this project.<br />
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===Orchids of Kerala===<br />
Detailed studies of the [[orchid]] wealth of Kerala were started by Manilal in the late 1970s, including their taxonomy, anatomy, biology and floral evolution, which are essential for any further studies on their [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridisation]]. During these studies, contrary to the highest expectations, over 215 species of orchids were collected, including species that were till then believed to be extinct, like the ladies' slipper orchid ''Paphiopedilum druryii''.<br />
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===Origin and evolution of the flower===<br />
Manilal led studies on the directions of evolution of flowers and the structure and [[anatomy]] of various floral organs in [[cash crops]] such as [[coconut]] palms, grasses (rice), [[orchid]]s, [[compositae]] ([[sun flower]]), [[Rubiales (plant)|rubiales]] (coffee), etc. Many enigmas in these subjects could be solved, and results were published in around 45 research papers. These studies have, besides seeing the flower as the most significant part of the plant, with biological, commercial, aesthetic, evolutionary and taxonomic importance, also promoted success in [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridisation]] and breeding experiments, to create new high-yielding varieties.<br />
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===Radioactive resistant marine phyto-planktonic algae===<br />
As the beaches in southern Kerala and [[Tamil Nadu]] (particularly in the Districts of [[Kollam]] and [[Nagarcoil]]) have natural deposits of radioactive minerals causing genetic damage to flora and fauna, Manilal undertook studies to familiarise with the techniques of research in the field of radiation ecology. These studies were undertaken at the Marine Biology Laboratory of North Wales University at [[Menai Bridge]], Wales. The [[Royal Society of London]] granted Manilal a Visiting Scientist-ship for this work for two years in 1971–1972.<br />
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Two species of marine phyto-planktonic [[algae]] were discovered, which could withstand a very high degree of [[radioactivity]]. It was found that these species could absorb and adsorb as much as 40 times their body weight of the radioactive [[Thorium]] compounds from surrounding seawater, and continue to live normally. In the 1970s these findings were farfetched to be accepted for publication in a journal in U.K. However, on Manilal's return to India, a part of these findings was published in the journal Current Science (1975), by the [[Indian Institute of Science]]. About ten years later, some British scientists did a similar work and their results were published in the prestigious U.K. journal Nature, and wide publicity in the press as a biotechnological break-through. Dr. Manilal's experiments (and the subsequent work by the British scientists) show that such marine planktonic algae could be used to quickly and safely clean up ocean surfaces where radio-active materials have accumulated, by cultivating such algae in a specific area and later removing them from there.<br />
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===Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy (IAAT)===<br />
Manilal was instrumental in establishing the [[Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy]] (IAAT). Manilal, as founder President, established IAAT in the year 1990 with its headquarters located at the Department of Botany, [[University of Calicut]], [[Kozhikode]], India. The IAAT works to promote the science of Angiosperm Taxonomy in India, to provide a common forum for Angiosperm taxonomists in India to organise meetings, hold discussions and exchange ideas on scientific and academic matters, and encourage collaborative work among taxonomists. The IAAT publishes a journal Rheedea (named after [[Hendrik van Rheede]]). The Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy works as an affiliate of the [[International Association for Plant Taxonomy]].<br />
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From 1969 Manilal commenced training research students in [[Taxonomy (biology)|Taxonomy]] (leading to PhD degree in the subject), with a view to attain self-sufficiency in Taxonomy. During the years 1972–1998, he and his students discovered over 240 new species of flowering plants and several new records for India from Kerala, and published many research papers in Taxonomy in national and international journals.<br />
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===Biomass Research Centre===<br />
A [[Biomass]] Research Centre was established by Manilal in the [[University of Calicut]], with funding from the Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources. The Centre does research and field experiments to establish the (taxonomic) identification of fast-growing fuel-wood trees suitable for various agro-climatic zones of [[Kerala]].<br />
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==Later life and death==<br />
Manilal died on 1 January 2025, at the age of 86.<ref>{{cite news |title=Renowned botanist Dr K S Manilal, who gave 'Hortus Malabaricus' a new life, passes away |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/ks-manilal-passes-away-1.10213999 |work=English.Mathrubhumi |date=1 January 2025 |language=en }}</ref><br />
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==Summary of Manilal's discoveries==<br />
New species and varieties discovered, and combinations established by Manilal and his research associates are summarised as follows:<br />
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;New species discovered in Silent Valley<ref>Later declassified per [[ICBN]] provisions, as names of species may change with more information gathered.</ref><br />
* ''[[Liparis indiraii]]'' <small>Manilal & C.S.Kumar</small><br />
* ''[[Eria tiagii]]'' <small>Manilal & C.S.Kumar</small><br />
* ''[[Hydnocarpus pendulus]]'' <small>Manilal, T.Sabu & Sivar.</small><br />
* ''[[Robiquetia josephiana]]'' <small>Manilal & C.S.Kumar</small><br />
* ''[[Sauropus saksenianus]]'' <small>Manilal, Prasann. & Sivar.</small><br />
* ''[[Cucumella silentvaleyi]]'' <small>Manilal, T.Sabu & P.J.Mathew</small><br />
* ''[[Oberonia bisaccata]]'' <small>Manilal & C.S.Kumar</small><br />
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;New species discovered under biodiversity studies<br />
* ''[[Hedyotis erecta]]'' <small>Manilal & Sivar.</small><br />
* ''[[Cinnamomum nicolsonianum]]'' <small>Manilal & Shylaja</small><br />
* ''[[Bulbophyllum rheedei]]'' <small>Manilal & C.S.Kumar</small><br />
* ''[[Heliotropium keralense]]'' <small>Sivar. & Manilal</small><br />
* ''[[Borreria malabarica]]'' <small>Sivar. & Manilal</small><br />
* ''[[Phyllanthus kozhikodianus]]'' <small>Sivar. & Manilal</small><br />
* ''[[Habenaria indica]]'' <small>C.S.Kumar & Manilal</small><br />
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;New varieties of flowering plants discovered<br />
* ''[[Borreria stricta]]'' <small>(L. f.) K.Schum.</small> var. ''rosea''; <small>Sivar. & Manilal</small><br />
* ''[[Borreria articularis]]'' <small>(L. f.) F.N.Williams</small> var. ''hispida'' <small>Sivar. & Manilal</small><br />
* ''[[Portulaca oleracea]]'' <small>L.</small> var. ''linearifolia'' <small>Sivar. & Manilal</small><br />
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;New combinations established<br />
* ''[[Thunbergia bicolour]]'' <small>(Wight) Manilal & Suresh</small><br />
* ''[[Eria chandrasekharanii]]'' <small>(Bharg. & Moh.) C.S.Kumar & Manilal</small><br />
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==Notable awards and positions held==<br />
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===Awards===<br />
* [[Padma Shri]] award by Government of India (2020)<br />
* Officer of the [[Order of Orange-Nassau]] award (Dutch: [[Orde van Oranje-Nassau]]) by Her Majesty [[Queen Beatrix]] of the Netherlands. (The Consul General of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Ms. Marijke A. van Drunen Littel conferred this honour on 1 May 2012, at [[Kozhikode]], Kerala, India.<ref>{{YouTube|BMwAAWRRpWI|Award function Video }}</ref>)<br />
* E.K. Janaki Ammal National Award for Taxonomy (2003) – Constituted by The Ministry of Environment and Forests<br />
* Y. D. Tyagi Gold Medal (1998) – by the Indian Association of Angiosperm Taxonomy (IAAT)<br />
* Vishwambhar Puri Medal (1990) – by The Indian Botanical Society<br />
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===Positions===<br />
* Chief Editor, Rheedea, The Journal of Indian Association of Angiosperm Taxonomy (1991–present)<br />
* President, Botanical Society of India (1999)<br />
* Treasurer, Botanical Society of India (1984–1986)<br />
* Founding President, Indian Association of Angiosperm Taxonomy (1991)<br />
* Chairman, CRIKSC (Centre for Research in Indigenous Knowledge, Science & Culture)<br />
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===Plants named in honour of Manilal (eponyms)===<br />
* ''[[Lindernia manilaliana]]'' Sivar. (Kew Bull. 31: 151. 1976)<br />
* ''[[Fimbristylis manilaliana]]'' Govind. (Rheedea 8(1): 87, f. 1. 1998)<br />
* ''[[Cyathocline manilaliana]]'' C.P.Raju & R.R.V.Raju (Rheedea 9 (2): 151–154. 1999) <br />
* ''[[Schoenorchis manilaliana]]'' M. Kumar & Sequiera (Kew Bull. 55: 241. 2000)<br />
* ''[[Cololejeunea manilali]]'' Manju, Chandini & K.P.Rajesh (Acta Bot. Hung. 59(1–2): 262, 1–2. 2017)<br />
* ''[[Fissidens manilalia]]'' Manju, C.N., Manjula, K.M. & K.P. Rajesh (The Bryologist 120 (3): 263–269. 2017)<br />
* ''[[Isachne manilaliana]]'' Sunil, K.M.P. Kumar & Thomas (Webbia 72: 161–164. 2017)<br />
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==Publication of the English and Malayalam versions of Hortus Malabaricus==<br />
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===Publisher's appeal for donation of royalties===<br />
[[Hortus Malabaricus]] as transliterated by Manilal was published in English and Malayalam languages in 2003 and 2008 respectively. Manilal's copyright, as author of the English and Malayalam versions, was bequeathed, free of [[royalties]], to the publishers, the [[University of Kerala]].<ref name="harithabhoopadam">{{cite book |last1=Antony |first1=Joseph |title=Harithabhoopadam |edition=1 |publisher=Mathrubhumi books |year=2012 |location=[[Kozhikode]] |pages=152–155 |url=http://buy.mathrubhumi.com/books/mathrubhumi/essays/bookdetails/1104/harithabhoopadam |access-date=11 March 2012 |isbn=978-81-8265-291-0 |archive-date=19 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219023830/http://buy.mathrubhumi.com/books/mathrubhumi/essays/bookdetails/1104/harithabhoopadam |url-status=dead }}</ref> This assignment of rights was a gesture by Manilal in good faith and in response to a specific appeal from the then Vice-Chancellor of the [[University of Kerala]], that the university wanted to generate funds from this publication for utilisation of such royalty incomes toward re-publication of old Malayalam classical works, which are out of print, and not forecasted to generate a viable level of income due to limited sale of such classical works.<br />
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===Book-release functions conducted by the publishers===<br />
In a recorded interview with Manilal in August 2008, he expressed his regret and frustration at the manner in which the publishers subjected him to digression from the publication project soon after he legally assigned his rights as author. Apparently there was a move to exclude Manilal's name from the book (2003), but was reinstated on account of questions raised by the academic community.<ref name="harithabhoopadam" /> On 14 August 2008, the University of Kerala officials again conducted a function at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] to formally release the Malayalam edition of Hortus Malabaricus. The book was released by the [[Governor of Kerala]] (also Chancellor of the university), at the function; where due recognition was not given to Manilal as author of the book, nor were arrangements in place to felicitate the author at the function. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080922062947/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/15/stories/2008081561050300.htm]. The former Vice-Chancellor of [[University of Kerala]] who initiated the project, [[B. Ekbal]], was also not invited to this function.<br />
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==Books authored==<br />
* 2012. <span style="font-size:87%;">MANILAL, K.S.</span> ''Hortus Malabaricus and the Socio-Cultural Heritage of India''. Indian Association of Angiosperm Taxonomy (IAAT), [[Kozhikode]].<br />
* 2008. <span style="font-size:87%;">MANILAL, K.S.</span> ''Van Rheede's Hortus Malabaricus. Malayalam Edition'', with Annotations and Modern Botanical Nomenclature (12 Vols.) University of Kerala, Trivandrum. ({{ISBN|81-86397-82-5}})<br />
* 2004. <span style="font-size:87%;">MANILAL, K.S. & C. SATHISH KUMAR</span> ''Orchid Memories: A tribute to Gunnar Seidenfaden''. Mentor Books, Kozhikode and Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy, Kozhikode. ({{ISBN|81-900324-6-1}})<br />
* 2003. <span style="font-size:87%;">MANILAL, K.S.</span> ''Van Rheede’s Hortus Malabaricus. English Edition'', with Annotations and Modern Botanical Nomenclature. (12 Vols.) University of Kerala, Trivandrum. ({{ISBN|81-86397-57-4}})<br />
* 1998. <span style="font-size:87%;">MANILAL, K.S. & M.S. MUKTESH KUMAR</span> ''A Handbook on Taxonomy Training''. DST, New Delhi.<br />
* 1998. <span style="font-size:87%;">MANILAL, K.S. & K. RAVEENDRAKUMAR</span> ''Companion to Gamble’s Flora: Additions to the Flora of Kerala since Gamble (1935)''. Mentor Books, Kozhikode.<br />
* 1996. <span style="font-size:87%;">MANILAL, K.S.</span> ''Hortus Malabaricus and Itty Achuden: A study on the role of Itty Achuden in the compilation of Hortus Malabaricus'' (In Malayalam). Mentor Books, Kozhikode/ P.K.Brothers, Kozhikode.({{ISBN|81-900324-1-0}}).<br />
* 1996. <span style="font-size:87%;">MANILAL, K.S.</span> ''Directory of Indian Taxonomists''. Mentor books, Kozhikode.<br />
* 1996. <span style="font-size:87%;">MANILAL, K.S. & A.K. PANDEY</span> ''Taxonomy and Plant Conservation''. C.B.S. Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi. ({{ISBN|81-239-0444-4}})<br />
* 1994. <span style="font-size:87%;">SATHISH KUMAR, C. & K.S. MANILAL</span> ''A Catalogue of Indian Orchids''. Bishen Singh Mahendrapal Singh, Dehra Dun. ({{ISBN|81-211-0100-X}}).<br />
* 1993. <span style="font-size:87%;">MANILAL, K.S. & C. SATHISH KUMAR</span> ''Field Key for the Identification of the Native Orchids of Kerala''. Mentor Books, Kozhikode.<br />
* 1988. <span style="font-size:87%;">NICOLSON, D.H., C.R. SURESH & K.S. MANILAL</span> ''An Interpretation of Van Rheede’s Hortus Malabaricus''. International Association of Plant Taxonomists, Berlin, Germany/ Koeltz Scientific Books, Konigstein, Germany. (ISSN 0080-0694 Regnum Vegetabile)<br />
* 1988. <span style="font-size:87%;">MANILAL, K.S.</span> ''Flora of Silent Valley Tropical Rain Forests of India''. Department of Science & Technology, Government of India, Kozhikode.<br />
* 1982. <span style="font-size:87%;">MANILAL, K.S. & V.V. SIVARAJAN</span> ''The Flora of Calicut: The Flowering Plants of the Greater Calicut Area''. Bishen Singh Mahendrapal Singh, Dehra Dun.<br />
* 1980. <span style="font-size:87%;">MANILAL, K.S.</span> ''The Botany & History of Hortus Malabaricus''. A.A.Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands/ Oxford & IBH, New Delhi. ({{ISBN|90-6191-071-4}}).<br />
* 1976. <span style="font-size:87%;">MANILAL, K.S. & V.V.SIVARAJAN</span> ''Flowering Plants of the Calicut University Campus''. [[University of Calicut]], Kerala. India.<br />
<br />
{{botanist|Manilal|Manilal, Kattungal Subramaniam}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* Published paper – "On the English edition of Van Rheede's Hortus Malabaricus by K. S. Manilal (2003)" by [[H.Y. Mohan Ram]].<br />
* The Botany and History of Hortus Malabaricus – by Manilal, K. S. – A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands/Oxford & IBH, New Delhi, 1980.<br />
* Manju, C.N., Chandini, V.K. and Rajesh, K.P., 2017. Cololejeunea manilalia (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta), a new species from the Western Ghats of India. [http://akademiai.com/doi/abs/10.1556/034.59.2017.1-2.8 Acta Botanica Hungarica, 59(1-2), pp.261-268].<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|K. S. Manilal}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174708/http://indiasocial.org/cgi/news.asp?id=2890&sel=4 325-year-old Dutch work on Kerala's plant wealth revived]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070826010312/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/08/stories/2006120801800200.htm Malayalam version of Hortus Malabaricus]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040323054708/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/19/stories/2004021911630300.htm `Hortus Malabaricus' – a feather in the varsity's cap]<br />
* [https://www.mathrubhumi.com/environment/green-warriors/c-r-suresh-hortus-malabaricus-calicut-university-1.2147539 ഡോ. സുരേഷ് കീഴടക്കിയ സസ്യസാമ്രാജ്യങ്ങള്] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128171254/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/environment/green-warriors/c-r-suresh-hortus-malabaricus-calicut-university-1.2147539 |date=28 January 2020 }} 7 August 2017.<br />
* [https://www.mathrubhumi.com/agriculture/features/jackfruit-official-fruit-of-kerala-history-of-jackfruit-cultivation-1.2699452 ചക്കമരവും ചരിത്രവഴികളും] 27 March 2018.<br />
* [https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/malayalam/speaker-p-sreeramkrishnan-conferred-jiyvajagratha-prize-to-k-s-manilal-1.3516560 മണിലാലിന്റെ സസ്യശാസ്ത്ര സംഭാവനകള് കേരളം വേണ്ടവിധം വിലയിരുത്തിയിട്ടില്ല: സ്പീക്കര്] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128172017/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/malayalam/speaker-p-sreeramkrishnan-conferred-jiyvajagratha-prize-to-k-s-manilal-1.3516560 |date=28 January 2020 }} 27 January 2019.<br />
* [https://www.mathrubhumi.com/technology/science/k-s-manilal-hortus-malabaricus-dutch-in-kerala-kerala-history-hendrik-van-rheede-history-of-bot-1.4475571 'ഹോര്ത്തൂസി'ന് പുനര്ജന്മം നല്കിയ സസ്യശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞന്] 25 January 2020.<br />
* http://envfor.nic.in/citizen/award/ekjanaki.pdf<br />
<br />
==Video resources==<br />
* 2012: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMwAAWRRpWI Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau (Orde van Oranje-Nassau) award.]<br />
* 2014: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9_EksqRJms A travelogue by Mangad Ratnakaran – K. S. Manilal (Translation of Hortus Malabaricus to English and Malayalam.)]<br />
* 2019: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1EYbfGCqWc KS Manilal.] <br />
* 2020: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jz7K0iKqHEM Padma Shri award.]<br />
* 2020: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5AFLgLxZg5k Padma honour for Description Professor K. S. Manilal.]<br />
*2020: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSCKiKyy01A Padma Shri award to Prof. KS Manilal]<br />
<br />
{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Manilal, K. S.}}<br />
[[Category:1938 births]]<br />
[[Category:2025 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]<br />
[[Category:Hortus Malabaricus]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from Kochi]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of Westfield College]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of Bangor University]]<br />
[[Category:Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau]]<br />
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam, alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian botanical writers]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Kochi]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gujari&diff=501327Gujari2026-04-29T07:52:49Z<p>Assameseboy: New.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indo-Aryan Language spoken by the Gujars}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=November 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Gujari<br />
| altname = {{hlist|Gurjari|Gojri|Gujjari|Gurjar}}{{efn|name=Alt names}}<br />
| nativename = {{hlist|{{nastaliq|گُجری}}|गुर्जरी}}<br />
| pronunciation = {{IPA|hns|ɡuːdʒəreː||Gujari-Urdu.ogg}}<br />
| states = [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]]<br />
| region = {{Tree list}}<br />
* India <br />
**''[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]''<br />
**''[[Maharashtra]]''<br />
**''[[Himachal Pradesh]]''<br />
**''[[Uttarakhand]]''<br />
**''[[Punjab,India|Punjab]]''<br />
**''[[Gujarat]]''<br />
**''[[Madhya Pradesh]]''<br />
**''[[Uttar Pradesh]]''<br />
**''[[Rajasthan]]''<br />
**''[[Haryana]]''<br />
**''[[Chhattisgarh]]''<br />
<br />
* Pakistan <br />
**''[[Azad Kashmir]]''<br />
**''[[Gilgit-Baltistan]]''<ref name=":GB1">{{Cite web |title=GEOGRAPHY & DEMOGRAPHY OF GILGIT BALTISTAN: Languages :: '''Gojri''' |url=http://gilgitbaltistanscouts.gov.pk/TOGeography%20.html |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=Gilgit-Baltistan Scouts, [[Government of Pakistan]]}}</ref><ref name=":GB2">{{Cite web |date=23 December 2023 |title=Treading the Sacred Linguistic Landscape of Gilgit-Baltistan |url=https://pamirtimes.net/2023/12/23/treading-the-sacred-linguistic-landscape-of-gilgit-baltistan/ |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=PAMIR TIMES |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
**''[[Hazara region|Hazara]]'' <br />
**''{{nowrap|[[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]}}''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |url=https://kp.gov.pk/page/languages |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521204305/https://kp.gov.pk/page/languages |archive-date=21 May 2025 |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=kp.gov.pk |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
* Afghanistan <br />
**''[[Nuristan Province|Nuristan]]''<br />
**''[[Nangarhar Province|Nangarhar]]''<br />
**''[[Kunar Province|Kunar]]''<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramizpoor |date=2018 |title=Afghan People's Dialogue on Peace: Local Road Maps for Peace – Kabul and Surrounding Provinces |url=https://unama.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/afghan_peoples_dialogue_34_roadmaps_on_peace_english.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan]] |access-date=25 November 2025|page=152|quote=Kunar Province: The Nuristani and Gojar ethnic groups are also represented, along with other small tribes including the [[Muslim Gurjars|Gojar (Gujar)]], Qandari, Chalasai, Youssufzai, Kohistani-wardage, Kochi, and Alokozi. Pashto is spoken by over 90 per cent of the population. Nuristani (Ghazi Abad), Pashaie (Nor Gal) and Gojar are the other languages spoken within the province.}}</ref><br />
{{Tree list/end}}<br />
| speakers = 20 million (<small>2018-2022 estimates</small>){{efn|Gujari (Gojri) is approximately spoken by 20 millions individuals, mostly by [[Muslim Gujjars]] of Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Subramanian |first1=V.M. |last2=Sundarabalu |first2= S. |last3=Vijayan |first3= N. |date=2022 |title=Working Papers on Linguistics and Literature |journal=UGC - CARE Listed Journal |publisher=Department of Linguistics Bharathiar University Coimbatore - 641 046, India |volume=XVI |pages=112 |issn=2349-8420 |quote=The mother tongue of Gujjars is Gojri (Bashir, 2016; Bhat & Khan, 2020) and it is spoken globally by ''20 million'' people.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anjum |first=Rafique |url=https://www.academia.edu/119107335 |title=Gojri Linguistics: An Overview |publisher= [[Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University| Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University Rajouri-JK (India)]] |year=2018 |volume= |location=Jammu and Kashmir |quote=Gojri is one of the ancient Indian Languages belonging to Central group of the Indo-Aryan Languages, spoken by over 20 million people in Central and nor-west India, northern Pakistan and eastern provinces of Afghanistan. |issue=1}}</ref><ref name=":JKTribals">{{Cite web |title=Gojri language |url=http://jktribals.page.tl/Gojri-Language.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626054413/http://jktribals.page.tl/Gojri-Language.htm |archive-date=26 June 2018 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Tribal Research And Cultural Foundation |quote=According to a current analysis the Gojri language is the first language of 20 million people in South Asia and nearly eight million people in India, majority of them in Jammu and Kashmir.}}</ref>}}<br />
| date = <br />
| ref = <br />
| familycolor = Indo-European<br />
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]<br />
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]<br />
| fam4 = [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Losey |first=Wayne |date=1 January 2002 |title=Writing Gojri: Linguistic and sociolinguistic constraints on a standardized orthography for the Gujars of South Asia |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/98841 |journal=Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session |volume=46 |issue=1 |doi=10.31356/silwp.vol46.03 |issn=0361-4700|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mallam |first=G. l |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56040 |title=Census Of India 1931 Vol.15 (north-west Frontier Province) Pt.1- Report, Pt.2- Tables |date=1931 |pages=180 |quote=The languages included under the Central Group are Urdu, Hindi, Hindustani, ''Gujuri (Gujari)'' and Punjabi.}}</ref><br />
| fam5 = [[Gurjar Apabhraṃśa]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Pushp |first1=P. N. |last2=K. |first2=Warikoo |title=Jammu, Kashmir & Ladakh - Linguistic Predicament |url=https://koshur.org/Linguistic/5.html |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=koshur.org (Kashmiri language) |publisher=Himalayan Research and Cultural Foundation: Har-Anand Publications |quote=The scholars trace the historical roots and affinity of the Gujari language from the Gurjara Apabhramsa of the Sanskrit grammarians.}}</ref><br />
| fam6 = [[Old Western Rājasthāni|Western Rajasthani]]<br />
| fam7 = <br />
| stand1 = [[#Western Gujari|Western Gujari]]<br />
| stand2 = [[#Eastern Gujari|Eastern Gujari]]<br />
| dia1 = [[Van Gujjari]]<br />
| dia2 = Bakerwali<br />
| dia3 = Banihari<br />
| dia4 = Kunhari Gujari<br />
| dia5 = Chitarali Gujari<br />
| dia6 = Kaghan Gujari<br />
| dia7 = Swat Gujari<br />
| dia8 = Punchi Gujari<br />
| dia9 = [[#Regional dialects|Other dialects]]<br />
| iso3 = gju<br />
| glotto = guja1253<br />
| glottorefname = Gujari<br />
| image = Gojari.png<br />
| imagecaption = ''Gurjari'' written in [[Takri]], [[Perso-Arabic script]] (middle) and [[Devanagari]] (bottom)<br />
| imagescale = 0.8<br />
| script = [[Takri]], [[Perso-Arabic script]], [[Devanagari]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Gujari'''<small>{{efn|{{IPAc-en|lang|g|ʌ|j|æ|r|i}} {{respell|GUU|JAH|REE}}; Urdu: {{IPA|hns|ɡuːdʒəreː||Gujari-Urdu.ogg}}}}</small> (گُجری) also spelt '''Gurjari''', '''Gojri''', '''Gujri''', '''Gojari''', or '''Gurjar'''<small>{{efn|name=Alt names|'''Gujari''' also known as '''Gojri''', '''Gujjari''', '''Gojari''', '''''Gurjar''''', '''Gujuri''', '''Gurjari''', '''Gujer''', '''Gujar''', '''Gojar''', '''Gogari''', '''Guzari''', '''Rajasthani Gujuri''', and '''Kashmir Gujuri'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacEachern |first=Margaret R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYpWMC3Z0F0C&dq=Gojari+language&pg=PA43 |title=Laryngeal Cooccurrence Restrictions |date=1999 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-8153-3267-1 |pages=43 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Frawley |first=William J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ftQEAAAQBAJ |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics |date=1 May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977178-3 |pages=292 |language=en |quote='''Gujari''': also called Gujuri, Gujer, Gujar, Gujjari, '''Gurjar''', Gojri, Gogri, Kashmir Gujuri, Rajasthani Gujuri, Gojari.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Division |first=Library of Congress Subject Cataloging |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZRhmVrwfcsC&dq=Gojari+language&pg=PA1718 |title=Library of Congress Subject Headings: F-O |date=1989 |publisher=Cataloging Distribution Service, Library of Congress |isbn=978-0-8444-0630-5 |pages=1718 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Grimes |first=Joseph Evans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5r4uAAAAYAAJ |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |date=1992 |publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics |isbn=978-0-88312-815-2 |pages=542 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYoUAQAAIAAJ |title=The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities |last2=Mann |first2=Michael |date=1999 |publisher=Observatoire Linguistique |isbn=978-0-9532919-0-8 |pages=465 |language=en}}</ref>}}</small> is a [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central Indo-Aryan language]] belonging to the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] subdivision of the [[Indo-European languages]], spoken by most of the [[Gurjar|Gurjars]] in the northern parts of India and Pakistan, as well as in eastern parts of Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.koshur.org/Linguistic/5.html<br />
|title=Gujari Language and Identity in Jammu and Kashmir<br />
|author=R.P. Khatana<br />
|publisher=Kashmir News Network: Language Section (koshur.org)<br />
|access-date=31 May 2007<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rensch |first=Calvin Ross |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4n91AAAAIAAJ |title=Hindko and Gujari |date=1992 |publisher=National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University |pages=91 |language=en|quote=The Gujar people are spread from northwestern and central India, across northern Pakistan, and into northeastern Afghanistan. Their language, Gujari, belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European family.}}</ref> Gujari is the second most widely spoken language in [[Azad Kashmir]], after Pahari, and third most widely spoken language in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], after [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and Dogri.<ref name=":Zahoor" />{{Reference page|page=109}} It is mostly spoken in the [[northern Pakistan]], including [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], and [[Azad Kashmir]], and north western Indian states, including, [[Uttarakhand]], Jammu and Kashmir, [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], Rajasthan, [[Maharashtra]] and [[Haryana]] and also in the eastern parts of [[Afghanistan]].<ref name=":3" />{{Reference page|page=68-69}} Gujari has strong linguistic similarities to [[Marwari language|Rajasthani]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], and [[Pahari languages|Pahari]], especially in [[phonology]] and [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], indicating the bond between it and these various [[Indo-Aryan languages]].<ref name=":Zahoor" />{{Reference page|page=112}}<br />
<br />
It is spoken by 19% of population in [[Azad Kashmir]] and by 9.5% population in Jammu and Kashmir as the mother tongue.{{efn|Gujari share in Azad Kashmir's total population is 19%, and in Jammu and Kashmir, its share is 9. 5%.<ref> <br />
* {{Cite book|url=https://www.pndajk.gov.pk/uploadfiles/downloads/Statistical%20Year%20Book%202020.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.pndajk.gov.pk/uploadfiles/downloads/Statistical%20Year%20Book%202020.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|access-date=3 March 2022|title=Statistical Year Book 2020| place = Muzaffarabad| publisher = AJ&K Bureau Of Statistics| pages = 131, 140}}<br />
* {{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10206/download/13318/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0100.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>}} Gujari is the second most spoken language in Azad Kashmir and Jammu and Kashmir,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Behera |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC |title=Demystifying Kashmir |last2=Chadha |first2=Behera Navnita |date=2007 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-0846-0 |pages=12 |language=en |quote=Gujjars make up the third-largest community in Jammu and Kashmir; they are partly nomadic and mostly Muslims. Their language, Gojri, was the second major language after Kashmiri in the state, though it is not recognized in the state constitution.}}</ref> and rank sixth or seventh in Gilgit-Baltistan. In [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Gujari is a major language, ranking after [[Pashto]], [[Hindko]], and [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]. It is mainly spoken in the northern half of the KPK province.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=2023 PROVINCIAL CENSUS REPORT KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Provincial-Census-Report-2023-KPK.pdf |website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |publisher=[[Government of Pakistan]] |page= |quote=page (27): Kohistani is spoken, by a majority in Kohistan district and north half of Swat district and ''Gojri, by a minority throughout the northern half of the province''. page (45): Apart from Pakhto/Pashto as a major language, Hindko, a Punjabi dialect is spoken mostly in Hazara Division and also in the central old parts of Nowshera, Kohat and Peshawar cities. Saraiki, another Punjabi dialect is present in the southern Districts of Dera Ismail Khan and Tank. Khowar mostly spoken by the people of Chitral District, Punjabi and Gojri minority living in the major cities and all cantonment areas, Kohistani in Kohistan District and North District of Swat and Dari/ Hazaragi/ Farsi/Tajik, varieties of Persian by Afghan refugees.}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gujari is written mainly in the [[Perso-Arabic]] script in [[Pakistan]], but in India it is written in both the Perso-Arabic script and [[Devanagari]]. In 1999 the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]] recognized Gujari by including the language in the sixth schedule of the [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir|state constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2023 |title=Gojri Language needs to be introduced in educational institutions |url=https://statetimes.in/gojri-language-needs-to-be-introduced-in-educational-institutions/ |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=Statetimes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Gojri language |url=http://jktribals.page.tl/Gojri-Language.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626054413/http://jktribals.page.tl/Gojri-Language.htm |archive-date=26 June 2018 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Tribal Research And Cultural Foundation |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2008 |title=Writers in J&K; seek constitutional safeguards for Gojri |url=http://www.merinews.com/article/writers-in-jk-seek-constitutional-safeguards-for-gojri/129813.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030202/http://www.merinews.com/article/writers-in-jk-seek-constitutional-safeguards-for-gojri/129813.shtml |archive-date=26 June 2018 |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Merinews.com}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In March 2025 the [[Government of Azad Kashmir]] included the Gujari an optional subject in the course curriculum for grades sixth and eight.<ref name=":Khawaja">{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Khawaja Kabir |date=14 March 2025 |title=Congratulating the Inclusion of the Gojri Language in the Curriculum and Expressing Hope for the Pahari Language |url=https://kinewshd.com/gujari-language-in-the-curriculum-and-expressing-hope-for-the-pahari-language/ |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=KiNews HD |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2025 |title=Including Gujari Language As An Elective Subject In The Curriculum Is A Highly Commendable Step: Riaz Kohmrawi - Daily Parliament Times |url=https://www.dailyparliamenttimes.com/2025/03/17/riaz-kohmrawi-says-the-notification-issued-to-include-the-gujari-language-as-an-elective-subject/ |access-date=27 October 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> On 27 October 2025 the [[Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] made Gujari the sixth officially recognized language in the provincial assembly.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2025 |title=KP assembly approves inclusion of Gojri language in official Assembly rules |url=https://www.app.com.pk/domestic/kp-assembly-approves-inclusion-of-gojri-language-in-official-assembly-rules/ |access-date=27 October 2025 |website=Associated Press Of Pakistan |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly Adds Gojri as Sixth Official Language in Assembly Rules |url=https://en.dailyqudrat.pk/52871/ |access-date=27 October 2025 |website=Daily Qudrat English |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Origin and history==<br />
===Origin===<br />
Some scholars have linked the Gujari language's origins and characteristics to the [[Gurjar Apabhraṃśa]], a language form described by ancient [[Sanskrit]] grammarians.<ref name=":Pushp">{{Cite web |last1=Pushp |first1=P. N. |last2=K. |first2=Warikoo |title=Jammu, Kashmir & Ladakh - Linguistic Predicament |url=https://koshur.org/Linguistic/5.html |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=koshur.org (Kashmiri language) |publisher=Himalayan Research and Cultural Foundation: Har-Anand Publications}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[Indian subcontinent]], the language known as "Indik" eventually evolved into Sanskrit and became the language of the elite. As Sanskrit spread, it branched out into various regional languages, known as [[Prakrit]] or [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. Some researchers believe Gujari is one of these Prakrit, while others argue it's even older than Sanskrit, suggesting Gurjars spoke it when they arrived in India with the [[Aryan]]s. This view posits that Gujari, with its regional variations, diverged slightly from Sanskrit.<ref name=":3" />{{Reference page|page=67}} <br />
<br />
[[Rita Kothari]] noted that Gurjar Apabhramsa was used as a literary language by the 12th century, with references in poet [[Bhoja]]'s work (1014 AD). Ancient Indian philosopher [[Patanjali]]'s classification described [[Apabhramsa]] as languages spoken in northern India. However, as per [[Shapiro]] & [[Michael]]{{dn|date=April 2026}}, the term [[Apabhramsa]] is broadly applied in Indology, making it unlikely that Gujari was specifically known as Apabhramsa or directly descended from [[Gurjar Apabhraṃśa]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Farooq Ahmad |first1=Mir |last2=Azhar |first2=Nasir |date=2023 |title=Grammatical Gender In Gojri of Jammu and kashmir |url=https://linguistics.uok.edu.in/Main/Journal.aspx?J=IJL |journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Linguistics |publisher=Department Of Linguistic, [[University of Kashmir]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=172–173 |via=linguistics.uok.edu.in}}</ref><br />
===History===<br />
In this regard Gujari language has a special place among the ancient languages of India (Gujari being evidence that it existed before [[Jesus Christ]]).<ref name=":Zahoor">{{Cite journal |last1=Zahoor Ahmad |first1=Bhat |last2=Mahmood Ahmad |first2=Khan |date=2021 |title=Exploring the Indigenous Language of Gujjar and Bakerwal Communities |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3915778 |journal=The Journal of Indian Arts History Congress |publisher=Department of Education, [[University of Kashmir]] |volume=26 |issue=2 |ssrn=3915778 |issn=0975-7945 |via=papers.ssrn}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=109}}<br />
<br />
[[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat Sultans]] also encouraged [[Arabic literature|Arabic]], [[Persian literature|Persian]] and [[Sanskrit literature]]. It has been noted that the people of [[Gujarat]] promoted a ‘Gujari’ lingua franca whose forms were distinctly Gujarati (influenced by the culture of the state of Gujarat). They also used Gujari as both an expression of literary work and, like other forms of communication in the empire, to connect the court of Gujarat with other Indo-Muslim courts in [[north India]] and the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isaka |first=Riho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URVEEQAAQBAJ&q=Gujri+language&pg=PT39 |title=Language, Identity, and Power in Modern India: Gujarat, c.1850-1960 |date=28 October 2021 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-46859-5 |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Significant progress has been made in standardising Gujari writing notably with the publication of "Gojri Grammar" by [[T. Grahame Bailey]] in 1905 and with the publication of a six volume book of Gujari dictionary by the [[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages]] (JKAACL) in 1992 which was put together over a period of ten years.<ref name=":Zahoor" />{{Reference page|page=109}}<br />
<br />
Also notable publications published by the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages include Sheeraza and Awaz-e-Gurjar Journals published with Gujari literature.<ref name=":Zahoor" />{{Reference page|page=109}}<br />
<br />
In 1992 Hallberg and O'Leary carried out a comprehensive study of the Gujari dialects spoken by Gujjars in Pakistan and Azad Kashmir and classified them into Eastern and Western dialect groups on the basis of [[Lexical integrity hypothesis|lexical]] similarity and intelligibility.<ref name=":Losey">{{Cite web |last=Wayne |first=Losey |date=2002 |title=Writing Gojri: Linguistic and sociolinguistic constraints on a standardized orthography for the Gujars of south Asia |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/66625 |website=sil.org |quote=|pages=10}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1997 Hugoniot and Polster also examined the Eastern Gujari dialect of Dodhi Gujjars of the Indian states of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=":Losey" /><br />
<br />
It was also officially declared as a mother tongue in 2006 with the admission of Gujari as a mother tongue by the Jammu and Kashmir Board of School Education (JKBOSE).<ref name=":Zahoor" />{{Reference page|page=109}}<br />
<br />
According to Bukhari's (2007) observations, Gujari has been significantly shaped by other Indo-Aryan languages, including Urdu, Hindko and Pahari.<ref name=":Nabeela">{{Cite journal |last1=Khalid |first1=Nabeela |last2=Shafi |first2=Sehrish |last3=Rahim |first3=Ambreen |date=31 December 2024 |title=An Analysis of Syllable Patterns in Gojri Monosyllabic Words |url=https://journals.luawms.edu.pk/bjl/article/view/101 |journal=Balochistan Journal of Linguistics |language=en |volume=12 |pages=13 |issn=2312-5454}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=1}}<br />
<br />
In March 2023, a Gujjar organisation Gujjar Qaumi Movement (GQM) petitioned the [[Peshawar High Court]] for included Gujari in the census of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=23 March 2023 |title=Inclusion of Gujjari language in census form lauded |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1743634 |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In March 2025 [[Government of Azad Kashmir]] included Gujari language as an optional subject in the curriculum of Classes 6 and 8.<ref name=":Khawaja" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=ڈیسک |first=ویب |date=24 March 2025 |title=کشمیر کی ثقافتی زبان گوجری کو آزاد کشمیر حکومت نے نصاب میں شامل کر لیا |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/kotli-gojri-language-kashmir/ |access-date=27 October 2025 |website=ARY News Urdu |language=ur}}</ref><br />
<br />
In May 2025 Gojri language books by Professor Muhammad Naseer Miskeen in the Gojri language were republished by [[Gandhara Hindko Academy]] in Peshawar and Gojri short stories in Urdu in "Gojri Afsaaney" and "Sheesho", comedy poetry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riffatullah |date=24 May 2025 |title=Hindko Academy publishes Gojri language books |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1314589-hindko-academy-publishes-gojri-language-books |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=The News |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gujari was admitted as a local language at the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa on 27 October 2025 (unanimously) becoming the sixth language of the provincial legislative assembly.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
== Literary traditions ==<br />
Gujari folklore is very large, including songs, ballads and folktales, known as Dastans. Hundreds of folk songs have been recorded and published, including "Nooro", "Tajo", "Nura Beguma", "Shupiya", "Kunjhdi", "Mariyan".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/41978043|title = The Gujjars - Vol: 01 a Book on History and Culture of Gujjar Tribe : Ed Javaid Rahi|last1 = Rahi|first1 = Javaid}}</ref><br />
[[File:OpenSpeaks-Gju-Maari Jaban Maari Birsa-Taukeer Alam-Story.webm|thumb|[[Taukeer Alam]] narrating a folklore in [[Van Gujjari]]]]<br />
<br />
A modern tradition of creative writing encompasses poets such as Sain Qadar Bakhsh, Noon Poonchi, and others. Others such as Mian Nizam ud Din, Khuda Bakhsh Zar, Zabih Rajourvi, Shams ud Din Mehjoor Poonchi, [[Mian Bashir Ahmed]], [[Javaid Rahi]], [[Rafiq Anjum]], Milki Ram Kushan, Sarwari Kassana, Naseem Poonchi have also made remarkable contributions to Gujari through poetry, prose and criticism.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Frawley |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&q=Gujari&pg=PA292 |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set |date=May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-513977-8 |pages=292 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Dialects==<br />
The Gujari language have two major dialects [[Eastern Gujari]] and [[Western Gujari]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":Dialects">{{Cite book |last=Joan L. G |first=Baart |url=https://www.abebooks.com/Bibliography-Languages-Northern-Pakistan-Baart-Joan/32111498477/bd |title=Bibliography Of Languages Of Northern Pakistan |publisher=National Institute Of Pakistan Studies, Pakistan |year=2001 |pages=44 |quote=Gujari (Gujuri, Gujuri Rajasthani, Gujer, Gojri, Gogri, Kashmir Gujuri, Gojari, Gujjari) Dialects: WESTERN GUJARI, EASTERN GUJARI. 64% to 94% lexical similarity among dialects. Eastern Gujari appears closer to Northern Hindko or Pahari-Potwari. Western Gujari speakers appear to understand the Eastern dialect better than vice versa.}}</ref> Both of these two dialects spoken in [[Pakistan]]:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wayne |first=Losey |date=2002 |title=Writing Gojri: Linguistic and sociolinguistic constraints on a standardized orthography for the Gujars of south Asia |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/66625 |website=sil.org |quote=This study presents descriptions of the phonology and morphology of the two major dialects of Gojri spoken in Pakistan, and compares the analysis of these dialects with the analysis of the Gojri spoken in Punch District of Indian-administered Kashmir (Sharma 1979, 1982).}}</ref> in the areas of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Azad Kashmir]]. These two dialects share approximately 64% to 94% lexical similarities.<ref name=":Dialects" /> <br />
<br />
===Western Gujari===<br />
Western Gujari is mainly spoken by the Gurjars in the [[Hazara region]] and other districts of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].<ref name=":Dialects" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Western Gujari |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/west2375 |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=glottolog.org}}</ref> These districts include [[Battagram District|Battagram]], [[Swat District|Swat]], [[Dir (region)|Dir]], [[Haripur District|Haripur]], [[Mansehra District|Mansehra]], and [[The Black Mountain tribes|Black Mountain]]. It is also spoken in many areas of eastern [[Afghanistan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Losey |first=Wayne |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/15/12/37/151237563095695710446476273471205077960/2002_losey_wayne_e.pdf |title=Writing Gojri: Linguistic and sociolinguistic constraints on a standardized orthography for the Gujars of south Asia |publication-date=2002 |pages=2 & 3 |language=en}}</ref> Western Gujari is easily understand for the speaker of eastern Gujari.<ref name=":Dialects" /><br />
<br />
===Eastern Gujari===<br />
Eastern Gujari is mostly spoken in the Shinkari area of eastern Mansehra and also in [[Nagaki Union Council|Nagaki]], [[Kakol, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Kakul]], and [[Sarban]] union councils located near [[Abbottabad District|Abottabad district]] of Hazara region.<ref name=":0" /> It is also mixed with northern Hindko and Pahari languages.<ref name=":Dialects" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eastern Gujari |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/east2311 |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=glottolog.org}}</ref> <br />
<br />
===Other dialects===<br />
====Van Gujari====<br />
[[File:OpenSpeaks-Gju-Taukeer-Alam-Introduction.webm|thumb|[[Taukeer Alam]] introducing himself in [[Van Gujjari]]]] <br />
[[Van Gujjari language|Van Gujjari]] is a variety of the Gujari language spoken by the [[Van Gujjar people|Van Gujjars]] of [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]].<br />
<br />
====Bakerwali====<br />
Bakerwali Gujari is mainly spoken by the [[Bakarwal|Bakarwal Gujjars]] in Indian administrated Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bakarwali |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/baka1270 |access-date=29 May 2025 |website=glottolog.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Banihari====<br />
Banihari Gujari is mainly spoken by the Dhodhi or Banihara Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir. It is closely related to Dogri, Kashmiri and Gujari spoken in various villages of Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Jagdish Chander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=em4hAAAAMAAJ |title=Gojri Grammar |date=1982 |publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages |page=6 |language=en |quote=And because of contacts with various languages in different regions all Gujars in Jammu and Kashmir may not be speaking the same variety of Gojri rather there are regional variations within the Gojri of Jammu and Kashmir. Banihari boli the language of (Dodhi Gujars) has more influence of Dogri and Gojri spoken in Kashmir villages must have the influence of Kashmiri.}}</ref> <br />
<br />
===Regional dialects===<br />
*'''Kunar Gujari''': Kunar or Kunari Gujari is mainly spoken by the Gujjars of Kunar province in Afghanistan.<ref name=":CalvinRoss">{{Cite book |last=Rensch |first=Calvin Ross |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRxiAAAAMAAJ |title=Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Hindko and Gujari |date=1992 |publisher=National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University |volume=03 |pages=105 |language=en}}</ref><br />
*'''Chitral Gujari''': Chitrali Gujari is mainly Gujari spoken in the Chitral valley and Ashriki area of Chitral.<ref name=":CalvinRoss" /><br />
*'''Swat Gujari''': It is spoken by the Gujjars of Peshmal and Raguhu valleys of [[Swat district]].<ref name=":CalvinRoss" /><br />
*'''Gilgit Gujari''': It is spoken in [[Naltar Valley|Naltar valley]] and Bala in [[Gilgit-Baltistan]].<ref name=":CalvinRoss" /><br />
*'''Kaghan Gujari''': It is poken mainly in Mittikot village in [[Kaghan Valley|Kaghan valley]] of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.<ref name=":CalvinRoss" /><br />
*'''Poonch Gujari''': Mainly spoken in [[Mendhar Tehsil|Mendhar]] and [[Poonch District, India|Poonch district]] of Jammu and Kashmir, India.<ref name=":CalvinRoss" /> <br />
*'''Gujaranwala Gujari''': It is mainly spoken by the Gujjars migrated from [[Agra district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name=":CalvinRoss" /><br />
*'''Dir Gujari''': Mainly spoken in Sheringal area in the [[Dir (region)|Dir region]] of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.<ref name=":CalvinRoss" /><br />
*'''Southern Hazara Gujari''': It is spoken in Tarchatti in the Hazara region of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.<ref name=":CalvinRoss" /><br />
*'''Central Azad Kashmir Gujari''': Mainly spoken in Trarkheli area of [[Azad Kashmir]].<ref name=":CalvinRoss" /><br />
*'''Southern Azad Kashmir Gujari''': Mainly spoken in the [[Kotli District|Kotli district]] of Azad Kashmir.<ref name=":CalvinRoss" /><br />
*'''Maharashtrian Gujari''': also known '''Khandeshi Gujari''' or '''Ded Gujari''', Is a dialect of Gujari spoken by Gurjars in the [[Marathwada]], and [[Khandesh]] regions of [[Maharashtra]]. It is mixed with local languages like [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Ahirani]], [[Bhili language|Bhili]] and [[Powari language|Powari]].<ref name=":Patil" />{{reference page|page=106 - 107}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
Scholars disagree on the precise classification of the Gujari language. [[Walter Roper Lawrence]] said that the Gujari language was Parimu or [[Hindko]] (Hindki). Scholars have since disputed this assumption after conducting research.<ref name=":Pushp" /><br />
