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Rafiq Tarar

2026-05-29T02:45:31Z

Aspjack: stub!

{{Short description|President of Pakistan from 1998 to 2001}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rafiq Tarar
| native_name = رفیق تارڑ
| native_name_lang = ur
| image = Pride of Performance Award by President of Pakistan (cropped head).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Tarar in 2000
| order =
| office = 9th [[President of Pakistan]]
| term_start = 1 January 1998
| term_end = 20 June 2001
| alongside = 
| monarch =
| president =
| governor_general =
| prime_minister = [[Nawaz Sharif]] (1998–1999)
| 1blankname = {{nowrap|Chief Executive}}
| 1namedata = [[Pervez Musharraf]] (1999–2001)
| taoiseach =
| chancellor =
| governor =
| deputy =
| lieutenant =
| succeeding = 
| constituency =
| predecessor = [[Wasim Sajjad]] (Acting)
| successor = Pervez Musharraf
| majority =
| prior_term = [[Wasim Sajjad]]
| order2 = [[Senate of Pakistan|Member of Senate of Pakistan]]
| term_start2 = 1996
| term_end2 = 1998
| successor2 = [[Rafique Rajwana]]
| order3 = [[List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan|Senior Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan]]
| appointer3 = [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]
| nominator3 = [[Benazir Bhutto]]
| term_start3 = 17 January 1992
| term_end3 = 1 November 1994
| order4 = [[List of the Chief Justices of Lahore High Court|Chief Justice of the Lahore High Court]]
| appointer4 = [[Tikka Khan]]
| term_start4 = 6 March 1989
| term_end4 = 31 October 1991
| predecessor4 = Abdul Shakurul Salam
| successor4 = Mian Mahboob Ahmad
| birth_name = Muhammad Rafiq
| birth_date = {{birth date|1929|11|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mandi Bahauddin]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2022|3|7|1929|11|2|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan
| party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]]
| other_party = 
| partner = 
| relatives = [[Saira Afzal Tarar]] (daughter-in-law) [[Attaullah Tarar]] (grandson) [[Bilal Farooq Tarar]] (grandson)
| brother =
| parents =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Government Islamia College, Gujranwala]] {{smaller|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}} [[University of the Punjab]] {{smaller|([[Bachelor of Law|LLB]])}}
| occupation =
| profession = Jurist
| cabinet = [[Nawaz Sharif|Sharif Cabinet]]
| committees =
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'''Muhammad Rafiq Tarar'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Rafiq Tarar from Pakistan pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|r|ə|ˈ|f|iː|k|_|t|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|r}}; [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|محمد رفیق تارڑ}}}}}} (2 November 1929 – 7 March 2022) was a Pakistani politician and jurist who served as the ninth [[president of Pakistan]] from 1998 until he left office in 2001. He also served as a [[Senate of Pakistan|senator]] from [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] in 1997; and, before entering politics, as a [[List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan|senior justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] from 1992 to 1994 and as the [[Chief Justice of Lahore High Court|chief justice of the Lahore High Court]] from 1989 to 1991.<ref name="BBC Pakistan Bureau">{{cite news |title=Tarar sworn in as Pakistani president|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/43645.stm|access-date=28 January 2015 |publisher=BBC News |date=1 January 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/43645.stm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tarar was born in [[Mandi Bahauddin]], and graduated with [[Bachelor of Law|LLB]] from [[University of the Punjab]] in 1951, before starting practice as a [[lawyer]] in [[Lahore High Court]] the following year.<ref name="Rafiq Tarar's Academic career">{{cite web| url= https://storyofpakistan.com/muhammad-rafiq-tarar| title= Rafiq Tarar's Academic career| access-date= 26 October 2019| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191020015958/https://storyofpakistan.com/muhammad-rafiq-tarar| archive-date= 20 October 2019| url-status= dead}}</ref> In 1966, he pursued a career as a jurist. Tarar later served as a justice in Pakistan's highest courts. After his retirement at 65, he started a political career as a legal advisor to [[Nawaz Sharif]]. Tarar became a senator from Punjab in 1997 and the same year nominated as presidential candidate by [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]], but his nomination paper was rejected by the Acting Chief Election Commissioner. Barrister Ijaz Husain Batalvi assisted by M. A. Zafar and Akhtar Aly Kureshy Advocate, challenged his rejection in [[Lahore High Court]] and the Full Bench set aside the rejection order of the Election Commission<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/despatches/55007.stm|title = BBC News | Despatches | Court rules in favour of Pakistan President}}</ref> and he was elected president of Pakistan in the presidential election by a margin of 374 out of 457 votes of the [[Electoral College (Pakistan)|Electoral College]].<ref name="President Muhammad Rafiq Tarar">{{cite web|url=http://www.presidentofpakistan.gov.pk/index.php?lang=en&opc=2&sel=4&pId=9|title=Previous Presidents: Mr. Muhammad Rafiq Tarar|publisher=Presidency of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan|access-date=9 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425051615/http://presidentofpakistan.gov.pk/index.php?lang=en&opc=2&sel=4&pId=9|archive-date=25 April 2013}}</ref>

Tarar assumed office in January 1998 with heavy criticism by opposition especially from former Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] who accused him of illegally legitimizing dismissal of her government as a judge of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. As [[head of state]], Tarar shifted Pakistan's system of government from [[semi-presidential]] system to parliamentary democratic system by signing the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Thirteenth Constitutional Amendment]]. He surrendered his [[reserve power]] of dismissing the Prime Minister, triggering new elections and dissolving the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]]. He also signed the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Fourteenth]] and [[Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Fifteenth]] amendment to the [[Constitution of Pakistan|constitution]] that limited the powers of the presidency from [[Executive (government)|executive]] to a [[figurehead]].<ref name="The Constitution (13th Amendment Act)">{{cite book|title=Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan|year=1973|publisher=12th Parliament of Pakistan|author=12th Parliament of Pakistan|edition=13th Amendment|author-link=Parliament of Pakistan}}</ref>

Tarar was ultimately succeeded by Musharraf as President through a [[2002 Pakistani referendum|referendum]] held in 2002.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|last1=Reddy|first1=B. Muralidhar|title=Rafiq Tarar forced to quit?|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/06/21/stories/01210002.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150128021108/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/06/21/stories/01210002.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 2015|access-date=28 January 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 June 2001}}</ref> Twenty months after seizing power in a coup, General Musharraf took the head of state's oath and became the fourth military ruler to become president.<ref name="The Telegraph">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/1310136/Coup-chief-declares-himself-president.html |title=Coup chief declares himself president |date=21 June 2001 |access-date=21 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021212044/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/1310136/Coup-chief-declares-himself-president.html|archive-date=21 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2003, Tarar claimed he was still the President.<ref name="Tarar in Daily Dawn">{{cite web| url= https://www.dawn.com/news/103995/tarar-claims-he-is-still-president| title= Tarar claims he is still president| date= 29 May 2003| access-date= 19 October 2019| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191019105045/https://www.dawn.com/news/103995/tarar-claims-he-is-still-president| archive-date= 19 October 2019| url-status= live}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Muhammad Rafiq Tarar was born in [[Mandi Bahauddin]], [[British Raj|British India]], on 2 November 1929 to a Tarar family.<ref name="Rafiq Tarar Birth Place">{{cite web| url= http://www.urdubiography.com/politicians/muhammad-rafiq-tarar.html| title= Rafiq Tarar's BirthPlace| access-date= 9 January 2015| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171010093725/http://www.urdubiography.com/politicians/muhammad-rafiq-tarar.html| archive-date= 10 October 2017| url-status= live}}</ref> Tarar was influenced by [[Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari]] and he took a part in political sessions of [[Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam]] during British colonial rule. In his college years, he was also an activist for the [[All-India Muslim League]] and was a follower of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]].<ref>{{harvtxt|Chitkara|2001|pp=118–119}}</ref> During the [[partition of India]], Tarar performed voluntary duty as a relief worker in camps set up by the [[All India Muslim Students Federation]] for Indian emigrants. He graduated with [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in [[Islamic Studies]] from [[Government Islamia College, Gujranwala]] in 1949. He acquired [[Bachelor of Law|LLB]] degree in 1951 from [[Punjab University Law College]].<ref name="Rafiq Tarar's Academic career"/>

== Judicial and political career ==
Tarar started a career as a lawyer, soon after completion of his studies. In 1951, he enrolled as a pleader in the [[Lahore High Court]]. He started practicing as an advocate in the same court, in later years. He established a [[Gujranwala]]-based legal aid firm in 1960s and excelled at [[advocacy]]. In 1966, Tarar started a judicial career after he appeared and passed the competitive exams to be elevated as session judge in [[Judiciary of Pakistan#District judiciary|District Courts]]. In 1971, he became Chairman of the Punjab Labor Court. Tarar was appointed a judge at Lahore High Court, highest appellate judicial court of Punjab province, in October 1974.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/webcont/393/MuhammadRafiqTararelectedasPresident[1997].html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111091618/http://www.allamaiqbal.com/webcont/393/MuhammadRafiqTararelectedasPresident[1997].html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2015 |title=Rafiq Tarar's judicial career|publisher=Allama Iqbal Academy|access-date=27 October 2019}}</ref>

Tarar served in the Lahore High Court as a justice for decades. He was also a member of the [[Election Commission of Pakistan]] where he represented Punjab. He was appointed the 28th [[Chief Justice of Lahore High Court]] where he served from 1989 to 1991 until his appointment as a judge in the Supreme Court of Pakistan. His appointment was made by then president [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]] with the consent of Supreme Judicial Council. He served as a senior justice of the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] from January 1992 to November 1994. He was also an awaiting candidate of the [[Chief Justice of Pakistan]] but he retired earlier on attaining the age of 65 years and started a political career.<ref name="President Muhammad Rafiq Tarar"/> In 1994, following his retirement from the judiciary, Tarar entered into politics and started a political career as a legal adviser and close aide to then opposition leader [[Nawaz Sharif]]. In March 1997, he became a [[Senate of Pakistan|senator]] and represented [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] in the upper-house of Pakistan until his resignation in December 1997. He was nominated as the presidential candidate by the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]] in the same year and secured a historical victory in the presidential election.<ref name="BBC Pakistan Bureau"/>

== Presidency (1998–2001) ==
=== Initial days ===
After [[Farooq Leghari]]'s resignation in 1997, he was nominated as a candidate for the [[president of Pakistan]].<ref name="BBC Pakistan Bureau"/> On 31 December 1997, in an [[1997 Pakistani presidential election|indirect election]], Tarar was elected by a huge margin,<ref name="President Muhammad Rafiq Tarar"/> getting 374 of 457 votes of the [[Electoral College (Pakistan)|Electoral College]] against [[Aftab Shahban Mirani|Aftab Mirani]] of [[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]] (a [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]]'s rival) who got 31 votes, and Muhammad Khan Shirani of [[JUI(S)]] who got 22 votes. This was the largest margin in such elections. Upon his election, former Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] delivered a speech in London to the Commonwealth Ethnic Bar Association and criticized his election. She accused him of being dishonest by saying "A former judge [Tarar] who dishonestly legitimized the overthrow of my first government was elected president of Pakistan. This same man stands accused by a former President [[Farooq Leghari]] of taking briefcases of money to bribe other judges in the famous 1997 case. The Election Commission rejected Justice Tarar's nomination for the presidency. Justice Qayyum, on leave for his mother's funeral, rushed back to grant a stay, and Tarar was elected. As for the bribery charges, Tarar, as a former judge, like former generals, is immune to prosecution in real terms."<ref name="Daily DAWN story">{{cite news|last1=Ardeshir Cowasjee|title=Benazir Bhutto criticized Tarar's appointment as a President|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1072352|access-date=22 October 2019|agency=Daily Dawn|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=5 November 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021202357/https://www.dawn.com/news/1072352|archive-date=21 October 2019|url-status=live|author1-link=Ardeshir Cowasjee}}</ref>

=== Constitutional reforms ===
Upon becoming President, Tarar was an unassuming and merely ceremonial [[figurehead]] who kept a low profile, and avoided [[Media of Pakistan|news media]], and he remained a devoted servant and loyalist of the Sharif family. He readily signed the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Thirteenth]], [[Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Fourteenth]], and [[Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Fifteenth]] amendments to the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]] of Pakistan that limited the powers of the presidency.<ref>{{harvtxt|Jones|2003|pp=31–35}}</ref>

The President of Pakistan's powers had thus been slowly removed over the years, culminating in the 1997 [[Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan]] which removed virtually all remaining [[reserve power]]s, making the office almost entirely symbolic in nature as per the true spirit of the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Pakistani constitution]].<ref name="The Constitution (13th Amendment Act)"/>

===Last day in office===
On 20 June 2001, Chief Executive [[General Musharraf]] called on Tarar at the [[Aiwan-e-Sadr]] and thanked him for supporting him. At the end of the meeting, Tarar wished Musharraf "all the best" and hoped Musharraf would succeed in making Pakistan prosperous. Tarar then left the President's official residence at around 2.30pm and was escorted by police to his hometown of Lahore with his family.<ref name="The Hindu"/>

== Death ==
Tarar retired from politics and settled in [[Lahore]], where he died after a long illness on 7 March 2022, at the age of 92.<ref name="The Hindu"/><ref>{{Cite news|url = https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-elections-lahore-parliamentary-elections-nawaz-sharif-1c123f255b53e4baa5b827f7fc419746|title = Former Pakistani President Rafiq Tarar dies at 92|work = [[Associated Press]]|date = 7 March 2022|accessdate = 7 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hussain |first = Javed |date=7 March 2022 |title=Former president and PML-N leader Rafiq Tarar passes away in Lahore at 92 |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1678750 |access-date=7 March 2022 |work = [[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]]
* [[Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Cited works and general bibliography ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Chitkara|first1=M. G.|title=Indo-Pak Relations: Challenges Before New Millennium|date=2001|publisher=APH Publishing|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=8176482722|pages=118|edition=1st |chapter=Muhammad Rafiq Tarar |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr5IoddTKb8C&q=rafiq+tarar&pg=PA118 |access-date=28 January 2015 |via=Google Books}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennette|title=Pakistan: Eye of the Storm|date=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|location=Texas, U.S|isbn=0300101473 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&q=rafiq+tarar&pg=PA36|access-date=28 January 2015 |via=Google Books |chapter=The 1999 Coup}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Preston|first1=Ian|title=A Political Chronology of Central, South and East Asia|date=2003|publisher=Psychology Press|location=London |isbn=1857431146|edition=1st|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtwTXyM65J4C&q=rafiq+tarar+president+1997&pg=PA229|access-date=28 January 2015 |via=Google Books |chapter=Pakistan}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Zakaria|first1=Rafiq|title=The Man Who Divided India: An Insight into Jinnah's Leadership and Its Aftermath|date=2001|publisher=Popular Prakashan|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=817154892X|pages=282}}
{{Refend}}

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{{s-bef|before=Abdul Shakurul Salam}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Justice of Lahore High Court]]|years=1989–1991}}
{{s-aft|after=Mian Mahboob Ahmad}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Wasim Sajjad]] {{small|Acting}}}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Pakistan]]|years=1998–2001}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pervez Musharraf]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Presidents of Pakistan}}
{{Chief Justices of Lahore High Court}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tarar, Muhammad Rafiq}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Lahore High Court]]
[[Category:Deaths from coronary artery disease]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Members of the Senate of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement activists]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistani democracy activists]]
[[Category:Pakistani jurists]]
[[Category:Pakistani Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Gujranwala]]
[[Category:Presidents of Pakistan]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Mass media in India

2026-05-06T17:24:10Z

Aspjack: Done!

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Journalism sidebar}}
'''Mass media in India''' consists of several different means of communication: [[television]], [[radio]], [[Internet in India|internet]], [[Cinema of India|cinema]], [[newspaper]]s and [[magazine]]s. Indian media was active since the late 18th century; the print media started in India as early as 1780. Radio broadcasting began in 1927.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nimc-india.com/history-mass-media-india.html|title=History of Mass media from NIMC top media college New Delhi|access-date=16 January 2020|archive-date=16 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116084234/http://www.nimc-india.com/history-mass-media-india.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History of Mass Media in India |url=http://www.nimc-india.com/history-mass-media-india.html |publisher=[[National Institute of Mass Communication]] |access-date=16 January 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116084234/http://www.nimc-india.com/history-mass-media-india.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Today much of the media is controlled by large corporations, which reap revenue from advertising, [[subscriptions]], and sale of [[copyright]]ed material. With digital age in India, the [[Fifth Estate|fifth estate]] is also quickly gaining relevance, reach and influence, most notable among these being through social media platform, [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Belladi |first=Sunil |date=22 Apr 2025 |title=Transformation of Journalism in India and the rise of the Fifth Estate, a critical appraisal |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=www.tandfonline.com |doi=10.1080/23311983.2025.2498187}}</ref>

[[Freedom of the press in India|Freedom of press in India]] is a relevant issue due to increased centralization of media ownership, government control on media, violence against reporters as well as threats of prosecution enabled by laws that are written in vague terms or gives extraordinary powers to judiciary bodies.

India has over 500 [[Cable television|satellite channels]] (more than 80 are news channels) and 70,000 newspapers, the biggest newspaper market in the world with over 100 million copies sold each day.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16524711 | publisher=BBC News | title=Why are India's media under fire? | date=19 January 2012 | access-date=20 June 2018 | archive-date=3 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603020926/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16524711 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Print ==
{{Main|List of newspapers in India|List of newspapers in India by circulation}}

{{Further|Press Trust of India|United News of India|:Category:Magazines published in India}}
[[File:Akashvani Bhavan in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The headquarters of ''[[Doordarshan]]'', for which experimental telecast started in September 1959. Regular daily transmission followed in 1965 as a part of All India Radio.]]
The first newspaper printed in India was ''[[Hicky's Bengal Gazette]]'', started in 1780 under the [[British Raj]] by [[James Augustus Hicky]].<ref name=Raju105 /> Other newspapers such as ''The India Gazette'', ''The Calcutta Gazette'', ''[[The Madras Courier]]'' (1785), and ''[[Bombay Gazette|The Bombay Herald]]'' (1789) soon followed.<ref name=Raju105 /> These newspapers carried news of the areas under the British rule.<ref name=Raju105 /> The ''[[Bombay Samachar]]'', founded in 1822 and printed in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] is the oldest newspaper in Asia still in print.<ref name=np11>{{cite news|title=One night in Mumbai|url=https://nationalpost.com/night+Mumbai/4444567/story.html|access-date=24 December 2011|newspaper=[[National Post]]|date=15 March 2011}}{{dead link|date=October 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> On 30 May 1826 ''[[Udant Martand]]'' (The Rising Sun), the first [[Hindi-language]] newspaper published in [[India]], started from Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]), published every Tuesday by [[Pandit|Pt.]] Jugal Kishore Shukla.<ref name="Naqvi2007">{{cite book|author=Hena Naqvi|title=Journalism And Mass Communication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0aFH2KFhFOkC&pg=PA42|year= 2007|publisher=Upkar Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7482-108-9|pages=42–}}</ref><ref name="Bhattacherje2009">{{cite book|author=S. B. Bhattacherjee|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&pg=SL1-PA119|year=2009|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-4074-7|pages=A119}}</ref>

During [[Indian independence movement|India's struggle for independence]] against the British, many national leaders such as [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]], [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and [[Annie Besant|Annie Basant]], used the press medium to disseminate their ideas and views of an independent nation, playing a crucial role in motivating the masses to participate in [[Indian independence movement|India's freedom movement]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Media's Role in Nation Building |url=https://presscouncil.nic.in/Pdf/Topic2022.pdf |website=Press Council of India}}</ref>

Even after [[Indian independence movement|independence from Britain]] in 1947, the English-language papers were prominent due to a number of reasons. The telegraphic circuits of news agencies used the [[Roman Alphabet]] and the [[Morse code]], giving the English press an advantage in speed. The speed of typesetting was also much slower in Indian languages because of the [[Diacritic]]s. Also, the press largely relied on advertisements of imported goods for revenue, and the foreign advertisers naturally preferred English-language media. The language of the administration had also remained English.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mani |first1=A. D. |title=The Indian Press Today |journal=Far Eastern Survey |date=1952 |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=109–113 |doi=10.2307/3023864 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3023864 |publisher=[[Institute of Pacific Relations]] |jstor=3023864 |issn=0362-8949 |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224045234/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3023864 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Currently, India publishes about 1,000 [[Hindi]] dailies that have a total circulation of about 80 million copies. English, the [[second language]] in terms of a number of daily newspapers, has about 250 dailies with a circulation of about 40 million copies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Livemint Archive |url=http://www.livemint.com/2009/02/05230335/Hindi-dailies-with-local-news.html |access-date=25 December 2019 |language=en |archive-date=15 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615022436/http://livemint.com/2009/02/05230335/Hindi-dailies-with-local-news.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The prominent Hindi newspapers are ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'', ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'', ''Amar Ujala'', ''Devbhumi Mirror'', ''[[Navbharat Times]]'', ''[[Hindustan Dainik]]'', ''[[Prabhat Khabar]]'', ''[[Rajasthan Patrika]]'', and ''Dainik Aaj''.

In terms of readership, ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'' is the most popular Hindi daily with a total readership (TR) of 70,377,000, according to [[Indian Readership Survey|IRS]] Q1 2019. ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'' is the second most popular with a total readership of 51,405,000. ''Amar Ujala'' with a TR of 47,645,000, ''[[Rajasthan Patrika]]'' with a TR of 18,036,000 and ''[[Prabhat Khabar]]'' with a TR of 14,102,000 are placed at the next three positions. The total readership of the top 10 Hindi dailies is estimated at 188.68 million, nearly five times that of the top 10 English dailies that have a 38.76 million total readership.<ref>{{cite web |title=IRS R1 2009: No surprises here – Dainik Jagran and TOI maintain leadership positions |url=http://www.exchange4media.com/IRS/2009/fullstory.asp?Section_id=40&News_id=34692&Tag=29960 |publisher=www.exchange4media.com |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220074614/http://www.exchange4media.com/IRS/2009/fullstory.asp?Section_id=40&News_id=34692&Tag=29960 |archive-date=20 February 2014}}</ref>

The prominent English newspapers are ''[[The Times of India]]'', founded in 1838 as ''The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce'' by Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd, a colonial enterprise now owned by an Indian [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]]; [[The Times Group]]. ''[[Hindustan Times|The Hindustan Times]]'' was founded in 1924 during the [[Indian Independence Movement]] ('[[Hindustan]]' being the historical name of [[India]]), it is published by [[HT Media Ltd]]. ''[[The Hindu]]'' was founded in 1878 by a group known as the [[Triplicane]] Six consisting of four law students and two teachers in [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]), it is now owned by [[The Hindu Group]].

In the 1950s, 214 daily newspapers were published in the country.<ref name=Raju105>Thomas, 105</ref> Out of these, 44 were English language dailies while the rest were published in various [[Languages of India|regional]] and national languages.<ref name=Raju105 /> This number rose to 3,805 dailies in 1993 with the total number of newspapers published in the country having reached 35,595.<ref name=Raju105 />

The main regional newspapers of India include the [[Marathi language]] ''[[Lokmat]]'', the [[Gujarati Language]] ''[[Gujarat Samachar]]'', the [[Malayalam language]] ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'', the [[Tamil language]] ''[[Daily Thanthi]]'', the [[Telugu language]] ''[[Eenadu]]'', the [[Kannada language]] ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'' and the [[Bengali language]] ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]''.

Newspaper sales in the country increased by 11.22% in 2007.<ref name=wanstats>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wan-press.org/article17377.html |title=World Association of Newspapers (2008), ''World Press Trends: Newspapers Are A Growth Business'' |publisher=Wan-press.org |date=2 June 2008 |access-date=1 September 2010 |archive-date=21 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421114914/http://www.wan-press.org/article17377.html |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2007, 62 of the world's best-selling newspaper dailies were published in China, Japan, and [[India]].<ref name=wanstats /> India consumed 99 million newspaper copies as of 2007, making it the second-largest market in the world for newspapers.<ref name=wanstats /> The traditional print media, but also the television media, are largely family-owned and often partake in [[self-censorship]], primarily due to political ties by the owner and the [[The Establishment|establishment]].<ref>{{cite web |title='Managing' India's media |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/11/india-media-20131119151238287298.html |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225191612/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/11/india-media-20131119151238287298.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Dailies in India ===
*'''Top 10 Hindi Dailies'''
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
#''[[Dainik Jagran]]''
#''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]''
#''[[Amar Ujala]]''
#''[[Rajasthan Patrika]]''
#''[[Prabhat Khabar]]''
#''[[Punjab Kesari]]''
#''Patrika''{{clarify|date=October 2022|reason=The cited source doesn't specify which paper this is}}
#''[[Navbharat Times]]''
#''Nai Dunia''
#''[[Hari Bhoomi]]''
}}
:''Ref: Indian Readership Survey Q4 2019 pdf''

*'''Top 10 English dailies'''
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
#''[[The Times of India]]''
#''[[The Hindu]]''
#''[[The Economic Times]]''
#''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]''
#''[[The Indian Express]]''
#''[[The New Indian Express]]''
#''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''
#''[[Mid-Day]]''
#''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]''
#''[[Deccan Herald]]''}}
:''Ref: Indian Readership Survey [https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/8e428e54a95edcd6e8be593a7021a185.pdf <nowiki>Q1 2019 [1]</nowiki>]''

*'''Top 10 regional dailies'''
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
#''[[Daily Thanthi]]'' (Tamil)
#''[[Lokmat]]'' (Marathi)
#''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' (Malayalam)
#''[[Eenadu]]'' (Telugu)
#''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' (Malayalam)
#''Mandsaur Today ( Hindi)''
#''[[Dinakaran]]'' (Tamil)
#''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' (Bengali)
#''[[Gujarat Samachar]]'' (Gujarati)
#''[[Sakal]]'' (Marathi)
}}
:''Ref: Indian Readership Survey Q1 2019 [https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/8e428e54a95edcd6e8be593a7021a185.pdf]''

=== Magazines in India ===
*'''Top 10 Hindi magazines'''
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
#''[[India Today]]''
#''[[SamanyaGyan Darpan]]''
#''[[Pratiyogita Darpan]]''
#''[[Meri Saheli]]''
#''[[Navodayans Heights]]''
#''[[Bal Bhaskar]]''
#''[[Champak]]''
#''[[Sarita (magazine)|Sarita]]''
#''[[Diamond Cricket Today]]''
#''[[Cricket Samrat]]''
}}
:''Ref: Indian Readership Survey Q1 2019 [https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/8e428e54a95edcd6e8be593a7021a185.pdf]''

*'''Top 10 English magazines'''
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
#''[[India Today]]''
#''[[General Knowledge Today]]''
#''[[The Sportstar]]''
#''[[Diamond Cricket Today]]''
#''[[Filmfare]]''
#''[[Pratiyogita Darpan]]''
#''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]''
#''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]''
#''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''
#''[[Competition Success Review]]''
}}
:''Ref: Indian Readership Survey Q1 2019 [https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/8e428e54a95edcd6e8be593a7021a185.pdf]''

*'''Top 10 regional magazines'''
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
#''[[Vanitha]]'' (Malayalam)
#''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' (Tamil)
#''[[Mathrubhumi Arogya Masika]]'' (Malayalam)
#''[[Kumudam]]'' (Tamil)
#''[[Mathrubhumi Thozhilvartha]]'' (Malayalam)
#''[[Balarama (magazine)|Balarama]]'' (Malayalam)
#''[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]'' (Tamil)
#''Grihalakshmi''
#''[[Manorama Thozhil Veedhi]]'' (Malayalam)
#''[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]]'' (Tamil)
}}
:''Ref: Indian Readership Survey Q1 2019 [https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/8e428e54a95edcd6e8be593a7021a185.pdf]''

== Broadcasting ==
{{Main|Radio in India|Television in India}}

{{Further|Lists of television channels in India|List of Indian-language radio stations}}

[[Auguste and Louis Lumière]] moving pictures were screened in [[Bombay]] during July 1895, and [[radio broadcasting]] began in 1927.<ref>See ''Thomas 2006'' and ''Burra & Rao 2006''.</ref> Radio broadcasting was initiated in 1927 but became a state responsibility only in 1930.<ref name=Schwartzberg>Schwartzberg (2008)</ref> In 1937 it was given the name ''All India Radio'' and since 1957 it has been called ''[[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani]]''.<ref name=Schwartzberg /> Limited duration of television programming began in 1959, and complete broadcasting followed in 1965.<ref name=Schwartzberg /> The [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] owned and maintained the audio-visual apparatus—including the television channel ''[[Doordarshan]]''—in the country prior to the [[P. V. Narasimha Rao#Economic reforms|economic reforms of 1991]].<ref name=Raju106>Thomas, 106</ref>

Following the economic reforms satellite television channels from around the world—including the [[BBC]], [[CNN]], [[CNBC]], and other foreign television channels gained a foothold in the country.<ref name=Raju106-107>Thomas, 106–107</ref> 47 million households with television sets emerged in 1993, which was also the year when [[Rupert Murdoch]] entered the Indian market.<ref name=Raju107>Thomas, 107</ref> [[Satellite television|Satellite]] and cable television soon gained a foothold.<ref name=Raju107 /> ''[[Doordarshan]]'', in turn, initiated reforms and modernisation.<ref name=Raju107 /> With 1,400 television stations as of 2009, the country ranks 4th in the [[list of countries by number of television broadcast stations]].<ref name=ciatvstation>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003149/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2015.html ''CIA World Factbook: Field Listing – Television broadcast stations.'']</ref>

== Communications ==
{{Main|Information technology in India|Telecommunications in India}}

{{Further|List of telecom companies in India}}

The Indian Government acquired [[ES EVM]] computers from the [[Soviet Union]], which were used in large companies and research laboratories.<ref name="desai">Desai (2006)</ref> [[Tata Consultancy Services]] – established in 1968 by the [[Tata Group]] – were the country's largest software producers during the 1960s.<ref name="desai" /> The '[[microchip revolution]]' of the 1980s had convinced both [[Indira Gandhi]] and her successor [[Rajiv Gandhi]] that electronics and telecommunications were vital to India's growth and development.<ref name=Chand /> [[MTNL]] underwent technological improvements.<ref name=Chand>Chand, 86</ref> Between 1986 and 1987, the [[Indian government]] embarked upon the creation of three wide-area computer networking schemes: INDONET (intended to serve the [[IBM]] mainframes in India), NICNET (network for the [[National Informatics Centre]]), and the academic research oriented [[ERNET|Education and Research Network (ERNET)]].<ref name=Wolcott&Goodman568>Wolcott & Goodman, 568</ref>

The Indian economy underwent economic reforms in 1991, leading to a new era of [[globalisation]] and international economic integration.<ref name=sharma2>Sharma (2006)</ref> Economic growth of over 6% annually was seen between 1993 and 2002.<ref name=sharma2 /> The economic reforms were driven in part by significant the internet usage in India.<ref name=Wolcott&Goodman564>Wolcott & Goodman, 564</ref> The new administration under Atal Bihari Vajpayee which placed the development of [[Information technology]] among its top five priorities— formed the Indian National Task Force on Information Technology and Software Development.<ref name=Wolcott&Goodman564-565>Wolcott & Goodman, 564–565</ref> Internet gained a foothold in India by 1998.<ref name="desai" /> India had a total of 100 million Internet users—comprising 8.5% of the country's population—by 2010.<ref name=cia&stats>See [https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004451/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2153rank.html ''The World Factbook: Internet users''] and [http://www.internetworldstats.com/ ''Internet World Stats''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124180233/http://www.internetworldstats.com/ |date=24 January 2010 }}.</ref>

[[India]] had a total of 34 million fixed lines in use by 2011.<ref name=ciatelephone>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003948/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2150rank.html ''CIA World Factbook: Rank Order – Telephones – main lines in use''.]</ref> In the [[Landline|fixed line]] arena, [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|BSNL]] and [[Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited|MTNL]] are the incumbents in their respective areas of operation and continue to enjoy the dominant service provider status in the domain of fixed line services.<ref name=trai-reports /> [[BSNL]] controls 79% of fixed line share in the country.<ref name=trai-reports />

In the [[mobile phone|mobile telephony]] sector, [[Bharti Airtel]] controls 24.3% subscriber base followed by [[Reliance Communications]] with 18.9%, [[Vodafone]] with 18.8%, BSNL] with 12.7% subscriber base as of June 2009.<ref name=trai-reports>From the [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] see [http://www.trai.gov.in/trai/upload/StudyPapers/5/spaper2nov05.pdf ''Study paper on State of Indian Telecom Network''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911040834/http://www.trai.gov.in/trai/upload/StudyPapers/5/spaper2nov05.pdf |date=11 September 2008 }} and [http://www.trai.gov.in/trai/upload/PressReleases/371/pr12sep06no89.pdf ''Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Press Release No. 89 /2006''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911040932/http://www.trai.gov.in/trai/upload/PressReleases/371/pr12sep06no89.pdf |date=11 September 2008 }}</ref> India had a total of 880 million mobile phone connections by 2011.<ref name=ciamobiletelephone>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004129/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2151rank.html ''CIA World Factbook: Rank Order – Telephones – mobile cellular''.]</ref> Total [[Fixed line|fixed-line]] and wireless subscribers reached 688 million as of August 2010.<ref name=reuters>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/UK_SMALLCAPSRPT/idUKDEL2193920080725 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717053427/http://uk.reuters.com/article/UK_SMALLCAPSRPT/idUKDEL2193920080725 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2012 |title=Reuters (2008), ''India adds 8.94 mln mobile users in June'' |publisher=Uk.reuters.com |date= 25 July 2008|access-date=1 September 2010 | first=Devidutta | last=Tripathy}}</ref>

== Motion pictures ==
{{Main|Cinema of India}}

The history of film in India begins with the screening of Auguste and Louis Lumière's moving pictures in Bombay in July 1895.<ref name=Burra&Rao252>Burra & Rao, 252</ref> ''[[Raja Harishchandra]]'', a full-length feature film, was initiated in 1912 and completed later.<ref name=Burra&Rao252 /> ''[[Alam Ara]]'' (released 14 March 1931), directed by [[Ardeshir Irani]], was the first Indian movie with dialogue.<ref name=Burra&Rao253>Burra & Rao, 253</ref>

Indian films were soon being followed throughout Southeast Asia and the Middle East—where the modest clothing and subdued sexuality in these films were found to be acceptable to the sensibilities of audiences in the various [[Muslim world|Islamic countries]] of the region.<ref name=eb-watson>Watson (2008)</ref> As cinema as a medium gained popularity in India, as many as 1,000 films in the various [[languages of India]] were produced annually.<ref name=eb-watson />

[[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California|Hollywood]] also gained a foothold in India with [[special effect]]s films such as ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'' (1993) and ''[[Speed (1994 film)|Speed]]'' (1994) being specially appreciated by local audiences.<ref name=eb-watson /> Expatriates throughout the United Kingdom and the United States continued to give rise to international audiences for Indian movies, which, according to a 2008 [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] entry on [[Bollywood]], "continued to be formulaic story lines, expertly choreographed fight scenes, spectacular song-and-dance routines, emotion-charged melodrama, and larger-than-life heroes".<ref name=eb-bollywood>Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), ''Bollywood''.</ref>

Present-day [[India]] produces the most films of any country in the world.<ref name=filmstats>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/med_fil_pro-media-films-produced |title=''Nation Master: Films produced (most recent) by country'' |access-date=18 August 2012 |archive-date=25 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825035727/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/med_fil_pro-media-films-produced |url-status=live }}</ref> Major media investors in the country are production houses such as [[Yash Raj Films]], [[Dharma Productions]], Aamir Khan Productions, [[Disney India]] and [[Reliance Entertainment]]. Most of these productions are funded by investors, since there are limited banking and credit facilities in India for the [[Film industry|motion picture industry]]. Many [[Multinational corporation|international corporations]], such as [[Disney]] (formerly [[UTV Motion Pictures|UTV]]) and [[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom]] ([[Network18 Group|Network18]] Studios), have entered the nation's media industry on a large scale.

== Ownership and funding ==
{{Further|List of news media ownership in India}}
Digital media is opening up to paywalls and other subscription-based models. However, a majority of readers still do not pay for the content they read, causing media houses to rely on other means of funding.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Tasmayee Laha|date=22 May 2020|title=Are Indian newspapers heading towards a paywall model?|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-print-news/are-indian-newspapers-heading-towards-a-paywall-model-104805.html|access-date=2021-05-26|website=Exchange4media|language=en|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526073546/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-print-news/are-indian-newspapers-heading-towards-a-paywall-model-104805.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Independent and Public Spirited Media Trust is a syndicate that promotes media in India with the aim of creating a news content creation network.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rai|first=Saritha|date=2015-09-20|title=With starting corpus of Rs 100 cr, Bengaluru billionaires register media trust|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/commodities/bengaluru-billionaires-register-media-trust/|access-date=2021-05-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526073544/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/commodities/bengaluru-billionaires-register-media-trust/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was founded in 2015 and funds organisations such as [[The Wire (India)|The Wire]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 August 2016|title=How The Wire is Funded|url=https://thewire.in/media/how-the-wire-is-funded|access-date=2021-05-26|website=The Wire|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526073544/https://thewire.in/media/how-the-wire-is-funded|url-status=live}}</ref> IndiaSpend, [[CGNet Swara]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Impact-driven journalism during the pandemic|url=https://ijnet.org/en/story/impact-driven-journalism-during-pandemic|access-date=2021-05-26|website=International Journalists' Network|language=en|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526073546/https://ijnet.org/en/story/impact-driven-journalism-during-pandemic|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Choudhary|first=Vidhi|date=2016-02-23|title=IPS Media Foundation receives two dozen applications for funds|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/YMWfKAkYz0jRfFSet57vRI/IPS-Media-Foundation-receives-two-dozen-applications-for-fu.html|access-date=2021-05-26|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526073544/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/YMWfKAkYz0jRfFSet57vRI/IPS-Media-Foundation-receives-two-dozen-applications-for-fu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Alt News,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Transparency of funding|url=https://www.altnews.in/transparency-of-funding/|access-date=2021-05-26|website=Alt News|language=en-GB|archive-date=29 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529122901/https://www.altnews.in/transparency-of-funding/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[The Caravan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About us {{!}} The Caravan|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/pages/about-us|access-date=2021-05-26|website=caravanmagazine.in|language=en|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526073547/https://caravanmagazine.in/pages/about-us|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Omidyar Network]] has invested in [[Scroll.in]] and [[Newslaundry]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Bansal|first=Shuchi|date=2016-08-11|title=The ideology behind media investments|url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/CUrOd5ytWmYd3qREoDqgdK/The-ideology-behind-media-investments.html|access-date=2021-05-26|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012900/https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/CUrOd5ytWmYd3qREoDqgdK/The-ideology-behind-media-investments.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Odisha TV]] is owned by the Panda Family, [[Baijayant Panda|Baijayant Jay Panda]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2019-05-29|title=Media Ownership Monitor: Who owns the media in India? {{!}} Reporters without borders|url=https://rsf.org/en/news/media-ownership-monitor-who-owns-media-india|access-date=2021-05-26|website=RSF|language=en|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526073554/https://rsf.org/en/news/media-ownership-monitor-who-owns-media-india|url-status=live}}</ref> [[News Live (Indian TV channel)|NewsLive]] in Assam is run by the wife of [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]].<ref name=":2" /> ''The Caravan'' points out that [[NDTV]], [[News Nation]], [[India TV]], [[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News24]] and [[Network18 Group|Network18]] are linked to [[Reliance Industries|Reliance]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=19 January 2016|title=The Big Five: The Media Companies That the Modi Government Must Scrutinise To Fulfill its Promise of Ending Crony Capitalism|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/the-big-five-the-media-companies-that-the-modi-government-must-scrutinise-to-fulfill-its-promise-of-ending-crony-capitalism|access-date=2021-05-26|website=The Caravan|language=en|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526073544/https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/the-big-five-the-media-companies-that-the-modi-government-must-scrutinise-to-fulfill-its-promise-of-ending-crony-capitalism|url-status=live}}</ref> Another Indian billionaire businessman who funds media is [[Subhash Chandra]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who Finances India's Journalism? {{!}} CMDS|url=https://cmds.ceu.edu/article/2020-06-10/who-finances-indias-journalism|access-date=2021-05-26|website=cmds.ceu.edu|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526073556/https://cmds.ceu.edu/article/2020-06-10/who-finances-indias-journalism|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Funding ideology ===
Investor [[Rohini Nilekani]] explains her ideology as follows:<ref name=":1" />
{{Blockquote|text="In my case, my ideology, if I must confess to one, is that of the preservation of diversity. As a funder, I am willing to support individuals and institutions that are demonstrably committed to the largest public interest, that demonstrate high integrity and clarity of thought [...] I am quite okay with differing points of view. That’s why I can comfortably fund a somewhat 'right-wing' think tank, even as I fund something 'left-wing' like EPW. This is important to explain, because, in my understanding, I am true to a higher ideology, which is freedom of expression, freedom of the press."}}

== Criticism ==
{{Further|Freedom of press in India|Fake news in India|Godi media}}

Some sections of Indian media—controlled by businessmen, politicians, and government [[bureaucrat]]s—are facing criticism for [[media bias in South Asia|biased]], motivated reporting, behaving as one-party-owned or governing-party-owned outlets, and selective presentation. After the devastating [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake|earthquake in Nepal]] on 25 April 2015, in spite of [[India]] helping, tweets from [[Nepal]] trended that effectively said, "Go home, Indian media".<ref>{{cite news |title=Nepalese slam Indian media, #GoHomeIndianMedia trends |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/475381/nepalese-slam-indian-media-gohomeindianmedia.html |access-date=28 December 2019 |work=Deccan Herald |date=3 May 2015 |language=en |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108100223/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/475381/nepalese-slam-indian-media-gohomeindianmedia.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Disturbed by corruption, Delhi Chief Minister [[Arvind Kejriwal]] made a suggestion on 3 May 2015 to put Indian media outlets on public trial.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Chief Minister Suggests Vigilante-Style, Public Trials For Indian Media |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/05/04/arvind-kejriwal_n_7202194.html |access-date=28 December 2019 |work=HuffPost India |date=4 May 2015 |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927113714/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/05/04/arvind-kejriwal_n_7202194.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kejriwal Seeks 'Public Trial' of Media Over 'Conspiracy to Finish Off AAP' |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/kejriwal-seeks-public-trial-of-media-over-conspiracy-to-finish-off-aap/895047 |access-date=28 December 2019 |work=Outlook (magazine) |archive-date=9 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109070135/http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/kejriwal-seeks-public-trial-of-media-over-conspiracy-to-finish-off-aap/895047 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kejriwal wants to put media on 'janta ka trial' |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/kejriwal-wants-to-put-media-on-janta-ka-trial/ |access-date=28 December 2019 |work=The Indian Express |date=5 May 2015 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004073945/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/kejriwal-wants-to-put-media-on-janta-ka-trial/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 8 May 2015, the then-[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|I & B Minister]], [[Arun Jaitley]], echoed similar rhetoric, saying that there was a "flood of channels but dearth of facts".<ref>{{cite news |title=Flood of channels but dearth of facts: Arun Jaitley {{!}} India News – Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Flood-of-channels-but-dearth-of-facts-Arun-Jaitley/articleshow/47195974.cms |access-date=28 December 2019 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108094641/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Flood-of-channels-but-dearth-of-facts-Arun-Jaitley/articleshow/47195974.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ourhindustan.com/flood-channels-dearth-facts-arun-jaitley |title=Flood of channels but dearth of facts: Arun Jaitley | Our Hindustan |access-date=9 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518101736/http://www.ourhindustan.com/flood-channels-dearth-facts-arun-jaitley |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lot of mainstream media channels have lately been accused of printing and telecasting unverified and biased information which they retracted later. In a few instances, content from parody accounts on Twitter were cited as sources. Indian mainstream media has often been accused of showing sensationalized news items.<ref>{{cite news |title=Does Indian media go overboard with breaking news? |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2008/09/12/does-indian-media-go-overboard-with-breaking-news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914144319/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2008/09/12/does-indian-media-go-overboard-with-breaking-news/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 September 2008 |access-date=28 December 2019 |work=Reuters Blogs |date=12 September 2008}}</ref> In March 2018, the then-[[Chief Justice of India]] [[Dipak Misra]] said that, "journalists cannot write anything they imagine and behave as if they are sitting in some pulpit".<ref>{{cite news |title=Chief Justice of India criticises section of media for 'irresponsible journalism' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/there-are-limits-supreme-court-criticises-section-of-media-for-irresponsible-journalism/story-IZYulq80oLTokAoKQokKaP.html |access-date=3 October 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 March 2018 |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004021509/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/there-are-limits-supreme-court-criticises-section-of-media-for-irresponsible-journalism/story-IZYulq80oLTokAoKQokKaP.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Godi media]] is a pejorative term coined and popularised by former [[NDTV]] journalist [[Ravish Kumar]] referring to sensationalist, biased Indian mainstream media outlets which have supported the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] government of India since [[2014 Indian general election|2014]].