<br />
[[Colin Masica|Colin Paul Masica]] and [[Sir George Abraham Grierson]] argued that the language Gujari is closely related to the group of Rajasthani languages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahi |first=Javaid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kkltEAAAQBAJ&dq=Grierson+classified+Gojri+language+with+Rajasthani+languages&pg=PA580 |title=The Gujjars |series=Gojri Language Number |volume=3 |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Acacademy of Art, Culture, and Languages |pages=580 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=J. C. |date=April 2002 |title=Gojri and Its Relationship with Rajasthani, Etc. |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/april2002/jcsharmagojri.html |journal=Language in India |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages= |doi= |access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref> Grieson argued that either Rajasthani was the dialect of Gujari or vice versa. He found that it is indeed evident that Gujari has been rehashed to Rajasthani – because there are strong similarities between it and Marwari and even stronger similarities between it and [[Mewati language|Mewati]].<ref name=":Pushp" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Q8UzYIjauMC |title=Bhāratīya Vidyā |date=1946 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. |volume=7 - 8 |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref> [[Ethnologue]], however, lists the language as not classed as in the Marwari branch of the [[Rajasthani languages]], but has three distinct dialects of Gujari in existence: Western Gujari, Eastern Gujari and Dhed Gujari. [[Khandeshi]] (or Dedh Gujari) is spoken mainly in some parts of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Farooq Ahmad |first1=Mir |last2=Azhar |first2=Nasir |date=2023 |title=Grammatical Gender in Gojri of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://linguistics.uok.edu.in/Main/Journal.aspx?J=IJL |journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Linguistics |publisher=Department of Linguistic, [[University of Kashmir]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=172–173 |via=linguistics.uok.edu.in|quote=George Abraham Grierson classified Gojri as an Indo-Aryan language and grouped it under Rajasthani group of languages with a resemblance to Mewari dialect (see, (Rahi, 2012; Sharma, 1979). However, Ethnologue records the language as unclassified after Marwari group of Indo-Aryan decedents with three dialectal variations, viz., Dhed Gujari, Eastern Gujari, and western Gujari. It is worth mentioning that Dhed Gujari is an alternate name given to a lesser-known indigenous language called Khandesi which is orally used in North-West parts of Maharashtra, and in South-eastern parts of Gujrat.}}</ref><br />
<br />
Additionally, in the linguistics Survey of India (the) George Abraham Grierson placed Gujari within the Western Pahari language family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gojri (Gujari) |url=https://sanchika.ciil.org/collections/de3a154f-119e-4c45-ad6c-0694cf01a340 |publisher=Ministry of Education, [[Government of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
As noted by [[Jagdish Chandra Sharma]] (J. C. Sharma), psychological aspects of Gujari are similar to those of [[Punjabi language]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Prior to the partition of India Gujari was enumerated in census reports as a dialect of (Marwari) Rajasthani by the State [[Government of Rajasthan]]<ref name=":Pushp" /> Some scholars argue that Gujari is closely related to the Marwari language.<ref name=":Pushp" /><br />
<br />
[[Frederick Drew]] wrote in 1875 that Gujari is a type of Pahari language, but his conclusion was later disputed by the Indian Census of 1911. The Indian Census of 1941 states that although Gujari has been classified as [[Western Pahari|Pahari language]] since Drew's writing, that label may not be more reliable than that earlier given to it as Rajasthani.<ref name=":Pushp" /><ref name=":Zahoor" />{{Reference page|page=112}}<br />
<br />
Wanye E. Losey disagreed with the classification of Indo-Aryan languages and submitted that observation of Gujari language in the [[Phonology|Phonological]] and [[Morphology (linguistics)|Morphological]] sense in no way seems to implicate any relation between it and [[Marwari language|Rajasthani (Marwari)]] or [[Punjabi language]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Geographical distribution==<br />
===India===<br />
====Jammu and Kashmir====<br />
{{Main|Gurjars in Kashmir}}<br />
Gujari speaking [[Gurjar|Gujjars]] and [[Bakarwal]]s are concentrated in all districts of Jammu and Kashmir and also in [[Kargil district]] of [[Ladakh]]. As per 2011 census in Jammu and Kashmir there were 11,35,196 Gujari speakers and 34,858 were Khandeshi-Gujari (also known Ded-Gujari) speaking individuals. Total their population was ''1,170,054''.<ref>Numbers as Political Allies<br />
The Census in Jammu and Kashmir<br />
By Vikas Kumar · 2024 p.183</ref> <br />
<br />
There are approximately 8 million Gujari speakers in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=":JKTribals" /><br />
====Population====<br />
Districts wise Gujari speakers per 2011 census in Jammu and Kashmir.<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|+ 2011 census<ref>{{cite report |title=C-16 Population by Mother Tongue – Jammu & Kashmir |url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0100.XLSX |publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Vikas |url= |title=Numbers as Political Allies: The Census in Jammu and Kashmir |date=4 January 2024 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-31722-1 |pages=180 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! Districts !! Gujari !! Percentage <br />
|-<br />
| Rajouri || 2,21,553 || 35.17%<br />
|-<br />
| Kishtwar || 33,127 || 14.36%<br />
|-<br />
| Kupwara || 80,163 || 9.21%<br />
|-<br />
| Baramulla || 34,750 || 3.45%<br />
|-<br />
| Pulwama || 22,189 || 3.96%<br />
|-<br />
| Shupiyan || 23,425 || 8.8%<br />
|-<br />
| Anantnag || 1,23,606 || 11.46%<br />
|-<br />
| Kulgam || 26,827 || 6.32%<br />
|-<br />
| Bandipore || 34,586 || 8.82%<br />
|-<br />
| Badgam || 23,912 || 3.01%<br />
|-<br />
| Srinagar || 8,935 || 1%<br />
|-<br />
| Udhampur || 28,770 || 5.18%<br />
|-<br />
| Jammu || 59,048 || 3.86%<br />
|-<br />
| Samba || 13,766 || 4.32%<br />
|-<br />
| Ganderbal || 61,070 || 20.21%<br />
|-<br />
| Poonch || 1,86,658 || 40.39%<br />
|-<br />
| Doda || 30,200 || 7.53%<br />
|-<br />
| Ramban || 30,654 || 12.18%<br />
|-<br />
| Reasi || 77,674 || 25.6%<br />
|-<br />
| Kathua || 21.599 || 3.5%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Historical population====<br />
{{historical populations|9=1941|10=2,83,741|11=1961|12=2,09,327|13=1971|14=6,95,375|15=1981|16=4,28,106|21=2001|22=7,47,850|23=2011|24=1,170,054|percentages=pagr|footnote=source: Indian census 1941<ref name=":Ikashmir">{{Cite web |title=Kashmir History and Politics |url=https://www.ikashmir.net/history/warikoo.html |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=ikashmir.net}}</ref> _ 1961<ref name=":Ikashmir" /> _ 1971<ref name=":Ikashmir" /> _ [[1981 census of India|1981]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Magray |first=Mohammed Bashir |title="Tribal geography of India - Jammu and Kashmir" |publisher=OBEROI BOOK SERVICE Jammu |year=2003 |pages=58}}</ref> _ [[2001 Indian census|2001]]<ref name=":VikasKumar">{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Vikas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQviEAAAQBAJ |title=Numbers as Political Allies: The Census in Jammu and Kashmir |date=4 January 2024 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=183|isbn=978-1-009-31722-1 |language=en}}</ref> _ [[2011 India census|2011]]<ref name=":VikasKumar" />|align=right}}<br />
<br />
The Gujari speaking population in Jammu and Kashmir was 7,47,850 with an increase of +2.83% according to the [[2001 census of India|2001 Indian census]].<ref name=":VikasKumar" /><br />
<br />
The [[2011 census of India|2011 Indian census]] showed a +4.58% increase in the Gujari speaking population, reaching 1,170,054 in the [[Jammu division|Jammu]] and [[Kashmir division|Kashmir]] region.<ref name=":VikasKumar" /><br />
<br />
====Maharashtra====<br />
In the [[2011 census of India|2011 Indian census]], the Gujari-speaking population in [[Maharashtra]] state was recorded as ''55,735''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=C-16: Population by mother tongue, Maharashtra - 2011 - Census |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212 |website=[[Census of India]], Government of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Himachal Pradesh====<br />
{{Main|Gurjars in Himachal Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
In 1961 census in [[Himachal Pradesh]] Gujari speaking Gurjars were recorded as 4,927.<ref name=":Sharma">{{Cite book |last=Jagdish Chander Sharma |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.language.2227 |title=Gojri Grammar |pages=2 |quote=According to the 1961 census, the languages given as Gujjari and Gujari which are spoken by the Gujjar nomads in Himachal Pradesh (Gujjari 4927), Uttar Pradesh (Gujari 1448) and Madhya Pradesh (Gujari 453) may be the same as Gojri or as dialects of Gojri.}}</ref> In the [[2011 census of India|2011 Indian census]], the Gujari-speaking population was recorded as 14,127, mostly spoken by [[Muslim Gujjars]] in the [[Chamba district|Chamba]], [[Kangra district|Kangra]] and [[Solan district|Solan]] districts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Himachal Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10205/download/13317/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0200.XLSX |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027033558/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0200.XLSX |archive-date=27 October 2019 |access-date= |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Indian Punjab====<br />
In the 2011 Indian census, the Gujari-speaking population in [[Punjab, India]] was recorded as 7,024, spoken by [[Muslim Gujjars]] in the [[Hoshiarpur District|Hoshiarpur]], [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]], [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]] and [[Pathankot]] districts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Punjab - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10219 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Madhya Pradesh====<br />
In [[Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh's]] 1961 census Gujari speaking were recorded as 453.<ref name=":Sharma" /> In the [[2011 census of India|2011 Indian census]], the Gujari-speaking population in [[Madhya Pradesh]] was recorded as 5,977'','' spoken by Hindu Gurjars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Madhya Pradesh - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10211 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Uttarakhand====<br />
{{Main|Gurjars in Uttarakhand}}<br />
<br />
In the 2011 Indian census, the Gujari-speaking population In [[Uttarakhand]] was recorded as 3,822, mostly spoken by [[Muslim Gujjars]] in the [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]] and [[Haridwar district|Haridwar]] districts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Uttarakhand - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10225 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Gujarat====<br />
In the 2011 Indian census, the Gujari-speaking population in [[Gujarat]] was recorded as 3,496 spoken by Hindu Gurjars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Gujarat - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10203 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Uttar Pradesh====<br />
In [[1961 census of India|1961 Indian census]] in Uttar Pradesh Gujari speakers were recorded as 1,448.<ref name=":Sharma" /> In the 2011 census in [[Uttar Pradesh]] Gujari-speaking, Gujars were recorded as ''1,758''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Uttar Pradesh - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10224 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Rajasthan====<br />
In the [[2011 census of India]], the Gujari-speaking population in [[Rajasthan]] was recorded as 308 spoken by Hindu Gurjars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Rajasthan - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10220 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Haryana and Chhattisgarh ====<br />
In the 2011 Indian census, the Gujari-speaking population in [[Haryana]] was recorded as 129.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Haryana - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10204 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> In [[Chhattisgarh]] state their population recorded as only 12 individuals in 2011 census of India.<ref>India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Chhattisgarh - 2011</ref><br />
<br />
===Pakistan===<br />
====Azad Kashmir====<br />
[[File:Distribution of Gujari as a second and third largest mother tongue by district in Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Gujari as a second and third largest mother tongue by district in Pakistan]]<br />
In [[Azad Kashmir]] Gujari speaking Gujjars are estimated to be around 8,00,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Baart |first1=Jaan L.G. |title=Bibliography Of Languages Of Northern Pakistan |last2=Baart-Bremer |first2=Esther L. |publisher=National Institute Of Pakistan Studies, Pakistan |year=2001 |pages=44}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="With Friends Like These...": Human Rights Violations in Azad Kashmir: II. Background |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/pakistan0906/3.htm |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=hrw.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Farooq |date=June 2020 |title=INFLUENCE OF GUJARI ON LEARNING OF ENGLISH LEXEMES: THE SEMANTIC AND CONCEPTUAL PERSPECTIVE |url= |journal=Pakistan Journal of Social Research |publisher=[[Islamabad University]] |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=584 |issn=2710-3129 |quote=More than 800,000 people in [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] speak Gujari, another language of the region. It is nearly identical to Rajasthani, specifically Mewati. Gujari and Punjabi share several traits. Additionally, it is spoken in the Hazara region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and certain northern Gilgit regions.}}</ref> Gujari speakers are found in all [[List of districts in Azad Kashmir|ten districts]] of Azad Kashmir, while non Gujari speaking Gujjars are not included. [[Muzaffarabad District|Muzaffarabad]], [[Kotli District|Kotli]], [[Hattian Bala District|Jhelum]] (Hattian Bala) and [[Haveli District|Haveli]] are major districts where share of Gujari is spoken as mother tongue is 35-30%.<br />
<br />
====Population====<br />
Gujar speaking population share in districts of Azad Kashmir. <br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|+ 2020 census statistics<ref name=":AJK">{{Cite book |last=Government |first=of Azad Kashmir |url=https://www.pndajk.gov.pk/uploadfiles/downloads/Statistical%20Year%20Book%202020.pdf |title=Statistical Year Book 2020 |publisher=AJ&K Bureau Of Statistics |place=Muzaffarabad |page=140 |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! Districts !! Gujari % <br />
|-<br />
| Muzaffarabad || 35%<br />
|-<br />
| Kotli || 35%<br />
|-<br />
| Jehlum || 35%<br />
|- <br />
| Haveli || 30%<br />
|-<br />
| Mirpur || 10%<br />
|-<br />
| Neelum || 10%<br />
|-<br />
| Poonch || 6%<br />
|-<br />
| Bhimber || 5%<br />
|-<br />
| Bagh || 3%<br />
|-<br />
| Sudhanoti || 1 or 2% <br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa====<br />
Gujari is a major language of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa after Pashto, [[Hindko]], and [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]. It is spoken in the northern half of the KPK province. Gujari is mainly spoken in almost all major cities and [[cantonment]] areas of the province.<ref name=":6" /> There is no numbers for Gujari speakers is available in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] as Gujari is not included in any census reports for KPK. There are approximately 2,23,505 Gujari-speaking Gujjars in north western parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.{{efn|These numbers are based on the estimates for [[Chitral District]] (1969), [[Swat Kohistan]] (2025), [[Indus Kohistan]] (now divided into [[Upper Kohistan District]], [[Lower Kohistan District]] & [[Kolai-Palas Kohistan District]]) (1,09,528, 2024), [[Lower Dir District]] (10,500), and for [[Battagram District]] (18%, 60,477).}} As per estimation there were 2,910 in 1969 for [[Chitral District]]<ref name=":Baart">{{Cite book |last1=Joan L. G. |first1=Baart |url=https://www.abebooks.com/Bibliography-Languages-Northern-Pakistan-Baart-Joan/32111498477/bd |title=Bibliography of languages of northern Pakistan |last2=Baart-Bremer |first2=Esther L. |publisher=National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics |year=2001 |volume=NIPS - SIL Working Paper Series |location=Pakistan |pages=44}}</ref> and as per 2025 estimates their population is 40,000 in Swat Kohistan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Torwali |first=Zubair |date=21 February 2025 |title=What is ‘Kohistani’? |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1284909-what-is-kohistani |access-date=23 January 2026 |website=The News International |language=en-US}}</ref> In [[Lower Dir District]] their population is 10,500.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Project |first=Joshua |title=South Asia Peoples |url=https://www.southasiapeoples.org/browse/PK/PK03/PK03033 |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=Southasia Peoples |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Indus Kohistan]] is now divided in three districts: [[Lower Kohistan District]], [[Upper Kohistan District]] & [[Kolai-Palas Kohistan District]] located in the [[Kohistan, Pakistan|Kohistan region]] of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In the 2023 census of Pakistan, the total population of these three districts was 10,43,126. Gujjars made up around 10.5% of the combined population of these three districts (in Indus Kohistan), with a population of 1,09,528.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Amin |first1=Muhammad |last2=Aziz |first2=Muhammad Abdul |last3=Manduzai |first3=Ajmal Khan |last4=Pieroni |first4=Andrea |last5=Alkahtani |first5=Jawaher |last6=AbdelGawwad |first6=Mohamed Ragab |last7=Gafforov |first7=Yusufjon |last8=Nazeer |first8=Abdul |last9=Abbasi |first9=Arshad Mehmood |date=July 2024 |title=Standard medical ethnobotany of Kohistan, North Pakistan |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=5 |doi=10.1186/s13002-024-00704-w |doi-access=free |issn=1746-4269 |pmc=11232275 |pmid=38978072 |quote=The nomadic Gujjars live in the most remote area of each valley on both sides of Kohistan (region). It has been reported that Gujjars came to this region from Mongolia at the time of Mongol incursion on India in the fifteen cen-tury [10]. These tribes speak [[Gujari|Gujjari]], which accounts for 10.5% compared to other Kohistani and Shina lan-guages [7, 8].}}</ref> In [[Battagram District]], Gujari speakers make UP 18% of the population, with 60,477 people.<ref name="KPKGov">{{Cite website |title=Battagaram District |url=https://battagram.kp.gov.pk/page/about_us |work=[[Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] |quote=Battagram District: 80% population speak Pashto,18% Gujri. 2% population speak Hindko and Kohistani.}}</ref> Although they are found throughout northern areas of Pakistan especially in Hazara region.<ref name=":Baart" /><br />
<br />
====Gilgit-Baltistan====<br />
In [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], there are six major languages are spoken by different [[ethnic group]]s, and Gujari is one of them.<ref name=":GB1" /><ref name=":GB2" /><br />
<br />
===Afghanistan===<br />
The population of ''Gujari'' (Gojri) speakers in [[Afghanistan]] is scattered in the eastern parts of Afghanistan and numbers at 18,580 (according to a 2015 estimate).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan |url=https://dbs.org/en/research/countries/AF/ |access-date=11 October 2025 |website=dbs.org |publisher=[[Bible Society]] |language=en |quote=Language: Gujari = 18,580}}</ref><ref>{{e26|gju|Gujari}}</ref> However, other estimates from local tribesmen estimate upwards of 50,000.<br />
<br />
==Writing System==<br />
Gujari can be written using both [[Nastaliq]] and [[Devanagari]] scripts. In India, Devanagari is more common in Indian states like Gujarat, Maharashtra, [[Himachal Pradesh]], Uttar Pradesh, [[Madhya Pradesh]], Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and [[Uttarakhand]], while Nastaliq is used in Kashmir. Over in Pakistan, usually Nastaliq script used by [[Muslim Gurjars|Gujjar people]] in [[Azad Kashmir]], [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], Hazara, and [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
==Typological features==<br />
Gujari shares linguistic similarities with nearby Indo-Aryan languages like Urdu, Hindi, [[Marwari language|Marwari]], Gujarati, Mewati, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Western Pahari|Pahadi]], Haryanvi, and [[Hindko]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Badar |first=Zaman |date=April 2019 |title=''Gojri Language and Its Linguistic Features'' |url= |journal=European Academic Research |publisher=School of Foreign Languages [[Shanghai University]] |volume=VII |issue=1 |pages= |via=}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=70}}<br />
<br />
==Orthodoxy==<br />
Before Islam, it's unclear how Gujari was written down. Around 1900 AD, when [[Gurjar|Gujjar]] tribes migrated to the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] valleys, they started to develop a more regular way of writing Gujari. Muslim, Hindu, and [[Sikh Gurjars|Sikh Gujjars]] played a role, using different scripts. Gojri mixes letters from [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu]], [[Devanagari]], and [[Gurmukhi]]. The alphabet is like Urdu's, but it has its own distinct sounds.<ref name=":3" />{{Reference page|page=70}}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
The sounds in Gujari are much like other [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. There are constants, [[vowel]]s, and special sounds like nassals, voiced and [[Plosive|voiceless stops]], and [[Retroflex consonant]]s.<ref name=":Nabeela" />{{Reference page|page=2}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center<br />
|+Consonants<ref name=":M. S.">{{Cite web |last=Thirumalai |first=M. S. |date=2 April 2002 |title=GOJRI AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH RAJASTHANI, ETC. |url=https://www.languageinindia.com/april2002/jcsharmagojri.html |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=languageinindia.com}}</ref><br />
!colspan=2|<br />
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br />
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br />
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]<br />
![[Post alveolar consonant|Post-alv]]/<br />[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br />
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br />
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" |[[Plosive]]/<br />[[Affricate]]<br />
!<small>[[voiceless]]</small><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|p}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|t}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|ʈ}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|t͡ɕ}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|k}}</span><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
![[Aspirated consonant|<small>aspirated</small>]]<br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|pʰ}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|tʰ}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|t͡ɕʰ}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|kʰ}}</span><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]<br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|b}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|d}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|ɖ}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|d͡ʑ}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|ɡ}}</span><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
![[Breathy voice|<small>breathy</small>]]<br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|bʱ}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|dʱ}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|d͡ʑʱ}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}</span><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
![[Implosive consonant|<small>implosive</small>]]<br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|ɓ}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|ɗ}}</span><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative]]<br />
|<br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|s}}</span><br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|h}}</span><br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|m}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|n}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|ɳ}}</span><br />
|<br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|ŋ}}</span><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Tap and flap consonants|Flap]]<br />
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]<br />
| <br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|ɾ}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|ɽ}}</span><br />
|<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
![[Breathy voice|<small>breathy</small>]]<br />
| <br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|ɾʱ}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|ɽʱ}}</span><br />
|<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]<br />
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]<br />
| <br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|l}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|ɭ}}</span><br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
![[Breathy voice|<small>breathy</small>]]<br />
| <br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|lʱ}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|ɭʱ}}</span><br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Continuant]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|j}}</span><br />
| <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|w}}</span><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
*Gujari exhibits a fossilised system of vowel harmony as other Indo-Aryan languages of the same areas including Dogri, Rajasthani, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], Pahadi, and Kangri.<ref name=":M. S." /><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+Vowels<ref name=":M. S." /><br />
!<br />
![[Front vowel|Front]]<br />
![[Central vowel|Central]]<br />
![[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2"|[[Close vowel|Close]]<br />
|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|i}}</span><br />
|<br />
|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|u}}</span><br />
|-<br />
|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|ɪ}}</span><br />
|<br />
|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|ʊ}}</span><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2"|[[Mid vowel|Mid]]<br />
|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|e}}</span><br />
|rowspan="2"|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|ə}}</span><br />
|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|o}}</span><br />
|-<br />
|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|ɛ}}</span><br />
|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|ɔ}}</span><br />
|-<br />
! [[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
|<br />
|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">{{IPA link|ä}}</span><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*'''Nasalization''': Gujari language has vowel nasalization /~/.<br />
*'''Tones''': Gujari has a high tone/´/.<ref name=":M. S." /><br />
<br />
== Institutions and media ==<br />
[[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]] Kendra run various Gujari programmes. [[Radio Kashmir Jammu]], Srinagar, [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] in India and seven radio stations of Pakistan and [[Pakistan Television Corporation|PTV]] air Gujari programmes and news bulletins accepted across [[Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Books have been published in Gujari, including encyclopedias, poetry, fiction and non-fiction, on topics including dictionaries, grammars, nature, folklore, art and architecture, agriculture, sociology and research.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/give-more-airtime-to-gojri-programmes-urge-gujjars-706541|title = Give more airtime to Gojri programmes, urge Gujjars}}</ref><br />
<br />
The National Academy of Letters, [[Sahitya Akademi]], recognized Gujari as one of the major Indian languages for its National Award, Bhasha Samman, and other programmes. The [[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages|Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Arts, Culture and Languages]] established a Gujari Department in its Central Office in the 1970s and published in Gujari. They organized seminars, conferences, etc. for the development of the Gujari Language. [[Jammu and Kashmir Board of School Education|Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education]] made curriculum in Gujari up to Middle Standard for teaching Gujari in schools. The University of Jammu Council approved the opening of Gojri Research Centre in [[University of Jammu|Jammu University]] and [[University of Kashmir]] that have been awarded doctorate degrees on completing research projects on the language. In [[Pakistan administered Kashmir]], the Gujari Academy has been established and postgraduate studies departments were set up in various universities and regional research centers.<br />
<br />
In some areas of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Kunar Province]] local radio stations air programs in Gujari, [[Nuristani languages|Nuristani]] and other languages.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meyerle |first1=Gerald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wY8632hEg4gC |title=On the Ground in Afghanistan: Counterinsurgency in Practice |last2=Katt |first2=Megan |last3=Gavrilis |first3=Jim |date=2012 |publisher=Government Printing Office |isbn=978-0-16-090258-1 |pages=66 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Resemblance==<br />
Gujari has connections to Urdu and [[Marwari language|Marwari (Rajasthani)]] because they all come from the same Indo-Aryan background. You can see this in how they are written and their vocabulary. Gujari takes words, such as Zubaan (meaning language), from [[Urdu]], like in the phrase 'Gujari Mahri Zubaan'.<ref name=":Zahoor" />{{Reference page|page=111}} It's also similar to other [[Indo-Aryan languages]] like [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], Urdu/Hindi, Pahari, [[Hindko]], and Kangri.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+Words comparison<ref>{{Cite web|title=Language in India|url=https://www.languageinindia.com/april2002/jcsharmagojri.html#:~:text=Grierson%20classifies%20Gojri%20as%20a%20dialect%20of,and%20that%20it%20shows%20resemblance%20to%20Mewari.|access-date=18 October 2025|website=Language in India}}</ref><br />
!English<br />
![[Sanskrit]]<br />
!Gujari<br />
![[Urdu]]|[[Hindi]]<br />
![[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
![[Kangri language|Kangri]]<br />
![[Marwari language|Rajasthani]]<br />
|-<br />
! Work<br />
|Karma<br />
|Kamm<br />
|Kaam<br />
|Kamm<br />
|Kamm<br />
|Kaam<br />
|-<br />
![[Ear]]<br />
|Karna<br />
|Kann<br />
|Kaan<br />
|Kann<br />
|Kann<br />
|Kaan<br />
|-<br />
! [[Forehead]]<br />
|Masta<br />
|Mattho<br />
|Maathaa<br />
|Mathha<br />
|Mattha<br />
|Matho<br />
|-<br />
![[Wiktionary:hot|Hot]]<br />
|Tapta<br />
|Tatto<br />
|Taataa<br />
|Tatta<br />
|Tatta<br />
|TaatoZ<br />
|-<br />
![[Sweet]]<br />
|misTha<br />
|miTTho<br />
|miiThaa<br />
|miTTha<br />
|miTTha<br />
|miiTo<br />
|-<br />
![[Eye]]<br />
|aksi<br />
|akhhā<br />
|ākh<br />
|ãkkh<br />
|akkhã<br />
|ãkhy<br />
|-<br />
![[Seven]]<br />
|Sapta<br />
|satt<br />
|saat<br />
|satt<br />
|satt<br />
|Saat<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+Words comparison<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=8 December 2022 |title=Language of North Pakistan |url=https://ibtnorthpakistan.org/language-of-north-pakistan/ |access-date=18 October 2025 |website=IBT North Pakistan |language=en-US}}</ref> <br />
! English <br />
!Gujari<br />
![[Hindko]]<br />
![[Western Pahari|Pahari]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Father]]<br />
|{{IPA link|baːp}}<br />
|{{IPA link|peː}}<br />
|{{IPA link|peoː}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[Daughter]]<br />
|tiji<br />
|tiji<br />
|ti<br />
|-<br />
! [[Tree]]<br />
|{{IPA link|buːʈoː}}<br />
|{{IPA link|buːʈa}}<br />
|{{IPA link|buːʈa}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[Mountain]]<br />
|{{IPA link|paːɽ}}<br />
|ʈaka<br />
|ʈakiː / ʈaka<br />
|-<br />
! [[Tongue]]<br />
|{{IPA link|dʑiːb}}<br />
|{{IPA link|dʑiːb}}<br />
|{{IPA link|dʑiːw}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[Twenty]]<br />
|{{IPA link|biː}}<br />
|{{IPA link|biːs}}<br />
|{{IPA link|viː}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| {{Table}}<br />
! Gujari !! English !! Urdu<br />
|-<br />
! Kam <br />
| Work<br />
| Kaam<br />
|-<br />
! Acho<br />
| Good<br />
| Acha<br />
|-<br />
! Kuj<br />
| Some<br />
| Kuch<br />
|-<br />
! Kalo<br />
| Black <br />
| Kala<br />
|-<br />
! Hor<br />
| More<br />
| Aur<br />
|-<br />
! Sunn<br />
| Listen<br />
| Sunn<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Proverbs and traditional words==<br />
Gujari language has different proverbs in its various dialects. These proverbs vary in delivery and tone across different regions and dialects. Some proverbs in Maharashtrian Gujari are:<ref name=":Patil">{{Cite journal |last=Patil |first=A. M. |date=2018 |title=Socio-cultural Aspects of Dode Gurjar Community: Chapter (6) |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/350175/15/16_chapter_6.pdf |journal=Journal of Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University |language=English |publisher=[[Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University]] |pages=}}</ref>{{reference page|page=131 - 132}}<br />
===Proverbs===<br />
{| {{Table}}<br />
|-<br />
! Maharashtrian Gujari<ref name=":Patil" />{{reference page|page=131 - 132}} !! English !! Urdu !! Hindi <br />
|-<br />
!'Sangri na Bharse Dangri Mati' and 'Kutai Kutai Mari'<br />
| Company of a bad person is always full of unhappiness<br />
|<br />
بُرے انسان کی صحبت ہمیشہ بے سکونی سے بھری ہوتی ہے۔<br />
|बुरे व्यक्ति का साथ हमेशा परेशानी ही देता है<br />
|-<br />
!'Chandan Layi gadhan and 'Ukhallo purena loyan'<br />
|A person's original nature can never be changed<br />
|انسان کی اصل فطرت کبھی نہیں بدل سکتی۔<br />
|इंसान का असली स्वभाव कभी नहीं बदलता<br />
|-<br />
!Chabharya manusan babrya oth ani bigar icharani sange got<br />
|A person who meddles between unasked<br />
|بلا پوچھے مداخلت کرنے والا شخص<br />
|बिना पूछे टांग अड़ाने वाला इंसान<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Traditional words===<br />
{| {{Table}}<br />
|-<br />
! Maharashtrian Gujari<ref name=":Patil" />{{reference page|page=131 - 132}} !! English !! Urdu !! Hindi<br />
|-<br />
!Maanusnu dagadse bhi kaam padas'<br />
|A man may need anyone or anything like a stone, so we should behave well with all<br />
| <br />
انسان کو کبھی بھی کسی کی ضرورت پڑ سکتی ہے، پتھر جیسی چیز کی بھی، اس لیے ہمیں سب کے ساتھ اچھا سلوک کرنا چاہیے۔<br />
|इंसान को कभी किसी की भी ज़रूरत पड़ सकती है, पत्थर जैसी चीज़ की भी, इसलिए हमें सबके साथ अच्छा व्यवहार करना चाहिए।<br />
|-<br />
!Bolnarana bora ikai jatas, pan na bolnarana Bansi Gahu bhi ikata nahi<br />
|A man must speak when it is necessary, otherwise he may lose<br />
|انسان کو جب ضروری ہو تب ہی بولنا چاہیے، ورنہ وہ نقصان اٹھا سکتا ہے۔<br />
|इंसान को जब ज़रूरी हो तभी बोलना चाहिए, वरना वह नुकसान उठा सकता है।<br />
|-<br />
!Jawani ek laaj, and Awani be laaj<br />
|Any type of bad behavior to anyone is always bad<br />
|<br />
کسی کے ساتھ بھی کسی بھی قسم کا بُرا سلوک ہمیشہ بُرا ہی ہوتا ہے۔<br />
|किसी के साथ भी किसी भी तरह का बुरा व्यवहार हमेशा गलत होता है।<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Gujari calendar==<br />
[[Gurjar]]s split the year into 12 months, months into weeks, and weeks into 7 days. They mostly use the Islamic Hijrari calendar, but for daily many Gurjars in [[northern Pakistan]], [[northern India]], and eastern [[Afghanistan]] still use their own Gujari calendar. The [[Gujari calendar]] comes from the [[Vikram Samvat]] system, and most weekdays keep Gojri names.<ref name=":Gcalendar">Life-style and Ecology by Baidyanath Saraswati (1998) Indira Gandhi Centre for the Arts [and] D.K. Printworld. p.31</ref><br />
{| {{table}}<br />
|-<br />
!Gujari calendar<ref name=":Gcalendar" /> !! Islamic calendar !! Months<br />
|-<br />
!Chaitar <br />
|[[Muharram]]<br />
|March - April <br />
|- <br />
!Baisakh <br />
| [[Safar]]<br />
|April - May<br />
|-<br />
!Jeth <br />
| [[Rabi' al-Awwal]]<br />
|May - June<br />
|-<br />
!Arh <br />
| [[Rabi' al-Thani]]<br />
|June - July <br />
|-<br />
!Sann <br />
| [[Jumada al-Awwal]]<br />
|July - August <br />
|-<br />
!Badho <br />
| [[Jumada al-Thani]]<br />
|August - September <br />
|-<br />
!Asu <br />
| [[Rajab]]<br />
|September - October <br />
|-<br />
!Kaliyaro <br />
| [[Sha'ban]]<br />
|October - November <br />
|-<br />
!Mangeru <br />
| [[Ramadan]]<br />
|November - December <br />
|-<br />
!Pau <br />
| [[Shawwal]]<br />
|December - January <br />
|-<br />
!Mago <br />
| [[Dhu'l-Qa'da]]<br />
|January - February <br />
|-<br />
!Phagunn <br />
| [[Dhu'l-Hijja]]<br />
|February - March<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Phrases==<br />
=== Colors ===<br />
{{gallery items<br />
|{{color sample|w=10|rgb(0,0,255)}}|nīlo / neelo (نیلو) [blue]<br />
|{{color sample|w=10|rgb(255,0,0)}}|Rto /Rato (رتو) [red]<br />
|{{color sample|w=10|rgb(255,227,2)}}|{{nq|{{lang|ur|پیلو}}}} Pīlo /Peelo [yellow]<br />
|{{color sample|w=10|rgb(0,128,0)}}| Selo /Saayu (ساؤو /سیلو) [green]<br />
|{{color sample|w=10|rgb(255,204,153)}}|{{nq|{{lang|ps|گورو/توشو}}}} tosho / goro [purple]<br />
|{{color sample|w=10|rgb(0,0,0)}}|{{nq|{{lang|ur|کالو}}}} kalo [black]<br />
|{{color sample|w=10|rgb(255,255,255)}}|{{nq|{{lang|ur|چیٹو}}}} chīto /cheeto [white]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Sentences===<br />
#Gujari: Ó is Ilākāko mālik tho.<br />
##Translation: He was the owner of this area.<br />
<br />
#Gujari: Rasó sat te Haam charā gi. <br />
##Translation: Throw the rope and we will climb [out]!<br />
<br />
==Sample text==<br />
<div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Gujari ([[Romanization|Romanized]])<br />
| dir="rtl" | Ik aqal mand jaṇo tho. Wóh khāso hī gharīb tho. Qismat ko māreyo wóh mañdē hāl jaṇo qismat azmān wāstē apno shehar chhoṛ kē kisi dūja shehar mā chalē geyo. Jadd us nawāñ shehar kā lokān na usko hāl ahwāl pato laggo tē unhān nê us na kaheyo: Ay mhārā dostā! Tūñ ik kamm kar. Is shehar mā ik baṛo māl tē daulat āḷo bando hai. Wóh baṛo nēk tē khudā tars hai. Pūra shehar mā us ki sakhāwat ko mūch charcho hai. Aiso sakhi ke Hātim Tāī vī us var fakhar karē. Tūñ bila jhijhak te bē-khauf us ke koḷ chalo jā. Teri tang dasti us ki daryā dili nāl dūr ho jē gi." Us gharīb jaṇē nē jadd is amīr kī itnī ta'rīf sunī tē wóh baṛī ummīd te ās lai kē us ke koḷ chaleyo geyo. Par utt jā ke dekhè ke wóh daulat mand bando te baṛo ṭhāṭh bāṭh disan āḷo tē maghrūr jeyo bando hai.<br />
|-<br />
! Gujari ([[Nastaʿlīq]])<br />
| dir="rtl" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|اک عقل مند جنو تھو۔ وہ خاصو ہی غریب تھو۔ قسمت کو ماریو وہ مندے حال جنوں قسمت از مان واسطے اپنو شہر چھوڑ کے کسی دو جا شہر ما چلے گیو ۔ جد اس نواں شہر کا لوکاں نا اسکو حال احوال پتولگو تے اُنہاں نے اُس نا کہیو :اے مھارا دوستا! توں اک کم کر۔ اس شہر مالاک بڑو مال تے دولت آلو بندو ہے۔ وہ بڑونیک تے خدا ترس ہے۔ پورا شہر ما اُس کی سخاوت کو موچھ چرچو ہے۔ ایسوسخی کہ حاتم طائی وی اُس ور فخر کرے۔ توں بلا جھجھک تے بے خوف اُس کے کول چلو جا۔ تیری تنگ دستی اُس کی دریا دلی نال دور ہو جے گی اُس غریب جنا نے جد اس امیر کی اتنی تعریف سنی تے وہ بڑی امید تے آس لے کے اُس کے کول چلیو گیو۔ پر اُت جاکے کے دیکھے کہ وہ دولت مند بندو تے بڑو ٹھاٹھ باٹھ دسن آلو تے مغرور جیو بندو ہے۔}}}}<br />
|-<br />
! Urdu ([[Nastaʿlīq]])<br />
| dir="rtl" | {{lang|ur|{{nq|ایک عقلمند انسان تھا- وہ بوہت ہی غریب تھا- قسمت کا مارا بورے ہال میں وہ قسمت ازمانے کلیئے اپنا شہر چورکے کسی دوسرے شہر چلا گیا ۔ جب نئے شہر کے لوگوں کو اسکا حال احوال پتا لگا تو انہونے اس سے کہا: "اے میرے دوست ایک کام کرو- اس شہر میں ایک بوہت مال و دولت والا آدمی ہے۔ وہ بوہت نیک اور خدا ترس آدمی ہے۔ پو رے شہر میں اسکی سخاوت کے بوہت چرچے ہیں- ایسا سخی کے حاتم طائی بھی اسپے فخر کرے ۔ تم بلا جھجھک بے خوف اس کے پاس چلے جاؤ۔ آپکی تنگدستی اسکی دریا دلی سے دور ہو گی-" اس غریب انسان نے اس امیر آدمی کی اتنی طریف سنی کے وہ بوہت امید اور آس لے کے اس کے پاس چلا گیا- پر اُدھر جاکے دیکھتا ہے کے وو دولت مند آدمی بوہت ٹھا ٹھہ بھاٹھ والا اور مغرور انسان ہے۔}}}}<br />
|-<br />
! English translation <br />
|There was a wise man. He was very poor. Down on his luck, he left his own city and went to another city to try his fortune. When the people of the new city learned about his situation, they told him: "My friend, do this — there is very wealthy man in this city. He is a very kind and God-fearing man. His generosity is famous throughout the city. He is so generous that even [[Hatim al-Tai|Hatim Tai]] would be proud of him. Go to without any hesitation or fear your poverty will be revealed by his generosity." After hearing so much praise for that rich man, the poor man went to him full of hope and expectation. But when he got there, he saw that the wealthy man was very pompous, ostentatious, and arrogant.<br />
|-<br />
! Hindi ([[Devanagari]])<br />
|एक बुद्धिमान इंसान था। वह बहुत ही गरीब था। किस्मत का मारा, बुरे हाल में वह अपनी किस्मत आजमाने के लिए अपना शहर छोड़कर किसी दूसरे शहर चला गया। जब नए शहर के लोगों को उसका हाल-अहवाल पता लगा तो उन्होंने उससे कहा: "ऐ मेरे दोस्त, एक काम करो— इस शहर में एक बहुत माल और दौलत वाला आदमी है। वह बहुत नेक और खुदा-तरस आदमी है। पूरे शहर में उसकी सखावत के बहुत चर्चे हैं। ऐसा सखी कि हातिम ताई भी उस पर फख्र करे। तुम बेझिझक, बेखौफ उसके पास चले जाओ। आपकी तंगदस्ती उसकी दरियादिली से दूर हो जाएगी।" उस गरीब इंसान ने उस अमीर आदमी की इतनी तारीफ सुनी कि वह बहुत उम्मीद और आस लेकर उसके पास चला गया। पर वहाँ जाकर देखता है कि वह दौलतमंद आदमी बहुत ठाठ-बाट वाला और मगरूर इंसान है।<br />
|}<br />
</div><br />
<br />
== Revival ==<br />
In lower or plain areas of Pakistan, Gujjars have a major concentration in districts like Islamabad, Attock, Rawalpindi, Chakwal, Jhelum, Gujrat, Sialkot, Narowal, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Faisalabad, Sheikhupura, Lahore and Layyah. However, due to the revolution of time, the majority of them have forgotten or stopped speaking Gujrai. Gojri Bahali Programme (Gojri Revival Programme) has been launched in these areas to encourage Gujjars to restart speaking Gujari. Though this programme has a particular focus on these areas, it extends to the whole of Pakistan. Under this programme, Gujjars are being persuaded to readopt Gujari as their mother language. They are also being asked to mention it in the mother language column of various forms at educational institutions; when applying for computerised national identity card; and while filling out their particulars when seeking employment. Under this programme, the federal government will be asked to add Gujari in the mother language column of the population census. Similarly, the [[University of Gujrat]] will be asked to set up Gojri Department. The programme is the initiative of Muhammad Afsar Khan, a [[Kunduana]] Gujjar from [[Chak Dina]] village in [[Gujrat District]]. [[Kunduana]]s are a branch of [[Khatana]] Gujjars and trace their descent from [[Kandu]], a famous [[Gujjar]] who lived during the reign of Mughal King [[Akbar]] or immediately before him in [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]] district. His grave survives to date in Makiana village in Gujrat tehsil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/gojri-the-language-that-s-spoken-but-rarely-read/story-Y6Ci7JnfCHqfvKGbbyy33H.html|title = Gojri: The language that's spoken but rarely read| work=Hindustan Times |date = 21 July 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 25 December 2022, a group of Gujjars in the [[Lower Dir District]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] requested Gujari be taught in schools. [[Sardar Shajehan Yousef]] gave the keynote speech at this event. It was organized by [[Tehreek Haquq-i-Gujjar Pakistan]]. Other figures, including Haji Zarin Khan, Bakht Zada Gujjar, and Imran Yousaf Gujjar, spoke at the meeting. Attendees came from [[Punjab]] and [[Azad Kashmir]]. The speakers shared stories of the Gujjars' bravery throughout history, including their fight against the British during the 1857 independence movement.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=25 December 2022 |title=Call for including Gujri language in school syllabus |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1728159 |access-date=24 October 2025 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Government of Azad Kashmir]], the [[University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir]], and the [[Allama Iqbal Open University]] have begun studies on how to protect and keep the Gujari language of Azad Kashmir alive.<ref name="AJK2023">{{cite web |title=Institute of Languages established at AJK University |url=https://ajku.edu.pk/institutes/institute-of-languages |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Bibliography ==<br />
=== Dictionaries ===<br />
* ''Gojri Dictionary'' (six volumes)<br />
* ''Concise Gojri Dictionary''<br />
* ''Hindi- Gojri Dictionary''<br />
* ''Folk-Lore Dictionary'' (two volumes)<br />
* ''Hindi- Gojri Dictionary''<br />
* ''Gojri English Dictionary''<br />
<br />
=== Books ===<br />
* ''Gojri Lok Geet'' (2018)<br />
* ''Gujjar Tribe of Jammu and Kashmir'' (2015)<br />
* ''The Gujjars'' vol 1 to 6 (2013–16)<br />
* ''Qadeem Gojri Lughat'' (2013)<br />
* ''The Gujjar Tribe of J&K'' (2012)<br />
* ''Gojri Grammer'' (2012)<br />
* ''Tagore di Chunam Shairi'' (2011)<br />
* ''Jammu Kashmir de Qabaila-te-uhna diya boliyaa'' (2010)<br />
* ''Gujjar Tarekh'' (2009)<br />
* ''Anjum Shanasi Biography'' (2007)<br />
* ''Sajra Phull (Hakeem)'' (2007)<br />
* ''Peehng (Mukhlis)'' (2007)<br />
* ''Gujjar Shanakhat Ka Safar'' (in Urdu, 2005)<br />
* ''Akhan Gojri Quotations'' (2004)<br />
* ''Gojri Kahawat Kosh Gojri Quotations'' (2004)<br />
* ''Gujjar ate Gojri'' (2004)<br />
* ''Encyclopedia of Himalayan Gujjars'' (encyclopaedia in multiple volumes, 2000)<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2021 |title=Life Story: Javaid Rahi, cultural activist, writer – The Dispatch |work=The Dispatch |url=https://www.thedispatch.in/life-story-javaid-rahi-cultural-activist-writer/ |access-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401154250/https://www.thedispatch.in/life-story-javaid-rahi-cultural-activist-writer/ |archive-date=1 April 2021 }}</ref><br />
* ''Gojri Books''<br />
* ''Sajar Boot'' (book series)<br />
* {{lang|gju|Gujari: Gwjry Syrt Alnby Ṣly Allh ʿlyh Wslm(lškār Mḥmd) Mṣnf Mfty Mḥmd Adrys Wly Hswāl Gwjr}}<br />
* ''The Gujjars Tribe of Jammu and Kashmir''<ref name="auto">{{cite web |last1=Excelsior |first1=Daily |date=18 October 2020 |title=Of a Gujjar Scholar and Social activist |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/of-a-gujjar-scholar-and-social-activist/ |website=[[Daily Excelsior]]}}</ref><br />
* ''Lok-Virso'' (1999)<br />
<br />
=== Journals ===<br />
* ''Sheeraza Gojri-Bi-Monthly''<ref>{{cite web|title=Gojri Books of Javaid Rahi published by Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages|url=https://viaf.org/viaf/58386804/|publisher= viaf.org }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Why I Gurjar Desh Charitable Trust Jammu -Gojri Books by Dr Javaid Rahi |url=http://www.gurjardesh.org/publications_list.htm|publisher= viaf.org }}</ref><br />
* ''Maharo Adab Gojri''<br />
* ''Shingran Ka Geet''<br />
* ''Gojri Ka Lal''<br />
* ''Qadawar''<br />
* ''Paneeri''<br />
* ''Gojri Look Geet''<br />
* ''Gojri Look Kahani''<br />
* ''Gujjar Aur Gojri''<br />
* ''Gojri Zaban-o-Adab''<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
*2012: Javaid Rahi, ''The Gujjar Tribe of Jammu & Kashmir'' -Gulshan Books, Srinagar J&K 190001, 305 pp. {{ISBN|81-8339-103-6}}.<br />
* {{cite thesis |title=An ethnolinguistic study of gojri speakers of Jammu and Kashmir |last=Bashir |first=Syed Iram |publisher=[[University of Mysore]] |date=2016 |hdl=10603/147974 |type=PhD |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/147974}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Gurjar Apabhraṃśa]]<br />
*[[Old Western Rājasthāni]]<br />
*[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br />
*[[Rajasthani languages]]<br />
*[[Gurjari (raga)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Incubator|code= gju}}<br />
* Dr. R.P. Khatana. ''[http://www.koshur.org/Linguistic/5.html Gujari Language and Identity in Jammu and Kashmir]''.<br />
* [https://www.jkbose.nic.in/PageDoc/637333975270231122Gojri-1.pdf Gojri Language Textbook for Class1]<br />
* [https://www.jkbose.nic.in/PageDoc/637333946528222452Gojri-2.pdf Gojri Language Textbook for Class2]<br />
* [https://www.jkbose.nic.in/PageDoc/637334784238357417Gojri-3.pdf Gojri Language Textbook for Class3]<br />
* [https://www.jkbose.nic.in/PageDoc/637334837039483025Gojri-4.pdf Gojri Language Textbook for Class4]<br />
* [https://www.jkbose.nic.in/PageDoc/637336578466398130Gojri-5th.pdf Gojri Language Textbook for Class5]<br />
* [https://www.jkbose.nic.in/PageDoc/637336640602743687Gojri%206th.pdf Gojri Language Textbook for Class6]<br />
* [https://www.jkbose.nic.in/PageDoc/637338176208804159Gojri-8th.pdf Gojri Language Textbook for Class8]<br />
<br />
{{Rajasthani languages}}<br />
{{Western Indo-Aryan languages}}<br />
{{Languages of Jammu and Kashmir}}<br />
{{Languages of Pakistan}}<br />
{{Languages of India}}<br />
{{Languages of Afghanistan}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Rajasthani languages]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of India]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Azad Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Punjab, Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Gurjar]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Tonal languages in non-tonal families]]<br />
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sangeetha_Sreenivasan&diff=532605Sangeetha Sreenivasan2026-04-29T04:37:36Z<p>Assameseboy: started initial post more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian writer and translator}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Sangeetha Sreenivasan<br />
| image =<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|7|19}}<br />
| birth_place = Mulankunnathukavu, [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]]<br />
| death_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = Short story writer, novelist<br />
| movement = <br />
| notableworks = {{ubl|''[[Acid (novel)|Acid]]''| ''Salabham Pookkal Aeroplane''}}<br />
| spouse = P. K. Sreenivasan<br />
| children = 1<br />
| parents = [[Sarah Joseph (author)]]<br> Kottakkal Joseph<br />
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation]]<br />
| influences = <br />
| signature = <br />
}}<br />
{{Indian name|Sangeetha|Sreenivasan}}<br />
'''Sangeetha Sreenivasan''' is a novelist, children's writer, translator, and teacher from [[Kerala]], India. She writes in Malayalam and English and also translates into both languages. In 2020, she received [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation]] for ''Upekshikkappetta Dinangal'', the Malayalam translation of the novel ''[[The Days of Abandonment]]'' by Italian author [[Elena Ferrante]]. She is the daughter of writer activist [[Sarah Joseph (author)|Sarah Joseph]].<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Sangeetha was born on July 19, 1975, in Mulankunnathkavu in Thrissur district of Kerala to writer [[Sarah Joseph (author)|Sarah Joseph]] and the public activist Kottakkal Joseph.<ref>{{cite web |title=എഴുത്തുകാര് ആക്രമിക്കപ്പെടുന്നു ; നാം ജീവിക്കുന്നത് ഭീതി ഒരു അനുഭവമായി നിലനില്ക്കുന്ന കാലത്ത് : സാറാ ജോസഫ് |url=https://azhimukham.com/archive/krithi-internationalbook-fair-keralas-renaissance-did-not/cid3364250.htm |website=azhimukham.com |language=ml |date=15 February 2019 |access-date=21 February 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163345/https://azhimukham.com/archive/krithi-internationalbook-fair-keralas-renaissance-did-not/cid3364250.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is known in various fields of literature like novel, children's literature, translation and also is a guitarist and teacher.<ref>{{cite news |title=സംഗീത ശ്രീനിവാസന് |url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/sangeetha-sreenivasan-mbifl-2019-eb6f6ca9 |work=Mathrubhumi |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> She who holds a master's degree in English Literature from Kerala Verma College, Thrissur works as a teacher in the Kerala Government Higher Secondary Department.<br />
<br />
===Personal life===<br />