In a speech in July 2022, Chief Justice of India [[N. V. Ramana]] criticized Indian media outlets and accused them of running [[Kangaroo court]]s and running agenda-driven debates without any accountability, which he thinks is bad for democracy.<ref>{{cite news |title='Incapable of Distinguishing Between Right and Wrong': CJI Criticises Media 'Kangaroo Courts' |url=https://thewire.in/law/cji-nv-ramana-kangaroo-court-media-debate |access-date=2022-08-30 |work=The Wire |date=2022-07-23 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830104033/https://thewire.in/law/cji-nv-ramana-kangaroo-court-media-debate |url-status=live }}</ref> A report by [[Oxfam]] and [[Newslaundry]] found out that general category employees constitute around 90% of leadership positions in the Indian media, which means that marginalized communities like [[Dalit]]s, [[Adivasi]]s and [[Bahujan]]s do not have adequate representation.<ref>{{cite news |author=Scroll Staff |title=General category employees hold 90% leadership positions in Indian media: Oxfam-Newslaundry report |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1035094/general-category-employees-hold-90-leadership-positions-in-indian-media-oxfam-newslaundry-report |access-date=2022-12-19 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=2022-10-15 |archive-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219073411/https://scroll.in/latest/1035094/general-category-employees-hold-90-leadership-positions-in-indian-media-oxfam-newslaundry-report |url-status=live }}</ref>

The French NGO [[Reporters Without Borders]] compiles and publishes an annual ranking of countries based upon the organisation's assessment of its [[Press Freedom Index]]. In its 2023 downgraded India by 11 points to 161st level out of 180 countries, which places [[India]] below [[Afghanistan]], [[Somalia]] and [[Colombia]], and comparable to absolute dictatorships like [[Turkey]] and occupied state of [[Palestine]], which has been criticized by Indian news outlets as well as officials.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India slips in press freedom rankings; Javadekar slams report |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-slips-in-press-freedom-rankings-javadekar-slams-report/article31494652.ece |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> It stated its reason saying "The violence against journalists, the politically partisan media and the concentration of media ownership all demonstrate that press freedom is in crisis in “the world’s largest democracy”, ruled since 2014 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], the leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and "the embodiment of the Hindu nationalist right."<ref>{{Cite web |title=India {{!}} RSF |url=https://rsf.org/en/country/india |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=rsf.org |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506213025/https://rsf.org/en/country/india |url-status=live }}</ref> It also stated that Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi|Narendra Modi's]] Bharatiya Janata Party and their followers of [[Hindutva]] having greater exertion of control of the media.<ref>{{cite news |title=RSF Index for 2022 Sees India's Global Press Freedom Ranking Fall to 150 From 142 |url=https://thewire.in/media/indias-2022-ranking-in-press-freedom-falls-to-150-from-142 |access-date=2022-08-29 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=2022-05-03 |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824084930/https://thewire.in/media/indias-2022-ranking-in-press-freedom-falls-to-150-from-142 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Freedom House]], a US-based NGO stated in its 2021 report that harassment of journalists increased under [[Modi administration|Modi's administration]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=[[Freedom House]]|date=2021|title=India|url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/india/freedom-world/2021|journal=Freedom in the World|access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304054952/https://freedomhouse.org/country/india/freedom-world/2021|url-status=live}}</ref> The English-language media of India are described as traditionally [[Left-wing politics|left-leaning]] liberal, which has been a point of friction recently due to an upsurge in popularity of [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] politics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2018054/indian-media-how-free-it-really|title=Indian media: how free is it really?|date=11 September 2016|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=3 October 2019|archive-date=3 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003113634/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2018054/indian-media-how-free-it-really|url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[BBC News]], "A look at Indian news channels - be it English or Hindi - shows that fairly one-sided news prevails. And that side is BJP and Hindutva."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattsali |first=Amitabh |date=2 December 2022 |title=NDTV ownership change: Will anyone else in India challenge the government like this? |work=[[BBC Bangla]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/c295njjdz45o |access-date=1 December 2022 |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201231521/https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/c295njjdz45o |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Press Council of India]]
* [[List of television stations in India]]
* [[List of Indian-language radio stations]]
* [[List of magazines in India]]
* [[List of journalists killed in India]]
* [[Open access in India]]
* [[List of news media ownership in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin|2}}
* Burra, Rani Day & Rao, Maithili (2006), "Cinema", [[Encyclopedia of India|''Encyclopaedia of India'']] ''(vol. 1)'' edited by Stanley Wolpert, pp. 252–259, [[Gale (publisher)|Thomson Gale]], {{ISBN|0-684-31350-2}}.
* Chand, Vikram K. (2006), ''Reinventing public service delivery in India: Selected Case Studies'', [[SAGE Publishing|Sage Publications]], {{ISBN|0-7619-3489-8}}.
* Desai, Ashok V. (2006), "Information and other Technology Development", ''Encyclopaedia of India (vol. 2)'' edited by Stanley Wolpert, pp. 269–273, Thomson Gale, {{ISBN|0-684-31351-0}}.
* Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (2008), ''India'', [[Encyclopædia Britannica]].
* Sharma, Shalendra D. (2006), "Globalisation", ''Encyclopaedia of India (vol. 2)'' edited by Stanley Wolpert, pp. 146–149, Thomson Gale, {{ISBN|0-684-31351-0}}.
* Thomas, Raju G. C. (2006), "Media", ''Encyclopaedia of India (vol. 3)'' edited by Stanley Wolpert, pp. 105–107, Thomson Gale, {{ISBN|0-684-31352-9}}.
* Watson, James L. (2008), ''Globalisation'', [[Encyclopædia Britannica]].
* Wolcott, P. & Goodman, S. E. (2003), ''Global Diffusion of the Internet – I India: Is the Elephant Learning to Dance?'', Communications of the Association for Information Systems, '''11''': 560–646.
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. ''The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015)'' [https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063/ excerpt] pp 259–270.
* {{Cite journal |last=Devi |first=Sudeshna |date=2019-10-21 |title=Making Sense of "Views" Culture in Television News Media in India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2019.1635041 |journal=[[Journalism Practice]] |language=en |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=1075–1090 |doi=10.1080/17512786.2019.1635041 |s2cid=198616101 |issn=1751-2786|url-access=subscription }}

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{{Media of India}}
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Darjeeling Hills University

2026-05-06T14:05:07Z

Aspjack:

{{Short description|Public university in West Bengal, India}}
{{Proposed deletion/dated
|concern = Fails [[WP:NSCHOOL]] and [[WP:GNG]]
|timestamp = 20260505130444
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{{Infobox university
| name = Darjeeling Hills University
| native_name = '''दार्जीलिङ पार्वत्य विश्वविद्यालय'''
| native_name_lang = np
| image = Darjeeling Hills University Logo.png
| other_name = दार्जीलिङ पार्वत्य विश्वविद्यालय {{!}} DHU
| former_name = Greenfield University
| motto = Excellence '''·''' Inclusion '''·''' Innovation
| established = {{start date and age| 2021}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| chancellor = [[Governor of West Bengal]]
| vice_chancellor = Tejimala Gurung Nag <ref>{{Cite news |last=Team |first=MP |date=December 18, 2024|title=Governor approves appointment of V-Cs for 3 more univs|language=English |work=[[millenniumpost.in]] Dec 18, 2024 01:03 IST |location=Bengal |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/governor-approves-appointment-of-v-cs-for-3-more-univs-591129 |access-date=December 18, 2024}}</ref>
| city = [[Mangpu|Mungpoo]], [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| postcode = 734313
| accreditation = University Grants Commission Act, 1956
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| coordinates =
| campus_type = Semi-Urban
| website = {{URL|https://www.dhu.edu.in/}}
}}
[[File:Darjeeling Hills University.png|thumb|311x311px|Darjeeling Hills University]]
'''Darjeeling Hills University''' (abbreviated as DHU) is a public state university in [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The university was established through ''The Greenfield University Act, 2018'', by the Government of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Greenfield University Act, 2018 |url=https://banglaruchchashiksha.wb.gov.in//assets/readwrite/uploads/The_Greenfield_University_Act_2018.pdf |access-date=23 November 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Greenfield University (Amendment) Act, 2018|url=https://banglaruchchashiksha.wb.gov.in//assets/readwrite/uploads/Greenfield_University_(Amendment)_Act_2019.pdf|date=23 November 2021|access-date=24 November 2021|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124025441/https://banglaruchchashiksha.wb.gov.in//assets/readwrite/uploads/Greenfield_University_(Amendment)_Act_2019.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> This act was later amended by ''The Greenfield University (Amendment) Act, 2019'' which replaced the name '''Greenfield University''' with Darjeeling Hills University. The university became active with the appointment of the first Vice Chancellor, Subires Bhattacharyya, in November 2021.<ref name=hill_univ>{{cite web|title=Hills varsity issues notice seeking application to six new PG courses|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/need-to-start-offbeat-courses-hill-academics/cid/1840311|access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:Darjeeling Hill University : দার্জিলিং পাহাড়ে চালু হল প্রথম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, পাহাড়বাসী পেল দার্জিলিং হিল ইউনিভার্সিটি |work=ABP Live |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/news/darjeeling-hills-university-official-started-its-operation-the-first-university-in-darjeeling-847318|access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:Darjeeling Hill University: রবীন্দ্রনাথের স্মৃতি বিজড়িত মংপুতে পাহাড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় |work=Ananda Bazar |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/north-bengal/darjeeling-hill-university-to-be-opened-in-mongpu/cid/1312565|access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref>

==History==

=== Vice Chancellors ===
Subires Bhattacharyya, who was the Vice Chancellor of University of North Bengal, additionally served as the Vice Chancellor of Darjeeling Hills University. In September 2022, following the arrest of Subires Bhattacharyya,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2022-09-19 |title=CBI arrests VC of North Bengal University in teacher recruitment scam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/cbi-arrests-vc-of-north-bengal-university-in-teacher-recruitment-scam/article65909986.ece |access-date=2025-06-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Om Prakash Mishra (academic)|Om Prakash Mishra]] was appointed as the interim Vice Chancellor of the University of North Bengal, taking over the additional charge as Vice Chancellor of Darjeeling Hills University.<ref>{{cite news |title=JU professor Omprakash Mishra appointed interim VC of NBU |url=https://news.careers360.com/ju-professor-omprakash-mishra-appointed-interim-vice-chancellor-of-north-bengal-university |access-date=25 October 2022 |work=news.careers360.com |date=28 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In March 2023, Prem Poddar was appointed as the Vice Chancellor for a period of three months.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Binita |title=Prem Poddar to take charge as vice-chancellor of Darjeeling Hills University on Friday |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/prem-poddar-to-take-charge-as-vice-chancellor-of-darjeeling-hills-university-on-friday/cid/1924593 |website=The Telegraph (India)}}</ref> After the expiry of his term, no interim or full-term Vice Chancellor was appointed till December 2024. In January 2025, Tejimala Gurung Nag joined as the first regular Vice Chancellor of Darjeeling Hills University.

=== Administration ===
The university started administrative operations from 2021, and until March 2024, the administrative officers of the [[University of North Bengal]] were assigned to administer Darjeeling Hills University. Since March 2024, faculty members from [[Darjeeling Government College]] have been assigned to handle the administrative affairs of the university.

==Campus==
The main campus of the university is currently being built in Jogighat, [[Mangpu|Mungpoo]], [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]. Currently, the university is using the ITI Building in Bhasmey, [[Mangpu|Mungpoo]] as its campus. Due to the university commencing operations during the COVID-19 pandemic, classes were primarily held online. Some semesters were conducted at the University of North Bengal starting June 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=In a first, PG fourth semester Darjeeling Hills University students to attend offline classes at NBU |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/in-a-first-postgraduate-fourth-semester-darjeeling-hills-university-students-to-attend-offline-classes-at-north-bengal-university/cid/1944640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524001737/https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/in-a-first-postgraduate-fourth-semester-darjeeling-hills-university-students-to-attend-offline-classes-at-north-bengal-university/cid/1944640 |archive-date=2024-05-24 |access-date=2025-06-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2024, fully on-campus classes officially commenced at the Darjeeling Hills University (ITI Building) in Mungpoo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Binita |title=Darjeeling Hills University to start offline classes for first time from April 9 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/darjeeling-hills-university-to-start-offline-classes-for-first-time-from-april-9/cid/2011586 |website=The Telegraph (India)}}</ref>

==Academics==
The university offers postgraduate degree courses in English, History, Mass Communication, Mathematics, Nepali and Political Science.<ref name=hill_univ/>

== Recognition by University Grants Commission==
The university is recognized as a degree-granting institution under Section 2(f) of the University Grants Commission Act, 1956.<ref name=":0">Universities Grants Commission. ''Annual Report 2022-2023'', University Grants Commission, p. 96, https://www.ugc.gov.in/oldpdf/annualreport/AR.2022-23.English_WEB.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415220752/https://www.ugc.gov.in/oldpdf/annualreport/AR.2022-23.English_WEB.pdf |date=2024-04-15 }}. Accessed April 27, 2024.</ref><ref>University Grants Commission. ''Consolidated State University List'', p. 17, https://www.ugc.gov.in/oldpdf/Consolidated_State_University_List.pdf. Accessed April 27, 2024.; See, University Grants Commission Website. ''Lists of Universities'', https://www.ugc.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106190436/https://www.ugc.gov.in/ |date=2024-11-06 }}. Accessed April 27, 2024.</ref> The date of notification for inclusion in the ''UGC List of Universities'' was September 13, 2022, and the date of inclusion in the list was September 30, 2022.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://www.dhuniv.in/}}

{{Universities in West Bengal}}
{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2021]]
[[Category:Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:State universities in West Bengal]]

Amit Kumar Mehlan

2026-05-04T07:10:48Z

Aspjack: created bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
[[Assistant commandant|Assistant Commandant]] '''Amit Kumar Mehlan''' is a serving [[Central Reserve Police Force]] officer<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2023 |title=CRPF |url=https://twitter.com/crpfindia/status/1656222535388897281}}</ref> of the 2010 batch of the [[Union Public Service Commission]] of India. President [[Droupadi Murmu]] presented [[Shaurya Chakra]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2023 |title=कश्मीर में 15 एनकाउंटर में 30 आतंकी मारने वाले कमांडर अमित को मिला शौर्य चक्र |url=https://www.patrika.com/meerut-news/meerut-resident-commander-amit-kumar-got-shaurya-chakra-who-killed-30-terrorists-in-15-encounters-in-kashmir-8228688}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2023 |title=President confers 37 Gallantry awards |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1922885}}</ref> to Amit Kumar<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2023 |title=President of India |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=BO1wBMiUJQE}}</ref> for displaying extreme valour and leadership skills in evacuating his injured teammates and eliminating terrorists during an operation in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Page-2, Defence Investiture Ceremony, President of India |url=https://presidentofindia.nic.in/sites/default/files/2023-05/1_defence_investiture_ceremony_2023_phase_i.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sl. 13, Ministry of Defense, Government of India |url=https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/15thAugust_list_112-2022-08-142.pdf}}</ref>

== Career ==
Amit, a resident of [[Meerut]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2023 |title=Live Hindustan |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut/story-meerut-39-s-lal-assistant-commandant-amit-kumar-honored-with-shaurya-chakra-8147951.html}}</ref> completed his schooling at the Army School Meerut Cantonment. After schooling, he completed his graduation and post-graduation in Physics from [[Meerut College]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 2022 |title=मेरठ: 30 आतंकी ढ़ेर करने वाले असिस्टेंट कमांडेंट अमित कुमार को शौर्य चक्र |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut-city-shaurya-chakra-to-assistant-commandant-amit-kumar-in-meerut-22993077.html}}</ref> Singh joined the Central Reserve Police Force as an assistant commandant and trained at the [[CRPF Academy]] in [[Gurgaon]]. He has served in [[CRPF Valley QAT|Central Reserve Police Force Valley Quick Action Team]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 May 2023 |title=CRPF असिस्टेंट कमांडेंट अमित कुमार को राष्ट्रपति ने शौर्य चक्र से किया सम्मानित |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttar-pradesh/state/meerut/crpf-assistant-commandant-amit-kumar-awarded-shaurya-chakra-by-president-draupadi-murmu/up20230511085402247247061}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{improve categories|date=March 2024}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehlan, Amit Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Meerut]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:Chaudhary Charan Singh University alumni]]

Zillur Rahman (professor)

2026-04-27T08:29:54Z

Aspjack:

{{Short description|Indian professor of management studies}}
{{About|the professor|the President of Bangladesh|Zillur Rahman}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=July 2021}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=July 2021}}
}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Zillur Rahman
| native_name = ज़िल्लूर रहमान
| image = Zillur Rahman IIT Roorkee.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|03|30}}
| fields = [[Marketing]]
| workplaces = [[Department of Management Studies, IIT Roorkee]]
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| thesis_url = https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/53817/1/01_title.pdf
| doctoral_students =
| website = https://www.iitr.ac.in/~DM/Zillur_Rahman
| children = 3
}}

'''Zillur Rahman''' (born 30 March 1965) is a former professor of [[Management Studies|Management studies]] at the [[IIT Roorkee|Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]] in [[Roorkee]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]].<ref name="zr">{{Cite web |title=Zillur Rahman - Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee |url=https://www.iitr.ac.in/~DM/Zillur_Rahman |access-date=2021-07-21 |website=www.iitr.ac.in}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rahman holds a [[MSc]] in [[Mathematics]], [[MBA]] and [[Ph.D]] in [[Business administration]], all from [[Aligarh Muslim University]]<ref name="or">{{Cite web|last=ORCID|title=Zillur Rahman (0000-0003-2785-0200)|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2785-0200|access-date=2021-07-21|website=orcid.org|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
He is a Senior Professor at the Department of Management Studies, IIT Roorkee and was the Head of the Department from 2016 to 2019. His primary research interests are in areas of [[Marketing]], [[Strategic management]], [[Services marketing]] and [[Consumer behaviour]].<ref name="zr" />

== Controversies ==
In May 2025, IIT Roorkee dismissed Rahman after conducting an internal investigation and completing disciplinary proceedings in response to sexual harassment allegations made by a research student.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Narendra |date=2025-05-08 |title=IIT Roorkee sacks 60-year-old senior professor after sexual harassment probe |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/May/08/iit-roorkee-sacks-60-year-old-senior-professor-after-sexual-harassment-probe |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-07 |title=IIT Roorkee sacks 60-year-old senior professor after sexual harassment complaint |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/iit-roorkee-sacks-professor-after-sexual-harassment-complaint-9989109/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Susheel |first=Tapan |date=2025-05-07 |title=IIT-Roorkee professor axed for sex harassment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iit-roorkee-professor-axed-for-sex-harassment/articleshow/120942755.cms |access-date=2025-06-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Google Scholar id|id=9nWkKXAAAAAJ}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Zillur}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]

Baby John (film)

2026-04-27T05:25:09Z

Aspjack: created new bio.

{{short description|2024 Indian film by Kalees}}
{{other uses|Baby John (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baby John
| image = Baby John (title card).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kalees]]
| writer = [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]] Kalees [[Sumit Arora]]
| screenplay = Kalees
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]''|Atlee}}
| producer = {{ubl|[[Jyoti Deshpande]]|[[Murad Khetani]]|Atlee|Priya Atlee}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Varun Dhawan]]
* [[Keerthy Suresh]]
* [[Wamiqa Gabbi]]
* [[Jackie Shroff]]
}}
| cinematography = Kiran Koushik
| editing = [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]
| music = [[Thaman S]]
| studio = {{ubl|[[Jio Studios]]|Cine1 Studios| A for Apple Studios}}
| distributor = {{ubl|[[PVR Inox Pictures]]|[[Pen Studios|Pen Marudhar]]}}
| released = {{Film date|2024|12|25|ref1=<ref name="releasedate"/>|df=y}}
| runtime = 161 minutes<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/baby-john-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi2mtyx |title=''Baby John'' (15) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=16 December 2024 |access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}180 crores<ref>{{cite web |last=Jogani |first=Rishil |title=Baby John Day 4 India Box Office: Varun Dhawan's mass action-drama fails to consolidate on Saturday; Nets Rs 4.25 crore and heads for a disastrous fate
|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/baby-john-day-4-india-box-office-varun-dhawans-mass-action-drama-fails-to-consolidate-on-saturday-nets-rs-4-25-crore-and-heads-for-a-disastrous-fate-1364708 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=28 December 2024 |access-date=29 December 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mouli |first=Chandra |date=24 December 2024 |title=Baby John: Let's dive into the star cast roles and hefty paychecks |url=https://www.siasat.com/baby-john-lets-dive-into-the-star-cast-roles-and-hefty-paychecks-3153525/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225143940/https://www.siasat.com/favicon.ico |archive-date=25 December 2024 |access-date=25 December 2024 |website=[[The Siasat Daily]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} ₹56.49–59 crore<ref name="bo" >{{Cite web |date=2024-12-25 |title=Baby John Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/baby-john/box-office/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-07 |title=Baby John Final Worldwide Box Office: Varun Dhawan, Keerthy Suresh and Wamiqa Gabbi's movie seals a sorry fate; To end its run grossing 59 crore globally |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/baby-john-final-worldwide-box-office-varun-dhawan-keerthy-suresh-and-wamiqa-gabbis-movie-seals-a-sorry-fate-to-end-its-run-grossing-59-crore-globally-1366019|access-date=2025-01-07 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Baby John''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action film|action thriller]] film directed by [[Kalees]]. It is a remake of [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]]'s 2016 Tamil film ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]''. The film starred [[Varun Dhawan]], alongside [[Keerthy Suresh]] (in her [[Hindi]] debut), [[Wamiqa Gabbi]], Zara Zyanna and [[Jackie Shroff]].

The film was officially announced on July 2023 and the official title was revealed on February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varun Dhawan Announces 'Biggest Action Entertainer' VD18 With Jawan Director Atlee |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/varun-dhawan-announces-biggest-action-entertainer-vd18-with-jawan-director-atlee-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-101436651 |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=Zoom TV |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110225133/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/varun-dhawan-announces-biggest-action-entertainer-vd18-with-jawan-director-atlee-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-101436651 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Principal photography]] held in [[Mumbai]] and [[Kerala]] commenced in August 2023 and ended in October 2024. The music was composed by [[Thaman S]], with cinematography by Kiran Koushik and editing by [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]].

''Baby John'' was theatrically released on 25 December 2024, coinciding with [[Christmas]]. It received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics and audiences, and emerged as a [[box-office disaster]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/baby-johns-box-office-clues-weak-marketing-pushpa-2-tsunami-trade-analysts-reveal-varun-dhawans-big-gamble-misfired/|title=Baby John's box office clues: From weak marketing to the Pushpa 2 tsunami, trade analysts reveal why Varun Dhawan's big gamble misfired|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=30 December 2024 |access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-02 |title=Varun Dhawan's 'Baby John' a complete dud at box office, loses 2.5k shows in a week: Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/varun-dhawans-baby-john-a-complete-dud-at-box-office-loses-25k-shows-in-a-week-report-459286-2025-01-02 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
John D'Silva, a [[bakery]] owner, lives in [[Kerala]] with his daughter Khushi, his dog Tiger, and his best friend Jackie. When Khushi is bullied and beaten up by her classmate, John teaches Khushi to stand up for herself, because non-violence is not always effective. When Khushi beats up her bully, her teacher, Tara, asks to meet her parents. John befriends Tara, who eventually develops a crush on him.

While visiting a church with John and Tara, Khushi provokes a [[Human trafficking in India|sex-trafficking gang]] looking at a girl, Devi, they kidnapped to traffick, but John quickly diffuses the situation. Tara notices the victim hiding in the mob and hides her in the boot of their vehicle, unbeknownst to John and Khushi, and heads to the police station to file a complaint. John gets angry at Tara for bringing Khushi to a police station without his permission.
The police officer asks if he has met John before in Dehradun, and John explains in fluent Malayalam that he has lived in Kerala for generations. This surprises Tara, because earlier John told her that he doesn't speak Malayalam. When John is about to leave, the police officer calls him Satya from behind, causing John to pause for a moment. Tara notices the entire incident.
Later, the police informs the gang and at night, the gang arrives at John's house to kill Khushi, forcing John to turn violent and kill the goons.

Tara, suspicious of John's behaviour at the police station, looks him up online. She eventually learns that John is actually [[Deputy commissioner of police (India)|DCP]] Satya Verma and arrives at John's location just as John defeats the goons. Jackie, whose real name was [[Head constable|HC]] Ram Sevak and Satya Verma's friend, learns that Tara is a [[Cover (intelligence gathering)|covert officer]] and her real name is Adhira Verman. Jackie starts explaining John's past to her.

'''Past:''' Six years ago, DCP Satya Verma lives with his mother and is the scourge of local criminals. One day, he receives a complaint from the parents of a teenage girl named Amba, who has been missing for days, while the local police didn't do anything to find her. Satya begins the investigation and learns that Ashwin, the spoilt son of a notorious politician Nanaji, aka ''Babbar Sher'', and his henchmen had sexually assaulted Amba, broken her legs, repeatedly stabbed her, and burnt her to death. Nanaji is also involved in human trafficking and is known to brazenly traffick the daughters of his employees who remain silent to spare their own lives.

John tries to arrest Ashwin, but when he goes to Nanaji's residency, finds his superior officer celebrating Ashwin's victory in the election. Nanaji reminds Satya to salute Ashwin the next time he sees him. He asks Ram Sevak what can be done and Ram Sevak shows him a report stating that every year, 33000 women are raped in India, i.e., 4 women every hour.
Knowing that the court and the legal system will do nothing about Amba's murder, Satya brutally kills Ashwin and reveals this to Babbar Sher, who swears to avenge Ashwin's death.

Meanwhile, Satya saves a few kids from a street-begging racket and when attacked by the racketeers, he beats them up. He takes the badly beaten up goons to the hospital, and meets Meera, a [[Chennai]]-based doctor. Despite being annoyed with Satya at first, Meera quickly finds him endearing when she sees him sponsoring the education of the kids he rescued. The two fall in love with each other. Later, Satya goes to meet Meera's family, only for Babbar Sher to send goons to kill Satya at the same time. Satya defeats them and arrests Babbar Sher at Ashwin's funeral. Meera meets with Satya and urges him to leave the police force, but Satya manages to convince her to let him stay at his job. Satya and Meera marry each other and lead a happy life, and welcomes their daughter Khushi.

On the night of Khushi's birthday, Babbar Sher, Bhima, and Inspector Baldev Patil barge in at Satya's house, where they kill Meera, Satya's mother Madhvi and attempt to drown Khushi. A dying Meera saves Khushi, where she makes Satya to take a vow that he would leave the police force and lead a peaceful life with Khushi. Satya accepts the vow, where he bids a tearful goodbye to Meera and fakes his death to lead a peaceful life with Khushi.

'''Present:''' Adhira feels sad about Satya's tragic life and starts caring for him and Khushi. When Khushi goes on a school trip, Babbar Sher, who has learned that Satya and Khushi are alive, orchestrates an accident on the school bus. With the help of Adhira and the local people, Satya manages to save Khushi. Learning that Babbar is behind the accident, Satya decides to exact vengeance and returns to [[Mumbai]], puts an end to Babbar Sher's illegal activities and kills Baldev and Bhima. Babbar Sher kidnaps Khushi despite attempts from Ram and Adhira in stopping them, Satya arrives at Babbar Sher's hideout, saves Khushi and a group of women, who later charge towards Babbar Sher, killing him.

Two years later, Satya becomes a [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] [[field agent]] and leaves with Adhira, Jackie and Agent Bhaijaan on a mission to end Boss and kills [[Director general of police|DGP]] Yashraj Mukerjee for helping Babbar Sher earlier.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Varun Dhawan]] as [[Deputy commissioner of police|DCP]] Satya Verma [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] / John D'Silva / Agent Baby John
* [[Keerthy Suresh]] as Dr. Meera Verma, Satya's wife
* [[Wamiqa Gabbi]] as Tara / Adhira Verman [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Khushi’s teacher and a [[spy]]
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Nanaji / Babbar Sher
* [[Rajpal Yadav]] as Ram Sevak / Jackie
* Zara Zyanna as Khushi Verma, Satya and Meera’s daughter
* [[Sheeba Chaddha]] as Madhvi Verma, Satya's mother
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as [[Inspector]] Baldev Patil
* [[Prakash Belawadi]] as [[Director general of police|DGP]] Yashraj Mukherjee [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* Armaan Khera as Ashwin, Nanaji's son
* [[Shrikant Yadav]] as Bhima Rane, Nanaji's younger brother
* B. S. Avinash as Samba
* Resh Lamba as Vishnu
* Sadanand Patil as Kaali Prasad
* Snigddha Suman as Amba
* [[Kaali Venkat]] as Amba's father
* Sonalli Sharmisshtha as Amba's mother
* [[Omkar Das Manikpuri]] as Badrinath
* Anoop Puri as Meera's father
* Geeta Tyagi as Meera's aunt
* Reenaye Tejani as Meera's cousin
* [[Mushtaq Khan]] as Principal
* Jaffer Sadiq as Boss
* Naresh Gosain as Finance Minister
* Sahidur Rahaman as [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Amanpreet Singh [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* Kanchan Pagare as Corona
* Ajay Madhok as the bride's father
* [[Sanya Malhotra]] as Satya's prospective bride (special appearance)
* [[Salman Khan]] as Agent Bhaijaan (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In late April 2020, reports of a potential Hindi remake was being planned with [[Varun Dhawan]] being approached to play the lead role.<ref name=":0" /> However, it was undisclosed whether [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]], the director of the original film, would direct the venture or give the role to someone else.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Varun Dhawan to act in Hindi remake of Theri? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/apr/27/varun-dhawan-to-act-in-hindi-remake-of-theri-2135686.html |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |date=27 April 2020 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110224826/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/apr/27/varun-dhawan-to-act-in-hindi-remake-of-theri-2135686.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Reportedly, the director had met the actor in [[Mumbai]] during 2019 to discuss the possibilities of a possible collaboration in the near future.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theri Hindi remake: Will Varun Dhawan step into Vijay's shoes? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/theri-hindi-remake-will-varun-dhawan-step-into-vijay-s-shoes-1672712-2020-04-30 |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=India Today |date=30 April 2020 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110224826/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/theri-hindi-remake-will-varun-dhawan-step-into-vijay-s-shoes-1672712-2020-04-30 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2020 |title=Scoop: Varun Dhawan approached for the remake of Atlee's Theri? |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-varun-dhawan-approached-remake-atlees-theri/ |access-date=10 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> However, no development took place until in early March 2022, as Dhawan had reportedly completed his existing commitments, he met Atlee again to finalise their project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varun Dhawan is set to collaborate with Atlee for a Hindi remake of a South film |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/varun-dhawan-is-set-to-collaborate-with-atlee-for-a-hindi-remake-of-a-south-film-52748.html |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110224826/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/varun-dhawan-is-set-to-collaborate-with-atlee-for-a-hindi-remake-of-a-south-film-52748.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 19 March, their collaboration was publicly announced.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2022 |title=Varun Dhawan's next film could be a remake of THIS Atlee film -Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawans-next-film-could-be-a-remake-of-this-atlee-film-exclusive/articleshow/90317379.cms?from=mdr |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110224826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawans-next-film-could-be-a-remake-of-this-atlee-film-exclusive/articleshow/90317379.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tentatively titled]] as ''VD18'', instead of directing it, Atlee was revealed to produce the project under his house A for Apple Productions, along with [[Murad Khetani]]'s Cine1 Studios and [[Jyoti Deshpande]]'s [[Jio Studios]]. [[Kalees]], who had earlier assisted Atlee and directed the Tamil [[techno-thriller]] film [[Kee (film)|''Kee'']] (2019), was hired to helm the project.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=10 April 2023 |title=Janhvi Kapoor joins Varun Dhawan in Atlee's remake of Theri - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/janhvi-kapoor-joins-varun-dhawan-in-atlees-remake-of-theri-exclusive/articleshow/99383489.cms?from=mdr |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110224826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/janhvi-kapoor-joins-varun-dhawan-in-atlees-remake-of-theri-exclusive/articleshow/99383489.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Atlee's Theri Hindi remake starring Varun Dhawan gets release date |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/atlees-theri-hindi-remake-starring-varun-dhawan-gets-release-date/na20230702174402960960402 |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=2 July 2023 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110224829/https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/atlees-theri-hindi-remake-starring-varun-dhawan-gets-release-date/na20230702174402960960402 |url-status=live }}</ref> The official title ''Baby John'' was announced on 5 February 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 February 2024 |title='Baby John': Varun Dhawan-Keerthy Suresh's 'Theri' remake's title, first look out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/baby-john-varun-dhawan-keerthy-sureshs-theri-remakes-title-first-look-out-2497810-2024-02-05 |website=India Today |date=5 February 2024 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205093343/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/baby-john-varun-dhawan-keerthy-sureshs-theri-remakes-title-first-look-out-2497810-2024-02-05 |url-status=live }}</ref> In an interview with Trisha Bhattacharya of ''[[India Today]]'', Dhawan stated: "When Atlee came with this film, there was a reason behind it, and he said that we had to change a lot of the geography of the film. We have to use it as an adaptation and not really a proper remake, and I think that's what's done."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=15 December 2024 |title=Varun Dhawan on Baby John being a Theri remake: We had to change a lot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/varun-dhawan-baby-john-theri-remake-had-to-change-a-lot-2649984-2024-12-15 |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=18 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218174018/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/varun-dhawan-baby-john-theri-remake-had-to-change-a-lot-2649984-2024-12-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also added that the film, highlighted real-life incidents about [[Violence against women|women's safety in India]] and a contemporary take on parenting.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2024 |title='Baby John' is an adaptation of 'Theri,' not a remake, Varun Dhawan explains |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/baby-john-is-an-adaptation-of-theri-not-a-remake-varun-dhawan-explains/articleshow/116363768.cms |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Janhvi Kapoor]] was reported to play the lead actress role, pairing opposite Varun for the second time after ''[[Bawaal]]'' (2023).<ref name="The Times of India"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2023 |title=Janhvi Kapoor Teams Up With Varun Dhawan For Atlee's Theri Remake |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/janhvi-kapoor-teams-up-with-varun-dhawan-for-atlees-theri-remake-article-99393211 |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=TimesNow |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110224826/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/janhvi-kapoor-teams-up-with-varun-dhawan-for-atlees-theri-remake-article-99393211 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, [[Keerthy Suresh]] was later confirmed to have replaced Kapoor, thereby marking her Hindi film debut.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 July 2023 |title=VD18: Atlee's Varun Dhawan and Keerthy Suresh starrer to go on floors in August |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vd18-atlees-varun-dhawan-and-keerthy-suresh-starrer-to-go-on-floors-in-august/articleshow/102205594.cms?from=mdr |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110224831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vd18-atlees-varun-dhawan-and-keerthy-suresh-starrer-to-go-on-floors-in-august/articleshow/102205594.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> She would reportedly receive a remuneration of {{INRConvert|3|c}} and reprise [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]'s role in the original film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 2023 |title=Has Keerthy Suresh hiked her fee ahead of her Bollywood debut? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/has-keerthy-suresh-hiked-her-fee-ahead-of-her-bollywood-debut/articleshow/101976539.cms?from=mdr |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110224828/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/has-keerthy-suresh-hiked-her-fee-ahead-of-her-bollywood-debut/articleshow/101976539.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Wamiqa Gabbi]] was cast to reprise the role of [[Amy Jackson]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Wamiqa Gabbi on fronting Jawan director Atlee upcoming project with Varun Dhawan in the lead |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/wamiqa-gabbi-on-fronting-jawan-director-atlee-upcoming-project-with-varun-dhawan-in-the-lead-23313681 |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> [[Jackie Shroff]] was cast to play the main antagonist, reprising the role of late [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 December 2023 |title=Jackie Shroff to play baddie in Varun Dhawan's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jackie-shroff-to-play-baddie-in-varun-dhawans-next/articleshow/105989616.cms?from=mdr |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110224832/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jackie-shroff-to-play-baddie-in-varun-dhawans-next/articleshow/105989616.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

Initially, Alaayna Hussain was cast to play the role of Dhawan's daughter, reprising the role of Baby Nainika (daughter of [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] in real life).<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2024 |title=Purnima actress Alaayna Hussain joins the cast of Varun Dhawan starrer 'Baby John', says 'Varun Bhaiya is kind and humble' - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/purnima-actress-alaayna-hussain-joins-the-cast-of-varun-dhawan-starrer-baby-john/articleshow/107893215.cms |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207094215/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/purnima-actress-alaayna-hussain-joins-the-cast-of-varun-dhawan-starrer-baby-john/articleshow/107893215.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> But, she was replaced by Zara Zyanna, during the production.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2024 |title=Varun Dhawan Drops New Photos With Zara Zyanna Ahead Of Baby John Release, Fans Call Them 'Cute' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/varun-dhawan-drops-new-photos-with-zara-zyanna-ahead-of-baby-john-release-fans-call-them-cute-9152634.html |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215021939/https://www.news18.com/movies/varun-dhawan-drops-new-photos-with-zara-zyanna-ahead-of-baby-john-release-fans-call-them-cute-9152634.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rajpal Yadav]] and [[Sheeba Chaddha]] were cast in pivotal roles, reprising the role of [[Rajendran]] and [[Radhika Sarathkumar]], respectively.<ref name="bollywoodhungama.com">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2024 |title=Confirmed: Thaman S to make solo Bollywood debut in Atlee's VD18 with; makers of Varun Dhawan starrer to unveil a massy teaser soon |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/confirmed-thaman-s-make-solo-bollywood-debut-atlees-vd18-makers-varun-dhawan-starrer-unveil-massy-teaser-soon/ |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110083716/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/confirmed-thaman-s-make-solo-bollywood-debut-atlees-vd18-makers-varun-dhawan-starrer-unveil-massy-teaser-soon/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sanya Malhotra]] makes a special appearance as a prospective bride of Dhawan, reprising the role of [[Sunaina]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2023 |title=Sanya Malhotra joins Varun Dhawan and Atlee's action entertainer: Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanya-malhotra-joins-varun-dhawan-and-atlees-action-entertainer-report/articleshow/104579409.cms?from=mdr |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110224828/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanya-malhotra-joins-varun-dhawan-and-atlees-action-entertainer-report/articleshow/104579409.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Salman Khan]] would also make a cameo appearance, ahead of his collaboration with Atlee for a potential project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raut |first=Rahul |date=3 July 2024 |title=Exclusive: Salman Khan and Atlee team up for a cameo role in Varun Dhawan's Baby John |website=Peeping Moon |url=https://www.peepingmoon.com/exclusive-news/news/76966/EXCLUSIVE-Salman-Khan-and-Atlee-team-up-for-a-cameo-role-in-Varun-Dhawans-Baby-John.html |access-date=20 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721063740/https://www.peepingmoon.com/exclusive-news/news/76966/EXCLUSIVE-Salman-Khan-and-Atlee-team-up-for-a-cameo-role-in-Varun-Dhawans-Baby-John.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mankad |first=Himesh |date=20 June 2024 |title=Exclusive: Salman Khan, Atlee and Sun Pictures in talks for a mega two hero actioner – All you need to know |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-salman-khan-atlee-and-sun-pictures-in-talks-for-a-mega-two-hero-actioner-all-you-need-to-know-1318992 |access-date=20 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720223417/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-salman-khan-atlee-and-sun-pictures-in-talks-for-a-mega-two-hero-actioner-all-you-need-to-know-1318992 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2024 |title=Salman Khan to make cameo in Varun Dhawan's Baby John: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/salman-khan-to-make-cameo-in-varun-dhawan-film-baby-john-2610653-2024-10-03 |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113054307/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/salman-khan-to-make-cameo-in-varun-dhawan-film-baby-john-2610653-2024-10-03 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced with an inaugural [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] ceremony on 9 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 August 2023 |title=Varun Dhawan to begin shooting for VD 18 with Atlee from tomorrow - deets inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-to-begin-shooting-for-vd-18-with-atlee-from-tomorrow-deets-inside/articleshow/102539819.cms |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=19 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219163416/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-to-begin-shooting-for-vd-18-with-atlee-from-tomorrow-deets-inside/articleshow/102539819.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The first schedule was commenced the following day in [[Mumbai]]. [[Borivali]], [[Bandra]] and [[Dharavi]] were the areas. <ref>{{Cite news |date=10 August 2023 |title=Watch: Varun Dhawan starts shooting for VD18, spotted with Atlee on the sets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-begins-shooting-for-vd18-spotted-with-atlee-on-the-sets/articleshow/102591234.cms?from=mdr |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110224830/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-begins-shooting-for-vd18-spotted-with-atlee-on-the-sets/articleshow/102591234.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> On 7 September, Dhawan stated that he had injured his foot during filming which caused the film to be put on hold.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 September 2023 |title=Varun Dhawan injures himself on the sets of Atlee's VD18, shares pic of ice water treatment: see inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-injures-himself-on-the-sets-of-atlees-vd18-shares-pic-of-ice-water-treatment-see-inside/articleshow/103449479.cms?from=mdr |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110224830/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-injures-himself-on-the-sets-of-atlees-vd18-shares-pic-of-ice-water-treatment-see-inside/articleshow/103449479.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> After his recovery, shooting resumed on 12 September.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 2023 |title=Varun Dhawan sets the internet ablaze with his shirtless beach photos, ask fans for a caption - See inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-sets-the-internet-ablaze-with-his-shirtless-beach-photos-ask-fans-for-a-caption-see-inside/articleshow/103573948.cms?from=mdr |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110224827/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-sets-the-internet-ablaze-with-his-shirtless-beach-photos-ask-fans-for-a-caption-see-inside/articleshow/103573948.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Gabbi began filming her portions from 15 December, with production moving to [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2023 |title=Wamiqa Gabbi starts shooting with Varun Dhawan for 'VD 18' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/wamiqa-gabbi-starts-shooting-with-varun-dhawan-for-vd-18/articleshow/106011843.cms?from=mdr |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108015052/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/wamiqa-gabbi-starts-shooting-with-varun-dhawan-for-vd-18/articleshow/106011843.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2023 |title=Wamiqa Gabbi begins filming for her film with Varun Dhawan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/wamiqa-gabbi-begins-filming-for-her-film-with-varun-dhawan/article67641318.ece |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110224826/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/wamiqa-gabbi-begins-filming-for-her-film-with-varun-dhawan/article67641318.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> On 23 December, filming was put on hold due to Dhawan getting injured again.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2023 |title=Varun Dhawan faces fourth on-set injury during VD18 Shoot in Kerala, shares video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-faces-fourth-on-set-injury-during-vd18-shoot-in-kerala-shares-video/articleshow/106310174.cms?from=mdr |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106200232/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-faces-fourth-on-set-injury-during-vd18-shoot-in-kerala-shares-video/articleshow/106310174.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The first schedule was completed by 27 December.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 December 2023 |title=Varun Dhawan wraps up Kerala schedule of 'VD 18' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-wraps-up-kerala-schedule-of-vd-18/articleshow/106327495.cms?from=mdr |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110224829/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-wraps-up-kerala-schedule-of-vd-18/articleshow/106327495.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2023 |title=Varun Dhawan wraps up Kerala schedule of 'VD 18' |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/varun-dhawan-wraps-up-kerala-schedule-of-vd-18-1.9191428 |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

On 17 March 2024, filming for the second schedule commenced in Mumbai. Shooting also happened in Mallapuram. <ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 2024 |title=Varun Dhawan resumes shooting for action thriller film 'Baby John' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-resumes-shooting-for-action-thriller-film-baby-john/articleshow/108560252.cms |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=19 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219231943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-resumes-shooting-for-action-thriller-film-baby-john/articleshow/108560252.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2 April, Dhawan in his [[Instagram]] account, revealed that he had completed 70 days of filming his portions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 April 2024 |title=Varun Dhawan gives fans a sneak peek from the sets of 'Baby John'; calls it the hardest film of his career |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-gives-fans-a-sneak-peek-from-the-sets-of-baby-john-calls-it-the-hardest-film-of-his-career/articleshow/108980229.cms |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=19 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219145207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-gives-fans-a-sneak-peek-from-the-sets-of-baby-john-calls-it-the-hardest-film-of-his-career/articleshow/108980229.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A song featuring Dhawan and Suresh ("Nain Mataka") was filmed at specially constructed sets erected at [[Film City, Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=24 April 2024 |title=It's 'Double Celebration' as Makers of Baby John Wrap up Shoot on Varun Dhawan's Birthday - Watch |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/its-double-celebration-as-makers-of-baby-john-wrap-up-shoot-on-varun-dhawans-birthday-watch-enn24042406302 |access-date=7 December 2024 |language=en |archive-date=19 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219123013/https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/its-double-celebration-as-makers-of-baby-john-wrap-up-shoot-on-varun-dhawans-birthday-watch-enn24042406302 |url-status=live }}</ref> Filming wrapped on 24 April, coinciding Dhawan's birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Double celebration for Team 'Baby John' as they cut a cake for Varun Dhawan's birthday as well as film's shoot wrap - watch video |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/movies/double-celebration-for-team-baby-john-as-they-cut-a-cake-for-varun-dhawans-birthday-as-well-as-films-shoot-wrap-watch-video-article-12707349.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426050845/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/movies/double-celebration-for-team-baby-john-as-they-cut-a-cake-for-varun-dhawans-birthday-as-well-as-films-shoot-wrap-watch-video-article-12707349.html |archive-date=26 April 2024 |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Baby John (soundtrack)}}

The soundtrack and original background score were composed by [[Thaman S]] with lyrics written by [[Irshad Kamil]], Adviteeya Vojjala, Ritesh G. Rao, [[Raja Kumari|Rajakumari]] and Abhiruchi Chand. The first single titled "Nain Matakka" was released on 25 November 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 November 2024 |title='Nain Matakka' from 'Baby John': Diljit Dosanjh and Dhee unite for a peppy track |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/nain-matakka-from-baby-john-diljit-dosanjh-and-dhee-unite-for-a-peppy-track-1503367633.html |work=The Statesman|date=22 November 2024 }}</ref> The second single "Pikley Pom" was released on 6 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=6 December 2024 |title=Baby John's 'Pikley Pom' song out: Varun Dhawan showcases his sweet father-daughter bond |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/baby-johns-pikley-pom-song-out-varun-dhawan-showcases-his-sweet-father-daughter-bond/articleshow/116045747.cms |work=The Times of India |date=6 December 2024 |archive-date=6 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206115636/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/baby-johns-pikley-pom-song-out-varun-dhawan-showcases-his-sweet-father-daughter-bond/articleshow/116045747.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The third single titled "Bandobast" was released on 14 December 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=14 December 2024 |title=Bandobast Song: Varun Dhawan Is A Fun And Daring Cop In This Baby John Banger |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bandobast-song-varun-dhawan-is-a-fun-and-daring-cop-in-this-baby-john-banger-aa-9156375.html |work=News18 |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214162728/https://www.news18.com/movies/bandobast-song-varun-dhawan-is-a-fun-and-daring-cop-in-this-baby-john-banger-aa-9156375.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The fourth single titled "Hazaar Baar" was released on 19 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=19 December 2024 |title='Hazaar Baar': New song from Baby John shows Varun Dhawan and Keerthy Suresh's dreamy wedding |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Dec/19/hazaar-baar-new-song-from-baby-john-shows-varun-dhawan-and-keerthy-sureshs-dreamy-wedding |work=Cinema Express |date=19 December 2024 |archive-date=19 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219131430/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Dec/19/hazaar-baar-new-song-from-baby-john-shows-varun-dhawan-and-keerthy-sureshs-dreamy-wedding |url-status=live }}</ref> The fifth single titled "Beast Mode" was released on 22 December 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 December 2024 |title=Varun Dhawan's action-packed drama 'Baby John' drops intense new track 'Beast Mode' ahead of its Christmas release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/varun-dhawans-action-packed-drama-baby-john-drops-intense-new-track-beast-mode-ahead-of-its-christmas-release/articleshow/116561871.cms |work=The Times of India |date=22 December 2024 |archive-date=22 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222170148/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/varun-dhawans-action-packed-drama-baby-john-drops-intense-new-track-beast-mode-ahead-of-its-christmas-release/articleshow/116561871.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The album of the film was released on 14 January 2025 by [[Zee Music Company]].

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Baby John'' was initially scheduled to be released on 31 May 2024 in theatres, but was postponed due to unfinished post-production works. It was released worldwide on 25 December 2024, coinciding the occasion of [[Christmas]].<ref name="releasedate">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/varun-dhawan-starrer-baby-john-release-december-25-clash-aamir-khans-sitaare-zameen-par/|title=Varun Dhawan starrer Baby John to release on December 25; to clash with Aamir Khan's Sitaare Zameen Par|date=26 June 2024|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=26 June 2024|archive-date=26 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626103227/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/varun-dhawan-starrer-baby-john-release-december-25-clash-aamir-khans-sitaare-zameen-par/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The digital streaming rights of the film were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Baby John OTT Release: Where to watch Varun Dhawan and Keerthy Suresh's thriller film after its theatrical run |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/baby-john-ott-release-where-to-watch-varun-dhawan-and-keerthy-suresh-s-thriller-film-after-its-theatrical-run/ar-AA1vxzCg |access-date=11 December 2024 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> It began streaming on the platform from 19 February 2025.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=19 February 2025 |title='Baby John' OTT release: Varun Dhawan, Keerthy Suresh film begins streaming on Prime Video |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/baby-john-ott-release-varun-dhawan-keerthy-suresh-atlee-salman-khan/article69237049.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=19 February 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''Baby John'' received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics and audiences, with criticism for its sluggish pacing, unoriginal plot, and lack of suspense.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Baby John to Game Changer to The Mehta Boys: Latest OTT releases to watch this week on Prime Video, Netflix, ZEE5 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/baby-john-to-game-changer-to-the-mehta-boys-latest-ott-releases-to-watch-this-week-on-prime-video-netflix-zee5/articleshow/117955254.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206091150/https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/baby-john-to-game-changer-to-the-mehta-boys-latest-ott-releases-to-watch-this-week-on-prime-video-netflix-zee5/amp_articleshow/117955254.cms |archive-date=6 February 2025 |access-date=6 February 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |quote=Released on December 25, 2024, the film has garnered mixed reviews, with criticism for its sluggish pacing, unoriginal plot, and lack of suspense.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sagar |first=Aditya |date=5 February 2025 |title=Baby John OTT Release Date: Varun Dhawan's film silently drops on this streaming platform but there's a catch |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/baby-john-ott-release-date-varun-dhawan-film-streaming-on-prime-video-on-rental-know-when-will-it-be-free-652047.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206102820/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/baby-john-ott-release-date-varun-dhawan-film-streaming-on-prime-video-on-rental-know-when-will-it-be-free-652047.html |archive-date=6 February 2025 |access-date=6 February 2025 |work=[[Indiatimes]] |quote=Not just due to numbers but the audiences and critics also gave negative reviews about the failed attempt and made Baby John a box office bomb.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Akriti |date=5 February 2025 |title=Baby John OTT Release: When And Where To Watch Varun Dhawan, Keerthy Suresh Starrer Action Thriller |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/baby-john-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-varun-dhawan-keerthy-suresh-starrer-action-thriller-9215935.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206102309/https://www.news18.com/movies/baby-john-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-varun-dhawan-keerthy-suresh-starrer-action-thriller-9215935.html |archive-date=6 February 2025 |access-date=6 February 2025 |work=[[News18 India]] |quote=The action drama, directed by Atlee, has received mixed responses from the audience.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=29|count=14|average=3.9|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=30 January 2023}}

Aman Wadhwa of ''[[DNA India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "''Baby John'' is the perfect masala entertainer that the Bollywood needed to round off a rather disappointing year".<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 December 2024|title=Baby John movie review: Varun Dhawan packs a solid punch in stylised, predictable mass actioner with strong emotions|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-baby-john-movie-review-varun-dhawan-packs-solid-punch-in-stylised-predictable-mass-actioner-with-strong-emotions-keerthy-suresh-atlee-jackie-shroff-wamiqa-gabbi-salman-khan-cameo-3124095/amp|website=[[DNA India]]|access-date=25 December 2024|archive-date=25 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225043802/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-baby-john-movie-review-varun-dhawan-packs-solid-punch-in-stylised-predictable-mass-actioner-with-strong-emotions-keerthy-suresh-atlee-jackie-shroff-wamiqa-gabbi-salman-khan-cameo-3124095/amp|url-status=live}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Chirag Sehgal of ''[[News 18]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "While ''Baby John'' boasts commendable performances, it falls short of being a compelling thriller due to its lackluster plot and uneven pacing."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby John Movie Review: Varun Dhawan Impresses As DCP Satya Verma, But Keerthy Suresh Steals The Show |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/baby-john-review-varun-dhawan-keerthy-suresh-save-this-weak-plot-9167589.html |access-date=25 December 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Anam Shaikh of Spottoday gave 3/5 stars and wrote "A Mass Entertainer with Heart and Action".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaikh |first=Anam |date=2024-12-31 |title="Baby John: A Mass Entertainer with Heart and Action" |url=https://spottoday.com/baby-john-a-mass-entertainer-with-heart-and-action/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Spottoday |language=en-US}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Baby John could either benefit from the withdrawal symptoms fans are experiencing after ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'' or lose the battle to [[Allu Arjun]]'s mass-actioner."<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 December 2024|title=Baby John review: Varun Dhawan-Keerthy Suresh's actioner is massy but messy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/baby-john-movie-review-varun-dhawan-keerthy-suresh-atlee-actioner-massy-messy-2655044-2024-12-25|website=[[India Today]]}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Varun Dhawan has done a good job as an action hero, the show stellar is undoubtedly Jackie Shroff, but Wamiqa Gabbi is hugely underused in the film".<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 December 2024|title=Baby John Movie Review: Varun Dhawan's swag reigns supreme, but Salman Khan's cameo is special|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baby-john-movie-review-varun-dhawans-swag-reigns-supreme-but-salman-khans-cameo-is-special-13847404.html|website=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=25 December 2024|archive-date=25 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225043407/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baby-john-movie-review-varun-dhawans-swag-reigns-supreme-but-salman-khans-cameo-is-special-13847404.html|url-status=live}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Rishil Jogani of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''Baby John'' attempts to tackle a serious social issue but falls short due to its superficial treatment and over-reliance on overused narrative tropes. While the action sequences and background score are commendable, the film fails to provide a nuanced or innovative take on its subject matter."<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2024 |title=Baby John Review: Varun Dhawan, Keerthy Suresh, Wamiqa Gabbi movie is high on style but low on substance and novelty |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/baby-john-review-varun-dhawan-keerthy-suresh-wamiqa-gabbi-movie-is-high-on-style-but-low-on-substance-and-novelty-1364236 |access-date=25 December 2024 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225102446/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/baby-john-review-varun-dhawan-keerthy-suresh-wamiqa-gabbi-movie-is-high-on-style-but-low-on-substance-and-novelty-1364236 |url-status=live }}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Varun Dhawan impresses, balancing a dual role as a caring father and a fearless cop. His performance adds depth and conviction to the otherwise predictable narrative.[...] The movie has its moments as an actioner, but in terms of content and narrative, it could have more impactful."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Baby John Movie Review : Varun Dhawan impresses as an action hero in a familiar narrative |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/baby-john/movie-review/116641724.cms |access-date=25 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

Tanmayi Savadi of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''Baby John'' is a good attempt at fan service. But, offers nothing fresh and exciting. It is high time to redefine mass actioners that come from South filmmakers."<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2024 |title=Baby John Movie Review: Varun Dhawan's Energy Bullet Recharges Atlee's Rusty Gun |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/baby-john-movie-review-varun-dhawans-energy-bullet-recharges-atlees-rusty-gun-review-116640087 |access-date=25 December 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225035229/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/baby-john-movie-review-varun-dhawans-energy-bullet-recharges-atlees-rusty-gun-review-116640087 |url-status=live }}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Kartik Bhardwaj of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "''Baby John'' feels like a feverishly hurried version of ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]''. It doesn't let the characters marinate and is too eager to get to the conflict. The build-up is often half-baked, and the action, when it comes, is underwhelming."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Kartik |date=25 December 2024 |title=Baby John Movie Review: Varun Dhawan puts on the southern swag in a film desperate for mass appeal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/review/2024/Dec/25/baby-john-movie-review-varun-dhawan-puts-on-the-southern-swag-in-a-film-desperate-for-mass-appeal |access-date=25 December 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225072752/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/review/2024/Dec/25/baby-john-movie-review-varun-dhawan-puts-on-the-southern-swag-in-a-film-desperate-for-mass-appeal |url-status=live }}{{rating|2|5}}</ref> Aishwarya Vasudevan of ''[[OTT Play]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "''Baby John'' tries to rock the cradle of Bollywood with South Indian masala but ends up crying over spilt milk."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby John review: Varun Dhawan's actioner crawls through clichés only to get... |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/baby-john-review-varun-dhawan-keerthy-suresh-wamiqa-gabbi-jackie-shroff/1bdcdb26f1505 |access-date=25 December 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225041032/https://www.ottplay.com/review/baby-john-review-varun-dhawan-keerthy-suresh-wamiqa-gabbi-jackie-shroff/1bdcdb26f1505 |url-status=live }}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

Saibal Chatterjee of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Trouble is that ''Baby John'' falls way, way short of working action movie fans up into a celebratory frenzy."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby John Review: Rehash of Theri, No Mass Appeal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/baby-john-review-rehash-of-theri-no-mass-appeal-2-stars-7329132 |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226135641/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/baby-john-review-rehash-of-theri-no-mass-appeal-2-stars-7329132 |url-status=live }}{{rating|2|5}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 1/5 stars and wrote "''Baby John'' bids fair to claim the title of the worst film of 2024, a year when big, starry Bollywood tanked well and truly."<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2024 |title=Baby John movie review: Bloated and incoherent, Varun Dhawan film among the worst of 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/baby-john-movie-review-varun-dhawan-film-among-the-worst-of-2024-9743359/ |access-date=25 December 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225082226/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/baby-john-movie-review-varun-dhawan-film-among-the-worst-of-2024-9743359/ |url-status=live }}{{rating|1|5}}</ref> Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "Overall, there's nothing much that makes ''Baby John'' stand out apart from the action. It's watchable if you can sit through the boring songs, and the atrocious first half hour."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suri |first=Rishabh |date=25 December 2024 |title=Baby John movie review: Varun Dhawan's turn as action star makes this headless chicken of a film entertaining |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/baby-john-movie-review-varun-dhawans-turn-as-action-star-makes-this-headless-chicken-of-a-film-entertaining-101735098996166.html |access-date=25 December 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "''Baby John'' is a mass entertainer which works due to the clapworthy moments, the message, Varun Dhawan's energetic performance and the cameo by Salman Khan. At the box office, the film will benefit owing to the long holiday period and no competition until Republic Day."<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 December 2024 |title=Baby John Movie Review: BABY JOHN is a mass entertainer which works. |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/baby-john/critic-review/baby-john-movie-review/baby-john-is-a-mass-entertainer-which-works/|access-date=3 January 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film was estimated to have collected {{INR}}11.25 to {{INR}}13.5 crore net on its opening day at the domestic box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2024 |title=Box Office Estimates: Baby John takes decent opening; Varun Dhawan starrer collects Rs. 13 crores on Day 1 amid Pushpa 2 & Mufasa frenzy |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-estimates-baby-john-takes-decent-opening-varun-dhawan-starrer-collects-rs-13-crores-day-1-amid-pushpa-2-mufasa-frenzy/ |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby John Is A Box Office DISASTER |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/baby-john-is-a-box-office-disaster/20241230.htm |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> As of 2 January 2025, the film grossed ₹39.74 crore in India and ₹13.66 crore internationally, bringing its total worldwide gross to ₹53.4 crore.<ref name="bo" /> It concluded its run with worldwide gross estimated to be ₹56.49–59 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-12-25 |title=Baby John Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/baby-john/box-office/ |access-date=2025-01-14 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-07 |title=Baby John Final Worldwide Box Office: Varun Dhawan, Keerthy Suresh and Wamiqa Gabbi's movie seals a sorry fate; To end its run grossing 59 crore globally |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/baby-john-final-worldwide-box-office-varun-dhawan-keerthy-suresh-and-wamiqa-gabbis-movie-seals-a-sorry-fate-to-end-its-run-grossing-59-crore-globally-1366019 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|27757805}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|id=baby-john}}
{{Atlee}}

[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 action films]]
[[Category:2020s masala films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2020s police procedural films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Films about father–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Jio Studios films]]

Gundamma Katha

2026-04-21T05:30:56Z

Aspjack: Adding a info w/ infobox

{{short description|1962 film directed by Kamalakara Kameswara Rao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gundamma Katha
| image = Gundamma Katha.jpg
| alt = From left to right is Savitri, N. T. Rama Rao, Akkineni Nageswara Rao and Jamuna. Below them is the film's title, and even below is the supporting cast
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]
| story = [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = {{ubl|[[D. V. Narasaraju]]}}
}}
| based_on = {{based on|''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]''|[[William Shakespeare]]}} {{based on|''Mane Thumbida Hennu'' (1958)|[[B. Vittalacharya]]}}
| producer = {{plainlist|
*[[Nagi Reddi]]
*Chakrapani
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]]
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
*[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]
*[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]]
*[[S.V. Ranga Rao]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Marcus Bartley]]
| editing = {{plainlist|
*G. Kalyana Sundaram
*D. G. Jayaram
}}
| music = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| studio = [[Vijaya Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1962|06|07|df=y}}
| runtime = 166 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Gundamma Katha''''' ({{translation|Gundamma's story}}) is a 1962 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]] and co-produced by [[Nagi Reddi]] and [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]] under their banner [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios|Vijaya Productions]]. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], and [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], with [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]], and [[Ramana Reddy]] in supporting roles.