Sangeetha and her husband architect P. K. Sreenivasan have one daughter, Medha Sreenivasan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sreenivasan |first1=Sangeetha |title=Budhini (Acknowledgement) |date=12 April 2021 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-90914-33-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4QmEAAAQBAJ&dq=sangeetha+sreenivasan+PK+Sreenivasan&pg=PT269 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Literary career==<br />
Sangeetha first started writing in English.<ref name="vanitha"/> In 2004, one of her story was published in ''Indian Literature'' magazine.<ref name="vanitha"/> Her first short story collection in English, ''Penguins Who Lost the March'' was published by Yathi books.<ref name="vanitha"/> She later wrote two children's books, ''Vellimeenchattam'' and ''Kallithallakal Vs Sinkakkuttikal''. ''Aparakanthi'' is Sangeetha's first novel.<ref name="vanitha"/> She later translated her second novel ''Acid'' in Malayalam, to English.<ref name="vanitha"/> She says she wants to write about women's lives without a barrier and about women's sexuality.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> She says that her mother's influence on her writing and life is immense.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/><br />
<br />
==Receptions==<br />
[[Methil Radhakrishnan]] has dedicated his book ''Methil Kavithakal'' to Sangeetha and wrote "to my best friend who wrote the book ''Penguin Who Lost the March''" in the introduction.<ref name="vanitha">{{cite web |title='പെട്ടെന്ന് സമൂഹത്തിൽ ഒരു അനീതി കണ്ടു; ഉടൻ അതെടുത്ത് നോവലാക്കണം, കഥയാക്കണം എന്നൊന്നും എനിക്കു തോന്നാറില്ല'; സംഗീത ശ്രീനിവാസൻ {{!}} sangeetha sreenivasan lit interview special |url=https://www.vanitha.in/specials/pen-drive/sangeetha-sreenivasan-lit-interview-special.html |website=vanitha.in |publisher=[[Vanitha]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Actor and director [[Madhupal]] decided to make her novel ''Aparakanthi'' into a film and Sangeetha wrote the script as per his request but due to some circumstances the film was later cancelled.<ref name="ManoramaOnline">{{cite news |title=അപരകാന്തി സിനിമയാക്കണമെന്ന് ആവശ്യപ്പെട്ടു, ചെയ്തു, പക്ഷേ... |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/interviews/sangeetha-sreenivasan-author-of-aparakanthi.html |work=ManoramaOnline}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Novel ''Acid''===<br />
Sangeetha's most critically acclaimed novel is ''Acid'', originally written in Malayalam and later translated to English. Sonali Majumdar from [[Hindustan Times]] wrote ''Acid'' as a tempestuous and turbulent trip, which is hallucinogenic, haywire, and is filled with a melancholia that is hard to shake off.<ref name="HT">{{cite news |last1=Majumdar |first1=Sonali |title=Review: Acid by Sangeetha Sreenivasan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-acid-by-sangeetha-sreenivasan/story-ovCsG0rPAYLMRDRG90Uc0J.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=19 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Writer [[K. R. Meera]] in a review published in [[The Hindu]], wrote that the book is likely a first book to go deep into unapologetic handling of same-sex affinity between two women.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Meera |first1=K. R |title='Acid' by Sangeetha Sreenivasan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/acid-they-dont-feel-guilty-about-pursuing-happiness/article24943984.ece |work=The Hindu |date=14 September 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref> In a review published in [[The Telegraph India]], S. D. Chaudary states that, as the possessor of a loneliness unique to each character, the novel does not deny the complexities of life that the characters go through.<ref name="Telegraph"/> She also wrote that the image used to describe the emptiness of the characters is strong.<ref name="Telegraph"/> Apoorva Sripathi of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' describes ''Acid'' as a hallucinatory novel that overturns traditional ideas of family and motherhood.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sripathi |first1=Apoorva |title='Acid': A hallucinatory novel that overturns traditional ideas of family and motherhood |url=https://scroll.in/article/893397/acid-a-hallucinatory-novel-that-overturns-traditional-ideas-of-family-and-motherhood |website=Scroll.in|date=8 September 2018 }}</ref> Rahul Radhakrishnan from Indian express writes that, in ''Acid'', Sangeetha combines the life of insecure characters with Middle-class urban life, nuclear family unrest, marital discomfort, variations of sexuality, the intensity of intoxication, the new generation of definitions of human relationships, and above all, the colors, rhythms, and stumbles of a metropolis that never sets at night.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Rahul |title=മലയാളിയുടെ ആസ്വാദനശീലങ്ങളിൽ ഒരു ആസിഡ് പരീക്ഷണം |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/literature/new-novel-by-sangeetha-sreenivasan-is-an-acid-test-over-the-malayalee-appreciation-praxis-rahul-radhakrishnan/ |work=Indian Express Malayalam |agency=[[The Indian Express]] |language=ml}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
===Novels===<br />
*{{cite book |title=Shalabham, Pookkal, Aeroplane |date=October 2018 |publisher=[[DC Books]] |location=Kottayam, Kerala State, India |isbn=9789352824380 |language=Malayalam}}<br />
*{{cite book |title=Acid |date=June 2016 |publisher=DC books |location=Kottayam, Kerala State, India |isbn=9788126467136 |language=Malayalam}}<br />
*{{cite book |title=Aparakanti |date=July 2014 |publisher=DC books |location=Kottayam, Kerala State, India |isbn=978-8126442478 |edition=3rd |language=Malayalam}}<br />
<br />
===Translations===<br />
*{{cite book |title=Upekshikkappetta Divasangal |date=2017 |publisher=Megha Books |isbn=978-9384665180 |language=Malayalam}}. Translation of [[Elena Ferrante]]'s ''Days of Abandonment''<br />
*{{cite book |title=Acid |date=2018 |publisher=Penguin Hamish Hamilton |location=Gurgaon, Haryana, India |isbn=978-0670090914 |language=English}}. Translation of her own Malayalam novel ''Acid''.<br />
*{{cite book |title=Budhini |date=2021 |publisher=Penguin Hamish Hamilton |location=Gurgaon, Haryana, India |isbn=978-0670093830 |language=English}}. Translation of Sarah Josep's Malayalam novel ''Budhini''.<br />
*Her translation of one of [[George Simenon]]'s [[Jules Maigret|Maigret]] novels is about to publish by [[Mathrubhumi Books]].<ref name="Jaipur">{{Cite web|date=2013-09-17|title=Sangeetha Sreenivasan - Words are Bridges|url=https://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/wab-speaker/sangeetha-sreenivasan|access-date=2022-02-21|website=jaipurliteraturefestival.org|language=en}}</ref><br />
*She is currently translating [[Chris Kraus (American writer)|Chris Kraus]]'s cult feminist classic ''[[I Love Dick]]''.<ref name="Jaipur" /><br />
<br />
===Short story collection===<br />
*{{cite book |title=Kallithallakal Vs Sinkakkuttikal |date=2014 |publisher=Current Books |location=Thrissur |isbn=9788122611045 |language=Malayalam}} Children's literature<br />
*{{cite book |title=Vellimeenchattam |date=1 January 2010 |publisher=DC books |isbn=978-8126432264 |language=Malayalam}} Children's literature.<br />
*{{cite book |title=Penguins Who Lost the March |publisher=Yathi books |date=2005 |language=English}}<ref name="mag">{{cite web |title=Sangeetha Sreenivasan |url=https://www.platform-mag.com/literature/sangeetha-sreenivasan.html |website=www.platform-mag.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards and honors==<br />
* Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation 2020 for ''Upekshikkappetta Dinangal'', the Malayalam translation of the novel ''The Days of Abandonment'' by Italian author Elena Ferrante<ref>{{cite news |title=സേതുവിനും പെരുമ്പടവം ശ്രീധരനും സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി ഫെലോഷിപ്പ് |url=https://www.malayalamnewsdaily.com/node/501541/kerala/sahitya-acadamy |work=Malayalam News |date=17 August 2021}}</ref><br />
*Thoppil Ravi award 2017 for ''Acid''(Malayalam)<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news |last1=Chaudary |first1=S. D. |title=Sangeetha Sreenivasan's novel Acid is a trip |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/her-own-person/cid/1670374 |work=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><br />
*Malayattoor Award 2015 for ''Aparakanthi''<ref>{{cite news |title=Malayattoor Award |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2015/feb/07/malayattoor-award-714397.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
*Nooranad Haneef Novel Award<ref>{{cite news |last1=Daily |first1=Keralakaumudi |title=നൂറനാട് ഹനീഫ് നോവൽ പുരസ്കാര സമർപ്പണം നാളെ |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=614477&u=local-news |work=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sangeetha, Sreenivasan}}<br />
[[Category:1975 births]]<br />
[[Category:English-language writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Malayali people]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur district]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhagamandala_Nad_Assembly_constituency&diff=490646Bhagamandala Nad Assembly constituency2026-04-26T15:29:09Z<p>Assameseboy: pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Defunct constituency of the Mysore Legislative Assembly}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Bhagamandala Nad<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image =<br />
| state = [[Mysore State]] ''([[Coorg State]] till 31 October 1956)''<br />
| electorate = <br />
| established = 1951<br />
| abolished = 1957<br />
| reservation = None<br />
}}<br />
'''Bhagamandala Nad Assembly constituency''' was a constituency of the [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]] (part of [[Coorg Legislative Assembly]] till 31 October 1956). Lone election to this Constituency was conducted in [[1952 Coorg State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] to the legislature of the [[Coorg State|Coorg State (Kodagu)]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=India Votes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Q5q4MedrFIC|year=1968|page=355}}</ref> The constituency included [[Bhagamandala]]. This seat was included to [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]] in 1956 during the [[States Reorganisation Act|reorganisation of the Indian States]] based along linguistic lines, the state of [[Coorg State|Coorg (Kodagu)]] was merged with [[Mysore State]].<ref>{{cite news |date=1 October 2005 |title=SRC submits report |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301045415/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |archive-date=1 March 2006 |access-date=9 October 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai}}</ref> The economy of the area was dominated by export of [[honey]] and [[cardamom]].<ref name="General1965">{{cite book|author=India. Office of the Registrar General|title=Census of India, 1961|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAodAQAAMAAJ|year=1965|publisher=Manager of Publications|page=30}}</ref> The constituency was abolished in 1956 (on paper) and remained operation till 1957.<br />
<br />
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1952 Coorg Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name="CoorgECI1951"></ref><br />
|[[Konana Deviah]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=5 align=center|1957 onwards: ''Seat does not exist. See [[Madikeri Assembly constituency|Madikeri]]''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===1952===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1952 Coorg Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhagamandala Nad<ref name="CoorgECI1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4106-coorg-1951/ | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Coorg (Kodagu)| publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=2020-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022013656/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_COORG.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2013}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Konana Deviah]]<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2347}}<br />
|percentage = 58.62<br />
|change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Pattamada Ponnappa<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1384}}<br />
|percentage = 34.57<br />
|change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Jayaram Singh<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|votes = 273<br />
|percentage = 6.82<br />
|change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4004}}<br />
|percentage = 80.50<br />
|change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:4974}}<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box new seat win<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
With an electoral participation of 80.5% Bhagamandala Nad had one of the highest voter turnouts in the 1952 assembly elections in India.<ref>{{cite book|title=The March of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8PcV5CvDU8C|year=1957|page=10}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}<br />
<br />
{{coords|12.387|75.529|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Coorg]]<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hubaida&diff=484429Abu Hubaida2026-04-24T12:09:10Z<p>Assameseboy: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian para badminton player (born 1994)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox badminton player<br />
| name = Abu Hubaida<br />
| image = Abu awarded by Yogiji.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Abu Hubaida (Left) with Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Shri [[Yogi Adityanath]] (right)<br />
| nickname = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| country = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|07|10|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| residence = <br />
| height = 5 ft 4 in<br />
| weight = <br />
| years_active = 2016-present<br />
| retired = <br />
| handedness = <br />
| coach = [[Gaurav Khanna (badminton)|Gaurav Khanna]]<br />
| event = Men's singles WH2<br/>Men's doubles WH1–WH2<br/>Mixed doubles WH1–WH2<br />
| career_record = <br />
| titles = <br />
| played = <br />
| highest_ranking = 13 (MS 26 April 2022)<br/>3 (MD with [[Prem Kumar Ale]] 24 May 2022)<br/>11 (XD with [[Shaimaa Samy Abdellatif]] 4 July 2022)<br />
| highest_ranking_date = <br />
| current_ranking = 13 (MS)<br/>09 (MD with Prem Ale Kumar)<br />
| current_ranking_date = 3 September 2024<br />
| medals = <br />
| updated = <br />
| module =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Abu Hubaida''' (born 10 July 1994)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bwfpara.tournamentsoftware.com/player-profile/543d2884-ac46-4175-ad1a-56d44e384c33/biography |title=BWF Para-Badminton |website=bwfpara.tournamentsoftware.com}}</ref> is an Indian professional [[para badminton]] player. He made his international debut in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bwfpara.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/player.aspx?id=C88ED65D-5F60-4652-B853-C72E8CE34C0F&player=66 |title=BWF Para-Badminton - Asian Para-Badminton Championships 2016 - Players - Abu Hubaida |website=bwfpara.tournamentsoftware.com}}</ref> He won his 1st international title for his country when he won a gold & a bronze medal in Uganda Para-Badminton International in 2017.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://bwfpara.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/winners.aspx?id=58EB12CC-845E-40B5-85AD-AD5C6F2E2295 |title=BWF Para-Badminton - Uganda Para-Badminton International 2017 - Winners |website=bwfpara.tournamentsoftware.com}}</ref> He became national champion of men's singles in 2018 by beating former national champion [[Sanjeev Kumar (para-badminton)|Sanjeev Kumar]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/winners.aspx?id=1B62A7A5-0DD0-40F4-B34B-51EC9878C891 |title=Victor 2nd National Para Badminton Championships 2018. Winners |website=tournamentsoftware.com |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportsavour.com/national-para-badminton-championships-para-shuttlers-lit-up-sunbeam-school-at-varanasi/ |title=National Para Badminton Championships- para shuttlers lit up Sunbeam School at Varanasi |date=27 March 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
He is the national champion in men's doubles with his doubles partner [[Prem Kumar Ale]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/winners.aspx?id=1ADD4ABB-3988-4BB9-A857-89AF8C0358F9 |title=Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Memorial 3rd National Para Badminton Championships-2019. Winners |website=tournamentsoftware.com |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> He and his partner are also ranked 6th in men's doubles and he is ranked 16th in men's singles on the [[Badminton World Federation]] Para-Badminton World Ranking.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bwfpara.tournamentsoftware.com/ranking/player.aspx?id=29382&player=3520154 |title=BWF Para-Badminton - BWF Para Badminton World Rankings}}</ref><br />
<br />
He received LAXMAN AWARD, which is the highest sport honor of [[Uttar Pradesh]] from Chief Minister Shri [[Yogi Adityanath]] on 24 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://react.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttar-pradesh/state/lucknow/lucknow-stars-become-entitled-to-state-highest-sports-honor/up20210124225132543 |title=राज्य के सर्वोच्च खेल सम्मान के हकदार बने लखनऊ के सितारे}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
[[File:Abu Lakshman award.jpg|thumb|Abu Hubaida (Left) Receiving Laxman Award from Uttar Pradesh CM Shri [[Yogi Adityanath]] (Right)]]<br />
* Abu Hubaida was awarded with the Laxman Award (highest Sport Honor of uttar Pradesh Government) on 24 January 2021 from Uttar Pradesh Honorable Chief Minister Shri [[Yogi Adityanath]]. <br />
* Abu Hubaida was awarded with the Lokmat Samman on 10 June 2017 from Uttar Pradesh Honorable Chief Minister Shri [[Yogi Adityanath]].<br />
* Abu Hubaida was honored as the outstanding Divyang player on 3 December 2016 by the Divyangjan Empowerment Uttar Pradesh.<br />
<br />
== Achievements ==<br />
<br />
=== BWF Para Badminton World Circuit (1 title, 2 runners-up) ===<br />
The BWF Para Badminton World Circuit – Grade 2, Level 1, 2 and 3 tournaments has been sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation from 2022.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 May 2022 |title=Para Badminton Tournament Structure Bids for Tournaments 2022 Onwards |language=en |website=[[Badminton World Federation]] |url=https://corporate.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2021/06/03/para-badminton-tournament-structure-bids-for-tournaments-2022-onwards}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 July 2022 |title=BWF Para Tournamentsoftware |language=en |website=[[Badminton World Federation]] |url=https://bwfpara.tournamentsoftware.com/}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Men's singles WH2''<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Tournament<br />
! Level<br />
! Opponent<br />
! Score<br />
! Result<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 2024<br />
| align="left" | Egypt Para Badminton International<br />
| align="left" | Level 2<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Siddana Sahukar]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–17, 17–21, 15–21<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Men's doubles WH1–WH2''<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Tournament<br />
! Level<br />
!Partner<br />
! Opponent<br />
! Score<br />
! Result<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 2024<br />
| align="left" | Egypt Para Badminton International<br />
| align="left" | Level 2<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prem Kumar Ale]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Ignacio Fernández (para-badminton)|Ignacio Fernández]]<br /> {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Francisco Motero]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–15, 21–18<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|}<br />
''Men's doubles WH1–WH2''<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Tournament<br />
! Level<br />
!Partner<br />
! Opponent<br />
! Score<br />
! Result<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 2023<br />
| align="left" | Brazil Para Badminton International<br />
| align="left" | Level 2<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prem Kumar Ale]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Daiki Kajiwara]]<br /> {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroshi Murayama]]<br />
| align="left" | 3–21, 17–21<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br />
|}<br />
''Mixed doubles WH1–WH2''<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Tournament<br />
! Level<br />
!Partner<br />
! Opponent<br />
! Score<br />
! Result<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" align="center" | 2022{{Efn|This tournament uses a round robin system.}}<br />
| rowspan="3" align="left" | 4 Nations Para Badminton International<br />
| rowspan="3" align="left" | Level 1<br />
| rowspan="3" |{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Heidi Manninen]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Ignacio Fernández (para-badminton)|Ignacio Fernández]]<br/>{{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Henriett Koósz]]<br />
| align="left" | 13–21, 18–21<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Francisco Motero]]<br />{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Marilou Maurel]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–9, 24–22<br />
|-<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Mikhail Bilenki]]<br />{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Yuka Chokyu]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–11, 21–10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== International tournaments (from 2011–2021) (2 titles, 5 runners-up) ===<br />
''Men's singles WH2''<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Tournament<br />
! Opponent<br />
! Score<br />
! Result<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 2021<br />
| align="left" | Uganda Para Badminton International<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanjeev Kumar (para-badminton)|Sanjeev Kumar]]<br />
| align="left" | 14–21, 21–18, 22–20<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|}<br />
''Men's doubles WH1–WH2''<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Tournament<br />
!Partner<br />
! Opponent<br />
! Score<br />
! Result<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 2021<br />
| align="left" | Dubai Para Badminton International<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prem Kumar Ale]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Thomas Jakobs]]<br/>{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[David Toupé]]<br />
| align="left" | 13–21, 13–21<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 2021<br />
| align="left" | Uganda Para Badminton International<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Prem Kumar Ale<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|GER}} [[Rick Hellmann]]<br/>{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Thomas Wandschneider]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–23, 19–21<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br />
|}<br />
''Mixed doubles WH1–WH2''<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Tournament<br />
!Partner<br />
! Opponent<br />
! Score<br />
! Result<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 2018<br />
| align="left" | Dubai Para Badminton International<br />
|{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Cynthia Mathez]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Roberto Galdos]]<br />{{Flagicon|TUR}} [[Emine Seçkin]]<br />
| align="left" | 8–21, 22–20, 14–21<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 2019<br />
| align="left" | Thailand Para Badminton International<br />
|{{flagicon|SUI}} Cynthia Mathez<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Amir Levi]]<br />{{Flagicon|ISR}} [[Nina Gorodetzky]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–18, 13–21, 14–21<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 2020<br />
| align="left" | Peru Para Badminton International<br />
|{{flagicon|SUI}} Cynthia Mathez<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prem Kumar Ale]]<br />{{Flagicon|RUS}} [[Tatiana Gureeva]]<br />
| align="left" | 9–21, 12–21<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 2021<br />
| align="left" | Uganda Para Badminton International<br />
|{{flagicon|EGY}} [[Shaimaa Samy Abdellatif]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shashank Kumar]]<br />{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Ammu Mohan]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–13, 21–13<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{BWFB|P80028}}<br />
* {{BWFPara|543d2884-ac46-4175-ad1a-56d44e384c33}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hubaida, Abu}}<br />
[[Category:1994 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male para-badminton players]]<br />
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_high_commissioners_of_India_to_Pakistan&diff=512988List of high commissioners of India to Pakistan2026-04-24T00:16:56Z<p>Assameseboy: Made post.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Infobox Political post<br />
|post = High Commissioner<br />
|body = India to Pakistan<br />
|nativename =<br />
|insignia = <br />
|insigniasize = 250px<br />
|insigniacaption =<br />
|department =<br />
|image = <br />
|imagesize = 250px<br />
|alt = <br />
|incumbent = Ms Geetika srivastava<br/> ''(Deputy High Commissioner)''<br />
|incumbentsince = <br />
| acting = Yes<br />
|style = <br />
|residence = [[Sectors of Islamabad|G-5]] [[Diplomatic Enclave, Islamabad]]<br />
|nominator = [[President of India]]<br />
|appointer = [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]<br />
|termlength = Not fixed<br />
|inaugural = <br />
|formation = 1947<br />
|first = [[Sri Prakasa]]<br />
|last = <br />
|abolished =<br />
|succession = <br />
|deputy = <br />
|salary = <br />
|website = [https://india.org.pk/ High Commission of India, Islamabad]<br />
}}<br />
The following people have served as high commissioners or ambassadors from India to Pakistan. Pakistan vacated its membership in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] from January 1972 until August 1989. From 1999 until 2004, and during 2007–2008, Pakistan was suspended from the Commonwealth of Nations.<br />
<br />
After the [[Abrogation of Article 370]] in August 2019, Pakistan downgraded diplomatic ties with India, [[Pakistan's response to the revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|suspending the then-Indian High Commissioner]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Article 370 revoked: Pakistan expels Indian envoy, suspends bilateral trade |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/pak-to-downgrade-diplomatic-ties-with-india-suspend-bilateral-trade-119080701537_1.html |access-date=6 September 2023 |work=Business Standard |date=7 August 2019}}</ref> Since then, the mission is being headed by the [[Charge d'Affaires]].<br />
<br />
In August 2023, a 2005-batch IFS officer, Geetika Srivastava was appointed ''Charge d'Affaires'', becoming the first woman to head the Indian mission in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Geetika Srivastava to be first woman chargé d’affaires in Indian mission in Pak |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/geetika-srivastava-to-become-first-woman-diplomat-as-charg-d-affaires-in-indian-high-commission-in-islamabad-101693231033818.html |access-date=6 September 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==List of high commissioners to Pakistan==<br />
<br />
===High commissioners of India to the Dominion of Pakistan (1947–1956)===<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 400px;" | Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Entered office<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office<br />
|- <br />
|-<br />
|[[Sri Prakasa]]<br />
| 1947<br />
| 1949<br />
|-<br />
| Sita Ram<br />
| 1949<br />
| 1951<br />
|-<br />
| Mohan Singh Mehta<br />
| 1952<br />
| 1955<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chandulal Chunilal Desai]]<br />
| 1955<br />
| 1956<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===High commissioners of India to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (1956–1971)===<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 400px;" | Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Entered office<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office<br />
|- <br />
|-<br />
| Chandulal Chunilal Desai<br />
| 1956<br />
| 1958<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rajeshwar Dayal]]<br />
| 1958 <br />
| 1962<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gopalaswami Parthasarathy (diplomat)|G Parthasarathi]]<br />
| 1962<br />
| 1965<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kewal Singh]]<br />
| 1965<br />
| 1966 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Samar Sen (diplomat)|Samar Sen]]<br />
| 1968<br />
| 1969<br />
|-<br />
| B. K. Acharya<br />
| 1969<br />
| 1971<br />
|-<br />
| Jai Kumar Atal<br />
| October 1971<br />
| December 1971<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
(''Suspension of diplomatic relations following the [[1971 Indo-Pakistani War]]'')<br />
<br />
===Ambassadors of India to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (1976–1989)===<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 400px;" | Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Entered office<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office<br />
|- <br />
|-<br />
| [[Katyayani Shankar Bajpai]]<br />
| 1976<br />
| 1980 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Natwar Singh]]<br />
| 1980<br />
| 1982 <br />
|-<br />
| [[K. D. Sharma]]<br />
| 1982<br />
| 1985<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shilendra Kumar Singh|S. K. Singh]]<br />
| 1985<br />
| 1989<br />
|-<br />
| [[J N Dixit|J. N. Dixit]]<br />
| April 1989<br />
| August 1989<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===High commissioners of India to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (1989–1999)===<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 400px;" | Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Entered office<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office<br />
|- <br />
|-<br />
| J. N. Dixit<br />
| August 1989 <br />
| November 1991<br />
|-<br />
| Satinder Kumar Lambah <br />
| January 1992 <br />
| July 1995<br />
|-<br />
| [[Satish Chandra (diplomat)|Satish Chandra]]<br />
| August 1995<br />
| December 1998<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gopalaswami Parthasarathy]]<br />
| February 1999<br />
| October 1999<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Ambassadors of India to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (1999–2004)===<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 400px;" | Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Entered office<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office<br />
|- <br />
| [[Gopalaswami Parthasarathy]]<br />
| October 1999<br />
| May 2000<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vijay K. Nambiar]]<br />
| August 2000 <br />
| December 2001<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3; align=center|'''''Suspension of diplomatic relations until 2003'''''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shivshankar Menon]]<br />
| July 2003 <br />
| May 2004<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===High commissioners of India to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (2004–2007)===<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 400px;" | Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Entered office<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office<br />
|- <br />
| Shivshankar Menon<br />
| May 2004<br />
| September 2006<br />
|-<br />
| [[Satyabrata Pal]]<br />
| September 2006<br />
| November 2007<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Ambassadors of India to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (2007–2008)===<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 400px;" | Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Entered office<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office<br />
|- <br />
| Satyabrata Pal<br />
| November 2007<br />
| May 2008<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===High commissioners of India to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (2008–present)===<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 400px;" | Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Entered office<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office<br />
|- <br />
| Satyabrata Pal<br />
| May 2008<br />
| February 2009<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sharat Sabharwal]] <br />
| April 2009<br />
| June 2013<br />
|-<br />
| [[TCA Raghavan]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/gautam-bambawale-replaces-tca-raghavan-to-be-next-envoy-to-pakistan-2557610.html | title=Gautam Bambawale replaces TCA Raghavan, to be next envoy to Pakistan | work=firstpost.com | date=23 December 2015 | accessdate=10 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1018033/outgoing-indian-envoy-tca-raghavan-visits-pm-nawaz/ | title=Outgoing Indian envoy TCA Raghavan visits PM Nawaz | work=tribune.com.pk | date=29 December 2015 | accessdate=10 June 2016}}</ref><br />
| July 2013<br />
| December 2015<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gautam Bambawale]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/gautam-bambawale-appointed-as-high-commissioner-to-pakistan-115092400412_1.html | title=Gautam Bambawale appointed as high commissioner to Pakistan | work=business-standard.com | date=24 September 2015 | accessdate=10 June 2016}}</ref><br />
| December 2015<br />
| September 2017<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ajay Bisaria]]<br />
| September 2017<br />
| August 2019<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan expels Indian envoy Ajay Bisaria |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pakistan-expels-indian-envoy-ajay-bisaria/articleshow/70577351.cms?from=mdr |access-date=1 May 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| colspan=3|'''After the [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]] in August 2019, Pakistan downgraded diplomatic ties with India. Since then, the diplomatic mission is being headed by the [[Charge d'Affaires]].'''<br />
|-<br />
|Gaurav Ahluwalia ([[Charge d'Affaires]])<br />
|?<br />
|2020<br />
|-<br />
| M. Suresh Kumar ([[Charge d'Affaires]])<br />
| 2020<br />
| ''2023''<ref>{{cite news |title=2006 batch IFS officer Suresh Kumar appointed as India's Charge d'Affaires to Pakistan |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/2006-batch-ifs-officer-suresh-kumar-appointed-as-indias-charge-daffaires-to-pakistan/565749/ |access-date=1 May 2022 |work=ThePrint |date=12 December 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Geetika Srivastava ([[Charge d'Affaires]])<br />
| since 2023<br />
| ''Incumbent''<ref>{{cite news |title=Geetika Srivastava is first woman charge d’affaires at Indian mission in Pak |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/geetika-srivastava-is-first-woman-charge-d-affaires-in-indian-mission-in-pak-report-11693235019556.html |access-date=6 September 2023 |work=mint |date=28 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.india.org.pk/pages.php?id=15 Ambassadors to Pakistan]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Ambassadors of India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors of India|Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Pakistan| ]]<br />
[[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistan and the Commonwealth of Nations]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors to Pakistan|India]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010%E2%80%9311_Karnataka_State_Film_Awards&diff=4823192010–11 Karnataka State Film Awards2026-04-23T16:08:08Z<p>Assameseboy: adding...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Annual Indian film awards ceremony}}<br />
{{one source|date=January 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox award<br />
|name = 2010–11 Karnataka State Film Awards<br />
|awarded_for =<br />
|presenter = [[Jagadish Shettar]]<br>([[Chief Minister of Karnataka]])<br />
|host = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|location =[[Dharwad]]<br />
|country = India<br />
|most_wins = ''Ondooralli'' (5)<br />
|previous = [[2009–10 Karnataka State Film Awards|2009–10]]<br />
|main = [[Karnataka State Film Awards|Karnataka Film Awards]]<br />
|next = [[2011 Karnataka State Film Awards|2011]]<br />
}}<br />
The '''2010–11 Karnataka State Film Awards''', presented by the [[Government of Karnataka]], recognised the best [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada-language films]] released in the year 2010.<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-10-25 |title=Kannada State Film Awards list 2010-11 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Kannada-State-Film-Awards-list-2010-11/articleshow/24708518.cms |access-date=2013-01-17 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The selection committee was headed by retired filmmaker [[S. K. Bhagavan]].<ref>{{cite web |date=26 October 2013 |title='Maagiya Kala' is best film; Ramya, Puneeth best actors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/maagiya-kala-is-best-film-ramya-puneeth-best-actors/article5274153.ece |access-date=5 April 2017 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/oct/26/state-film-awards-announced-puneeth-ramya-bag-top-honours-530366.html|title=State film awards announced, Puneeth, Ramya bag top honours|website=newindianexpress.com|access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Lifetime achievement award==<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Name of Award<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awardee(s)<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awarded As<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|{{*}}'''[[Dr. Rajkumar Award]]'''<br/>{{*}}'''[[Puttanna Kanagal Award]]'''<br/>{{*}}'''[[Dr. Vishnuvardhan Award]]'''<br />
|{{*}}[[Shivaram|S. Shivaram]]<br/>{{*}}[[H. R. Bhargava]]<br/>{{*}}[[M. H. Ambareesh]]<br />
|{{*}}Supporting Actor, Producer, Director<br/>{{*}}Director<br/>{{*}}Actor<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Jury ==<br />
<br />
A committee headed by '''[[S. K. Bhagavan]]''' was appointed to evaluate the feature films awards.<br />
<br />
== Film awards ==<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Name of Award<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Film<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Producer<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Director<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film|First Best Film]]'''<br />
|''Maagiya Kaala''<br />
|Bhagya Moodnakoodu Chinnaswamy<br />
|K. Shivarudraiah<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]]'''<br />
|''[[Thamassu]]''<br />
|[[Syed Aman Bachchan]], M. S. Ravindra<br />
|[[Agni Shridhar]]<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film|Third Best Film]]'''<br />
|''Manasa''<br />
|Anitha Rani<br />
|[[Kodlu Ramakrishna]]<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Social film|Best Film Of Social Concern]]'''<br />
|''[[Byari (film)|Byari]]''<br />
|T. M. Altaf Hussain<br />
|[[Suveeran]]<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Children film|Best Children Film]]'''<br />
|''Ondooralli''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Regional film|Best Regional Film]]'''<br />
|''Naa Puttna Mann''<br/>([[Kodava language]])<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Other awards ==<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Name of Award<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Film<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awardee(s)<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Director|Best Direction]]'''<br />
|''Maagiya Kaala''<br />
|K. Shivarudraiah<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]'''<br />
|''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]''<br />
|[[Puneeth Rajkumar]]<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]'''<br />
|''[[Sanju Weds Geetha]]''<br />
|[[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]'''<br />
|''Hejjegalu''<br />
|[[Achyuth Kumar]]<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]'''<br />
|''[[Thamassu]]''<br />
|[[Harshika Poonacha]]<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Actor (Male)|Best Child Actor]]'''<br />
|''Ondooralli''<br />
|Chenna Kumar<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Actor (Female)|Best Child Actress]]'''<br />
|''Hejjegalu''<br />
|Prakruthi<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Direction]]'''<br />
|''Ondooralli''<br />
|Jayashree Aravind<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]'''<br />
|''[[Puttakkana Highway]]''<br/>("Banda Daari")<br />
|Ravindra Soragavi<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]'''<br />
|''Ondooralli''<br/>("Hadedaru Devaki")<br />
|Sriraksha Priyaram<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematography]]'''<br />
|''Ondooralli''<br />
|B. L. Babu<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editing]]'''<br />
|''[[Aidondla Aidu]]''<br />
|[[Suresh Urs]]<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyrics]]'''<br />
|''[[Kalgejje]]''<br/>("Ee Panchamavedada Naadadali")<br />
|A. Bangaru<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Sound Recording|Best Sound Recording]]'''<br />
|''[[Kalgejje]]''<br />
|Palani D. Senapathi<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]'''<br />
|''[[Sanju Weds Geetha]]''<br />
|Ismail<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story Writer]]'''<br />
|''Maagiya Kaala''<br />
|Eshwar Chandra<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]'''<br />
|''[[Thamassu]]''<br />
|[[Agni Shridhar]]<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue Writer]]'''<br />
|''Bhagavathi Kaadu''<br />
|Lakshmipathi Kolar<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist (Male)|Best Dubbing Artist (Male)]]'''<br />
|''[[Veerabahu]]''<br />
|Sringeri Ramanna<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist (Female)|Best Dubbing Artist (Female)]]'''<br />
|''[[Murali Meets Meera]]''<br />
|[[Anushree (Kannada actress)|Anushree]]<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|'''[[Karnataka State Jury's Special Award|Jury's Special Award]]'''<br />
|''[[Super (2010 Indian film)|Super]]''<br>(For Technical Innovation)<br />
|<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Karnataka State Film Awards}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:2010-11 Karnataka State Film Awards}}<br />
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Awards]]<br />
[[Category:2011 in Indian cinema]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarwar_Hussain&diff=533328Sarwar Hussain2026-04-23T09:02:23Z<p>Assameseboy: started basic post w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{for|the Bangladesh Army general|Sarwar Hossain}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Sarwar Hussain<br />
| image = Sarwar Hussain.jpg<br />
| office = Minister of State for [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Food and Civil Supplies]]<br />
| term_start = 21 November 1990<br />
| term_end = 20 February 1991<br />
| prime_minister = [[Chandra Shekhar]]<br />
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
| term_start1 = 1989<br />
| term_end1 = 1991<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Surendra Pal Singh (politician)|Surendra Pal Singh]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Chhatrapal Singh Lodha]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency|Bulandshahr]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|04|15|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Khurja]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br />
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]<br />
| other_party = [[Janata Dal]]<br />[[Janata Party]]<br />
| spouse = Sajeda Hussain<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sarwar Hussain''' (born 15 April 1949) is an Indian politician. He was a member of [[9th Lok Sabha]] from [[Bulandshahr (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bulandshahr]] constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarwar Hussain, 9th Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3404.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103205121/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3404.htm|archive-date=3 January 2022|website=Lok Sabha}}</ref> He served as Union Minister of State in [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Ministry of Food and Civil Supplies]] in [[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar]] cabinet from November 1990 to February 1991.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=21 November 1990|title=No.55/1/1/90-Cab|url=https://cabsec.nic.in/writereaddata/changeinportfolio/english/1_Upload_1574.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925191206/https://cabsec.nic.in/writereaddata/changeinportfolio/english/1_Upload_1574.pdf|archive-date=2021-09-25|website=Cabinet Secretriat (Government of India)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=21 February 1991|title=No. 55/1/1/91-Cab, Change In Portfolios (1991)|url=https://cabsec.nic.in/writereaddata/changeinportfolio/english/1_Upload_1538.pdf|website=Cabinet Secretariat}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 1990, he was one of the 64 MPs who left [[Janata Dal]] and formed [[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar]] government.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 January 1991|title=Decision of the Speaker under Tenth Schedule of the Constitution Disqualification of Members on Ground of Defection|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/810959?view_type=browse|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113093106/https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/810959?view_type=browse|archive-date=13 January 2022|website=Lok Sabha Digital Library}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussain, Sarwar}}<br />
[[Category:1949 births]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]<br />
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Samajwadi Janata Party politicians]]<br />
<br />
{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kariyattil_Yawsep&diff=508585Kariyattil Yawsep2026-04-20T03:13:38Z<p>Assameseboy: made new details.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Catholic archbishop (1742–1786)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}{{More footnotes needed|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{family name hatnote|Kariyattil|lang=Malayali}}{{Infobox Christian leader<br />
| name = Yawsep Kariattil<br />
| image = Mar Yawsep Kariattil.jpg<br />
| honorific-prefix = [[Mar (title)|Mar]]<br />
| title = [[Metropolitan Archbishop]] of Kodungallūr<br />
| caption = Metropolitan and Gate of All India Mar Joseph Kariyatti<br />
| church = [[Pazhayakoottukar|Chaldean Syrian Catholics]]<br />
| ended = 10 September 1786<br />
| predecessor = [[Parambil Mar Chandy]] as the head of the Syro-Malabar Church<br />
| successor = *[[Abraham Paulose Pandari]] as the Chaldean Archbishop of Cranganore<br />
** [[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar|Thoma Paremmakkal]] (''Gubernator'' of the Archdiocese of Cranganore)<br />
* [[Augustine Kandathil]] as the Metropolitan head of the Syro-Malabar Church<br />
| birth_name = Yawsep<br />
| birth_date = 5 May 1742<br />
| birth_place = Alangad (Kerala, India)<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1786|9|10|1742|5|5|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Goa]]<br />
| buried = St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Church, [[Alangad]]<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| signature = <br />
| parents = Pailey and Mariam<br />
| native_name = Kuriap<br />
| type = [[Metropolitan Archbishop]]<br />
| archdiocese = Kodungallūr<br />
| native_name_lang = Malayalam<br />
| education = Doctorates in Philosophy, Theology and Canon Law.<br />
| consecration = 17 February 1783<br />
| alma_mater = Pontifical Urban University, Rome<br />
| ordination = 25 March 1766<br />
| appointed = 16 December 1782<br />
| other_post = Apostolic Missionary from Urban university Rome<br />
| rank = Metropolitan Archbishop<br />
| previous_post = East Syriac Aramaic Malpan of Alangad Malpanate.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kariyattil Mar Yawsep''', variantly spelled as '''Joseph Kariattil''', '''José Cariatti''', '''Ousep Kariatti''', (5 May 1742 – 10 September 1786) was the first native Indian to be appointed as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cranganore|Metropolitan of Kodungalloor]] (Cranganore) for [[Pazhayakoottukar|Chaldean Syrian Catholics]] in the territory now comprising [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://syromalabarcatechetics.org/ebook/Liturgical_Panchangam2013(Malayalam).pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=10 November 2014 |archive-date=10 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110132048/http://syromalabarcatechetics.org/ebook/Liturgical_Panchangam2013(Malayalam).pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
{{Nasrani People}}<br />
Yawsep was born on 5 May 1742 to the Kariattil house, in [[Alangad]], Kerala. He began his religious education at the local seminary in Alangad before being sent to the [[Pontifical Urban University]], in [[Rome]] in 1755. At the age of 13, he pursued advanced studies in [[philosophy]], [[theology]], and [[canon law]]. He was ordained a priest in Rome and earned doctoral degrees in these disciplines, becoming one of the first Indian nationals to achieve this distinction in the 18th century.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/prelates_archdiocese.php |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-04-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412072157/http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/prelates_archdiocese.php |archivedate=12 April 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Vocation ==<br />
<br />
=== Return to India ===<br />
Fr. Kariattil returned to India in 1766, where he was appointed as a Malpan (religious instructor) at the Alangad Seminary. He was known for his efforts to reconcile the divisions within the [[Saint Thomas Christians|Saint Thomas Christian]] community, which had split following the [[Coonan Cross Oath]]. Working closely with prominent lay leader [[Thachil Matthoo Tharakan|Thachil Mathu Tharakan]], Kariattil supported the efforts of Francis De Sales, the Apostolic Vicar of [[Varappuzha|Varapuzha]], to settle in Alangad Church in 1776.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}<br />
<br />
=== Efforts Toward Unification ===<br />
In 1777, Fr. Kariattil traveled to [[St. Mary's Church, Niranam|St. Mary's Church]], [[Niranam]] to meet with [[Mar Thoma VI]], the leader of the [[Malankara Church|Puthenkoor]] (Jacobite) faction, to discuss potential reunification with the Pazhankoor (Catholic) faction. His mission for unity was not fully embraced by all, as the [[Padroado]] missionaries opposed the reunification of the Nasranis (Saint Thomas Christians), and Propaganda missionaries did not actively promote it either.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}<br />
<br />
==== Journey to Rome ====<br />
In 1778, Kariattil embarked on a significant journey to Rome with [[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar]] to present the issue of unification to church authorities. During this journey, he also met Queen [[Maria I of Portugal]], the royal patron of the Padroado. Impressed by his humility, intellect, and religious dedication, the Queen appointed Kariattil as the Archbishop of Kodungalloor (Cranganore) on 16 July 1782, in [[Lisbon]]. He was consecrated as the Archbishop on 17 February 1783, at the São Bento Monastery Church in Lisbon.<br />
<br />
Pope Pius VI later confirmed his appointment, making Mar Yawsep Kariattil the first native Indian Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Kodungalloor. He also received the [[pallium]], a symbol of his office as Metropolitan Archbishop, from the Pope on 17 March 1783. Kariattil was given full authority to pursue the unification of the Saint Thomas Christians, including the Puthenkoor faction led by Mar Thoma VI.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
[[File:Alangad Syro-Malabar Church.jpg|thumb|right|250px|St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Church, Alangad houses the tomb of Kariatil Mar Ouseph]]<br />
Mar Yawsep Kariattil died on 10 September 1786, in [[Goa]] while en route back to India. His initial burial took place in Goa, but in 1961, his remains were transferred to St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Church in Alangad.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Writings ==<br />
Kariattil authored two notable works: ''Vedatharkkam'' (Dialectics on Theology) in 1768 and ''Noticias do Reino do Malabar'' in 1780. Additionally, he issued an official letter as Archbishop on July 16, 1783.<ref>[http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/kariattil.html Mar Joseph Kariattil] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706221035/http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/kariattil.html |date=6 July 2010 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]<br />
* [[List of Syro-Malabar Catholics]]<br />
* [[Timeline of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]<br />
* [[Christianity in India]]<br />
* [[Saint Thomas Christians]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Sources ===<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100706221035/http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/kariattil.html Mar Joseph Kariattil]<br />
* St Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India – Edited by George Menachery, Vol.2 (1973).<br />
* History of Christianity in India – Mundadan, A. Mathias (1984).<br />
* Indian Church History Classics, Vol 1, Ed. George Menachery: The Nazranies (1998).<br />
* Vathamaanappusthakam, Thomas Paremakkal (Malayalam) Various Editions. Eng. Tr. by Placid Podipara, Rome.<br />
*Sanghasmrithi(Vol II). Nazrani Pazhama(Part-1). Author: Dr Ignatious Payyapilly (2019).<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{Christianity in Kerala}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kariattil, Mar Joseph}}<br />
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic Archbishops of Ernakulam-Angamaly]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in India]]<br />
[[Category:People from Aluva]]<br />
[[Category:Christian clergy from Ernakulam district]]<br />
[[Category:1786 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:1742 births]]<br />
[[Category:Syro-Malabar archbishops]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century Indian scholars]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wadala_Assembly_constituency&diff=545415Wadala Assembly constituency2026-04-19T19:37:27Z<p>Assameseboy: started the info w/ sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Wadala<br />
| constituency_no = 180<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| state = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| map_image = 180-Wadala.svg<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai South Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South Central]]<br />
| district = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]<br />
| established = 2008<br />
| reservation = None <br />
| mla = [[Kalidas Kolambkar]] <br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| incumbent_image =<br />
| alliance = <br />
| electors = 205,429<br />
}}<br />
'''Wadala Assembly constituency''' is one of the ten constituencies of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] located in [[Mumbai City district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
It is a part of [[Mumbai South Central Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other assembly constituencies, viz [[Dharavi Assembly constituency|Dharavi]], [[Sion Koliwada Assembly constituency|Sion Koliwada]], [[Mahim Assembly constituency|Mahim]], from Mumbai City district and [[Chembur Assembly constituency|Chembur]] and [[Anushakti Nagar Assembly constituency|Anushakti Nagar]] from [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4"|{{center|''1951-2008: Constituency did not exist''}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br />
| rowspan="4" | [[Kalidas Kolambkar]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===Assembly Election 2024=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wadala<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 – Wadala">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 – Wadala |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13180.htm |access-date=30 December 2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230145444/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13180.htm |archive-date=30 December 2024}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kalidas Kolambkar|Kalidas Nilkanth Kolambkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 66,800 |percentage = 56.59% |change={{increase}}2.88 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shraddha Jadhav]] |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 41,827 |percentage = 35.43% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Snehal Sudhir Jadhav |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 6,972 |percentage = 5.91% |change={{decrease}}9.10 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,708 |percentage = 1.45% |change={{decrease}}1.82 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manoj Mohan Gaikwad |party=Republican Sena |votes = 1,407 |percentage = 1.19% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,973 |percentage = 21.15% |change= {{decrease}}8.17 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 119,756 |percentage = 58.30% |change= {{increase}}4.97 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 118,048}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 205,429|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.81 }} <br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.88 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 2019=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wadala<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kalidas Kolambkar|Kalidas Nilkanth Kolambkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 56,485 |percentage = 53.71% |change={{increase}}22.06 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivkumar Uday Lad |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,640 |percentage = 24.38% |change={{decrease}}7.94 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anand Mohan Prabhu |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 15,779 |percentage = 15.00% |change={{increase}}9.79 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Laxman Kashinath Pawar |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,544 |percentage = 6.22% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,432 |percentage = 3.26% |change={{increase}}1.90 }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,845 |percentage = 29.33% |change= {{increase}}28.66 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 108,664 |percentage = 53.33% |change= {{decrease}}7.22 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,168}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 203,776|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.47 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}21.39 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 2014=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wadala<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kalidas Kolambkar|Kalidas Nilkanth Kolambkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 38,540 |percentage = 32.32% |change={{decrease}}17.38 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Mihir Kotecha]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 37,740 |percentage = 31.65% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Doke Hemant Umaji |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 32,080 |percentage = 26.90% |change={{increase}}3.95 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anand Prabhu |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 6,223 |percentage = 5.22% |change={{decrease}}16.18 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,624 |percentage = 1.36% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Appa Alias Pramod Shivaji Patil |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 1,496 |percentage = 1.25% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Gajanan Tambe |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,159 |percentage = 0.97% |change={{decrease}}0.24 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manoj Mohan Gaikwad |party=Republican Sena |votes = 865 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 800 |percentage = 0.67% |change= {{decrease}}26.08 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 120,911 |percentage = 61.39% |change= {{increase}}14.28 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 119,254}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 196,951|ref = |change= {{decrease}}18.83 }} <br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}17.38 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 2009=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wadala<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kalidas Kolambkar|Kalidas Nilkanth Kolambkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 55,795 |percentage = 49.70% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Digambar Dattaram Kandarkar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 25,765 |percentage = 22.95% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pramod Shivaji Patil |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 24,022 |percentage = 21.40% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sachinbhai Dayanand Mohite |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 3,272 |percentage = 2.91% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kale Silvin Yohan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,362 |percentage = 1.21% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,030 |percentage = 26.75% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 112,272 |percentage = 46.27% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 112,270}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 242,626|ref = |change= }} <br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
[[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br />
{{coord|19.014|72.858|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vishwanath_Lawande&diff=544976Vishwanath Lawande2026-04-16T09:03:20Z<p>Assameseboy: started new entry added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter and lawyer (1923–1998)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Vishwanath Lawande<br />
| image = Vishwanath Lawande.jpg<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = Portrait of Vishwanath Lawande<br />
| birth_name = Vishwanath Narayan Lawande<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1923|4|20|df=y}}<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1998|9|15|1923|4|20|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Goa Velha]], [[Tiswadi taluka]], [[Portuguese Goa]]<br />
| death_place = [[Goa Medical College]], [[Goa]], India<br />
| other_names = <br />
| spouse = Pramila Lawande<br />
| children = 1<br />
| occupation = Lawyer<br />
| years_active = <br />
| known_for = [[Liberation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| party = [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]<br />
| other_party = [[Azad Gomantak Dal]]<br />
| office = 3rd [[Administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]<br />
| term_start = 2 August 1954<br />
| term_end = 15 August 1954<br />
| predecessor = Jayantibhai Desai<br />
| successor = Atmaram "Appasaheb" Narsinh Karmalkar <br />
}}<br />
'''Vishwanath Lawande''' (20 April 1923 – 15 September 1998) was an Indian freedom fighter and lawyer. He was a founder member of the [[Azad Gomantak Dal]] and played an important role in the [[Liberation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]. He was fondly referred to as Kaka.<ref name="RaikarNTEnduring23">{{Cite web |last=Pai Raikar |first=Pradeep |date=2023-09-18 |title=Vishwanath Lawande, celebrating the enduring legacy |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/09/19/goanews/vishwanath-lawande-celebrating-the-enduring-legacy/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=The Navhind Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Vishwanath Narayan Lawande<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revolution Day: Remembering Vishwanath Lawande |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/revolution-day-remembering-vishwanath-lawande/114783.html |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=The Goan EveryDay}}</ref> was born on 20 April 1923 at [[Goa Velha]], [[Tiswadi taluka]], to Narayan Pandurang Lawande. He had completed his BSc and LLB degrees.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86">{{Cite book |last=Shirodkar |first=Pandurang Purushottam |author-link=Pandurang Purushottam Shirodkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISScyAEACAAJ |title=Who's Who of Freedom Fighters, Goa, Daman, and Diu |date=1986 |publisher=Goa Gazetteer Department, Government of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman, and Diu |volume=1 |pages=196–197}}</ref> He pursued his BSc in [[Kolhapur]]. While here, he interacted with [[Achyut Patwardhan]] and [[Mohan Ranade]]. He also met [[Ram Manohar Lohia]], who greatly influenced him. In 1946, he joined the [[Banaras Hindu University]] to pursue chemical engineering. However, he left to participate in the [[Goa liberation movement]].<ref name="RaikarNTEnduring23" /><br />
<br />
== Role in freedom movement ==<br />
While studying at [[Kolhapur]], Lawande was part of the Kolhapur Students' Union and was detained in police custody for 20 days for participating in the Quit India Movement. He organised the Rashtra Seva Dal in Kolhapur and even led it as its head for a few months. After the colleges were closed, he returned to Goa and organised the Seva Dal in Margao in November 1942. He and [[Narayan Palekar]] then formed a small group in [[Goa Velha]] that sang patriotic songs and ''powadas''.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /><br />
<br />
On 18 June 1946, now celebrated as [[Goa Revolution Day]], he was one of many arrested and detained in [[Panaji]] police station for eight days. Later that year, on 18 November, he was arrested along with Narayan Palekar for organising a propaganda meeting at Maine, Goa Velha. He was then detained at Panaji for 45 days, after which he was clean shaven and freed. Later, on 18 December, he was beaten badly while offering ''[[satyagraha]]'' at Aldona, along with Suryakant Naik. They were both detained at Mapusa for 3 months, beaten badly for a week and then had their heads shaven clean, after which they were released on 23 April 1947.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /><br />
<br />
Lawande was an active member of the National Congress (Goa). However, he had ideological differences with its peaceful methods and then founded and led the [[Azad Gomantak Dal]] (AGD), with the intention of fighting for Goa's freedom through terrorist activities.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /><br />
<br />
In July 1947, accompanied by other AGD members [[Dattatraya Deshpande]] and [[Prabhakar Sinari]], Lawande attempted to [[arson]] the ''Fazenda'' (Treasury) at Mapusa. On 1 December 1947, he along with a few others attacked the Bank Manager, intercepting his bus on the route between Mapusa and Panjim and stole {{INRConvert|6000|lk=on|year=1947}} from him. While his associates were arrested, he went underground. He was tried in absentia in May 1929 and sentenced to 28 years of deportation, coupled with one year of imprisonment, failing which a fine of 10 [[Escudo]]s per day would be imposed on him.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /><br />
<br />
In 1950, he was elected as the General Secretary of the National Congress (Goa). He then attempted to organise it between 1951 and 1954 in Bombay, Aronda, Banda and Belgaum, publishing and secretly sending nationalist literature to Goa. He then set up a centre-cum-camp of the AGD at Vazrem, training volunteers present there in [[guerilla tactics]].<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /><br />
<br />
On 29 July 1954, Lawande and 25 armed associates of his from the AGD marched towards [[Silvassa]]. On 1 August, with the help of reinforcements of 100 volunteers arriving from [[Poona]] and Bombay, they captured Silvassa. Within the next 10 days, they liberated the entirety of [[Nagar Haveli]]. He remained back there as Commando Administrator till 15 August 1954.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /><br />
<br />
In June 1957, Lawande was part of a delegation of 11 Goans chosen for consultation by then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Others included [[Armando Menezes]] and his brother [[Nicolau Menezes]], along with Luis Gracias, [[J. N. Heredia]], [[Evágrio Jorge]], [[Gerald Pereira]], [[Rama Hegde]], [[Pundalik Gaitonde]], [[Peter Alvares]] and [[Purushottam Kakodkar]].<ref>{{Cite news |work=[[Times of India]] |location=Delhi |title=Goan Nationals Allowed To Send Money Home |date=1957-06-11 |url=https://archive.org/details/goan-nationals-allowed-to-send-money-home |access-date=2024-09-11}}</ref><ref name="FaleiroGoa1961">{{Cite book |last=Faleiro |first=Valmiki |author-link=Valmiki Faleiro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYLyEAAAQBAJ |title=Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration |date=2023-07-24 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-175-7 |pages=81 |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 1960,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martins |first=Levinson J. |date=2010-08-11 |title=A nationalist & a gentleman |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/11_aug/9 |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=[[oHeraldo]] |language=en |archive-date=13 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413082114/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/11_aug/9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lawande was part of a delegation that met with then [[Home Minister of India]] [[Pandit Pant]] in [[New Delhi]], urging the Indian government to take action for the freedom of Goa. Others in the delegation were Eclito D’Souza, [[Irene Heredia]], [[George Vaz]], [[Lambert Mascarenhas]], [[Aruna Asaf Ali]] and [[Bertha Braganza]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-31 |title=Freedom fighter Dr Eclito passes away |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/na/freedom-fighter-dr-eclito-passes-away/38650 |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Between 1954 and 1961, he enrolled 400 AGD workers. Together, they conducted armed raids at Ravan military centre and at police stations in Honda, Keri, Chandel, [[Aldona]], Betim, Kodal and Hankhon. They bombed mines at Pirla, Shirgaon, Sonshi and Pali, along with the Calem bridge and Caranzol railway station. They also ambushed patrol jeeps, resulting in a situation of terror. Lawande set up 13 centres of the AGD along the border of [[Portuguese Goa]], along with a clandestine radio centre, the Azad Goa Radio. Till the Liberation of Goa, he organised meetings and protest marches in Belgaum and Bombay.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /><br />
<br />
== Post-Liberation of Goa ==<br />
After the [[Liberation of Goa]], Lawande contested elections in the [[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[St. Andre Assembly constituency]], representing the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (MGP) as its chief ministerial candidate. He was defeated by [[Teotonio Pereira]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Keshav |last=Naik |date=2013-12-19 |title='We achieved identity by winning the Opinion Poll' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/we-achieved-identity-by-winning-the-opinion-poll/articleshow/27610722.cms |access-date=2024-09-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
Lawande then contested elections from the [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency]] as an independent candidate in the 1967 elections to the [[Lok Sabha]] but did not win.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prabhudesai |first=Sandesh |author-link=Sandesh Prabhudesai |title=Double Engine: History of Goa Lok Sabha Elections |date=March 2024 |publisher=goanews.com |isbn=9-789358-985627 |pages=17, 19}}</ref><br />
<br />
Lawande later practiced law<ref name="SakhardandeNT13">{{Cite web |last=Sakhardande |first=Prajal |date=2013-09-15 |title=Lawande and the Azad Gomantak Dal |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2013/09/15/magazines/panorama/panorama-lawande-and-azad-gomantak-dal/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=The Navhind Times }}</ref> and organised protests of drivers, workers, farmers and teachers. He was a member of the first Consultative Committee of the [[Lieutenant Governor of Goa, Daman and Diu]].<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /> He founded the Navjivan Society of Freedom Fighters and advocated for the freedom fighter memorials at [[Patradevi]] and [[Azad Maidan (monument)|Azad Maidan]], Panaji.<ref name="RaikarNTEnduring23" /> In the late 1990s, he launched a protest across Goa against the government's decision to celebrate the 400th year of the [[Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India|arrival]] of [[Vasco da Gama]] to India, which led to the celebration being cancelled.<ref name="PDRediff98">{{Cite web |date=16 Sep 1998 |first=Sandesh |last=Prabhudesai |author-link=Sandesh Prabhudesai |title=Lawande passes away |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1998/sep/16goa.htm |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Lawande wrote books in Marathi, ''Mayem-Swatantrya Ladhyachya Aghadivarit Gaon'' and ''Vyartha Na He Balidan''.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /> He also wrote his memoirs, ''Na Ghetle te Vrat Andhatene'', a phrase taken from a poem by [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]].<ref name="RaikarNTEnduring23" /><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Lawande had a daughter.<ref name="PDRediff98" /> He was married to Pramila Lawande, also a freedom fighter, who died in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2015 |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/_motions.php?is_ajax=1&assembly_id=6&session_id=163&member_id=61&motiontype_id=0&display_id=0 |title=OBITUARY REFERENCES, Motion Raised by Shri. Rajendra Arlekar |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Goa Vidhan Sabha}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
Lawande died on 15 September 1998 of malarial fever<ref name="SakhardandeNT13" /> at the [[Goa Medical College]].<ref name="PDRediff98" /><br />
<br />
== Awards and accolades ==<br />
In 1962, Lawande was awarded a scroll of honour by the administration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. He was later awarded the Tamrapatra by the [[Government of India]] but he refused it.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /><br />
<br />
== Works ==<br />
* ''Mayem-Swatantrya Ladhyachya Aghadivarit Gaon''<br />
* ''Vyartha Na He Balidan''<br />
* ''Na Ghetle te Vrat Andhatene'' (autobiography)<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Mohan Ranade]]<br />
* [[Prabhakar Sinari]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lawande, Vishwanath}}<br />
[[Category:1923 births]]<br />
[[Category:1998 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]<br />
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]<br />
[[Category:Goa liberation activists]]<br />
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherghati_Assembly_constituency&diff=534883Sherghati Assembly constituency2026-04-15T23:02:18Z<p>Assameseboy: started first post nd citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Sherghati Assembly constituency<!-- The name of the constituency --><br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = 226-Sherghati constituency.svg<br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| mla = [[Uday Kumar Singh]] <!--Name of the current MLA. Leave blank for former constituencies--><br />
| party = {{Party index link|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}} <!--Name of the current MLA's party. Leave blank for former constituencies--><br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] <!--Year of the last election. Leave blank for former constituencies--><br />
| region = <br />
| state = [[Bihar]]<br />
| district = [[Gaya district|Gaya]]<br />
| division = <br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Gaya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gaya]]<br />
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|226]]<br />
| established = 1957<br />
| electors = 279,534<br />
| reservation = <!-- SC, ST or None --><br />
| abolished = <!-- year abolished --><br />
}}<br />
'''Sherghati Assembly constituency''' is an assembly constituency for [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in [[Gaya district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|url=https://gaya.nic.in/constituencies/|title=Constituencies {{!}} Gaya {{!}} India|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305155614/https://gaya.nic.in/constituencies/|archive-date=2020-03-05|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref> It comes under [[Gaya (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name="election2020-1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.electionsinindia.com/bihar/sherghati-assembly-vidhan-sabha-constituency-elections|title=Sherghati Vidhan Sabha Election - Sherghati Assembly Election Results, Polling Stations, Voters, Candidates|website=www.electionsinindia.com|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref><ref name="election2015">{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Vinod Prasad Yadav winner in Sherghati, Bihar Assembly Elections 2015: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/2015/sherghati/ |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref name="election2010">{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Vinod Prasad Yadav winner in Sherghati, Bihar Assembly Elections 2010: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/2010/sherghati/ |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Shahjehan Mohammad<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|M. A. Khan<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Jan Kranti Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Jairam Giri<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1977-2008: Constituency did not exist''}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Vinod Prasad Yadav]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br />
|[[Manju Agrawal]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
|[[Uday Kumar Singh]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|dab=y}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2025 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sherghati]]<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Sherghati">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Sherghati |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04226.htm |access-date=28 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128174357/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04226.htm |archive-date=28 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)<br />
|candidate = [[Uday Kumar Singh]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:77270}}<br />
|percentage = 38.13<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = Pramod Kumar Verma<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:63746}}<br />
|percentage = 31.46<br />
|change = -4.28<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Jan Suraaj Party<br />
|candidate = Pawan Kishore<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:18982}}<br />
|percentage = 9.37<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen<br />
|candidate = Shane Ali Khan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:14754}}<br />
|percentage = 7.28<br />
|change = -1.39<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Surendra Kumar Suman<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:8284}}<br />
|percentage = 4.09<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Shailesh Kumar Mishra<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2745}}<br />
|percentage = 1.35<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Mukesh Kumar Yadav<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2707}}<br />
|percentage = 1.34<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:6968}}<br />
|percentage = 3.44<br />
|change = +0.44<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:13524}}<br />
|percentage = 6.67<br />
|change = -2.98<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:202640}}<br />
|percentage = 72.49<br />
|change = +9.46<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)<br />
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2020 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sherghati]]<ref name="election2020"/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Manju Agrawal]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:61804}}<br />
|percentage = 35.74<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|candidate = [[Vinod Prasad Yadav]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:45114}}<br />
|percentage = 26.09<br />
|change = -4.02<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Lok Janshakti Party<br />
|candidate = Mukesh Kumar Yadav<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:24107}}<br />
|percentage = 13.94<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen<br />
|candidate = Masaroor Alam<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:14987}}<br />
|percentage = 8.67<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)<br />
|candidate = [[Omair Khan]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:11805}}<br />
|percentage = 6.83<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Mukesh Prasad<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3331}}<br />
|percentage = 1.93<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Ramchandra Prasad Yadav<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2652}}<br />
|percentage = 1.53<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:5194}}<br />
|percentage = 3.0<br />
|change = -1.38<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:16690}}<br />
|percentage = 9.65<br />
|change = +6.38<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:172946}}<br />
|percentage = 63.03<br />
|change = +3.27<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| <br />
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|loser = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2015 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
|title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2015]]: Sherghati<ref name="election2015"/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Vinod Prasad Yadav<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:44579}}<br />
|percentage = 30.11<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha<br />
|candidate = Mukesh Kumar Yadav<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:39745}}<br />
|percentage = 26.84<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Manju Agrawal<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:29671}}<br />
|percentage = 20.04<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Md.Raza Khan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:5014}}<br />
|percentage = 3.39<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha<br />
|candidate = Akhilesh Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4113}}<br />
|percentage = 2.78<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Mukesh Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3531}}<br />
|percentage = 2.38<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Dinesh Kumar Dinbandhu<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2997}}<br />
|percentage = 2.02<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Nationalist Congress Party<br />
|candidate = Mohammad Shahid Alam<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2852}}<br />
|percentage = 1.93<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation<br />
|candidate = Shila Kumari<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2673}}<br />
|percentage = 1.81<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Badhan Bhuiyan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2472}}<br />
|percentage = 1.67<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Shiv Sena<br />
|candidate = Raghu Nandan Prasad<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2141}}<br />
|percentage = 1.45<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Pragatisheel Magahi Samaj<br />
|candidate = Sukhdeo Yadav<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1801}}<br />
|percentage = 1.22<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:6482}}<br />
|percentage = 4.38<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4834}}<br />
|percentage = 3.27<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:148071}}<br />
|percentage = 59.76<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| <br />
|winner = <br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Gaya district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br />
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dubela,_Gurtedu_mandal&diff=497755Dubela, Gurtedu mandal2026-04-13T06:23:18Z<p>Assameseboy: Stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Dubela<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = telugu<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|17.9051|N|81.8871|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Polavaram district|Polavaram]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gurtedu mandal|Gurtedu]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 0.05<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 50<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = 1000<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code =<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 14<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dubela''' is a village in [[Gurtedu mandal]], [[Polavaram district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in East Godavari district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/eastgodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=7 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121141044/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf|archivedate=21 January 2015|format=PDF}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], This Village had a population of 50, out of which 23 were male and 27 were female. Population of children below 6 years of age were 18%. The literacy rate of the village is 10%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2814_PART_A_DCHB_EAST%20GODAVARI.pdf|title= Dubela Village Census 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Polavaram district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Gurtedu mandal]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Polavaram-geo-stub}}</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buguri_(film)&diff=492497Buguri (film)2026-04-10T11:50:22Z<p>Assameseboy: Stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use British English|date=February 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Buguri<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[M. D. Sridhar]]<br />
| producer = Manjula Gopalakrishna<br />Vijayalakshmi Sridhar<br />
| screenplay = A. V. Madhu<br />
| story =M.D. Sridhar<br />
| starring = [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]]<br /> [[Richa Panai]]<br />[[Erica Fernandes]]<br />[[Sadhu Kokila]]<br />
| narrator = [[Darshan Thoogudeepa]]<br />
| music = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]<br />
| cinematography = Jagadish Wali<br />Ramesh Babu<br />A. V. Krishna Kumar<br />
| editing = P. R. Sounder Raj<br />
| studio = SMG Movies<br />
| distributor = Thoogudeepa Distributors<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|08|14}}<br />
| runtime = 130 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Buguri''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಬುಗುರಿ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation}} ''Top'') is a 2015 Indian [[Kannada language]] film directed by [[M. D. Sridhar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/buguri/movie-review/48510528.cms|title = Buguri Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Buguri by Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150815/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-%E2%80%98buguri%E2%80%99-love-spinning-top |title=Movie review 'Buguri': A love spinning top |work=Deccan Chronicle |publisher=Deccanchronicle.com |date= 15 August 2015|accessdate=2022-08-17}}</ref> It stars [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]], [[Richa Panai]] and [[Erica Fernandes]]. Sridhar had previously worked with [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] in the films like ''[[Chellata (film)|Chellata]]'' (2006) and ''[[Krishna (2007 film)|Krishna]]'' (2007). The film's cinematography is handled by AV Krishnakumar and the music has been composed by [[Mickey J Meyer]].<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Krishna ([[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]]) is sent back by his fiancée Ishanya ([[Erica Fernandes]]) to pursue back his college lover Nandini ([[Richa Panai]]). But after meeting her, he realises she is engaged and returns to Ishanya.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] as Krishna<br />
* [[Richa Panai]] as Nandini<br />
* [[Erica Fernandes]] as Ishanya<br />
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]<br />
* [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]]<br />
* [[Chitra Shenoy]]<br />
* [[Sudha Belawadi]]<br />
* Saritha Jain<br />
* [[H. G. Dattatreya]]<br />
* [[Srinagar Kitty]] as Karthik (cameo appearance)<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
''Buguri'' got a kick-off by [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] and [[V Ravichandran]] attending the opening function. The film started shooting in June 2014 and had an 80-day schedule. It completed shooting in December 2014. Golden star Ganesh has learnt skating for this film and horse riding he became familiar with this film. Horses were brought from Hubli. Ganesh remembered the skating practice he has done helped him in action portions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/buguri-complete-kannada-news-120162 | title = 'Buguri' Complete| date = 4 December 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The movie's songs have been composed by [[Mickey J. Meyer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Buguri - Mickey J Meyer - Download or Listen Free - Saavn |url=https://www.saavn.com/album/buguri/cvEngG3nwT8_ |access-date=3 November 2018 |date=9 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/buguri|title=Buguri Songs|date=23 May 2022}}</ref><br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Buguri<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| released = 9 June 2015<br />
| recorded = 2015<br />
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 23:17<br />
| label = [[Anand Audio]] Video<br />
| producer = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Kerintha]]<br />
| prev_year = 2015<br />
| next_title = [[Brahmotsavam (soundtrack)|Brahmotsavam]]<br />
| next_year = 2016<br />
}}<br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 23:17<br />
| all_lyrics = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]<br />
| title1 = Arivaagide<br />
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]<br />
| length1 = 4:05<br />
| title2 = Halavaaru<br />
| extra2 = [[Haricharan]], [[Sahithi]]<br />
| length2 =4:06<br />
| title3 = Ninna Mane Munde<br />
| extra3 = [[Rahul Nambiar]], [[Ramya Behara]]<br />
| length3 =4:28<br />
| title4 = Ladies and Gentlemen<br />
| extra4 = [[Vijay Prakash]], Ramya Behara<br />
| length4 =3:22<br />
| title5 = Kannalle<br />
| extra5 = Karthik, Shivani<br />
| length5 =3:28<br />
| title6 = Alu Bandaru<br />
| extra6 = [[Sonu Nigam]]<br />
| length6 =3:48<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|4992094}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Buguri}}<br />
[[Category:2015 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Mickey J Meyer]]<br />
[[Category:2015 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by M. D. Sridhar]]<br />
<br />
{{2010s-Kannada-film-stub}}</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manjinder_Singh_Lalpura&diff=516105Manjinder Singh Lalpura2026-04-07T23:42:43Z<p>Assameseboy: Made new bio.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name =<br />
| image = <br />
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| caption = <br />
| order = <br />
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br />
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
| term_end = <!-- Add data only when the actual term has ended, not for terms which will end in the future. (Per usage guideline.) --><br />
| constituency = [[Khadoor Sahib Assembly constituency|Khadoor Sahib]]<br />
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]<br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = <br />
| order2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| office2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| term_start2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| term_end2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> <br />
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| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]<br />
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}}<br />
'''Manjinder Singh Lalpura''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Khadoor Sahib Assembly constituency]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He was found guilty and convicted of molesting a Dalit woman.<br />
<br />
==Member of Legislative Assembly==<br />
He represents the [[Khadoor Sahib Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]<br />
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Public Undertakings|Committee on Public Undertakings]]<ref name="Committee on Public Undertakings">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref><br />
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Petitions|Committee on Petitions]]<ref name="Committee on Petitions">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=33&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref><br />
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==Assets and liabilities declared during elections==<br />
During the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], he declared Rs. 57,27,200 as an overall financial asset and Rs. 1,00,000 as financial liability.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manjinder Singh Lalpura(AAP):Constituency- KHADUR SAHIB(TARN TARAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/punjab2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=636 |website=www.myneta.info |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Convicted in molestation charges==<br />
On September 11, 2025, a Tarn Taran district court, led by Additional Sessions Judge Prem Kumar, found AAP MLA Manjinder Singh Lalpura, along with 10 others, guilty in a [[molestation]] and [[assault]] case dating back to September 4, 2013, involving a 19-year-old [[Dalit|Dalit teenager]]. This included six policemen among the accused.<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP MLA Manjinder Singh Lalpura convicted, arrested in 2013 molestation case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/aap-mla-manjinder-singh-lalpura-convicted-arrested-in-2013-molestation-case-10241914/ |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The incident occurred during a wedding and involved molestation and assault by a taxi driver (Lalpura) and others, followed by further assault by police officers. A video of the assault circulated widely, prompting the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] to take [[Sua sponte|suo motu]] cognizance and order protection for the survivor and her family.<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab: Khadoor Sahib AAP MLA Lalpura convicted in 12-year-old molestation case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-khadoor-sahib-aap-mla-lalpura-arrested-in-12-year-old-molestation-case-101757498951751.html |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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Immediately after the verdict, eight of the accused, including Lalpura, were arrested and taken into custody. Three others remain at large.<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP MLA among 11 held guilty of molesting woman in 13-yr-old case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/aap-mla-among-11-held-guilty-of-molesting-woman-in-13-yr-old-case/articleshow/123816219.cms |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=11 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
The court sentenced him and several others to four years of imprisonment for their involvement in the case of molestation and assault of a 19-year-old Dalit teenager.<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab AAP MLA Manjinder Singh Lalpura gets 4-year jail term in 2013 molestation case; survivor says justice delayed, but finally served |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjab-aap-mla-manjinder-singh-lalpura-gets-4-year-jail-term-in-2013-molestation-case-survivor-says-justice-delayed-but-finally-served/articleshow/123858690.cms |access-date=14 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=13 September 2025}}</ref><br />
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==Electoral performance == <br />
{{transcluded section|source=Khadoor Sahib Assembly constituency}} <br />
{{#section:Khadoor Sahib Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-par|in-la}}<br />
{{IN MLA box<br />
| state= Punjab<br />
| constituency= Khadoor Sahib<br />
| before= - <br />
| after= <br />
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalpura, Manjinder Singh}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]<br />
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
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{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karamchedu_massacre&diff=508487Karamchedu massacre2026-04-07T17:39:58Z<p>Assameseboy: made new pg</p>
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<div>{{Short description|1985 massacre in Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox civilian attack<br />
| title = Karamchedu Massacre<br />
| partof = [[Caste-related violence in India]]<br />
| location = [[Karamchedu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]<br />
| date = 17 July 1985<br />
| type = Caste-based violence<br />
| fatalities = 6<br />
| injuries = Several<br />
| perpetrators = Kamma caste landlords<br />
| victims = Dalit Madigas<br />
| motive = Caste-based dominance<br />
}}<br />
'''Karamchedu massacre''' refers to an incident that occurred in [[Karamchedu]], [[Bapatla district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] on 17 July 1985, where brutality by [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]] landlords against [[Madiga|Madigas]] ([[Dalit|Dalits]]) resulted in the killing of six Madigas and grievous injuries to many others. Three Madiga women were raped. Hundreds of Madigas in the village were displaced from their home and killed after their houses were burnt and looted.<br />
<br />
Kammas, who held economic power and political influence, were the [[dominant caste]] in the village, while the Dalit villagers, who mostly worked as agricultural labourers under the Kamma landlords for meagre wages, were oppressed socially and economically. The provocation for the violence came from a trivial incident in which a Madiga boy objected to a Kamma boy soiling the water tank where Dalits drew their drinking water. Scholars have reported that the massacre happened because the Kammas wanted to "teach a lesson" to the Madigas since Kammas felt that their caste-supremacy was challenged by Dalits who were perceived as "untouchables" and "nobodies".{{sfn|Srinivasulu, Caste, Class and Social Articulation in AP|2002|p=36-39}}{{sfn|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020|p=110-112}}<br />
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The final verdict was delivered 23 years after the violence took place, in which the [[Supreme Court of India]] sentenced a man to life imprisonment and 30 others to three years of imprisonment. The massacre is said to have highlighted the discriminatory and violent tendencies of [[Caste system in India|caste hierarchies]] that are prevalent in the modern Indian society. It also generated widespread outrage from Dalit activists of the state and led to the formation of Andhra Pradesh Dalit Mahasabha which drew inspiration from [[Ambedkar]]'s ideals and stood for Dalit rights, and fought against [[untouchability]] and exclusion.{{sfn|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020|p=119-120}}<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
During the 1980s, the village of Karamchedu had a population of around 13,600 of which 6,000 belonged to the Kamma caste. About 2,000 villagers belonged to the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] (Dalits), of which 1,100 were Madigas and 900 were [[Mala (caste)|Malas]].{{sfn|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020|p=105}} The village had a cultivable land of around 9,000 acres, most of which was owned by the Kamma landlords. They also owned another 2,000 acres in the neighboring villages. Due to the fertile soil and good irrigation facilities developed since the [[British Raj|British rule]] in the previous century (through [[Krishna River|Krishna river]] canals) and also during the post-independence era (through [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam|Nagarjuna Sagar]] canals), the Kamma people in the village were quite prosperous. They cultivated paddy along with commercial crops like tobacco, earning an estimated annual household income of ₹65,000. Dalits, on the other hand, comprised much of the agricultural labour. The annual income of a ''paleru'' (agricultural labourer) was just ₹2000. The daily wages paid to male and female agricultural workers (who worked for 16 hours a day) was ₹10-12 and ₹6-8 respectively, which was quite lower than the minimum wage rates that were legally prescribed for that region.{{sfn|Srinivasulu, Caste, Class and Social Articulation in AP|2002|p=36-37}} The Kamma landlords also used force to ensure loyalty from Dalit labourers. If the labourers were absent from work for some reason, it was reported that the landlords of the village would personally to go to their houses to beat them up and sometimes the landlords would further punish the workers by suspending them from work for up to nine months.{{sfn|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020|p=110}}<br />
<br />
In the 1960s, [[Communism|communist politics]] dominated the village with significant participation from Kamma peasantry. But once their community attained 'upward mobility' in land-ownership and economic wealth, they found it to be against their material interests to continue the left politics. So the Kammas of the region either left the communist party, or diluted the local struggle by remaining in the party. After the formation of [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) in Andhra Pradesh, the Kammas of the village extended their support to it.{{sfn|Srinivasulu, Caste, Class and Social Articulation in AP|2002|p=37-38}} A wealthy Kamma landlord of the village, Daggubati Chenchu Ramaiah, who also happens to be one of the main accused in the Karamchedu massacre,<ref name="Andhra: Police Tonsure Dalit Man for ‘Unruly Behaviour’ Towards YSR Congress Leader">{{cite web|last1=Gali Nagaraja|title=Police Tonsure Dalit Man for 'Unruly Behaviour' Towards YSR Congress Leader|url=https://thewire.in/caste/andhra-pradesh-tonsure-dalit-ysr-congress|website=The Wire|accessdate=2 January 2022|location=Vijayawada, India|language=English|date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128230442/https://thewire.in/caste/andhra-pradesh-tonsure-dalit-ysr-congress|archive-date=28 November 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> had strong connections with the TDP's founder [[N. T. Rama Rao]] (NTR). His son, [[Daggubati Venkateswara Rao]], was married to NTR's daughter. Daggubati Venkateswara Rao contested as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the region and won with the TDP party ticket [[Parchur (Assembly constituency)|in 1983]]. Scholar Dag-Erik Berg states that the rise of TDP and the connections the local Kamma landlords had with the political leadership "emboldened" them to intensify their caste-oppression against Dalits.{{sfn|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020|p=108}}<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=SC convicts 31 in Karamchedu Dalit massacre |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/SC-convicts-31-in-Karamchedu-Dalit-massacre/articleshow/3864622.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 December 2008 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In the absence of left politics, Dalits of the village supported the traditional [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party. Kammas saw this resistance of Dalits, particularly Madigas, voting against the TDP as a sign of revolt, since their "economic bondage" did not translate into "political loyalty". Scholar K Srinivasulu writes that it caused "sufficient injury" to the collective pride of the dominant Kamma caste, "which only waited for a pretext for retaliation".{{sfn|Srinivasulu, Caste, Class and Social Articulation in AP|2002|p=38}}<br />
<br />
== Violence ==<br />
On 16 July 1985, a Kamma boy was washing his buffalo near a water tank where Dalits drew their drinking water, letting out the soiled water into the tank. A Madiga boy objected to this, angering the Kamma boy who reacted violently by beating the farmer with his cattle whip. A Madiga girl who came to fetch water was also whipped and kicked for protesting against the beating. She then retaliated with her vessel, and an elderly Dalit intervened and tried to calm the situation. The Kamma boy left the scene after issuing a warning.{{sfn|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020|p=106}}{{sfn|Srinivasulu, Caste, Class and Social Articulation in AP|2002|p=38}}<br />
<br />