Partially inspired by [[William Shakespeare]]{{'s}} [[Shakespearean comedy|comedy]] ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]'', ''Gundamma Katha'' is an official remake of the [[Kannada]] film ''Mane Thumbida Hennu'' (1958). It is also the first remake by Vijaya Productions. ''Gundamma Katha'' is the story of Gundamma, a rich widow who ill-treats her selfless step-daughter Lakshmi, who is reduced to working as a maid. Lakshmi dotes on Gundamma's daughter Saroja, an arrogant woman who loves Lakshmi. The film's centrepiece is formed by the way Lakshmi's suitor Anjaneya "Anji" Prasad and Saroja's lover Raja bring a change to Gundamma's life after the couples' marriages.

The film is Rama Rao's 100th appearance and Nageswara Rao's 99th. It was photographed by [[Marcus Bartley]], and co-edited by G. Kalyana Sundaram and D. G. Jayaram. [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] composed the film's soundtrack and score. Madhavapeddi Gokhale and Kaladhar were the film's art directors. The production phase lasted for a year; it was filmed in and around [[Chennai|Madras]], mainly on sets at Vijaya Vauhini Studios.

Released on 7 June 1962, ''Gundamma Katha'' received praise for its story, screenplay and cast performances, and criticism for its poor character development. The film was commercially successful, completing a 100-day run in 17 centres and a silver-jubilee run at the Durga Kalamandir, [[Vijayawada]]. It is regarded as the last film of Vijaya Productions' "Golden Age". The film was simultaneously shot in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Manithan Maravillai]]'', also produced by Vijaya Productions, had Nageswara Rao, Savitri, and Jamuna reprising their roles. Though ''Gundamma Katha'' has achieved cult status in Telugu cinema, it has received criticism for its influence on stereotypes in the narration of other unrelated Telugu films.

== Plot ==
Gundamma is a rich widow who ill-treats her stepdaughter Lakshmi, a selfless person who is reduced to working as a maid. Gundamma has a daughter Saroja and a son Prabhakar. Gundamma has a half-brother Ghantayya, a cunning but weak milk vendor. Ghantayya wants Gundamma to marry off Saroja to his criminal son Bhoopati, who is in prison. To achieve this goal without the knowledge of Gundamma, he spoils every marriage proposal Saroja receives. Saroja's arrogance and Lakshmi's courteous attitude indirectly help Ghantayya. Gundamma decides to marry off Lakshmi to a vagabond and Saroja to the son of Ramabhadrayya, a wealthy man living in a faraway town, Veerapuram.

Ramabhadrayya knows about Saroja (Gundamma's daughter) through a marriage broker and goes to Gundamma's home after finding that her late husband was a friend of his, who had aided him in convincing his in-laws to let him marry their daughter. After observing the situations in Gundamma's house with the help of Ghantayya, Ramabhadrayya sends his elder son Anjaneya "Anji" Prasad to Gundamma's house as a servant to get him married to Lakshmi, who he finds innocent and docile. He sends his younger son, Raja, to marry Saroja. Raja then meets Saroja through his cousin Padma, Saroja’s friend and Prabhakar’s classmate and lover. Anji and Lakshmi get married, and Raja and Saroja fall in love. Ramabhadrayya writes a letter to Gundamma opposing the marriage of Raja and Saroja upon the former's instructions, and Anji conducts their marriage against Ghantayya's wishes. Shortly afterward, Prabhakar and Padma's marriage is conducted.

Raja acts like a drunkard and masquerades as Ramabhadrayya's son seeking to gain Saroja's wealth. A rift develops between Anji and Gundamma, and he leaves with Lakshmi. Anji, Raja, and Ramabhadrayya reveal the truth to Lakshmi later. Raja storms out of Gundamma's house and Saroja follows him; they join Ramabhadrayya's house as gardeners and Raja ensures Saroja is unaware of their employer. In the process, Saroja's character transforms from one of arrogance to one of a hardworking, courteous person.

Gundamma is tortured by Padma's ruthless, confidence-trickster aunt Durga. Bhoopati is released from prison and Ghantayya asks Gundamma to give him some money. Because of Gundamma's arrogance, Prabhakar and Padma leave for [[Bangalore]]. Durga steals the money in the locker, accuses Gundamma of robbery, and locks her in a room behind the house. Lakshmi and Anji visit Gundamma and become aware of her condition. Lakshmi and Gundamma coerce Durga and retrieve the money she stole. Bhoopati comes to Durga's rescue but is defeated by Anji in a duel and is hospitalised.

Saroja meets Ramabhadrayya, her employer, and walks out after a heated argument. She meets Lakshmi on the way and learns about Raja's plans and that Ramabhadrayya is her father-in-law. The film ends with Gundamma staying with her daughters in Ramabhadrayya's house.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Anjaneya "Anji" Prasad
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Raja
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Lakshmi
*[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as Saroja
*[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]] as Gundamma
*[[Ramana Reddy]] as Kanchu Ghantayya
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Ramabhadrayya
*[[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] as Bhoopati
*[[Haranath (actor)|Haranath]] as Prabhakar
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Iyer ([[cameo appearance]])
*[[L. Vijayalakshmi]] as Padma
*[[:te:ఛాయాదేవి (తెలుగు నటి)|Chhaya Devi]] as Durgamma
*[[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]] as Kanchu Ghantayya's wife
*[[Rushyendramani]] as Padma's mother
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[B. Nagi Reddy|Nagi Reddi]] of [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios|Vijaya Productions]] helped [[B. Vittalacharya]] in the production of ''Mane Thumbida Hennu'' (1958), the latter's directorial debut in [[Kannada cinema]]. As an act of gratitude, Vittalacharya sold the remake rights to Nagi Reddi.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=7}} ''Mane Thumbida Hennu'' revolves around the life of a rich woman whose brother marries off her daughter to a criminal when she chooses a mentally challenged person as her step-daughter's life partner.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=7}} Nagi Reddi chose to remake the film in Telugu and discussed it with [[D. V. Narasa Raju]]; it was the first time Vijaya Productions decided to remake a film.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=8}} After the script was ready, Nagi Reddi approached [[C. Pullayya]] to direct the remake after considering [[B. N. Reddy]]. Pullayya was not appreciative of Narasa Raju's treatment of the script and Nagi Reddy met his partner [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]] to develop the script further.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=8}}

Chakrapani decided to retain only the background of Gundamma's family from the original and rewrote the remaining script, taking inspiration from [[William Shakespeare]]{{'s}} [[Shakespearean comedy|comedy]], ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]''.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=8}} Chakrapani killed the character of Gundamma's cowardly husband because he felt that a husband who cannot answer his wife's questions was not eligible for inclusion. [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]] was chosen to direct the film.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=8}} Chakrapani named the central character Gundamma in the remake after one of the characters in the original, despite a lack of nativity.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=8}} Nagi Reddi's family members and the employees of the Vijaya Vauhini Studios used to ask him "Gundamma Katha Entha varaku vachchindi?" (What is the progress in Gundamma's story?), which prompted Nagi Reddi to title the film ''Gundamma Katha'' after considering various options.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=8}} [[Marcus Bartley]] was recruited as the [[cinematographer|director of photography]]; G. Kalyana Sundaram and D. G. Jayaram edited the film. [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] composed the soundtrack and score. Madhavapeddi Gokhale and Kaladhar were the film's art directors. M. Pithambaram and T. P. Bhaktavatsalam provided the make-up.<ref name="Credits" />

=== Casting ===
[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]] was chosen to play Gundamma and Chakrapani suggested Kameswara Rao not to make any special efforts to make her character look ruthless because Suryakantham had an aggressive body language.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=9}} [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] were chosen as the male leads Anjaneya "Anji" Prasad and Raja, making ''Gundamma Katha'' their 10th film together;<ref name="BFTP" /> the film was Rama Rao's 100th film as an actor and Nageswara Rao's 99th.<ref name="Southscope" /> [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] and [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] were chosen as the female leads Lakshmi and Saroja, respectively.<ref name="BFTP" />{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|pages=8–9}} Saroja was created by Chakrapani for the film, taking cues from ''The Taming of the Shrew''.<ref name="BFTP" /> [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Ramana Reddy]] and [[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao]] were cast in the supporting roles of Ramabhadrayya, Ghantayya and Bhoopati. [[Haranath (actor)|Haranath]] and [[L. Vijayalakshmi]] were chosen to play Gundamma's son Prabhakar and daughter-in-law Padma, while [[Chhaya Devi]] appeared as Padma's aunt Durgamma.<ref name="BFTP" />{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|pages=8–9}}

=== Filming ===
{{quote box
| quote = I can understand [''[[Nartanasala (1963 film)|Nartanasala]]''] or [''[[Mahamantri Timmarusu (film)|Mahamantri Timmarusu]]''] having classical dances, because one was a mythological and the other a historical. But Telugu producers insisted that if I acted in a film, there had to be a dance. In ''Gundamma Katha'', for example, a dance was included in the last minute at the producer’s insistence.
| source = {{mdash}}Vijayalakshmi, in a 2015 interview with ''[[The Hindu]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=5 February 2015 |title=From Natya to numbers |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/interview-with-l-vijayalakshmi/article6860381.ece |url-status=live |access-date=29 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229092752/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/interview-with-l-vijayalakshmi/article6860381.ece |archive-date=29 February 2016}}</ref>
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The production phase of ''Gundamma Katha'' lasted nearly a year, with one of the reasons being that both Rama Rao and Nageswara Rao had delays in giving bulk dates for the project.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=8}}<ref name="BFTP" /> A house set was erected in Vijaya Vauhini Studios, Madras (now [[Chennai]]) where scenes featuring Gundamma and other key characters were filmed.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=8}} C. Kuppuswami Naidu and K. Srinivasan supervised the erection of sets.<ref name="Credits" />

The film's shooting was severely affected by scheduling conflicts; Chakrapani would make telephone calls to all the key artistes, and sequences were filmed based on their availability. The filming of the song "Kolo Koloyanna" was significantly affected by this; all four lead actors were supposed to take part in the song's shoot; the film's editor took care to ensure a smooth flow in the sequences during the [[post-production]] phase.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=8}} The scene before the song that features Anji and Raja communicating with whistles was conceptualised by Narasaraju.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=10}} Harbans Singh supervised the film's special effects.<ref name="Credits" />

Since Vijayalakshmi was a trained dancer, an elaborate dance sequence with no connection to the film's story was introduced as a stage performance and Nageswara Rao, Jamuna, and Haranath were made to sit along with the audience.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=9}} The song "Prema Yatralaku" was filmed in the gardens near the Vijaya Vauhini Studios after abandoning plans to film it in either [[Ooty]] or [[Brindavan Gardens]], [[Srirangapatna]].{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=10}} During the film's shoot, a [[kickboxing]] tournament was held in Madras; this inspired Chakrapani and Kameswara Rao to add a fight sequence between Rama Rao and Kaleswara Rao.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=10}} Pasumarthi Krishnamurthy conducted the choreography for the song sequences.<ref name="Credits" /> The film was processed at Vijaya Laboratory and was recorded on [[Western Electric]] equipment.<ref name="Credits" /> Its total length was approximately {{Convert|14999|feet|metres}} in 18 reels,<ref name="Credits" /> with a running time of 166 minutes.{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|page=372}}

== Themes ==
[[File:Venugopal2.JPG|thumb|The song "Aligina Velane Choodali" describes the life of [[Krishna]] as a child and an adult from a woman's point of view.<ref name="Krishna" />]]

''Gundamma Katha'' is based partially on William Shakespeare's play ''The Taming of the Shrew''. It focuses on a widow named Gundamma and her two daughters.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=8}} The film's main theme is the step-daughter Lakshmi facing problems because of the widow, and the former's suitor teaching the latter a lesson.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=9}} Using the first conversation between Gundamma and Lakshmi, in which the former abuses the latter for disturbing her sleep, Narasaraju introduces Gundamma's mindset and behaviour. Further incidents include the dismissal of a server fired from a hotel after refusing to work as a servant in Gundamma's house, and Ghantayya explaining Gundamma's character to Ramabhadrayya.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=10}}

According to ''[[Filmfare]]''{{'}}s V. V. S. R. Hanumantha Rao, true friendship is the theme of the film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rao |first=V. V. S. R. Hanumantha |date=23 August 1963 |title=A History of the Telugu film |url=https://cinemachaat.com/2011/06/23/telugu-film-history-%E2%80%93-filmfare-august-23-1963/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |page=29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004084024/https://cinemachaat.com/2011/06/23/telugu-film-history-%E2%80%93-filmfare-august-23-1963/ |archive-date=4 October 2016 |access-date=2 October 2016}}</ref> Most of the film's dialogue, especially that between Ramana Reddy and [[Allu Ramalingaiah]], are satirical and provide references to Indian society during the 1960s.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=10}} The song "Lechindi Nidra" is about the empowerment of women and their role in areas of the government.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=10}} In her article "Manifestation of devotion" about the importance of the [[Krishna Janmashtami]] festival, Rajeswari Kalyanam of ''[[The Hans India]]'' said the lyrics and photography of the song "Aligina Velane Choodali" recall the romantic side of [[Krishna]] that every woman sees in her husband or the person she loves. It also recalls the bond Krishna shared with his foster mother [[Yashoda]].<ref name="Krishna" />

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gundamma Katha
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype =
| artist = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 22:09
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The official soundtrack of ''Gundamma Katha'' was composed by Ghantasala; it consists of eight songs whose lyrics were written by [[Pingali (writer)|Pingali]]. The sound mixing process was supervised by A. Krishnan and V. Sivaram, and the soundtrack was processed by N. C. Sen Gupta.<ref name="Credits" /> Ghantasala provided vocals for Rama Rao and Nageswara Rao; [[P. Susheela]] and [[P. Leela]] provided the vocals for Savitri and Jamuna.<ref name="Credits" /> The songs "Entha Hayi" and "Mounamuga Nee" were composed in the [[raga]] [[Mohanam]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srihari |first=Gudipoodi |date=25 December 2009 |title=A medley of Mohana |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-medley-of-mohana/article661082.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=27 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227162748/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-medley-of-mohana/article661082.ece |archive-date=27 February 2016}}</ref> The song "Aligina Velane" is based on [[Desh (raga)|Desh]] raga.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-hindu-friday-review-hyderabad-books-ragalu-cine-geetalu-dr-kodati-sambaiah-carnatic-ragas-in-telugu-films/article26553378.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403103423/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-hindu-friday-review-hyderabad-books-ragalu-cine-geetalu-dr-kodati-sambaiah-carnatic-ragas-in-telugu-films/article26553378.ece|archive-date=3 April 2024|access-date=3 April 2024|date=16 March 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Ragalu, Cine Geetalu: Confluence of two genres|last=Chandaraju|first=Aruna}}</ref>

The soundtrack was marketed by [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]; it was successful and all eight songs were well received.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=10}} "Lechindi Nidra", "Kolu Koloyanna", "Aligina Velane Choodali", and "Prema Yatralaku" achieved cult status in Telugu cinema, particularly for their lyrics.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=10}} M. L. Narasimham of ''The Hindu'' noted that all songs from the film "are being enjoyed even today by music lovers."<ref name="BFTP" />

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Track list<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gundamma Katha (1962) |url=http://mio.to/album/Gundamma+Katha+(1962) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117093113/http://mio.to/album/Gundamma%2BKatha%2B%281962%29 |archive-date=17 January 2015 |access-date=27 February 2016 |website=Music India Online}}</ref>
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 22:09
| title1 = Lechindi Nidra
| extra1 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| length1 = 02:26
| title2 = Sannaga Veeche
| extra2 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 = 03:13
| title3 = Aligina Velane Choodali
| extra3 = P. Susheela
| length3 = 02:58
| title4 = Entha Hayi
| extra4 = Ghantasala, P. Susheela
| length4 = 02:43
| title5 = Prema Yatralaku
| extra5 = Ghantasala, P. Susheela
| length5 = 02:49
| title6 = Manishi Maraledu
| extra6 = Ghantasala, [[P. Leela]]
| length6 = 03:03
| title7 = Kolo Koloyanna
| extra7 = Ghantasala, P. Susheela
| length7 = 02:29
| title8 = Mounamuga Nee
| extra8 = Ghantasala
| length8 = 02:28
}}

== Release ==
''Gundamma Katha'' was released on 7 June 1962.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=7}} In the opening credits, images of the film's cast were used instead of their names; the leads and Ranga Rao's images are screened first, and are followed by those of Suryakantham and the other supporting cast.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=10}}

''Gundamma Katha'' was a profitable venture for Vijaya Productions; it completed a 100-day run in 17 theatres across [[Andhra Pradesh]],<ref name="Cinegoer" /> and completed a silver-jubilee run at the Durga Kalamandir, [[Vijayawada]].<ref name="BFTP" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shridharan |first=J. R. |date=18 March 2006 |title=Vintage theatre |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/vintage-theatre/article3189331.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=29 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229091925/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/vintage-theatre/article3189331.ece |archive-date=29 February 2016}}</ref> It became the first film to be run for 100 days with three screenings per day in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="Cinegoer" /><ref name="Southscope" /> The silver-jubilee celebrations were not held, and the planned budget for the event was donated to a fundraiser who was active during the [[Sino-Indian War]].{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=10}}

== Reception ==
Upon release, many critics praised ''Gundamma Katha'' for its story, screenplay and performances of the lead cast, while some criticised its poor character development. Krishnanand, writing for ''[[Andhra Patrika]]'' on 15 June 1962, praised Suryakantham's role in particular and said, "Justifying the film's title, the makers have placed utmost importance on Gundamma's character, and Suryakantham who breathe life into that character, has equally mesmerized the audience with her performance."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnanand |date=15 June 1962 |title=కథాగమనం లో కొత్తదనం గల 'గుండమ్మ కథ' |language=te |trans-title='Gundamma Katha' has a novel way of storytelling |work=[[Andhra Patrika]] |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/EQY/0,752,1134,1255 |access-date=10 July 2020}}</ref> On the same day, an article from ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' opined that the film was filled of humour, "The screenplay, each and every scene, and every character in the story is purposefully made for humour; Humour in anger, humour in brawl {{En dash}} humour everywhere!" it stated.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 1962 |title=ఆద్యంతాలు హాస్యాన్ని క్రుమ్మరిస్తున్న విజయవారి "గుండమ్మ కథ" |language=te |trans-title=Its raining humour in "Vijaya's Gundamma Katha" |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1962/Jun/15-jun-1962.pdf |access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref> Earlier on 8 June, a critic from ''[[Andhra Jyothi]]'' praising the film, wrote, "This isn't Gundamma's story, rather the story we see everyday {{En dash}} Our story."<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 June 1962 |title=విశిష్టమైన వినోదాత్మక చిత్రం విజయ వారి "గుండమ్మ కథ" |language=te |trans-title=An eminently entertaining film, Vijaya's "Gundamma Katha" |work=Andhra Jyothi |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/EQZ/8,0,804,353 |access-date=10 July 2020}}</ref>

In an essay by V. Chakravarty writing for ''[[Eenadu]]'' in 2012, it was expressed that the characters played by Jamuna and Suryakantham were poorly written and under-developed. Chakravarty also found the characters played by Haranath and Vijayalakshmi out of place. Similar views were expressed after a special screening at [[L. V. Prasad]]{{'s}} residence but Chakrapani was confident of the film's success when he saw children clapping in response to Rama Rao's performance in comical sequences.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=9}} Narasimham wrote in his review of the film for ''[[The Hindu]]'' in 2016, "With more emphasis on banter in the story, the actors, without straining a nerve, sailed smoothly through their characters."<ref name="BFTP" />

== Other versions and remakes ==
''Gundamma Katha'' was simultaneosly made in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Manithan Maravillai]]'' (1962) by Vijaya Productions. Chakrapani directed the film and [[Gemini Ganesan]] replaced Rama Rao,{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=9}} while Nageswara Rao, Savitri and Jamuna reprised their roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 1962 |title=Manithan Maravillai |page=3 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19620615&printsec=frontpage&hl=en}}</ref> ''Manithan Maravillai'' was Nageswara Rao's 100th film as an actor; ''Gundamma Katha'' became a notable film for both Rama Rao and Nageswara Rao as they completed 100 films as actors with two versions of the same film.<ref name="Southscope" /> Unlike the original film, ''Manithan Maravillai'' was a commercial failure.{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|page=372}}<ref name="Nagi Reddy" /> Vijaya had also planned to remake ''Gundamma Katha'' in [[Hindi]], but this plan never came to fruition.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=C. N. R. |date=17 March 1963 |title=Sorry Plight of the Cinema Industry |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.101057/page/n811 |magazine=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]] |volume=84 |page=70}}</ref> However it was remade in Hindi as ''Swayamvar'' in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/swayamvar-1980|title=Swayamvar|work=MySwar}}</ref>

Rama Rao's son [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] and Nageswara Rao's son [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], who established themselves as actors in Telugu cinema, planned to remake ''Gundamma Katha'' but withdrew after failing to find a suitable replacement for Suryakantham.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=10}} In 2012, [[D. Ramanaidu]] planned to produce the remake of the film with Rama Rao's grandson [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] and Nagarjuna's son [[Naga Chaitanya]] playing the leading male characters but the plans were cancelled.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 June 2012 |title=Naga Chaitanya and NTR in Gundamma Katha remake? |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Naga-Chaitanya-and-NTR-in-Gundamma-Katha-remake/articleshow/13952485.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=27 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227163016/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Naga-Chaitanya-and-NTR-in-Gundamma-Katha-remake/articleshow/13952485.cms |archive-date=27 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=13 December 2014 |title=Another multi starrer on the cards |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141212/entertainment-tollywood/article/another-multi-starrer-cards |url-status=live |access-date=27 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209191134/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141212/entertainment-tollywood/article/another-multi-starrer-cards |archive-date=9 February 2015}}</ref> In April 2016, [[Mohan Babu]] expressed interest in remaking the film with his son [[Vishnu Manchu]] and [[Raj Tarun]]. He added that [[G. Nageswara Reddy]] would direct the remake which he would announce after acquiring the rights.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=26 April 2016 |title=I want to remake Gundamma Katha, says Mohan Babu |work=Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/260416/i-want-to-remake-gundamma-katha-says-mohan-babu.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426010830/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/260416/i-want-to-remake-gundamma-katha-says-mohan-babu.html |archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>

== Sequel and digitisation plans ==
After ''Gundamma Katha''{{'s}} release, Chakrapani wrote a story named "Gundamma Gari Kootulla Katha" (The Story of Gundamma's Daughters). It was serialised in ''Bharathi'' magazine. Its plot involves Ghantayya creating a rift between Lakshmi and Saroja. Readers expected Chakrapani to produce a sequel to ''Gundamma Katha'' but he showed no interest. In 1982, Rama Rao and [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] acted in a film, ''[[Vayyari Bhamalu Vagalamari Bhartalu]]'', whose story resembled "Gundamma Gari Kootulla Katha".{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=10}}

In November 2007, a Hyderabad-based company named Goldstone Technologies acquired the film negative rights to 14 Telugu films produced by Vijaya Vauhini Studios, including ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957) and ''Gundamma Katha'', to release colourised, digitally remastered versions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 November 2007 |title=Old classics in colour soon |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/old-classics-in-colour-soon/article1953295.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=27 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528121554/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/old-classics-in-colour-soon/article1953295.ece |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> The remastered and colourised version of ''Mayabazar'', released in January 2010, was commercially successful but Goldstone Technologies decided not to remaster the remaining 13 films, including ''Gundamma Katha'', saying most of the producers who sold the rights to the negatives to television channels lost control over them. Goldstone further explained that a number of legal issues over ownership and copyright issues arise whenever producers try to do something on their own.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=11 February 2014 |title=Preserving Tollywood's timeless classics |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Preserving-Tollywoods-timeless-classics/articleshow/30226239.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=27 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528121550/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Preserving-Tollywoods-timeless-classics/articleshow/30226239.cms |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Gundamma Katha'' is regarded as the last film of Vijaya Productions' "Golden Age".{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|page=372}}<ref name="Nagi Reddy" /> In commemoration of the Centenary of Indian Cinema, ''The Hindu'' listed ''Gundamma Katha'', ''[[Pathala Bhairavi]]'' (1951), ''[[Missamma]]'' (1955), ''Mayabazar'', ''[[Maduve Madi Nodu]]'' (1965), ''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]'' (1967), ''[[Julie (1975 film)|Julie]]'' (1975), and ''[[Shriman Shrimati]]'' (1982) as the iconic films produced by Nagi Reddi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2013 |title=Tribute to B. Nagi Reddi |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/tribute-to-b-nagi-reddi/article5121549.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=29 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830234105/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/tribute-to-b-nagi-reddi/article5121549.ece |archive-date=30 August 2014}}</ref> ''Gundamma Katha'' is a notable film in the careers of Suryakantham and Ramana Reddy;<ref name="BFTP" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramarao |first=Imandi |date=17 January 2016 |title=వెండి తెర అత్తమ్మ |trans-title=Mother-in-law of the silver screen |url=http://www.prajasakti.com/SnehaBook/1743661 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229101139/http://www.prajasakti.com/SnehaBook/1743661 |archive-date=29 February 2016 |access-date=29 February 2016 |website=[[Prajasakti]] |language=Telugu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramarao |first=Imandi |date=12 June 2015 |title=కామెడీ మాంత్రికుడు |trans-title=Magician of comedy |url=http://www.prajasakti.com/Content/1643972 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229095405/http://www.prajasakti.com/Content/1643972 |archive-date=29 February 2016 |access-date=29 February 2016 |website=[[Prajasakti]] |language=Telugu}}</ref> Nagi Reddi said the latter played a key role in the film's success.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murthy |first=Neeraja |date=25 October 2013 |title=From the golden pages |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/from-the-golden-pages/article5269774.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=29 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326112627/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/from-the-golden-pages/article5269774.ece |archive-date=26 March 2014}}</ref> Various words and phrases, such as "dush propaganda" and "alludirikam" (Mother-in-law staying at son-in-law's house), later became part of Telugu vernacular.<ref name="BFTP" />

In an interview with ''The Hindu'' in December 2005, Telugu actor [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] cited the film and ''Mayabazar'' as examples of incidental comedy, arguing that the situation and the subject should go "hand in hand".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdary |first=Y. Sunita |date=30 December 2005 |title=Seriously funny |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002330400.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=29 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227042053/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002330400.htm |archive-date=27 February 2016}}</ref> In May 2012, Radhika Rajamani of [[Rediff.com]] mentioned ''Gundamma Katha'' for the letter G in her list, "The A to Z of Telugu Cinema", calling it an "unforgettable film".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=7 May 2012 |title=Special: The A to Z of Telugu Cinema |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-special-the-a-to-z-of-telugu-cinema/20120507.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227142244/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-special-the-a-to-z-of-telugu-cinema/20120507.htm |archive-date=27 December 2015 |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> In November 2012, ''[[The Times of India]]'' listed ''Gundamma Katha'' alongside unrelated films ''Missamma'', ''Mayabazar'', ''Narthanasala'', and ''[[Bommarillu]]'' (2006) in its list of "Telugu classics to watch along with family this Deepavali". The commentator for ''The Times'' stated that ''Gundamma Katha'' "touches many layers of human [emotions] and situations" and features "top class actors, a strong script, melodious and meaningful songs".{{efn|[[Diwali]], also known as Deepavali or the festival of lights, is an Indian [[Hindu festival]] celebrated in the autumn season. Diwali is celebrated using [[fireworks]] and lamps. The legends behind this festival are the slaying of [[Narakasura]] by [[Satyabhama]], [[Rama]]{{'s}} return to [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] after exile, and an auspicious day to worship [[Lakshmi]] for wealth and prosperity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sastrigal |first=Sarma |date=30 October 2013 |title=The many legends of Deepavali |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2013/oct/30/the-many-legends-of-deepavali-531876.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314163614/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/The-many-legends-of-Deepavali/2013/10/30/article1862950.ece |archive-date=14 March 2016}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2012 |title=Telugu classics to watch along with family this Deepavali |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Telugu-classics-to-watch-along-with-family-this-Deepavali/articleshow/17100912.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202085847/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Telugu-classics-to-watch-along-with-family-this-Deepavali/articleshow/17100912.cms |archive-date=2 December 2014 |access-date=29 February 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'' (2013), which was rumoured to be a remake of ''Gundamma Katha'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdary |first=Y. Sunita |date=9 June 2012 |title=Itsy Bitsy |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/itsy-bitsy/article3509432.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302031851/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/itsy-bitsy/article3509432.ece |archive-date=2 March 2016}}</ref> adapted the style of its opening credits{{mdash}}use of images rather than text to credit its principal cast.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=10}}<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu |date=2013 |type=motion picture |language=te |publisher=[[Sri Venkateswara Creations]] |place=India |time=00:00:29 to 00:04:02 |time-caption=From}}</ref> In their 2013 book ''Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas'', K. Moti Gokulsing and Wimal Dissanayake wrote that ''Gundamma Katha'', along with ''[[Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu]]'' (1959), ''Missamma'' and ''[[Ramudu Bheemudu]]'' (1964), "represented the scope comedy had in the 1950s and 60s."{{Sfn|Gokulsing|Dissanayake|2013|p=139}}

The story and treatment of ''Gundamma Katha'' inspired many other Telugu films, resulting in stereotypes in narration. The filmmaker [[K. V. Reddy]] stated that ''Gundamma Katha'' had good dialogue and production design but lacked a proper story to narrate.{{Sfn|Chakravarthy|2012|page=9}} In her review of screenwriter [[Trivikram Srinivas]]' film ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'' (2013), Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''The Hindu'' expressed hope that Srinivas "will give us something more innovative than relying on a story that’s been rehashed since the time of ''Gundamma Katha''".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=27 December 2013 |title=The curse of the cliché |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-curse-of-the-clich/article5508027.ece |url-status=live |access-date=29 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229104026/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-curse-of-the-clich/article5508027.ece |archive-date=29 February 2016}}</ref> In August 2015, the filmmaker [[Teja (director)|Teja]] admitted that the Telugu film industry is stuck with two types of narratives and concepts—hero-centric films and those similar to ''Gundamma Katha''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=13 August 2015 |title=Teja: Our heroes don't know film appreciation |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/director-teja-hora-hori/article7534922.ece |url-status=live |access-date=29 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229104444/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/director-teja-hora-hori/article7534922.ece |archive-date=29 February 2016}}</ref> During the promotion of ''[[Soukhyam]]'' (2015), its director A. S. Ravikumar Chowdary said comedy is a dominant element in Telugu films, citing ''Gundamma Katha'' and ''[[Aha Naa-Pellanta! (1987 film)|Aha Naa-Pellanta!]]'' (1987) as examples.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2015 |title=వినోదమే బాగా నడుస్తుంది |trans-title=Comedy sells better |url=http://www.prajasakti.com/Content/1731244 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229105439/http://www.prajasakti.com/Content/1731244 |archive-date=29 February 2016 |access-date=29 February 2016 |website=[[Prajasakti]] |language=Telugu}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Credits">{{Cite AV media |title=Gundamma Katha |date=1962 |type=motion picture |language=te |publisher=[[Vijaya Vauhini Studios]] |place=India |time=00:00:00 to 00:02:10 |time-caption=From}}</ref>
<ref name="BFTP">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=1 December 2016 |title=Gundamma Katha (1962) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/GUNDAMMA-KATHA-1962/article16735882.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=2 January 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170102090610/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/GUNDAMMA-KATHA-1962/article16735882.ece |archive-date=2 January 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Krishna">{{Cite news |last=Kalyanam |first=Rajeswari |date=28 August 2013 |title=Manifestation of devotion |work=[[The Hans India]] |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2013-08-28/Manifestation-of-devotion-70416 |access-date=29 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229113922/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2013-08-28/Manifestation-of-devotion-70416 |archive-date=29 February 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Cinegoer">{{Cite web |date=23 October 2007 |title=ANR's 99th Film Gundamma Katha |url=http://www.cinegoer.net/gundammakatha.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227162921/http://www.cinegoer.net/gundammakatha.htm |archive-date=27 February 2016 |access-date=27 February 2016 |website=Cinegoer.net}}</ref>
<ref name="Nagi Reddy">{{Cite news |last=Parichha |first=Bhaskar |date=2 December 2012 |title=Centenary tribute |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/247177/centenary-tribute.html |access-date=29 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229100313/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/247177/centenary-tribute.html |archive-date=29 February 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Southscope">{{Cite magazine |date=July 2010 |title=Junk mail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDiv2uFwbIwC&q=gundamma+katha&pg=PA13 |magazine=[[South Scope]] |page=13}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Chakravarthy |first=Vattikuti |url=http://s1056.photobucket.com/user/PavanJandhyala/library/Gundamma%20Katha |title=యాభై వసంతాల గుండమ్మ కథ |date=3 June 2012 |work=[[Eenadu]] |language=Telugu |trans-title=Fifty Years of Gundamma Katha}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Gokulsing |first1=K. Moti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwGgF-rDucEC |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |last2=Dissanayake |first2=Wimal|author-link2=Wimal Dissanyake| publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-67774-5}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Good article}}
{{The Taming of the Shrew}}
{{Kamalakara Kameswara Rao}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1960s satirical films]]
[[Category:1962 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:1962 Indian films]]
[[Category:1962 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1962 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on The Taming of the Shrew]]
[[Category:Films based on works by William Shakespeare]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghantasala (musician)]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Junagarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:25:20Z

Aspjack: Put Up

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Junagarh, Kalahandi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Junagarh
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 78
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| district = [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency|Kalahandi]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Dr Ipsita Anuradha]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,46,605{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}
'''Junagarh''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Kalahandi district]], [[Odisha]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=78|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203183355/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=78|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 February 2015|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Junagarh (78) District: Kalahandi|accessdate= 5 April 2014}}</ref>

This constituency includes [[Junagarh, Kalahandi|Junagarh]], Junagarh block and Golamunda block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp98.htm|title= 98 - Junagarh Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 6 April 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=

{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|38.64}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|45.83}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|34.21}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|31.48}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|36.36}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|47.62}}
{{bar percent|1998 (bypoll)|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|39.21}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|32.81}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|43.02}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Janata Party}}|51.65}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|46.67}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.67}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 17 elections were held till date including in one bypoll in 1998. It was a 2-member constituency in 1952.

List of members elected from Junagarh constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Junagarh Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=https://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/junagarh.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 6 April 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Junagarh Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Bhawanipatna, Orissa |url=https://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/junagarh.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Junagarh Assembly Election Results 2024: Junagarh Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/junagarh-constituency-result-18078 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[Dibya Shankar Mishra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019" />
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Junagarh Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/junagarh-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|Gobardhan Dash
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Himansu Sekhar Meher]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|1998 (bypoll) {{efn|Resignation of [[Bikram Keshari Deo]] on his election to Lok Sabha}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Bye Election: Junagarh 1998 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/422 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Bikram Keshari Deo]]
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Maheswar Barad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Udit Pratap Deo
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Trinath Sarab
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Maheswar Naik
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''1957-61 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|[[Pratap Keshari Deo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Dayanidhi Naik
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 13 May 2024 in 1st phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 4th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Dibya Shankar Mishra]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Manoj Kumar Meher by a margin of 1,338 votes.<ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Junagarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Dibya Shankar Mishra]]
|votes = 77,037
|percentage =38.64
|change = {{down}}7.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Meher
|votes = 75,699
|percentage = 37.97
|change = {{up}}7.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Tuleswar Naik
|votes = 39,492
|percentage = 19.81
|change = {{up}}2.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,735
|percentage = 1.37
|change = {{up}}0.12
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,338
|percentage = 0.67
|change = {{down}}14.57
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,99,354
|percentage = 80.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Dibya Shankar Mishra]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Manoj Kumar Meher by a margin of 27,859 votes.<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Junagarh<ref name="FP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-I) ( AC / PC ) |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase%201/Form%207%20A%20to%20English%28Phase-I%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Dibya Shankar Mishra]]
|votes = 83,789
|percentage = 45.83
|change = {{increase}}11.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Meher
|votes = 55,930
|percentage = 30.59
|change = {{increase}}2.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Anil Kumar Singh Deo
|votes = 32,343
|percentage = 17.69
|change = {{decrease}}5.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,290
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 27,859
|percentage = 15.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,82,838
|percentage = 78.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Dibya Shankar Mishra]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Anil Kumar Singh Deo by a margin of 17,728 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url= https://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2014-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2014 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote= 17,728|accessdate= 5 April 2014}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
| title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Junagarh
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Dibya Shankar Mishra]]
|votes = 56,443
|percentage = 34.21
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anil Kumar Singh Deo
|votes = 46,498
|percentage = 28.19
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gobardhan Dash
|votes = 38,715
|percentage = 23.47
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2747
|percentage = 1.67
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,728
|percentage = 6.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,64,973
|percentage = 75.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Gobardhan Dash defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Bira Sipka by a margin of 6,537 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Junagarh<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gobardhan Dash
|votes = 45,349
|percentage = 31.48
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Bira Sipka
|votes = 38,812
|percentage = 26.94
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Himansu Sekhar Meher]]
|votes = 34,334
|percentage = 23.83
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,537
|percentage = 4.54{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,44,053
|percentage = 69.76
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = 2.79{{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 66.97%}}
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171216091110/http://www.discoverjunagarh.pe.hu/ Discover Junagarh]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kalahandi district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|19.86|82.94|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Kalahandi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Yek Salai

2026-04-06T20:19:16Z

Aspjack: Adding a stub

{{Short description|Tradition of the indigenous communities of Kangleipak}}
{{About|a traditional system of septet of every indigenous communities of [[Manipur]]|the [[Meitei ethnicity]]-specific system|Meitei confederacy}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
[[File:Flag of Kangleipak.svg|thumb|Yek Salai 7 Flag, representing the 7 groups]]
A '''Yek Salai''' or a '''Yek''' or a '''Salai''' refers to one member group within a union of seven groups, predominantly in the traditions of the indigenous communities with origins in [[Kangleipak]] (present day [[Manipur]] state of India). The most notable example of such a union of ''7 yek salai groups'' is that of the [[Meitei confederacy]] (''{{langx|mni|Meitei Yek Salai Taret}}''). Each yek salai group contains numerous families (''{{langx|mni|[[yumnak]]}}'').<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shakespear|first=J.|date=1910|title=33. Note on the Manipuri "Yek."|url=https://zenodo.org/records/2038949/files/article.pdf|journal=Man|volume=10|pages=59–61|doi=10.2307/2787995|issn=0025-1496}}</ref> Initially, "yek" means "lineage", and "salai" means "clan".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanjabam |first=Shukhdeba Sharma |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Manipur_Myanmar_Connections/MKhjEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=yek+lineage+clan+salai&pg=PA84&printsec=frontcover |title=Manipur Myanmar Connections: An Indic Perspective |last2=Singh |first2=Aheibam Koireng |last3=Sharma |first3=Kakchingtabam Ruhinikumar |date=2021-01-01 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-93-88937-84-9 |language=en}}</ref>

It also exists in other ethnicities, including but not limited to [[Aimol people]], [[Anal people]], [[Chiru people]], [[Chothe people]], [[Inpui people]], [[Kabui people]], [[Kharam people]], [[Koireng people]], [[Kom people (India)|Kom people]], [[Lamkang people]], [[Liangmai people|Liangmei people]], [[Mao people]], [[Maram people]], [[Maring people]], [[Moyon people]], [[Monsang people|Monshang people]], [[Poumai people|Paomai people]], [[Purum people]], [[Rongmei people]], [[Tarao people]], [[Thangal people]], [[Tangkhul people]] and [[Zeme people|Zemei people]].<ref name=":0" />

== In the Meitei Confederacy ==
{{Main|Meitei confederacy}}
The Yek Salai of the Meitei confederacy are
<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467297/page/n11/mode/1up|title=Sagei Salai Apoklon|last=Monihar|first=N.|publisher=Internet Archive; Digital Library of India|year=2000|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466642/page/n140/mode/1up|title=Erat Thouram Thounirol Lairik|last=Neelbir|first=Sairem|publisher=Internet Archive; Digital Library of India|year=2004|location=India|pages=140|language=mni}}</ref>
*[[Mangang]] ({{langx|mni|label=none|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯉꯥꯡ}}}}) or Ningthouja ({{langx|mni|label=none|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧꯖꯥ}}}})
*[[Luwang]] ({{langx|mni|label=none|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯨꯋꯥꯡ}}}})
*[[Khuman]]({{langx|mni|label=none|{{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯨꯃꯟ}}}})
*[[Angom]] ({{langx|mni|label=none|{{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯉꯣꯝ}}}})
*[[Moilang]] ({{langx|mni|label=none|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯣꯏꯂꯥꯡ}}}}) or Moirang ({{langx|mni|label=none|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯣꯏꯔꯥꯡ}}}})
*[[Kha Nganpa]] ({{langx|mni|label=none|{{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯥ ꯉꯥꯟꯄ}}}})
*[[Chenglei]], Sarang Leishangthem ({{langx|mni|label=none|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯂꯥꯡ ꯂꯩꯁꯥꯡꯊꯦꯝ}}}}), or Salai Leishangthem ({{langx|mni|label=none|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯂꯥꯏ ꯂꯩꯁꯥꯡꯊꯦꯝ}}}})

== In other ethnic groups ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Sub-groups in the Yek Salai system<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Who are the Indigenous People of Manipur Part 3 By Khomdon Lisam|url=https://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Who_are_the_Indigenous_People_of_Manipur_Part_3_By_Khomdon_Lisam.html..|access-date=2025-02-15|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
! Ethnicities
! colspan="7" | Groups
|-
| Anal (Anan)
| Murchal
| Masum
| Pasen
| Chantung
| Runlal
| Yasha
| Hrangpung
|-
| Chiru
| Samia
| Ashou
| Achi
| Sonam
| Anam Bahai
| Hua
| Achon
|-
| Chothe, Kom
| Yurung
| Thao
| Marim
| Parpa
| Rrangsai
| Makal
| Rakhung
|-
| Inpui
| Riamroi
| Bariam
| Khumba
| Inka
| Bariamtak
| Bariampaan
| Balang
|-
| Kabui
| Kammei
| Gangmei
| Golmei
| Lomgmei
| Maringmei
| Palmei
| Paomei
|-
| Koireng
| Yaite
| Sonthu
| Leison
| Tumtin
| Tente
| Walbe
| Mikle
|-

| Kharam
| Sheiphu
| Sheichel
| Rangla
| Rakhou
| Seilou
| Mareeyam
| Kailam
|-

| Lamkang
| Suwngnem/Sankhil
| Khular
| Dilbung
| Shilshi
| Tholung/Jangvei
| Kangten
| Leivon, Surte
|-

| Mao
| Ahui
| Amei
| Sinmarei
| Akonglei
| Asus Anem
| Khote Lamei
| Anui
|-

| Maram
| Akhanosum
| Soute
| Ahongnu
| Asom
| Luklei
| Lusae
| Hakup
|-

| Maring
| Dalla
| Raj
| Dingthoi
| Chongdur
| Sampur
| Thoitak
| Thangnga
|-

| Moyon and Monsang
| Ruin Wangran
| Chinir Numgohin
| Sason Hungam
| Songahir Khartur
| Nguru Langrom
| Sirbum Turip
| Bungehir Charu
|-

| Poumai
| Alui
| Akhet
| Ahim
| Atao
| Amei Hutae
| Amei Hutei
| Aman
|-

| Purum
| Haonam
| Puinae
| Seo
| Louten
| Hounae
| Haotuk
| Henttaogh
|-

| Tangkhul
| Duidang
| Sadang
| Khodang
| Khapudang
| Choudang
| Sithudand
| Kingdang
|-

| Tarao
| Akheng Lentae
| Atoilu
| Puinae
| Lourrei
| Lanchi Siru
| Alikleiill na
| Alek
|}