This episode provoked the Kammas to plan an organised attack against the Madigas of the village to 'teach them a lesson'. To catch the Madigas by surprise, they sent a team for compromise which was accepted by a section of Madigas. And on the morning of 17 July, hundreds of Kammas armed with axes, spears and clubs launched an unanticipated attack on the residents of Madiga ''wada'' (settlement), damaging the entire colony, not even sparing pregnant women and mothers with small children. They tortured and chased the Dalits, and burnt their houses.{{sfn|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020|p=106-107}}{{sfn|Srinivasulu, Caste, Class and Social Articulation in AP|2002|p=38}} Srinivasulu notes:{{sfn|Srinivasulu, Caste, Class and Social Articulation in AP|2002|p=38}}<blockquote>‘What followed was an attack, well planned and executed, that went on for hours in which the Madigas regardless of age and sex were chased from their hovels, the Kammas used all likely forms of transport, scooters, tractors, etc., and the Madigas ran helter-skelter for their lives in all directions. The more likely place to hide was the ''gaddi vamulu'' (fodder heaps) in the fields. Even there they were not spared. The gory details of this are amply recorded by the various fact-finding committees and in the sympathetic accounts reported in the press. But what is important to note is the fact that finally this left six dalits murdered, three dalit women raped and many more wounded, some of them very seriously and the huts burnt, whatever little was with them looted.’ (Fact Finding Team, 1985)</blockquote>The police in Karamchedu did not protect the victims,{{sfn|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020|p=112}} and Dalits fled the village in large numbers and arrived in the neighboring town of [[Chirala]] which was about 8 kilometres away, where many of them were hospitalized,{{sfn|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020|p=107}} following which some of them died of injuries.{{sfn|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020|p=113}} The local police of [[Chirala]] initially hit and arrested some Dalits who reached the town in panic, instead of helping them. Later the local Dalit activists and leaders accompanied the victims who sought shelter in a church in the town, and organised a refugee camp to help them. The camp consisted of about 500 Dalits, who never returned to Karamchedu, preferring to settle in Chirala.{{sfn|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020|p=112-113}}<br />
<br />
==Aftermath and convictions==<br />
<br />
The Karamchedu incident evoked widespread outrage and protests by Dalit activists in the state. In response to the massacre, leaders like [[Bojja Tharakam]] and [[Katti Padma Rao]] decided to establish an 'independent Dalit movement' in the state and formed the Andhra Pradesh Dalit Mahasabha, breaking away from the then popular class discourse and focusing specifically on the issues of caste and untouchability.{{sfn|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020|p=105}}{{sfn|Srinivasulu, Caste, Class and Social Articulation in AP|2002|p=45}} Katti Padma Rao lived in Chirala at the time when Karamchedu victims came to the town and he witnessed the situation in the refugee camp and the local hospital.{{sfn|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020|p=113}} This provided the ideological impetus for the formation of Dalit Mahasabha.{{sfn|Srinivasulu, Caste, Class and Social Articulation in AP|2002|p=45}} The organisation sought to mobilize and organize Dalits to fight against oppression and stand for Dalit assertion, rights and justice. The Dalit Mahasabha movement identified itself with [[B. R. Ambedkar]]'s ideologies and employed them as its principal strategy.{{sfn|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020|p=117}}<br />
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A Dalit woman, who was a principal witness to the massacre, was murdered in August 1987.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=September 1992|title=Human Rights in India — Police Killings and Rural Killings in Andhra Pradesh|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/i/india/india929.pdf|journal=Human Rights Watch - Asia|pages=19}}</ref> Following the efforts of Dalit Mahasabha, the state government announced some aid for the victims. Several court cases were fought and the [[Ongole]] district court initially sentenced 159 people to life imprisonment, which was later struck down by the [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] due to benefit of doubt. The final verdict was delivered by the Supreme Court in 2008 (10 years after the case was filed), sentencing the main accused to life imprisonment and 30 others to three years of imprisonment.<ref name=":0" />{{sfn|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020|p=119}}<br />
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Avenging the Karamchedu massacre, the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War|People's War Group]] murdered Daggubati Chenchu Ramaiah who was a key accused in the violence, though the Dalit Mahasabha opposed such violent moves.<ref name=":0" />{{sfn|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020|p=119}}<br />
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== Analysis ==<br />
Karamchedu massacre was seen as a significant incident which broke the myth that caste-discrimination was a "thing of the past". Dag-Erik Berg writes that it depicted the intensification of caste in the modern agrarian economy, emphasizing the role of "status" and "honor" in the system of stratification, the significance of economic and political power, and the deep rooted notions of [[untouchability]] that could lead to brutality in the Indian society.{{sfn|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020|p=120}}{{sfn|Berg, Karamchedu and the Dalit subject in AP|2014|p=404-405}}<br />
<br />
Berg refers to [[M. N. Srinivas]]'s conception of 'dominant caste' for explaining the caste hierarchies in the modern society. After a significant shift in landownership in the post colonial era from [[Brahmin]] to non-Brahmin castes (like [[Reddy]]s, Kammas and [[Kapu (caste)|Kapus]]), Kammas, who already constituted an affluent and politically powerful group before the twentieth century and were classified as "[[Shudra]]s" in the traditional [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna system]], gained increased social dominance through their economic and political power. Berg says that their claim to caste superiority was dependent on relation to Dalits who were 'excluded' in the traditional ritual classification in which they are treated as "untouchables".{{sfn|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020|p=109-111}} M. N. Srinivas says that "any caste that achieved political power at the local level could advance a claim to be [[Kshatriya]]s". Accordingly, in this case, the local Kamma historians engaged in providing 'evidence' to claim their Kshatriya status, which coincided with the early 1900s colonial census that categorized people.{{sfn|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020|p=110-111}} However, since this ritual superiority of Kammas was not entirely self-evident and was open to dispute, Berg says, they had to enforce it through violence. "Their everyday dominance involved material exploitation and the use of force."{{sfn|Berg, Karamchedu and the Dalit subject in AP|2014|p=391-392}} The essential difference between "touchables" and "untouchables" supposedly justifies this violence since the 'untouchables' are seen as "nobodies".{{sfn|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020|p=111}} Berg notes that Dalit expressions of self-assertion and egalitarianism further intensify this conflict.{{sfn|Berg, Karamchedu and the Dalit subject in AP|2014|p=392-393}}<br />
{{quote box|width=30%|align=right|quote=<br />
"Madiga dogs! Have you learnt your lesson well for having opposed the Kammas?" <br />
— Kamma landlords while attacking the Dalit villagers of Karamchedu on 17 July 1985{{sfn|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020|p=108}}<br />
}}<br />
So, the massacre in Karamchedu is seen as the result of Dalits trying to 'correct' the unfair behavior of Kammas. Both Berg and K Srinivasulu state that Kammas wanted to 'teach a lesson' to the Dalits since their superiority was challenged.{{sfn|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020|p=111}}{{sfn|Srinivasulu, Caste, Class and Social Articulation in AP|2002|p=44}}<br />
<br />
Karamchedu incident also posed an intellectual challenge to the classic Marxist perspective which saw caste-oppression as a mere consequence of class struggle between the capitalist farmers and agricultural workers. Although the class dimension is closely related to the caste-oppression, the Dalit movement in the state post-Karamchedu emphasized the need to address the issue of caste in its specificity since it plays a predominant role in the underlying social conflict.{{sfn|Berg, Karamchedu and the Dalit subject in AP|2014|p=405}}{{sfn|Srinivasulu, Caste, Class and Social Articulation in AP|2002|p=46}} The Dalit movement also made Ambedkar a powerful symbol for emancipation. Following his ideas of [[Annihilation of Caste]], Dalit leaders and activists fought against untouchability and exclusion, and strove for self-assertion, dignity and legal protection from the state.{{sfn|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020|p=117, 120}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Tsundur massacre]]<br />
*[[Neerukonda massacre]]<br />
*[[List of Scheduled Castes in Andhra Pradesh & Telangana]]<br />
<br />
==Citations==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Berg |first1=Dag-Erik |title=The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability, in ''Dynamics of Caste and Law: Dalits, Oppression and Constitutional Democracy in India'' |date=2020 |issue=Cambridge University Press – South Asia in the Social Sciences |pages=103–126 |doi=10.1017/9781108779616.005|s2cid=236809002 |ref={{sfnref|Berg, The Karamchedu Killings and the Struggle to Uncover Untouchability|2020}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Srinivasulu |first1=K. |title=Caste, Class and Social Articulation in Andhra Pradesh, India: Mapping Differential Regional Trajectories |date=2002 |publisher=Overseas Development Institute |isbn=978-0-85003-612-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7AkcAAAACAAJ |language=en|ref={{sfnref|Srinivasulu, Caste, Class and Social Articulation in AP|2002}}}} [https://odi.org/en/publications/caste-class-and-social-articulation-in-andhra-pradesh-india-mapping-differential-regional-trajectories/ Available online]<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Berg |first1=Dag-Erik |title=Karamchedu and the Dalit subject in Andhra Pradesh |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |date=2014 |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=383–408 |doi=10.1177/0069966714540242|s2cid=143769089 |ref={{sfnref|Berg, Karamchedu and the Dalit subject in AP|2014}}}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* [http://www.unipune.ac.in/snc/cssh/HumanRights/05%20STATE%20AGRICULTURE%20FOREST%20DALITS%20AND%20TRIBALS/08.pdf Andhra Pradesh Civil Liberties Committee's report on Karamchedu massacre. 22 July 1985]<br />
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==External links==<br />
* [https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/35-years-after-karamchedu-massacre-andhra-dalit-activists-speak-what-has-changed-128944 35 years after Karamchedu massacre in Andhra, Dalit activists speak on what has changed. The News Minute. 18 July 2020]<br />
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{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
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[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1985]]<br />
[[Category:1980s in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Massacres in India]]<br />
[[Category:Crime in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:1985 crimes]]<br />
[[Category:July 1985]]<br />
[[Category:1985 disasters in India]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priyamvada_Natarajan&diff=526900Priyamvada Natarajan2026-03-31T20:37:42Z<p>Assameseboy: new some pg first draft</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian astronomer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
| name = Priya Natarajan<br />
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu]], India<br />
| caption = Natarajan at [[KITP]], Santa Barbara<br />
| image = priya.tiff<br />
| fields = [[Cosmology]], [[theoretical astrophysics]]<br />
| workplaces = [[Yale University]] (professor)<br />
| alma_mater = [[MIT]], <br />
[[University of Cambridge]], Trinity College, Institute of Astronomy<br />
| doctoral_advisor = <br />
| academic_advisors = <br />
| doctoral_students = <br />
| notable_students = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| author_abbrev_bot = <br />
| author_abbrev_zoo = <br />
| influences = <br />
| influenced = <br />
| awards = <br />
| signature = <!--(filename only)--><br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| spouse = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Priyamvada''' "'''Priya'''" '''Natarajan''' is a [[Astrophysics|theoretical astrophysicist]], Chair of the department of [[astronomy]] and professor of [[physics]] at [[Yale University]].<ref name="yalebio">{{cite web |url=https://physics.yale.edu/people/priyamvada-natarajan |title=Priyamvada Natarajan |website=Yale University |publisher=Department of Physics, Yale |access-date=2021-08-05}}</ref> She is noted for her work in mapping [[dark matter]] and [[dark energy]], particularly in [[Gravitational lens|gravitational lensing]] and in models describing the assembly and accretion histories of [[supermassive black holes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyamvada Natarajan |url=https://bhi.fas.harvard.edu/people/priyamvada-natarajan/ |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Black Hole Initiative |language=en}}</ref> She authored the book ''Mapping the Heavens: The Radical Scientific Ideas That Reveal the Cosmos''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Natarajan|first1=Priyamvada|title=Mapping the Heavens: The Radical Scientific Ideas That Reveal the Cosmos|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0300204414|year=2016|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/mappingheavensra0000nata}}</ref> She has been featured on shows such as ''Black Hole Apocalypse'' on [[PBS]], showcasing her work and background.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-01-10 |title=Black Hole Hunter: Priya N. |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/video/black-hole-hunter-priyamvda-natarajan/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.pbs.org |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
==Early life==<br />
Priya Natarajan was born in [[Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu]] in India to academic parents.<ref name="IndianExpressArticle">{{cite news |date=2024-04-18 |title=Who is Priyamvada Natarajan, the Indian-American astrophysicist featured in TIME's 100 most influential list? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-priyamvada-natarajan-the-indian-american-astrophysicist-featured-in-times-100-most-influential-list-9277051/ |url-status=live |work=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418070708/https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-priyamvada-natarajan-the-indian-american-astrophysicist-featured-in-times-100-most-influential-list-9277051/ |archive-date=2024-04-18 |access-date=2024-04-21}}</ref> She grew up in New Delhi, where she would visit [[Nehru Planetarium|Nehru Planetarium Delhi]] and had a great interest in celestial and terrestrial maps as a kid.<ref name=":1" /> Her parents bought her a telescope and microscope as a child,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bal |first=Hartosh Singh |date=2025-07-01 |title=A leading astrophysicist on supermassive black holes and her drive to do science |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/science-and-technology/priyamvada-natarajan-interview-black-holes-collapse-theory-hartosh-singh-bal |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Caravan Magazine |language=en}}</ref> to which she commented: "it was very clear to me that it was the telescope."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scammell |first=Alexandra Kirby |date=2021-01-29 |title=From Black Holes to Dark Matter, Theoretical Astrophysicist Priyamvada Natarajan Confronts Theoretical Ideas with Observations |url=https://www.aaas.org/membership/member-spotlight/black-holes-dark-matter-theoretical-astrophysicist-priyamvada-natarajan |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=www.aaas.org |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |language=en}}</ref> During her high school education, her father gifted her a computer, [[Commodore 64]] (personal computers were not known in India at the time<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Wolchover |first=Natalie |date=2019-02-04 |title=An Astrophysicist Who Maps the Universe's Terra Incognita |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/priyamvada-natarajan-maps-the-invisible-universe-20190204/ |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Quanta Magazine |language=en}}</ref>), for mapping the night sky,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Akanksha |date=2025-03-25 |title=How Priyamvada Natarajan got more women access to the Hubble telescope |url=https://theprint.in/feature/around-town/how-priyamvada-natarajan-got-more-women-access-to-the-hubble-telescope/2563724/ |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> which inspired her later education, career and writing a book ''Mapping the Heavens: The Radical Scientific Ideas That Reveal'' ''the Cosmos'', published in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chown |first=Marcus |date=2016-07-07 |title=Mapping the Heavens: The Radical Scientific Ideas that Reveal the Cosmos, by Priyamvada Natarajan |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/review-mapping-the-heavens-priyamvada-natarajan-yale-university-press |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Times Higher Education |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2024-04-28 |title=Who Is Priyamvada Natarajan, Indian Named In Time's Most Influential List |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/who-is-priyamvada-natarajan-indian-professor-at-yale-named-in-time-s-most-influential-list-5466860 |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=NDTV}}</ref><br />
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In 1984, Natarajan enrolled herself in an amateur astronomy club based at the Nehru Planetarium in New Delhi. She told the then-director of the planetarium [[Nirupama Raghavan]] that she owned a personal computer and asked for a research project. Raghavan immediately assigned her to plot the whole night sky over New Delhi. Within six weeks Natarajan self-taught spherical geometry and developed the technique to map the night sky.<ref name=":5" /> Two years later, she completed the project, to which Raghavan commented that she had become a "real scientist."<ref name=":4" /> She studied at St. Thomas's School before completing her schooling at [[Delhi Public School, Mathura Road|Delhi Public School]].<ref name=":6" /><br />
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==Education==<br />
Natarajan has undergraduate degrees in physics and mathematics from [[M.I.T]] (1986-1991).<ref name=":0" /> She was awarded a Master of Science from the Program in Science, Technology & Society at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (1991-1994).<ref name=":0" /> She continued for a Ph.D. programme and started researching on the history and philosophy of science focussing on cosmology. After three years she met German astronomer [[Martin Schwarzschild]] who understood her capacity in astronomy and persuaded her to change her study to theoretical astrophysics. She later recalled: "I never really went back to finish that first PhD!"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reyes |first=Mia de los |date=2021-01-13 |title=Meet the AAS Keynote Speakers: Dr. Priyamvada Natarajan |url=https://astrobites.org/2021/01/13/meet-the-aas-keynote-speakers-dr-priya-natarajan/ |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Astrobites |language=en-US}}</ref> <br />
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With the Isaac Newton Fellowship from the [[University of Cambridge]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=1993-12-01 |title=Alumna wins Newton Prize |url=https://news.mit.edu/1993/newton-1201 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |language=en}}</ref> Natarajan moved to England for a fresh doctoral course to work with [[Martin Rees]] at the [[Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge|Institute of Astronomy]], on [[supermassive black holes]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haehnelt |first=M. G. |last2=Natarajan |first2=P. |last3=Rees |first3=M. J. |date=1998-11-01 |title=High-redshift galaxies, their active nuclei and central black holes |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/300/3/817/979333 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |language=en |volume=300 |issue=3 |pages=817–827 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-8711.1998.t01-1-01951.x |issn=0035-8711 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422012849/https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/300/3/817/979333 |archive-date=2024-04-22}}</ref> She received a [[Ph.D.]] degree in 1998.<ref name="yalebio" /> There she was a member of [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]] and was elected to a Title A Research Fellowship that she held from 1997 to 2003.<ref name=":0">PNatarajan_CV_march2021.[https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/campuspress.yale.edu/dist/2/2898/files/2021/03/PNatarajan_CV_march2021.pdf pdf]</ref> She was the first woman astrophysicist elected as a Fellow at Trinity College.<ref name="IndianExpressArticle" /> Prior to going to Yale, she was a visiting postdoctoral fellow at the [[Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics]] in Toronto, Canada.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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== Career ==<br />
Natarajan joined the faculty of Yale University in 2000 and later promoted to professor of astronomy and physics.<ref name="IndianExpressArticle" /> She had served as Chair of the National Astronomy and Astrophysics Advisory Committee that advises [[NASA]], [[National Science Foundation|NSF]] and [[United States Department of Energy|DoE]]; as Chair of the Division of Astrophysics of the American Physical Society.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Priyamvada Natarajan |url=https://www.ashoka.edu.in/profile/priyamvada-natarajan/ |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Ashoka University |language=en-US}}</ref> As of 2024, she was a Joseph S. and Sophia S. Fruton Professor and Chair of Astronomy.<ref name="IndianExpressArticle" /> As of 2025, she is director of the Franke Program in Science and the Humanities.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=2025 Great Immigrants: Priyamvada Natarajan |url=https://www.carnegie.org/awards/honoree/priyamvada-natarajan/ |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Carnegie Corporation of New York}}</ref><br />
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Natarajan held a Whitney Humanities Fellowship at Yale (2006–2007) and was the Emeline Conland Bigelow Fellow at the [[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study]] at Harvard (2008–2009).<ref name=":0" /> She was awarded a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] in 2009.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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==Research==<br />
Natarajan's research spans two main areas: mapping [[dark matter]] using [[gravitational lensing]], and the formation and growth of [[supermassive black hole]]s across cosmic time.<br />
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===Dark matter mapping===<br />
Natarajan developed a method for mapping the distribution of dark matter on small scales within [[galaxy cluster]]s using gravitational lensing. Her technique combines strong and weak lensing to reconstruct the substructure of cluster-lenses at high resolution, and has become a standard tool in observational cosmology.<ref name=":0" /> Working with data from the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]'s Frontier Fields program, her group has used clusters of galaxies as natural telescopes to study magnified background sources and to test predictions of the [[Lambda-CDM model|standard cosmological model]] on small scales.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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===Black hole seeds and growth===<br />
Natarajan proposed, with [[Martin Rees]], a model for the formation of massive [[Direct collapse black hole|direct-collapse black hole]] seeds at high redshift — black holes that form not from stellar remnants but from the direct gravitational collapse of primordial gas in early dark matter halos.<ref name="head-award">{{Cite web |title=A Yale astrophysicist's prediction comes to pass — 20 years later |url=https://news.yale.edu/2019/02/04/yale-astrophysicists-prediction-comes-pass-20-years-later |website=Yale News |date=2019-02-04 |access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref> This model addresses the problem of how supermassive black holes observed at very high redshift could have grown so massive so quickly.<br />
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In 2023, Natarajan and collaborators reported the detection of UHZ1, an X-ray-luminous source at redshift ''z'' ≈ 10.1 identified using the [[James Webb Space Telescope]] and [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]], consistent with an actively accreting black hole with properties matching the direct-collapse seed model.<ref name="uhz1">{{Cite web |title=NASA Telescopes Discover Record-Breaking Black Hole |url=https://www.nasa.gov/universe/nasa-telescopes-discover-record-breaking-black-hole/ |website=NASA |date=2023-11-06 |access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref><br />
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===Self-regulation of black hole growth===<br />
Natarajan proposed that [[active galactic nucleus|AGN]] feedback imposes an upper mass limit — a "ceiling" — on black hole growth, predicting that the most massive black holes self-regulate through the energy they inject into their surroundings. This prediction, made around 2008, was subsequently confirmed by observational surveys of black hole demographics.<ref name="head-award" /><br />
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Her other research interests include the co-evolution of galaxies and their central black holes, multi-messenger astrophysics of supermassive black hole binaries, the application of machine learning to astrophysical datasets.<ref name=":0" />, and [[Gamma-ray burst]]s – the relation of gamma-ray burst rates to the globally averaged star formation rate, the morphology and properties of gamma-ray burst host galaxies in the optical, and sub-mm wave-bands, the SN-GRB connection.<ref>{{cite web |title=" Priyamvada Natarajan" |url= https://campuspress.yale.edu/priya/|website= Research Website - Yale|access-date= 5 May 2024 }}</ref><br />
==Honors and awards==<br />
* Fellow, [[Royal Astronomical Society]], 2008<br />
* Emeline Conland Bigelow Fellowship, [[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study]], Harvard, 2008–2009<ref name=":0" /><br />
* [[Guggenheim Fellowship]], 2009<ref name=":0" /><br />
* Award for Academic Achievement, Global Organization for the People of Indian Origin (GOPIO), 2009<ref name=":0" /><br />
* "Face of the Future" Award, India Abroad Foundation, 2010<ref name=":0" /><br />
* JILA Fellowship, [[JILA|Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics]], University of Colorado Boulder, 2010<ref name=":0" /><br />
* Fellow, [[Explorers Club]], 2010<ref name=":0" /><br />
* Fellow, [[American Physical Society]], 2011<ref name=":0" /><br />
* India Empire NRI Award for Achievement in the Sciences, 2011<ref name=":0" /><br />
* Caroline Herschel Distinguished Visitor, [[Space Telescope Science Institute]], 2011–2012<ref name=":0" /><br />
* Sophie and Tycho Brahe Professorship, Dark Cosmology Center, [[Niels Bohr Institute]], University of Copenhagen<ref>{{cite news |last1=Enslin |first1=Rob |title=Yale Physicist to Deliver 10th Annual Wali Lecture Oct. 26 |url=https://news.syr.edu/blog/2017/10/19/yale-physicist-to-deliver-10th-annual-wali-lecture-oct-26/ |access-date=29 April 2021 |work=SU News |date=October 19, 2017}}</ref><br />
* Honorary Professor for Life, [[University of Delhi]]<br />
* "Genius Award", [[Liberty Science Center]], 2022<ref name=":3" /><br />
* Fellow, [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], 2023<ref name="aaas-fellow">{{Cite web |title=Priya Natarajan named AAAS fellow |url=https://physics.yale.edu/news/priya-natarajan-named-aaas-fellow |website=Yale Department of Physics |access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref><br />
* Fellow, [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amacad.org/new-members-2023|title=New members|year=2023|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=2023-04-21}}</ref><br />
* Fellow, [[American Astronomical Society]], 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aas.org/press/aas-names-21-new-fellows-2024|title=AAS Names 21 New Fellows for 2024|publisher=American Astronomical Society|date=February 1, 2024|access-date=2024-02-02}}</ref><br />
* [[Time 100|''Time'' 100 Most Influential People]], 2024<ref name="time100">{{cite magazine |date=2024-04-17 |title=The 100 Most Influential People of 2024: Priyamvada Natarajan |url=https://time.com/6964966/priyamvada-natarajan/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417105553/https://time.com/6964966/priyamvada-natarajan/ |archive-date=2024-04-17 |access-date=2024-04-21}}</ref><br />
* [[Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics]], 2025<ref name=":2" /><br />
* "Great Immigrants" honoree, [[Carnegie Corporation of New York]], 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-26 |title=Carnegie honors 20 'Great Immigrants,' including composer Tania León, for 20th anniversary |url=https://apnews.com/article/carnegie-corp-great-immigrants-great-americans-tania-leon-fde162cd204af3d998575a6fa39fccea |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=AP News}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.astro.yale.edu/priya Yale Astronomy Department webpage]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110628234355/http://www.gf.org/fellows/16626-priya-natarajan Guggenheim Fellows webpage]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101127110630/http://radcliffe.edu/fellowships/fellows_2009pnatarajan.aspx Radcliffe Fellows webpage]<br />
* [http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/photobooth/2010/12/nasa.html Best NASA Photographs of 2010 from the ''New Yorker'']<br />
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[[Category:20th-century Indian women physicists]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siliguri%E2%80%93Bamanhat_Express&diff=535892Siliguri–Bamanhat Express2026-03-25T14:54:12Z<p>Assameseboy: started new article first draft</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian superfast train}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = Siliguri Junction - Bamanhat Express<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Express]]<br />
| locale = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2010|03|27}}<br />
| last = <br />
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]<br />
| ridership = <br />
| start = {{rws|Siliguri Junction}}<br />
| stops = 14<br />
| end = {{rws|Bamanhat}}<br />
| distance = {{convert|233|km|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| frequency = Daily<br />
| class = General unreserved<br />Second sitting<br />
| seating = Yes<br />
| sleeping = Yes<br />
| autorack = <br />
| catering = No<br />
| observation = <br />
| entertainment = <br />
| baggage = <br />
| other facilities = <br />
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] Coaches<br />
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}<br />
| electrification = <br />
| trainnumber = 15467 / 15468<br />
| speed = {{convert|34|km/h|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| map = <br />
| map_state = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The 15467 / 68 '''Siliguri Junction -Bamanhat Express'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siliguri-Bamanhat Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/siliguri-bamanhat-intercity-special-05467/132761/445/7550|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> is an [[Superfast Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]] that runs between {{rws|Siliguri Junction}} and {{rws|Bamanhat}} of [[West Bengal]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Bengal, another train stops for elephants|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-bengal-another-train-stops-for-elephants/article24904328.ece|website=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
AS OF 11TH MARCH 2026, THIS TRAIN IS NOW EXTENDED UPTO [[Haldibari (community development block)|HALDIBARI]] ALONG WITH HALTS AT [[Jalpaiguri]] and [[Belakoba]] and it reverses it's direction at [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri Junction]] to go [[Bamanhat railway station|Bamanhat]] via [[Siliguri Junction railway station|Siliguri Junction]]<br />
<br />
==Timings==<br />
It operates as train number 15467 from Platform Number 01 of {{rws|Siliguri Junction}} at 06:45 and reaches Platform Number 01 of {{rws|Bamanhat}} at 13:40. As train number 15468 it starts from {{rws|Bamanhat}} at 09:30 and reaches Platform Number 01 of {{rws|Siliguri Junction}} at 18:15. The train travels entirely in [[West Bengal]].<ref>[http://www.nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1071&did=1479802660807167884452DF1FC266FE0305BDA8D6459.web107 ''Northeast Frontier Railway''], 22 November 2016</ref><br />
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siliguri-Bamanhat Express|url=https://www.confirmtkt.com/mobile/train-running-status/15467|website=confirmtkt.com}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siliguri Bamanhat Express|url=https://www.trainman.in/running-status/15467|website=www.trainman.in}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{Cite web|title =Siliguri Bamanhat Train|url=https://www.etrainstatus.com/live-status/15467-sguj-apdj-new-jalpaiguri-alipur-duar-inter-city-express|website=www.etrainstatus.com}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siliguri Bamanhat Train|url=https://www.gettraininfo.com/train/15467-790053|website=gettraininfo.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Coaches==<br />
The 15467 / 68 Siliguri Junction - Bamanhat Express has nine general unreserved & two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches . It does not carry a [[Dining car|pantry car coach]].<br />
<br />
As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.<br />
<br />
==Traction==<br />
The train is hauled by [[WDP-4D]]/[[WDP-4]]/[[WDP-4B]] Locomotive of [[Diesel Loco Shed, Siliguri]] for its entire journey from {{rws|Siliguri Junction}} to {{rws|Bamanhat}}.<br />
<br />
==Routing==<br />
The 15467 / 68 Siliguri Junction - Bamanhat Express runs from <br />
*'''{{rws|Siliguri Junction}}''' via <br />
* {{rws|Gulma}}<br />
* [[Sivok railway station|Sivok Junction]]<br />
* [[Bagrakote Railway Station]]<br />
* [[Odlabari Railway Station]]<br />
* [[Damdim Railway Station]]<br />
*'''[[New Mal Junction railway station|New Malbazar Junction]]'''<br />
*{{rws|Nagrakata}}<br />
*[[Banarhat Railway Station]]<br />
* '''[[Binnaguri Junction]]'''<br />
*[[Dalgaon Railway Station]]<br />
*'''[[Hasimara Railway Station]]'''<br />
* {{rws|Hamiltonganj}}<br />
*'''{{rws|Alipurduar Junction}}'''<br />
*'''{{rws|New Cooch Behar Junction}}'''<br />
* [[Dewanhat Railway Station]]<br />
* [[Dinhata railway station]] to<br />
* [[Bamanhat railway station]].<br />
<br />
==Rake sharing==<br />
The train shares its rake with [[Balurghat–Siliguri Intercity Express]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Transport in Siliguri]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]<br />
[[Category:Express trains in India]]<br />
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2010]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone_circles_of_Junapani&diff=537647Stone circles of Junapani2026-03-12T19:36:06Z<p>Assameseboy: started first entry w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Historic site in Maharashtra, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox historic site<br />
| name =Stone circles of Junapani<br />
| native_name =जुनापाणी येथील शिळावर्तुळे<br />
| native_language =mr<br />
| image =Stone circle at Junapani, Nagpur.jpg<br />
| caption =Stone circle at Junapani<br />
| locmapin =India Maharashtra<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|21|11|49|N|78|59|56|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| location =Dist. [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]].<br />
| area = | built =<br />
| governing_body =[[Archaeological Survey of India]]<br />
| designation1 = | designation1_offname = | designation1_date = | designation1_number =N-MH-A141<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''stone circles of Junapani''' are prehistoric [[megalith]]ic [[stone circle|circles]] in [[Junapani, Maharashtra|Junapani]], near [[Nagpur]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. There are about 300 such stone circles noted around Junapani.<ref name="ghosh">{{harvnb|Ghosh|1990|pp=120–121}}</ref> They were first excavated by J. H. Rivett-Carnac in 1879, yielding a variety of iron objects including daggers, flat axes with cross-ring fasteners, hoes, rings, bracelets, horse bits, chisels with long blades, and pointed tongs, possibly covered with a wooden handle.<ref name="ghosh"/> There is also evidence of black and red pottery, such as bowls featuring linear paintings in black.<ref>{{harvnb|Deo|1985|p=25}}</ref> The burial sites were characterized by [[cairn]]s. About 150 stone circles have been studied and documented. A notable feature is the cup-marked stones in the circles which seem to suggest an astronomical significance. This aspect has been discerned from the fact that the cup-marked stones are fixed at specific locations denoting specific directions.<ref name=Astronomy>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/ReviewCommitteeFiles/Report%20for%20review%202010.pdf|title=Archaeo Astronomy In Indian Context: A Programme of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Funded by Jamsetji Tata Trust Highlights of Results from December 2006 to December 2010|access-date=10 February 2013|publisher=Tata Institute of Fundamental Research}}</ref><br />
<br />
These structures are designated by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) as monuments of national importance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aurangabad Circle, Maharashtra |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_maharashtra_aurangabad.asp |access-date=2012-09-24 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref> The site was excavated by ASI in 1962 which unearthed three stone circles.<ref name="ghosh"/> The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) has funded additional studies.<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
[[File:Another stone circle at Junapani.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Another view of the Stone Circle]]<br />
The stone circles of Junapani is an uninhabited burial site containing [[Sepulchral]] megaliths with remains of the dead. These are found in a small area, about {{convert|10|km}} northwest of Nagpur city in central India, in the [[Vidharba]] region. They are of fairly large size, visible on [[Google Earth]], and grouped near banks of rivers.<ref name=Ancient>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Prehistoric%20astronomy/Megaliths%20in%20Ancient%20India.pdf|title= Megaliths in Ancient India and Their Possible Association to Astronomy1 |work=3. A special case of Junapani |access-date=10 February 2013|publisher=Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR)}}</ref> It is located on the highway to [[Katol]] and forms the northern fringe of central India's megalith distribution.<ref name="Sahu1988">{{cite book|first=Bhairabi |last=Prasad Sahu|title=From Hunters to Breeders: Faunal Background of Early India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9zHFoWx_iwC&pg=PA251|access-date=7 February 2013|date=1 January 1988|publisher=Anamika Prakashan|isbn=978-81-85150-06-2|pages=251–}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Human habitation in the region is dated to 1000 BC and continues to exist to present day. The area was an important part of the north south corridor of India. The megaliths found here are dated from 1000 BC to 300 AD.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} This assessment is based on the many antiquaries unearthed from the Sepulchral of the megalithic period. The iron implements found here denote a period of around 1000 BC. These are identified by local communities of different clans. One particular feature noted in these circles is the placement of stones with cup marks. It is inferred that these circles have nothing in common with the [[menhirs]], [[dolmens]] and other non-sepulchral and sepulchral megalithic structures of [[South India]].<ref name=Ancient/> Rivett Carnac was the first to report on his excavation of stone circles of Junapani, in 1879.<ref name="Murty2003">{{cite book|first=M. L. K. |last=Murty|title=Comprehensive History and Culture of Andhra Pradesh: Pre- and protohistoric Andhra Pradesh up to 500 BC|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yK8D8c5-HXAC&pg=PA108|access-date=7 February 2013|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2475-0|pages=108–}}</ref><br />
<br />
Junapani is the second largest site, with 150 stone circles of megalithic period, out of 51 sites around Nagpur Region, and 89 in the Vidharba Region. B.K. Thapar was involved with excavations of the site in 1961. Initially, three stone circles were unearthed of which two circles revealed human remains associated with funerary objects; an animal skeleton of the ''Equidae'' (horse) family was also found. During these excavations, only cup-marked stones in the stone circles were noted. To establish the significance of these cup marks, which are fixed with specific orientation, TIFR instituted studies to establish if these stone circles have any link with [[astronomy]] or [[cosmogony]] of the people of the area.<ref name=Ancient/><br />
<br />
==Archaeological finds==<br />
[[File:Closeup of a stone at Junapani circles.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Close view of a stone in the Stone Circle]]<br />
[[File:Chicken feathers at Junapani stones.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Chicken feathers within the Stone Circles indicative of tantric worship in recent years]]<br />
The funerary antiquaries at this megalithic burial site are painted red pottery (a few with [[Megalithic Graffiti Symbols]]), micaceous red and the coarse red ware. These finds are identical to similar finds from other locations in the region such as from Kaundinyapura, [[Paunar]], [[Takalghat]] and [[Khapa]], west of Nagpur; the last two sites were excavated in 1968 on both banks of the [[Krishna River]].<ref name="SankaliaDeo1985">{{cite book|first1=Hasmukh Dhirajlal |last1=Sankalia|first2=Shantaram Bhalchandra |last2=Deo|first3=Madhukar Keshav |last3=Dhavalikar|title=Studies in Indian Archaeology: Professor H.D. Sankalia Felicitation Volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35DP1Z-2dnYC&pg=PA26|access-date=7 February 2013|year=1985|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-0-86132-088-2|pages=26–}}</ref><br />
<br />
TIFR studies (including mapping) have so far covered 56 stone circles and most of them are found to be in a good state of preservation; they are of a few meters diameter. Cup marks have been recorded on 20 of these circles, with seven having marks on the sides. From an analysis of the location of these cup circles, it has been noted that the cup-marks with parallel lines or orthogonal sequences are seen either in a straight line or with a ‘+’ sign form, and also that the ‘+’ sign lines are aligned radially or tangentially within or around the circle with a definite orientation. A specific angular range has also been recorded in all the cup marks, which are in the form of 3 clusters.<ref name=Ancient/><br />
<br />
The cup marks are a few centimeters in length, specifically located along the stone circles are indicative of locating them with orientation towards the sky with specific angles with respect to the north. The directions recorded are 118, 208 and 334 degrees to the north. These could be [[Zodiacal|stellar oriented]] to show the rising and setting times of specific stars and weather changes over the seasons, and setting of the [[monsoon season]], in particular.<ref name=Ancient/><ref name=Seminar>{{Cite web|url=http://optik2.mtk.nao.ac.jp/~somamt/ICOA-website/AbstractBook.pdf|title= Megaliths in India and their possible relation to astronomy |first=M. N. |last=VahIA|work= Abstracts of Oral Papers|page= 8|access-date=10 February 2013|publisher= ICOA-website}}</ref><br />
<br />
There are many other finds reported from this site. A copper bell with iron tongue was located in one of the circles.<ref name="Indian Antiquary">{{cite book|title=Indian Antiquary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tHkuAQAAIAAJ|access-date=7 February 2013|year=1970|publisher=Popular Prakashan.}}</ref> In three circles excavated, heaps of sticky black clay was found heaped around the funerary finds. Many types of Iron implements were also found here attesting to the site's title as "iron-using".<ref name="Narain1968">{{cite book|first=Awadh K. |last=Narain|title=Seminar Papers on the Local Coins of Northern India, C.300 B. C. to 300 A.D. Editor: A. K. Narain, Assisted by J. P. Singh & Nisar Ahmad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIvpAAAAMAAJ|access-date=7 February 2013|year=1968|publisher=Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, College of Indology, Banaras Hindu University}}</ref> Find of stone pestle has also been reported.<ref name="Sahu1988"/> B.K. Thapar found [[Middle Stone Age]] tools here.<ref name="Archaeology1964">{{cite book|author=India. Dept. of Archaeology|title=Indian Archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mpGAAAAMAAJ|access-date=7 February 2013|year=1964|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India.}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
*{{cite book|title=An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology |first=Amalananda |last=Ghosh |publisher=BRILL |year=1990 |isbn=9789004092648}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Deo |first=S.B. |title=Studies in India Archaeology |chapter=The Personality of Vidarbha Megaliths |year=1985 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=9780861320882}}<br />
{{commons category|position=left}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Prehistoric India]]<br />
[[Category:Stone circles in India]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural history of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Iron Age Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Megalithic monuments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Nagpur district]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usha_Martin&diff=542851Usha Martin2026-03-11T19:23:44Z<p>Assameseboy: started the post basic info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian wire rope manufacturer}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Usha Martin Limited<br />
| logo = Usha Martin.svg<br />
| caption = <br />
| type = Public company<br />
| traded_as = {{BSE|517146}}, {{NSE|USHAMART}}<br />
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE228A01035}}<br />
| industry = {{ubl|Steel|[[Wire rope]]|[[Construction industry of India| Construction]]||[[Oil and gas industry| Oil and gas]]|[[Energy industry|Energy]]}}<br />
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1961}}<br />
| location = [[Kolkata]], India<br />
| area_served = Worldwide<br />
| key_people = {{Unbulleted_list|Vijay Singh Bapna<br>{{small|(Chairman)}}|Rajeev Jhawar<br>{{small|(Managing director)}}|Anirban Sanyal<br>{{small|(CFO)}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Usha Martin Management Information – Details of Usha Martin Management |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/usha-martin-ltd/infocompanymanagement/companyid-12833.cms |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
| products = <br />
| production = <br />
| production_year = FY23<br />
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|32.96|b}} (2023)<ref name=2023FY>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=Usha Martin Ltd consolidated Q4FY23 PAT up QoQ at Rs. 105.21 crores |url=https://www.equitybulls.com/category.php?id=330631 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=EquityBulls}}</ref><ref name=AnnualReport2022UshaMartinLimited>{{cite web|url=https://www.bseindia.com/bseplus/AnnualReport/517146/73410517146.pdf|title=Usha Martin Ltd. 2022 Annual Report |website=bseindia.com|accessdate=26 June 2023}}</ref><br />
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|3.5|b}} (2023)<ref name=2023FY/><br />
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|27.42|b}} (2022)<ref name=AnnualReport2022UshaMartinLimited/><br />
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|16.97|b}} (2022)<ref name=AnnualReport2022UshaMartinLimited/><br />
| num_employees = <br />
| parent = <br />
| homepage = [https://ushamartin.com/ Official website]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Usha Martin Limited''' is an Indian multinational company that primarily operates in the steel and [[wire rope]] manufacturing industry. It was founded in 1961 by Basant Kumar Jhawar and is headquartered in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2019 |title=Usha Martin appoints Anirban Sanyal as CFO |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/usha-martin-appoints-anirban-sanyal-as-cfo-1554739761665.html |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Usha Martin is one of the largest wire rope manufacturers globally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Up 63% in 2022! Usha Martin is HDFC Securities' top techno funda pick |url=https://mintgenie.livemint.com/news/markets/up-63-in-2022-usha-martin-is-hdfc-securities-top-techno-funda-pick-151671518254003 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Mintgenie |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=21 September 2017 |title=Usha Martin mulls selling either steel or wire rope business |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/rJYyDlCC4WqAFlSgCkboHM/Usha-Martin-mulls-selling-either-steel-or-wire-rope-business.html |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Overview==<br />
Usha Martin has manufacturing facilities in many locations in India and internationally. It operates in the United States, the United Kingdom, Dubai, Thailand, and Singapore. It has a wide range of projects and collaborations across different industries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Vipul |date=29 April 2023 |title=Multibagger stock trading 114% above 52-week-low declares 250% dividend: Do you own? |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/multibagger-stock-trading-114-above-52-week-low-declares-250-dividend-do-you-own-11682786350437.html |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Some of them include wire rope manufacturing for use in sectors such as oil and gas, mining, elevators, cranes, bridges, and general engineering,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fire breaks out at one of the world's largest wire rope manufacturing units in Jharkhand |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/jan/04/fire-breaks-out-at-one-of-the-worlds-largest-wire-rope-manufacturing-units-in-jharkhand-2534290.html |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=The New Indian Express|date=4 January 2023 }}</ref> and for Infrastructure and construction projects like bridges, flyovers and metro rail systems. It also provides wire ropes and steel products for offshore oil and gas exploration projects like drilling rigs, offshore platforms, and subsea operations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basant Jhawar exits Usha Martin |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/basant-jhawar-exits-usha-martin/cid/1687904 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Some other industries that it caters to are mining industry, elevators/lifts and wind energy. It also has interests in other sectors such as real estate, agriculture, and information technology.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2020 |title=Usha Martin sees pick-up in demand post monsoon |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/usha-martin-sees-pick-up-in-demand-post-monsoon/article31906830.ece |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Corporate management==<br />
Vijay Singh Bapna is the chairman while Rajeev Jhawar is the Managing director.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Usha Martin's board reappoints Rajeev Jhawar as managing director for five years |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/X8ugzshzu8OMNRYlMjqqeM/Usha-Martins-board-reappoints-Rajeev-Jhawar-as-managing-dir.html |access-date=2018-02-05 |website=FINANCIAL EXPRESS|date=5 February 2018 |last1=Kanungo |first1=Soumonty }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=USHA MARTIN LTD. SHARE PRICE |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/usha-martin-ltd-share-price/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=FINANCIAL EXPRESS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CommunicationtoStockExchangeson27.04.2023–ChangeinDirectorate_20230427175712 |url=https://ushamartin.com/upload/investorrelations/CommunicationtoStockExchangeson27.04.2023%E2%80%93ChangeinDirectorate_20230427175712.pdf |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Usha Martin Limited}}</ref> The Company Secretary is Manish Agarwal and the Chief Financial Officer is Abhijit Paul<br />