== Related pages ==
* [[Mangang Luwang Khuman]]
* [[Apokpa]]
* [[Apokpa Marup]]
* [[Sanamahism]]

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite thesis|last=Laishram Basanti|first=Department of History
|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/103665|title=Astudy of political history of Manipur from Pakhangba to Khagemba|quote=Heirem Khunjan, Hao-rok Konthou and some other ancient Manipuri text and archaeological findings. N. Birachandra, Meitei Leipakta Yek Salai Hourakpa. Amasy Chaokhalakpa|date=2019-07-23|publisher=Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International(CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Mawon|first=Somingam|date=2020-11-12|orig-year=2014-05-12|title=Understanding the Origin of the terms 'WUNG', 'HAO' and 'TANGKHUL|url=http://www.isca.in/IJSS/Archive/v3/i5/8.ISCA-IRJSS-2014-44.pdf|journal=International Research Journal of Social Sciences_|volume=3 |issue=5|pages=36–40|issn=2319-3565}}

== References ==
{{Portal bar|Asia|Civilization|History|India|Bangladesh|Myanmar|Politics}}
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Meitei clans]]
[[Category:Kangleipak]]

Malik Ibrahim Bayu

2026-03-29T16:20:26Z

Aspjack:

{{Short description|Indian Sufi saint and warrior}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Syed Ibrahim Malik Baya
| caption = Mausoleum of Malik Ibrahim Bayu in [[Bihar Sharif]]
| image = Tomb of Ibrahim Baya 22.jpg
| occupation = Military general, Governor, Sufi Saint
| birth_place = [[Ghazni]], Afghanistan
| death_place = [[Rohtasgarh]], Rohtas District, Bihar
| death_date = 20 January 1353 CE (13th Dul Hajj 753 AH)
| house-type = Clan
| house = [[Malik clan (Bihar)|Malik]]
}}
'''Syed Ibrahim Malik Baya '''also known as '''Malik Ibrahim Bayu''' was a [[Sufi]] saint of [[Suhrawardiyya|Suhrawardiyya order]] and a warrior who arrived in South Bihar, India, in the 14th century and defeated the tribal Kol chiefdoms, who had been oppressing the local Muslims. He was a contemporary of [[Sharfuddin Yahya Maneri]] and [[Muzaffar Balkhi|Muzaffar Shams Balkhi]].'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Syed Amjad |title=Malik Ibrahim Baya: A Revered Figure in Bihar's History and Sufi Tradition |url=https://www.newageislam.com/islamic-personalities/syed-amjad-hussain-new-age-islam/malik-ibrahim-baya-revered-figure-bihar-s-history-sufi-tradition/d/132783 |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=New Age Islam}}</ref> '''

Syed Ibrahim Mallick Baya (d. 1353 CE), a prominent 14th-century Sufi saint and governor of Bihar under the [[Tughlaq dynasty]], is recognized as a [[Sayyid]], descending from the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] through [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]], [[Fatima|Fatima al-Zahra]], and their sons [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]]. Historical sources confirm that Ibrahim was a seventh-generation descendant of Abdul Qadir Gilani (d. 1166 CE), a renowned Sayyid and founder of the Qadiriyya Sufi order, whose lineage traces back to Muhammad via both Hasan (paternally) and Husayn (maternally). According to ''Tazkira-e-Sufiya-e-Bihar'' by Muhammad Hifz-ur-Rahman (2021) and ''The Sultan of the Saints'' by Muhammad Riyaz Qadiri (2000), Gilani's father, Abu Salih Musa, descended from Hasan ibn Ali, while his mother, Umm al-Khair Fatima, descended from Husayn ibn Ali through Imam Zayn al-Abidin and up to 9th Shia Imam, linking directly to Ali and Fatima.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hifz-ur-Rahman |first=Muhammad |title=Tazkira-e-Sufiya-e-Bihar |year=2021 |publisher=Islamic Research Academy, Patna |isbn=978-81-939320-4-9 |page=45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Qadiri |first=Muhammad Riyaz |title=The Sultan of the Saints: Mystical Life and Teachings of Shaikh Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani |year=2000 |publisher=Abbasi Publications |location=Gujranwala |isbn=969-851016-8 |page=23}}</ref> This dual lineage establishes Ibrahim as a "najeeb-ut-tarafain" Sayyid, a status widely accepted among the Malik Baya community or Malik clan in Bihar, as corroborated by ''Sharfa Ki Nagari'' by Qayamuddin Nizami (1995), which details his role as a Sayyid leader in Bihar Sharif.<ref name="nizamisyed">{{Cite book |last=Nizami |first=Syed Qayamuddin |title=Sharfa Ki Nagari |year=1995 |publisher=Darul Isha’at, Patna |isbn=978-81-86012-07-8 |page=78}}</ref>

He defeated Raja Birthal in a war.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IBRAHIM BAYA MAQBARA|url=https://bt-stage.argildx.com/en/destinations/nalanda/ibrahim-baya-maqbara|access-date=2020-11-25|website=bt-stage.argildx.com|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027151710/https://bt-stage.argildx.com/en/destinations/nalanda/ibrahim-baya-maqbara}}</ref> Malik Ibrahim Baya's tomb is protected under [[Archaeological Survey of India]] and is a tourism spot in [[Bihar Sharif|Bihar Sharif Nalanda]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments – Bihar « Archaeological Survey of India|url=https://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-bihar/|access-date=2020-11-25|website=asi.nic.in}}</ref>

==Descendants==
Ibrahim Malik Baya's descendants form the Malik Baya community or Malik clan, a small Sayyid Muslim group primarily concentrated in the districts of Nalanda (Bihar Sharif), Arwal, Patna, Jahanabad, Nawada, Sheikhpura, and Jamui in Bihar, India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hifz-ur-Rahman |first=Muhammad |title=Tazkira-e-Sufiya-e-Bihar |year=2021 |publisher=Islamic Research Academy, Patna |isbn=978-81-939320-4-9 |pages=45–48}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nizami |first=Syed Qayamuddin |title=Sharfa Ki Nagari |year=1995 |publisher=Darul Isha’at, Patna |isbn=978-81-86012-07-8 |pages=120–125}}</ref> Recognized as Ashraf (high-status Muslims) by the Bihar Minority Commission, the community maintains its pure Sayyid identity through descent from Ibrahim Malik, a seventh-generation descendant of Abdul Qadir Gilani, whose lineage traces to Muhammad through Hasan and Husayn ibn Ali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qadiri |first=Muhammad Riyaz |title=The Sultan of the Saints |year=2000 |publisher=Abbasi Publications |isbn=969-851016-8 |page=23}}</ref> The community's veneration of Ibrahim's tomb at Peer Pahadi, a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India, and annual Urs celebrations affirm their Sayyid heritage.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}} Post-1947 partition, many descendants migrated to Pakistan and Bangladesh, where they are known as "Bihari Sayyids."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallicks of Bihar |url=https://www.carelick.org/Mallicks |access-date=2025-09-21}}</ref>

==Lineages==
Ibrahim Mallick Baya (d. 1353 CE), a 14th-century Sufi saint, warrior, and governor of Bihar under the Tughlaq dynasty, is recognized as a Sayyid, descending from Muhammad through Ali ibn Abi Talib, Fatima al-Zahra, and their sons Hasan and Husayn. His lineage traces to Abdul Qadir Gilani (d. 1166 CE), a seventh-generation descendant of Muhammad, whose paternal line descends from Hasan ibn Ali and maternal line from Husayn ibn Ali via Zayn al-Abidin and up to 9th Shia Imam. This dual descent, known as "najeeb-ut-tarafain" (noble on both sides), is documented in Tazkira-e-Sufiya-e-Bihar by Dr. Muhammad Hifz-ur-Rahman (2021, ISBN 978-81-939320-4-9) and The Sultan of the Saints by Muhammad Riyaz Qadiri (2000, ISBN 969–851016–8).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hifz-ur-Rahman |first=Muhammad |title=Tazkira-e-Sufiya-e-Bihar |year=2021 |publisher=Islamic Research Academy, Patna |isbn=978-81-939320-4-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Qadiri |first=Muhammad Riyaz |title=The Sultan of the Saints |year=2000 |publisher=Abbasi Publications |isbn=969-851016-8}}</ref> The Malik Baya community or Malik clan, concentrated in Bihar Sharif, Nalanda, Patna, and other Bihar districts, inherits this Sayyid status, as affirmed by the Bihar Minority Commission report, which identifies them as a "small Sayyid Muslim community" with Ashraf (high-status) standing.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}}
The veneration of Ibrahim's tomb at Peer Pahadi, a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India, further underscores his prophetic lineage, as such reverence is typically reserved for Sayyids.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}}
Ibrahim's descent is further detailed in ''Sharfa Ki Nagari'' by Qayamuddin Nizami (1995), which traces his ancestry through Abdul Qadir Gilani to Muhammad via Ali and Fatima, with specific connections to Hasan (paternally) and Husayn (maternally through Zayn al-Abidin).<ref name="nizamisyed" /> Community records, such as ''Reyazul Nayeem'' by Muhammad Nayeem, corroborate this lineage, noting that Ibrahim, born in Ghazni, carried the Sayyid title due to his direct descent from Muhammad's family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallicks of Bihar |url=https://www.carelick.org/Mallicks |access-date=2025-09-05}}</ref> The absence of significant disputes in academic or regional sources, combined with the community's historical prominence as zamindars and their production of figures like Mohammad Younus (Bihar's first Chief Minister, 1937), reinforces their Sayyid status.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Ashok |last2=Ansari |first2=Khalid Anis |title=The curious case of the inclusion of Mallicks in Bihar Backward Classes list |url=https://twocircles.net/2011jun05/curious_case_inclusion_mallicks_bihar_backward_classes_list.html |access-date=2025-09-05}}</ref>

==History==
Malik Baya belonged to [[Suhrawardiyya]] order. He came to India during the reign of the sultan [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]] and became commander-in-chief in 1324.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

When Malik Baya told Muhammad bin Tughlaq of his first victory over Bihar, the sultan replied: ''malik biya benasheen'' (lit. O chief come and sit down).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hanif|first=N.|url={{GBurl|O3GXOqPa67MC|p=160}}|title=Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia|date=2000|publisher=Sarup & Sons | page=160 |isbn=978-81-7625-087-0}}</ref>

The sultan sent his general, Ibrahim Malik, to punish Raja Bithal. After a fierce battle, the Raja was killed and his army was defeated. After this conquest of Bihar the sultan have Malik Baya the title of "''Madarul Mulk''" means Malik or Saif-o-Daulat (Administrator or King of Sword and Wealth).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/syedmallicks/history|title = HISTORY - Syed Mallicks}}</ref>

Malik Baya was also Governor of [[Bihar]] and general from 1351 to 1353, during the reign of Sultan [[Firoz Shah Tughlaq]].{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

== Death ==
Malik Baya died on Sunday, 13th Dul Hajj 753 AH (20 January 1353 AD). He was buried on Peer Pahadi, [[Bihar Sharif]].<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |url={{GBurl|65YeAAAAMAAJ|p=7}} |title=Aspects of the Cultural History of Medieval Bihar |date=1984 |publisher=Kashi Prasad Jayswal Research Institute |pages=7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hifz-ur-Rahman |first=Muhammad |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/tazkira-e-sufiya-e-bihar-mohammad-hifzurrahman-ebooks |title=Tazkira-e-Sufiya-e-Bihar |publisher=Educational Publishing House |year=2021 |location=Delhi |language=ur}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Nagendra Kumar |title=SUFIS OF INDIA PAKISTAN AND BANGLADESH |url={{GBurl|kTYlAQAAIAAJ|p=256}} |volume=1 |page=256}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tamizi |first=Mohammad Yahya |title=Sufi movements in eastern India |url={{GBurl|pzcbAAAAIAAJ|p=199}} |page=199}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hanif |first=N |title=BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCYCOPEDIA OF SUFIS SOUTH ASIA |url={{GBurl|O3GXOqPa67MC|p=160}} |isbn=81-7625-087-2 |page=160}}

==External links==
*[https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/en/destinations/nalanda/ibrahim-baya-maqbara Ibrahim Baya Maqbara] - Bihar Tourism

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bayu Malik Ibrahim}}
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]
[[Category:Afghan people of Arab descent]]
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:People from the Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:1353 deaths]]
[[Category:Assassinated people of the medieval Islamic world]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:People from Bihar Sharif]]
[[Category:People assassinated in the 14th century]]

Bharathidasan

2026-03-24T09:31:57Z

Aspjack: general refine formatting to improve readability and updated info per sources

{{Short description|Tamil poet, writer, freedom fighter, social reformer (1891–1964)}}
{{indian patronymic|Subburathinam|Kanagasabai}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=July 2017}}
{{original research|date=January 2018}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Bharathidasan<ref name="Patronymic_India" />
| image = Bharathidasan (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = K. Subburathinam<ref name="Patronymic_India" />
| birth_date = 29 April 1891
| birth_place = [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[French India]] (now [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1964|4|21|1891|4|29}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]), [[India]]
| spouse = Pazhani Ammal
| children = Saraswathi Kannappan (Daughter) Mannarmannan (Son) Vasantha Dhandapani (Daughter) Ramani Sivasubramaniyan (Daughter)
| occupation = Teacher, [[Poet|Tamil poet]], [[Activist|Tamil activist]]
| period = [[Pure Tamil movement]]
| signature = Bharathidasan-signature.png
| parents = Father: Kanagasabai Mother: Lakshmi
}}

'''Bharathidasan'''<ref name="Patronymic_India">Birth name: K. Subburathinam, the person's given name: Subburathinam, father's given name: Kanagasabai. (K. Subburathinam by the prevalent [[Patronymic#India|patronymic initials as prefix]] naming system in Tamil Nadu and it is Subburathinam Kanagasabai by the [[Patronymic#India|patronymic suffix]] naming system.) He named himself "Bharathi dasan" meaning follower or adherent of Bharathi, and he is predominantly known as '''Bharathidasan.'''</ref> (IPA: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɑː|ˌ|r|ʌ|ð|i|ˈ|ð|ɑː|ˌ|s|ʌ|n|}}; born '''K. Subburathinam'''<ref name="Patronymic_India" /> 29 April 1891 – 21 April 1964) was a 20th-century<ref name="TVU_BD_bio">{{cite web |title=Bharathidasan's Biography |url=https://www.tamilvu.org/ta/library-l9210-html-l92100hs-146401 |website=Tamil Virtual University; tamilvu.org |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref> [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poet and [[rationalist]] writer whose literary works handled mostly socio-political issues. He was deeply influenced by the Tamil poet [[Subramania Bharathi]] and named himself "Bharathi dasan" meaning follower or adherent of Bharathi.<ref>{{cite web|title=பாரதிதாசன்|website=itstamil.com |date=2 July 2013 |url=http://www.itstamil.com/bharathidasan.html}}</ref> His greatest influence was [[Periyar]] and his [[Self-Respect Movement|self-respect movement]]. Bharathidasan's writings<ref name="TVU_SRM_authors_plays" /> served as a catalyst for the growth of the [[Self-Respect Movement]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. In addition to poetry, his views found expression in other forms such as plays, film scripts, short stories and essays. The Government of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] union territory has adopted the song of Invocation to Mother Tamil, written by Bharathidasan as the state song of Puducherry ([[Tamil Thai Valthu (Puducherry)]]).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2006-04-17 |title=Bharathidasan's gift to Tamil and Pondicherry |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Life ==
Kanaka Subburathinam was born<ref name="TVU_BD_bio" /><ref name="BDU_BD_bio_works">{{cite web |title=Bharathidasan's biography, his works (via Wayback Machine) |url=http://www.bdu.ac.in/bharathidasan/life_history.php |website=Bharathidasan's 125th Birthday Commemoration 2015 Website, Bharathidasan University, bdu.ac.in |publisher=Bharathidasan University |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020225135/http://www.bdu.ac.in/bharathidasan/life_history.php |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] (earlier called Pondicherry) on 29 April 1891 to Kanagasabai Mudaliar and Lakshmi Ammal. He was deeply influenced by the Tamil poet and freedom fighter, [[Subramania Bharathi]],<ref name="TVU_BD_bio" /> who mentored him and hence Subburathinam named himself "Bharathi dasan" meaning follower or adherent of Bharathi. He is popularly known as '''Bharathidasan'''<ref name="Patronymic_India" /> ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: {{lang|ta|பாரதிதாசன்}}). A twentieth century Tamil poet, Bharathidasan was an active participant in the [[Indian independence movement]], he opposed both the [[British Raj]]<ref name="TVU_BD_bio" /> and the French colonial government.<ref name="TVU_BD_bio" /> He was imprisoned<ref name="TVU_BD_bio" /> for voicing his views against the French Government that was ruling Pondicherry at that time. Bharathidasan was a poet in his own right, writing mostly on socio-political issues like women's liberation, rationalism, and against caste discrimination. He was greatly influenced by the great rationalist leader and social reformer, [[Periyar|Periyar E. V. Ramaswami]].<ref name="TVU_BD_bio" /> Bharathidasan became one of the key figures in the [[Self-Respect Movement|Dravidian rationalist movement.]]<ref name="TVU_BD_bio" /><ref name="TVU_SRM_authors_plays" /> He was bestowed the titles ‘puratchi kavinjar’ (revolutionary poet) and 'paa vendhar' (king of poetry) to honor his excellence in Tamil poetry and he was widely known by his titles. Bharathidasan works were nationalized meaning brought into public domain<ref name="TVU_BD_bio" /> in 1991 by the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu [[M. Karunanidhi]]. Bharathidasan's works can be found at the open access Tamil literature repository [[Project Madurai]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Project Madurai|url=https://www.projectmadurai.org/index.html|access-date=27 November 2022|publisher=projectmadurai.org}}</ref>

He remained a prolific<ref name="BDU_BD_works_links">{{cite web |title= Bharathidasan: Introduction, links to his works (master list) |url=http://www.bdu.ac.in/bharathidasan |website=Bharathidasan's 125th Birthday Commemoration 2015 Website, bdu.ac.in; Bharathidasan University via Wayback machine |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220223306/http://www.bdu.ac.in/bharathidasan/ |archive-date=20 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> writer and poet till he died on 21 April 1964,<ref name="TVU_BD_bio" /> a week before his 73rd birthday. He was awarded the [[Sahitya Academy Award]]<ref name="TVU_BD_bio" /> posthumously for his Tamil play<ref name="TVU_SRM_authors_plays">{{cite web |title=Self respect movement (Dravida Iyakkam) plays by Bharathidasan, C.N. Annadurai, M. Karunanidhi and others. |url=https://www.tamilvu.org/courses/degree/p102/p1024/html/p1024334.htm |website=Tamil Virtual University |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref> ''Pisiraandhaiyaar''.<ref name="TVU_BD_bio" /> One among his famous lines is ‘அறிவை விரிவு செய், அகண்டமாக்கு’, ‘Arivai virivu sei, agandamakku’ meaning “Expand knowledge – make it universal”. Named after this great poet, it has been [[Bharathidasan institute of management|Bharathidasan institute of management's]] endeavour to expand and universalize knowledge.

Named after the revolutionary poet Bharathidasan, the [[Bharathidasan University]] was set up in 1982 as an offshoot of the [[University of Madras]]. The motto of the university “We will create a brave new world” has been framed from Bharathidasan's poetic words “புதியதோர் உலகம் செய்வோம்”. The university endeavours to be true to such a vision by creating in the region a brave new world of academic innovation for social change.

==List of poems made into film lyrics==
*Thamizhukum Amudenru per<ref name="spl">{{cite web|title=P.Susheela – special songs|url=https://psusheela.org/tam/special.htm|website=psusheela.org|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="BDU_BD_music_songs">{{cite web |title=Bharathidasan's poems set to music (lyrical poems) |url=http://www.bdu.ac.in/bharathidasan/songs.php |website=Bharathidasan's 125th Birthday Commemoration 2015 Website, bdu.ac.in; Bharathidasan University via Wayback Machine |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819130522/http://www.bdu.ac.in/bharathidasan/songs.php |archive-date=19 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Sanke Muzhangu
*"Thunbam Nergayil" (set in [[Desh (raga)|Desh]] raga by Carnatic musician [[Dandapani Desikar]] and used by film composer [[R. Sudarsanam]] in ''[[Or Iravu]]'' in 1951)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sriramv.com/2018/04/19/bharathidasan-dandapani-desigar-and-the-travancore-sisters/ |title=Bharathidasan, Dandapani Desigar and the Travancore Sisters |author=Sriram V |date=2018-04-19 |website=Madras Heritage and Carnatic Music |access-date=2023-01-11}}</ref>
*Thesa gnanam
*Neelavana aadaikul
*Valiyor silar
*Muzhumai Nila
*Chithirai
*Pallikudam
*Kalyanam aagatha penae
*Kaatrilellam
*Kandavudal kadal
*Vaanukku nilavu
*Paazhai pona manam <ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130809062113/http://spicyonion.com/lyricist/bharathidasan-songs/ Complete List Of Bharathidasan Songs {{!}} Lyricist Bharathidasan Song Database]}}. spicyonion.com (19 June 2015). Retrieved on 2018-11-20.</ref>
*Vaana mazhai neeye
*Avalum Naanum Amudhum Thamizhum<ref name="aymarr">{{cite web|author1=A. R. Rahman|author-link1=A. R. Rahman|title=Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/achcham-yenbadhu-madamaiyada/id1123604755|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921041535/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/achcham-yenbadhu-madamaiyada/id1123604755|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 September 2016|website=[[iTunes]] ([[Apple Inc.]])|publisher=VMS Music Records & Publishing|access-date=11 November 2016|language=ta|date=17 June 2016}}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==

[[File:Bharathidasan 2001 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Bharathidasan on a 2001 stamp of India]]
*Bharathidasan won the Golden Parrot Prize in 1946 for his play Amaithi-Oomai (Peace and Dumbness).
*He was given the [[Sahitya Academy Award]],<ref name="TVU_BD_bio" /> posthumously in 1970 for his play Pisiranthaiyar.
*On 9 October 2001, a commemorative stamp of Bharathidasan was released by the Postal Department in Chennai.
*He was conferred with the title of "Puratchi Kavingyar" (meaning the "Revolutionary Poet") by Periyar.

==Legacy==
* [[Tamil Nadu]]'s state government gives the Bharathidasan Award annually to a Tamil poet.
* The Government of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] union territory has adopted Bharathidasan's song of Invocation to Mother Tamil as the state song of Puducherry.
* A state university named [[Bharathidasan University]] was established in [[Tiruchirappalli]].
* [[Bharathidasan institute of management]], one of India's top B-schools, was established in [[Tiruchirappalli]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bharathidasan}}
{{Wikisource|ta:பகுப்பு:பாரதிதாசன்| பாரதிதாசன்}}
{{Wikiquote|ta:பாரதிதாசன்| பாரதிதாசன்}}
* Tamil Wikisource- works by Bharathidasan [[wikisource:ta:பகுப்பு:பாரதிதாசன்|பாரதிதாசன்]]
* Works by Bharathidasan ( [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: பாரதிதாசன்) at the open access Tamil Literature repository: [https://www.projectmadurai.org/index.html Project Madurai]
* {{Commons category-inline}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Tamil}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Indian Independence Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharathidasan}}
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:Anti-Brahminism]]
[[Category:Dravidian movement]]
[[Category:People from Pondicherry]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Tamil]]
[[Category:Tamil activists]]
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Children's writers in Tamil]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Tirukkural commentators]]
[[Category:Poets from Puducherry]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]

Lohardaga block

2026-03-22T17:13:43Z

Aspjack:

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lohardaga
| nickname = 
| image_map = Lohardaga in Lohardaga (Jharkhand).svg
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|23.4458|84.6832|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]]
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 146.86
| population_total = 68598
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835213
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 06526
| registration_plate = JH 08
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 67.73%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Lohardaga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
| website = {{URL|lohardaga.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Lohardaga block''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] that forms an administrative division in the Lohardaga subdivision of [[Lohardaga district]], in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].

==History==
Lohardaga was made a subdivision of Ranchi district in 1972. Ranchi district was split into three districts namely Ranchi, Gumla and Lohardaga, in 1983.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://lohardaga.nic.in/history/ | title = Lohardaga, About District, History| publisher = District administration | access-date = 4 October 2021}}</ref>

==Maoist activities==
Lohardaga has been identified as an “A” grade highly [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Maoist]] infested district. Kuru, Bhandra, Kairo, Kisko, Jowang and Senha police stations are totally affected and Lohardaga police station is partially affected. The Maoist outfits are mainly interested in extorting the [[bauxite mining]] and transport industry. The police force has been trained to take on the Maoist outfits and has been extending support at important points. Lohardaga has lost one Superintendent of Police, Ajay Kumar Singh, IPS in the anti-insurgency operations.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/lohardaga | title = District Police Profile Lohardaga| work = Security Scenario | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 4 October 2021}}</ref>

==Geography==
Lohardaga is located at {{coord|23.4458|84.6832|display=inline}}.

Lohardaga district consists of two broad physiographic divisions – the hilly tract and the plateau region. The hilly tract extends over the western and north-western parts of the district. The high hill tops of this region are known as ''pat''. The plateau region is a part of the Gumla Plateau, which lies in the southern portion of [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. Lohardaga and Bhandra CD blocks are entirely in the plateau region. Other administrative areas, such as Kisko, Senha and Kuru CD blocks are partly in the plateau region and partly in the hilly tract.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Lohardaga, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 9: Physical features |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref>

Lohardaga CD block is bounded by the [[Kuru block|Kuru]] CD block on the north, [[Kairo block|Kairo]] CD block on the east, [[Bhandra block|Bhandra]] and [[Senha block|Senha]] CD blocks on the south and [[Kisko block|Kisko]] CD block on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/lohardaga.html | title = Lohardaga CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | accessdate = 1 October 2021}}</ref>

Lohardaga CD block has an area of 146.86 km2.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2019_PART_B_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Lohardaga, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 27-29: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 30 September 2021}}</ref>[[Lohardaga#Police station|Lohardaga]] police station serves Lohardaga CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/lohardaga| title= District Police Profile - Lohardaga |publisher= Jharkhand Police| access-date = 30 September 2021}}</ref> The headquarters of Lohardaga CD block is located at [[Lohardaga]] town.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Lohardaga, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Lohardaga district on the fifth page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 30 September 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Lohardga CD block had a total population of 68,598, all of which were rural. There were 34,484 (50%) males and 34,114 (50%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 11,334. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 1,764 (2.57%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 45,277 (66.00%).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Lohardaga CD block was 38,783 (67.73% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 22,309 (77.61% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 16,474 (57.76% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 19.85%.<ref name=census2011/>

{{As of|2011}} census, literacy in Lohardaga district was 78.62%. Literacy in Jharkhand was 67.63% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_jharkhand.html | title= Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011: Jharkhand |work= Provisional Population Totals, Literacy Rate in 2011 column |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Government of India | access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |title=Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011|work= Page 110| publisher=Government of India| access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Lohardaga district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Lohardaga block (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|41.91}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|30.50}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|23.18}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|4.24}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.17}}
}}

According to the ''District Census Handbook, Lohardaga, 2011 census,'' “the distribution of different mother tongues (languages mentioned under 8th Schedule of Constitution of India) as returned during the 2001 Census for Lohardaga district was” [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] (42.15%), [[Hindi]] (39.66%), [[Urdu]] (16.46%) and other languages 1.73%.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Lohardaga, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 census|work = page 21: Note on Mother Tongue| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref>

The [[Kurukh people|Oraon people]] dominate in Lohardaga district. In the 2001 census they numbered 164,379 and formed 80.95% of the Scheduled Tribes population, who in turn constituted 55.70% of the population in the district. The Lohras formed 4.79% of the ST population.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Lohardaga, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 census|work = page 22: Note on important SCs and STs in the district of Lohardaga during 2001 Census | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
| precision = 2
| caption = Languages in Lohardaga block (2011)<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]
| value1 = 34.45
| color1 = mediumseagreen
| label2 = [[Hindi]]
| value2 = 26.31
| color2 = orange
| label3 = [[Urdu]]
| value3 = 19.21
| color3 = green
| label4 = [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]]
| value4 = 18.08
| color4 = burlywood
| other-label = Others
| other-color = grey
| other = y
}}

==Rural poverty==
70-80% of the population of Lohardaga district were in the [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] category in 2004–2005.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/1/MPRA_paper_45258.pdf | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhand, India| work = Table I: Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Munich Personal RePEc Archive | access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref> In 2011–12, the proportion of BPL population in Lohardaga district came down to 38.0%.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.livemint.com/Specials/bqVly6xj4usB3DiTibS3DK/Spatial-poverty-in-Jharkhand.html | title = Spatial poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Mint | accessdate = 1 October 2021}}</ref> According to a study in 2013 (modified in 2019), "the incidence of poverty in Jharkhand is estimated at 46%, but 60% of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are still below poverty line."<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/#:~:text=The%20incidence%20of%20poverty%20in%20Jharkhand%20is%20estimated,are%20main%20causes%20for%20poverty%20in%20Jharkhand%20state. | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhand, India: An Empirical Study based on Panel Data | publisher = MPRA | accessdate = 1 October 2021}}</ref>

==Economy==

===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
| caption = '''Livelihood in Lohardanga CD block'''
| value1 = 29.15
| label1 = Cultivators
| value2 = 30.40
| label2 = Agricultural labourers
| value3 = 2.02
| label3 = Household industries
| value4 = 38.43
| label4 = Other Workers
}}

In Lohardaga CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 14,375 and formed 29.15%, agricultural labourers numbered 14,990 and formed 30.40%, household industry workers numbered 995 and formed 2.02% and other workers numbered 18,948 and formed 38.43%. Total workers numbered 49,308 and formed 39.13% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 76,701 and formed 60.87% of the population.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook 2011 Lohardaga, Series 21, Part XII A| work = Tables 30 and 33, pages 40 and 44 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 38 inhabited villages in Lohardaga CD block. In 2011, 24 villages had power supply. 2 villages had tap water (treated/ untreated), 38 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 38 villages had hand pumps, and all villages have drinking water facility. 13 villages had post offices, 17 villages had sub post offices, 11 villages had telephones (land lines), 32 villages had mobile phone coverage. 38 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 10 villages had bus service (public/ private), 21 villages had [[Auto rickshaw|autos]]/ modified autos, 17 villages had taxi/vans, 32 villages had tractors. 7 villages had bank branches, 6 villages had agricultural credit societies, 25 villages had [[public distribution system]], 27 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Lohardaga, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 201-202, Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
Large areas of the district were earlier covered with forests. With gradual deforestation, more land is being brought under cultivation. At present around 32-35% of the total area is covered with forests. Rice is grown in the terraced lowlands called ''don''. In the uplands called ''tanr'', a coarse form of rice, millets, pulses and oil seeds are grown. Agriculture is mostly monsoon-dependent. “The wells, springs and ''ahars'' are the only traditional sources of irrigation. The average land holding per household is 1.65 Ha. The per capita agriculture land is around 0.28 Ha. Net irrigated area is 13.4% of net sown area”.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf | title= District Census Handbook Lohardaga, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Page 10 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 4 October 2021}}</ref>

===Bauxite===
[[Bauxite]] is the raw material from which aluminium is produced. Lohardaga district has large reserves of world class bauxite across Pakhar, Hisari, Rudhali Pat, Khamar Pat and the mining area also extends to neighbouring districts. The district has approval of mining of approximately 11 lakh tones of bauxite mineral in a year. Hindalco Industries Ltd has 7 mining leases out of 9 active mines in Lohardaga district which supplies bauxite to [[Hindalco Industries|Hindalco's]] aluminium plants at [[Muri, Ranchi|Muri]] and [[Renukoot]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://lohardaga.nic.in/mines-and-minerals/ | title = Lohardaga, Mines and Minerals| publisher = District administration | access-date = 5 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf | title= District Census Handbook Lohardaga, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Page 10 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 5 October 2021}}</ref> A ropeway connecting Bagru mines and Lohardaga has been a popular tourist attraction.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf | title= District Census Handbook Lohardaga, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Title feature on the seventh page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 5 October 2021}}</ref>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Lohardaga district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 4 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 4 October 2021}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Barkakana-Son Nagar line|collapse=y}}
[[Lohardaga railway station]] is on the [[Barkakana-Son Nagar line|Ranchi-Tori line]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/ranchi-lohardaga-memu-68135/7343/384/5355 | title= 58651->68135 Ranchi-Lohardaga MEMU |work= Time Table |publisher= IndiaRailInfo | access-date = 5 October 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Lohardaga CD block had 27 villages with pre-primary schools, 36 villages with primary schools, 26 villages with middle schools, 10 villages with secondary schools, 5 villages with senior secondary schools, 1 village had no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf | title= District Census Handbook Lohardaga, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Pages 201-202 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 4 October 2021}}</ref>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

==Healthcare==
Lohardaga CD block had 9 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 20 villages with primary health subcentres, 4 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 1 village with allopathic hospital, 4 villages with dispensaries, 4 villages with veterinary hospitals, 6 villages with family welfare centres, 3 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Blocks of Lohardaga district}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Lohardaga district]]

Karnataka Ganakala Parishat

2026-03-19T20:33:42Z

Aspjack: Put Up

{{Short description|Music conference}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
'''Karnataka Ganakala Parishat''' (also '''Ganakala Parishath''') is an annual conference of [[Carnatic music]] held in February. The first conference was conducted in the year 1970 under the presidency of Vidwan [[B.S. Raja Iyengar]]. Over a period of several days (16 days in 2020), lecture demonstrations are given in the mornings, and four musical performances are given every afternoon and evening. The conference confers the title of "Ganakalabhushana" every year on a veteran musician, and "Ganakalashree" on a young musician.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-on-the-move/karnataka-focused-music-parishat-marks-50th-year-799827.html |title=Karnataka-focused music Parishat marks 50th year |last=Sudeep |first=Theres |date=20 January 2020 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |access-date=11 May 2020 |quote=}}</ref>

Since 2004, the conference has been presided over by Vidwan R.K. Padmanabha, who has sought to hold the conference in a variety of locations, including [[Ramanathapuram]], [[Nanjangud]], [[Holenarasipura]], [[Tumkur]], [[Gadag]], [[Bijapur]], and [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kgkp.org/about |title=About Karnataka Ganakala Parishat |author= |date= |website=Karnataka Ganakala Parishat |publisher= |access-date=11 May 2020 |quote=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

* {{Official website|1=https://www.kgkp.org/ }}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Carnatic music|*]]
[[Category:Indian styles of music]]
[[Category:Culture of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Music festivals in India]]
[[Category:Music conferences]]

Demographics of Assam

2026-03-15T14:07:58Z

Aspjack: added new post w/ refs - done

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}

The '''population of Assam''' consist of tribal ethnic groups (including [[Bodo people|Bodo]], [[Karbi people|Karbi]], [[Rabha people|Rabha]], [[Mishing people|Mishing]], [[Dimasa people|Dimasa]], [[Deori people|Deori]]) and linguistic groups such as [[Assamese people|Assamese]], [[Bengali people|Bengali]], [[Hindi]] speakers, [[Nepali people|Nepali]] and [[Odia people|Odia]] speakers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam Introduces Six Indigenous Languages: A Milestone for Cultural Preservation |url=https://advaitias.com/upsc-apsc/gs-v/assam-introduces-six-indigenous-languages-a-milestone-for-cultural-preservation |work=Advait IAS |date=8 June 2024 |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="Sentinel_Aug2024">{{cite news |title=Sri Sri Madhabdev: A luminary of devotion and artistry |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/editorial/sri-sri-madhabdev-a-luminary-of-devotion-and-artistry |work=Sentinel Assam |date=25 August 2024 |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref>[[File:Asamiya People.png|thumb]]
==Demography==
The issue of illegal influx has a 40-year history, starting with the [[Assam Movement|anti-foreigner agitation]] that began in 1979 under the leadership of the All Assam Students’ Union (AASU). In 1985, after hundreds of people died in course of Independent India’s biggest mass uprising, the AASU, and other agitation groups signed an agreement with the Centre called the Assam Accord. It fixed 25 March 1971 as the cut-off date for detection and expulsion of [[Illegal immigration to India|illegal migrants]], meaning anyone found entering India after this date were to be detected and sent back.

According to an Assam government white paper, between 1985 and 2012, 2,442 illegal immigrants from Bangladesh had been expelled from the state. On 1 September 2020, when Assam final NRC list was released, It was found that 19,06,657 people names have been excluded (which is about 6% of the state population), out of total 3.11 crore state population.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam final NRC list released: 19,06,657 people excluded, 3.11 crore make it to citizenship list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/assam-final-nrc-list-out-over-19-lakh-people-excluded-1593769-2019-08-31 |access-date=14 March 2022 |work=India Today |date=31 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-nrc-1-9-million-names-excluded-from-final-list/story-KOlZwevNzXlKgrhpbDZvlO.html|title = Over 19 lakh excluded, 3.1 crore included in Assam NRC final list|date = 31 August 2019}}</ref>

=== Introduction ===
[[Assam]] has two valleys - [[Brahmaputra Valley]]/Assam Valley (dominated by the [[Assamese people|Assamese]] and other indigenous tribals like [[Rabha people|Rabhas]], [[Moran people|Morans]], [[Chutia people|Chutiyas]], [[Ahom people|Ahoms]], [[Tea-garden community|Tea tribes]], [[Koch Rajbongshi people|Koch Rajbongshis]], [[Tiwa people|Tiwa]] etc.) 2) [[Barak Valley]] (dominated by [[Bengalis]]). While [[Bodoland]] region of Brahmaputra Valley is dominated by [[Bodo people|Bodo]], followed by the Assamese community. Also it have three hills district comprising [[Karbi Anglong]] (East & West) and [[Dima Hasao]] (dominated mainly by indigenous [[karbi people|Karbi]] and [[Dimasa people|Dimasa]] tribes respectively).<ref>https://assam.gov.in/</ref>

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages spoken in Brahmaputra Valley (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX|title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=27 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/opinion/news-battleground-assam-a-tale-of-two-valleys-and-the-caa-quandary-assam-bengal-polls-2021-685761|title = Battleground Assam a tale of two valleys and the CAA quandary Assam bengal polls 2021 | Opinion News – India TV|date = 18 February 2021}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]] (official)
| value1 = 55.66
| color1 = yellow
| label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| value2 = 22.1
| color2 = brown
| label3 = [[Hindi]]
| value3 = 7.6
| color3 = Orange
| label4 = [[Bodo language|Bodo]]
| value4 = 5.13
| color4 = pink
| label5 = Others
| value5 = 9.52
| color5 = red
}}

{{See also|Assamese Language Movement}}

The population of the Brahmaputra Valley is 27,580,977 according to the 2011 census report by the Assam government. Assamese is the official language of the Brahmaputra Valley and is spoken by 15.1 million people comprising 55.65% of the valley population. Bengali is spoken by 6.09 million people representing 22.1% of the valley, Hindi is spoken by 2.1 million comprising 7.61% of the region, Bodo is spoken by 1.41 million comprising 5.13% of the valley's population and 2.88 million people speak various indigenous tribal languages of Assam, such as [[Santal people|Santali]], [[Karbi people|Karbi]], [[Tiwa (Lalung)|Lalung]], [[Hmar people|Hmar]], [[Deori people|Deori]], [[Rabha people|Rabha]], [[Mising people|Mishing]], [[Koch people|Koch]], [[Rajbongshi people|Rajbangshi]], Sadri, [[Garo people|Garo]], [[Dimasa people|Dimasa]], Gondi, Savara, [[Indian Gorkha|Gorkha]], Halam, Rengma, Ao and Motak.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX|title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=27 April 2022}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages spoken in Barak Valley (2011)<ref name="Lang">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |website=census.gov.in |access-date=3 September 2020}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| value1 = 80.84
| color1 = Orange
| label2 = [[Hindi]]
| value2 = 10
| color2 = red
| label3 = [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]
| value3 = 3.49
| color3 = yellow
| label4 = [[Bishnupriya Manipuri language|Bishnupriya Manipuri]]
| value4 = 1.38
| color4 = pink
| label5 = [[Dimasa language|Dimasa]]
| value5 = 0.6
| color5 = purple
| label6 = [[Tripuri language|Tripuri]]
| value6 = 0.59
| color6 = violet
| label7 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| value7 = 0.53
| color7 = green
| label8 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| value8 = 0.14
| color8 = blue
| label9 = Others
| value9 = 2.43
| color9 = brown
}}

{{See also|Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)}}

As per (2011) language census report, [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the official as well as the most spoken language of the region with approximately 2,930,378 native speakers.<ref name="Lang"/>

[[Hindi]], [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]], [[Bishnupriya language|Bishnupriya]] and [[Dimasa language|Dimasa]] are the next most widely spoken languages with 362,459, 126,498, 50,019 and 21,747 native speakers, respectively. [[Tripuri language|Tripuri]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Marwari language|Marwari]] are also spoken by a considerable minority, while 2.43% of the total population speaks other tribal languages.<ref name="Lang"/>

=== Demographic changes ===
As per as census of India report 2011, around 14,816,414 Assamese speaking population lives in India, thus constituting 1.26% of the nation's population.<ref>{{cite web |title=Abstract of Speakers' Strength of Languages and Mother Tongues - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>

{{Historical populations
|title = Historical Assamese Population in Assam
|type =
|footnote =
|align = right
|width =
|state =
|shading =
|pop_name =
|percentages =
|source = <ref name="asianpa.org">https://www.asianpa.org › k_...PDF
Assamese Language in the Light of Census - Asian Population Association</ref>
|1951 | 4,971,229
|1961 | 6,784,271
|1971 | 8,905,544
|1991 | 12,958,088
|2001 | 13,010,478
|2011 | 15,095,797
|}}

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages of Assam (2011)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Part-A.pdf | title=Distribution of the 22 scheduled languages-India/States/Union Territories - 2011 census |access-date=23 August 2021 |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| value1 = 48.38
| color1 = gold
| label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| value2 = 28.92
| color2 = salmon
| label3 = [[Bodo language|Bodo]]
| value3 = 4.51
| color3 = purple
| label4 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| value4 = 3.21
| color4 = orange
| label5 = [[Sadri language|Sadri]]
| value5 = 2.29
| color5 = red
| label6 = [[Mishing language|Mishing]]
| value6 = 1.98
| color6 = skyblue
| label7 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| value7 = 1.91
| color7 = pink
| label8 = [[Karbi language|Karbi]]
| value8 = 1.64
| color8 = darkblue
| value9 = 7.16
| label9 = Others
| color9 = Grey
}}

As per 2011 census, [[Assam]] state had around 31.2 million people, out of which (15 million) were [[Assamese language|Assamese speakers]] comprising 48% of the state population, while (9 million) were [[Bengali language|Bengali speakers]] comprising 29% of the state population, and 3.21% spoke [[Hindi]] and its [[Hindi dialects|dialects]].<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=19 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/voting-on-religious-lines-bengali-speakers-may-help-bjp-congress-win-in-assam/story-d0P8ZgQGEZS4G39oWz8TJK.html|title=Voting on religious lines, Bengali speakers may help BJP, Congress win in Assam|date=21 April 2019}}</ref>

'''Decadal percentage of Assamese speakers in Assam'''<ref name="asianpa.org">https://www.asianpa.org › k_...PDF
Assamese Language in the Light of Census - Asian Population Association</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Year'''
! '''Percent'''
! '''Increase'''
|-
| '''1951'''
| '''56.29%'''
| '''-'''
|-
| '''1961'''
| '''57.14%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+0.85%'''
|-
| '''1971'''
| '''59.53%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+2.39%'''
|-
| '''1991'''
| '''57.81%'''
| style="background: Red" | '''-1.72%'''
|-
| '''2001'''
| '''48.81%'''
| style="background: Darkred" | '''-9%'''
|-
| '''2011'''
| '''48.37%'''
| style="background: Red" | '''-0.44%'''
|}

According to reports, in 1971 the number of Assamese-speaking populace was 60.89% in the census, with a population of (8.9 million), higher than their numbers in 2011. While the Bengali and Hindi-speaking population were at 19.70% (2.8 million) and 5.42% (7.9 lakhs).<ref>{{cite news |title=Assamese speaking population decreasing alarmingly |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/india-critical-partner-for-us-in-meeting-indo-pacific-challenge-says-pentagon-525237 |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=The Sentinel |date=30 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Assamese Speaking Population Declines To 48.38 % |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/assamese-speaking-population-declines-to-48-38/ |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=Pratidine Times |date=29 June 2018}}</ref> The Assamese speakers constituted 48% of the State population according to the 2011 Census, and it is predicted that the 2021 Census (currently under way) will reveal the percentage to dip lower below 40%.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://assamtribune.com/assamese-speakers-in-assam-an-insecure-future/|title = Assamese speakers in Assam: An insecure future?|date = 10 April 2021}}</ref> However, If Bengali-majority [[Barak Valley]] region is excluded, then the percentage of native Assamese speakers in Assam alone will rise directly to 55.65% from 48% as per 2011 census figures calculation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhandari |first1=Shashwat |title=Battleground Assam A tale of two valleys and the CAA quandary Assam bengal polls 2021 {{!}} Opinion News – India TV |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/opinion/news-battleground-assam-a-tale-of-two-valleys-and-the-caa-quandary-assam-bengal-polls-2021-685761 |access-date=14 March 2022 |work=India TV News |date=18 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Census2011"/>

===Illegal Immigration===
In January 2019, the Assam's peasant organisation [[Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti]] (KMSS) claimed that there are around 20 [[lakh]] (2 million) [[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hindu Bangladeshis]] in Assam.<ref>{{cite news |title=20 lakh Bangladeshi Hindus to become Indians if Citizenship Bill is passed: Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/20-lakh-bangladeshi-hindus-to-become-indians-if-citizenship-bill-is-passed-krishak-mukti-sangram-samiti/articleshow/67574226.cms?from=mdr |access-date=3 November 2020 |work=The Economic Times |date=17 January 2019}}</ref> According to the [[Census of India|census data]], the number of Hindu immigrants is difficult to ascertain and have been largely exaggerated.<ref name="FP">{{cite news |title=Citizenship Amendment Act: BJP chasing ghosts in Assam; Census data shows number of Hindu immigrants may have been exaggerated |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/citizenship-amendment-bill-bjp-chasing-ghosts-in-assam-as-census-data-shows-number-of-hindu-immigrants-couldve-been-exaggerated-5640511.html |access-date=30 January 2021 |work=Firstpost |date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

Census of India between (2001-2011) have shown that Bangladeshi Muslim population grows 5-7% in Assam specially in the bordering districts over the past decade.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Manan |title=Bangladeshi Muslim population grows 5-7% in Assam and West Bengal |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bangladeshi-muslim-population-grows-5-7-in-assam-and-west-bengal-2015180 |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=DNA India |date=1 September 2014 |language=en}}</ref> In February 2020, the Assam Minority Development Board announced plans to segregate illegal Bangladeshi Muslim immigrants from the indigenous Muslims of the state, though some have expressed problems in identifying an indigenous Muslim person. According to the board, there are 1.3 [[crore]] (13 million) Muslims in the state, of which 9 million are of Bangladeshi origin.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP wants to segregate Assamese Muslims from Bangladeshi Muslims, but some ask how|url=https://theprint.in/india/bjp-wants-to-segregate-assamese-muslims-from-bangladeshi-muslims-but-some-ask-how/363736/?amp |first=Mytithili |last=Hazarika|access-date=30 January 2021 |work=The Print |date=12 February 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Assam plans survey to identify indigenous Muslim population |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam-plans-survey-to-identify-indigenous-muslim-population/article30780667.ece |last=PTI |access-date=30 January 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=10 February 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Allegedly the number of 'illegal immigrants' in Assam of all religions is about 1 crore (10 million) and are scattered across the length and breadth of the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=TIME8 News {{!}} 1 Crore Illegal Bangladeshis' Name Included In Assam NRC: Shiladitya Dev |url=https://www.time8.in/1-crore-illegal-bangladeshis-name-included-in-assam-nrc-shiladitya-dev/ |access-date=30 January 2021 |work=TIME8 News |date=31 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=1 Crore Illegal Bangladeshis Residing In Assam: Dipanka Nath |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/1-crore-illegal-bangladeshis-residing-in-assam-dipanka-nath/ |access-date=30 January 2021 |work=Pratidin Time |date=17 January 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203095359/https://www.pratidintime.com/1-crore-illegal-bangladeshis-residing-in-assam-dipanka-nath/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A report reveals that out of total 33 districts in Assam, Bangladeshis dominate almost 15 districts of Assam.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hari Shankar Brahma report reveals illegal Bangladeshis dominates 15 out of 33 Assam districts, massive threats to indigenous people {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/news-details/N/34467/hari-shankar-brahma-report-reveals-illegal-bangladeshis-dominates-15-out-of-33-assam-districts-massive-threats-to-indigenous-people.html |access-date=14 March 2022 |work=Indiablooms.com |date=19 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

== Religion ==
Religion in Assam is closely related to ethnicity, closely around 65% of [[Assamese people]], 90% of [[Boro people|Bodo]] tribe, 83% of [[Karbi people|Karbi]] tribe, 95% of [[Ahom people|Ahom]] tribe, 94% of [[Rabha]] tribe, 97% of [[Mising people|Mishing]] tribe, 99% of [[Dimasa people|Dimasa]] tribe are mainly Hindu by religion. [[Christianity]] is mainly practised by 9% of Assamese Community, 10% of [[Boro people|Bodo]] tribe, 20% of [[Tea-garden community of Assam|Tea Tribe]] and 15% of [[Karbi people|Karbi]] tribe respectively.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/17563/IN | title=Miri in India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/17922/IN | title=Rabha in India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/09/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxix.html?m=1 | title=Religion Data of Census 2011: XXIX Northeast ST }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Saikia |first1=Yasmin |title=Fragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India |date=2004 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=082238616X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfSmsuO6QugC |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ref15gufaz">[https://books.google.com/books?id=_YYnwp8e5VYC Ethnic Issues, Secularism and Conflict Resolution in North East India], pp. 145, Concept Publishing Company, 2006, ISBN 9788180691348, ''... Amongst the plains tribals in the state of Assam, the Bodos are the largest group ...''</ref><ref>Hanse, H.M. (2007). Traditional Dwelling Process of Karbis. In P.C. Patniak & D.Borah (Eds), Tribes of India: Identity, Culture, and Lore (pp.61–79) Guwahati: Angik Prakashan</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Karbis of North-East India |last=Phangcho |first=P.C. |publisher=AngGik Prakashan |year=2003 |location=Guwahati}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Tribes of India: Identity, Culture, and Lore (Special Focus on the Karbis of Assam) |last=Terang |first=C.K. |publisher=Angik Prakashan |year=2007 |editor=P.C. Patnaik |editor2=D. Borah |location=Guwahati |chapter=Festival and Beliefs of the Karbi Tribe}}</ref><ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX| title = Reference at censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> About 26% of all Ethnic Assamese are Muslim by faith.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assamese-muslims-recognised-as-a-distinct-indigenous-community/article65606802.ece | title=Assamese Muslims recognised as a distinct indigenous community | newspaper=The Hindu | date=6 July 2022 }}</ref> Majority of 66% of the Assam [[Bengalis]] are Muslim by faith, and a significant population of them about 34% adheres to Hindu faith.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-role-of-language-and-religion-in-assam-battle-101616533256395.html | title=The role of language and religion in Assam battle | date=24 March 2021 }}</ref> Immigrants from other parts of India, like [[Marwaris]], [[Biharis]], [[Nepalis]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]is, [[Odia people|Odia]]s etc are mostly Hindu with minority being Muslims among Biharis and Uttar Pradeshis, Buddhist among Nepalis And Jains among Marwaris.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Bihar-Assam row threatens to turn into full-fledged ethnic strife |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/20031201-bihar-assam-row-threatens-to-turn-into-full-fledged-ethnic-strife-791452-2003-11-30 |magazine=India Today |date=1 December 2003 |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gogoi backs Marwari entry |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/gogoi-backs-marwari-entry/cid/679791 |work=The Telegraph |date=27 February 2005 |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarmah |first1=Chavan K. |date=8 September 2020 |title=Population Dynamics and Gorkha Community in Assam |url=https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/population-dynamics-and-gorkha-community-in-assam |work=Sikkime Express |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in Assam (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2012|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Hinduism]]
| color1 = orange
| value1 = 61.47
| label2 = [[Islam]]
| color2 = Green
| value2 = 34.22
| label3 = [[Christianity]]
| color3 = Blue
| value3 = 3.74
| label4 = [[Buddhism]]
| color4 = Yellow
| value4 = 0.18
| label5 = [[Jainism]]
| color5 = Brown
| value5 = 0.08
| label6 = [[Sikhism]]
| color6 = Navy
| value6 = 0.07
| label7 = [[Animism]]
| color7 = pink
| value7 = 0.09
| label8 = Others
| color8 = grey
| value8 = 0.16
| label9 = Atheist
| color9 = Black
| value9 = 0.03
}}According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], 61.47% were [[Hinduism|Hindus]], 34.22% were [[Muslim]]s.<ref name="census2011" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/census-2011-religion-data-rekindles-demographic-invasion-fear-in-assam/article1-1384347.aspx|title=Census 2011 data rekindles 'demographic invasion' fear in Assam|access-date=26 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905104547/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/census-2011-religion-data-rekindles-demographic-invasion-fear-in-assam/article1-1384347.aspx|archive-date=5 September 2015|url-status=dead|date=26 August 2015}}</ref> Christian minorities (3.7%) are found among the Scheduled Tribe and Castes population.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece|title=India's religions by numbers|date=26 August 2015|access-date=5 August 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110201326/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece|archive-date=10 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Other religions followed include [[Jainism]] (0.1%), [[Buddhism]] (0.2%), [[Sikhism]] (0.1%) and [[Animism]] (among [[Khamti people|Khamti]], [[Tai Phake people|Phake]], [[Tai Aiton people|Aiton]] etc. communities). Many Hindus in Assam are followers of the [[Ekasarana Dharma]] sect of [[Hinduism]], which gave rise to [[Namghar]], designed to be simpler places of worship than traditional Hindu temples.<ref name="Sentinel_Aug2024"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''Assam's Religious diversity as of the 2011 census''<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in| title = Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
|-
! Religion
! Population
|-
| [[Hindus]] ([[File:Om.svg|15px]])
| 19,180,759
|-
| [[Muslims]] ([[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]])
| 10,679,345
|-
| [[Christians]] ([[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]])
| 1,165,867
|-
| [[Buddhists]] ([[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]])
| 54,993
|-
| [[Jains]] ([[File:Jainism.svg|18px]])
| 25,949
|-
| [[Sikhs]] ([[File:Khanda.svg|15px]])
| 20,672
|-
| Other religions
| 27,118
|-
| Not stated/available
| 50,873
|-
| Total
| 31,205,576
|}

Out of 32 districts of Assam, 11 are Muslim-majority and 5 districts have significant population according to the 2011 census of India. The districts are Dhubri, Goalpara, Barpeta, Morigaon, Nagaon, Karimganj, Hailakandi, Darrang, South Salmara, Hojai and Bongaigaon. Significant Muslim populated districts are Cachar, Nalbari, Kokrajhar, Chirang and Kamrup.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Muslim-majority-districts-in-Assam-up/articleshow/48682463.cms|title=Muslim majority districts in Assam up|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 August 2015 |access-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104231940/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Muslim-majority-districts-in-Assam-up/articleshow/48682463.cms|archive-date=4 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/assam-muslim-growth-is-higher-in-districts-away-from-border/|title=Assam Muslim growth is higher in districts away from border|access-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223192413/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/assam-muslim-growth-is-higher-in-districts-away-from-border/|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live|date=31 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/census-2011-data-rekindles-demographic-invasion-fear-in-assam/story-oZUhBaXPNupGBmGQirjV0I.html|title=Census 2011 data rekindles 'demographic invasion' fear in Assam|access-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104231940/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/census-2011-data-rekindles-demographic-invasion-fear-in-assam/story-oZUhBaXPNupGBmGQirjV0I.html|archive-date=4 January 2016|url-status=live|date=26 August 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[People of Assam]]
* [[Miya people]]
* [[Bengali Hindus in Assam]]
* [[Meitei people in Assam]]
* [[Islam in Assam]]
* [[Hinduism in Assam]]
* [[Christianity in Assam]]
* [[Assam Movement#Political Demography of Assam|Political Demography of Assam]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Assam]]

Tata Motors

2026-03-09T16:13:07Z

Aspjack:

{{Short description|Indian multinational automobile manufacturing company}}
{{About|the commercial vehicle company which was demerged in 2025|the car manufacturer|Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Tata Motors Limited
| logo = Tata Motors Logo.svg
| image =
| former_name = {{unbulleted list
| TML Commercial Vehicles Limited (2024–2025)
}}
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{BSE|544569}}|{{NSE|TMCV}}}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|IN9155A01020}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|2024|6|23|df=yes}}<ref name="tmlcv">{{cite news |title=Tata Motors Ltd |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/tata-motors-ltd-share-price-93137.html |access-date=29 November 2025 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
| area_served = Worldwide
| industry = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]]
| products = {{unbulleted list
| [[Busses|Buses]]
| [[Vans]]
| [[Trucks]]
| [[List of auto parts|Automotive parts]]
}}
| revenue = {{no change}} {{INRConvert|59094|c}} (2025)
| operating_income = {{no change}} {{INRConvert|4088|c}} (2025)
| net_income = {{no change}} {{INRConvert|3195|c}} (2025)
| assets = {{no change}} {{INRConvert|46851|c}} (2025)
| equity = {{no change}} {{INRConvert|10533|c}} (2025)
| parent = [[Tata Group]]
| subsid = {{plainlist|
* [[Tata Daewoo]]
* [[Tata Marcopolo]]
* [[Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery]]
* [[Iveco]]}}
| fate =
| successor = 
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tatamotors.com/contact-us/|title=Contact Us - Tata Motors Limited|work=www.tatamotors.com|date=14 October 2015|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504050748/https://www.tatamotors.com/contact-us/|archive-date=4 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.tatamotors.com/|tatamotors.com}}
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tata Motors Limited (formerly TML Commercial Vehicles Ltd.) Q2 FY26 Results |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/fae994f5-307f-42b1-af81-ca9d9484b361.pdf |publisher=Tata Motors Limited |access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref>
}}
'''Tata Motors Limited''', also known as '''TML Commercial Vehicles Ltd''', or '''Tata Motors Commercial Vehicles Limited''' is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[commercial vehicle]] manufacturer, headquartered in [[Mumbai]] and part of the [[Tata Group]]. The company produces [[trucks]], [[van]]s, and [[busses|buses]].<ref name="10K">{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2012/snapshots/11629.html|title=Financials of Tata Motors Limited |publisher=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016104556/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2012/snapshots/11629.html|archive-date=16 October 2013}}</ref>

The company was incorporated in 2024 as TML Commercial Vehicles, after [[Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles|Tata Motors]] announced the demerger of its commercial vehicles business. In October 2025, the demerger came into effect and the demerged entity TML Commercial Vehicles was subsequently renamed Tata Motors, while the original Tata Motors was renamed [[Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gaurav |first=Kumar |date=3 November 2025 |title=Tata Motors demerger: Key things every investors should know before listing |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/news/tata-motors-demerger-key-things-every-investors-should-know-before-listing-125110300494_1.html |url-status=live |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tata Motors says commercial vehicles unit to be renamed as Tata Motors Limited |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/auto-news/tata-motors-says-tml-commercial-vehicles-to-be-renamed-tata-motors-limited/articleshow/124426811.cms |access-date=29 November 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=9 October 2025}}</ref>

The company's notable subsidiaries include [[Tata Daewoo]], [[Tata Marcopolo]], and the proposed acquisition of [[Iveco]]. Tata Motors has joint ventures with [[Hitachi]] ([[Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery]]) and [[Stellantis]], which makes engines and vehicle components for Fiat Chrysler and Tata-branded vehicles.

Tata Motors is listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]] and [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]], and is a constituent of the [[BSE SENSEX]] and [[NIFTY 50]] benchmark indices.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fortune Global 500 list |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500 |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
{{See also|Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles#History}}
===Background===
[[Tata Group]] entered the commercial vehicle sector in 1954 after forming a [[joint venture]] with [[Mercedes-Benz]] of Germany in which Tata developed a manufacturing facility in Jamshedpur for Daimler lorries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=More Special A Licences Granted {{!}} 12th March 1954 {{!}} The Commercial Motor Archive |url=https://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/12th-march-1954/37/more-special-a-licences-granted |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=archive.commercialmotor.com}}</ref> By November 1954 Tata and Daimler manufactured their first goods carrier chassis at the Jamshedpur plant with 90-100 hp and capacity of 3-5 tons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government View• On Roads : Big Extension of Construction? {{!}} 12th November 1954 {{!}} The Commercial Motor Archive |url=https://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/12th-november-1954/43/government-view-on-roads-big-extension-of-construc |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=archive.commercialmotor.com}}</ref>

Following the liberalization of economy in India in 1991, [[Mercedes-Benz Group|Mercedes-Benz]] partnered with TELCO to officially enter the Indian market to produce and launch the [[Mercedes-Benz W124|W124 Mercedes-Benz E-Class]], marking entry of luxury brand segment in India.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cartoq.com/car-life/mercedes-benz-first-launch-india-ratan-tata/|title= Rare Pics: Ratan Tata Launching Mercedes Benz In India}}</ref> However, the car was not a success due to public perception, as Mercedes Benz had transitioned to the [[Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210)|W210 E-Class]] globally, but over the years, the W124 has been positively received for reliability and simplicity.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.autocarindia.com/auto-features/forty-years-on-merc8217s-w124-is-a-bonafide-legend-433538|title= Forty years on, Merc’s W124 is a bonafide legend}}</ref> Mercedes Benz eventually launched the W210 E-class in 1998 and produced the car in partnership with TELCO with [[Knock-down kit|CKD kits]].

In the 2000s, Tata Motors made a series of acquisitions and partnerships, including the acquisition of [[Daewoo]]'s South Korea-based truck manufacturing unit,<ref name="htanna">{{cite web|title=Tata Motors completes acquisition of Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Company|url=http://www.tatamotors.com/our_world/press_releases.php?ID=108&action=Pull|publisher=Tata Motors|access-date=7 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208185806/http://www.tatamotors.com/our_world/press_releases.php?ID=108&action=Pull|archive-date=8 February 2010}}</ref> a joint venture with the Brazil-based Marcopolo, [[Tata Marcopolo Bus]],<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|title=Tata Motors, Brazil co form joint venture|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/05/06/stories/2006050602340200.htm|publisher=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=7 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010031938/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/05/06/stories/2006050602340200.htm|archive-date=10 October 2010}}</ref> and the acquisition of Hispano Carrocera.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tata Motors acquires control of Hispano Carrocera |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/tata-motors-acquires-controlhispano-carrocera/76320/on |date=20 October 2009 |publisher=Business-Standard |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421094550/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/tata-motors-acquires-controlhispano-carrocera/76320/on |archive-date=21 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Demerger===
In March 2024, the [[Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles|original Tata Motors]] announced that it would split into two separate listed entities through a demerger. Consequently, the commercial vehicles business was transferred to its wholly owned subsidiary called TML Commercial Vehicles Limited, which was incorporated on 23 June 2024. The India passenger vehicles business, [[Jaguar Land Rover]], and the majority stake in [[Tata Technologies]] remained under Tata Motors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2024 |title=India's Tata Motors jumps on plans to split into two listed firms |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/indias-tata-motors-jumps-plans-split-into-two-listed-firms-2024-03-05/ |access-date=6 March 2024 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Explained: What Tata Motors' demerger plan means for the company and its shareholders |date=5 March 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/tata-motors-demerger-9196331/ |access-date=6 March 2024 |publisher=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Motors stock check: How does the demerger impact its fundamental and technical outlook for long-term |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/tata-motors-stock-check-how-does-the-demerger-impact-its-fundamental-and-technical-outlook-for-long-term-11709752833221.html |access-date=6 March 2024 |publisher=Livemint}}</ref>

The demerger went into effect on 1 October 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Awasthi |first1=Nishtha |title=Tata Motors demerger takes effect: From record date to swap ratio, here’s what investors need to know |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/tata-motors-demerger-takes-effect-today-from-record-date-to-swap-ratio-heres-what-investors-need-to-know/articleshow/124247920.cms |access-date=29 November 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=1 October 2025}}</ref> After the demerger, TML Commercial Vehicles was renamed Tata Motors, while the original Tata Motors was renamed [[Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tata Motors Demerger Takes Effect: Commercial and Passenger Vehicle Businesses Split Into Separate Listed Companies |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news/tata-motors-demerger-takes-effect-commercial-and-passenger-vehicle-businesses-split-into-separate-listed-companies-129490 |access-date=29 November 2025 |work=Autocar Professional |language=en}}</ref>

==Operations==
Tata Motors has commercial vehicle manufacturing plants at [[Jamshedpur]] ([[Jharkhand]]), Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh), Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), and Dharwad (Karnataka).

===Tata Daewoo===
{{Main|Tata Daewoo}}

[[File:Мел-кий моторный завод.JPG|thumb|Tata LPT Trucks made at overseas plants]]Tata Daewoo (officially Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Company and formerly Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Company) is a commercial vehicle manufacturer headquartered in [[Gunsan]], [[Jeollabuk-do]] South Korea, and a wholly owned subsidiary of Tata Motors. It is the second-largest heavy commercial vehicle manufacturer in South Korea and was acquired by Tata Motors in 2004. The principal reasons behind the acquisition were to reduce Tata's dependence on the Indian commercial vehicle market (which was responsible for around 94% of its sales in the MHCV segment and around 84% in the light commercial vehicle segment) and expand its product portfolio by leveraging on Daewoo's strengths in the heavy-tonnage sector.

Tata Motors has jointly worked with Tata Daewoo to develop trucks such as Novus and World Truck and buses including GloBus and StarBus. In 2012, Tata began developing a new line to manufacture competitive and fuel-efficient commercial vehicles to face the competition posed by the entry of international brands such as Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, and Navistar into the Indian market.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/article3636216.ece| title= Tatas readying new line of CVs to take on competition| date= 14 July 2012| access-date= 14 July 2012| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120717030323/http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/article3636216.ece| archive-date= 17 July 2012| url-status= live}}</ref>

===Tata Marcopolo===
{{Main|Tata Marcopolo}}

[[File: Tata Marcopolo Green Chandigarh Ind.jpg|thumb|A [[Tata Marcopolo]] bus in use in [[Chandigarh]], India]]
Tata Marcopolo is a bus-manufacturing company which was established as a joint venture between Tata Motors (51%) and the Brazil-based [[Marcopolo S.A.]] (49%). The company manufactures and assembles fully built buses and coaches targeted at developing mass rapid transportation systems. It uses technology and expertise in chassis and aggregates from Tata Motors, and know-how in processes and systems for bodybuilding and bus body design from Marcopolo. Tata Marcopolo's low-floor city bus is widely used by transport corporations in many Indian cities. Its manufacturing facility is based in [[Dharwad]], Karnataka, India and [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh, India.

In December 2020, Marcopolo and Tata Motors came to an agreement, whereby Tata Motors would purchase the 49 percent stake held by Marcopolo in the bus-making joint venture for [[Indian rupee|₹]]100 [[crore]], bringing curtains to the 14-year old partnership and paving the way for a smooth exit for the Brazilian company. The deal was completed on 29 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-31 |title=Tata Motors acquires full stake of the JV - Tata Marcopolo Motors |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/auto/tata-motors-acquires-full-stake-of-the-jv-tata-marcopolo-motors-article-93900078 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> The deal allowed Tata Motors to continue using the ‘Marcopolo’ trademark for a minimum of three years with a non-compete provision in [[India]] for a corresponding period.

==Former subsidiaries==
===Tata Hispano===
{{Main|Tata Hispano}}

Tata Hispano Motors Carrocera, S.A. was a bus and coach manufacturer based in Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain, and a wholly owned subsidiary of Tata Motors. Tata Hispano has plants in Zaragoza, Spain, and Casablanca, Morocco. Tata Motors first acquired a 21% stake in [[Hispano Carrocera]] SA in 2005,<ref name="H I S P A N O">{{cite web |url=http://www.hispano-net.com/ |title=Hispano |publisher=Hispano-net.com |access-date=11 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928161024/http://www.hispano-net.com/ |archive-date=28 September 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> and purchased the remaining 79% for an undisclosed sum in 2009, making it a fully owned subsidiary, subsequently renamed Tata Hispano. In 2013, Tata Hispano ceased production at its Zaragoza plant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tatamotors.com/media/|title=Media - Tata Motors Limited|date=10 September 2015|access-date=27 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928005628/http://www.tatamotors.com/media/|archive-date=28 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/robotic-hand-rocks-manufacturing-cradle/article17934526.ece?homepage=true|title=Robotic hand rocks manufacturing cradle|last=Mondal|first=Manisha|work=The Hindu|access-date=11 April 2017|language=en}}</ref>

===TML Drivelines===
TML Drivelines Ltd. was a wholly owned subsidiary of Tata Motors engaged in the manufacture of gearboxes and axles for heavy and medium commercial vehicles. It has production facilities at Jamshedpur and Lucknow. TML Drivelines was formed through the merger of HV Transmission  and HV Axles. TML Drivelines was merged with Tata Motors in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tata Motors to merge its subsidiary TML Drivelines unit with itself for synergy, cost-cutting |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/tata-motors-to-merge-its-subsidiary-tml-drivelines-unit-with-itself-for-synergy-cost-cutting/story-t8D5y1Kh6UNNisRGbTDkEJ.html |access-date=29 November 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 June 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

==Products==
The company's commercial vehicles include:
* [[Tata Ace]]
** [[Tata Ace Zip]]
** Tata Ace EV
** [[Tata Super Ace]]
** Tata Ace Mega
* Tata Intra
** Tata Intra V10
** Tata Intra V20
** Tata Intra V30
** Tata Intra V50
* Tata Xenon XT
* Tata Yodha
* Tata Iris
* [[Tata TL|Tata Yodha/Xenon]] Pick-up truck
* [[Tata 407]] Ex and Ex2
* Tata 709 Ex
* Tata 807 (Steel cabin chassis, cowl chassis, medium bus chassis, steel cabin + steel body chassis)
* Tata 809 Ex and Ex2
* Tata 909 Ex and Ex2
* Tata 1210 SE and SFC (Semi Forward)
* Tata 1210 LP (Long Plate)
* Tata 1109 (Intermediate truck/ LCV bus)
* Tata 1512c (Medium bus chassis)
* Tata 1515c/1615 (Medium bus chassis)
* Tata 1612c/1616c/1618c (Heavy bus chassis)
* Tata 1618 (Semilow-floor bus chassis)
* Tata 1623 (Rear-engined low-floor bus chassis)
* Tata 1518C (Medium truck) 10 ton
* Tata 1613/1615c (Medium truck)
* Tata 1616/1618c (Heavy duty truck)
* Tata 2515c/2516c/2518c (Heavy duty 10-wheeler truck)
* [[Tata Starbus]] (Branded buses for city, intercity, school bus, and standard passenger transportation)
* Tata Divo (Hispano Divo)
* Tata CityRide (12- to 20-seater buses for intracity use)
* Tata 3015 (Heavy truck)
* Tata 3118 (Heavy truck) (8×2)
* Tata 3516 (Heavy truck)
* Tata 4018 (Heavy truck)
* Tata 4923 (Ultraheavy truck) (6×4)
* [[Tata Novus]]
* [[Tata Prima]]
* Tata SIGNA series
* Tata Ultra series (ICV Segment)
* [[Tata Winger]] - (minivan)

==Notable vehicles==
===Tata 407===
{{Main|Tata 407}}

[[File:Tata trucks.jpg|thumb|A [[Tata 407]] being used as water truck]]
The Tata 407 is a light commercial vehicle (LCV) that has sold over 500,000 units since its launch in 1986.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tatamotors.com/investors/financials/67-ar-html/winners_from_tata_motors.html |title=TATA Motors Annual Report 2011–2012 |publisher=Tatamotors.com |access-date=28 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108103844/http://www.tatamotors.com/investors/financials/67-ar-html/winners_from_tata_motors.html |archive-date=8 January 2016 }}</ref> In India, this vehicle dominates market share of the LCV category, accounting for close to 75% of LCV sales. The 407 model range includes [[trucks]], tippers, [[Pickup truck|pick-ups]] and [[vehicles]] for agri/food products, [[construction]], light mining and services.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tata Light Commercial Vehicles |url= https://light-trucks.tatamotors.com/light-trucks/tata-407/tata-407-light-trucks-overview.aspx/ |website=Tata Motors}}</ref>

===Tata Ace===
{{Main|Tata Ace}}

[[File:Tata Ace EX2 (21729583101).jpg|thumb|left|209x209px|Tata Ace EX2 (Indonesia)]]
Tata Ace, India's first indigenously developed sub-one-ton [[mini truck|minitruck]], was launched in May 2005. The minitruck was a huge success in India with auto analysts claiming that Ace had changed the dynamics of the light commercial vehicle (LCV) market in the country by creating a new market segment termed the small [[commercial vehicle]]  segment. Ace rapidly emerged as the first choice for transporters and single truck owners for city and rural transport.

By October 2005, LCV sales of Tata Motors had grown by 36.6% to 28,537 units due to the rising demand for Ace. The Ace was built with a load body produced by Autoline Industries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autolineind.com/our_story.htm|title=Autoline - A Stamp of Perfection|date=9 February 2008|access-date=27 September 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209022809/http://www.autolineind.com/our_story.htm|archive-date=9 February 2008}}</ref>

By 2005, Autoline was producing 300 load bodies per day for Tata Motors. Ace is still a top seller for TML with 500,000 units sold by June 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autolineind.com/our_story.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209022809/http://www.autolineind.com/our_story.htm |archive-date=9 February 2008 |title=tatamotors |publisher=Tatamotors |date=14 March 2012 |access-date=8 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2011, Tata Motors invested Rs 1000 crore in Dharwad Plant, Karnataka, with the capacity of 90,000 units annually and launched two models of 0.5-T capacity as Tata Ace Zip, Magic Iris.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autolineind.com/our_story.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209022809/http://www.autolineind.com/our_story.htm |archive-date=9 February 2008 |title=Autoline|date=9 February 2008 |access-date=11 October 2010}}</ref> Ace has also been exported to several Asian, European, South American, and African countries and all-electric models are sold through [[Polaris Industries|Polaris Industries']] [[Global Electric Motorcars]] division. In Sri Lanka, it is sold through [[Diesel & Motor Engineering]] (DIMO) PLC under the name of DIMO Batta.

=== Tata Xenon/Yodha ===
{{Main|Tata Xenon}}

[[File:Tata Xenon DLE 2014.jpg|thumb|Tata Xenon DLE 2014]]
Tata Xenon, also called the Tata Yodha, is a mid size pickup truck first introduced in 1988 as the Tata Telcoline. The second generation pickup truck called the Xenon has been produced since 2006, with its facelift being produced as the Yodha.

===Tata Prima===
{{Main|Tata Prima}}

[[File: Tata Prima Modified.png|thumb|A [[Tata Prima]] 4928.S in [[Assam]], India]]
Tata Prima is a range of heavy trucks first introduced in 2008 as the company's 'global' truck. Tata Prima was the winner of the 'Commercial Vehicle of the Year' at the Apollo Commercial Vehicles Awards, 2010 and 2012.

== See also ==
* [[List of companies of India]]
* [[Make in India]]
* [[Automotive industry in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portalbar|Companies|Cars|India}}
{{commons category|Tata Motors}}
* {{official website|https://www.tatamotors.com}}

{{Tata Motors}}
{{Tata Timeline}}
{{Navboxes|list1=
{{Tata Group}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}
{{BSE Sensex}}
{{S&P CNX Nifty companies}}
{{Automotive industry in India}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tata Motors| ]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Bus manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Defence companies of India]]
[[Category:Military vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Truck manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2024]]
[[Category:Electric vehicle manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Veer Ghatotkach

2026-03-08T08:07:16Z

Aspjack:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Veer Ghatotkach
| image = Veer Ghatotkach.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Nanabhai Bhatt]]
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Meena Kumari]], [[Shahu Modak]], Mishra, Indravadan Mehta
| music = Shrinath Tripathi
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1949}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Veer Ghatotkach''''' also known as Surekha Haran is a [[Bollywood films of 1949|1949]] [[Hindi language|Hindi]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] mythological film, starring
[[Meena Kumari]], Shahu Modak, Sumiti Gupta, Vasant Pahelwan, Naranjan Sharma and S. N. Tripathi.<ref name="IMDb 2016">{{cite web | title=Veer Ghatotkach (1949) | website=IMDb | date=2016-12-19 | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0139705/ | accessdate=2016-12-19}}</ref> [[Meena Kumari]], after her career as a child artist, started doing adult roles as heroines in mythologicals and fantasy genres before she made it in mainstream cinema with ''[[Baiju Bawra (film)|Baiju Bawra]]'' (1952).<ref name=Nihalani>{{cite book|last1=Gulazāra, Nihalani, Chatterjee|first1=Govind, Saibal|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|date=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|location=India|isbn=9788179910665}}</ref>. It's an adaptation of the Maya Bazar story from Mahabharata, but from the perspective of Ghatotkach.

==Storyline==
While hiding from their vengeful cousins, the Kauravas, the Pandava brothers, Yudhister, Arjun, Bhim, Nakul, and Sahdev enter a forest, and this is where Bhim slays a demon. In order to make amends to the demon's mother, he agrees to marry her daughter, Hidamba, and they subsequently return home. Hidamba gets pregnant and gives birth to a baby boy who she names Ghatotkach, who grows up to be a mighty illusionist, who can fly, became a giant at will, and shape-shift. One day Ghatotkach gets into a confrontation, albeit unknowingly, with Abhimanyu, the son of Arjun, who is on his way to abduct Surekha, the daughter of Balram, who is being married against her will to Lakshman, the semi-senile son of Duryodhan, and ends up killing him. When he finds out that Abhimanyu is his cousin, he brings him back to life with Amrit (Holy Nectar), and decides to join him in his quest. The duo do get away with irritating the Kauravas, almost resulting in a battle between the Yadavs and them, but Krishna intercedes and placates both parties. With Krishna involved, will they succeed in abducting Surekha?{{sfn | ''IMDb'' | 2016}}

==Remakes==
It was remade in 1970 directed by Shantilal Soni. It was made from Krishna's perspective as Maya Bazar in 1958 starring [[Mahipal]] as Krishna and again remade in 1984, both being directed by [[Babubhai Mistry]].

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable"
! Track # !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Composer
|-
| 1
| "Aao Sakhi Mangal Gao Ki Shubh Din Aaye Ri"
| Saroj, Shanti Sharma
| Ramesh Joshi
| Shrinath Tripathi
|-
| 2
| "Ek Naya Sansar Sajao"
| Yashwant Bhatt, Rohini Roy
| Ramesh Joshi
| Shrinath Tripathi
|-
| 3
| "Kaha Chali O Brij Ki Bala"
| Rohini Roy, Mohantara Talpade
| Moti
| Shrinath Tripathi
|-
| 4
| "Karman Ki Gati Nyari Jag Me"
|
| Saraswati Kumar Deepak
| Shrinath Tripathi
|-
| 5
| "Mausam Salona Muskaya Mehman Hamare Ghar Aaya"
| Saroj, Shanti Sharma
| Ramesh Joshi
| Shrinath Tripathi
|-
| 6
| "Mere Daras Diwane Nain Re"
| Saroj, Shanti Sharma
| Moti
| Shrinath Tripathi
|-
| 7
| "Pehli Hi Pehchan Me Naina Naino Ke Mehman Bane"
| Mohantara Talpade
| Anjum Rehmani
| Shrinath Tripathi
|-
| 8
| "Sandesh Mera Pa Ke Mujhe Daras Dikhana"
| Mohantara Talpade
| Anjum Rehmani
| Shrinath Tripathi
|-
| 9
| "Gori Ankhiya Se Ankhiya Milao"
| Shanti Sharma, Saroj
| Anjum Rehmani
| Moti
|}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1949 films]]
[[Category:1949 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1949 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. N. Tripathi]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:1940s action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1949 drama films]]

Coolie (2004 film)

2026-03-04T03:43:54Z

Aspjack: refined information based on references and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Coolie
| image = Coolie (2004 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Swapan Saha]]
| studio = Vijay-Laxmi Movies Pvt. Ltd.
| writer = [[N.K. Salil]] '''(Story, Screenplay & Dialogues)'''
| screenplay =
| starring = {{Plain list |
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]]
* [[Meghna Naidu]]
* [[Abhishek Chatterjee]]
* [[Kalyani Mondal]]
}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Ashok Bhadra]] '''Score:''' [[S.P. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = K.V. Ramanna
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|9|17}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
}}
'''''Coolie''''' ({{langx|bn|কুলি }}) is a 2004 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Swapan Saha]], written by [[N.K. Salil]] and produced by Vijay-Laxmi Movies Pvt. Ltd. The film stars [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and [[Meghna Naidu]] along with [[Dulal Lahiri]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]], [[Nishita Goswami]], [[Subhasish Mukherjee]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coolie (2004) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/coolie-34108/cast-crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213849/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/coolie-34108/cast-crew|url-status=live|archive-date=2 June 2021|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> This film marks the Bengali debut of [[Meghna Naidu]] and [[Nishita Goswami]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Meghna Naidu returns to Bengali cinema after 14 years - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/meghna-naidu-returns-to-bengali-cinema-after-14-years/articleshow/62982601.cms|access-date=2021-05-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meghna Naidu to do Bengali film after over a decade|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2018/feb/16/meghna-naidu-to-do-bengali-film-after-over-a-decade-1774320.html|access-date=2021-05-29|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> This movie was later dubbed in [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] with the same title.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=April 2021}}
Shiba ([[Mithun Chakraborty]]) is working as a coolie in Birpur Railway Station, and he is a hard-working man who cannot tolerate injustice towards the poor. Seema ([[Meghna Naidu]]), daughter of a wealthy businessman, during return to home, encounters with Shiba fighting goons in the station. After she reaches home, Seema's father asks why she was late. Seema replied that there was a situation in the station, and she met a coolie who was a very nice person. Shiba has a younger brother whom he has sent to Kolkata for studies, and in flashback, a scene appears, where Shiba's brother Dibyendu (Premjit Mukherjee) denies going for further studies to Kolkata at first because of financial problems, but later he agrees when Shiba told him that Shiba gave his words to their late mother to make his brother educated and established. During a railway strike, when Seema's car broke near the station, Shiba helps to fix the car. Seema asks him how come he knows car repairing. Shiba replied that he had done various works for the sake of living and today itself he has to earn 500 rupees so that he can send it to his brother for college fees and he doesn't know how he will do it as today is strike hence no passenger in the station so no work. After listening to everything, Seema gave him 599 rupees and told him that this is not a favor, but she is lending him as a token of friendship. But Shiba refuses to take the money. Mitali ([[Nishita Goswami]]) finds Dibyendu in a coffee shop working as a waiter and asks him why he is doing this. Dibyendu told her about his financial conditions, and then Mitali asks him to leave this job and instead to give her private tuition as he was a brilliant student. Dibyendu at first refuses to do so, but when Mitali's mother, who lost her son in years ago, mistakes Dibyendu as 'Subho', he agrees with Mitali's scheme and gives his words to Mitali's mother that he will come to meet her daily.
Seema expresses her love for Shiba through a radio program. On another side, Mitali's father tells Dibyendu to forget all his past life and start his life as their son so that Mitali's mother can come out of her mental break down.
Seema's father refuses their relationship, later goes to Shiba to threaten him and gives him some money not to interfere in Seema's life. Seema quarrels with his father, and at last, she leaves her home and goes to Shiba to live together. On their first night, Shiba proposes to Seema that they will not have any child, as Seeba thinks of Dibyendu as his own child rather than his brother after their mother died.
Seema's father sends a gift box (which eventually has drugs in it) to her newly married daughter as of her marriage gift. The next day police come and arrest Shiba. Seema's father refuses to arrange bail for Shiba as she refuses to forget him.
Mitali's father assigned Dibyendu as his company's managing director and tells him about how Shiba got arrested for drugs. Mr. Chowdhury makes Dibyendu influence to sign an agreement that he will never look back to his past relations with his brother. Seema goes in search for Dibyendu, but Mr. Chowdhury insults her and calls the guard to throw her out of the house.
Some goons try to misbehave with lone Seema when she was weeping alone in a temple. A mysterious man appeared, fights with them and saves Seema. The man told Seema not to walk around alone at night and asks her if she will come to his place. At first, Seema hesitates to go, but later she goes along with him. This man was Raja, who was a small time conman, living with a pickpocket girl named Rupasi and another two friends. They addresses Seema as their sister.
Raja promises Seema that he will help her to meet Dibyendu, but when he arrived to Chowdhury's home, seeing the mental breakdown of Mrs. Chowdhury, Raja couldn't force Dibyendu to come with him.
Shiba, gets released from jail due to his good behavior in jail and returning home, he encounters with Rupasi. Rupasi takes Shiba, where Seema was living with them, and they unite.
Shiba goes to meet with his brother, but Dibyendu refuses to recognize his brother (as per agreement) and insults him in front of all company board members. Mitali meets Dibyendu outside of the meeting room, and gives him some money as a payoff for everything he has done for his younger brother Dibyendu and tells him not to interfere in their life.
The rest of the movie deals with how Shiba deals with everything and reunites with his brother happily.

==Cast==
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Shibnath Roy alias Shiba, coolie no 440 workings in Birpur Railway Station
* [[Meghna Naidu]] as Seema Mukherjee, a wealthy businessman's daughter and Shiba's wife
* [[Abhishek Chatterjee]] as Raja, a small time conman/Shubho, lost son of Mr. And Mrs. Chowdhury
* Rimjhim Gupta as Rupasi, a pickpocket and partner in crime of Raja
* [[Dulal Lahiri]] as Mr. Shashank Chowdhury, owner of Chowdhury Motors & Mitali's father
* Kalyani Mondal as Mrs. Chowdhury, mother of Mitali
* [[Subhasish Mukherjee]] as Station Master of Birpur Railway Station
* Ramen Raychowdhury as Mr. Mukherjee, a businessman from [[Garia]], father of Seema
* [[Nishita Goswami]] as Mitali Chowdhury, Daughter of Mr. Chowdhury and love interest of Dibyendu
* Premjit Mukherjee as Dibyendu Roy alias Dibyo, Shiba's Brother
* [[N. K. Salil]] as Raja's friend
* Shyamal Dutta as Mr. Chatterjee
* Sumit Ganguly as Mr. Dutta, Shashank Chowdhury's manager

== Soundtrack ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Coolie
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ashok Bhadra]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2004
| recorded = 2004
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=
|s=}}
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Paribar]]
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title = [[Badsha The King]]
| next_year = 2004
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Coolie
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 =
| single1date =
| single2 =
| single2date =
| single3 =
| single3date =
| single4 =
| single4date =
| single5 =
| single5date =
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics = [[Gautam Sushmit]]
| all_music = [[Ashok Bhadra]]
| title1 = Green Signal Ami Peye Gechhi
| extra1 = [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 04:50
| title2 = Mon Boro Obujh Mon
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 05:05
| title3 = Ami Kolkatar Sera Rupasi (Jodi Khopa Badhi)
| extra3 = [[Alka Yagnik]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Matka Garam Hole Mama (Thanda Mathay Thaki Bole)
| extra4 = [[Kumar Sanu]], Chorus
| length4 =
| title5 = Prem Korar Manush
| extra5 = Shaan, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length5 = 04:37
| title6 = Bhalobasai Amar Ei
| extra6 = [[Kumar Sanu]]
| length6 =
| title7 = Green Signal Ami Peye Gechhi - II
| extra7 = [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length7 =
| title8 = Bhalobasai Amar Ei - Sad
| extra8 = [[Kumar Sanu]]
| length8 =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1464526|Coolie}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coolie}}
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Mithun's Dream Factory films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:2004 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Swapan Saha]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2004 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films about porters]]

Sheila Vaz

2026-03-03T11:55:11Z

Aspjack: Adding new post.

{{Short description|Indian actress and dancer (1934–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sheila Vaz
| image =
| caption = Vaz in 1956 in the film CID
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1934|10|18}}
| birth_place = [[Dadar]], [[Mumbai]], [[British Raj|India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2022|06|29|1934|10|18}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| other_names = Rama Lakhanpal
| occupation = Actor, dancer
| years_active = 1951–1961
}}

'''Sheila Vaz''' (18 October 1934 – 29 June 2022) was an Indian actress and dancer who appeared in Hindi Cinema in the 1950s. She is best remembered for her dance performances, most notably in the songs "Ramaiya Vastavaiya" from ''[[Shree 420]]'' (1955) and "Leke Pehla Pehla Pyar" from ''[[C.I.D. (1956 film)|C.I.D.]]'' (1956).<ref>{{cite news |title=Shiela Vaz death: 60 के दशक की मशहूर डांसर शीला वाज का निधन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/leke-pehla-pehla-pyar-song-dancer-shiela-vaz-passed-away-in-mumbai |work=Amar Ujala |date=30 June 2022 |access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref>

Often described by fans as a "song specialist", Vaz's work is described as a bridge between the folk traditions and urban Bollywood choreography. She primarily appeared in song sequences, and worked with directors such as [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Guru Dutt]], and [[Raj Khosla]].<ref name="Dustedoff">{{cite web |last=Liddle |first=Madhulika |title=Ten of my favourite Sheila Vaz songs |url=https://madhulikaliddle.com/2022/07/12/ten-of-my-favourite-sheila-vaz-songs/ |website=Dustedoff |date=12 July 2022 |access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref> After a decade-long career spanning over 50 films, she retired in 1961 to lead a private life.<ref name="Musing1166">{{cite web |title=Musing 1166. Sheila Vaz. J 229 |url=https://hindi-movies-songs.com/joomla/index.php/hindi-films/articles/2710-musing-1166-sheila-vaz-j-229 |website=Hindi Movies Films Songs Books |date=30 June 2022 |access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Vaz was born in [[Dadar]], [[Mumbai]], to a Catholic family with roots in [[Goa]].<ref name="Upperstall">{{cite web |last=Bali |first=Karan |title=Dances With Sheila |url=https://upperstall.com/features/dances-with-sheila/ |website=Upperstall |date=11 August 2009 |access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref> During her childhood, the film industry was often viewed with social skepticism; her family initially forbade her from pursuing a career in cinema. However, she eventually secured her parents' permission and made her debut as a background dancer in [[Kidar Sharma]]'s ''Shokhiyan'' (1951).<ref name="Upperstall">{{cite web |last=Bali |first=Karan |title=Dances With Sheila |url=https://upperstall.com/features/dances-with-sheila/ |website=Upperstall |date=11 August 2009 |access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref>

== Major projects ==

=== Shree 420 (1955): "Ramaiya Vastavaiya" ===
In [[Raj Kapoor]]'s ''[[Shree 420]]'', Vaz played a village girl in the song, "Ramaiya Vastavaiya".
Vaz lip-synced to the singer, [[Lata Mangeshkar]] in this song. Despite not speaking Hindi fluently at the time, Vaz studied the lyrical translation to ensure her expressions matched the emotional weight of the song.<ref name="MrMrs55">{{cite web |title=Sheela Vaz |url=https://mrandmrs55.com/tag/sheela-vaz/ |website=Mr. & Mrs. 55 – Classic Bollywood Revisited! |access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref> Vaz's performance was praised for its "immense stamina" and became a symbol of working-class resilience.<ref name="Dustedoff" />

=== C.I.D. (1956): "Leke Pehla Pehla Pyar" ===
Vaz's performance in the song "Leke Pehla Pehla Pyar" from ''[[C.I.D. (1956 film)|C.I.D.]]'' is frequently cited as a representative dance sequence of 1950s cinema. The sequence was choreographed by [[Zohra Sehgal]].<ref name="Cinemaazi">{{cite web |title=Leke Pehla Pehla Pyar: The Story of Shyam Kapoor and Sheila Vaz |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/feature/leke-pehla-pehla-pyar-shyam-kapoor |website=Cinemaazi |access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref> It was filmed on location at Worli Sea Face in Mumbai. Vaz reportedly learned the intricate steps in just one day.<ref name="Cinemaazi" /> Appearing alongside Shakila and a harmonium-playing Shyam Kapoor (an assistant director playing a bit part), Vaz lip-synced to singer [[Shamshad Begum]]. According to film historian Madhulika Liddle, Vaz's performance was noted for its 'teasing' expressions, which stood out even against the film's lead stars.<ref name="Dustedoff" />

== Career expansion and legacy ==
Beyond her major hits, Vaz was a versatile performer who worked across genres:
* '''Acting Roles:''' In the film ''Johny Walker'' (1957), she played the character "Glory", a loyal roommate to the heroine<ref name="Dustedoff" />
She also performed in the debut song of composer [[R. D. Burman]], "Ghar Aaja Gher Aaye", in the film ''Chhote Nawab'' (1961).<ref name="Iyer">{{cite news |last=Iyer |first=Sharada |title=Sheila Vaz: The charming dancer |url=https://myviewsonbollywood.wordpress.com/2022/07/07/sheila-vaz-the-charming-dancer-of-ramaiya-vastavaiya-leke-pehla-pehla-pyar-is-no-more/ |work=My Views on Bollywood |date=7 July 2022 |access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref>

=== Legacy ===
Vaz is often remembered by fans for her "unabashedly expressive" style and is frequently cited in modern film studies for her body positivity. In an era before strict "size-zero" standards, Vaz was celebrated as an "undeniably beautiful" plus-size dancer whose energy outperformed her peers.<ref name="Dustedoff" />

== Personal life and death ==
Vaz retired in 1961 following her marriage to director Ramesh Lakhanpal. Adopting the name '''Rama Lakhanpal''', she lived a quiet life in Mumbai. She faced personal tragedy during the [[2005 Maharashtra floods]], which destroyed her entire collection of film costumes and memorabilia.<ref name="Upperstall" />

She died in Mumbai on 29 June 2022 due to age-related complications.<ref name="Madhu">{{cite web |last=Liddle |first=Madhulika |title=Tribute to Sheila Vaz |url=https://madhulikaliddle.com/tag/sheila-vaz/ |website=Dustedoff |date=30 June 2022 |access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref> She has two children; her son is a pilot in the United States and her daughter resides in Toronto.<ref name="Boldsky">{{cite web |title=Veteran Dancer Sheila Vaz passes away at 90 |url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8c59qp |publisher=Boldsky |date=30 June 2022 |access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notable Song
|-
| 1951 || ''Shokhiyan'' || Chorus Dancer || Debut film
|-
| 1954 || ''Mayur Pankh'' || Dancer || "Tandana Tandana"
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Shree 420]]'' || Dancer || "Ramaiya Vastavaiya"
|-
| 1955 || ''House No. 44'' || Dancer || "Dam Hai Baaki"
|-
| 1956 || ''[[C.I.D. (1956 film)|C.I.D.]]'' || Dancer || "Leke Pehla Pehla Pyar"
|-
| 1957 || ''Tumsa Nahin Dekha'' || Seema || "Jawaniyan Yeh Mast Mast"
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Johny Walker]]'' || Glory || "Thandi Thandi Hawa"
|-
| 1958 || ''Solva Saal'' || Dancer ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Kaagaz Ke Phool]]'' || Dancer ||
|-
| 1961 || ''Chhote Nawab'' || Dancer || "Ghar Aaja Gher Aaye"
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaz, Sheila}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]

Thanga Pappa

2026-03-03T04:56:52Z

Aspjack: Adding a stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thanga Pappa
| director = [[R. Aravindraj]]
| writer = R. Aravindraj
| producer = G. Jayachandran
| starring = {{ubl|[[Shamili]]|[[Ramki]]|[[M. N. Nambiar]]|[[Thalaivasal Vijay]]|[[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]]|[[Sreeja]]}}
| cinematography = A. Ramesh Kumar
| editing = G. Jayachandran
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Aarthi Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1993|07|02}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thanga Pappa''''' ({{Translation|Golden Baby}}) is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[supernatural horror film]] directed by [[R. Aravindraj]]. The film stars [[Shamili]], [[Ramki]], [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[Thalaivasal Vijay]], [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] and [[Sreeja]], with [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]], [[Keerikkadan Jose]], [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]], Raviraj, Murali Kumar and Prabhakaran playing supporting roles. The film, produced by the film editor G. Jayachandran, and [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], was released on 2 July 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thanga Pappa ( 1993 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1729 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041130030217/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1729 |archive-date=30 November 2004 |access-date=4 November 2016 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Ravi, his wife Gowri and their little daughter Abhirami move in an abandoned house. Ravi starts to work as an export manager in Ananthu and Swamy's company. Ravi is helped in his work by the police officer Rajasekhar, the customs officer Ameer, and Ananthu's son Balaji. That night, strange things happen in their house. Abhirami often meets the old man Adaikalam after the school in secret.

One day, Ameer, scared of something, accidentally falls off the ship and dies. The next day, Balaji is set on fire and dies from severe burns. Adaikalam then confesses to Gowri that Abhirami is in fact possessed by the spirit of his granddaughter Angela.

Four years ago, Adaikalam's son [[Deputy superintendent|Assistant Commissioner of Police]] Lawrence got a transfer in a harbour city. He and his pregnant wife Thulasi moved to the city and eagerly waited for the birth of their baby. The scanning had revealed that the baby is a girl, so they named her Angela. From the very earliest days of his posting, Lawrence became well known by the local criminals. The smuggler Ananthu, his brother Swamy, and Balaji even threatened Lawrence and his wife, but Lawrence continued to seize Ananthu's illegal loads. Lawrence became friends with the Deputy Superintendent of Police Rajasekhar, his colleague. One night, Lawrence arrested Ananthu, Swamy, Balaji, and Ameer. They were all locked in the local police station. Rajasekhar released them and betrayed Lawrence's trust. Later that night, Lawrence was brutally killed and Thulasi was severely beaten up by the criminals in their house, resulting in abortion which left her mentally ill.

Ananthu, Swamy, and Rajasekhar also realise that Abhirami is possessed by the spirit. They are urged to kill the little girl. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==

{{cast listing|
*[[Shamili]] as Abhirami
*[[Ramki]] as Lawrence (guest appearance)
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Adaikalam
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Ravi
*[[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] as Gowri
*[[Sreeja]] as Thulasi
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] as Doctor Kurian
*[[Keerikkadan Jose]] as Ananthu
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Swamy
*Raviraj as Rajasekhar
*Murali Kumar as Ameer
*Prabhakaran as Balaji
*Veera Raghavan as Judge
*[[Peeli Sivam]] as Lawyer
*Krishnamoorthy as Lawyer
*Dakshinamoorthy as Church father
*Annadurai Kannadasan as Doctor
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by the director Aravindraj.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer !! Duration
|-
| "Naan Paadum Thalattu" || rowspan=2|[[Sunanda (singer)|Sunandha]] || 4:01
|-
| "Aarararo Aariraaro" || 3:31
|-
| "Thanga Pappa Santham" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:39
|-
| "Abhirami Enakkoru Bathil || K. S. Chithra || 2:20
|-
| "Berika Berika" || [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]] || 3:46
|}

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called it a "fairly watchable film", she praised Deva's background score and Shamili's acting.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=2 July 1993 |title=Possessed to kill |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930702&printsec=frontpage |access-date=4 November 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> At the [[14th Cinema Express Awards]], Shamili won the Best Child Artist award.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 1994 |title=''Kizhakku Cheemayile'' adjudged best film |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v2FlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G5QNAAAAIBAJ&pg=339,511626 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408054633/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v2FlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G5QNAAAAIBAJ&pg=339,511626 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=17 April 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]] |agency=Express News Service}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:Films about spirit possession]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Aravindraj]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Uyirin Yedai 21 Ayiri

2026-03-03T03:04:37Z

Aspjack: Adding info

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Uyirin Yedai 21 Ayiri
| image =

| caption =
| director = Yegan
| producer = A Dreamer World
| writer = Yegan Manian Pradeep (dialogues)
| starring = {{ubl|Yegan|[[Thilakan]]|Vinitha}}
| music = Yegan
| cinematography = J. P. Raaj Selva
| editing = G. Krithiga
| distributor =
| studio = A Dreamer World
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2011|10|14}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Uyirin Yedai 21 Ayiri''''' ({{translation|[[21 grams experiment|Life's weight is 21 grams]]}}), also known as '''''Uyirin Yedai 21 Gram''''', is a 2011 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[gangster film]] directed by Yegan. The film stars Yegan, [[Thilakan]] and newcomer Vinitha, with Murali, Pudhupettai Jeeva, Baby Sangamithra, Manian Pradeep, R. Deva and Ravidharman playing supporting roles. The film had musical score by Yegan and was released on 14 October 2011.