<br />
== Subsidiaries==<br />
Usha Martin has subsidiaries like Usha Martin Education & Solutions Limited,<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2023 |title=Usha Martin Edu Standalone March 2023 Net Sales at Rs 0.10 crore, down 44.34% Y-o-Y |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/earnings/usha-martin-edu-standalone-march-2023-net-sales-at-rs-0-10-crore-down-44-34-y-o-y-10710211.html |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2022 |title=We Ran A Stock Scan For Earnings Growth And Usha Martin Education & Solutions (NSE:UMESLTD) Passed With Ease |url=https://simplywall.st/stocks/in/consumer-services/nse-umesltd/usha-martin-education-solutions-shares/news/we-ran-a-stock-scan-for-earnings-growth-and-usha-martin-educ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=simplywall.st}}</ref> Usha Martin Technologies Limited, Usha Martin Infrastructure Limited, Usha Martin International Limited and Usha Beltron Limited.<br />
<br />
== Financials==<br />
Usha Martin reported a total income of Rs. 32958.2&nbsp;million during the financial year ended 31 March 2023, compared with Rs.27233.1&nbsp;million during the financial year ended 31 March 2022. The company had a net profit of Rs.3501.4&nbsp;million for the financial year ended 31 March 2023 as against net profit of Rs.2912.7&nbsp;million for the financial year ended 31 March 2022.<ref name="2023FY" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2023 |title=Usha Martin Consolidated March 2023 Net Sales at Rs 855.22 crore, up 11.57% Y-o-Y |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/earnings/usha-martin-consolidated-march-2023-net-sales-at-rs-855-22-crore-up-11-57-y-o-y-10517981.html |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]<br />
[[Category:Manufacturing companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_%26_Alice&diff=473197James & Alice2026-03-03T20:36:27Z<p>Assameseboy: updated page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = James And Alice<br />
| image = James & Alice poster.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = poster<br />
| director = [[Sujith Vaassudev]]<br />
| producer = Dr S Saji Kumar<br>Krishnan Sethukumar<br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = Dr S. Sajikumar<br />
| story = Sujith Vaassudev<br />
| starring = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]<br>[[Vedhika]]<br>[[Sijoy Varghese]]<br>[[Parvati Nair]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| music = [[Gopi Sundar]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Sujith Vaassudev]]<br />
| editing = Samjith Mohammed<br />
| studio = Dharmik Films<br />
| distributor = Srivari Films<br />
| released = {{Film date|2016|05|05|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Malayalam]]<br />
| budget = ₹6 Crores<br />
| gross = ₹13 Crores<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-dulquer-salmaans-kamm a tip Adams jays dams680754|title=Kerala box office: Dulquer Salmaan's 'Kammatipaadam,' Jayaram's 'Aadupuliyattam' and Allu Arjun's 'Yodhavu' hold well|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=23 June 2016}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''James & Alice''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Malayalam-language]] [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Sujith Vaassudev]], starring [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] and [[Vedhika]] in the lead roles.<ref name="Times of India 17 August 2015">{{cite news|last1=Jayaram|first1=Deepika|title=Prithviraj and Vedhika to star in James And Alice|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Prithviraj-and-Vedhika-to-star-in-James-And-Alice/articleshow/48512696.cms|accessdate=25 January 2016|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=17 August 2015}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Gopi Sundar]].<ref name="International Business Times"/><ref name="Filmibeat 21 January 2016">{{cite news|last1=Menon|first1=Akhila|title=Just Out: Prithviraj's James And Alice First Look|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/prithviraj-james-and-alice-first-look-poster-out-212588.html|accessdate=25 January 2016|publisher=[[Filmibeat]]|date=21 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Sify 26 January 2016">{{cite news|last1=staff|title=Prithviraj starts 'James & Alice'|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prithviraj-starts-james-alice-news-malayalam-qb0kmwfcebcaf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126122048/http://www.sify.com/movies/prithviraj-starts-james-alice-news-malayalam-qb0kmwfcebcaf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2016|accessdate=25 January 2016|website=[[Sify]]|date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The film was released on 5 May 2016.<br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
James is a talented artist and businessman. His wife Alice works in a bank. They get married against Alice's father's wish due to his lack of a career, but since then have led successful marriage for seven years and have a child out of it. However, the seven-year itch starts with both of them focused on their respective careers. Their busy lifestyles and misunderstandings results in filing a divorce. A day before divorce, James meets with a freaky car accident. In the hospital, facing a coma James hallucinates/dreams St.Peter's presence and both of them review his life; his mistakes and the changes he could've done. Whether James realises his mistakes and is able to come back to his life forms the crux of the movie.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as James<br />
* [[Vedhika]] as Alice (voice dubbed by [[Angel Shijoy]])<br />
* [[Sijoy Varghese]] as [[St. Peter]], (voice dubbed by [[Anoop Menon]])<br />
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor) |Sai Kumar]] as Davis Thekkeparambil<br />
* [[Kishor Satya]] as Dr Alexander<br />
* [[Parvathy Nair]] as Nandana Varma/Nandu<br />
* [[Manju Pillai]] as Advocate Rohini<br />
* Emine Salman as Isabel (Pinky)<br />
** [[Anupama Parameswaran]] as Isabel (Adult Pinky) <br />
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Dr. Mohan<br />
* [[Sudheer Karamana]] as K T Annan<br />
* [[Arjun Nandhakumar]] as Yoga Thinesh<br />
*Shaani Shiki as Mithun<br />
* [[Sudheesh]] as Subin<br />
* [[Indrans]] as Abraham<br />
* [[Tini Tom]] as Kazoo<br />
* [[Ganapathi (actor)|Ganapathi]] as Ibrahim<br />
* [[Adil Ibrahim]] as Soubin<br />
* [[Neeraj Madhav]] as Sketch<br />
* [[Naseer Sankranthi]] as K.T Annan's P.A<br />
* [[Biju Menon]] as Rohini's Husband (only in a photo)<br />
* [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] as [[Appu (2002 film) |Appu]] (only in special appearance)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The filming began on 15 January 2016. Prithviraj and Vedhika previously acted together in ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'' (2014).<ref name="International Business Times">{{cite news|last1=James|first1=Anu|title=Prithviraj to become next trendsetter with 'James and Alice' look|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/prithviraj-become-next-trendsetter-james-alice-look-photos-664167|accessdate=25 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=22 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Sify 19 January 2016">{{cite news|last1=staff|title=Prithviraj: The Numero Uno star of Mollywood?|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prithviraj-the-numero-uno-star-of-mollywood-news-malayalam-qbtjFibcfacjf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119124820/http://www.sify.com/movies/prithviraj-the-numero-uno-star-of-mollywood-news-malayalam-qbtjFibcfacjf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2016|accessdate=25 January 2016|website=[[Sify]]|date=19 January 2016}}</ref><br />
Movie shooting was wrapped on March 31, 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/prithviraj-sukumaran-vedhika-wrap-shooting-james-alice-release-date-announced-672782|title=Prithviraj Sukumaran-Vedhika wrap up shooting of 'James and Alice;' release date announced|website=International Business Times|date=2016-03-31|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = James & Alice<br />
| type = [[Soundtrack]]<br />
| artist = [[Gopi Sundar]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 29 April 2016<br />
| recorded = 2016<br />
| venue = [[Chennai]] & [[Kochi]]<br />
| studio = Sunsa Digital Workstation<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 14:30<br />
| label = [[Muzik 247]]<br />
| producer = [[Gopi Sundar]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Ennul Aayiram]]<br />
| prev_year = 2016<br />
| next_title = [[School Bus (film)|School Bus]]<br />
| next_year = 2016<br />
| misc = {{External media<br />
| audio1 = {{YouTube|2c7sDFmiSnI|Official Audio Jukebox}}}}<br />
}}<br />
[[Anil Johnson]] was signed in as the composer first.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vedhika-turns-mom-for-prithvirajs-film/articleshow/48570468.cms | title=Vedhika turns mom for Prithviraj's film | newspaper=The Times of India | last1=Soman | first1=Deepa }}</ref> But he opted out before filming had begun. Music was composed by [[Gopi Sundar]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/James-And-Alice-has-three-tracks-by-Gopi-Sunder/articleshow/52076037.cms|title=James And Alice has three tracks by Gopi Sunder|website=The Times of India|date=2017-01-16|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref> and released on [[Muzik 247]] label.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/listen-songs-prithviraj-sukumaran-vedhikas-james-alice-audio-676728|title=Listen to songs of Prithviraj Sukumaran-Vedhika's 'James and Alice' [AUDIO]|website=International Business Times|date=2016-04-29|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref><br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track list<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 14:30<br />
| title1 = Mazhaye<br />
| lyrics1 = Harinarayanan B K<br />
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Abhaya Hiranmayi]]<br />
| length1 = 4:15<br />
| title2 = Nenjin<br />
| lyrics2 = Mochitha<br />
| extra2 = [[Sayanora Philip]]<br />
| length2 = 4:36<br />
| title3 = Udanjuvo<br />
| lyrics3 = Harinarayanan B K<br />
| extra3 = Sayanora Philip<br />
| length3 = 5:39<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
Initially ''James & Alice'' was scheduled to release on 29 April 2016,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/james--alice-to-release-on-april-29-imagegallery-malayalam-qenneBbdehddd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413135153/http://www.sify.com/movies/James--Alice-to-release-on-April-29-imagegallery-malayalam-qenneBbdehddd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 April 2016|title='James & Alice' to release on April 29|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref> later postponed<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/prithviraj-vedhikas-james-alice-release-date-postponed-675909|title=Prithviraj-Vedhika's 'James and Alice' release date postponed|website=International Business Times|date=2016-04-23|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref> and released on 5 May 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/james-alice-releases-on-may-5-news-malayalam-qe2iGHdefdcad.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505113936/http://www.sify.com/movies/james-alice-releases-on-may-5-news-malayalam-qe2iGHdefdcad.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 May 2016|title='James & Alice' releases on May 5|website=[[Sify]]|date=2016-04-28|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
=== Critical reception ===<br />
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "The story arc of James and Alice is quite in sync with the analogy. Presented in a fragmented, flashback-heavy style, the movie is a simple portrait of a contemporary relationship, of a young family that is going through a rocky patch".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/james-and-alice/movie-review/52129324.cms|title=JAMES AND ALICE MOVIE REVIEW|website=Times of India|date=2016-05-05|access-date=2019-12-31}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref><br />
''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "An exceedingly slow-paced film, with less humour or other remarkable agents, James and Alice isn't everyone's cup of tea. The feather touch of something celestial keeps it engaging, but the magic, sadly wanes".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/prithviraj-vedhika-james-and-alice-malayalam-movie-review.html|title=James and Alice movie review: Till death do us part|website=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=2016-05-05|access-date=2019-12-31}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref><br />
''IndiaGlitz'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "Sujith Vasudev has done well for a directorial debut. There are certain elements that he will have to tweak to work for the larger audience. Gopi Sunder at the music section has done well yet again. The visually alluring frames need a special mention and the cinematographer has done well to give an artistic rendering to the tale".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/james-and-alice-review-malayalam-movie-20547|title=James and Alice Review|website=IndiaGlitz|date=2016-05-06|access-date=2019-12-31}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Home media ==<br />
''James & Alice'' [[DVD]] was released on [[Satyam Audios]] on 22 July 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blu-ray.com/dvd/James-and-Alice-DVD/124760/|title=James & Alice DVD|website=Blu-ray|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards and nominations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Date of ceremony<br />
!Award<br />
!Category<br />
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)<br />
!Result<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 18 November 2016<br />
| [[Asiavision Awards]]<br />
| Outstanding Performance of the Year<br />
| rowspan="2"|[[Vedhika]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2016-announced-sonam-kapoor-nivin-pauly-radhika-apte-ram-charan-others-704008|title=Asiavision Movie Awards 2016 announced: Sonam Kapoor, Nivin Pauly, Radhika Apte, Ram Charan, others to be honoured|website=International Business Times|date=2016-11-15|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|20 January 2017<br />
| rowspan="2"|[[Asianet Film Awards]]<br />
| Best Actress<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/19th-asianet-film-awards-2017-mohanlal-performs-pulimurugan-celebs-galore-award-ceremony-713082|title=19th Asianet Film Awards 2017: Mohanlal performs as Pulimurugan; celebs galore at award ceremony [Photos+videos]|website=International Business Times|date=2017-01-21|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/19th-asianet-film-awards-was-it-pulimurugans-success-meet-nivin-pauly-gets-trolled-netizens-715835|title=19th Asianet Film Awards: Was it Pulimurugan's success meet? Nivin Pauly gets trolled; netizens criticise jury members|website=International Business Times|date=2017-02-13|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Special Jury Award<br />
| [[Sijoy Varghese]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| 17 June 2017<br />
| [[64th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Malayalam|Best Male Playback Singer – Malayalam]]<br />
| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/64th-filmfare-south-awards-2017-heres-malayalam-tamil-telugu-tamil-nomination-lists-730110|title=64th Filmfare South Awards 2017: Here's Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Tamil nomination lists|website=International Business Times|date=2017-06-09|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 30 June and 1 July 2017<br />
| [[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br />
| Best Actress – Malayalam<br />
| ''Vedhika''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2017-nominations-malayalam-maheshinte-prathikaram-leads-check-date-venue-ticket-728836|title=SIIMA Awards 2017 nominations (Malayalam): Maheshinte Prathikaram leads; check date, venue, ticket details|website=International Business Times|date=2017-05-31|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5356300/ ''James & Alice''] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:James and Alice}}<br />
[[Category:2016 films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Gopi Sundar]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 drama films]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Pellam_East_Godavari_Mogudu&diff=498527English Pellam East Godavari Mogudu2026-03-03T18:21:35Z<p>Assameseboy: New</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1999 Indian Telugu-language film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = English Pellam East Godavari Mogudu<br />
| image = English Pellam East Godavari Mogudu.jpg<br />
| caption = Audio cassette cover<br />
| director = R. Suresh Varma<br />
| producer = [[V. Doraswamy Raju]]<br />
| writer = [[Posani Krishna Murali]] {{small|(Story, screenplay & dialogues)}}<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| cinematography = K. Dattu<br />
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]<br />
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]<br />
| starring = [[Srikanth (actor, born 1968)|Srikanth]]<br/>[[Ramya Krishna]]<br />
| studio = [[VMC Productions]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|1999|03|11|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 127 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''English Pellam East Godavari Mogudu''''' ({{Literal translation|English wife, [[East Godavari district (1925–2022)|East Godavari]] husband}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language drama film directed by R. Suresh Varma and written by [[Posani Krishna Murali]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=English Pellam East Godavari Mogudu (1999) |url=https://indiancine.ma/BHHV |access-date=15 December 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215112014/https://indiancine.ma/BHHV |url-status=live }}</ref> Produced by [[V. Doraswamy Raju]] under the banner of [[VMC Productions]], the film stars [[Srikanth (actor, born 1968)|Srikanth]] and [[Ramya Krishnan|Ramya Krishna]] in the lead roles, with music composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. The film was released on 11 March 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu Cinema in the Year 1999 - Movie List |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/movielist1.html |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The film tells the story of a Telugu girl, Sirisha, who was born and raised in the [[United States]]. Known for her arrogant and assertive nature, she comes to her native [[East Godavari district (1925–2022)|East Godavari]] district, where her behavior causes tension with the locals. Sambasiva Rao is a simple village boy who, despite Sirisha's haughty attitude, slowly manages to win her trust and affection. Eventually, Sirisha, believing in Sambasiva Rao, agrees to marry him. However, Sambasiva Rao later reveals his true identity, leaving Sirisha to confront the consequences.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1968)|Srikanth]] as Sambasiva Rao<br />
* [[Ramya Krishna]] as Sirisha<br />
* [[Murali Mohan]]<br />
* [[Brahmaji]]<br />
* [[Prasad Babu]]<br />
* [[Manya (actress)|Manya]]<br />
* Atluri Pundarikakshayya<br />
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]]<br />
* [[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]]<br />
* [[Annapurna (actress)|Annapurna]]<br />
* [[Shanoor Sana|Sana]]<br />
* [[Rajitha]]<br />
* [[Jayasudha]] (guest appearance)<br />
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] (guest appearance)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The film was directed by R. Suresh Varma and produced by [[V. Doraswamy Raju]] under the banner of [[VMC Productions]]. The music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]].<ref name=":0" /> Blending romance and drama, the film explores the [[Cultural conflict|cultural clash]] between a Telugu woman, raised in [[Western world|the West]], and her husband, deeply rooted in traditional rural life.<ref name=":1" /> The majority of the filming took place in rural [[Andhra Pradesh]].<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
The film's music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]], with lyrics penned by [[Vennelakanti (writer)|Vennelakanti]] and [[Veturi]]. Audio soundtrack was released on Mayuri Audio label.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=English Pellam East Godavari Mogudu Audio Back Cover |url=https://vintagestore.in/cdn/shop/products/IMG_E5764_1200x1200.jpg?v=1669849973}}</ref><br />
<br />
Source:<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Citation |title=English Pellam East Godvari Mogudu |date=18 November 2019 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/english-pellam-east-godvari-mogudu/Y-iLU3xhtGA_ |access-date=2024-12-15 |publisher=[[JioSaavn]] |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Tracklist<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = East Nunchi<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Vennelakanti (writer)|Vennelakanti]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]<br />
| title2 = Ettundi Abbayi<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Veturi]]<br />
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
| title3 = Emite Pilla Nee Goppa<br />
| lyrics3 = Veturi<br />
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. P. Sailaja]]<br />
| title4 = Kokkoroko Punjula<br />
| lyrics4 = Veturi<br />
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Swarnalatha]]<br />
| title5 = Jarigina Katha<br />
| lyrics5 = Veturi<br />
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br />
| title6 = Mudda Pasupe Chalu<br />
| lyrics6 = Veturi<br />
| extra6 = Sri Vardhini, Sri Keerthana<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
In the book ''Fashion and Motherhood: Image, Material, Identity'', Indira Jalli analyzed the film and its portrayal of a Western-raised woman.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Snelgrove |first=Laura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7f7oEAAAQBAJ&dq=English+Pellam+East+Godavari+Mogudu&pg=RA3-PA2035 |title=Fashion and Motherhood: Image, Material, Identity |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |year=2024 |isbn=978-1-350-27671-0 |pages=2035–2037 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* {{IMDb title|7632364}}<br />
{{Posani Krishna Murali}}<br />
[[Category:1999 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1999 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]<br />
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1999 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Posani Krishna Murali]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiruttu_VCD&diff=460102Thiruttu VCD2026-03-03T03:05:10Z<p>Assameseboy: update section per standard format and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2015 Indian film by Kadhal Sukumar}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Thiruttu VCD<br />
| image = <br />
| caption =<br />
| director = [[Kadhal Sukumar]]<br />
| producer = Prabha<br />
| story = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| starring = {{ubl|Prabha|[[Sakshi Agarwal]]|Kadhal Sukumar}}<br />
| music = Jithin Roshan<br />
| cinematography = Jagadish<br />
| editing = <br />
| studio = VPA Medias<br />
| distributor = The Vibrant Movies<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|09|24}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| budget =<br />
| runtime = <br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Thiruttu VCD''''' ({{translation|Illegal VCD}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] written and directed by [[Kadhal Sukumar]]. The film stars the producer, Prabha, and [[Sakshi Agarwal]] in the lead roles, with [[Devadarshini]] in a supporting role. The film was theatrically released in India on 24 September 2015.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* Prabha as Vinod<br />
* [[Sakshi Agarwal]] as Sakshi<br />
* [[Kadhal Sukumar]] as Chinna<br />
* Mano as Dilli<br />
* [[Devadarshini]]<br />
* [[Vichu Vishwanath]]<br />
* [[Senthil]]<br />
* [[Nellai Siva]] as Traffic Police Inspector<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
Comedian [[Kadhal Sukumar]] began his career as a director in late 2012 through the production of ''Thirukkural'', but the film was later shelved after a few schedules. His first release was consequently ''Thiruttu VCD'' featuring himself in a key role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 January 2017 |title=Kaadhal Sugumar turns director |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kaadhal-Sugumar-turns-director/articleshow/17597856.cms |access-date=19 September 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film began production in 2014 and a press meet was held in September 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prabha (Actor) |url=https://silverscreen.in/profile/prabha-actor/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824231132/https://silverscreen.in/profile/prabha-actor/ |archive-date=24 August 2019 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref> The film is named after the three lead characters — who are portrayed by producer Prabha (Vinod), director [[Kadhal Sukumar]] (Chinna) and Mano (Dilli). Actress [[Sakshi Agarwal]] was supposed to make her Tamil film debut as a lead actress through the project, but production delays meant that her other films released first.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I am a Chennai girl: Sakshi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-am-a-Chennai-girl-Sakshi/articleshow/44924802.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayan |first=Naveena |date=11 September 2015 |title=Busy times ahead for Sakshi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/sakshi-agarwal-is-gearing-up-with-three-releases/article7641575.ece |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=From a Gold Medallist to Kollywood Actor |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/oct/27/from-a-gold-medallist-to-kollywood-actor-675703.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
The film subsequently had a low key release on 24 September 2015 and went unnoticed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiruttu VCD Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos &#124; eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/thiruttu-vcd/movieshow/61293959.cms |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave the film a negative review, adding "unfortunately neither the action works nor the humour".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiruttu VCD Review: Apart From Title, Little Else is Imaginative To Sit Through |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2015/sep/27/thiruttu-vcd-review-apart-from-title-little-else-is-imaginative-to-sit-through-821066.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> In contrast, a reviewer from the Tamil film portal IFlicks stated "though, the plot seems to be simple, the lead artists have performed realistically and the screenplay is commendable".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2015 |title=Thiruttu VCD |url=http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2015/09/29154753/Thiruttu-VCD.vpf |website=Iflicks}}</ref> The film did not perform well commercially.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Lagaan-like story on folk artists |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/A-Lagaan-like-story-on-folk-artists/2016/07/16/article3531102.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717154333/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/A-Lagaan-like-story-on-folk-artists/2016/07/16/article3531102.ece |archive-date=17 July 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title|13057476}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2015 films]]<br />
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2015 comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2015 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charni_Road&diff=493624Charni Road2026-02-28T13:34:53Z<p>Assameseboy: Done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{nofootnotes|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Charni Road<br />
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood<br />
| image_skyline = Funny Building at Charni road.JPG<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Hurkisondas Hospital <br />
| nickname = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = Location of Charni Road in [[Mumbai]]<br />
| pushpin_map = Mumbai<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = City<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]<br />
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (MCGM)<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 400004<br />
| area_code = 022<br />
| area_code_type = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BMC]]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Charni Road''' (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[t͡ʃəɾniː ɾoːɖ]]]) is a neighbourhood in [[South Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. It is served by [[Charni Road railway station]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 75 Charni Road station.jpg|thumb|left|Charni Road station, 2016]]<br />
It is believed that when the British Government raised a grazing tax on people bringing their cattle to graze on the grass at the [[Azad Maidan]], [[Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy|Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy]] purchased the grasslands near Thakurdwar out of his funds and opened those grounds to the locals to graze their cattle for free. As the Marathi word for grazing is "charne", the area came to be known as Charni ... and thence, the road beside it, as the Charni Road. According to another source, the word is a corruption of "Chendni", a locality in the Thane-Koliwada area. Many people originally from Chendni migrated to South Mumbai to the area which is known today as Charni Road.<br />
<br />
In 1884, Sir Adamji Peerbhoy (1845–1913), a well-known philanthropist from Mumbai, India, built several properties (a Bohra ''kabrastan'' (cemetery/burial ground), Masjid, Sanatorium, and Amanbai Charitable Hospital later known as [[Saifee Hospital]] on Charni Road opposite the railway station. He wanted to provide a safe haven for the travellers, poor, or needy to rest, use the masjid for prayers, or the hospital if they needed it. After Sir Adamjee Peerbhoy's death, his grandson Akbar, against the wishes of the family, converted the properties into a trust. The family resisted the change, but Akbar had a lot of influence.<br />
<br />
He was the son of Abdul Hussein Peerbhoy (who was the second out of seven children of Sir [[Adamjee Peerbhoy]], who had engineered and built the [[Matheran Hill Railway]]. The property was out of the hands of the Peerbhoy family and into the hands of the trustees. The trustees were later on changed by the Syedna (leader of the [[Dawoodi Bohra]]s) and the new trustees handed over the property to the Syedna. The property was built for the benefit of the poor and the needy. The property still exists on Charni Road and is still under the name of Sir Adamji Peerbhoy.<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Commons category-inline}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Mumbai]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thanthai_Periyar_Wildlife_Sanctuary&diff=448069Thanthai Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary2026-02-25T03:26:52Z<p>Assameseboy: Revised content for better accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Wildlife Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox protected area<br />
| name = Thanthai Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary<br />
| alt_name = <br />
| iucn_category = IV<br />
| iucn_ref = <br />
| image = Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Map of Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve where the sanctuary is located<br />
| map = India Tamil Nadu#India<br />
| relief = 1<br />
| mapframe = Yes<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|11|34|23|N|77|30|37|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| coords_ref = <br />
| established = 2023<br />
| area_km2 = 805.67<br />
| nearest_city = [[Gobichettipalayam]]<br />
| governing_body = [http://www.forests.tn.nic.in Tamil Nadu Forest Department]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Thanthai Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a proposed [[Protected areas of Tamil Nadu|protected area]] located along the area straddling both the [[Western Ghats]] and [[Eastern Ghats]] in the [[Erode District]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/mar/21/tamil-nadus-18th-wildlife-sanctuary-to-come-up-in-erode-2558036.html|title=Tamil Nadu's 18th wildlife sanctuary to come up in Erode|date=21 March 2023|access-date=24 August 2023|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/nature-trail-tamil-nadu-gets-its-18th-wildlife-sanctuary-at-erode/articleshow/98854158.cms?from=mdr|title=Nature trail: Tamil Nadu gets its 18th wildlife sanctuary at Erode|date=21 March 2023|access-date=24 August 2023|publisher=[[Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The sanctuary was notified by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] in March 2023 and will become the 18th wildlife sanctuary in the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-budget-new-wildlife-sanctuary-in-erode-coastal-restoration-mission-to-prevent-sea-erosion/article66641206.ece|title=New wildlife sanctuary in Erode; coastal restoration mission to prevent sea erosion |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 March 2023|access-date=24 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Covering an area of {{convert|801.15|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, the sanctuary spans parts of [[Gobichettipalayam taluk|Gobichettipalayam]] and [[Anthiyur taluk|Anthiyur]] [[taluk]]s in [[Kongu Nadu|Western Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/tamil-nadus-18th-wildlife-sanctuary-to-come-up-in-erode-district/article66641334.ece|title=Tamil Nadu's 18th wildlife sanctuary to come up in Erode district|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 March 2023|access-date=24 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
The proposed sanctuary serves as a critical ecological corridor, linking the [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve|Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve]] with [[Cauvery South Wildlife Sanctuary]], thereby facilitating the safe movement of wildlife such as elephants and tigers. Additionally, the sanctuary connects to the Kollegal forests in the neighboring state of Karnataka and forms a key junction where the Eastern and Western Ghats merge,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-02-01 |title=T.N. gets its 18th wildlife sanctuary in the reserve forests of Erode district |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-gets-its-18th-wildlife-sanctuary-spanning-over-80000-hectares-of-reserve-forests-in-erode-district/article67799442.ece |access-date=2024-02-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; enhancing regional biodiversity and ecological integrity.<br />
<br />
==History ==<br />
The creation of the Thanthai Periyar Wildlife sanctuary was announced by finance Minister [[Palanivel Thiagarajan]] in the 2023 Tamil Nadu State budget.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2023-03-03 |title=New wildlife sanctuary to bird centre, slew of environment schemes in TN Budget |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/new-wildlife-sanctuary-bird-centre-slew-environment-schemes-tn-budget-174813 |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 30, 2024, the sanctuary was notified by the government of tamil nadu with a designated area of 80,114.80 hectares. The total reserve forest area in the hill region spans 80,567.76 hectares. However, certain exclusions were made for six tribal habitations, encompassing 342.12 hectares, and roads, covering 110.84 hectares. Consequently, a total of 80,114.80 hectares were declared as a wildlife sanctuary.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-02-03 |title=Six tribal habitations excluded from Thanthai Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/six-tribal-habitations-excluded-from-thanthai-periyar-wildlife-sanctuary/article67807563.ece |access-date=2024-05-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
[[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India]]<br />
{{Protected Areas of India}}<br />
{{Western Ghats}}<br />
{{Protected areas of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Erode district]]<br />
[[Category:Gobichettipalayam]]<br />
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of the Western Ghats]]<br />
[[Category:2023 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2023]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thanthai_Periyar_Wildlife_Sanctuary&diff=447999Thanthai Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary2026-02-25T03:26:52Z<p>Assameseboy: Revised content for better accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Wildlife Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox protected area<br />
| name = Thanthai Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary<br />
| alt_name = <br />
| iucn_category = IV<br />
| iucn_ref = <br />
| image = Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Map of Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve where the sanctuary is located<br />
| map = India Tamil Nadu#India<br />
| relief = 1<br />
| mapframe = Yes<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|11|34|23|N|77|30|37|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| coords_ref = <br />
| established = 2023<br />
| area_km2 = 805.67<br />
| nearest_city = [[Gobichettipalayam]]<br />
| governing_body = [http://www.forests.tn.nic.in Tamil Nadu Forest Department]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Thanthai Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a proposed [[Protected areas of Tamil Nadu|protected area]] located along the area straddling both the [[Western Ghats]] and [[Eastern Ghats]] in the [[Erode District]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/mar/21/tamil-nadus-18th-wildlife-sanctuary-to-come-up-in-erode-2558036.html|title=Tamil Nadu's 18th wildlife sanctuary to come up in Erode|date=21 March 2023|access-date=24 August 2023|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/nature-trail-tamil-nadu-gets-its-18th-wildlife-sanctuary-at-erode/articleshow/98854158.cms?from=mdr|title=Nature trail: Tamil Nadu gets its 18th wildlife sanctuary at Erode|date=21 March 2023|access-date=24 August 2023|publisher=[[Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The sanctuary was notified by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] in March 2023 and will become the 18th wildlife sanctuary in the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-budget-new-wildlife-sanctuary-in-erode-coastal-restoration-mission-to-prevent-sea-erosion/article66641206.ece|title=New wildlife sanctuary in Erode; coastal restoration mission to prevent sea erosion |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 March 2023|access-date=24 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Covering an area of {{convert|801.15|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, the sanctuary spans parts of [[Gobichettipalayam taluk|Gobichettipalayam]] and [[Anthiyur taluk|Anthiyur]] [[taluk]]s in [[Kongu Nadu|Western Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/tamil-nadus-18th-wildlife-sanctuary-to-come-up-in-erode-district/article66641334.ece|title=Tamil Nadu's 18th wildlife sanctuary to come up in Erode district|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 March 2023|access-date=24 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
The proposed sanctuary serves as a critical ecological corridor, linking the [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve|Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve]] with [[Cauvery South Wildlife Sanctuary]], thereby facilitating the safe movement of wildlife such as elephants and tigers. Additionally, the sanctuary connects to the Kollegal forests in the neighboring state of Karnataka and forms a key junction where the Eastern and Western Ghats merge,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-02-01 |title=T.N. gets its 18th wildlife sanctuary in the reserve forests of Erode district |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-gets-its-18th-wildlife-sanctuary-spanning-over-80000-hectares-of-reserve-forests-in-erode-district/article67799442.ece |access-date=2024-02-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; enhancing regional biodiversity and ecological integrity.<br />
<br />
==History ==<br />
The creation of the Thanthai Periyar Wildlife sanctuary was announced by finance Minister [[Palanivel Thiagarajan]] in the 2023 Tamil Nadu State budget.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2023-03-03 |title=New wildlife sanctuary to bird centre, slew of environment schemes in TN Budget |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/new-wildlife-sanctuary-bird-centre-slew-environment-schemes-tn-budget-174813 |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 30, 2024, the sanctuary was notified by the government of tamil nadu with a designated area of 80,114.80 hectares. The total reserve forest area in the hill region spans 80,567.76 hectares. However, certain exclusions were made for six tribal habitations, encompassing 342.12 hectares, and roads, covering 110.84 hectares. Consequently, a total of 80,114.80 hectares were declared as a wildlife sanctuary.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-02-03 |title=Six tribal habitations excluded from Thanthai Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/six-tribal-habitations-excluded-from-thanthai-periyar-wildlife-sanctuary/article67807563.ece |access-date=2024-05-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
[[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India]]<br />
{{Protected Areas of India}}<br />
{{Western Ghats}}<br />
{{Protected areas of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Erode district]]<br />
[[Category:Gobichettipalayam]]<br />
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of the Western Ghats]]<br />
[[Category:2023 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2023]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afzal_Khan_Shirazi&diff=484775Afzal Khan Shirazi2026-02-01T19:12:00Z<p>Assameseboy: stub...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Mughal grand vizier from 1628 to 1639}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| image = Portrait of Shah Jahan's minister, Afzal Khan (1570-1639) (cropped).jpg<br />
| birth_name = Mullah Shukrullah Shirazi<br />
| birth_date = 1570<br />
| birth_place = [[Shiraz]], [[Safavid Iran]]<br />
| death_date = 1639<br />
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Mughal Empire]]<br />
| resting_place = [[Chini Ka Rauza]], [[Agra]]<br />
| caption = Portrait of Afzal Khan, [[Royal Collection]].<br />
| office = [[Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire|Grand Vizier]]<br />
| term_start = 1628<br />
| term_end = 1639<br />
| predecessor = [[Azam Khan (Subahdar)|Azam Khan]]<br />
| successor = [[Islam Khan Mashadi]]<br />
| monarch = [[Shah Jahan]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Mullah Shukrullah Shirazi''' (1570–1639), known by the royal title '''Afzal Khan'',''''' was a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] courtier during the reigns of [[Jahangir]] and [[Shah Jahan]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bayani|first1=Manijeh|title=The Decorated Word: Qurʼans of the 17th to 19th Centuries, Volume 4, Part 1|date=1999|publisher=Nour Foundation|isbn=0197276032}}</ref> He achieved fame as a scholar and rose to become [[List of Mughal Grand Viziers|Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire]], during the period 1628–1639.<ref name="BRILL">{{cite book|last1=Salma K. Jayyusi, Renata Holod, Attilio Petruccioli, Andre Raymond|title=The City in the Islamic World, Volume 94/1 & 94/2|date=2008|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004162402}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Afzal |url=https://archive.org/details/IranianNobilityUnderShahjahanAndAurangzeb |title=Iranian Nobility Under Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb |date=1987 |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University |pages=131 |language=English |chapter=Iranians and the Major Offices in the Mughal Empire |type=Thesis}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Afzal Khan was born in [[Shiraz]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|year=1984|title=AFŻAL KHAN|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 6|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afzal-khan-title-of-molla-sokrallah-sirazi-mughal-court-official-ca|last=Begley|first=W. E.|editor-last=|editor-first=|editor-link=|pages=601–602|isbn=}}</ref> in [[Safavid Iran]] where his father was a petty revenue collector in [[Fars province|Fars]]. Two brothers of his father held financial positions in Iran, whilst two others were engaged in trade between Iran and India.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Overton|first1=Keelan|title=Iran and the Deccan: Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation, 1400–1700|date=2020|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253048943}}</ref> Afzal Khan had a brother named Amanat Khan, who would later accompany him to India and become renowned for designing the calligraphic inscriptions on the [[Taj Mahal]].<ref name="auto2">{{cite book|last1=Kinra|first1=Rajeev|title=Writing Self, Writing Empire: Chandar Bhan Brahman and the Cultural World of the Indo-Persian State Secretary|date=2015|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0520286467}}</ref> Afzal Khan was educated in the secretarial arts, such as calligraphy, accounts, and prose composition. One of his early teachers was the scholar Taqi al-din Muhammad Shirazi.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Kinra|first=Rajeev|title=Chapter 9 The Learned Ideal of the Mughal Wazīr: The Life and Intellectual World of Prime Minister Afzal Khan Shirazi (d. 1639)|date=2016-06-28|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781474402248-010|work=Secretaries and Statecraft in the Early Modern World|pages=179|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|doi=10.1515/9781474402248-010|isbn=9781474402248|access-date=2022-03-22|url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
<br />
=== Safavid administrator ===<br />
Afzal Khan first entered the world of politics in the late 1580s/early 1590s, when he journeyed to [[Qazvin]] and began working under the brothers [[Farhad Khan Qaramanlu]] and Zulfikar Khan Qaramanlu, members of a prominent Safavid political family. He carried out administrative and diplomatic responsibilities. However, Farhad Khan fell out of favour in the Safavid court and was executed in 1598, as a result of which Afzal Khan withdrew from political life and relocated to [[Hamadan]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== Mughal administrator ===<br />
Following a period of study and wandering in Hamadan, Afzal Khan emigrated to India around the year 1608. Upon arriving at the port of [[Khambhat|Cambay]] he travelled to [[Burhanpur]], an important Mughal city in the [[Deccan]]. Here he entered the service of Mughal noble [[Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan]] for three years, becoming one of his favoured companions. Khan-i-Khanan repeatedly recommended Afzal Khan to the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Jahangir]], who eventually granted Afzal Khan a [[Mansabdar|''mansab'']] and reassigned him to the position of ''[[divan]]'' under then-prince [[Shah Jahan]]. By 1615, Afzal Khan emerged as one of the chief diplomatic figures in service of the prince. In December 1616, he was additionally made deputy governor of [[Lahore Subah]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
When Shah Jahan rebelled against his father Jahangir, Afzal Khan continued to be in his employ. However, in mid-1624 he began to work increasingly for the emperor himself, and in 1626 was appointed to the prestigious post of ''mir-i-saman'' by Jahangir. Following Jahangir's death in 1627, Afzal Khan supported Shah Jahan in the succession struggle, becoming one of his key allies.<ref name=":0" /> After Shah Jahan became emperor, Afzal Khan was elevated to the position of [[Vizier|''wazir'']], or prime minister. He was praised for his intellect, administrative abilities and mysticism, and his dedication to "maximising economic productivity and the affluence of the people."<ref name="auto2" /><br />
<br />
He died at [[Lahore]] in 1639. His body was brought to [[Agra]] and he was laid to rest in a tomb now known as [[Chini Ka Rauza]].<ref name="BRILL" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shirazi, Afzal Khan}}<br />
[[Category:Grand viziers of the Mughal Empire]]<br />
[[Category:1570 births]]<br />
[[Category:1639 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Shiraz]]<br />
[[Category:16th-century Iranian politicians]]<br />
[[Category:17th-century Iranian politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to the Mughal Empire]]<br />
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semponarkoil_Swarnapureeswarar_Temple&diff=534019Semponarkoil Swarnapureeswarar Temple2026-01-22T18:22:28Z<p>Assameseboy: started the place basic info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}{{Infobox temple|name=Swarnapureeswarar Temple, Sembanarkoil|image=Sembanarkovil sornapurisvarar temple1.jpg|alt=|caption=|map_type=|map_caption=|coordinates=|country=[[India]]|state=[[Tamil Nadu]]|district=|location=[[Sembanarkoil]] near [[Mayiladuthurai]] on the road to [[Tharangambadi]]|elevation_m=|deity=Lord [[Shiva]]|year_completed=|architecture=|creator=|website=}}'''Semponarkoil Swarnapureeswarar Temple'''<ref name="dinamalar">{{Cite web<br />
|url= https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=266<br />
|title=Sri Swarnapureeswarar temple<br />
|work=dinamalar temples<br />
|access-date=5 August 2015<br />
}}</ref> is a [[Hindu temple]] located at [[Sembanarkoil|Semponnarkoil]] in [[Mayiladuthurai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. This place is also called as Tiruchemponpalli.<ref>[http://www.shivatemples.com/sofc/sc042.php Swarnapureesar Temple, Tiruchemponpalli (Sembonaar Kovil)]</ref> The historical name of the place is Lakshmipuri and Indirapuri. The presiding deity is [[Shiva]]. He is called as Swarnapureeswarar. His consort is known as Suguntha Kundalambikai.<ref name="dm">[https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=266 Sri Swarnapureeswarar temple]</ref> The temple is dedicated to [[Shiva]].<br />
<br />
== Deity ==<br />
The presiding deity is Swarnapureeswarar and his consort is Suguntha Kundalambikai. The temple has been praised in hymns by the [[Saivite]] saints [[Sambandar]] and [[Thirunavukkarasar]]. According to Sambandhar, "No miseries would peep in to the life of those worshipping my Lord gracing from Semponpalli with Mother on His left and holding in His hand the Mazhu (axe) and His long hair glittering as golden thread." The temple is counted as one of the temples built on the banks of [[River Kaveri]].<ref name="Ka">{{cite book |last=Ka. Vi. |first=Kannan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CGFDwAAQBAJ&q=thiruvavaduthurai |title=River cauvery the most battl(r)ed |publisher=Notion Press |year=2019 |isbn=9781684666041 |page=39}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Significance ==<br />
[[File:Sembanarkovil sornapurisvarar temple1.jpg|200x200px|right|The entrance of the temple|thumb]]<br />
It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]] - [[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu#Sthalams|Shiva Sthalams]] glorified in the early medieval ''[[Tevaram]]'' poems by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars]] [[Tirugnanasambandar]] and [[Tirunavukkarasar]].<ref name="dm"/><br />
<br />
== Literary mention ==<br />
Tirugnanasambandar describes the feature of the deity as:<ref>Tirugnanasambandar Tevaram, I: 25:8</ref> <br />
{{cquote|வானார் திங்கள் வளர்புன் சடைவைத்துத்<br><br />
தேனார் செம்பொன் பள்ளி மேவிய<br><br />
ஊனார் தலையிற் பலிகொண் டுழல்வாழ்க்கை<br><br />
ஆனான் கழலே யடைந்து வாழ்மினே.}}<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery class=center><br />
File:Sembanarkovil sornapurisvarar temple2.jpg|Temple<br />
File:Sembanarkovil sornapurisvarar temple3.jpg|Vimana of the presiding deity<br />
File:Sembanarkovil sornapurisvarar temple4.jpg|Vimana of the Goddess<br />
</gallery><br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{cite web|title= Sri Swarnapureeswarar temple|url= https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=266 |publisher =[[Dinamalar]]}}<br />
* {{cite web|title= Swarnapureesar Temple, Tiruchemponpalli (Sembonaar Kovil)<br />
|url= http://www.shivatemples.com/sofc/sc042.php |publisher=Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu, Paadal Petra Sivasthalangal}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Shiva temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]<br />
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._C._Almeida&diff=504880J. C. Almeida2026-01-15T08:53:30Z<p>Assameseboy: made a data.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian civil servant (1930–2017)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Jose Conceição Almeida<br />
| image = Dr._Jose_C._Almeida.jpg<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| caption = Jose Conceição Almeida<br />
| birth_date = 6 March 1930<br />
| birth_place = Goa, India<br />
| death_date = 28 November 2017<br />
| death_place = Miramar, Goa, India<br />
| occupation = Indian Administrative Service officer<br />
| known_for = Former Chief Secretary of Goa, Daman and Diu; First Chairman of the Goa Public Service Commission<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jose Conceição Almeida''' (6 March 1930 – 28 November 2017), also known as '''Dr J. C. Almeida''', was an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer and economist from Goa. He served as Chief Secretary of [[Goa, Daman and Diu]] and was the first Chairman of the [[Goa Public Service Commission]] after Goa became a state.<ref name="Heraldo">{{cite news |title=Goa's only native Chief Secretary, Dr J C Almeida, passes away |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Goas-only-native-Chief-Secretary-Dr-J-C-Almeida-passes-away/123456.html |work=O Heraldo |date=29 November 2017 |access-date=2 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=Goa’s only Goan Chief Secy J. C. Almeida passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goas-only-goan-chief-secy-dies/articleshow/61856935.cms |work=The Times of India |date=30 November 2017 |access-date=2 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="GPSC">{{cite web |title=Former Chairmen |url=https://gpsc.goa.gov.in/former-chairmen |publisher=Goa Public Service Commission |access-date=2 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716000000/https://gpsc.goa.gov.in/former-chairmen |archive-date=16 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Book">{{cite book |last=Almeida |first=Jose Conceição |title=Goa: Administration and Economy Before and After 1962 |publisher=Civitas and Broadway Publishing House |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-80837-58-1}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Almeida was born on 6 March 1930 in Goa, [[Portuguese India]].<ref name="Heraldo" /> He received his primary education at the Instituto Abade Faria in Margão and secondary education at the Liceu Nacional [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] in Pangim.<ref name="Heraldo" /> In 1951, he moved to Lisbon to study at the Instituto Superior de Ciências Económicas e Financeiras of the [[Technical University of Lisbon]], graduating in Economics in 1957.<ref name="TOI" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
=== Work in Portugal and return to Portuguese Goa ===<br />
After graduation, Almeida taught at a technical school in Tomar, Portugal, and worked as a Section Officer in the Ministry of Finance, Lisbon.<ref name="Heraldo" /> In 1958, he returned to Goa as ''Chefe de Repartição de Estatística'', establishing the General Statistical Department.<ref name="Heraldo" /> He also served as Managing Director of Caixa Económica de Goa and advisor to Emissora de Goa.<ref name="Heraldo" /><br />
<br />
=== Transition to Indian administration ===<br />
Following Goa's liberation in 1961, Almeida helped integrate the region into the Indian administrative system.<ref name="TOI" /><br />
<br />
=== Chief Secretary and Public Service ===<br />
He served as Secretary and Development Commissioner and later as Chief Secretary of Goa, Daman, and Diu.<ref name="TOI" /> After statehood in 1987, he became the first Chairman of the Goa Public Service Commission (GPSC)<ref name="GPSC" /> and also served as Managing Director of the Economic Development Corporation.<ref name="Heraldo" /> He retired on 6 March 1992.<ref name="Heraldo" /><br />
<br />
== Academic and literary work ==<br />
Almeida earned a PhD in Economics from the University of Lisbon.<ref name="TOI" /> He authored ''Goa: Administration and Economy Before and After 1962'', which is used as a reference work in academic institutions.<ref name="Book" /><br />
<br />
== Death and legacy ==<br />
Almeida died on 28 November 2017 in Miramar, Goa.<ref name="TOI" /> He is remembered for his integrity, discipline, and contributions to Goa’s administrative and socio-economic development.<ref name="Heraldo" /><br />
<br />
== Publications ==<br />
* Almeida, Jose Conceição. ''Goa: Administration and Economy Before and After 1962''. Panaji: Civitas and Broadway Publishing House, 2013. ISBN 978-93-80837-58-1.<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/for-goas-only-goan-chief-secy-age-is-just-a-number/articleshow/46808036.cms Times of India: "For Goa's only Goan Chief Secy, age is just a number"]<br />
* [https://www.scribd.com/document/596038131/GOA-Administration-and-Ecomomy-Before-and-After-1962-1 Scribd: Full text of ''Goa: Administration and Economy Before and After 1962'']<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Almeida, J. C.}}<br />
[[Category:1930 births]]<br />
[[Category:2017 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Goa]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_142_of_the_Constitution_of_India&diff=487590Article 142 of the Constitution of India2026-01-10T01:48:09Z<p>Assameseboy: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Constitution of India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}<br />
<br />
'''Article 142 of the Constitution of India''' empowers the [[Supreme Court of India]] with broad inherent powers to pass orders and decrees necessary to secure ''complete justice''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Journal |first=IJLLR |date=24 July 2025 |title=The Double-Edged Sword Of Article 142: Justice Beyond Law Or Judicial Overreach |url=https://www.ijllr.com/post/the-double-edged-sword-of-article-142-justice-beyond-law-or-judicial-overreach |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=IJLLR Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref name="h744">{{cite web |date=19 May 2025 |title=The Supreme Court of India’s Use of Inherent Powerunder Article 142 of the Constitution: An Empirical Study |url=https://www.iima.ac.in/sites/default/files/2024-05/W.P.No_.2024-05-02.pdf |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="o469">{{cite web |title=Article 142: The Supreme Power or Judicial Overreach? |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/article-142-the-supreme-power-or-judicial-overreach/ |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=ddnews.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Text ==<br />
{{Blockquote|text=142. Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc<br />
(1) The Supreme Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction may pass such decree or make such order as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it, and any decree so passed or order so made shall be enforceable throughout the territory of India in such manner as may be prescribed by or under any law made by Parliament and, until provision in that behalf is so made, in such manner as the President may by order prescribe.<br />
<br />
(2) Subject to the provisions of any law made in this behalf by Parliament, the Supreme Court shall, as respects the whole of the territory of India, have all and every power to make any order for the purpose of securing the attendance of any person, the discovery or production of any documents, or the investigation or punishment of any contempt of itself.}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{SCI-PD-cases}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Articles of the Constitution of India|142]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nehru_Park,_Paravur&diff=521582Nehru Park, Paravur2026-01-02T00:23:28Z<p>Assameseboy: new new data nd citations - done</p>
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<div>{{About|a public park in [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] town, [[Kollam Metropolitan Area]]|parks with similar names|Nehru Park (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox park<br />
| name = Nehru Park<br />
| alt_name = '''Paravur Municipal Park''' <br />'''G.Devarajan Memorial Park'''<br />
| photo = Entrance of Nehru Park, Paravur.jpg<br />
| photo_width = <br />
| photo_alt = <br />
| photo_caption = Entrance of Nehru Park, [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]]<br />
| type = Public park<br />
| location = Opposite Municipal office, [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[India]]<br />
| coords = {{coord|8.814191|76.670997||display=inline,title}}<br />
| area = <br />
| created = <br />
| operator = Paravur Municipality<br />
| visitation_num = <br />
| status = Open all year<br />
| map_width = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
}}<br />
'''Nehru Park''' or '''Children's Park, Paravur''' (also known as ''Paravur Municipal Park'') is a public park situated at [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] in [[Kollam Metropolitan Area]], [[India]]. It is situated very close to [[Paravur railway station]]. Nehru Park is one of the main centres of recreational activities in [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] town. [[G. Devarajan|Devarajan Master]], most popular musician of Malayalam film industry(born in [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/a-melodious-obsession/article29493758.ece |title=A melodious obsession |publisher=The Hindu |date=2019-09-24 |accessdate=2019-09-24}}</ref> was cremated at this park. A bronze statue of [[G. Devarajan|Devarajan Master]] sculpted by [[Kanayi Kunhiraman]] is there in the park. The compositions of [[G. Devarajan|Devarajan Master]] will be played in the park on every evening.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/memorial-for-devarajan/article1841448.ece |title=Memorial for Devarajan |publisher=The Hindu |accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Facilities==<br />
* Open air stage<br />
* Television<br />
* Fun rides for children<br />
* Garden<br />
* Audio broadcasting of Devarajan Master's compositions<br />
<br />
==Renovation==<br />
In 2014, Paravur Municipality renovated the park at a cost of Rs. 17 lakhs(US$26654.64) by facilitating sculptured compound wall, open air stage, new fun rides and an audio broadcasting facility for playing the compositions of [[G. Devarajan|Devarajan Master]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Death-Anniversary-of-G-Devarajan/2015/03/13/article2711491.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129060748/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Death-Anniversary-of-G-Devarajan/2015/03/13/article2711491.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 November 2015 |title=Death Anniversary of G Devarajan |publisher=The New Indian Express |accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]]<br />
* [[Paravur railway station]]<br />
* [[Paravur Thekkumbhagam]]<br />
* [[Pozhikara]]<br />
* [[Estuaries of Paravur]]<br />
* [[Puttingal Temple|Paravur Puttingal Temple]]<br />
* [[Nedungolam]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Paravur |state=expanded}}<br />
{{Kollam |state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kollam district]]<br />
[[Category:Protected areas with year of establishment missing]]<br />
[[Category:Parks in India]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=O._P._Vyas&diff=522679O. P. Vyas2025-12-29T13:41:45Z<p>Assameseboy: new new stub initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{inline|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = O.P.Vyas<br />
| image = O.p.vyas.jpg<br />
| birth_name = Om Prakash Vyas<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date |1938|1|4|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajputana Agency]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2015|6|5|1938|1|4|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]<br />
| occupation = [[Composer]], music director, lyricist, musician, singer, poet<br />
| years_active = 1965–2015<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Om Prakash Vyas''' (4 January 1938 – 5 June 2015) was an Indian lyricist, musician, singer and poet from [[Rajasthan]]. He wrote primarily in the Rajasthani language and focused on themes of Rajasthani culture.<br />
<br />
He received the Sangeet Purodha Award from the Rajasthan Sangeet Natak Academy for his incorporation of folk music into his compositions.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Vyas was born on 4 January 1938 to Amarkunwar and Ramchandra Vyas in [[Jodhpur]], Rajasthan State, the second of five children. His father exposed him to the traditional music of Rajasthan. He studied at Sumer Pushtikar High School before becoming a teacher for the Rajasthan Educational Department.<br />
<br />
While working as a teacher he pursued a Bachelor of Arts from Rajputana University. He also participated in state and national level youth festivals, preferring to perform patriotic songs and [[Folk song|folk songs]] from Rajasthan. After graduating, he moved to Mumbai to pursue a further education in the arts at the J. J. School of Arts. He returned to Jodhpur in 1965 and resumed work as a teacher.<br />
<br />
In 1972 he staged a musical show in Jodhpur called ''O. P. Vyas Nite'', which featured local musicians and singers. He began composing music for films in 1973; films on which he worked include ''Meera Bai'' (1973), ''Trishla Ka Lal'' (1974), ''Filmi Duniya Filmy Log'' (1974), ''Veer Tejaji'' (1982), ''Savaniye Ree Teej'' (1984), and ''[[Bai Chali Sasariye]]''.<br />
<br />
He made recordings of several of his songs in 1975 for [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]. In 1977 he launched his own production company, Sunrise Records, working with singers such as A. K. Vyas and Sumitra Laheri. He also worked with [[Usha Mangeshkar]], [[Alka Yagnik]], Kavita Krishnamurty, Sadhna Sargam and Udit Narayan.<br />
<br />
In 1993 he recorded sixteen albums of Rajasthani folk songs for Gulshan Kumar, the owner of [[Super Cassettes Industries T-Series]]. Anuradha Paudwal, [[Sonu Nigam]], Agam Nigam, Utra Kelkar and Kavita Paudwal sang on the albums.<br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! scope="col" style="width:4em;"|Year <br />
! scope="col" style="width:16em;"|Album title<br />
|-<br />
| 1993 || ''Bahah Masa'' (in three parts)<br />
|-<br />
| 1994 || ''Bhakti Ro Maarg'' <br />
|-<br />
| 1995 || ''Piya Ghar Aa Re'' <br />
|-<br />
| 1995 || ''Banna Banni'' <br />
|-<br />
| 1996 || ''Jai Shree Nath'' <br />
|-<br />
| 1996 || ''Sanwariya Ji'' <br />
|-<br />
| 1997 || ''Kela Devi'' <br />
|-<br />
| 1998 || ''Gangor'' <br />
|-<br />
| 1998 || ''Santoshi Mata'' <br />
|-<br />
| 1998 || ''Geeto Ro Helo'' <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
# http://www.tseries.com/music/baba-ramdev-o-p-vyas<br />
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[[Category:2015 deaths]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_reunification&diff=477404Indian reunification2025-12-24T01:13:49Z<p>Assameseboy: added stub</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Concept of the potential reunification of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh}}<br />
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[[File:Indian Empire (1947).png|thumb|300px|[[Colonial India|India]] in 1947, before the [[partition of India|partition]], included the modern [[Republic of India]], along with the land that became [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]] and [[People's Republic of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=[[Markandey Katju]] |title=Reunification of India a necessity |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/columnists/reunification-of-india-a-necessity.html |website=[[Firstpost]] |date=August 21, 2019}}</ref>]]<br />
'''Indian reunification''' refers to the potential reunification of [[India]] with [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]], which were [[partition of India|partitioned]] from [[British Raj|British India]] in 1947.<br />
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== Background ==<br />
{{Main|Opposition to the partition of India}}<br />
[[File:India railways1909a.jpg|thumb|300px|Map of [[British India]] (1909)]]<br />
In 1947, [[British Raj|British India]] was partitioned into the modern [[Dominion of India]] and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]], the latter of which included northwest India and part of eastern India.<ref name=fisher-partition>{{citation|last=Fisher|first=Michael H.|year=2018|title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century|location=Cambridge and New York|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-11162-2 |lccn=2018021693|doi=10.1017/9781316276044|s2cid=134229667 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ|quote=The partition of South Asia that produced India and West and East Pakistan resulted from years of bitter negotiations and recriminations ... The departing British also decreed that the hundreds of princes, who ruled one-third of the subcontinent and a quarter of its population, became legally independent, their status to be settled later. Geographical location, personal and popular sentiment, and substantial pressure and incentives from the new governments led almost all princes eventually to merge their domains into either Pakistan or India. ... Each new government asserted its exclusive sovereignty within its borders, realigning all territories, animals, plants, minerals, and all other natural and human-made resources as either Pakistani or Indian property, to be used for its national development... Simultaneously, the central civil and military services and judiciary split roughly along religious 'communal' lines, even as they divided movable government assets according to a negotiated formula: 22.7 percent for Pakistan and 77.3 percent for India.|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=khan-great-partition>{{citation|last=Khan|first=Yasmin|author-link=Yasmin Khan|title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan|edition=2|location=New Haven and London|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-23032-1|year=2017|orig-year=2007|page=1|quote=South Asians learned that the British Indian empire would be partitioned on 3 June 1947. They heard about it on the radio, from relations and friends, by reading newspapers and, later, through government pamphlets. Among a population of almost four hundred million, where the vast majority live in the countryside, ploughing the land as landless peasants or sharecroppers, it is hardly surprising that many thousands, perhaps hundreds of thousands, did not hear the news for many weeks afterwards. For some, the butchery and forced relocation of the summer months of 1947 may have been the first that they knew about the creation of the two new states rising from the fragmentary and terminally weakened British empire in India}}</ref> Those who opposed it often adhered to the doctrine of [[composite nationalism]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Na |first1=Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im |last2=Naʻīm |first2=ʻAbd Allāh Aḥmad |title=Islam and the Secular State |date=2009 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-03376-4 |page=156 |language=en |quote=The Jamiya-i-ulama-Hind founded in 1919, strongly opposed partition in the 1940s and was committed to composite nationalism.}}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]], as well as the [[All India Azad Muslim Conference]], [[Opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]]; the president of the All India Azad Muslim Conference and Chief Minister of Sind, [[Allah Bux Soomro|Shadeed Allah Bakhsh Soomro]], stated that "No power on earth can rob anyone of his faith and convictions, and no power on earth shall be permitted to rob Indian Muslims of their just rights as Indian nationals."<ref name="Ali2017">{{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Afsar |title=Partition of India and Patriotism of Indian Muslims |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/15756-partition-of-india-and-patriotism-of-indian-muslims |publisher=[[The Milli Gazette]] |language=en |date=17 July 2017}}</ref> [[Khaksar movement|Khaksar Movement]] leader [[Allama Mashriqi]] opposed the partition of India because he felt that if Muslims and Hindus had largely lived peacefully together in India for centuries, they could also do so in a free and united India (''cf''. [[Hindu-Muslim unity]]). Mashriqi claimed the two-nation theory was a British plot to maintain control of the region more easily, if India was divided into two countries that were pitted against one another. He reasoned that a division of India along religious lines would breed fundamentalism and extremism on both sides of the border. Mashriqi thought that "Muslim majority areas were already under Muslim rule, so if any Muslims wanted to move to these areas, they were free to do so without having to divide the country." To him, separatist leaders "were power hungry and misleading Muslims in order to bolster their own power by serving the British agenda."<ref name="Yousaf2018">{{cite web |last1=Yousaf |first1=Nasim |title=Why Allama Mashriqi opposed the Partition of India |url=https://muslimmirror.com/why-allama-mashriqi-opposed-the-partition-of-india/ |publisher=[[Muslim Mirror]] |access-date=24 January 2025 |date=23 August 2018}}</ref><br />
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The author of ''[[Composite Nationalism and Islam]]'', [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], a Deobandi Muslim scholar and proponent of a united India, argued that in order to maintain their [[divide and rule]] policies, the British colonial government were attempting to "scare Muslims into imagining that in a free India, Muslims would lose their separate identity and be absorbed into the Hindu fold", a threat that "aim[ed] at depoliticizing the Muslims, weaning them away from struggle for independence."<ref name="Syeda2014">{{citation |title=A study of Jamiat-Ulama-i-Hind with special reference to Maulana Hussain Ahmad Madani in freedom movement (A.D. 1919-A.D.1947) |last=Syeda |first=Lubna Shireen |publisher=Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University/Shodhganga |year=2014 |chapter=Madani and Composite Nationalism |chapter-url=http://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/54426/ |pages=207–211, 257–258}}</ref> In the view of Madani, support for a [[two-nation theory]] would result of the entrenchment of British colonial rule.<ref name="Syeda2014"/><br />
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The pro-separatist [[All-India Muslim League]], on the other hand, campaigned for a separate country, Pakistan, and their demand for the [[partition of India]] took place.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Keen |first1=Shirin |title=Partition of India|url=https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/21/partition-of-india/ |publisher=[[Emory University]] |access-date=9 February 2019 |language=en |date=1998}}</ref> Since that time, various individuals and political parties, as well as religious groups have called for Indian reunification.<ref name="Lamb2917">{{cite journal |title=Review: War in the Himalayas |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |page=397 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |language=en|author=[[Alastair Lamb]]|year=1971|jstor=312054 }}</ref><br />
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[[Mahatma Gandhi]], for example, had wished to settle in [[Noakhali]] in order to start a campaign for Indian reunification among the Muslim community of Pakistan.<ref name="Burke1974"/><br />
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Indian nationalists felt that following the departure of the British from the Indian subcontinent, Pakistan would destabilize and reunite with India; both the British, as well as the Indian National Congress thus thought it would be best for the British to leave sooner.<ref name="Burke1974"/> On the other hand, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] of the Muslim League wished to delay the departure of the British as he felt that it would allow the newly created state of Pakistan to receive its share of joint assets.<ref name="Burke1974"/><br />
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In August 1953, several newspapers in India reported that meetings held on United India Day presented Indian reunification as the goal of patriots.<ref name="Burke1974"/> One of them, ''Parbhat'' wrote that: "Pakistani leaders are well aware of the fact that the majority of the Indian population does not accept the partition of 1947 and will come out in the open to do away with it at the first opportunity."<ref name="Burke1974">{{cite book |last1=Burke |first1=S. M. |title=Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies |url=https://archive.org/details/mainspringsofind00burk |url-access=registration |date=1974 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn=9781452910710 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mainspringsofind00burk/page/57 57]–59, 66–67, 73 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In the 1950s, the Sri Aurobindo Sevak Sangha included in their programme "Annulment of the ill-fated partition and reunification of India."<ref name="Lambert1959">{{cite journal |last1=Lambert |first1=Richard D. |title=Factors in Bengali Regionalism in Pakistan |journal=Far Eastern Survey |date=1959 |volume=28 |issue=4 |page=56 |publisher=American Institute of Pacific Relations|doi=10.2307/3024111 |jstor=3024111 |quote=That such plots continue to be discovered is indicated in an editorial in the ''Morning News'' of February 4, 1957: A vigorous campaign has been launched in Bharat to undo Pakistan and re-unite it with Bharat, according to authoritative reports reaching here from Calcutta. A political party, the Sri Aurobindo Sevak Sangha which claims that its political programme is based on the 'teaching of Sri Aurobindo' is fighting general elections in Bharat with a programme the first item of which reads: 'Annulment of the ill-fated partition and reunification of India.' In its election manifesto, which has been widely distributed and even sent to some newspapers in Pakistan, the party claims that 'there is a party even in Pakistan which is working for reunification and it is growing in strength.' The editorial in this Muslim League newspaper goes on to remark that the party in East Bengal is not named but hints very strongly that it is the Awami League. It is this latter charge (that they are at best dupes and at worst agents of seditious groups) that has been used most effectively against the regionalist groups—so much so that it made Mr. Bhashani cry out in an interview, "Call me an agitator, call me anything, but when they say that I am an enemy of Pakistan and am destroying it, I can only cry my agony to the high heavens for justice and retribution."}}</ref> On 4 February 4, 1957, the Muslim League's ''Morning News'' published an article stating that "there is a party even in Pakistan which is working for reunification and it is growing in strength", with reference to the [[Awami League]], possibly in an attempt to lambast it.<ref name="Lambert1959"/><br />
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[[Lord Listowel]] remarked that "It is greatly to be hoped that when the disadvantages of separation have become apparent in the light of experience, the two Dominions will freely decide to reunite in a single Indian Dominion, which might achieve that position among the nations of the world to which its territories and resources would entitle it."<ref name="Burke1974"/><br />
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The subject of undoing the partition and reunifying India has been discussed by both Indians and Pakistanis, especially in recent times.<ref name="O'MahonySiddiqui2001">{{cite book |last1=O'Mahony |first1=Anthony |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Ataullah |title=Christians and Muslims in the Commonwealth: A Dynamic Role in the Future |date=2001 |publisher=The Altajir Trust |isbn=978-1-901435-08-5 |language=en |quote=In South Asia, recent years have seen the subject of reunification being considered by people in both India and Pakistan. Inevitably, there is a diversity of views on such a subject. Among Indians and Pakistanis who generally agree on the merits of reunification, some regard it as feasible only when national prejudices of one country against the other are overcome.}}</ref><br />
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== Views ==<br />
=== Academics ===<br />
[[Arvind Sharma]] (Professor of Comparative Religion at [[McGill University]]), [[Harvey Cox]] (Professor of Divinity at [[Harvard University]]), Manzoor Ahmad (Professor at [[Concordia University]]) and Rajendra Singh (Professor of Linguistics at the [[Université de Montréal]]) have stated that the malaise and sectarian violence within South Asia is a consequence of the [[partition of India]], which took place without a referendum in pre-1947 colonial India; these professors have stated that "Inhabitants of the subcontinent of India are poignantly reminded at this moment of the grave injustice that was done to them in 1947, when British India was partitioned without taking the wishes of its inhabitants into account."<ref name="SharmaCoxAhmadSingh1992">{{cite web |author1=[[Arvind Sharma]] |author2=[[Harvey Cox]] |author3=Manzoor Ahmad |author4=Rajendra Singh |title=Time to Undo Damage of Indian Partition |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/16/opinion/l-time-to-undo-damage-of-indian-partition-966992.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 16, 1992}}</ref> Sharma, Cox, Ahmad and Singh further expressed "regret that the fate of a quarter of the population of the globe was decided arbitrarily by the representative of an imperial power and by those who were not even duly elected by adult franchise."<ref name="SharmaCoxAhmadSingh1992"/> In view of this, Sharma, Cox, Ahmad and Singh in ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 1992 demanded that "a plebiscite be held over the entire territory that comprised British India on the question of its partition into India and Pakistan."<ref name="SharmaCoxAhmadSingh1992"/> These professors argued that "As the Kashmir problem is ineluctably tied to the partition of India, all Indians should have had a say in their future in the India that preceded partition."<ref name="SharmaCoxAhmadSingh1992"/><br />
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=== Political thinkers ===<br />
[[File:Mohd. Hamid Ansari releasing the book entitled “Justice to Urdu” authored by Justice Markandey Katju, in New Delhi. The Union Minister for Law and Justice and Minority Affairs, Shri Salman Khurshid is also seen.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Markandey Katju]], former Justice of the [[Supreme Court of India]], serves as the Chairman of the Indian Reunification Association (IRA).<ref name="Indica2019"/>]]<br />
In ''[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]'', Kashmiri Indian thinker [[Markandey Katju]] has advocated the reunification of India with Pakistan under a secular government.<ref name="Katju2013">{{cite web |author1=[[Markandey Katju]] |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/02-Mar-2013/the-truth-about-pakistan |publisher=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]] |title=The truth about Pakistan|date=2 March 2013 |access-date=29 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110103720/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/columns/02-Mar-2013/the-truth-about-pakistan |archive-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Katju claimed that the primary causes of the partition were divide and rule policies of the British colonial government, which were implemented after Hindus and Muslims joined forces to fight against the [[Company rule in India|rule]] of the [[East India Company]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref name="Katju2013"/> Katju serves as the chairman of the Indian Reunification Association (IRA), which seeks to campaign for this cause.<ref name="Indica2019">{{cite web |title=Mission Statement of the Indian Reunification Association |url=https://indicanews.com/2019/02/07/mission-statement-of-the-indian-reunification-association/ |publisher=Indica News |language=en |date=7 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="Katju2017">{{cite web |author1=[[Markandey Katju]] |title=India And Pakistan Must Reunite For Their Mutual Good |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/markandey-katju/india-and-pakistan-must-reunite-for-their-mutual-good_a_22033158/ |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |language=en |date=10 April 2017}}</ref><br />
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Pakistani historian Nasim Yousaf, the grandson of [[Allama Mashriqi]], has also championed Indian Reunification and presented the idea at the [[Association for Asian Studies|New York Conference on Asian Studies]] on 9 October 2009 at [[Cornell University]]; Yousaf stated that the partition of India itself was a result of the divide and rule policies of the British government that sought to create another [[buffer state]] between the [[Soviet Union]] and India to prevent the spread of Communism, as well the fact that a "division of the people and territory would prevent a united India from emerging as a world power and keep the two nations dependent on pivotal powers."<ref name="Yousaf2009"/> Yousaf cited former Indian National Congress president [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]], who wrote in the same vein:<ref name="Yousaf2009"/><br />
{{blockquote|If a united India had become free...there was little chance that Britain could retain her position in the economic and industrial life of India. The partition of India, in which the Muslim majority provinces formed a separate and independent state, would, on the other hand, give Britain a foothold in India. A state dominated by the Muslim League would offer a permanent sphere of influence to the British. This was also bound to influence the attitude of India. With a British base in Pakistan, India would have to pay far greater attention to British interests than she might otherwise do. ... The partition of India would materially alter the situation in favour of the British.<ref name="Yousaf2009"/>}}<br />
Yousaf holds that "Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the President of the All-India Muslim League and later founder of Pakistan, had been misleading the Muslim community in order to go down in history as the saviour of the Muslim cause and to become founder and first Governor General of Pakistan."<ref name="Yousaf2009"/> Allama Mashriqi, a nationalist Muslim, thus saw Jinnah as "becoming a tool in British hands for his political career."<ref name="Yousaf2009"/> Besides the pro-separatist Muslim League, Islamic leadership in British India rejected the notion of partitioning the country, exemplified by the fact that most Muslims in the heartland of the subcontinent remained where they were, rather than migrating to newly created state of Pakistan.<ref name="Yousaf2009"/> India and Pakistan are currently allocating a significant amount of their budget into military spending—money that could be spent in economic and social development.<ref name="Yousaf2009"/> Poverty, homelessness, illiteracy, terrorism and a lack of medical facilities, in Yousaf's eyes, would not be plaguing an undivided India as it would be more advantaged "economically, politically, and socially."<ref name="Yousaf2009"/> Yousaf has stated that Indians and Pakistanis speak a common lingua franca, [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], "wear the same dress, eat the same food, enjoy the same music and movies, and communicate in the same style and on a similar wavelength".<ref name="Yousaf2009"/> He argues that uniting would be a challenge, though not impossible, citing the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] and the consequent German Reunification as an example.<ref name="Yousaf2009">{{cite web |last1=Yousaf |first1=Nasim |title=Pakistan and India: The Case for Unification |publisher=New York Conference on Asian Studies (NYSCAS) |language=en |date=9 October 2009 |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/243159495/Pakistan-and-India-The-Case-for-Unification-by-Nasim-Yousaf |access-date=9 February 2019 |archive-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122142932/https://www.scribd.com/document/243159495/Pakistan-and-India-The-Case-for-Unification-by-Nasim-Yousaf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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French journalist [[François Gautier]] wrote that:<ref name="Gautier2001">{{cite book |author=[[François Gautier]] |title=A Western Journalist on India: The Ferengi's Columns |date=2001 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=9788124107959 |page=29 |language=en}}</ref><br />
{{blockquote|Kashmir may hold the key to India's reunification with Pakistan, whether by force or by mutual consent. For that is the crux of the problem: as long as Pakistan and India are divided there will be other Kashmirs, other Ayodhyas, other wars with Pakistan--nuclear maybe--and India will never be at peace with its own Muslim community, which is a permanent danger to herself. For India and Pakistan ''Are one. Yet they are two different entities, each one with its own personality''. Remember Sri Aurobindo's words in 1947, "The old communal division into Hindu and Muslim seems to have hardened into the figure of a permanent division of the country. It is hoped that the Congress and the nation will not accept the settled fact as for ever settled, or as anything more than a temporary expedient. For if it lasts, India may be seriously weakened, even crippled: civil strife may remain always possible; possible even a new invasion and foreign conquest. ''The Partition of the Country Must Go.''"<ref name="Gautier2001"/>}}<br />
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[[Lal Khan]], a Pakistani political activist and founder of the Marxist organization [[The Struggle Pakistan|The Struggle]], suggested that undoing the partition is a necessity because it would resolve the [[Kashmir conflict]], as well as reduce the power of the "security-bureaucratic machine", thus guaranteeing a true secular, socialist and democratic society.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Samaddar |first1=Ranabir |title=Indian review of 'Partition - can it be undone?' |url=https://www.marxist.com/indian-review-of-partition.htm |publisher=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |language=en |date=27 February 2008}}</ref> Advocating for a common revolution, Khan declared that "Five thousand years of common history, culture and society is too strong to be cleavaged by this partition."<ref name="KhanGhosh2007">{{cite web |last1=Khan |first1=Lal |last2=Ghosh |first2=Paramita |title=Can Partition be Undone? – An Interview with Lal Khan |url=https://radicalnotes.org/2007/10/24/can-partition-be-undone-an-interview-with-lal-khan/ |publisher=Radical Notes |access-date=29 June 2020 |language=en |date=24 October 2007}}</ref> His views are described his book "Crisis in the Indian Subcontinent, Partition: Can it be Undone?" in which Khan states that "revolutionary transformation of the economies and societies is an essential prerequisite for the reunification of the subcontinent."<ref name="Khan2005">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Lal |title=Crisis in the Indian Subcontinent, Partition: Can it be Undone? |date=2005 |publisher=The Struggle Publications |pages=127, 128 |language=en}}</ref><br />
{{blockquote|Reunification cannot be imposed on any nationality, community, religion or ethnic group. It must be a voluntary socialist federation. The main dynamic will be the programme and perspective of the revolutionary party, leading the insurrection. The programme must be based on the principles of scientific socialism. The eradication of misery, poverty, disease, ignorance, exploitation, national oppression and the subjugation of women and minorities in society is only possible through the overthrow of capitalism. The annihilation of the existing decaying and repressive states will be linked to the creation of a greater proletarian state based on a workers' democracy. —Lal Khan<ref name="Khan2005"/>}}<br />
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Educationalist [[P. A. Inamdar]] commented at the Rangoonwala College of Dental Science in July 2017 that the reunification of Pakistan and Bangladesh with India would "keep India prosperous and peaceful".<ref name="Shabab2017">{{cite web |title=Pune Muslim Clerics Support RSS' Akhand Bharat |url=https://theshahab.com/2017/07/21/pune-muslim-clerics-supported-rss-akhand-bharat/ |language=en |date=21 July 2017 |access-date=9 February 2019 |archive-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205020745/https://theshahab.com/2017/07/21/pune-muslim-clerics-supported-rss-akhand-bharat/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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Lieutenant General [[Asad Durrani]], the former director-general of both Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] and [[Military Intelligence (Pakistan)|Military Intelligence]], envisioned in 2018 a future [[Indo-Pakistani Confederation]] that would possess a common currency and laws.<ref name="TSC">{{cite book |author1=[[A. S. Dulat]] |author2=[[Aditya Sinha]] |author3=[[Asad Durrani]] |title=The Spy Chronicles: RAW, ISI and the Illusion of Peace |date=2018 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=978-93-5277-926-0 |page=223}}</ref> Durrani stated that such an Indo-Pakistan Confederation would soften the borders of India and Pakistan and eventually integrate the armed forces of both entities, paving the way for peaceful Indian reunification, in which [[Delhi]] would serve as the capital city of united India.<ref name="TSC"/><br />
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The Pakistani Mohajir political leader [[Altaf Hussain (Pakistani politician)|Altaf Hussain]] said in 2022 that "we cannot call it true independence until India's borders are restored to pre-partitions days, and the demography is restored to pre-British colonisation days".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newsintervention.com/altaf-hussain-calls-indias-partition-a-sin-endorses-akahand-bharat/ | title=Altaf Hussain calls India's partition a sin, endorses Akahand Bharat | date=9 January 2022 }}</ref><br />
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The Mumbai President of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]], [[Nawab Malik]], said in 2020 that the NCP advocates that "India, Pakistan and Bangladesh should be merged". Malik compared this to [[German reunification]]: "If the Berlin wall can be demolished then why not India, Pakistan and Bangladesh come together?"<ref>{{cite web |title=NCP will welcome BJP's decision to merge India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, says Maharashtra minister |url=https://scroll.in/latest/979191/ncp-will-welcome-bjps-decision-to-merge-india-pakistan-bangladesh-says-maharashtra-minister |website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=23 November 2020}}</ref><br />
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=== Polls ===<br />
In 2018, a public debate at the [[Oxford Union Society]] on the issue resulted in the conclusion "This House Regrets the Partition of India", with a majority of 108 votes holding that the partition of India was harmful and a minority of 76 votes that were in favour of it.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Amit |title=At Oxford, a stereotype on Partition is busted |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/at-oxford-a-stereotype-on-partition-is-busted/cid/1339828 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><br />
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In 2022, a survey published by the [[CVoter|Centre for Voting Opinion & Trends in Election Research]] "found that 44 per cent of Indians would support reunification with Pakistan."<ref name="Narang2022">{{cite web |last1=Narang |first1=Gaurvi |title=75 years after Partition, 44% of Indians would back reunification with Pakistan, finds survey |url=https://theprint.in/india/75-years-after-partition-44-of-indians-would-back-reunification-with-pakistan-finds-survey/1153338/ |website=ThePrint |date=October 4, 2022}}</ref> Moreover, 57% of Indians above age 55 thought that the partition of India should have not occurred.<ref name="Narang2022"/> The Indian states of [[western India]] (including [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Goa]]) were largely critical of the Partition and were "supportive of any efforts of reunification".<ref name="Narang2022"/> Additionally, of those surveyed, only 44% were supportive of Bangladesh becoming independent from Pakistan.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}<br />
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According to [[Gallup Pakistan]] (not affiliated with [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] based in the United States), in 2016, when Gallup Pakistan asked Pakistanis the question: "If you were a mature adult in 1947 (capable of voting). Would you have voted in favor of or in opposition of Pakistan's creation", 92% said they would have voted in favour of it.<ref name="PakPoll2">{{cite web |date=14 August 2016 |title=Independence Day Report |url=http://gallup.com.pk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Independence-Day-Report-14th-August2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429102222/https://gallup.com.pk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Independence-Day-Report-14th-August2.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2025 |publisher=[[Gallup Pakistan]] |page=9}}</ref> As per another Gallup Pakistan poll, in 2021 73% held the opinion that the partition of India was a good step for relations between Muslims and Hindus.<ref name="PakPoll1">{{cite web |date=12 November 2021 |title=Opinion Poll — General Political Opinions |url=https://gallup.com.pk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Nov-12-2021-English.pdf |access-date=17 August 2022 |publisher=Gallup Pakistan}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Religious groups ===<br />
[[Kingsley Martin]] observed that "Hindus ... have not forgiven the Muslim League for destroying the unity of the subcontinent when the British agreed to independence."<ref name="Burke1974"/> Many Hindus were devastated by the fact that "part of the motherland envisaged in the ancient Hindu scriptures" was partitioned from India.<ref name="Burke1974"/> The [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], a [[Hindu]] political organisation held the creation of [[Akhand Bharat]] as one of its objectives; in this context, Akhand Bharat's borders were that of India, before its [[partition of India|partition]] in 1947.<ref name="CushRobinsonYork2012">{{cite book |last1=Cush |first1=Denise |last2=Robinson |first2=Catherine |last3=York |first3=Michael |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135189785 |page=385 |language=en|quote=The reunification of India - Akhandha Bharat - was an objective and it rejected the notion of India as a federation of states, as stated in the Indian constitution, but considered it as Bhārat Māta (Mother India), the original pre-partition India, undivided and unitary.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Indurthy |first1=Rathnam |title=India–Pakistan Wars and the Kashmir Crisis |date=2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429581762 |language=en|quote=As such, the Jan Sangh Party (it later changed its name to the BJP) did not believe in the two-nation principle and, therefore, advocated for quite some time for the reunification of mother India with Pakistan.}}</ref> Ram Madhav, a spokesman for the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], a Hindu nationalist organisation, stated that "The RSS still believes that one day these parts, which have for historical reasons separated only 60 years ago, will again, through popular goodwill, come together and Akhand Bharat will be created."<ref name="Shabab2017"/><br />
<br />
A group of 200 Islamic clerics gathered in [[Pune]] in July 2017 and issued a statement calling for Indian Reunification:<ref name="Shabab2017"/><br />
{{blockquote|Until and unless the borders of India are peaceful we won't be able to achieve economical, societal and educational development. Tensions at borders are leading to enormous expenditures and development work is stalled. The division made by British was unnatural so we request honorable Prime Minister Narendra Modi to use all military options and unite Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan to make Akhand Bharat. The dream saw by Indian leaders before and after independence will come true and India will become most powerful country in the world.<ref name="Shabab2017"/>}}<br />
<br />
The musician [[Mehdi Hassan]], when visiting [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah]], always prayed for the "reunification of India and Pakistan in some peaceful form or the other."<ref name="Kulkarni2012">{{cite web |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Sudheendra |title=A poet-PMs get-well-soon letter to Mehdi Hassan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/a-poetpms-getwellsoon-letter-to-mehdi-hassan/ |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |date=15 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Islamist group [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] has framed the prophecy of [[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazwa-e-Hind]], as one in which India is defeated and united with Pakistan, unifying the Indian subcontinent under Muslim rule.<ref name="Haqqani2015">{{cite web |last1=Haqqani |first1=Husain |title=Prophecy & the Jihad in the Indian Subcontinent - by Husain Haqqani |url=https://www.hudson.org/research/11167-prophecy-the-jihad-in-the-indian-subcontinent |publisher=Hudson Institute |language=en |date=27 March 2015|quote=For example, Lashkar-e-Taiba has often spoken of Ghazwa-e-Hind as a means of liberating Kashmir from Indian control. The group's founder, Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, has declared repeatedly that "[i]f freedom is not given to the Kashmiris, then we will occupy the whole of India including Kashmir. We will launch Ghazwa-e-Hind. Our homework is complete to get Kashmir." Pakistani propagandist Zaid Hamid has also repeatedly invoked Ghazwa-e-Hind as a battle against Hindu India led from Muslim Pakistan. According to Hamid, "Allah has destined the people of Pakistan" with victory and "Allah is the aid and helper of Pakistan".}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[India–Pakistan Confederation]]<br />
* [[Madani–Iqbal debate]]<br />
* [[Two-nation theory]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[https://www.rabwah.net/reunification-of-india-kashmir-perspective/ Reunification of India; Kashmir perspective by Rasikh Barkat, Riyaz Ahmad, Afiya Javaid, and Mohsin Ilahi - Rabwah Times]<br />
*[https://www.facebook.com/IndiasPartitionInTheFaceOfOpposition "India's Partition in the Face of Opposition: An Unveiled Perspective" published by "Harvard Asia Quarterly" (Spring 2009, Vol XII, No. 2)]<br />
<br />
{{Indo-Pakistani relations}}<br />
{{Bangladesh-India relations}}<br />
{{Bangladesh–Pakistan relations}}<br />
{{Irredentism}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:National unifications]]<br />
[[Category:Pan-nationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Proposed political unions]]<br />
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]<br />
[[Category:Bangladesh–India relations]]<br />
[[Category:Bangladesh–Pakistan relations]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Encyclopaedia_of_World_Literature&diff=540482The Encyclopaedia of World Literature2025-12-15T18:50:52Z<p>Assameseboy: started first post v1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1994–2016 Indian encyclopaedia of literature}}<br />
{{Notability|1=Books|date=December 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox book<br />
| name = The Encyclopaedia of World Literature<br />
| image = Viswasahityavijnanakosam.png<br />
| title_orig = വിശ്വസാഹിത്യ വിജ്ഞാനകോശം<br />
| caption = <br />
| author = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]<br />
| subject = [[World literature]]<br />
| genre = [[Reference work|Reference]] [[encyclopedia]]<br />
| publisher = [[State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications]]<br />
| pub_date = <br />
| release_date = 1994-2016<br />
| media_type = <br />
| pages = <br />
| isbn = <br />
| oclc = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