== Plot ==
Easwar (Yegan) is a heartless rowdy who works for the powerful don Acha ([[Thilakan]]). Seth (Gopal Sharma) wants to buy land, so he seeks the help of the rowdy Maattu Ravi (Ravidharman) who used to work for Acha. Acha orders Easwar to kill Maattu Ravi and to kidnap Seth. Easwar kills Maattu Ravi and Acha solves the issue. Maattu Ravi's brother Pandi swears to take revenge on Easwar.

One year later, Pandi challenges Easwar to fight him and to end their feud once and for all. Acha's right-hand man Attai (R. Deva) and Acha's henchman Bala (Pudhupettai Jeeva) decide to support Pandi. In a remote place, Easwar meets Pandi and he is ambushed by four other henchmen. During the fight, Easwar kills the four henchmen and when he tries to kill Pandi, Acha's son Chinna (Murali) heavily wounded him and left him for dead. Chinna was sick of being treated as a small kid by Easwar. Thereafter, people living in a forest save Easwar. Easwar slowly becomes a good man, he is liked by the villagers and falls in love with a widow (Vinitha). Acha tracks him down and orders him to come back. Easwar then convinces Acha to let him go and Acha accepts. Easwar asks Bala and Chinna to take him back to the forest. Chinna fears that Easwar may take revenge so he kills him and they burn his body.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*Yegan as Easwar
*[[Thilakan]] as Acha
*Vinitha as Devi's mother
*Murali as Chinna
*Pudhupettai Jeeva as Bala
*Baby Sangamithra as Devi
*Manian Pradeep as Pandi
*R. Deva as Attai
*Ravidharman as Maattu Ravi
*Deivendran as Ochu
*Karthik as Oomaiyan
*Gopal Sharma as Seth
*Punch Bharani as Sotta
*A. T. Shanmugam as Teacher
*Sultan Bhai as Aattu Bhai
*Classic Dheena as Aadhi
*Rithu Mangal as Vino
*Subhashini in a special appearance
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Yegan made his directorial debut with ''Uyirin Yedai 21 Ayiri'' under the banner of A Dreamer World. Yegan also wrote the script, composed the music and played the lead role. [[Malayalam]] film actor [[Thilakan]] was cast to play an important role while newcomer Vinitha was chosen to play the heroine. G. Krithiga took care of editing and the cinematography was by J. P. Raaj Selva. The film had 41 sensor cuts by the censor board for overdose of sex and violence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/3201/cinema/Kollywood/thilakan-come-backs-to-tamil.htm|title=தமிழில் மீண்டும் திலகன்|date=10 June 2011|access-date=17 December 2020|language=Tamil|trans-title=Thilakan comes back to Tamil|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|archive-date=13 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080516/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/3201/cinema/Kollywood/thilakan-come-backs-to-tamil.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/5306/cinema/Kollywood/41-sensor-cut-for-uyirin-yedai-21-ayiri.htm|title=உயிரின் எடை 21 அயிரி படத்திற்கு 41 கட்!|date=4 October 2011|access-date=17 December 2020|language=Tamil|trans-title=41 sensor cut for Uyirin Yedai 21 Ayiri|publisher=Dinamalar|archive-date=26 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126191001/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/5306/cinema/Kollywood/41-sensor-cut-for-uyirin-yedai-21-ayiri.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Uyirin Yedai 21 Ayiri
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = Yegan
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2011
| recorded = 2011
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 8:52
| label =
| producer = Yegan
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack was composed by Yegan.

{{track listing|
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|headline=Tracklist
|total_length=8:52
|title1=Uyirin Yedai|extra1=Yegan|writer1=Yosi|length1=2:41
|title2=Oorazhuga|extra2=R. Deva|writer2=Gopal Sharma|length2=1:48
|title3=Adadaa|extra3=Gopan Kumar|writer3=Yegan|length3=4:23
}}

== Reception ==
[[Kungumam (magazine)|''Kungumam'']] praised the acting of Yegan and [[Thilakan]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=899&id1=45&issue=20111017|title=உயிரின் எடை 21 அயிரி|date=17 October 2011|access-date=17 December 2020|language=Tamil|trans-title=Uyirin Yedai 21 Ayiri|magazine=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]|archive-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007150617/http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=899&id1=45&issue=20111017|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Dinamalar]]'' gave the film a positive review.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/506/uyirin%20yedai%2021%20ayiri/|title=உயிரின் எடை 21 அயிரி - விமர்சனம்|date=22 October 2011|access-date=17 December 2020|language=Tamil|trans-title=Uyirin Yedai 21 Ayiri - Review|publisher=Dinamalar|archive-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007150616/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/506/uyirin%20yedai%2021%20ayiri/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2011 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Nandi Awards of 1972

2026-02-24T02:40:45Z

Aspjack:

{{Short description|Indian Telugu film and TV awards ceremony}}
{{one source|date=July 2021}}
{{Nandi Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

[[Nandi Awards]], presented annually by the Government of Andhra Pradesh, were first awarded in 1964.

The recipients of the best film awards in 1972 were:

== 1972 Nandi Awards Winners List ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Category<ref>{{cite web|date=|title=Nandi Award winners 1964-2008|url=https://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=14 July 2021}}</ref>
!Winner
!Film
|-
|[[List of winners of the Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
|[[K. Viswanath]]
|[[Kalam Marindi]]
|-
|Second Best Feature Film
|[[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
|[[Tata Manavadu]]
|-
|Third Best Feature Film
|[[V. Madhusudhana Rao]]
|[[Praja Nayakudu]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Nandi Awards]]
[[Category:1972 awards]]

Nimisha Priya

2026-02-23T12:47:35Z

Aspjack: Put Up A Stub

{{Short description|Indian nurse and convicted murderer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Nimisha Priya
| native_name = Priya
| native_name_lang = ml
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1987}}
| birth_place = [[Kollengode, Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alias =
| motive = To retrieve passport
| conviction = [[Murder]]
| conviction_penalty = [[Capital punishment in Yemen|Death]]
| death_cause =
| beginyear =
| endyear =
| victims = 1
| country = Yemen
| apprehended = August 2017
| criminal_status =
}}

'''Nimisha Priya''' (born 1987) is an Indian nurse and convicted murderer. She has been on [[death row]] in Yemen's Central prison since 2018, after being convicted of the 2017 murder of a Yemeni citizen.

== Life ==
Priya grew up in [[Kollengode, Palakkad|Kollengode]], [[Palakkad]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2024-04-24 |title=An emotional reunion as Prema Kumari meets Nimisha Priya in Yemen prison |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/an-emotional-reunion-as-prema-kumari-meets-nimisha-priya-in-prison/article68102159.ece |access-date=2024-07-05 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Kerala, where she did well in school. A local church supported her financially, allowing her to complete a course in nursing. However, Priya was unable to work as a nurse in Kerala, as she "hadn't cleared her school leaving exams" prior to beginning her nursing studies.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Pandey |first=Geeta |date=2023-12-05 |title=Nimisha Priya: The Indian nurse from Kerala on death row in Yemen |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67544059 |access-date=2024-07-05 |work=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=2024-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705185722/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67544059 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2008, Priya moved from Kerala to Yemen for work. In Yemen, she worked as a nurse for a government-run hospital in the country's capital, [[Sanaa]]. In 2014, Priya left her job with the hope of starting her own clinic. Per Yemeni law, Priya needed a Yemeni business partner, so she recruited Talal Abdo Mahdi, a local businessman who owned a textile shop. In early 2015, Priya opened the Al Aman Medical Clinic, a 14-bed facility, financing the move with money she and her husband had borrowed.<ref name=":1" />

After the [[Yemeni civil war (2014–present)|Yemeni civil war]] broke out in March 2015, Priya was resolved to stay in the country, considering the amount of money she had invested into her clinic. Priya also began having issues with her business partner, Mahdi; according to Priya, he stole funds from her, threatened her physically, and claimed at times to be her husband.<ref name=":1" /> He also confiscated her passport and documents and prevented her from speaking to her family in India.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2024-06-20 |title=Nimisha Priya case: What is 'blood money' in Islamic law? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/nimisha-priya-what-blood-money-islamic-law-9404752/ |access-date=2024-07-05 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705185722/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/nimisha-priya-what-blood-money-islamic-law-9404752/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Although Priya reported his behavior to the police in 2016, they did not intervene to help her.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Joseph |first=Neethu |date=2020-08-25 |title=He tortured me for 2 yrs: Indian woman on death row for murder in Yemen seeks help |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/he-tortured-me-2-yrs-indian-woman-death-row-murder-yemen-seeks-help-131574 |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705185723/https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/he-tortured-me-2-yrs-indian-woman-death-row-murder-yemen-seeks-help-131574 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Murder, arrest, and prison sentence ==
In July 2017, Priya injected Talal Abdo Mahdi with [[ketamine]], causing him to die of an overdose. According to Priya and her advocates, she had planned simply to sedate Mahdi, allowing her to retrieve her passport and other documents from his control. Priya was arrested near Yemen's [[Saudi Arabia–Yemen border|border with Saudi Arabia]] in August 2017.<ref name=":3" /> At the time, news media reported falsely that the two had been married.<ref name=":1" /> Her accomplice was also arrested and sentenced to life in prison.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

In 2018, Priya was tried and convicted for the murder of Mahdi and sentenced to death.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2018-06-09 |title=Keralite nurse sentenced to death in Yemen gets solace |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2018/06/09/keralite-nurse-sentenced-death-yemen-reprieve.html |access-date=2024-07-05 |work=[[OnManorama]] |archive-date=2024-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705185722/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2018/06/09/keralite-nurse-sentenced-death-yemen-reprieve.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Indian Supreme Court]] lawyer K. R. Subhash Chandran, Priya's trial was held entirely in Arabic, which Priya does not speak, and she was not given an interpreter or a lawyer. Chandran and other supporters of Priya have called for a retrial due to these factors.<ref name=":1" /> In June 2018, Priya was moved from Al Bayda jail to a prison in Sanaa.<ref name=":4" />
In 2020, Priya was again tried, with an identical outcome.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-06 |title=India pumps up efforts to save Kerala nurse from execution in Yemen |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/india-pumps-efforts-save-nurse-execution-yemen |work=[[The New Arab]]|publisher=[[Fadaat Media]]}}</ref> That same year, the Save Nimisha Priya International Action Council was formed by Priya's relatives and other supporters. Since its formation, the group has worked to negotiate for Priya's release.<ref name=":2" />

While in prison, Priya has established bonds with her fellow female inmates, who have also supported her potential release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-25 |title=Kerala nurse sentenced to death meets mother in Yemen jail after 11 years |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/indians-abroad/story/indian-nurse-nimisha-priya-family-travelled-yemen-sanaa-death-row-murder-blood-money-sharia-law-2531638-2024-04-25 |access-date=2024-07-05 |work=[[India Today]]|publisher=[[Living Media India]] |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705185709/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/indians-abroad/story/indian-nurse-nimisha-priya-family-travelled-yemen-sanaa-death-row-murder-blood-money-sharia-law-2531638-2024-04-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2023, Yemen's Supreme Judicial Council rejected Priya's appeal.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In April 2024, Priya's mother, husband, and daughter were able to visit Yemen, with plans to meet with Priya and to speak with Mahdi's family to arrange her release. The three had previously been unable to visit Yemen, as in 2017 India banned citizens from traveling to Yemen without special permission.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandey |first=Geeta |date=2024-04-23 |title=Nimisha Priya: Family of Indian nurse on death row in Yemen to seek pardon |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68879275 |access-date=2024-07-05 |work=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB |archive-date=2024-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705185722/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68879275 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Priya and her mother were able to meet on 24 April.<ref name=":0" />

Advocates for Priya's release have worked to raise money to offer to Mahdi's family as [[Blood money in Islam|blood money]] in return for her release.<ref name=":1" /> By June 2024, US$40,000 had been raised for Priya's release, half of which was then transferred to the Indian Embassy in Sanaa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nimisha Priya case: Funds to initiate discussion with victim's family transferred to Yemen |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/06/25/nimisha-priya-yemen-funds-transferred.html |access-date=2024-07-05 |work=[[OnManorama]] |archive-date=2024-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705185722/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/06/25/nimisha-priya-yemen-funds-transferred.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Negotiations stalled by September 2024.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-03 |title=Will Iran be a saviour of Nimisha Priya, Indian nurse on death row in Yemen? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/will-iran-be-a-saviour-of-nimisha-priya-indian-nurse-on-death-row-in-yemen-13849472.html |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=[[Firstpost]]|publisher=[[Network18 Group]] |language=en-us |archive-date=2025-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103181009/https://www.firstpost.com/world/will-iran-be-a-saviour-of-nimisha-priya-indian-nurse-on-death-row-in-yemen-13849472.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In late December 2024, Yemeni president [[Rashad al-Alimi]] approved Priya's death sentence, with her execution, at that time, expected to be held sometime in January 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-01 |title=Amid diplomatic efforts, Nimisha Priyas husband says ready to pay blood money |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/amid-diplomatic-efforts-nimisha-priyas-husband-says-ready-to-pay-blood-money/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103181009/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/amid-diplomatic-efforts-nimisha-priyas-husband-says-ready-to-pay-blood-money/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-03 |title='Last-min pardon' the hope for kin of nurse on Yemen death row |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/last-min-pardon-the-hope-for-kin-of-nurse-on-yemen-death-row/articleshow/116894697.cms |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2025-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102193624/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/last-min-pardon-the-hope-for-kin-of-nurse-on-yemen-death-row/articleshow/116894697.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Indian officials have stated they are continuing to explore options to free Priya or prevent her death.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-03 |title=Closely following developments: MEA on Nimisha Priya case |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/closely-following-developments-mea-on-nimisha-priya-case-3340645 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> An Iranian official also indicated that Iran was also willing to help Priya.<ref name=":5" /> Priya's mother remained in Sanaa as of June 2025, continuing to work on negotiations with Mahdi's family.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Mogul |first=Rhea |date=2025-07-15 |title=An Indian family’s fight to save this mother from execution in war-torn Yemen |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/15/india/india-nimisha-priya-execution-yemen-intl-hnk |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> Her scheduled execution on 16 July 2025 was postponed by authorities.<ref> {{Cite news |date=2025-07-15 |title=Nimisha Priya: Yemen postpones execution of Kerala nurse on death row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8j1vnw20pjo |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-gb}}</ref> As of the postponement, supporters had raised US$58,000 to negotiate her release.<ref name=":6" />

Priya's sentence was criticized by [[Amnesty International]] in July 2025, who called for all death sentences of prisoners in Yemen to be [[Commutation (law)|commuted]].<ref name=":6" />

== Personal life ==
In 2011, Priya returned to Kerala after her family arranged her marriage. She and her husband then returned to Yemen. After Priya gave birth to her daughter in December 2012, the family struggled to make enough money. In 2014, Priya's husband returned to India with their daughter.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian criminals]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Indian female murderers]]
[[Category:Indian murderers]]
[[Category:Indian nurses]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned abroad]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to death]]
[[Category:Indian women nurses]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to death by Yemen]]
[[Category:Women sentenced to death]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Yemen]]
[[Category:21st-century nurses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian murderers]]

Abdu'l-Aziz Khan

2026-02-14T19:25:13Z

Aspjack: data!

'''Abdu'l-Aziz Khan''' may refer to:

* [[Abd al-Aziz Khan (Bukhara)]] (1614–1683), ruler of the Khanate of Bukhara (1645–1680)
* [[Abdulaziz]] (1830–1876), Ottoman sultan
* [[Abdul Aziz Khan (cricketer)]] (fl. 1912–1926)
* [[Abdul Aziz Khan Kaka]], Pashtun Nationalist representing freedom fighters against the British Raj

{{hndis}}

Durgeshnandini

2026-02-14T12:44:23Z

Aspjack: add structure for consistency and added references for accuracy

{{short description|Novel by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay}}
{{For|the Indian television series|Durgesh Nandinii}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{infobox book | 
| name = Durgeshnandini
| title_orig = দুর্গেশনন্দিনী
| translator =
| image =
| caption =
| author = [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[British India|India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| series =
| genre = [[Novel]]
| publisher =
| release_date = 1865
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print
| pages =
| isbn =
| oclc=
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''Durgeshnandini''''' ({{langx|bn|দুর্গেশনন্দিনী|4=Daughter of the Feudal Lord}}<ref name = sukumarseneng/>) is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Historical fiction|historical]] [[Romance novel|romance]] [[novel]] written by [[British India|Indian]] writer [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] in 1865.<ref name=asit>{{cite book |last1= Bandyopadhyay|first1= Asit Kumar |title= Bangla Sahityer Itibritta|trans-title=History of Bengali Literature |edition= 3rd |volume=VIII |year=2007 |orig-year= 1998 |publisher= Modern Book Agency Pvt Ltd |location=Kolkata |language=bn |pages=493–502 }}</ref> ''Durgeshnandini'' is a story of the love triangle between Jagat Singh, a [[Mughal Empire]] general, Tilottama, the daughter of a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] feudal lord and Ayesha, the daughter of a rebel [[Pathan]] leader against whom Jagat Singh was fighting. The story is set against the backdrop of [[Pathan]]-[[Mughal (tribe)|Mughal]] conflicts that took place in south-western region of modern-day Indian state of Paschimbanga ([[West Bengal]]) during the reign of [[Akbar]].<ref name=asit/>

''Durgeshnandini'' is the first Bengali novel written by Bankim Chandra as well as the first major Bengali novel in the history of Bengali literature.<ref name=asit/> The story of the novel was borrowed from some local legends of [[Arambag subdivision|Arambag]] region, [[Hooghly district]], Paschimbanga, collected by Bankim Chandra’s great-uncle.<ref name=sansad>{{cite book |editor1-last=Bagal |editor1-link=Jogeshchandra |title=Bankim Rachanavali |trans-title= Complete Works of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay |edition= 20th |volume=I |year= 2003|orig-year=1953 |publisher=Sahitya Sansad |location= Kolkata|language=bn |isbn= 81-85626-13-8 |pages=XXX-XXXII |trans-chapter=On Novels |chapter= Upanyas-Prasange }}</ref> Although the conservative critics mocked the lucidity of Bankim Chandra’s language, ''Durgeshnandini'' was highly praised by most of the contemporary scholars and newspapers.<ref name=sansad/>

== Synopsis ==
The story is set in the backdrop of [[Pathan]]-[[Mughal (tribe)|Mughal]] conflicts that took place in south-western region of modern-day Indian state of Paschimbanga ([[West Bengal]]) during the reign of [[Akbar]]. Jagat Singh, a General of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] army and son of Raja [[Man Singh I|Man Singh]] meets Tilottama, daughter of Birendra Singha, a feudal lord of south-western [[Bengal]] in [[Mandaran]] (in modern-day [[Hooghly district]], [[West Bengal]]) and they fall in love with each other. While they are preparing for a marriage ceremony, Katlu Khan, a rebel [[Pathan]] leader attacks Mandaran. Birendra Singha dies in the battle and Jagat Singh is imprisoned along with Birendra’s widow Bimala and their daughter Tilottama. Katlu Khan’s daughter Ayesha saves Tilottama from her father’s lust, but Ayesha herself falls in love with Jagat Singh. Later, Bimala avenges her husband’s death by stabbing Katlu Khan. In the meantime, Man Singh signs a pact with the Pathans and they set Jagat Singh free. But Ayesha’s lover Osman challenges Jagat Singh in a duel which Jagat Singh wins. Realising that Jagat Singh who is a Hindu prince would never marry a Muslim woman, Ayesha gives up hope for him, but she eventually helps Tilottama marry Jagat Singh.

== Sources ==
[[Sukumar Sen (linguist)|Sukumar Sen]] commented, "[[Bhudev Mukhopadhyay|Bhudev Mukharji]]’s ''Anguriyabinimay'' supplied the nucleus of the plot [of ''Durgeshnandini''] which was modelled somewhat after [[Walter Scott|Scott]]’s ''[[Ivanhoe]]''."<ref name = sukumarseneng>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Sukumar |title= History of Bengali |edition=3rd |year= 1979 |orig-year=1960 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |location= [[New Delhi]] |isbn= 81-7201-107-5|pages=211–12 }}</ref>

Although, Bankim Chandra’s younger brother Purna Chandra Chattopadhyay stated that their great-uncle told Bankim Chandra of a popular legend of Mandaran which he collected from [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]-[[Arambag]] region. According to the legend, the Pathans attacked the fort of the local feudal lord and took him and his wife and daughter to Orissa as prisoners and when Jagat Singh was sent to rescue them, he was also imprisoned. Bankim Chandra heard the story when he was 19 years old and after a few years he wrote ''Durgeshnandini''.<ref name=sansad/>

Bankim Chandra himself dismissed any presumption of whether his novel was influenced by ''[[Ivanhoe]]'', stating he never read Scott’s romance before writing ''Durgeshnandini''.<ref name=sansad/> [[Asitkumar Bandyopadhyay]] also wrote that apart from the love-triangle between Jagat Singh, Ayesha and Tilottama which closely resembles that of Ivanhoe, Rebecca and Rowena in ''Ivanhoe'', there is not much similarity between the two novels.<ref name=asit/> He thus concluded that ''Durgeshnandini'' is Bankim Chandra’s original work.<ref name=asit/>

==Date and text==
13 editions of the novel were published during the lifetime of Bankim Chandra, the last being in 1893.<ref name=sansad/> It was translated into English (1882), [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] (1876), [[Hindi language|Hindi]] (1882) and [[Kannada language|Kannada]] (1885).<ref name=sansad/> It was first adopted for stage in 1873.<ref name=sansad/>

==Reception==
''Durgeshnandini'' received mixed response from contemporary critics. While the [[Sanskrit]] scholars of [[Bhatpara]] appreciated the novel, scholars of [[Calcutta]] did not.<ref name=sansad/> Dwarakanath Vidyabhushan, the editor of ''Somprakash'' mocked Bankim Chandra’s lucid language and unconventional style; although ''[[Sambad Prabhakar]]'' and some other contemporary newspapers highly praised the novel.<ref name=sansad/>

Sukumar Sen wrote, "…the tale was something that was wholly new and entirely delightful. The pseudo-historical background was a justification for a pure love romance intended for readers who knew only married love."<ref name = sukumarseneng/>

==In adaptation==

=== Films ===

;Bengali
*1927: ''Durgesh Nandini'', starring Durgadas Bannerjee, [[Kanu Banerjee|Kanu Bannerjee]], [[Ahindra Choudhury]], Indira Devi, [[Seeta Devi (actress)|Sita Devi]], directed by Priyanath N. Ganguly.<ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q58434973|title=Durgesh Nandini}}</ref>
*1951: ''Durgesh Nandini'', starring [[Monoranjan Bhattacharya|Manoranjan Bhattacharya]], [[Chhabi Biswas]], Bharati Devi, [[Chandrabati Devi]], [[Kamal Mitra]], directed by [[Amar Mullick]].<ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q123537203|title=Durgesh Nandini}}</ref>

;Hindi
*1956: ''Durgesh Nandini'', starring [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Bina Rai]], [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]], [[Nalini Jaywant]] directed by B. Mitra.<ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q123537199|title=Durgesh Nandini}}</ref>

=== Television ===

* 2007: [[Durgesh Nandinii]], starring [[Rinku Ghosh]] and [[Gurpreet Singh (actor)|Gurpreet Singh]], aired on [[Sony TV (India)|Sony TV]]. Only the title is borrowed with a different story.

=== Other ===
*It was adapted as a comic by Debrani Mitra in the [[List of Amar Chitra Katha comics|824th issue]] of the Indian comic book series, [[Amar Chitra Katha]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Debrani Mitra|author2=Meera Ugra|title=Durgesh Nandini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbpJDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|date=1 April 1971|publisher=Amar Chitra Katha Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-81-8482-568-8}}</ref>
*On 11 June 2023, [[Radio Mirchi]] Kolkata station aired the novel in the ''Sunday Suspense'' programme. The novel was narrated and Directed by RJ Deep. Other RJs like Shankari Prasad Mitra, Debasmita, Godhuli, Debi, Pushpal, Somak, Rajiv Chatterjee, Mohor, etc. played some key roles.<ref>{{cite AV media |people= RJ Deep (Director) |date=11 June 2023 |title= Durgeshnandini - The Complete Saga |type= |language=bn |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4q6dxEJves |format=Audio |time= |location=Kolkata |publisher=[[Radio Mirchi]] Kolkata}}</ref>

== References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive|id=Durgeshnandini}}
* {{Google books|id=PobpAgAAQBAJ}} (English translation)

{{Novels by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1865 novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
[[Category:Indian historical novels]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Indian historical novels in Bengali]]
[[Category:Indian Bengali-language novels]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Novels adapted into comics]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian novels]]
[[Category:Bengali-language novels]]

Karshapana

2026-02-12T18:24:17Z

Aspjack: page updated

{{Short description|Ancient Indian coins}}
[[File:Kosala Karshapana.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Kosala]] karshapanas. Circa 525–465 BCEE. Average diameter 25mm, average weight 2.70 gm. Each piece with a variety of separate punch-marks applied to both sides.]]
[[File:I17 1karshapana Sunga MACW4325 1ar (8485402873).jpg|thumb|250px|A silver coin of 1 karshapana of King [[Pushyamitra Sunga]] (185–149 BCE) of the [[Sunga dynasty]] (185–73 BCE), workshop of [[Vidisa]] (?). '''Obv:''' 5 symbols including a sun '''Rev:''' 2 symbols '''Dimensions:''' 19.7 x 13.87 mm '''Weight:''' 3.5 g.]]
[[File:I42 1karshapana Maurya Bindusara MACW4165 1ar (8486583162).jpg|thumb|250px|A silver coin of 1 karshapana of the Maurya empire, period of [[Bindusara]] (c. 297–272 BCE), workshop of Pataliputra. '''Obv:''' Symbols with a Sun '''Rev:''' Symbol '''Dimensions:''' 14 x 11 mm '''Weight:''' 3.4 g.]]
'''Karshapana''' ({{langx|sa|कार्षापण}}, [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Kārṣāpaṇa''), according to the [[Ashtadhyayi]] of [[Pāṇini|Panini]], refers to ancient Indian [[Coin|coins]] current during the 6th century BCE onwards,{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} which were unstamped and stamped (''āhata'') metallic pieces whose validity depended on the integrity of the person authenticating them. It is commonly supposed by scholars that they were first issued by merchants and bankers rather than the state. They contributed to the development of trade since they obviated the need for weighing of metal during exchange. ''Kārṣāpaṇas'' were basically silver pieces stamped with one to five or six ''rūpas'' ('symbols') originally only on the obverse side of the coins initially issued by the [[Janapadas]] and [[Mahajanapadas]], and generally carried minute mark or marks to testify their legitimacy. Silver punch-marked coins ceased to be minted sometime in the second century BCE but exerted a wide influence for next five centuries.<ref>{{cite book|title=Coins|author=Parmeshwari Lal Gupta|publisher=National Book Trust|pages=7–11|url=http://www.nbtindia.gov.in/books_detail__8__india-the-land-and-the-people__38__coins.nbt|access-date=2015-02-13|archive-date=2015-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213091340/http://www.nbtindia.gov.in/books_detail__8__india-the-land-and-the-people__38__coins.nbt|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Ghosh |first=Amalananda |title=An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wba-EZhZcfgC&pg=PA10 |year=1990 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-09264-1 |page=10}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The punch-marked coins were called "''Kārṣāpaṇa''" because they weighed one kārsha each.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Coins of Karnataka|author=A.V.Narsimha Murthy|year=1975|publisher=Geetha Book House|page=19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPoXAAAAMAAJ&q=karshapana }}</ref>

==History==
The period of the origin of the [[punch-marked coins]] is not yet known, but their origin was indigenous.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

===Literary References===
The word, ''Kārṣāpaṇa'', first appears in the [[Sutra|Sutra literature]], in the ''Samvidhān Brāhmana''. Coins bearing this name were in circulation during the ''Sutra'' and the ''Brāhmana period'' and also find a mention in the early [[Buddhist]] ([[Dhammapada]] verse 186):<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Dhammapada: Verses and Stories |url=https://www.tipitaka.net/tipitaka/dhp/verseload.php?verse=186 |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=www.tipitaka.net |archive-date=2022-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126080201/http://www.tipitaka.net/tipitaka/dhp/verseload.php?verse=186 |url-status=live }}</ref>

: ''Na kahapana vassena titti kamesu vijjati appassada dukha kama iti vinnaya pandito.''
: "Not by a shower of coins can sensual desires be satiated; sensual desires give little pleasure and are fraught with evil consequences (dukkha)."
and [[Persian language|Persian]] texts of that period.{{cn|date=March 2022}}

[[Patanjali|Patanjali's]] mid 2nd century BCE commentary, [[Mahabhashya]], on ''vārttikas'' of [[Kātyāyana]], on [[Pāṇini|Pāṇini's]], c. 400 BCE, [[Pāṇini#Ashtadhyayi|Aṣṭādhyāyī]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scharf |first=Peter M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qh4LAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 |title=The Denotation of Generic Terms in Ancient Indian Philosophy: Grammar, Nyāya, and Mīmāṃsā |date=1996 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |isbn=978-0-87169-863-6 |language=en}}</ref> likely composed at [[Salatura]], in the [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley|Achaemenid]] satrapy of [[Gandāra]], uses the word, "''Kārṣāpaṇa''", to mean a coin –

:कार्षापणशो ददाति
:"He gives by the Kārṣāpaṇa coin" or
:
:कार्षापणम् ददाति
:"He gives a Kārṣāpaṇa",

while explaining the use of the suffix – शस् taken up by Pāṇini in Sutra V.iv.43, in this case, कार्षापण + शः to indicate distributivity.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Ashtadhyayi of Panini Vol.2|year=1962|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=998|isbn=9788120804111|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UTChci828qoC&dq=karshapana&pg=PA998 }}</ref>

The'' [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] '' speaks about ''Kārṣāpaṇas'' weighing 100 ratis which kind were found buried at Taxila by John Marshall in 1912.

===Finds===
The Golakpur ([[Patna]]) find pertains to the period of [[Ajatashatru]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Bhārat kī prāchīn mudrāyen (Ancient coins of India) 1998 Edition|author=Anand Singh|year=1995|publisher=Sharda Pustak Bhavan, Allahabad|pages= 41–42|isbn=8186204091}}</ref>

The [[Bhir Mound]] finds (1924-1945), at [[Taxila]] (present day Pakistan), includes Maurya coins and a coin of [[Diodotus I]] (255-239 BCE) issued in 248 BCE.<ref>{{cite book|title=Coins|author=Parmeshwari Lal Gupta|publisher=National Book Trust|pages=17–20, 239–240|url=http://www.nbtindia.gov.in/books_detail__8__india-the-land-and-the-people__38__coins.nbt|access-date=2015-02-13|archive-date=2015-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213091340/http://www.nbtindia.gov.in/books_detail__8__india-the-land-and-the-people__38__coins.nbt|url-status=live}}</ref>

The, c.380 BCE, [[Kabul hoard|Chaman Hazuri hoard (Kabul)]] includes two varieties of punch-marked Indian coins along with numerous Greek coins of 5th and early 4th centuries BCE,<ref name="Bopearachchi & Cribb Chaman Hazouri">{{harvnb|Bopearachchi & Cribb, Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia|1992|pp=57–59}}: "The most important and informative of these hoards is the Chaman Hazouri hoard from Kabul discovered in 1933, which contained royal Achaemenid sigloi from the western part of the Achaemenid Empire, together with a large number of Greek coins dating from the fifth and early fourth century BC, including a local imitation of an Athenian tetradrachm, all apparently taken from circulation in the region."</ref> thereby indicating that those kind of ''Kārṣāpaṇas'' were contemporaneous to the Greek coins and in circulation as legal tender.<ref>{{cite book|title=Recording the Progress of Indian History|year=2012|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=9789380607283|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4SzQL1uds4C&dq=karshapana&pg=PA414 }}</ref>

===Mauryan Period===
During the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan Period]], the punch-marked coin called ''Rūpyārūpa'', which was same as ''Kārṣāpaṇa'' or ''Kahāpana'' or ''Prati'' or ''Tangka'', was made of alloy of silver (11 parts), copper (4 parts) and any other metal or metals (1 part).The early indigenous Indian coins were called ''Suvarṇa'' (made of gold), ''Purāṇa'' or ''Dhārana'' (made of silver) and ''Kārṣāpaṇa'' (made of copper). The Golakpur (Patna) find is mainly pre-Maurya, possibly of the [[Nanda Empire|Nanda era]], and appear to have been re-validated to make them kośa- praveśya (legal tender); the coins bearing larger number of marks are thought to be older in origin. The Maurya Empire was definitely based upon money-economy.<ref>{{cite book|title=Chandragupta Maurya and his times|author=Radhakumud Mookerji|year=1966|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|pages=106, 107, 215, 212|isbn=9788120804050|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&dq=karshapana&pg=PA213 }}</ref> The punch-marked copper coins were called ''paṇa''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Sculpture|date=January 1986|publisher=University of California Press|page=67|isbn=9780520059917|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=clUmKaWRFTkC&dq=karshapana&pg=PA67 }}</ref> This type of coins were in circulation much before the occupation of [[Punjab]] by the Greeks <ref>{{cite book|title=Coins of Ancient India|author=Alexander Cunnigham|date=December 1996|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=47|isbn=9788120606067|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QOM2-rdspM8C&dq=karshapana&pg=PA47 }}</ref> who even carried them away to their own homeland.<ref>{{cite book|title=Into the Land of Bones|year=2005|author=Frank L. Holt|publisher=University of California Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/intolandofbones00fran/page/161 161]|isbn=9780520245532|url=https://archive.org/details/intolandofbones00fran |url-access=registration|quote=karshapana.}}</ref> Originally, they were issued by traders as blank silver bent-bars or pieces; the Magadha silver punch-marked ''Kārṣāpaṇa'' of Ajatashatru of [[Haryanka dynasty]] was a royal issue bearing five marks and weighing fifty-four grains, the [[Vedic]] weight called ''kārsha'' equal to sixteen ''māshas''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India in Historical Outline|author=D.D.Kosambi|year=1994|page=124,129|publisher=Vikas |isbn=9780706986136|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Quk_M98wyAMC&dq=karshapana&pg=PA124 }}</ref>

Even during the [[Indus Valley Civilization|Harappan Period]] (ca 2300 BCE) silver was extracted from ''argentiferous galena''. Silver ''Kārṣāpaṇas'' show lead impurity but no association with gold.

The internal chronology of ''Kārṣāpaṇa'' and the marks of distinction between the coins issued by the Janapadas and the Magadhan issues is not known, the [[Arthashastra]] of [[Chanakya|Kautilya]] speaks about the role of the ''Lakshanadhyaksha'' ('the Superintendent of Mint') who knew about the symbols and the ''Rupadarshaka'' ('Examiner of Coins'), but has remained silent with regard to the construction, order, meaning and background of the punched symbols on these coins hence their exact identification and dating has not been possible.<ref>{{cite book|title=Aspects of Ancient Indian Technology|author=hari C. Bhardwaj|year=1979|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|pages=140, 142|isbn=9788120830400|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pLqo5bu_q_sC&dq=lakshanadhyaksha&pg=PA142|access-date=2021-12-11|archive-date=2024-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131150342/https://books.google.com/books?id=pLqo5bu_q_sC&dq=lakshanadhyaksha&pg=PA142#v=onepage&q=lakshanadhyaksha&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

The term ''Kārṣhāpaṇa'' referred to gold, silver and copper coins weighing 80 ''ratis'' or 146.5 grains; these coins, the earliest square in shape, followed the ancient Indian system of described in [[Manu Smriti]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Foreign Impact on Indian Life and Culture|author=S.N.Naskar|year=1996|publisher=Abhinav Publications|page=186, 203|isbn=9788170172987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuEBGgRHHuIC&dq=karshapana&pg=PA193|access-date=2021-12-11|archive-date=2024-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131150347/https://books.google.com/books?id=SuEBGgRHHuIC&dq=karshapana&pg=PA193#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Use of money was known to Vedic people much before 700 BCE. The words, ''Nishka'' and ''Krishnala'', denoted money, and ''Kārṣāpaṇas'', as standard coins, were regularly stored in the royal treasuries.<ref>{{cite book|title=Lectures on Ancient Indian Numismatics|author=D.R.Bhandarkar|year=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|pages=55, 62, 79|isbn=9788120605497|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n05XoH6sc6gC&dq=karshapana&pg=PA87|access-date=2021-12-11|archive-date=2024-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131150342/https://books.google.com/books?id=n05XoH6sc6gC&dq=karshapana&pg=PA87#v=onepage&q=karshapana&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

The local silver punch-marked coins, included in the Bhabhuā and Golakpur finds, were issued by the Janapadas and were in circulation during the rule of the Brihadratha dynasty which was succeeded by the [[Haryanka dynasty]] in 684 BCE; these coins show four punch-marks - the sun-mark, the six-armed symbol, arrows (three) and taurine (three) which were current even during the rule of [[Bimbisara]] (c. 492-c.460 BCE). [[Ajatashatru]] (552-520 BCE) issued the first Imperial coins of six punch-marks with the addition of the bull and the lion. The successors of Ajatashatru who ruled between 520 and 440 BCE and the later [[Shishunaga dynasty]] and the [[Nanda dynasty]] issued coins of five symbols – the sun-mark, the six-armed symbol and any three of the 450 symbols. The Maurya coins also have five symbols – the sun-mark, the six-armed symbol, three-arched hill with a crescent at the top, a branch of a tree at the corner of a four-squared railing and a bull with taurine in front. Punch-marked copper coins were first issued during the rule of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] or [[Bindusara]].

==Numismatic study==
While subcontinental punchmarked coins were initially ignored by Western numismatics, British colonial administrators James Princep and Alexander Cunningham published initial findings in the 19th century. Indian numismatists followed with a deeper examination of karshapana, notably Durga Prasad, D.D. Kosambi,<ref>Kosambi, D.D. 1948-1949. Chronological order of punchmarked coins I. ''Journal of the Bengal Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 24-25'', pp. 33-48.</ref> A.S. Altekar, and Parmeshwari Lal Gupta.<ref>Gupta, P.L. 1955. A bibliography of the hoards of punchmarked coins of ancient India. ''Numismatic Society of India''. Monograph 2. Varanasi.</ref> Gupta and Hardaker's ''Punchmarked coinage of the Indian subcontinent: Magadha-Mauryan series'', last updated in 2014, is the most complete catalog of karshapana for those issuers but does not include other ancient punchmarked coins.<ref>Gupta, P.L. & T. Hardaker. 2014. ''Punchmarked Coins of the Indian Subcontinent: Magadha-Mauryan Series''. IIRNS Publication. Mumbai.</ref>

Gupta and Hardaker classify punchmarked coins into nine series (0-VIII), analyze evidence from eleven "hoards" (buried coin deposits), and present illustrated tables of 625 unique marks found on the coins, and an illustrated catalog of 649 coin types. By careful consultation of this reference, most silver punchmarked coins can be identified.<ref>Gupta, P.L. & T. Hardaker. 2014. ''Punchmarked Coins of the Indian Subcontinent: Magadha-Mauryan Series.'' IIRNS Publication. Mumbai.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |last1=Bopearachchi |first1=Osmund |author-link=Osmund Bopearachchi|last2=Cribb |first2=Joe |article=Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia |editor1-last=Errington |editor1-first=Elizabeth |editor2-last=Cribb |editor2-first=Joe |editor3-last=Claringbull |editor3-first=Maggie |title=The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLpAAAAMAAJ |pages=57–59|year=1992 |publisher=Ancient India and Iran Trust |isbn=978-0-9518399-1-1 |ref={{sfnref|Bopearachchi & Cribb, Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia|1992}}}}

{{Historic Indian currency and coinage}}

[[Category:Ancient currencies]]
[[Category:Coins of India]]
[[Category:Ancient India]]
[[Category:Historical currencies of India]]

Naba Kishore Ray

2026-02-08T17:59:24Z

Aspjack: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Naba Kishore Ray
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1940|12|5}}
| birth_place = [[Odisha]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age |df=yes|2013|5|8 |1940|12|5}}
| death_place =
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Theoretical chemistry]] | [[Computational chemistry]] }}
| workplaces =
| alma_mater =
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on structure of molecules
| awards = {{ublist | 1983 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] }}
}}
'''Naba Kishore Ray''' (1940- 2013)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/deceased.htm |title=Deceased Honorary Fellows, Foreign Fellows and Fellows |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528102550/http://www.nasi.org.in/deceased.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> was an Indian theoretical and computational chemist, known for his studies on structure of molecules.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=18 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> Born on 5 December 1940 in the Indian state of [[Odisha]],<ref name="Odiya Celebrities">{{Cite web |url=http://www.odiya.org/personality/personality.shtml |title=Odiya Celebrities |date=2016 |publisher=Odiya.org |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306153914/http://www.odiya.org/personality/personality.shtml |archive-date=6 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> he studied molecules using molecular orbital and floating spherical gaussian orbital methods and his work on the nature of electron density and momentum distribution in atoms and molecules as well as molecular reactivitity on surfaces are reported to have widened the understanding of the subjects.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf |title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1983, for his contributions to chemical sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Theoretical chemistry]]
* [[Computational chemistry]]
{{portal|India|Chemistry}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite book|author=Alan Hinchliffe|title=Chemical Modelling: Applications and Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Wx-4vQJb98C&pg=PA309|year=2008|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=978-0-85404-248-7|pages=309–}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Naba Kishore}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Odisha]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Indian theoretical chemists]]
[[Category:Indian computational chemists]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]

Delhi Gate, Red Fort

2026-02-06T15:00:35Z

Aspjack: Adding the data w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Coord|28.651985|77.240105|display=title}}
[[File:Delhi Gate, Red Fort.jpg|thumb|Delhi Gate, the second entrance to the Red Fort]]
The '''Delhi Gate''' is an entrance to the [[Red Fort]] in [[Old Delhi]] and is on the Fort's southern wall. The gate received its name from the Fort's city. The primary gate is the [[Lahori Gate (Red Fort)|Lahori Gate]], which is very similar in appearance.

The gate was constructed under [[Shah Jahan]]. It was provided with a 10.5 high metre [[barbican]] by [[Aurangzeb]], facing west.

The gateway consists of three stories and is decorated with square, rectangular, and [[Multifoil arch|cusped arched]] panels. These panels are flanked by semi-octagonal towers crowned by two open octagonal pavilions. Red sandstone adorns the gate while the pavilion roofs are in white stone.
Between the two pavilions is a screen of miniature ''[[chhatri]]s'' with seven miniature marble domes. Flame-shaped battlements encompass the wall.

Near it on the right the last emperor was imprisoned after September 1857. Between the inner and outer gates stand two large stone elephants without riders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chrisputro.com/indianepal/may14.htm|title=May 14: Delhi|publisher=chrisputro.com|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> They were replaced here by the gift of [[Lord Curzon]]. Beyond the southern glacis of the fort, on which a cross marks the site of the old cemetery, are the gardens and cantonment of Darya-ganj. The latter is bounded on the west by the Faiz Bazar leading to the Delhi Gate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/handbooktravelle00john#page/196|title=A handbook for travellers in India, Burma, and Ceylon .|publisher=|accessdate=12 October 2016}}</ref>

== History ==
The '''Delhi Gate''' was commissioned by [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]] as part of his new capital [[Shahjahanabad]] (Old Delhi) in the 17th century. The [[Red Fort|Red Fort’s]] walls were laid out on an octagonal plan, with the western [[Lahori Gate, Red Fort, Delhi|Lahori Gate]] and southern Delhi Gate as the two main gateways.<ref name="Fading">{{Cite news |date=2025-05-27 |title=The fading gates of Delhi’s walled past |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/the-fading-gates-of-delhi-s-walled-past-101748283919994.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528140823/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/the-fading-gates-of-delhi-s-walled-past-101748283919994.html |archive-date=2025-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-28 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> Shah Jahan’s chief architect, [[Ustad Ahmad Lahori]], designed the Fort’s gates in the ornate Shahjahani idiom. The Delhi Gate was built of brick faced with red sandstone, rising in three stories with an arched central passage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bourne |first=Samuel |title=The Delhi Gate of the Fort at Agra |date=1860 |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O128716/the-delhi-gate-of-the-photograph-bourne-samuel/ |access-date=2025-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The house of royalty in all its splendour |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/house-royalty-all-its-splendour-2182481 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

In its early use the Delhi Gate served a functional role. As the UNESCO World Heritage dossier notes, the Lahori Gate was the ceremonial entrance used by visitors and the emperor himself, whereas the Delhi Gate was "used mainly by soldiers and all other people working in the fort".<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000163061 |title=The Red Fort Complex (India) |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref> Two large marble elephants, which were originally positioned between the outer and inner gate arche had been part of the gateway’s ensemble. According to [[Alexander Cunningham|Alexander Cunningham’s]] Archaeological Survey of India reports (1860s), these black marble elephants (each bearing a red sandstone rider carved as [[Rajput]] hero [[Jaimal Rathore|Jaimal]] and [[Pata (sword)|Patta]]) were brought from [[Agra]] and stood at Delhi Gate. They were removed during or after the rebellion and displayed elsewhere, but around 1900 [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], the [[Governor-General of India|British Viceroy]], ordered the elephants reinstalled at the gate.<ref name="Buscar">{{Cite web |title=Buscar assunto |url=https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Portal de Periódicos da CAPES |language=pt-br}}</ref>

Through the 20th century, the Delhi Gate remained government property. After [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]] in 1947, the Red Fort became a symbol of sovereignty and the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] now hoists the flag at the Lahori Gate every [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-07 |title=Red Fort of Delhi- India |url=https://srimalfernando.wordpress.com/2010/07/07/red-fort-of-delhi-india/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=ආචාර්ය ශ්‍රීමාල් ප්‍රනාන්දු Dr.Srimal Fernando |language=en}}</ref> In 2025 [[Hindustan Times]] reported that gates are ruining due to negligence in maintenance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhandari |first=Varun |date=2025-05-27 |title=The fading gates of Delhi’s walled past |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/the-fading-gates-of-delhi-s-walled-past-101748283919994.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528140823/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/the-fading-gates-of-delhi-s-walled-past-101748283919994.html |archive-date=2025-05-28 |access-date=2025-06-28 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The Delhi Gate embodies the classic [[Mughal architecture|Mughal gateway form]] of the Shahjahanabad period. Its façade is built of deep red sandstone, typical of Shah Jahan’s buildings, with its two taller octagonal towers flanking a three-story central bay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archaeological Survey of India |url=https://asi.nic.in/pages/WorldHeritageRedFort |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=asi.nic.in}}</ref> Panels of carved stone and painted plaster once adorned the facade, many of them featuring floral and geometric patterns. Although many decorations have worn or been lost, the surviving workmanship reflects the fusion of [[Persianate society|Persianate motifs]] with Indian craft. In general, the Red Fort’s architecture is noted for its cusped arches, inlaid marble and pietra dura panels, and intricate jali (latticed) screens.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tola |first=Maya M. |date=2025-06-23 |title=Masterpiece Story: The Red Fort in Delhi |url=https://www.dailyartmagazine.com/the-red-fort-in-delhi/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=DailyArt Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

A set of two life-sized black marble elephants were originally placed between the outer and inner arches of the gateway. Each elephant bore a rider statue on its back, carved from red sandstone. The riders were not random figures but portrayed the legendary Rajput chieftains Jaimal and Patta, heroes of [[Chittorgarh]] who had resisted the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] in the 16th century.<ref name="Buscar"/>

== Conservation ==
The Delhi Gate today is protected as a cultural monument. It falls under the guardianship of India’s Archaeological Survey (ASI) by virtue of being a part of the Red Fort, which is a designated National Monument and UNESCO World Heritage site.<ref name="UNESCO"/> In 2003, contractors from [[Archaeological Survey of India]] removed the gilded metal finials (pinnacles) from the Delhi Gate’s domes for cleaning. At the time, critics alleged that even some historic elements were being inappropriately altered. ASI responded that the finials were to be reinstalled after cleaning. In the same period, a 19th-century water tank behind the gate was demolished, ASI justified this by saying the tank was a later ([[British Raj|British-era]]) addition not original to Shah Jahan’s design<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-11-24 |title=Structural setbacks for fort |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/structural-setbacks-for-fort/articleshow/298055.cms |access-date=2025-06-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat-inline}}

[[Category:Red Fort]]
[[Category:Gates of Delhi]]
[[Category:Mughal gates]]

Chittaranjan Yajnik

2026-02-06T06:22:01Z

Aspjack: Adding the data and citations...