'''The Encyclopaedia of World Literature''' ({{langx|ml|വിശ്വസാഹിത്യ വിജ്ഞാനകോശം}}) is a 10-volume specialized encyclopaedia published by the [[State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications]] in India. The work on the encyclopedia began in 1984 and the first volume came out 10 years later in 1994. The tenth and concluding volume was published in two parts in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sarvavijnanakosam.gov.in/a-brief-his.htm |title=A brief history [of the Encyclopaedia of World Literature]|publisher= The State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications |access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sarvavijnanakosam.gov.in/about-us.htm |title=About Us|publisher= The State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications |access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/16/stories/2009071650650200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721021654/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/16/stories/2009071650650200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-07-21 |title=Kerala / Thiruvananthapuram News : Encyclopaedia volumes to be released on Friday |date=2009-07-16 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2011-11-30}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://sarva.kerala.gov.in/ml/%e0%b4%aa%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%b0%e0%b4%b8%e0%b4%bf%e0%b4%a6%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%a7%e0%b5%80%e0%b4%95%e0%b4%b0%e0%b4%a3%e0%b4%99%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%99%e0%b4%b3%e0%b5%8d%e2%80%8d/%e0%b4%b5%e0%b4%bf%e0%b4%b6%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%b5%e0%b4%b8%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%b9%e0%b4%bf%e0%b4%a4%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%af%e0%b4%b5%e0%b4%bf%e0%b4%9c%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%9e%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%a8%e0%b4%95%e0%b5%8b%e0%b4%b6/ വിശ്വസാഹിത്യ വിജ്ഞാനകോശം] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320222939/http://sarva.kerala.gov.in/ml/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B6/ |date=2019-03-20 }} (Online Edition)<br />
<br />
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
[[Category:Malayalam encyclopedias]]<br />
[[Category:1994 non-fiction books]]<br />
[[Category:Indian encyclopedias]]<br />
[[Category:Encyclopedias of literature]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century encyclopedias]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century encyclopedias]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hirangaon&diff=502879Hirangaon2025-12-12T19:41:00Z<p>Assameseboy: made a pg</p>
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<div>{{Refimprove|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Hirangaon<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = Hirangau<br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_map = Firozabad block Hirangaon.png<br />
| map_caption = Map showing Hirangaon in Firozabad block<br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|27.1776|N|78.3305|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/><br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 1.11<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="Survey of India map G44A8"/><br />
| elevation_m = 167<br />
| population_total = 695<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/><br />
| demographics_type1 = <br />
| demographics1_title1 = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 283103<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 05612<br />
| registration_plate = UP 83<br />
| website = {{URL|firozabad.nic.in}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Hirangaon''' ({{IAST|Hirangau}}) is a small village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It is part of [[Jarauli Khurd]] [[gram panchayat]]. As of 2011, Hirangaon had a population of 695, in 120 households.<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Hirangaon is located west of Firozabad city, with [[National Highway 2 (India, old numbering)|the old NH 2]] to the north and the main line of the [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] to the south.<!-- Survey of India map G44A8 --> There is a Hirangaon railway station station, but it is actually located in the adjacent village of [[Khemkaranpur, Firozabad|Khemkaranpur]] to the southwest.<!-- Survey of India map G44A8 --> A country road on the west side of Hirangaon connects to Khemkaranpur in the southwest and to [[Alinagar Kenjra]] (and the highway) in the north.<!-- Survey of India map G44A8 --> Another small road connects Hirangaon with the village of [[Jarauli Khurd]] to the east.<!-- Survey of India map G44A8 --> There is a prominent [[irrigation tank]] on the north side of Hirangaon.<!-- Survey of India map G44A8 --><ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref><br />
<br />
Hirangaon is divided into four [[mohalla]]s: Tiwari Mohalla, Sototi Mohalla, Dikshit Mohalla, and Jatav Mohalla.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
As of 2011, Hirangaon had a population of 695, in 110 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|119}} This population was 55.3% male (384) and 44.7% female (311).<!-- Census 2011 B, p. 110 --> The 0-6 age group numbered 95 (48 male and 47 female), making up 13.7% of the total population.<!-- Census 2011 B, p. 110 --> 342 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 49.2% of the total.<!-- Census 2011 B, p. 111 --><ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|110-1}}<br />
<br />
People from many communities reside in this village, called a village of Brahmins, because of being settled away from densely settled settlement and being open and peaceful, green environment and traffic problem. These include Brahmin, Jatav, Barber, Kori, Kachi, Valmiki, Tiwari, Srooti, Mudgal, Pathak, Joshi, Tenuguriya and Dixit.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}<br />
<br />
The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Hirangaon as having a population of 511 people (278 male and 233 female), in 89 households and 89 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|190-1}}<br />
<br />
The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Hirangaon (as "Hirangau") as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 402 people (210 male and 192 female), in 67 households and 48 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 274 acres and it had a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xciv}}<br />
<br />
== Infrastructure ==<br />
As of 2011, Hirangaon had 1 primary school and 1 primary health sub centre.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 119-20 --> Drinking water was provided by hand pump; there were no public toilets.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 121 --> The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 122, 4 --> Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 123 --><ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|119-24}}<br />
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== Economy ==<br />
The three most significant agricultural crops produced at Hirangaon are [[barley]], [[potato]], and [[mustard plant|mustard]].<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|125}}<br />
Most of the people here were formerly employed in government service but most of the time now depend on factories. Currently, the person who is employed in the government service is residing in the city outside the village.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}<br />
<br />
== Religion and culture ==<br />
There are temples of goddesses all around Hirangaon, which protect against the plight of this village. If a person dies in this village then that person Kada Samskar is performed by sitting in it like yoga action while other villages There is no such practice in other villages by the cremation of any deceased person, this tradition is done in the person's progenitor sages of the village of Hirangaon. Free of sage sage in ancient times because connecting Yogsadna your yoga practice would be absorbed into Sage Exchange in response to Hirngav Narki Tehsil, South Fatehabad in West Tundla tehsil and former Shikohabad the tehsil. Agra mandal is 42&nbsp;km away, in which many Mughal historical monuments are decorated.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Firozabad district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Deccan_Plateau_dry_deciduous_forests&diff=536826South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests2025-10-07T03:10:21Z<p>Assameseboy: started first stub initial version</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Ecoregion in India}}<br />
{{Infobox ecoregion<br />
|name = South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests<br />
|image = Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary 9.JPG<br />
|image_size = <br />
|image_alt = <br />
|caption = [[Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary]]<br />
|map = Ecoregion IM0209.png<br />
|map_size = <br />
|map_alt = <br />
|map_caption = Ecoregion territory (in purple)<br />
|ecozone = [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]]<br />
|biome = [[tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests]]<br />
|animals = <br />
|bird_species = <br />
|mammal_species = <br />
|border1 = [[Deccan thorn scrub forests]]<br />
|border2 = [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]]<br />
|area = 81925<br />
|country = [[India]]<br />
|state1 = [[Karnataka]]<br />
|state2 = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|region_type = States<br />
|elevation = <br />
|geology = <br />
|seas =<br />
|rivers = <br />
|climate = <br />
|soil =<br />
|conservation = critical/endangered<br />
|global200 = <br />
|habitat_loss = <br />
|habitat_loss_ref =<br />
|coordinates = <br />
|protected = 7,597 km<sup>2</sup> (9<br />
|protected_ref = )<ref>Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b. [https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014]</ref><br />
|embedded = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests''' is a [[tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|tropical dry forest]] [[ecoregion]] in southern [[India]]. The ecoregion lies in the southernmost portion of the [[Deccan Plateau]], and includes the southernmost portion of the [[Eastern Ghats]].<br />
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The ecoregion lies in the rain shadow of the [[Western Ghats]], and receives most of its rainfall with the June–September [[Monsoon of Indian subcontinent|southwest monsoon]]. It is characterized by tall trees that drop their leaves during the dry winter and spring months. Much of the forest has been degraded through over-use, and thorn forests and shrub thickets are common. To the north and east, the dry deciduous forests transition to the drier [[Deccan thorn scrub forests]].<br />
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==Flora==<br />
These forests have three stories, with an upper canopy at {{convert|15|-|25|m|ft|abbr=on}}, an understory at {{convert|10|-|15|m|ft|abbr=on}}, and undergrowth at {{convert|3|-|5|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Trees are draped in [[liana]]s in denser, mature forests. The vegetation is characterized by ''[[Albizia amara]]'', ''[[Anogeissus latifolia]]'', ''[[Boswellia serrata]]'', ''[[Cassia fistula]]'', ''[[Chloroxylon swietenia]]'', ''[[Dalbergia latifolia]]'', ''[[Diospyros montana]]'', ''[[Hardwickia binata]]'', ''[[Pterocarpus marsupium]]'', ''[[Senegalia catechu]]'', ''[[Shorea talura]]'', ''[[Sterospermum personatum]]'', ''[[Terminalia bellirica]]'', ''[[Terminalia paniculata]]'', and ''[[Terminalia elliptica]]''. [[Sal (tree)|Sal]] found here is used for railway sleepers and house construction while [[teak]], a durable timber, is used for ship building and furniture. Sandalwood (''[[Santalum album]]'') is used for perfume and semal for toys.<ref name="WWF">{{WWF ecoregion|id=im0209 |name=South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests|access-date=22 April 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Fauna==<br />
The ecoregion is home to 75 mammal species. Threatened species include the [[Indian elephant]] (''Elephas maximus''), wild dog (''Cuon alpinus''), [[sloth bear]] (''Melursus ursinus''), [[chousingha]] (''Tetracerus quadricornis''), [[gaur]] (''Bos gaurus''), and [[grizzled giant squirrel]] (''Ratufa macruora''). [[Salim Ali's fruit bat]] (''Latidens salimalii'') is critically endangered, and is near-endemic.<ref name="fauna">{{cite book|last1=Wikramanayake|first1=Eric|last2=Dinerstein|first2=Eric|last3=Loucks|first3=Colby J.|year=2002|title=Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment|publisher=Island Press|location=[[Washington, DC]]|pages=326–328}}</ref> 260 species of birds live in the eco-region,such as the [[rufous babbler]] (''Turdoides subrufus'') and [[yellow-throated bulbul]] (''Pycnonotus xantholaemus''). The threatened [[great Indian bustard]] (''Ardeotis nigriceps'') and [[lesser florican]] (''Eupodotis indica'') inhabit the eco-region.<ref name="fauna"/><br />
<br />
==Protected areas==<br />
<br />
* [[Bannerghatta National Park]], Karnataka {{convert|140|km2}}<br />
* [[Biligiriranga Hills|Biligiriranga Swamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary]], Karnataka {{convert|290|km2}}<br />
* [[Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary]], Karnataka {{convert|500|km2}}<br />
* [[Melkote Temple Wildlife Sanctuary]], Karnataka {{convert|50|km2}}<br />
* [[Ranganthittu Bird Sanctuary]], Karnataka {{convert|20|km2}}<br />
* [[Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary]], Tamil Nadu {{convert|1411.6|km2}}<br />
* [[Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary]], Tamil Nadu {{convert|70|km2}}<br />
*[[Cauvery North Wildlife Sanctuary]], Tamil Nadu<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Bayalu Seeme]]<br />
*[[List of ecoregions in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{commons-inline}}<br />
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{{coord|12.0000|N|77.5000|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}<br />
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[[Category:South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests| ]]<br />
[[Category:Ecoregions of India]]<br />
[[Category:Indomalayan ecoregions]]<br />
[[Category:Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Awjaz_al-Masalik&diff=488494Awjaz al-Masalik2025-10-06T03:29:16Z<p>Assameseboy: new...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1929 book by Zakariyya Kandhlawi}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox book<br />
| name = Awjaz al-Masalik ila Muwatta Malik<br />
| image = Cover of Awjaz al-Masalik ila Muwatta Malik.jpg<br />
| caption = Arabic cover<br />
| author = [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]<br />
| title_orig = أوجز المسالك الى موطّا مالك<br />
| orig_lang_code = ar<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Arabic<br />
| subject = ''[[Muwatta Imam Malik]]''<br />
| genre = Commentary<br />
| media_type = Print<br />
| isbn = 978-2745128966<br />
| oclc = 10292543<br />
| dewey = 297.125<br />
| congress = KBP320.Z35 A33 1973<br />
| website = [https://www.zakariyyabooks.com/product/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83/ zakariyyabooks.com]<br />
| published = 1929<ref name=":DUOB">{{Cite thesis |last=Kaleem |first=Mohd |title=Contribution of Old boys of Darul uloom Deoband in Hadith Literature |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2017 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/364028 |type=PhD|pages=389|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024044219/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
'''''Awjaz al-Masalik ila Muwatta Malik''''' ({{langx|ar|أوجز المسالك الى موطّا مالك}}) is an 18-volume arabic commentary on the ''[[Muwatta Imam Malik]]'' written by [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]. This work presents a detailed analysis of the ''Muwatta'', including its various narrations, sources, and discussions on the legal rulings derived from the [[hadith]], according to the four schools of thought. It covers not only the sources of the [[Maliki school]] but also evidence from the [[Hanafi school]], making it one of the most important works of hadith commentary in the Hanafi school of [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]]. Its impact on Islamic scholarship has been profound.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghouri |first=Syed Abdul Majid |date=2022 |title=Awjaz Al-masālik 'ilā Muwaṭṭāʿ Mālik Of Shayikh Muḥammad Zakariyyā Kandhalavi: A Critical Analysis From Hadith Perspective |url=https://jmqs.usim.edu.my/index.php/jmqs/article/view/356 |journal=Maʿālim al-Qurʾān wa al-Sunnah |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=154 |doi=10.33102/jmqs.v18i1.356 |s2cid=249614654 |issn=2637-0328 |access-date=24 February 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014053848/https://jmqs.usim.edu.my/index.php/jmqs/article/view/356 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
Kandhlawi based his work on the commentary of [[Muhammad al-Zurqani]]. The first edition, published in India, consists of six volumes, while the second edition, printed in Cairo and Beirut, comprises fifteen volumes.<ref name=":TDV">{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|title=KANDEHLEVÎ, Muhammed Zekeriyyâ|last=Özşenel|first=Mehmet|volume=24|pages=298–299}}</ref> The significance of this work lies not only in its academic rigor and scholarly insights but also in its accessibility to a wider audience, making it a popular reference for scholars and students of Islamic law alike.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Sarwar |last2=Khan |first2=Abdul Basit |date=2019 |title=Zakariyya Kandhalvi's Methodology for Introducing the Narrators of hadith: A Study of Awjaz al-Masalik ila Muwatta' Malik |url=http://irigs.iiu.edu.pk:64447/ojs/index.php/irifikronazar/article/view/675 |journal=Fikr-o Nazar |volume=56 |issue=3–4 |pages=79 |eissn=2518-9948 |access-date=24 February 2023 |archive-date=11 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711145743/http://irigs.iiu.edu.pk:64447/ojs/index.php/irifikronazar/article/view/675 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=Zaheer |last2=Muhammad |first2=Ibraheem Bin |date=2022 |title=Linguistics Issues in "Aujaz ul Masalik ila Muata Imam Malik" by Muhammad Zakriya Al-Kandhalavi –Nominative Issue "Subject" as Example |url=https://khairulumma.com/index.php/about/article/view/35 |journal=Khairulummah |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=33–44 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7456861 |issn=2790-329X |access-date=24 February 2023 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224232513/https://khairulumma.com/index.php/about/article/view/35 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
Zakariyya Kandhlawi spent thirty years writing this work, with some intervals. The book starts with a detailed introduction where the author provides information on the science and organization of hadith, the history of hadith, [[Malik ibn Anas]] and his [[Muwatta Imam Malik|''Muwatta'']], and the various commentaries and copies of the ''Muwatta''. Kandhlawi also briefly mentions his own life, teachers, and chains of narration. He explains his method and sources for the commentary, as well as some of the terminology and principles of hadith used in hadith books.<ref name=":TDV" /><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Khatoon |first=Aaisha |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364027 |title=Aazadi ke Baad Hindustan ki Khidmaat e Hadith |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2017 |page= |location=India |language=urdu |type=PhD |hdl=10603/364027 |pages=124–125 |access-date=2023-10-24 |archive-date=2023-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024064943/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364027 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Methodology ==<br />
Hadiths are categorized based on their quality, including sahih, hasan, and dha'if. However, hadith scholars and jurists have differing understandings of mursal, with some rejecting its existence. In this book, Zakariyya Kandhlawi provided a middle ground for mursal hadiths. He assesses whether a hadith is mursal by indicating its status and reason, and by citing corroborating hadiths from other books. If he cannot find a corroborating hadith, he explains the hadith's status from the perspectives of hadith and jurisprudence scholars.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hasan |first1=Muhammad |last2=Majid |first2=Latifah Abdul |last3=Othman |first3=Fadhlan Mohd |last4=Sakat |first4=Ahamad Asmadi |date=2022 |title=Method of Mursal Hadith Interpretation in the Book of Awjaz Al-Masālik Ilā Muwaththa' Mālik by Sheikh Muhammad Zakariyyā Al-Kāndahlawiyy |url=http://jurnal.uin-antasari.ac.id/index.php/ushuluddin/article/view/6625 |journal=Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Ushuluddin |language=id |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=42 |doi=10.18592/jiiu.v21i1.6625 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |issn=2549-3752 |access-date=24 February 2023 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224232529/http://jurnal.uin-antasari.ac.id/index.php/ushuluddin/article/view/6625 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Features ==<br />
Some features of ''Awjaz al-Masalik ila Muwatta Malik'' are:<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Kamal |first=Mohd Arif |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364940 |title=Ulema e Hind ki Bisween Sadi Nisf Awwal mein Khidmat e Hadith Tanquidi Mutala |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2020 |location=India |language=ur |type=PhD |pages=125–128 |hdl=10603/364940 |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101061946/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364940 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
#The topics covered in this work are largely based on the teachings of previous scholars, and no new innovations have been introduced, as such innovations are often frowned upon in traditional fields of study. However, when there is no clear tradition on a particular topic, the author relies on extensive reading to clarify it, rather than solely relying on the teachings of scholars.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ahmad |first=Riyaz |title=Maulana Mohd Zakaria ki Elm E hadees men Khidmaat |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2009 |location=India |pages=181 |language=ur |hdl=10603/57134 |degree=PhD}}</ref><br />
#When conflicting traditions arise and there is no comparison presented by eminent scholars, the author may present his own comparison based on his research. Additionally, if the author understands a new comparison that has not been transmitted by scholars, he may present it.{{Sfn|Ahmad|2009|p=182}}<br />
#The author generally attributes conversations to their original source, but in the case of [[Muhammad al-Zurqani|Al-Zurqani]] and ''Badhl Al-Majhud Fi Hall Abi Dawud'', their contributions are often not attributed as the author frequently quotes their sayings and has extensively used their teachings. In fact, the comment "Awjaz al-Masalik ila Muwatta Malik" can be seen as a summary of their teachings.{{Sfn|Ahmad|2009|p=182}}<br />
#When discussing the men of Hadith transmission mentioned in the work, the author relies on [[Al-Dhahabi]]'s authentication and criticism method for criticism or approval. Similarly, information on the men of transmission in ''Jami al-Usul'' is also transmitted. However, due to space constraints, attribution is often not made explicitly. If criticism or approval is taken from any other book, it is explicitly mentioned in the work.{{Sfn|Ahmad|2009|p=182}}<br />
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== Reception ==<br />
[[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]] relates that he once heard from [[Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki]], a remarkably erudite and open-minded scholar of his time, that upon encountering the definition of ''Awjaz'', he was taken aback by the depth of knowledge and precision exhibited by a legal expert of the Maliki school. He exclaimed, "Had Sheikh Zakariyya not identified himself as a Hanafi, I would have been incredulous of anyone who claimed that he was not a Maliki, given the abundant Maliki details contained in ''Awjaz al-Masalik'' that necessitate prolonged inquiry into our own texts."<ref name=":HI"/> Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi further reports that even the Chief Justice of the [[United Arab Emirates]], Ahmad Abdul Aziz bin Mubarak, a preeminent scholar of the Maliki school, has shown great interest in publishing and disseminating ''Awjaz al-Masalik ila Muwatta Malik''. The fact that scholars from other schools of thought accord respect to and quote its statements and details without sectarian bias is a testament to the author's impartiality and represents a significant accomplishment for the popularity of ''Awjaz''.<ref name=":HI">{{Cite journal |last1=Farman |first1=Mursal |last2=Iqbal |first2=Javaid |date=2016 |title=Awjaz al-Masalik ila Muwatta Imam Malik: Approach and Methodology |url=http://hazaraislamicus.hu.edu.pk/public/uploads/2016/Issue_1/04.pdf |journal=Hazara Islamicus |language=ur |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=24 |issn=2305-3283 |access-date=24 February 2023 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712213549/http://hazaraislamicus.hu.edu.pk/public/uploads/2016/Issue_1/04.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda]] wrote a letter to Zakariyya Kandhlawi praising him for his commentary on the book of ''Muwatta Imam Malik'', saying that it has opened people's hearts and minds and that he has worked hard to benefit those who use it. Abu Ghudda also stated that Zakariyya Kandhlawi's commentary is superior and more eloquent than all other commentaries on the same book.{{Sfn|Ahmad|2009|p=90}} [[Taqi Usmani]] added that it is widely esteemed among scholarly circles in the Indian Subcontinent, requiring no introduction or description. Its scientific and research qualities are well-recognized by scholars, and even those with basic knowledge of Hadith science are familiar with its features and benefits.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Usmani |first=Taqi |url=https://archive.org/details/Tabsre_201610 |title=Tabsre |publisher=Maktaba Ma'ariful Quran |year=2005 |location=Pakistan |pages=103 |language=ur |author1-link=Taqi Usmani}}</ref><br />
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== Legacy ==<br />
Ahmad Asmadi Sakat completed his PhD thesis in 2010 at the [[University of Malaya]] titled ''Al-'Allamah Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandahlawi's Methodology in Compiling the Book Awjaz al-Masalik ila Muwatta' Malik''.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Sakat |first=Ahamad Asmadi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTi6nQAACAAJ |title=Metodologi al-'Allamah Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandahlawiyy dalam penyusunan kitab Awjaz al-masalik ila Muwatta' Malik |date=2010 |publisher=Jabatan al-Quran dan al-Hadith, Akademi Pengajian Islam, [[University of Malaya]] |location=Malaysia |language=ms |oclc=962924119 |degree=PhD |access-date=25 June 2023 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630203937/https://books.google.com/books/about/Metodologi_al_Allamah_Muhammad_Zakariyya.html?id=YTi6nQAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Muhammad Sarwar Khan also completed a PhD thesis in 2019 titled ''Characteristics and Methodology of Awjaz-al-Masalik: An Analytical Study'' at the [[University of the Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Sarwar |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/15958 |title=Characteristics and Methodology of Awjaz-al-Masalik (An Analytical Study) |publisher=[[University of the Punjab]] |year=2019 |location=Pakistan |language=ur |type=PhD |access-date=30 June 2023 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630203939/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/15958 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Hadis Research Institute (INHAD) organized a conference on Compilation & Writing Methodologies adopted by Hadith Scholars in November 2019, with a focus on the classical and contemporary perspective. The conference was held at the [[Selangor Islamic University]] (KUIS), Malaysia, and featured several speakers, including Syed Abdul Majid Ghouri. During the conference, Ghouri delivered a speech titled "The Approach of Sheikh Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi in His Book ''Awjaz al-Masalik ila Muwatta Malik.''"<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Ghouri |first=Syed Abdul Majid |date=November 2019 |title=The Approach of Sheikh Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi in His Book Awjaz al-Masalik ila Muwatta Malik |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337257243 |conference=Compilation & Writing Methodologies adopted by Hadith Scholars Classical & Contemporary Perspective |language=ar |publisher=[[Selangor Islamic University]] |pages=323–339 |access-date=24 February 2023 |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023153047/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Syed-Ghouri-2/publication/337257243_mnhju_alshykh_mhmad_zkrya_alkandahlawi_fy_ktabh_aawjaz_almasalik_aly_mutaa_malik/links/5f259e25458515b729f93243/mnhju-alshykh-mhmad-zkrya-alkandahlawi-fy-ktabh-aawjaz-almasalik-aly-mutaa-malik.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Deobandi hadith studies]]<br />
* [[Works of Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Adrawi |first=Asir |author-link=Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi |url=https://archive.org/download/Maktaba-Maulana-Nizamuddin-Aseer-Adravi-Sahib/Dabistan-i-Deoband-Ki-Ilmi-Khidmaat.pdf |title=Dabistan-i Deoband ki Ilmi Khidmaat |publisher=Darulmuaallifeen |year=1995 |location=Deoband, UP, India |language=ur |oclc=47964786 |pages=120–124}}<br />
* {{Cite thesis |last=Hossain |first=Abu Sayyim Md. Tofazzal |url=http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3317 |title=Mawlana Zakaria Kandhalovi (Rh.): Life And Study Of Hadith |date=2024 |publisher=[[University of Dhaka]]|degree=PhD |location=Bangladesh |pages=292–298 |language=bn}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [[iarchive:ahmedmadi81 gmail 09/01|''Awjaz al-Masalik ila Muwatta Malik'']] at [[Internet Archive]]<br />
{{Zakariyya Kandhlawi}}<br />
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[[Category:Deobandi hadith literature]]<br />
[[Category:Books by Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic literature]]<br />
[[Category:Sunni literature]]<br />
[[Category:Arabic-language books]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]<br />
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]<br />
[[Category:Indian religious texts]]<br />
[[Category:Commentaries on Muwatta Imam Malik]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athivakkam&diff=488194Athivakkam2025-08-17T20:53:16Z<p>Assameseboy: done</p>
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<div>{{short description|Village in Tiruvallur, Tamil Nadu, India}}<br />
{{One source|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
'''Athivakkam''' is a village located in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/tamil-nadu/thiruvallur/ambattur/athivakkam.html|title=Athivakkam Village &#124; Map of Athivakkam Village in Ambattur Tehsil, Thiruvallur of Tamil Nadu}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{coord|13|16|14|N|80|03|53|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}<br />
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[[Category:Villages in Tiruvallur district]]<br />
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{{Tiruvallur-geo-stub}}</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damanbait_Lamare&diff=495438Damanbait Lamare2025-07-27T20:50:13Z<p>Assameseboy: Stub</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br />
<br />
'''Damanbait Lamare''' (born 1997)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Damanbait Lamare(NPP):Constituency- UMROI (ST)(RI BHOI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Meghalaya2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6784 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Meghalaya]]. He is a member of the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] from Umroi Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[Ri-Bhoi district|Ri Bhoi district]]. He won the [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] election representing the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Meghalaya Election Results 2023: Full list of constituency-wise winners of NPP, BJP, and others |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/politics/story/meghalaya-election-results-2023-full-list-of-constituency-wise-winners-of-npp-bjp-and-others-371960-2023-03-02 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Meghalaya Assembly elections results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/meghalaya/meghalaya-assembly-elections-results-2023-winners-list-https-indianexpress-com-article-opinion-columns-supreme-court-censure-on-renaming-games-8473818/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Early life and education ==<br />
Lamare is from [[Umroi Assembly constituency|Umroi]], Ri Bhoi district, Meghalaya. He is the son of [[Ngaitlang Dhar]], a former MLA and one of the richest candidates who contested from Umroi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=2018-02-10 |title=Ngaitlang Dhar richest candidate contesting in Meghalaya elections |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ngaitlang-dhar-richest-candidate-contesting-in-meghalaya-elections/article22712077.ece |access-date=2024-12-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He studied Class 10 at Pestle Weed College, Oak Hill Estate, [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], and passed the examinations conducted by [[Secondary Schools Examinations Council|Secondary School Examinations Council]] in 2013.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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== Career ==<br />
Lamare won from [[Umroi Assembly constituency]] representing National People's Party in the 2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election. He polled 14,213 votes and defeated his nearest rival, George B. Lyngdoh of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]], by a margin of 1,686 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-02 |title=Meghalaya election result 2023: Full list of winners constituency-wise |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meghalaya-election-winner-list-2023-npp-bjp-tmc-congress-candidate-list-for-meghalaya-assembly-election-2023-leading-trailing-candidates-parties-101677727601523.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423102958/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meghalaya-election-winner-list-2023-npp-bjp-tmc-congress-candidate-list-for-meghalaya-assembly-election-2023-leading-trailing-candidates-parties-101677727601523.html |archive-date=23 April 2024 |access-date=2024-12-24 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Damanbait Lamare in Meghalaya Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/meghalaya/damanbait-lamare-umroi-candidate-s15a012c004/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Lamare, Damanbait}}<br />
[[Category:1997 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:National People's Party (India) politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2023–2028]]<br />
[[Category:People from Ri-Bhoi district]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_from_Erode_district&diff=472515List of people from Erode district2025-04-21T04:07:24Z<p>Assameseboy: improved article</p>
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<div>{{short description|None}}<br />
<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Orphan|date=February 2018}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=February 2016}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br />
<br />
The following is a list of notable people who were either born in, are current residents of, or are otherwise closely associated with or from [[Erode district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
{{Dynamic list |date=March 2025}}<br />
{{compact ToC|side=yes|top=yes|num=yes}}<br />
<br />
==B==<br />
<br />
*[[K. Bhagyaraj]], film actor<br />
<br />
==C==<br />
<br />
*[[Dheeran Chinnamalai]], freedom fighter<br />
*[[S. Selvakumara Chinnayan]], politician<br />
<br />
==G==<br />
<br />
*[[P. K. Gopal]], social worker and philanthropist<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leprosy-ila.org/arquivos/premio_gopal.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024023809/http://www.leprosy-ila.org/arquivos/premio_gopal.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=24 October 2013 |title=ILA |publisher=ILA |date=2012 |access-date=5 December 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==I==<br />
<br />
*[[A. V. Ilango]], writer and artist<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmstrom |first=Lakshmi |date=1996 |title=Maṇimēkalai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kuDqXDDJb0C&dq=Gobichettipalayam&pg=PA189 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |page=182 |isbn=9788125010135 |access-date=28 June 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==K==<br />
<br />
*[[Tiruppur Kumaran]], freedom fighter<br />
<br />
==L==<br />
<br />
*[[G. S. Lakshman Iyer|G. S. Lakshmanan]], freedom fighter and philanthropist<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/remembering-a-great-man/article2831907.ece |title=Remembering a great man |work=The Hindu |access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref><br />
*[[G. V. Loganathan]], professor; killed in [[Virginia Tech shooting]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acolumbinesite.com/vt/victims/loganathangv.html |title=G. V. Loganathan, profile |publisher=acolumbinesite.com |access-date=29 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305215107/http://www.acolumbinesite.com/vt/victims/loganathangv.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==M==<br />
<br />
*[[S. K. M. Maeilanandhan]], entrepreneur<br />
*[[Mayilsamy]], comedian and actor<br />
<br />
==P==<br />
*[[Pongalur N. Palanisamy]], politician<br />
<br />
==R==<br />
<br />
*[[Srinivasa Ramanujan]], mathematical prodigy and autodidact<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kanigel |first=Robert |title=The Man Who Knew Infinity: a Life of the Genius Ramanujan |url=https://archive.org/details/manwhoknewinfini1991kani |url-access=limited |location=New York |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=1991 |isbn=0-684-19259-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/manwhoknewinfini1991kani/page/11 11]}}</ref><br />
*[[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]], social activist and politician<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.periyar.org/html/ap_bios_eng1.asp |title=About Periyar: A Biographical Sketch from 1879 to 1909 |access-date=4 January 2015 |publisher=Dravidar Kazhagam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119194357/http://www.periyar.org/html/ap_bios_eng1.asp |archive-date=19 January 2015 }}</ref><br />
*[[K. S. Ramaswamy Gounder]], freedom fighter and former union minister<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bannari.com/pdfs/Draft%20Articles%20of%20Association.pdf |title=Article of Association of Bannari Amman Sugars |publisher=bannari.com |access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref><br />
*[[J.Ralphedil]], Aeronautical Engineer & Scientist <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bannari.com/pdfs/Draft%20Articles%20of%20Association.pdf |title=Article of Association of Bannari Amman Sugars |publisher=bannari.com |access-date=23 May 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==S==<br />
*[[J. Sudhanandhen Mudaliyar]], educationalist, philanthropist, textile merchant.<br />
*[[M. P. Saminathan]], politician<br />
*[[P. Sathasivam]], former [[Chief Justice of India]]<br />
*[[K. A. Sengottaiyan]], Minister for School Education in the Tamil Nadu Government<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/106.htm |title=K.A. Sengottaiyan (AIADMK), Gobichettipalayam, Erode District |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref><br />
*[[K B Sundarambal]], actress<br />
*[[Sundar C]], director and actor<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tamil.cinemaprofile.com/actor/sundar-c-tamil-actor-biography-exclusive-online.html |title=Sundar C, profile |publisher=cinemaprofile.com |access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Erode district}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Erode}}<br />
[[Category:Lists of Indian people by populated place]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of people from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Erode district]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Highway_70_(India,_old_numbering)&diff=447166National Highway 70 (India, old numbering)2025-04-13T18:57:02Z<p>Assameseboy: content update</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Short description| National Highway in India}}<br />
[[File:National Highway 70 (India).png|thumb|303x303px|Map of National Highway 70]]<br />
'''National Highway 70''' ('''NH 70''') was a [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in [[Northern India]] linking [[Jalandhar]] in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] to [[Mandi, India|Mandi]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]]. After [[List of National Highways in India by highway number|renumbering of all national highways by National Highway Authority of India]] in 2010, the old NH 70 has now been subsumed in new [[National Highway 3 (India)]] or NH 3.<br />
<br />
The highway was {{convert|170|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, of which {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} was in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and {{convert|120|km|mi|abbr=on}} was in [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=367 | title = National Highways Starting and Terminal Stations | accessdate = 2012-12-02 | publisher = Ministry of Road Transport & Highways}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Route==<br />
* [[Hoshiarpur]]<br />
* [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]<br />
* [[Dharmpur, Mandi|Dharmapur]]<br />
* [[Kotli, Himachal Pradesh|Kotli]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of national highways in India]]<br />
* [[National Highways Development Project]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/national-highway.htm NH network map of India]<br />
<br />
{{Indian Highways Network}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:National highways in Himachal Pradesh|70]]<br />
[[Category:National highways in Punjab, India|70]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Jalandhar]]<br />
[[Category:National highways in India (old numbering)]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Manali, Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
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<br />
{{India-NH-stub}}</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tirukkural_translations_into_French&diff=541467Tirukkural translations into French2025-03-26T22:49:30Z<p>Assameseboy: started a data nd citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Translation sidebar}}[[French language|French]] has the second maximum number of translations of the [[Tirukkural]] among European languages, next only to [[English language|English]]. As of 2015, there were at least 18 translations of the Kural text available in French.<br />
<br />
==History of translations==<br />
The first translation of the Kural text into French was made by an unknown author, which was titled ''Kural de Tiruvalluvar'' and found a place in the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] of [[France]] in 1767.<ref>{{cite book<br />
| last = Anonymous<br />
| title = திருக்குறள் நூல்கள் (Thirukkural books)<br />
| publisher = International Institute of Tamil Studies<br />
| date = 2000<br />
| location = Chennai<br />
| pages = 14<br />
| language = ta<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Polilan2019">{{cite book |editor1= Polilan|editor2=K. Gunathogai|editor3=Lena Kumar|editor4=Tagadur Sampath|editor5=Mutthamizh|editor6=G. Picchai Vallinayagam|editor7=D. Anbunidhi|editor8=K. V. Neduncheraladhan|title=Tiruvalluvar 2050 |url= |year=2019 |edition=1|publisher=Periyar Enthusiasts Group |location=Chennai|access-date= |language=Tamil|isbn= |page=684}}</ref> However, it is [[E. S. Ariel]] who is generally credited with bringing the Kural text to the French world. Ariel, who considered the Kural as one of the highest and purest expressions of human thought,<ref name="GUPope_SacredKurral">{{cite book<br />
| last = Pope <br />
| first = G. U. <br />
| title = The Sacred Kurral of Tiruvalluva Nayanar <br />
| publisher = Asian Educational Services<br />
| date = 1886<br />
| location = New Delhi<br />
| pages = xxxi}}</ref> translated fragments of the first two divisions of the work, viz. ''[[Book of Aram|aram]]'' (virtue) and ''[[Book of Porul|porul]]'' (wealth) in 1848. Since then several translations appeared in French, chief among which are those by [[Pierre-Eugène Lamairesse]] (1867), G. Fontaineu de Barrigue (1889), Dumast, [[Louis Jacolliot]], and [[Alain Daniélou]] (1942).<ref name="Polilan2019"/> [[Gnanou Diagou]] translated the entire work in 1942, which was first published in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].<ref>{{cite book<br />
| last = Sanjeevi<br />
| first = N.<br />
| title = ''Bibliography on Tirukkural''. ''In'' First All India Tirukkural Seminar Papers<br />
| publisher = University of Madras<br />
| date = 1973<br />
| location = Chennai<br />
| pages = 146<br />
}}</ref> Few other translations were published in the 20th century, including M. Sangeelee (1988) and François Gros (1992). In 2007, Rama Valayden published a translation in [[Port-Louis]], [[Mauritius]].<ref name="GeoCities_French">{{cite web<br />
| url = http://www.geocities.ws/nvkashraf/kur-trans/Fre-Int.htm#_edn1<br />
| title = Tirou Koural: Traduit du Tamoul<br />
| last = Anjali<br />
| first = B. <br />
| date = April 2, 2011<br />
| website = GeoCities<br />
| access-date = 14 April 2017<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Translations==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!style="text-align:center; width:25%;" rowspan="2"|Translation<br />
!colspan="2"|Chapitre 26, Abstinence de chair<br />
|-<br />
!''Kural'' 254 (Couplet 26:4)<br />
!''Kural'' 258 (Couplet 26:8)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|''Gnanou Diagou, 1942''||Qu’est ce que la miséricorde? C’est ne pas vers tuer. Qu’est ce qui n’est pas miséricorde? C’est tuer. Donc, manger la chair qui provient du meurtre n’est pas vertueux. || Les sages qui se sont délivrés de l’Illusion et de l’Ignorance ne mangent pas la viande, d’où s’est échappée la vie d’un être.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Tirukkural translations]]<br />
* [[List of Tirukkural translations by language]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Portal box|Tamils|India|France|Literature|Poetry}}<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Tirukkural|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tirukkural translations by language|French]]<br />
[[Category:Translations into French]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romesh_Sobti&diff=530830Romesh Sobti2025-02-20T10:55:23Z<p>Assameseboy: new basic info initial version - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian banker}}<br />
<br />
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=April 2024}}<br />
'''Romesh Sobti''' is an Indian banker.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 22, 2016 |title=India's best CEOs who have made it big in 2016 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/indias-best-ceos-358948-2016-12-22 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref> He was the CEO and MD of [[IndusInd Bank]] from 2008 to 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2011 |title=All you want to know about Romesh Sobti |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/-1960083.html |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 24, 2020 |title=IndusInd Bank shares tank 30% as Romesh Sobti retires as MD & CEO |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/indusind-bank-tumbles-10-as-romesh-sobti-retires-as-md-ceo/articleshow/74786180.cms?from=mdr |access-date=June 30, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> and of [[ABN AMRO Bank]] for the previous 12 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2020 |title=End of an era at IndusInd Bank as Romesh Sobti hangs up his boots |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/finance/end-of-an-era-at-indusind-bank-as-romesh-sobti-hangs-up-his-boots-5548091.htm/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=CNBCTV18}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2013, ''[[The Sunday Standard]]'' presented Sobti the award for Best Banker – Growth, Mid-Sized. He was also named ''[[Business Standard]]''{{'s}} Banker of the Year for 2013-14. In 2015, he was awarded with the Best CRM Project at the Technology Implementation Awards. The same year, he was named EY Entrepreneurial CEO of the Year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malhotra |first=Rohan |date=January 27, 2021 |title=Romesh Sobti Former Managing Director of IndusInd Bank |url=https://www.leaderbiography.com/romesh-sobti-former-managing-director-of-indusind-bank/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=Leader Biography}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was responsible during his tenure for a majority of credit and governance issues at Indusind bank. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Malhotra |first=Rohan |date=January 27, 2021 |title=Memo to Indusind Bank CEO: Read RBI Circulars |url=https://hemindrahazari.com/2018/10/26/memo-to-indusind-bank-ceo-read-rbi-circulars/ |access-date=Oct 16, 2018 |website=Leader Biography}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sobti, Romesh}}<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian bankers]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teacher_Training_College,_Gaya&diff=539864Teacher Training College, Gaya2024-12-11T20:09:02Z<p>Assameseboy: started initial data w/ infobox</p>
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<div>{{short description|College in Gaya, Bihar, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
|name = Teacher Training College, Gaya<br />
|image_name = <br />
|caption = <br />
|motto = <br />
|established = <br />
|founder = Er. Awadhesh Kumar<ref>{{cite web|title=About us |url=http://bitgaya.org/en/about-us/}} Buddha Group of Institutions</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=From The Desk of Chairman |url=http://www.teachertrainingcollege.org/en/home/}} Teacher Training College</ref><br />
|type = Private<br />
|city = [[Gaya, Bihar]]<br />
|country = India<br />
|affiliations = [[Magadh University]]<br />
|website = {{url|www.teachertrainingcollege.org}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Expand section|date=July 2020}}<br />
'''Teacher Training College, Gaya''' also known by TTC, Gaya is a unit of Buddha Group of Institutions,<ref>{{cite web|title=BIT Group of Institutions| url=http://bitgaya.org/en/home/}}</ref> is a Bachelor of Education college situated in [[Gaya, Bihar]], India. <ref>{{Cite web |last=www.polytropicservices.com |first=Polytropic Services, Biscoman Patna, website- |title=Welcome to Official Web Portal of College of Teacher Education, Gaya |url=https://www.ctegaya.org.in/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |language=en}}</ref>It was established in 2008. The college, approved by [[National Council for Teacher Education|NCTE]] for M.Ed, B.Ed & D.El.Ed,<ref>{{cite web|title=D.El.Ed Affiliated College of NCTE | url=http://ncte.gov.in/Website/deled_bihar.aspx| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026130838/http://ncte.gov.in/Website/deled_bihar.aspx| archive-date=2019-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=B.Ed Affiliated College of NCTE | url=http://ncte.gov.in/Website/b_ed_bihar.aspx| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022034323/http://ncte.gov.in/Website/b_ed_bihar.aspx| archive-date=2019-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=M.Ed Affiliated College of NCTE | url=http://ncte.gov.in/Website/m_ed_bihar.aspx| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026150642/http://ncte.gov.in/Website/m_ed_bihar.aspx| archive-date=2019-10-26}}</ref> and the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]].<ref name=UGC>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=Bihar Colleges in Bihar, University Grants Commission]</ref><br />
<br />
==Courses==<br />
* [[Master of Education|M.Ed]]<br />
* [[Bachelor of Education|B.Ed]]<br />
* [[Doctor of Education|D.El.Ed]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of teacher education schools in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* Official Website : [http://www.teachertrainingcollege.org/ Teacher Training College, Gaya]<br />
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{{Buddha Group of Institutions}}<br />
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{{coord missing|Bihar}}<br />
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[[Category:Universities and colleges in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Education in Gaya, India]]<br />
[[Category:Colleges of education in India]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2008]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otta_(weapon)&diff=457236Otta (weapon)2024-11-25T00:39:59Z<p>Assameseboy: add references based on references and fixed typos after review</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Kalaripayattu]]<br />
[[Category:Indian martial arts]]<br />
[[Category:Weapons of India]]<br />
[[bg:Отта (оръжие)]]<br />
[[it:Otta]]</div>Assameseboyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=TVH_Ouranya_Bay_Towers,_Chennai&diff=455572TVH Ouranya Bay Towers, Chennai2023-10-23T01:38:29Z<p>Assameseboy: slightly added section as per guidelines and updated info for accuracy</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[TVH Ouranya Bay Towers]]<br />
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