{{Short description|Indian scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chittaranjan Yajnik
| image = Dr. Yajnik (13 February 2020).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Yajnik in 2020
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
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| other_names =
| occupation = [[Medical scientist]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Chittaranjan Yajnik''' is a [[Biomedical scientist|medical scientist]] from [[Pune]], India who is a specialist in [[diabetes]] research and [[maternal nutrition]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first=Juliana C. N.|last2=Malik|first2=Vasanti|last3=Jia|first3=Weiping|last4=Kadowaki|first4=Takashi|last5=Yajnik|first5=Chittaranjan S.|last6=Yoon|first6=Kun-Ho|last7=Hu|first7=Frank B.|date=2009-05-27|title=Diabetes in Asia|journal=JAMA|language=en|volume=301|issue=20|pages=2129–40|doi=10.1001/jama.2009.726|pmid=19470990|issn=0098-7484}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/2-out-of-3-IT-professionals-at-risk-for-diabetes-heart-disease-Study/articleshow/45141718.cms|title=2 out of 3 IT professionals at risk for diabetes, heart disease: Study - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/81-men-in-cities-are-vitamin-B12-deficient/articleshow/4363156.cms|title=81% men in cities are vitamin B12 deficient|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Umesh|last=Isalkar|date=5 April 2009|access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref>

Yajnik is known for his work on the topic of the ‘thin-fat’ Indian, which explains that though not [[Obesity in India|obese by international criteria]] Indians are [[Adipose tissue|adipose]] (high body fat percent). He has worked in the field of [[intrauterine]] programming of diabetes and was successful in showing possible role of maternal [[micronutrient]] nutrition in its [[aetiology]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/end-childhood-obesity/commissioners/wg-members-bios/chittaranjan-s-yajnik/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019165103/http://www.who.int/end-childhood-obesity/commissioners/wg-members-bios/chittaranjan-s-yajnik/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2014|title=WHO {{!}} Ad hoc Working Group Members|website=www.who.int|access-date=2017-09-14}}</ref>

In 2024, he was featured among the top 2% of researchers worldwide, Stanford’s 2024 top 2% list, released in collaboration with Elsevier.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Over 5,300 Indian scientists in world's top 2% rankings by Stanford| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/over-5300-indian-scientists-in-worlds-top-2-rankings-by-stanford-2606433-2024-09-25|access-date=2025-08-03 |website=India Today|date=25 September 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141019165103/http://www.who.int/end-childhood-obesity/commissioners/wg-members-bios/chittaranjan-s-yajnik/en/ Profile of Dr. Yajnik at WHO website]
* [http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/documents/india/cyajnik-pdf/ A presentation by Dr. Yajnik regarding the concept of 'Thin Fat Indian']
* {{google scholar id|l0mgRAIAAAAJ}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yajnik, Chittaranjan}}
[[Category:Indian diabetologists]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Pune]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian nutritionists]]
[[Category:Indian gynaecologists]]
[[Category:Indian pathologists]]
[[Category:Obesity researchers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]

European and Anglo-Indian Defence Association

2026-02-06T00:01:55Z

Aspjack: Adding initial stub basic info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
The '''European and Anglo-Indian Defence Association''' was a pressure group formed in British India. The group's founder and president was the industrialist [[Keswick family#John Johnstone Jardine Keswick (1842–1904)|John Johnstone Jardine Keswick]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hirschmann|first=Edwin|url=https://archive.org/details/whitemutinyilber0000hirs|title="White Mutiny": The Ilbert Bill Crisis in India and Genesis of the Indian National Congress|date=1980|publisher=Heritage|isbn=978-0-8364-0639-9|pages=114|language=en|url-access=registration|via=The Internet Archive}}</ref> The Association has been described as "primarily, the political party of India’s non-official British".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Renford|first1=Raymond K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf9tAAAAMAAJ|title=The Non-official British in India to 1920|last2=Renford|first2=Raymond K.|date=1987|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-561388-9|pages=239|language=en}}</ref> The Association was particularly well-known for opposing the [[Ilbert Bill]], and was criticised as a "Defiance" Association.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Majumdar|first=Bimanbehari|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.147654|title=Indian Political Associations And Reform Of Legislature(1818-1917) Ed. 1st|date=1959|pages=104}}</ref> Several tea and Indigo planters were members of the Association.<ref name=":0" />

The Ilbert Bill was formally introduced on 2 February 1883 in the [[Imperial Legislative Council]], during the Viceroyship of the [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|Marquess of Ripon]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roy|first=Somnath|title=Repercussions of the Ilbert Bill|date=1970|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138511|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=32|pages=94–101|jstor=44138511|issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The Bill was drafted by [[Courtenay Ilbert|Sir Courtenay Peregine Ilbert]], a member of the Council of the [[Governor-General of India]]. The Bill allowed Indian Magistrates or Sessions Judges to try European subjects in British India. In response, the European and Anglo-Indian Defence Association held its first meeting on 29 March 1883, at the [[Kolkata Town Hall|Town Hall]] of Calcutta. The Association claimed to "watch over and protect the interests and promote the welfare of the following classes of persons in India": i) Europeans, ii) [[Anglo-Indian]]s, iii) European British subjects, iv) Americans, v) Armenians, vi) Eurasians, and vii) "other associated with Europeans by a community of sympathies and interests."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXUoAAAAYAAJ|title=The Calcutta Review|date=1883|volume=77|pages=184|language=en}}</ref> The Association divided its goals into political, benevolent and economic goals,<ref name=":1" /> thus going beyond thee ambit of the Ilbert Bill.<ref name=":1" /> Nevertheless, the Association claimed that its formation was necessitated "by the introduction into the Supreme Legislative Council, without reference to them, of a Bill to deprive them of one of their most cherished rights".<ref name=":1" /> At the meeting, Keswick articulated his opposition to the Bill as follows: "when natives have so far advancedthat the wives and sisters, daughters and mothers of those of the ranks from which our native civilians are drawn can come openly into Court and give evidence, and can mix with us and with our wives in society, then there will be so much of each other's innate nature known, that Government may seriously consider about giving natives the power they now ask."<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=Reina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9BMB-d0T5MC|title=Feminist Postcolonial Theory: A Reader|last2=Mills|first2=Sara|date=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-94274-4|pages=438|language=en}}</ref> In the end, the Association's efforts succeeded in winning British and European subjects the right to trial by a jury of their own countrymen. Sir Hugh Rahere Panckridge, barrister-at-law and later judge of the Calcutta High Court observed some decades later: "No unofficial European has ever enjoyed the unquestioning confidence of his community to the same degree as "King" Keswick."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Panckridge|first=H. R.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38290|title=A Short History Of The Bengal Club|date=1927|pages=39}}</ref>

The Association continued to exist in the early 20th century, after Keswick's death. In 1908, British planters in India solicited the support of the Association to defend their interests.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.233141/page/n172/mode/2up|title=The Planters Chronicle Vol-iii (1908)|date=1908|pages=172}}</ref> According to [[Henry Cotton (civil servant)|Sir Henry Cotton]], the Association was campaigning to defend British planters accused of physically assaulting Indian workers, leading to ill-feeling between races.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cotton|first=Henry|url=http://archive.org/details/orindiai00cottnewindiarich|title=New India; or, India in transition|date=1904|publisher=London, K. Paul, Trench, Trübner, & co., ltd.|others=University of California Libraries|pages=48}}</ref> In 1909, the Association objected to the movement of Indian nationalists to boycott British goods.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.granth.33054|title=The Bombay Gazette, 16 September 1909|date=1909-09-16|publisher=The Bombay Gazette (Bombay)}}</ref> In 1912, the Association renamed itself to the European Association<ref>{{Cite book|last=|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40008|title=Descriptive Guide Book To Calcutta And Its Environs|date=1928|pages=26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Renford|first1=Raymond K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf9tAAAAMAAJ|title=The Non-official British in India to 1920|last2=Renford|first2=Raymond K.|date=1987|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-561388-9|pages=335|language=en}}</ref> and went on to have prominent Englishmen among its members.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Burton|first1=Antoinette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVbL4dUpl7AC|title=Bodies in Contact: Rethinking Colonial Encounters in World History|last2=Ballantyne|first2=Tony|date=2005-01-31|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-8645-2|pages=191|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=East And West|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70739|title=Asiatic Review New Series Vol.25 1929|date=1929|pages=271}}</ref> However, even after dropping the term "Anglo-Indian" from its name, the Association campaigned in favour of a fixed percentage of Anglo-Indian employees in the railways in India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Bipan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzAiAAAAMAAJ|title=The Indian Left: Critical Appraisals|date=1983|publisher=Vikas|isbn=978-0-7069-2103-8|pages=111|language=en}}</ref> In 1931, the president of the Association addressed [[Chatham House]] and described the Association as "the only official body representing the political opinions of the non-official Europeans in India", and possessing "the official right of access to the Government of India and the Viceroy".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Villiers|first=E.|date=1931|title=The European Association and the Future Constitution of India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3016060|journal=International Affairs |volume=10|issue=5|pages=652–665|doi=10.2307/3016060|jstor=3016060|issn=1473-8104|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Political advocacy groups in India]]
[[Category:Colonial India]]
[[Category:Colonial Indian companies]]
[[Category:British Empire]]

Tulsi Peeth edition of the Ramcharitmanas

2026-02-04T21:34:02Z

Aspjack: Adding new details

{{Short description|Critical edition of the Ramcharitmanas}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox book
|italic title=no
| name = Tulsi Peeth edition of the Ramcharitmanas
| image = Ramabhadracharya Works - Ramacaritamanasa Tulsi Pitha Samskarana (2006).jpg
| caption = Cover page of the Tulsi Peeth edition of the Ramcharitmanas
| author = [[Rambhadracharya]]
| title_orig = रामचरितमानस का श्रीतुलसीपीठ संस्करण
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]
| publisher = Shri Tulsi Peeth Seva Nyas
| pub_date = 2005
}}
{{Rambhadracharya sidebar}}
The '''Tulsi Peeth edition of the Ramcharitmanas''' is a [[Textual criticism|critical edition]] of the [[Ramcharitmanas]] edited by [[Rambhadracharya|Jagadguru Rambhadracharya]] and published by the [[Tulsi Peeth]].<ref name="toi-fia">{{cite news | title = Fury in Ayodhya over Ramcharitmanas | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Fury-in-Ayodhya-over-Ramcharitmanas-/articleshow/5185147.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811145715/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-01/india/28068936_1_seers-editions-disciples | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 August 2011 | access-date =25 April 2011 | date = 1 November 2009 | first1=Manjari | last1=Mishra | first2=V. N. | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | last2=Arora}}</ref> It has more than 3000 differences compared to the popular editions of the scripture.<ref name="zeenews">{{cite video |year= 2009|title= रामचरितमानस पर महाभारत!|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZeVonsfr7yU|language= Hindi|trans-title=Mahabharata over Ramcharitmanas|publisher= [[Zee News]]|access-date= 29 April 2012|location=[[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakoot]]}}</ref>

In November 2009 a controversy arose over this edition in Ayodhya, when the [[Akhil Bharatiya Akhara Parishad]] and [[Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas]] demanded an apology from Rambhadracharya over the Tulsi Peeth edition, accusing him of tampering with the epic.<ref name="toi-fia"/><ref name="dispute-deepens">{{cite news |date=3 November 2009 |url=http://hindi.webdunia.com/news/news/regional/0911/03/1091103099_1.htm |title=रामचरित मानस से जुड़ा विवाद गहराया |trans-title=Dispute associated with Ramcharitmanas deepens |language=Hindi |work=Webdunia |access-date=25 April 2011}}</ref> The author responded saying that he had merely edited extant copies of the epic and not modified the original epic. The dispute died down after Rambhadracharya expressed his regret for any annoyance or pain caused by the publication.<ref name="saints-calm-down">{{cite news |date=9 November 2009 |url=http://hindi.webdunia.com/news/news/regional/0911/09/1091109004_1.htm |title=रामभद्राचार्य के खेद जताने से संत पड़े ठंडे |trans-title=Saints calm down after Rambhadracharya expresses regret |language=Hindi |work=Webdunia |access-date=25 April 2011}}</ref> A writ petition was also filed against him but it was dismissed.<ref name="rcm-judgement">{{Cite journal |last1=Kant | first1=Pradeep |last2=Kumar |first2=Anil |date=19 May 2011 |title=Writ Petition No. 8023 (MB) of 2008: Shiv Asrey Asthana and others Vs Union of India and others |url=http://elegalix.allahabadhighcourt.in/elegalix/WebShowJudgment.do?judgmentID=1423192 |publisher=Allahabad High Court (Lucknow Bench) |access-date=29 September 2011}}</ref> This edition was published in 2005 by Shri Tulsi Peeth Seva Nyas.<ref name="dinkarbiblio">Dinkar 2008, pp. 40–43.</ref><ref name="nagar89">Nagar 2002, pp. 89–90.</ref>

==Differences in the Tulsi Peeth edition==
The Ramcharitmanas was composed by Tulsidas in the late sixteenth century. It has been extremely popular in northern India over the last four hundred years, and is often referred to as the "Bible of northern India" by Western Indologists.<ref name="Ramcharitmanas">The Bible of Northern India:
* Lochtefeld 2001, p. 559.
* Macfie 2004, p. vii. "The choice of the subtitle is no exaggeration. The book is indeed the Bible of Northern India".
</ref> After nearly eight years of research, Rambharacharya came up with a critical edition of the Ramcharitmanas.<ref name="toi-fia"/><ref name="pravakta-ra">{{cite web | first=Agnihotri | last=Dr. Ravindra | language=Hindi | publisher=Pravakta | title = ३०० रामायण: कथ्य और तथ्य |trans-title=300 Ramayanas: Quotes and Facts | url = http://www.pravakta.com/300-ramayana-concept-and-facts | access-date=21 November 2012 | date = 11 September 2012 | quote=लगभग दो वर्ष पूर्व तुलसीपीठ चित्रकूट के जगतगुरु रामानंदाचार्य स्वामी रामभद्राचार्य (संपूर्णानंद संस्कृत विश्वविद्यालय के स्वर्णपदक विजेता, पी-एच. डी., डी.लिट.) ने जब आठ वर्ष के अनुसंधान के बाद तुलसी कृत रामचरित मानस के उपलब्ध पुराने संस्करणों से एवं हस्तलिखित पांडुलिपियों से मिलान करके वर्तमान प्रचलित संस्करण में 3000 (तीन हज़ार) अशुद्धियों की ओर ध्यान आकृष्ट किया (अशुद्धियाँ विभिन्न प्रकार की मिलीं, जैसे, नई पंक्तियाँ जोड़ दी हैं, अर्थ बदलने के लिए अनेक शब्द बदल दिए हैं आदि) और संशोधित संस्करण (2008) तैयार किया तो उनके कार्य की सराहना करने के बजाय अखिल भारतीय अखाड़ा परिषद् के महंत ज्ञानदास, राम जन्मभूमि न्यास के नृत्य गोपालदास जैसे तमाम साधु – संत विरोध में खड़े हो गए और न्यायालय तक पहुँच गए ... स्वामी रामभद्राचार्य जी को अपने कार्य को सही बताते हुए भी 'आस्थाओं को आहत करने के लिए' क्षमा मांग कर अपनी जान छुड़ानी पड़ी.}}</ref> Rambhadracharya says he has relied extensively on older manuscripts for the text of the epic.<ref name="toi-fia"/> Ram Sagar Shukla notes the following differences in spelling, grammar, and prosodic conventions between the Tulsi Peeth edition and contemporary editions of the Ramcharitmanas.<ref name="rcmtp-prologue">Rambhadracharya (ed) 2006, pp. 1–27.</ref><ref name="wbd-tpe">{{cite news | first=Ram Sagar | last=Shukla | language=Hindi | publisher=Webdunia Hindi | title = रामचरित मानस की भाषा और वर्तनी |trans-title=Language and Spellings in the Ramcharitmanas | url = http://hindi.webdunia.com/samayik/article/article/0911/11/1091111004_1.htm | access-date =29 April 2011 | date = 9 November 2009}}</ref>

# Several present-day editions, including the one by the [[Gita Press]], consider one ''[[Chaupai (poetry)|chaupai]]'' verse to be a unit of 64 syllabic instants{{#tag:ref|''Mātrā''s or temporal units, where a short syllable has one instant and a long syllable has two.<ref>{{cite book | last=Apte | first=Vaman Shivram | title = The Student's Sanskrit-English Dictionary: containing appendices on Sanskrit prosody and important literary and geographical names in the ancient history of India | edition=2nd, reprint | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | location=New Delhi, India | year=1970 | page=648 | isbn=9788120800458}}</ref>|group="lower-greek"}} in two lines, where each line has two parts, each of 16 instants. Some other scholars count one ''chaupai'' verse as a unit of only 32 instants.<ref name="Pandey-2008-p54">Pandey 2008, p54. "{{langx|hi|हनुमान चालीसा ... इसकी भाषा अवधी है। दोहा-चौपाई छन्द हैं। इसमें ४० चौपाइयाँ और २ दोहे हैं।}} [Hanuman Chalisa ... Its language is Awadhi. Metres are Doha and Chaupai. It consists of 40 Chaupais and 2 Dohas.]"</ref> Rambhadracharya has considered a ''chaupai'' to consist of 32 instants in one line, citing the examples of [[Hanuman Chalisa]] and the critique of [[Padmavat]] by [[Ramchandra Shukla]] in support. He says that the ''chaupai'' still has four feet, because of the caesura after every eighth instant.
# With some exceptions, for example when needed to satisfy prosodic constraints, in the Tulsi Peeth edition, words in the nominative and accusative cases do not end in the rounded vowel (Unicode उ, IPA {{IPA|/u/}}), as they do in present-day editions. Rambhadracharya considers such endings to be artefacts in the manuscripts, calling them unnatural in Awadhi. Most of the corresponding words in the text of Tulsi Peeth edition end in the central vowel (Unicode अ, IPA {{IPA|/ɐ/}})
# The Tulsi Peeth edition does not use nasalised vowels (''[[anunasika]]'') to indicate case endings. According to Rambhadracharya, this is the same as in older editions, where the use of ''anunasika'' for case endings is absent.
# In place of the conjunct nasal-fricative consonants ''nh'' (Unicode न्ह्, IPA {{IPA|/n̪ɦ/}}) and ''mh'' (Unicode म्ह्, IPA {{IPA|/mɦ/}}) seen in accusative plural and second person pronoun usages in contemporary editions, the Tulsi Peeth edition has the single nasal consonants ''n'' (Unicode न्, IPA {{IPA|/n̪/}}) and ''m'' (Unicode म्, IPA {{IPA|/m/}}) respectively.
# For [[Tadbhava]] words, the Tulsi Peeth edition uses the dental fricative ''s'' (Unicode स्, IPA {{IPA|/s̪/}}) instead of the palatal fricative ''ś'' (Unicode श्, IPA {{IPA|/ɕ/}}) in the corresponding [[Tatsama]] form selectively, only at places where the replacement does not result in a faux pas. For example, the dental fricative is used in the word ''sobhā'' (सोभा, from Sanskrit ''śobhā'', meaning splendour or brilliance) but the palatal fricative is unchanged in ''Śaṃkara'' (शंकर, a name for [[Shiva]]) where the replacement would result in ''Saṃkara'' (संकर), which means a child born out of wedlock.<ref>Rambhadracharya (ed) 2006, pp. 13–14.</ref> Contemporary editions use the dental fricative throughout.

==Controversy==
[[File:JagadguruRamabhadracharya008.jpg|200px|thumb|Jagadguru Rambhadracarya presenting the critical edition of Ramacaritamanasa to the President of India, [[Pratibha Patil]]]]
In November 2009 a controversy arose over this edition in Ayodhya, when the [[Akhil Bharatiya Akhara Parishad]] and [[Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas]] demanded an apology from Rambhadracharya over the Tulsi Peeth edition, accusing him of tampering with the epic.<ref name="toi-fia"/><ref name="dispute-deepens"/>

===Accusations===
In a report in [[Times of India]], Manjari Mishra and V N Arora accused Rambhadracharya of committing a "blasphemous act of challenging the mighty pen of the Goswami". [[Nritya Gopal Das]], president of Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas, was quoted by Times of India as saying, "How dare he ... he has committed an pardonable [sic] sin and must own it up".<ref name="toi-fia"/> A [[Zee News]] report accused Rambhadracharya of "changing ''[[Doha (poetry)|dohas]]'' to ''[[Chaupai (poetry)|chaupais]]''" and vice versa, "changing the wordings of several verses", and "renaming ''Laṅkākāṇḍa'' to ''Yuddhakāṇḍa''".<ref name="zeenews"/><ref name="rcm-judgement"/> Zee News reported that a ''[[Mantra]]'' of page 59 of the edition called Rambhadracharya a ''[[Rishi]]'', and quoted that The Akhil Bharatiya Akhara Parishad chairperson [[Mahant Gyan Das]] as questioning how Rambhadracharya could be called a Rishi, a term used for the likes of Vamadeva, Jabali and [[Vasistha]].<ref name="zeenews"/> Gyan Das and Nritya Gopal Das also accused the swami of "deleting certain verses and arbitrarily substituting news words".<ref name="toi-fia"/> Gyan Das said that as per the meeting of Saints and ''Dharmacharyas'', it was decided that Rambhadracharya should apologise till 8 November, otherwise a decision will be taken to remove Rambhadracharya from the post of ''[[Jagadguru]]'' in the proposed meeting of the Parishad on 10 November.<ref name="dispute-deepens"/>

===Response by Rambhadracharya===
Times of India reported Rambhadracharya's disciples as denying the charges of deleting verses and substituting words. Rambhadracharya told Times of India that he had "merely edited, not altered the ''Ramcharitmanas'' published by Geata Press, Gorakhpur". He said that "they have pronounced me guilty without even going through my book", and added that the controversy was "a ploy to malign me and extort money".<ref name="toi-fia"/> On the use of the word ''Rishi'' to refer to him, Zee News reported Rambhadracharya's response that a Rishi is somebody who ''sees a Mantra'' and in this sense he was a Rishi for the new Mantra he proposed for offering oblation to the Ramcharitmanas.<ref name="zeenews"/> Later in 2010, [[Dainik Jagaran]] and One India websites reported Rambhadracharya's response to the controversy, quoting him as saying that he had merely edited extant copies of the epic and not modified the original epic, similar to what Nanda Dulare Vajpayee had done for the Gita Press edition published in 1949.<ref name="jagaran-rcm">{{cite news | last=Correspondent | first=Chitrakuta |date=15 February 2010 |url=http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/news/local/uttarpradesh/4_1_6186032.html |title=संशोधन नही संपादन किया है:जगद्गुरु स्वामी रामभद्राचार्य |trans-title=I have done editing, not modification: Jagadguru Swami Rambhadracharya |language=Hindi |work=Jagran Yahoo |access-date =2 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="is-edition">{{cite news |date=30 April 2010 |url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/2010/04/30/1272570846.html |title=रामचरितमानस का संपादन किया, संशोधन नहीं |trans-title=It is an edition of Ramcharitmanas, not a modification |language=Hindi |work=One India Hindi |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |access-date=2 July 2011}}</ref>

The dispute subsided on 8 November 2009, when Rambhadracharya sent a letter to the Akhara Parishad, expressing regret over any annoyance or pain caused by the publication of the Tulsi Peeth edition. In the letter, he requested the Akhara Parishad to consider older printed editions of the Ramcharitmanas as authentic, not others.<ref name="saints-calm-down"/> The saints in Ayodhya expressed satisfaction over the language of the letter and decided to stop the protest against Rambhadracharya.<ref name="saints-calm-down"/>

===Court case===
A writ petition filed in 2008 by Shiv Asray Asthana, publisher of the journal ''Prakhar Vichar'', seeking the seizure and forfeiture of Rambhadracharya's critical edition on the grounds that it hurt religious sentiments, was dismissed by the Lucknow Bench of the Allahabad High Court in May 2011. Asthana was fined {{INRConvert|20000}} by the high court.<ref name="rcm-judgement"/><ref>{{cite news |title='मैं प्रतिभाशाली हूँ, संपादन मेरा धर्म है' |trans-title=I am intelligent, editing is my duty |language=Hindi |url=http://hindi.webdunia.com/webdunia-city-madhyapradesh-mandsaur/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%81-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88-1111228240_1.htm |work=Webdunia Hindi |date=28 December 2011 | location=Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh, India|access-date=9 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="jagran">{{cite news | work=Jagran Yahoo |date=17 December 2011 |url=http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/epaper/article/index.php?page=article&choice=print_article&location=22&category=&articleid=17017103984824 |title=हाईकोर्ट ने जगद्गुरु के मानस संपादन को जायज ठहराया |trans-title=High Court upholds the editing of Ramcharitmanas by Jagadguru | language=Hindi |access-date=9 March 2012}}</ref> Speaking to Dainik Jagran, Rambhadracharya termed the decision as a victory of the [[Fundamental Rights in India|fundamental rights]] and announced a nine-day victory celebration.<ref name="jagran"/>

==Critical response==
Several scholars of Hindi and Ramcharitmanas have reviewed the critical edition by Rambhadracharya. [[Prem Bhushan]], a ''Kathavachak'' and discipline of Rambhadracharya, said that the "differences are mainly related to grammar and spelling".<ref name="toi-fia"/> Ram Sagar Shukla, a retired correspondent of [[Prasar Bharti]], wrote that "most of the corrections" in the Tulsi Peeth edition pertain to the language of the epic, while some relate to several episodes.Shukla doubts the swami Rambhadracharya's opinion on the definition of ''Chaupai'', saying that according to Pingala's definition a Chaupai has 64 instants, and that the title Hanuman Chalisa could also mean 40 half-''Chaupais''. Sunita Shastri, a scholar on Ramcharitmanas and advisor to Gita Press, told the Times of India that she examined the book for two hours and found "several verses missing " in the Ayodhyakand from the Tulsi Peeth edition. She quoted the verse ''dīpaśikhā sama juvati tana ...'' as missing. Ravindra Agnihotri, author in Sanskrit, Hindi and English, wrote that Rambahdracharya pointed to "more than 3000 mistakes in contemporary prevalent editions" including addition of verses and change of words, and added that the Akhil Bharatiya Akhada Parishad and Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas should have praised his work instead of criticising him.<ref name="pravakta-ra"/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=lower-greek}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Works cited==
{{refbegin|2|colwidth=35em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book
| last = Dinkar
| first = Dr. Vagish
| title = श्रीभार्गवराघवीयम् मीमांसा
|trans-title=Investigation into Śrībhārgavarāghavīyam
| publisher = Deshbharti Prakashan
| location = Delhi, India
| year = 2008
| isbn = 9788190827669
| language = Hindi
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Nagar
| first = Shanti Lal
| title = The Holy Journey of a Divine Saint: Being the English Rendering of Swarnayatra Abhinandan Granth
| editor1-first = Acharya Divakar
| editor1-last = Sharma
| editor2-first = Siva Kumar
| editor2-last = Goyal
| editor3-first = Surendra Sharma
| editor3-last = Sushil
| publisher = B. R. Publishing Corporation
| edition = First, Hardback
| location = New Delhi, India
| year = 2002
| isbn = 8176462888
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Pandey
| first = Ram Ganesh
| year = 2008
| title = तुलसी जन्म भूमि: शोध समीक्षा
|trans-title=The Birthplace of Tulasidasa: Investigative Research
| language = Hindi
| location = Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh, India
| publisher = Bharati Bhavan Publication
| edition = Corrected and extended
| orig-year = First edition 2003
}}
* {{cite book
| editor-last = Rambhadracharya
| editor-first = Jagadguru
| title = श्रीरामचरितमानस – मूल गुटका (तुलसीपीठ संस्करण)
|trans-title=Śrīrāmacaritamānasa – Original Text (Tulasīpīṭha edition)
| edition = 4th
| publisher = Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University
| location = Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh, India
| date = 30 March 2006
| language = Hindi
}}
{{refend}}
{{Jagadguru Rambhadracharya}}

[[Category:Works by Rambhadracharya]]

Nuṣrat Jang

2026-01-03T21:12:44Z

Aspjack: Put Up Entry

{{Short description|Collector of manuscripts}}

'''Nuṣrat Jang''' ({{langx|fa|نصرت جنگ}}), properly '''ʻAbd al-Vahhāb Khān Shīkūh al-Mulk Naṣīr al-Dawlah Nuṣrat Jang Bahādur''' (ca. 1724–1801) was the fourth son of the [[Nawab of Arcot]], Anvār al-Dīn Khān Bahādur (d. 1749).<ref>P. Wibulsilp, Nawabi Karnatak: Muhammad Ali Khan in the Making of a Mughal Successor State in Pre-colonial South India, 1749-1795 (Leiden 2019-04-09).</ref> He was a collector of manuscripts, examples of which are in the [[John Rylands Research Institute and Library]] and the [[British Library]].<ref>For the Manchester manuscript, see: https://www.digitalcollections.manchester.ac.uk/view/MS-PERSIAN-00900/9.</ref> With rise of [[Hyder Ali]] (r. 1761–1782) Nuṣrat Jang's collection passed to that ruler and thence to [[Tipu Sultan]] (r. 1782–1799).
[[File:Seal of Nuṣrat Jang, dated AH 1186 (1772-73).jpg|thumb|Seal of Nuṣrat Jang, dated AH 1186 (1772-73)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nawab Of The Carnatic}}
[[Category:Princely states of India]]
[[Category:Nawabs of the Carnatic| ]]
[[Category:Islam in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Former sultanates]]

{{TamilNadu-geo-stub}}
{{India-PrincelyState-stub}}

Ethnic groups in Andhra Pradesh

2025-12-25T18:13:29Z

Aspjack: Adding the article basic info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}

{{Missing information|Article|ethnic groups(especially tribals), it contains only info about linguistic groups|date=December 2025}}

'''[[Andhra Pradesh]]''' is a [[States and territories of India|state]] in the southern part of [[India]]. It was created on 2 June 2014, with the passing of the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act]]. Andhra Pradesh is bordered by the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the east, [[Karnataka]] to the west, [[Telangana]] to the north-west [[Odisha]] and [[Chhattisgarh]] are to the north and [[Tamil Nadu]] to the south. The state covers an area of 162,975 km2 (62,925 sq mi), or 5.83% of the total geographical area of [[India]]. It comprises 26 [[list of districts of Andhra Pradesh|districts]]. [[Telugu language|Telugu]] is the primary official language of Andhra Pradesh and spoken as a native language by about 89.21% of the people. Other ethnic minorities in the state as of 2001 are [[Urdu|Urdu people]] (6.55%), [[Tamil people]] (1.04%).{{Citation needed|date=March 2015}}

==Telugu people==
{{main|Telugu people}}

The Telugu people form the dominant ethnic group in Andhra Pradesh, making up to 83.88% (as per 2001 census)<ref name="demographics">{{cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/dec2002/urduinkarnataka.html|author=A. R. Fatihi|work=Language in India, Volume 2: 2002-12-09|publisher=M. S. Thirumalai, Managing Editor, Language in India|title=Urdu in Karnataka|accessdate=2007-06-29}}</ref> of the total population of the state. They are the native speakers of the Telugu language. Telugu is one of the [[official languages of India]] and the official and administrative language of the state of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="official">{{cite web|url=http://dpal.kar.nic.in/26%20of%201963%20(E).pdf|format=PDF|title=The Andhra Pradesh Official Language Act|work=Official website of Department of Parliamentary Affairs and Legislation|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=2007-06-29}}</ref>

==Urdu==
{{main|Urdu|Andhra Muslims}}

Urdu is spoken by 6.55% of the total population, majority of whom are [[Muslim]]s.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}} People who speak Urdu as their mother tongue mostly hail from the districts of Kurnool , Nandyal,Sri Sathya Sai district, Ananthapur, Prakasam districts of Andhra Pradesh, which were part of the erstwhile [[Hyderabad state]].

==Tamil people==
{{main|Tamil people}}

According to the 2001 census, speakers of [[Tamil language]] formed the third largest ethnic group in Andhra Pradesh (1.04% of the total population).{{CN|date=July 2019}} The 2011 census indicates that there were 1113,848 Tamils living in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Part-A.pdf |title=PART-A: DISTRIBUTION OF THE 22 SCHEDULED LANGUAGES-INDIA/STATES/UNION TERRITORIES - 2011 CENSUS |work=Census India }}</ref> The [[States of India by Tamil speakers|speakers of Tamil language]] form the native ethnic group of [[Tamil Nadu]], the neighbouring state of Andhra Pradesh.

The taluk of Tirutani and Pallipattu sub-taluk of [[Chittoor]] district (large Tamil speaking community) of [[Andhra Pradesh]] were transferred to [[Madras State]] in exchange for territories from the Chingelput ([[Chengalpattu]]) and [[Salem District]]s on 1 April 1961 as per the Andhra Pradesh and Madras Alteration of Boundaries Act 1959.<ref name="tnhist">[https://archive.today/20070106185926/http://www.tn.gov.in/misc/histn.htm Government of Tamil Nadu — Tamil Nadu Secretariat — Brief History] </ref><ref>[http://kanchi.nic.in/history.htm Historical Importance of Kanchipuram] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518021820/http://kanchi.nic.in/history.htm |date=18 May 2006 }}</ref>

== Odia people ==
{{Main|Odia people}}

Speakers of [[Odia language]] make up 0.44% of the total population of Andhra Pradesh. They are concentrated in the districts of [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]], [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]] and [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Andhra Pradesh]]

Jade collection of the Salar Jung Museum

2025-12-24T05:21:21Z

Aspjack:

{{Short description|Collection of Salar Jung Museum}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}

The [[Salar Jung Museum]] in [[Hyderabad]] boasts of an extensive collection of jade and jade objects, and it is one of the largest collection of jade displayed for public in India. The collection as per a publication from 1979 of Salar Jung Museum suggests that there were 984 objects with varying degree of craftsmanship. Most of the artefacts are from the [[Mughal Empire]] and some from the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty|Asaf Jah Dynasty]]. There are two types of objects, first the one which are partially made of jade like hilts of [[Dagger|daggers]] and swords and some articles purely carved out of Jade like small cups and miniatures.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Nigam |first=M. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TQHAAAAMAAJ |title=Jade Collection in the Salar Jung Museum |date=1979 |publisher=Salar Jung Museum Board |language=en}}</ref>

== History and technique of Jade ==
Jade is a natural mineral rock, mainly available in Khotan and Yarkand regions of East Turkistan and Upper Burma. Most common color observed in jade is green but several other colors are also found in nature. Jade has been known for 7000 years in China and was owned by rich and royal as it is an expensive and rare stone. It is not certain how and when jade stone arrived in India, there are several theories of jade objects being brought to India from China. However these theories have been outdated,as over the years large collection of jade objects are discovered in India and are on display all over the world.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Magnificent Indian Jades |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/magnificent-indian-jades/owXRuqsASmwFmg |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref>

== About the collection ==
[[File:Jade book stand with marble - 18 Century Mughal Empire.jpg|thumb|279x279px|Dark green jade book stand with contrast white marble inlay, from 18th century Mughal Empire]]
The patron of the jade collection is the famous [[Salar Jung family|Salar Jung Family of Hyderabad]]. Three generations from this family served as the prime minister of Asaf Jah dynasty. However, this carefully curated collection does not have any record, no documentation has been left behind by the family stating when,how and from whom these objects were acquired. <ref name=":0" /> The jade in the collection notable for its design excellent craftsmanship and perfection of technique. Ornamentation on the jade objects are mainly in traditional floral pattern with an exceptional polish or with gemstones like rubies and diamonds embedded on the surface.<ref>{{Cite web |title=salar jung museum |url=https://www.salarjungmuseum.in/Jade-Gallery.html |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=www.salarjungmuseum.in}}</ref>

Noteworthy objects in the collection consists of a Quran Stand Rehl, hunting knife of Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]], dagger of Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], Archer Ring of Mughal Emperor [[Shah Jahan]], fruit knife of [[Nur Jahan|Noorjahan]], miniature version of a screen with portraits of three generation of [[Salar Jung family|Salar Jung]], wine cups of Indian School of Jade from 18th century. Apart from these there are several mirrors with jade handles, wine cups in jade, walking sticks, belt buckles, chilam, ashtray, plaques,spoons, trays, trinket boxes, armlets, dice and many more miniature objects from different time periods, including Mughal and Asaf Jah periods.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Salar Jung Museum |title=Treasures : Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad. |date=2014 |others=National Culture Fund |isbn=978-93-83098-26-2 |location=New Delhi |oclc=871215664}}</ref>

== Notable objects ==

=== Quran stand Rehl ===
[[File:Hunting Knife of Mughal Emperor Jehangir - 17th Century.jpg|thumb|522x522px|Hunting knife of Mughal Emperor Jahangir with jade hilt and tassel and a golden knife.]]
This is a unique object with archaic inscription on both sides, stating Shamsuddin [[Iltutmish]] Padshah and the other side reads Sans 607 Hijri (1209 AD). The inscription is surrounded by an intricate carving of [[Tree of life|Tree of Life]] in Jade. The stand is carved out of one piece of jade stone in architectural style of [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultanate Period]]. The [[Tree of life|Tree of Life]] blooms out from a small vase and is blown into an eight petal flower at the top with petals and branches on the side. This is one of the earliest Jade objects discovered in India which makes it an invaluable example of Islamic Jade in India.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> Image for this object is available in Google Arts and Culture.<ref name=":1" /> The museum contains three more book stands from the Mughal Empire, all three are in dark green jade.<ref name=":0" />

=== Hunting knife of Mughal emperor [[Jahangir]] ===
It is said that the hunting knife belonged to fourth Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]]. The upper part and blunt edge is made in gold, representing a creeper. The hilt of the blade is in white jade, embedded with gemstones which is attached to a circular tassel also in jade. The cover of the knife is in a brocade and is embellished with [[Mīnākārī|meenakari]] work.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Archer ring of Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]] ===
Mughals were very fond of archery, hence archer rings were a common object. The archer ring is carved in dark green with an inscription stating 'Sahib-E-Qiran', second lord of conjunction. This title was used by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahangir in reference to his ancestor Timur. The inscription also states that the ring is from 1040 Hijri, which is 1649 AD.<ref name=":0" />

=== Fruit knife of [[Nur Jahan|Noorjahan]] ===
The knife belongs to Mughal Empress Noorjahan Knife with a jade handle of mutton-fat colour, one end of the jade is decorated with enamel to represent a parrots head, the jade handle is encrusted with curved emerald with gold rim to represents a leaf. The [[scabbard]] is in brocade with emerald carvings on both ends.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Archer's thumb ring of Shah Jahan in Jade -17th Century.jpg|thumb|214x214px|Archer's thumb ring of Shah Jahan in Jade with inscription-17th Century]]
<gallery mode="nolines" showfilename="yes">
File:Spice and Trinket Objects.jpg|alt=
File:Rihal Quran Stand in Jade 13th century.jpg|alt=
File:Fruit Knife of Mughal Empress Noorjahan.jpg|alt=
File:Dice pieces of jade - 16 to 19 Century.jpg|alt=
File:Medicine Cups - Jade 16th -19th century.jpg|alt=
File:Jade Screen - portraits of Salar Jung I, II and III.jpg|alt=
File:Dagger of Salar Jung with jade hilt - Early 20th Century.jpg|alt=
File:Dagger 2 of Aurangzeb from 17th Century.jpg|alt=
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Collections of museums in India]]
[[Category:Collection of the Salar Jung Museum]]

Hmar Ethnic Cultural Sites

2025-12-21T03:54:08Z

Aspjack: Stub

{{Cleanup|reason=formatting.|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hmar Ethnic Cultural Sites
| settlement_type = Location in [[Pherzawl district]]
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|24|15|N|93|11|E|display=title,inline}}
| coor_pinpoint = Pherzawl
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
}}

The '''Hmar Ethnic Cultural Sites''' are a series of ethno-cultural sites of the [[Hmar people]]. These sites are located within [[Pherzawl district]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Culture & Heritage {{!}} Pherzawl District {{!}} India |url=https://pherzawl.nic.in/culture-heritage/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Manipur]], [[India]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Songate |first=Hranglien L. |title=Hmar Chanchin |date=1977 |publisher=L. Rokung}}</ref> Popular sites include Sikpuilung, Thangngur Tawngtaina Puk, Zawllung, Lungthu Lien Pathum, Paruol Pasari Lungtat, Lalruong Lungkap and others.

==Pastor Thangngur Ṭawngṭaina Puk==
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pastor Thangngur Ṭawngṭâina Pûk
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Ethno-Cultural Site
| image_skyline = Rev Thangngur Tawngtaina Puk.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.38611|N|93.09598|E|display=inline,}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pherzawl District]]
}}
===Historical Background of Thangngur===
Thangngur, born in 1891, was a 'significant' figure among the [[Hmar people]], particularly known for his conversion to [[Christianity]] in 1910. Employed as a teacher-evangelist and later ordained as a [[pastor]], he played various roles within the church, eventually becoming the Field Superintendent of [[the Independent]] Church in 1943.<ref name=":8" /> He died on December 20, 1943. Born in Laileng, [[Mizoram]], Thangngur's family later moved to [[Senvawn]], a pivotal location for the early spread of [[Christianity]] in the region. His encounter with [[Watkin Roberts]], a missionary, led to his conversion and subsequent education in a basic school.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |title=Phulpui Gospel Centenary Souvenir |date=2020}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

In ''Hmar Bungpui Pastor Thangngur'' (A biography on Thangngur), it is written as follows:

{{Blockquote|text=Despite the challenges of balancing work and studies, Thangngur persevered, dedicating himself to learning. Thangngur's journey included employment as a teacher-evangelist and significant involvement in the Independent Church, which faced challenges and opposition, particularly from H.H. Coleman. Despite offers of comfort and stability from Coleman, Thangngur remained loyal to his beliefs, leading to personal hardships but unwavering faith. In 1932, Thangngur relocated to [[Phulpui]], where he experienced profound spiritual encounters, shaping his prolific hymn-writing and strengthening his resolve. Despite facing poverty and trials, his faith remained steadfast, exemplified by his willingness to share his meager resources with others in need. His hymns, infused with deep spiritual insights and reflections on life's struggles and triumphs, continue to inspire and resonate across communities. Thangngur's experiences, including encounters with Jesus and divine interventions, are woven into his hymns, which reflect themes of faith, perseverance, and the enduring love of God. Thangngur's legacy lives on through his hymns, which transcend linguistic and cultural boundaries, uniting believers in worship and celebration. His life, marked by dedication to his faith and service to others, serves as a testament to the enduring power of spirituality and the human spirit.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pulamte |first1=John H. |title=Hmar Bungpui Pastor Thangngur |date=2011}}</ref>||author=John H. Pulamte|title=Hmar Bungpui Pastor Thangngur (2011)}}

===Pastor Thangngur Ṭawngṭâina Pûk===
Translated as "Pastor Thangngur's Prayer Cave." It is located in [[Phulpui]], [[Pherzawl district]]. [[Lalthlamuong Keivom]] wrote:

{{Blockquote|text=Deprived of his teaching position, Thangngur migrated to his own village, [[Phulpui]] in 1932. There he had a daily rendezvous with God in what came to be known as '''his prayer cave''' today about a furlong from the village where he prayed regularly. It was here in [[Phulpui]] that angels reportedly visited him several times and introduced him to the spiritual world beyond the realm of material consciousness. He vividly depicted some of his enthralling experiences in his crystal choral piece ''Jordan ral'' (Beyond Jordan). Major bulk of his works flowed out from here making this insignificant village a preponderant place in the Independent Church history. He achieved his spiritual as well as poetic heights from this humble place.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keivom |first1=L, and David Buhril |title=Biethu: Selected Writings of Keivom & Buhril |date=2020 |publisher=Sinlung Academy of Letters}}</ref>||author=L. Keivom & David Buhril|title=Biethu: Selected Writings of Keivom & Buhril (2020)}}

==Vawmpalung==
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vawmpalung
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Ethno-Cultural Site
| image_skyline = Vawmpalung.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.20351|N|93.08137|E|display=inline,}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pherzawl District]]
}}
[[Lal Dena]] narrates it this way:<ref>{{cite book |title=Field reports of RWUS Staff members.}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=This rocky cliff, known as '''Vawmpalung''', holds a tale of two lovers, ''Vawmpa'' and ''Vawmnu'', who sought refuge there to share their moments of happiness away from their villages. Tragically, they fell from the cliff and perished together, 'bound forever' even in death. The story begins with a young man named ''Zakap'', residing in Rbudâpzawl village, and a beautiful woman named ''Zosiel'' from nearby Lohawi village. Despite Zakap's dark complexion, he was affectionately called ''Vawmpa''. ''Zakap'' and ''Zosiel'' were deeply in love, but their relationship became the subject of village gossip, causing distress to Zosiel's family and jealousy among the young men of Lohawi. Despite warnings and violence from the villagers, Zakap continued to visit ''Zosiel'', further fueling her affection for him. In desperation, ''Zakap'' and ''Zosiel'' decided to flee and seek refuge at the high cliff now known as ''Vawmpalung''. Here, they enjoyed moments of intimacy, sometimes sitting atop the flat stone under the moonlight. The cliff's unique features, including two protruding flat rocks and a deep chasm between them, became the backdrop of their shared experiences. Legends speak of their jumping competitions and a flat rock resembling a bed where they spent nights together. A hole in the cliff once held Zakap's gun. Despite their attempts to remain hidden, their love couldn't endure separation. Tragically, they chose to end their lives by jumping from the protruding flat rock, forever uniting in death. Today, ''Vawmpalung'' stands as a 'testament' to their 'enduring' love, much like the [[Taj Mahal]] of Agra.|}}

==Sartuinek and Hringtuinek==
===Sârtuinêk===
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sartuinek
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Ethno-Cultural Site
| image_skyline = Sartuinek.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.28703|N|93.03603|E|display=inline,}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pherzawl District]]
}}
Sârtuinêk is a [[pond]] believed by the [[Hmar people|Hmars]] to be associated with the spirits of individuals who died in circumstances deemed 'unnatural'. The nearby village is referred to as [[Sartuinek]] in accordance with this belief. In [[Hmar people|Hmar]] tradition, deaths are categorized into two types: ''sârthi'' (unnatural) and ''thi pangngâi'' (natural). ''Sârthi'' deaths encompass [[Accident|accidents]] such as falling from a tree, [[drowning]], [[murder]], [[suicide]], and death caused by wild animals.<ref name=":8">Personal Interview with Kama (93), Bethel, Churachandpur.</ref> It is believed that the spirits of those who died unnatural deaths pass through this pond, known as ''Sârtuinêk'', where they purportedly drink its water. Consequently, the village is named after this pond. Subsequently, according to tradition, the spirits continue their journey towards ''Mithikhuo'' (world of the dead) via ''Thlânpielkawt'' near Khawlêk in [[Mizoram]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2014-05-31 |title=Legendary Hringtuinek River in Hmar Hills - HMARRAM |url=https://hmarram.com/important-places/legendary-hringtuinek-river-in-hmar-hills/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Hringtuinêk===
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hringtuinek
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Ethno-Cultural Site
| image_skyline = Hringtuinek.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.28677|N|93.09598|E|display=inline,}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pherzawl District]]
}}
Hringtuinêk is a [[pond]] believed to be associated with the spirits of individuals who died natural deaths, according to the beliefs of the [[Hmar people]] in the pre-Christian era. They held the belief that all spirits of those who died from natural causes, including deaths at birth, would pass through this pond and drink its water. Consequently, the pond is named ''Hringtuinêk''.<ref name=":11">Personal Interview with Thangsawihmang Sawngte (87 years of age)</ref> Following this ritual, the spirits would proceed to ''Thlânpielkawt'' near Khawlêk in [[Mizoram]], continuing their journey towards ''Mithikhuo'' (world of the dead). It was believed that before the [[Hmar people]] embraced [[Christianity]], only the spirits of ''Thangsuos'' were granted direct entry into ''pielrâl'', a concept akin to [[paradise]].<ref name=":2" />

== Lungthu Lien Pathum ==
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lungthu Lien Pathum
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Ethno-Cultural Site
| image_skyline = Lungthu Lien Pathum Lungthulien.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.21729|N|93.08741|E|display=inline,}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pherzawl District]]
}}
The large trivets, erected by the ancestors of the [[Hmar people]], stand on the outskirts of present-day Lungthulien village, believed to have been constructed around 1852.<ref name=":5" /> Originally, the [[Hmar people|Hmar]] ancestors settled in Khurpui village before relocating to what is now Lungthulien village, which derived its name from these significant structures. Led by figures such as ''Ngurzika'', ''Ngurthanga'', ''Kalphunga'', ''Hrangkapa'', and ''Khuonghmuna'', the [[Hmar people|Hmar]] forefathers briefly resided in Ibudâpzâwl, near the present Lungthulien village, before seeking a more favorable settlement location.<ref name=":8" /> They eventually settled in Khurpui, attracted by the presence of a perennial water pond. During their time in Khurpui, around 1852, the [[Hmar people|Hmar]] ancestors erected three large trivets, each weighing more than four or five mounds. These trivets were likely intended to symbolize the strength and stature of the [[Hmar people|Hmar]] ancestors, with stories recounting the legendary strength of individuals like Khuplal Sawngate of [[Parbung]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lienzathang |title=Parbung Chanchin}}</ref> who reputedly could effortlessly lift and reposition the trivets. The construction of these trivets served as a marker of the Hmar presence in the region. Over time, as the [[Hmar people|Hmar]] community interacted with the [[British Raj|British]] in the late 18th century, some clans settled in Hmunte, situated between Senvawn and Lungthulien. By 1924, a significant number of [[Hmar people|Hmar]] clans, alongside Singson clans of the Thado tribes, migrated to Kâwnzâr, later known as [[Senvawn]]. Concurrently, another group of [[Hmar people|Hmar]]<nowiki/>clans joined their kin who had already established themselves in Lungthulien village.<ref name=":7" />

==Paruol Pasarihai Lungtat==
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Paruol Pasarihai Lungtat
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Ethno-Cultural Site
| image_skyline = Paruol Pasarihai Lungtatna.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.41197|N|93.09524|E|display=inline,}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pherzawl District]]
}}
The '''Paruol pasarihai Lungtat''' (translated as The Seven Brothers' Whetstone) holds significance as a historical site within the forested area of Ngampabung. It is known to have been utilized by a particular seven brothers for sharpening their weapons, including spears and daos, prior to engaging in hunting and other adventurous endeavors. In the cultural context of the [[Hmar people]], the whetstone held considerable importance, being considered an essential tool in their daily lives. During periods marked by frequent intra or inter-tribal conflicts, tools, instruments, and weapons held importance for survival. The [[sharpening stone|whetstone]], regardless of its size or appearance, emerged as a vital component in their day-to-day struggles. Whether embarking on hunting expeditions, clearing jungles for cultivation, or undertaking adventurous exploits, the sharpening of tools on whetstones was a customary practice among the [[Hmar people]].<ref name=":8" /> Thus, in many Hmar household, whetstones of various sizes were commonly found. Additionally, smooth stones protruding in wild forests and streams often served as makeshift whetstones for honing weapons, such as [[Dao (Chinese sword)|dao]] or [[Arrow|arrows]]. According to Hmar oral traditions, the legendary Paruol pasari, comprising seven brothers, were 'renowned' figures believed to have traversed the forests of Ngampabung village within the Vangai ranges, as well as the surrounding areas within Ruonglevaisuo (Tipaimukh).<ref name=":11" /> The stone presented here, passed down through generations via oral narratives, is said to be the very whetstone utilized by the Paruol pasari during their hunting expeditions and daring adventures in the jungle. The Paruol pasari attained fame as skilled hunters and warriors, with their encounters with formidable beasts like tigers and elephants becoming enduring tales within [[Hmar people|Hmar]] society.<ref name=":7" />

== Lalruong Lungkap ==
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lalruong Lungkap
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Ethno-Cultural Site
| image_skyline = Lalruong Lungkap 2.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.35994|N|93.07229|E|display=inline,}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pherzawl District]]
}}
Lalruong Lungkap (translated as 'Lalruong's Rock Shot') is situated between [[Patpuihmun]] and [[Phulpui]]. According to [[Hmar people|Hmar]] legend, Lalruong is regarded as one of the folk heroes of the [[Hmar people]], revered for his magical abilities.<ref name=":10" /> Various remnants of his exploits, such as stone pillars, 'hidden' water sources, and imprints of large mithuns, are said to still exist in the Vangai ranges and Ruonglevaisuo region. Lalruong, born to ''Zauhrang'' and ''Zawtleipui'', is said to have exhibited 'remarkable' intelligence from a young age, 'mastering' the art of [[Magic (supernatural)|magic]] taught by ''Vanhrit'', an indigenous deity worshipped by the [[Hmar people]] before the advent of [[Christianity]].<ref name=":9" /> His reputation as a skilled magician extended far beyond his homeland, and he was known for carrying a magic tube that aided him in navigating challenging situations. Traditionally associated with the areas surrounding Ruonglevaisuo (Tipaimukh) and the Vangâi ranges, Lalruong's influence is evident in the local nomenclature, such as the [[Barak River|Barak river]] being referred to as '''''Tuiruong''''', meaning Lalruong's river.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Lalruong Lungkap.jpg|thumb|Close up view]]
Numerous sites linked to Lalruong's feats, including his hidden spring and the location where he dispersed fog using magic, are still identifiable near Ngampabung village and Ruonglevaisuo. One particularly noteworthy location is the spot along the Barak riverbank where Lalruong engaged in a magical showdown with ''Dawikungpu'', showcasing his prowess. Among Lalruong's 'memorable' exploits is the rock shot located between [[Patpuihmun]] and [[Phulpui]] village, serving as a legacy of this legendary figure. While [[Hmar people|Hmar]] and related tribes like Bâwms and Ranglongs regard Lalruong as a historical figure, his precise existence remains a subject of belief and speculation.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":5" />

==Parbung Pasalṭha Lungdaw==
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Parbung Pasalṭha Lungdaw
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Ethno-Cultural Site
| image_skyline = Pasaltha Lungdaw Parbung.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.26471|N|93.11414|E|display=inline,}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pherzawl District]]
}}It is narrated in the following way:{{Blockquote|text=Hi hmunah hin sak le thlang indo lâia fam chang,
Parbung mihrâng pasalṭha a zâl.
Ziek le tiem an la hriet naw leiin,
Thil lim ringawt ziekin,
Hi hrietzingna lung hi phun a nih.}}

In [[Hmar people|Hmar]] language:
{{Blockquote|text=Here laid a Parbung warrior and hero
Who died during the war between
Eastern and Western warriors.
Knowing not the art of writing and reading,
Images and pictures were simply engraved
On this memorial stone.}}

Prior to the establishment of the present-day [[Parbung]] in 1865, several clans of [[Hmar people|Hmars]], such as Pakhuongte, Sanate, Inbuon, Riengsete, and Mihriemate, had settled in the upper region of Râllâwn, while a smaller faction of Thado tribes led by the Singson clan occupied the lower part of Râllâwn.<ref name=":9" /> Due to recurrent conflicts and misunderstandings, particularly regarding land ownership and boundaries, the area earned the name Râllâwn, meaning the "fighting place of warring warriors." This designation coincided with the Hmar-Lushai war that spanned from 1876 to 1880. Notably, Pastor '''Kappu''', a 'renowned' Hmar hymn composer, hailed from the Râllâwn hamlet. Among the prominent Hmar warriors of that era were individuals like '''Thlova Sanate''', the grandfather of the late Hrangsing, a montri, and father of the late [[Ngurdinglien Sanate]], Buona Inbuon, Vungdang Riengsete, and Hanga Mihriemate. These figures played significant roles during the Hmar-Lusei conflict. Notably, Vungdang Riengsete undertook a mission to Saitual village in [[Mizoram]] to pursue and exact revenge on Saizahawl, another renowned Hmar warrior under the Pawibawi chief of [[Mizoram]], who had slain Hmanga, the younger brother of Vungdang Riengsete. While the specific identity of the warrior commemorated by the memorial stone remains uncertain, the engraved figures and images on the stone unmistakably depict an exceptionally brave and heroic individual.<ref>Personal Interview with Kama (93 years of age)</ref>

==Lungleng Lung==
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lungleng Lung
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Ethno-Cultural Site
| image_skyline = Lungleng Lung, Parbung.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.23992|N|93.11016|E|display=inline,}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pherzawl District]]
}}
A Rock of melancholy:
{{Blockquote|text=This is a mountain of melancholia,
Whosoever climbed on this mountain,
Cannot but feel melancholic,
So they used to scribble something
On the rock below.
So it is called a Rock of Melancholia.}}

Lunglêng Lungpui:

{{Blockquote|text=Hi lunglêng tlânga hin mi a kâi chun,
A lung â'n lêng naw thei nawh.
Chuleiin a thlanga lungpuiah hin,
Ieng ieng amani an ziek ṭiel hlak,
Chuong chu a ni leiin hi lung hi,
Lunglêng lungpui an tih.}}

Several kilometers south of [[Parbung]], there is a steep mountain commonly referred to as ''Lunglêng tlâng'', or "a mountain of melancholia."<ref name=":7" /> Positioned atop this mountain, one can behold the Kailâm cliffs to the east and the plains of [[Silchar]] adorned with wet rice cultivation. The sobriquet "mountain of melancholia" stems from the profound sense of nostalgia and melancholy often evoked when standing at such high altitudes. Nestled beneath this mountain lies a sizable rock adorned with various inscriptions and images, many of which date back to the pre-Christian era when writing was not yet prevalent. Following the advent of literacy, individuals, particularly lovers, began etching abbreviated names onto this rock during their visits to the mountain. Consequently, this rock has earned the apt moniker "A Rock of Melancholia."<ref name=":11" />

==Lungsum==
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lungsum
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Ethno-Cultural Site
| image_skyline = Lungsum, Senvon.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.13845|N|93.04036|E|display=inline,}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pherzawl District]]
}}
This '''Lungsum''' (stone-mortar), located in the old Zopui village, was carved from solid rock and traditionally used for husking [[rice]] during the ''Sikpui'' Festival. Typically, [[Hmar people|Hmar]] families couldn't afford such a [[Mortar and pestle|mortar]], leading to the belief that this particular one was crafted specifically for the festival. In ancient times, when the [[Hmar people|Hmar]] ancestors began agricultural practices, they commonly used wooden [[Mortar and pestle|mortars]]. It's believed that the people of Zopui village created a cavity in a solid flat rock for husking [[rice]] during the ''Sikpui'' Festival in 1897.<ref name=":6" /> This was a labor-intensive process, requiring iron tools and considerable effort to carve into solid rock. It's possible that this type of stone [[Mortar and pestle|mortar]] was used for communal purposes like ''inchawng'' and ''Sikpui'' feasts. During such events, young men and women would come together to perform tasks collectively, including rice husking, as a significant quantity of [[rice]] was needed for brewing ''zu'', a traditional alcoholic beverage. Historically, every [[Hmar people|Hmar]] family had its own wooden [[Mortar and pestle|mortar]], which they carried with them during their migrations.<ref name=":1" />

==Chawnlut Lungphun==
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chawnlût Lungphun
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Ethno-Cultural Site
| image_skyline = Chawnlut Lungphun Senvon.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.13800|N|93.03846|E|display=inline,}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pherzawl District]]
}}
This monument was erected to commemorate the achievements of '''Chawnlût Lungṭâu''', who was recognized as a ''Thangsuo''. The 'Thangsuo' title was bestowed upon individuals who demonstrated 'exceptional' hunting skills or performed ceremonial rituals to benefit their community. According to [[Hmar people|Hmar]] tradition, ''Thangsuo'' were believed to have direct entry into 'paradise.'<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite book |title=Hmar Ṭobul Nun}}</ref> '''Chawnlût Lungṭâu''', son of Thangzangûr from Zopui village, was known as a skilled hunter and warrior, earning the 'prestigious' title by hunting a 'significant' number of wild animals and hosting public feasts. Possessing this title was considered 'a pathway to paradise' in [[Hmar people|Hmar]] pre-Christian beliefs. '''Chawnlût''' had multiple wives and children, including slaves. The memorial stone was erected to honor '''Chawnlût''''s accomplishments as a ''Thangsuo''. It stood at a height of approximately 107 inches, with dimensions of 17 inches thickness and 9 and a half inches breadth. The stone served as a testament to '''Chawnlût''''s wealth, displaying his possessions such as four guns, one large [[gong]], and three small [[Gong|gongs]]. Images on the monument depicted '''Chawnlût''''s hunting exploits, including the killing of three [[Elephant|elephants]] and two wild [[Gayal|mithuns]]. One of the [[Gayal|mithun]]'s horns remains preserved at the home of his great-great-grandson in Muolvaiphei, [[Churachandpur|Tuiṭhaphâi]]. Additionally, '''Chawnlût''' was credited with taking six enemy heads and capturing a young girl who later became a member of his family. Due to the illiteracy of the [[Hmar people|Hmars]] in Zopui village at the time, '''Chawnlût''''s name was engraved on the monument by a hired individual from [[Mizoram]], who received a small [[gong]] as payment for his services.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Thangsawihmang |title=(unpublished MSS) Some places of Historical importance in Pherzawl District, Pherzawl.}}</ref>

==Sikpui Lung==
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sikpui Lung (Râlvêngbûk)
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Ethno-Cultural Site
| image_skyline = Sikpui Lung Phulpui.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.39048|N|93.08995|E|display=inline,}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pherzawl District]]
}}
This Sikpui Lung at Râlvêngbûk near [[Phulpui]], [[Pherzawl district]] was erected for the 'drummer' and the 'chanter' of '''Sikpui''' song to sit when Sikpui Festival was celebrated by the Râlvêngbûk villagers during Chief Thlurolien Amo's reign in 1904.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=ASSAM INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH FOR TRIBALS AND SCHEDULED CASTES |title=Ethnographic Report On The Hmars of Assam |url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/74137/1/AIRT_2017_0007_report.pdf |website=TRIBAL DIGITAL DOCUMENT REPOSITORY}}</ref> The mountain where the Sikpui Lung was constructed is situated approximately one kilometer from the present-day [[Phulpui]], within [[Pherzawl district]]. Referred to as 'Khawrâwtlâng,' it formerly housed around 20 households. Archeological findings of broken pottery and trivets, crafted from solid rocks, substantiate the historical presence of [[Hmar people|Hmar]] ancestors in this locality from 1850 to 1860. The region's significance stems from its strategic positioning, serving as a defensive stronghold during periods of intra- and inter-tribal conflicts. Consequently, it earned the designation 'Râlvêngbûk,' translating to "guard tower" in the local [[Hmar people|Hmar]] vernacular.<ref name=":5" />

===Kûtpui Lungphun===
The Kutpui Lungphun or literally translated as ''Kûtpui Stone Post'', erected in 1904 alongside the Sikpuilung nearby, holds significance in Râlvêngbûk village, particularly during festivals like ''Zâwlkêu'', ''Khuonglâwm'', and ''Lâwmpui''. These festivals were marked by the tradition of erecting stone posts to commemorate the feasts held at specific locations, making Râlvêngbûk distinctive in this practice. The Sikpufeast, unique to the [[Hmar people|Hmars]] in [[Northeast India]], is celebrated in December during years of abundant harvest, known as ''fapâng râlinsân'' years. Preparations for the feast involve collecting, winnowing, and husking the previous year's yield to brew rice beer, locally known as ''zu''. During the Sikpui Feast, families bring their share of ''zu'' to partake in communal feasting. This communal sharing, termed 'Sikpui,' likely contributes to the festival's name. Additionally, some suggest that the festival's timing during the winter months led to its name. The Sikpui Feast is distinguished not only by its communal aspect but also by the songs and dances that accompany it. Nine distinct Sikpui dances, accompanied by songs collectively known as ''Sikpui Hla'', are performed during the festival. Of these, Sikpui Hlapui (Hla Ser) holds particular reverence, as the Sikpui dance traditionally begins with its rendition.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gauhati High Court |title="Sikpui Ruoi" as a restricted holiday |url=https://ghconline.gov.in/General/Notification-04-07-2022.pdf |access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Malsawmliana |title=A Typological Classification of Megaliths of Mizoram |journal=Journal of Neolithic Archaeology |date=2019 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/270214351.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Varte |first1=Immanuel |title=Revisited: Sikpui Ruoi of the Hmar Tribe |journal=Anthropology Today |date=2016 |volume=1}}</ref>
[[File:Zawllung Patpuihmun.jpg|thumb|Kûtpui Lungphun]]
The Sikpui Feast includes various traditional songs and dances, which contribute to its cultural heritage. Nine distinct Sikpui dances are performed, each accompanied by specific songs collectively known as ''Sikpui Hla''. These dances include ''Buontlaw Hla'', ''Hranthli Hla'', ''Lamtluong Hla'', ''Saia Ketet lam Hla'', ''Simsak Hla'', ''Tangkâwngvâilâk Hla'', ''Inran Hla'', ''Ṭînna Hla'', and ''Hla Vuina (Hla Phumna)''. Among these, ''Sikpui Hlapui'' (Hla Ser) holds particular significance, often marking the initiation of the Sikpui dance.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Dena |first1=Lal |title=In Search of Identity: Hmars of North East India |date=2008 |publisher=Akansha Publishing House}}</ref>

==Zawllung==

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Zawllung
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Ethno-Cultural Site
| image_skyline = Zawllung Senvon 1.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.13826|N|93.04043|E|display=inline,}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pherzawl District]]
}}

The Zâwllung, also known as '''''Sikpui Lung''''', was constructed to accommodate the ''drummer'' and ''chanter'' during the Sikpui Festival, observed by the Zopui people in 1897. The festival, primarily celebrated by the [[Hmar people|Hmars]], hold significant cultural importance.<ref name=":6">{{cite book |last1=Faihriem |first1=Darthangluoi |title=Sikpui Ruoi (Winter Festival of the Hmars) |year=2002 |location=Churachandpur}}</ref> Situated in the former Zopui village, nestled within the Zopui range, approximately one kilometer above the southern side of present-day [[Senvawn]] village, this structure served as a focal point for communal festivities. Founded by Chief Tuola Pulamte, the Zopui village comprised around 60 households. Oral tradition suggests that the Zâwllung (Sikpuilung) was established in 1897, with Ngurpuilal Inbuon (Bawnga pa) serving as ''Khuongpu Zâilâk'' during the Sikpui celebrations. Over time, the Zopui village amalgamated with neighboring settlements such as Hmunte, Lohawi, Pamṭhul, and Sâtṭhiek, forming a unified village known as '''''Kâwnzâr''''', now identified as [[Senvawn]]. This geographical location held strategic importance for British military operations.

In 1870, during the British campaign to pacify Mizo chiefs, [[Senvawn]] served as a crucial base for the northern column, led by Woodthorpe. Additionally, [[Senvawn]] was considered by the missionary [[William Pettigrew (missionary)|William Pettigrew]] as a potential site for a Christian mission station in the late 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ngaihte |first1=Samuel G |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2nv8pqk |title=Christianity and Empire in South Manipur Hills: Senvon Encounter and the Dialogic Zo Peoples |last2=Paulianding |first2=Reuben |date=2022 |publisher=1517 Media |jstor=j.ctv2nv8pqk |isbn=978-1-5064-8892-9}}</ref> However, due to opposition from local authorities and ongoing tribal conflicts, Pettigrew's plans did not materialize. In 1910, under the leadership of the village's chief, Welsh missionary [[Watkin Roberts]] arrived in [[Senvawn]] to spread the teachings of [[Christianity]]. This event marked a significant milestone in the village's history, earning it the reputation as the "seedbed of the Gospel" among the [[Hmar people]]. The influence of Roberts' mission extended beyond [[Senvawn]], reaching neighboring regions such as South-west [[Manipur]], the Khuga valley, and even areas beyond national borders, such as Tamu in [[Myanmar]] and the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pangote |first1=Chawngsangvung |title=Senvawn Chanchin}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kholum |first1=Darneilal |title=Senvawn Chanchin 1896-2006 |date=2010 |location=Churachandpur}}</ref>

==Bibliography==

=== Vernacular Sources ===
*Darneilal Kholum, ''Senvawn Chanchin'', 1896–2006, Churachandpur, 2010.
*Chawngsangvung Pangote, ''Senvawn Chanchin''.
*Darthangluoi Faihriem, ''Sikpui Ruoi (Winter Festival the Hmars)'', Diphu, 2002.
*Hranglien Songate, ''Hmar Chanchin.'' 1977.
*''Hmar Ṭobul Nun''
*Pulamte, John H. (2011). ''Hmar Bungpui Pastor Thangngur''.
*Phulpui Gospel Centenary, 2020.
*Thangsawihmang's (unpublished MSS); ''Some places of Historical importance in Pherzawl District'', Pherzawl.
*H. V. Vara, ''Hmar Hla Hlui (The Hmar Folk Dinga, Lyrics and Chants)'', Churachandpur, 1967.
*Lallungawi & V. K. Pangamte, Edited, ''Hnam Ro-2'', Hmar Writers' Club, Churachandpur, 2023.
*L.Keivom & David Buhril, ''Biethu: Selected Writings of Keivom & Buhril'', Sinlung Academy of Letters, 2020.
*Lienzathang, ''Parbung Chanchin''.
*Pastor Chawilien, Lalkhawlien Pulamte & L. Kiemlo Pulamte, ''Leiri-Changsan Pahnam Chanchin'', Churachandpur, 2020.

=== Ethnographical Interviews ===
*Field reports of RWUS Staff members.
*Lienzuol Shunate's oral information.
*Oral Sources Collected through some selected Village Authority members of Lungthulien, Parbung & Senvawn.
*Personal Interview with Thangsawihmang Sawngte (87), Muolhlum, Rengkai.
*Personal Interview with Kama (93), Bethel, Churachandpur.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hmar]]
[[Category:Lists of places]]

K. T. Achaya

2025-12-20T15:48:11Z

Aspjack: brief enhanced citations for clarity further for clarity

{{Short description|Indian chemist and nutritionist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{infobox person
|name =Konganda Thammu Achaya
|birth_date ={{Birth date|df=yes|1923|10|06}}
|birth_place =[[Kollegal]], Chamarajnagar, [[Mysore State]] (present-day [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
|occupation ={{hlist|Oil chemist|food scientist|nutritionist|food historian|food writer}}
|death_date ={{death date and age|df=yes|2002|9|5|1923|10|6}}
}}
'''K. T. Achaya''' (6 October 1923 – 5 September 2002) was an oil chemist, food scientist, nutritionist, and food historian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reviews-essays/kt-achaya-pioneering-scholarship-indian-food|title=KT Achaya's pioneering scholarship on Indian food|last=Sen|first=Mayukh|date=1 June 2018|website=[[The Caravan]]|language=en|url-access=subscription|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref>

He is the author of ''Indian Food: A Historical Companion'', ''The Food Industries of British India'', and ''A Historical Dictionary of Indian Food''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sci-tech-and-agri/changes-in-the-indian-menu-over-the-ages/article28512908.ece | title=Changes in the Indian menu over the ages | date=4 November 2004 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=15 December 2019 }}</ref><ref name="obituary">{{cite journal |author=Mahtab S. Bamji |title=Life's history ends for a food scientist-historian: An obituary of K. T. Achaya |journal=Current Science |volume=83 |issue=8 |year=2002 |jstor=24106937 }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Konganda Thammu Achaya was born 6 October 1923,<ref name="obituary"/> in a [[Kodava people|Kodava]] family, in the [[Kollegal]] town of the [[Mysore kingdom]] (now part of [[Karnataka]]).<ref name="CTS_2023">{{cite book |author=Colleen Taylor Sen |chapter=Achaya, K.T. |editor1=Colleen Taylor Sen |editor2=Sourish Bhattacharyya |editor3=Helen Saberi |title=The Bloomsbury Handbook of Indian Cuisine |year=2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=9781350128651 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzysEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT416 |page=7}}</ref> He graduated in chemistry from the [[University of Madras]] in 1943.<ref name="obituary"/>

Achaya worked at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] for the next three years, doing research on oils, fats and foods system. In 1948, he co-authored the book ''Indian Dairy Products'' with K. S. Rangappa; a revised edition of the book was reprinted later in 1974. Achaya obtained a doctorate from the [[University of Liverpool]] in the UK, working at [[Thomas Percy Hilditch|T. P. Hilditch]]'s lab.<ref name="obituary"/>

== Career ==

After receiving his Ph.D., Achaya established the School of Fat Chemistry and Technology in Hyderabad, which later evolved into the [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]].<ref name="CTS_2023"/> He researched on cottonseed processing and [[castor oil]] derivatives in Regional Research Laboratory in Hyderabad for 22 years starting from 1950. During this time, he published 150 publications and acquired 11 patents. In 1971, he became the executive director of Protein Foods and Nutrition Development Association of India in [[Mumbai]]. In 1977, Achaya moved to the [[Central Food Technological Research Institute|Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI)]], Mysore, as a consultant to the United Nations University (UNU) Programme for advanced training in Food Science and Technology for fellows from developing countries. He retired from CFTRI in 1983 and wrote several books after his retirement.<ref name="obituary"/>

== Books ==

K. T. Achaya published several books on oil milling and food history of India.<ref name="obituary"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Worldcat search|url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_all&q=k.+t.+achaya|work=WorldCat|publisher=OCLC|accessdate=2 June 2013}}</ref>

*''Oilseeds and Oil Milling in India: A Cultural and Historical Survey'' (1990)
*''GHANI: The Traditional Oil Mill of India'' (1993)
*''The Food Industries of British India'' (1994)
*''The Story of our Food'' (2000)
*''The Food Industries of British India'' (Oxford University Press, 1994)
*''[[Indian Food: A Historical Companion]]'' (Oxford University Press, 1994)
*''A Historical Dictionary of Indian Food ''(Oxford University Press, 1998)
*''The Illustrated Foods of India, A-Z'' (Oxford University Press, 2009)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Achaya, K. T.}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian food writers]]
[[Category:Indian food scientists]]
[[Category:Food historians]]
[[Category:People from Chamarajanagar district]]
[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Scientists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Kodava people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian male non-fiction writers]]

Kadvi Chowk metro station

2025-12-19T17:54:55Z

Aspjack: Stub

{{short description|Nagpur Metro's Orange Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kadvi Chowk
| style = Nagpur Metro
| type = {{Nagpur Metro Infobox station line|line=Orange}}
| image =
| address = Dobi Nagar, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440014
| coordinates = {{coord|21.16860|79.09240|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Nagpur Metro]]
| lines = {{rcb|Nagpur Metro|Orange|croute}}
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Automative Square metro station|Automative Square]] Platform-2 → [[Khapri metro station|Khapri]]
| tracks = 2
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational
| opening = {{start date and age|df=yes|12 December 2022}}
| electrified = 750 V DC [[third rail]]
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Nagpur Metro|line=Orange|left=Indora Square|to-left=Automotive Square|right=Gaddi Godam Square|to-right=Khapri}}
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
| route_map = {{Nagpur Metro North-South Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Orange}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Kadvi Chowk''',<ref name="fare">{{cite web |title=Updated Fare Chart |url=https://www.metrorailnagpur.com/pdf/updated-fare-chart.pdf |website=Metro Rail Nagpur |date=28 February 2024}}</ref> also spelled '''Kadbi Chowk''',<ref name="map">{{cite web |title=NMRCL - Network Map |url=https://www.metrorailnagpur.com/network-map |website=www.metrorailnagpur.com |access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref> is an elevated metro station on the North-South Corridor of the [[Orange Line (Nagpur Metro)|Orange Line]] of [[Nagpur Metro]] in [[Nagpur]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Inaugurates Nagpur Metro, Flags Off 6th Vande Bharat Train |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-nagpur-metro-flags-off-6th-vande-bharat-train-3596721 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> This metro station was inaugurated on 11 December 2022 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and was opened to the public on 12 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-05 |title=PM Modi to launch remaining routes in Nagpur Metro phase-I on December 11 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/nagpur/pm-modi-launch-routes-nagpur-metro-phase-i-december-11-8307057/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-11 |title=PM Modi inaugurates Phase-I of Nagpur Metro, takes a ride |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/pm-modi-inaugurates-phase-i-of-nagpur-metro-takes-a-ride-355940-2022-12-11 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Kadvi Chowk track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Orange}}
| title color = white
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Nagpur Metro|Indora Square}}
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Nagpur Metro|Gaddi Godam Square}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[Khapri metro station|Khapri]] '''Next Station:''' [[Gaddi Godam Square metro station|Gaddi Godam Square]]
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← [[Automotive Square metro station|Automotive Square]] '''Next Station:''' [[Indora Square metro station|Indora Square]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Nagpur]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[List of Nagpur Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://www.metrorailnagpur.com/network-map|name=Nagpur Metro Official Website}}
{{Nagpur Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Nagpur Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]

Zainapora tehsil

2025-12-11T10:43:06Z

Aspjack: Adding new pg.

{{use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{About|the sub district in Kashmir|its namesake town|Zainapora}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
Zainapora
| native_name = {{nq|زٲنہٕ پوٗر }}
| settlement_type = Sub district
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.7763|N|75.0055|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag| India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shopian district|Shopian]]
| elevation_m = 1594
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Urdu]] and [[English Language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken Language
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 192303
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01933
| registration_plate = JK22
| official_name = Zainapora
|website =
{{Url|http://shopian.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Zainapora''' is a sub district in the [[Shopian district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. It is one of three sub districts of [[Shopian district]]. The sub district headquarter is located in [[Zainapora]] town. Zainapora is located {{cvt|19|km}} towards north-east of [[Anantnag district|district Anantnag]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.jammulinksnews.com/mb/newsdet.aspx?q=211721
|website=jammulinksnews.com
|title=DC Shopian visits SDH Zainapora
|access-date=30 August 2020
|archive-date=19 February 2025
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219163912/https://www.jammulinksnews.com/mb/newsdet.aspx?q=211721
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://kashmirvision.in/2017/07/17/sub-district-zainapora-without-sdm-since-last-three-months/
|website=kashmirvision.in
|title=Sub district Zainapora without SDM since last three months}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/uncategorized/delegation-meets-ddc-shopian/
|website=greaterkashmir.com
|title=Delegation meets DDC Shopian
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.kashmirnewsobserver.com/DisplayNews.aspx?id=30980
|website=kashmirnewsobserver.com
|title=SDM suspends two RDD officials in Zainapora}}
</ref>

==Education==
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Shopian]] (JNV Aglar)
* Government Higher Secondary School Zainapora
* Government Degree College Zainapora
* NIPS Zainapora
* Government High School Aglar
* Al Fallah English Medium School [[Aglar Zainapora|Aglar]]
* Allama Iqbal Memorial Institute Zainapora
* Government Middle School Safanagri

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
[[Category:Shopian district]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

Next patient please

2025-12-08T01:43:57Z

Aspjack: Put Up A Info

{{Short description|2021 health book by Brijeshwar Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}


{{italictitle}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Next patient, please
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = File:Next_patient_please.jpg
| caption =
| author = [[Brijeshwar Singh]]
| cover_artist = Prasanth Ramakrishnan
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| publisher = [[Rupa Publications]] India
| release_date = 26 March 2022
| pages = 180
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| isbn = 978-93-9091-850-8
}}

'''''Next patient, please''''' is the second book written by Indian author [[Brijeshwar Singh]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=14 May 2022 |title=I wanted to share pain and emotion of my patients: Dr Brijeshwar Singh |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/culture/wanted-share-pain-emotion-patients-dr-brijeshwar-singh |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=राजभवन में राज्यपाल ने दिया डॉ. बृजेश्वर सिंह को अकादमी पुरस्कार |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/bareily/story-the-governor-presented-the-academy-award-to-dr-brijeshwar-singh-at-raj-bhavan-8302584.html |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-22 |title=बरेली: डॉ बृजेश्वर सिंह ने सीएम योगी को भेंट की "नेक्स्ट पेशेंट, प्लीज" |url=https://www.amritvichar.com/article/236679/bareilly-dr-brijeshwar-presents-next-patient-please-to-cm-yogi |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=www.amritvichar.com |language=hi}}</ref> Published by [[Rupa Publications|Rupa Publications India]], the book is a collection of 38 stories narrated by the practicing trauma surgeon who is also a theatre activist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बरेली के आर्थोपेडिक सर्जन डॉ. ब्रजेश्वर सिंह को संगीत नाटक अकादमी पुरस्कार |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/bareily/story-sangeet-natak-akademi-award-to-dr-brajeshwar-singh-orthopedic-surgeon-bareilly-3861840.html |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=बरेली के ऑर्थोपेडिक सर्जन डॉ. बृजेश्वर की किताब का नई दिल्ली में हुआ विमोचन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly/bareilly-s-orthopedic-surgeon-dr-brijeshwar-s-book-released-in-new-delhi-bareilly-news-bly480715395 |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=26 March 2022 |title=साहित्य के प्रति विनम्रता संवेदनशीलता की कसौटीः प्रो.अग्रवाल {{!}} Samvad News |url=https://samvadnews.in/news-new-delhi-next-patient-please-a-book-by-dr-brijeshwar-singh-launched-in-a-ceremony-2022-03-26/ |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=संवाद |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Background ==
[[Brijeshwar Singh]] wrote ''Next patient, please'' based on interactions with his patients over a course of four years. Through these stories, the author has tried to capture the essence of human conviction.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Next Patient Please यानी मरीज के दर्द की सच्ची कहानी डा. बृजेश्वर सिंह की जुबानी |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-next-patient-please-means-story-of-patients-pain-by-dr-brijeshwar-singh-bareilly-news-22609603.html |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> How patients' lives and attitudes change because of a traumatic event is an integral part of these stories based on the surgeon's conversations with his patients.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

== Theme ==
Set in backgrounds ranging from the dusty by-lanes of small town to big-city blues, the stories are mainly themed on how patients are cured by humanism and a human touch as much as they are by surgical procedures and medicines.<ref name=":3" /> The stories talk about accidents, genetic defects, hopes and despair, stigmas and social acceptance.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Characters ==
The stories revolve around a range of characters that include a 102-year-old nawab who served the [[British Army]] in pre-independence India and a girl who wouldn't let anything – not even her scarred and broken limbs – break her spirit. There are characters named after popular north Indian snacks such as "samosa" and "pakodi" who add a great sense of positivity to the collection of stories.<ref name=":1" />

== Reception ==

''Next patient, please'' was officially released on 26 March 2022, at [[New Delhi|New Delhi, India]]. Theatrist, author and film actor [[Manav Kaul]] was the chief guest of the ceremony.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

The book also received positive review from senior journalist Saurabh Dwivedi, Hindi author Suman Keshari, Urdu Writer [[Khalid Jawed]].<ref name=":2" /> Critics have also written about the brief poems that Dr Brijeshwar has placed before the prose.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-02 |title=Book Review: Next Patient, Please – BANSA COMMUNITY LIBRARY & RESOURCE CENTRE |url=https://www.bansacommunitylibrary.org/book-review-next-patient-please/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindi-language literature]]
[[Category:2022 non-fiction books]]

Kalkulam taluk

2025-12-06T09:18:09Z

Aspjack: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Kallkkulam taluk''' is a [[taluk]] of [[Kanyakumari district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of [[Kallkkulam]].Up to 1957, Kallkkulam Taluk formed part of the Travancore Kingdom and subsequently the Travancore-Cochin State. It was when the States were divided on linguistic basis that [[Kallkkulam]], [[Thovalai]], [[Vilavancode]], and [[Agastheeswaram]] Taluks of the erstwhile [[Thiruvananthapuram District]] of the then [[Travancore-Cochin]] State were included in the then [[Madras State]] (later renamed as [[Tamil Nadu]]) as [[Kanyakumari]] District.

Kallkkulam taluk has been an important administrative division of the erstwhile Travancore Kingdom. Padmanabhapuram, the erstwhile capital of Travancore State is situated with in Kallkkulam Taluk. It was at Kallkkulam that Maharaja Marthanda Verma of Travancore Kingdom (the then [[Venad]] Kingdom) executed the eight Nair feudal Lords [[Ettuveetil Pillamar]] who challenged his authority to the throne.

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Kallkkulam had a population of 603,918 with 303,913 males and 300,005 females. There were 987 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 84.77. Child population in the age group below 6 was 24,542 Males and 23,696 Females.<ref>{{cite web|title=Provisional Population Totals - Tamil Nadu-Census 2011 |url=http://www.census.tn.nic.in/census2011data/PPT_taluk_data_final.pdf |publisher=Census Tamil Nadu |access-date=4 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617095215/http://www.census.tn.nic.in/census2011data/PPT_taluk_data_final.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2013 }}</ref>

== References ==
<References/>

{{coord|9|46|N|78|44|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}
{{District of Kanyakumari}}

[[Category:Taluks of Kanyakumari district]]

{{Kanniyakumari-geo-stub}}

Great Bath

2025-11-22T06:36:44Z

Aspjack: cleanup section and improved wording after review

{{Short description|Structure at the ruins of Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan}}
{{about||the structure in Bath, England|Roman Baths (Bath)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
[[File:Mohenjodaro Sindh.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|The Great Bath was found in 1926 during archaeological excavations]]

The '''Great Bath''' is one of the best-known structures among the ruins of the [[Harappan Civilization]], excavated at [[Mohenjo-daro]] in present-day [[Sindh]] province of [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SD Area |website=Ancient India |publisher=[[British Museum]] |url= http://www.ancientindia.co.uk/indus/explore/sd_intro_b1.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133435/http://www.ancientindia.co.uk/indus/explore/sd_intro_b1.html |archive-date=3 July 2018 |url-status= live}}</ref><ref name=EB>"[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/242946/Great-Bath Great Bath]." Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 9 June 2010.</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Tikkanen |first=Amy |title=Great Bath |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=26 January 2018 |url= https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Bath-Mohenjo-daro |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180703164742/https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Bath-Mohenjo-daro |archive-date=3 July 2018 |url-status= live}}</ref> Archaeological evidence indicates that the Great Bath was built in the third millennium BCE, soon after the raising of the "citadel" mound on which it is located.<ref name=Singh>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 1100s |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |location=New Delhi |pages=149–150 |chapter=The Harappan Civilization, c. 2600–1900 BCE |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA149}}</ref>

==Features of The Great Bath==
The Great Bath of Mohenjo-Daro is called the "earliest public water tank of the ancient world".<ref>Kenoyer, slide [https://www.harappa.com/slide/great-bath-mohenjo-daro-0 8 of 90].</ref>{{convert|12|m|ft|-1}} by {{convert|7|m|ft}}, with a maximum depth of {{convert|2.4|m|ft|0}}.<ref>Kenoyer, slide [https://www.harappa.com/indus6/greatbathatdawn24.html 24 of 103].</ref> Two wide staircases, one from the north and one from the south, served as the entry to the structure.<ref>Kenoyer, slide [http://www.mohenjodaro.net/greatbath25.html 25 of 103].</ref> A ledge {{convert|1.4|m|ftin}} high extending the entire width of the bath is at the lower ends of these stairs. The sloping floor leads to a small outlet at the southwestern corner of the tank, connecting [[corbelled arch]] drain, which led the used water out of the bath.<ref>Kenoyer, slides [https://www.harappa.com/indus6/greatbathside29.html 29]-[https://www.harappa.com/indus6/greatbathdrain32.html 32 of 103], outlet and corbelled drain.</ref>

The floor of the tank was watertight due to finely fitted bricks laid on edge with a gypsum plaster, and the side walls were constructed in a similar manner. To make the tank even more watertight, a thick layer of [[bitumen]] (waterproof tar) was laid along the sides of the pool and presumably also on the floor. Brick colonnades were discovered on the eastern, northern and southern edges. The preserved columns had stepped edges that may have held wooden screens or window frames. Two large doors lead into the complex from the south and other access was from the north and east. A series of rooms were located along the eastern edge of the building and in one room was a well that may have supplied some of the water needed to fill the tank. Rainwater also may have been collected for the purpose, but no inlet drains have been found. It may have had a long bathing pool built with waterproof bricks.<ref name=Kenoyer>Kenoyer, slide [http://www.harappa.com/indus/8.html 8 of 90].</ref>

<blockquote>"Most scholars agree that this tank would have been used for special religious functions where water was used to purify and renew the well being of the bathers. This indicates the importance attached to ceremonial bathing in sacred tanks, pools and rivers since time immemorial." [[Jonathan Mark Kenoyer|J. M. Kenoyer]]<ref name=Kenoyer/></blockquote>

The fresh water supply at Mohenjo-Daro was fed by a system of wells that were lined with wedge-shaped bricks.<ref name="APH">{{cite journal |last1=Jansen |first1=M |title=Water Supply and Sewage Disposal at Mohenjo-Daro |journal=Archaeology of Public Health |date=1989 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pmid=16470995 |url=https://sleigh-munoz.co.uk/wash/Mara/History/Mojenjodaro2.pdf |access-date=24 October 2024}}</ref>

===College of Priests===
Across the street of The Great Bath, there was a big building with multiple rooms and three verandas, and two staircases leading to the roof and upper floor. Reminding the size of
the Great Bath, this building is mostly called as the House of Priests and labelled as "College of Priests.”

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:The Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro. Wellcome L0005461.jpg|During 1922-1927 archaeological excavations
File:The_Great_Bath_of_Moenjodaro.jpg|Explanatory sign
File:Mohenjo-daro.jpg|General view
File:Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro 20160806 JYN-03.jpg|View of tank with both staircases
File:The Great Bath of Moenjodaro by smn121-5.JPG|Staircase
File:The Great Bath of Moenjodaro by smn121-6.JPG|Masonry detail
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* [[Jonathan Mark Kenoyer|Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark]]. Two sets of indexed images: ''[https://www.harappa.com/slideshows/mohenjo-daro Mohenjo-daro!]'', 103 slides. See "Great Bath, SD Area", slides [https://www.harappa.com/indus6/greatbathgranary23.html 23]-[https://www.harappa.com/indus6/greatbathdrain32.html 32]; and ''[https://www.harappa.com/slideshows/around-indus-90-slides Around the Indus in 90 Slides]'', [https://www.harappa.com/indus/indus1.html introduction] and slides [https://www.harappa.com/slide/great-bath-mohenjo-daro-0 8]-[https://www.harappa.com/slide/great-bath-mohenjo-daro 9] & [https://www.harappa.com/slide/bath-area-mohenjo-daro 12]. 1995–2022. Accessed 2 July 2012, re-accessed 11 July 2022.
{{refend}}{{commons category|The Great Bath of Moenjodaro}}

{{coords|27|19|31.29|N|68|7|58.34|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Great Bath, Mohenjo-Daro}}
[[Category:1926 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Sindh]]
[[Category:Bathing]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 26th century BC]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Public baths]]
[[Category:Mohenjo-daro]]

1557 in India

2025-11-19T20:02:46Z

Aspjack: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|none}}
{{list incomplete|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{year in India|1557}}

Events from the year '''1557 in India'''.

==Events==
* The [[Sur Empire]] comes to an end
* Siege of Mankot as part of the Mughal expansion<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nath |first1=Pratyay |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004395695_008 |title=The World of the Siege (Narratives of Akbar’s Sieges and the Construction of Mughal Universal Sovereignty) |date=24 May 2019 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-39569-5 |page=176- |language=en |chapter=Narratives of Akbar’s Sieges and the Construction of Mughal Universal Sovereignty |quote=Mankot (1557) was the first siege of Akbar’s career and was undertaken at a stage when he was still under the regency of Bairam Khan. Chased by Mughal troops, the Afghan chieftain Sikandar Sur had taken refuge in this fort in the Himalayan foothills near the Punjab Plains of North India. Sikandar was a member of the aristocracy of the Afghan sultanate that Mughal armies had defeated on the plains of Panipat the year before. This siege represented an important phase in the struggle of the emergent Mughal Empire against the increasingly-cornered Afghan aristocracy – one that would continue for decades to come. It was a keenly contested siege during which the garrison defended the fort valiantly with artillery and matchlocks. They sued for peace after almost six months, only after they were seriously threatened by rising desertions and a scarcity of food. Sikandar was pardoned by the young emperor and admitted into the Mughal officialdom.}}</ref>
* Emperor Akbar welcomes his mother to India<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://viewer.cbl.ie/viewer/image/In_03_25/2/#:~:text=Akbar%20welcomes%20his%20mother%20to,Fazl%20-%20Chester%20Beatty%20Online%20Collections |title=Akbar welcomes his mother to India in 1557, from the History of Akbar (Akbarnama), by Abu’l-Fazl}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1557}}

[[Category:1557 in India| ]]
[[Category:1557 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 16th century in India]]
[[Category:1557 in Asia]]
[[Category:1550s in India]]

== References ==
{{India-year-stub}}

BG Express

2025-11-11T08:22:05Z

Aspjack: created article

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Guwahati–Mariani BG Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Assam]], [[Nagaland]]
| first = {{start date and age|15 August 1998}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Guwahati}} (GHY)
| stops = 12
| end = {{stnlnk|Mariani}} (MXN)
| distance = {{convert|404|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 8h 45m
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[ICF coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 15665/15666
| speed = {{convert|46|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
Maximumpermissible speed 110km/hr
| map = [[File:Nagaland Express (Guwahati - Dimapur) BG Express route map.png|250px|Guwahati–Mariani BG Superfast Express route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The '''Guwahati–Mariani BG Express''' is an [[Superfast Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Guwahati}} and {{stnlnk|Mariani}} in India. It is currently being operated with 15665/15666 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/train-derails-in-assam-12-passengers-injured/ Train derails in Assam, 50 passengers injured]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/train-derails-in-assam/article5917635.ece?homepage=true Train derails in Assam]</ref><ref>[http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/new-train-service-introduced-changes-train-terminal/ New train service introduced, changes train terminal]</ref> Earlier, the train ran between Guwahati and [[Dimapur railway station|Dimapur]]. It was extended to Mariani Junction from 2020.

== Service==

The 15665/Guwahati–Mariani BG Express has an average speed of 46 km/h and covers 404 km in 8h 45m. The 15666/Dimapur–Guwahati BG Express has an average speed of 46 km/h and covers 404 km in 8h 50m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Guwahati}}
* {{stnlnk|Jagi Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Chaparmukh Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kampur}}
* {{stnlnk|Hojai}}
* {{stnlnk|Lanka}}
* {{stnlnk|Lumding Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Diphu}}
* {{stnlnk|Dimapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Furkating}}
* {{stnlnk|Golaghat}}
* {{stnlnk|Barua Bamungaon}}
* {{stnlnk|Jorhat Town}}
* {{stnlnk|Mariani}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 13 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 2 AC III Tier
* 4 Sleeper coaches
* 3 Second Sitting
* 2 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Guwahati|Guwahati Loco Shed]]- based [[WDM-3A]] diesel locomotive from Guwahati to Dimapur and vice versa. Now shifted to [[Diesel Loco Shed, Malda Town|Malda Town]] WDM-3A or New Guwahati-based [[WDM-3D]].

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 15603/15604 [[Kamakhya–Ledo Intercity Express]], 15669/15670 [[Nagaland Express]] and 55601/55602 [[Kamakhya–Lumding Passenger]].

== See also ==

* [[Guwahati railway station]]
* [[Mariani Junction railway station]]
* [[Nagaland Express]]
* [[Kamakhya–Ledo Intercity Express]]
* [[Kamakhya–Lumding Passenger]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/419 15665/Guwahati–Mariani BG Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/589 15666/Mariani–Guwahati BG Express] India Rail Info

{{Northeast Frontier Railway}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guwahati-Dimapur Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Transport in Dimapur]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Nagaland]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Tashigang, Himachal Pradesh

2025-09-28T14:50:20Z

Aspjack: Adding entry

{{about|a village in Himachal Pradesh, India|the town in eastern Bhutan (2383 inhabitants)|Trashigang}}

{{distinguish|text = another Himachal village of the same name near Kaza and Kibber, also written as 'Tashigong', which is considered to be the world's highest polling station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tashigang
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village and Monastery
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.84010|N|78.69669|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Local
| demographics1_info2 = [[Lahuli–Spiti languages|Spiti]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#HP.E2.80.94Himachal_Pradesh|HP-27]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tashigang''' is a village near an ancient monastery in the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India, at a staggering altitude of 15,256 feet above msl. It is a settlement in [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]] and is located in the [[Sutlej]] river valley near the India-[[Tibet]] border. [[National Highway 5 (India)|National Highway 5]] connects Khab with state capital [[Shimla]]. Below Tashigangis flows the Sutlej river, which originates from [[Mansarovar]] Lake in Tibet. The villages of [[Nako,_Himachal_Pradesh|Nako]] and [[Khab]] are nearby. Current Tashigang is controlled by India but claimed by [[Zanda County]], [[Ngari Prefecture]], [[Tibet]], [[China]]. You can go to the mountain [[Gang Chua]] via here through a pass.

== Claims ==
According to some maps, the territory is disputed between India and China,<ref>Google Map of the region. [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Tashigang+172112/@31.833074,78.6451482,12.71z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3907aaa3ac472219:0x5c4b39e454beed3c!8m2!3d31.8411065!4d78.6778111 (Map)]</ref><ref>[[:File:India_disputed_areas_map.svg]]</ref> while in others it is not.<ref>[https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/kashmir_region_2004.jpg legacy.lib.utexas.edu - CIA map: Kashmir Region 2004]</ref>

== Transportation ==
Tashigang can be reached by foot from Nako and Khab.[[File:The pass on the way to Tashigang from Nako.jpg|thumb|Pass on the way to Tashigang from Nako.|center]]
== See also ==
* [[Shipki La]]
* [[India-China Border Roads]]
* [[Line of Actual Control]]
* [[List of disputed territories of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Kinnaur district]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Machaki Khurd

2025-08-13T21:39:30Z

Aspjack: Stub

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Machaki Khurd
| other_name = ਮਚਾਕੀ ਖੁਰਦ
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates =
{{Coord|30.705940|74.674308|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 3491
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 151212
| registration_plate = PB
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Faridkot
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
| website =
}}

'''Machaki Khurd''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਮਚਾਕੀ ਖੁਰਦ) is a village located in the [[Faridkot district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Machaki Khurd · Punjab 151203, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Machaki+Khurd,+Punjab+151203/@30.7054969,74.6685576,16z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x39175f59bf87644f:0x4bbd1150b5a6b935!8m2!3d30.7053514!4d74.6737095!16s/g/1th85hwf?hl=en&entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDIxMi4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Machaki Khurd · Punjab 151203, India |language=en}}</ref> The village has a population of 1,185 as per the census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Machaki Khurd Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35528-machaki-khurd-punjab.html |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The pin code of the village is 151212.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PinCodeArea |title=Postal Code: MACHAKI KHURD, Post Machaki Kalan BO (Faridkot, Punjab) |url=https://pincodearea.in/MACHAKI-KHURD-Pincode-PO-Machaki-Kalan-BO#google_vignette |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=PinCodeArea |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Tai Aiton people

2025-07-21T11:45:58Z

Aspjack: enhanced content further and improved wording

{{more citations needed|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Tai Aiton
| image =
| caption =
| native_name_lang =
| flag_caption =
| population =
| region1 = India
| pop1 = <8,000
| langs = [[Aiton language|Aiton]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| rels = [[Theravada Buddhism]]
| related = {{ubl|Other [[Tai peoples]]}}
{{hlist|item_style=font-size:90%;
|([[Thai people]], [[Lao people]], [[Shan people]], [[Dai people]], [[Tai Nua people|Tai Nua]])}}
}}

The '''Tai Aiton''' are one among the six indigenous Tai communities of [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kakoty |first=Deepmoni |date=2020-07-31 |title=Tai Aiton (Assam, India) – Language Snapshot |url=https://lddjournal.org/articles/10.25894/ldd98 |language=en-US |journal=Language Documentation and Description |volume=17 |pages=76 |doi=10.25894/ldd98 |archive-date=2023-10-29 |access-date=2023-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029204552/https://lddjournal.org/articles/10.25894/ldd98 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They are [[Animist]] and [[Buddhist]] by religion.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/16191/IN | title=Aiton in India }}</ref> They speak the [[Tai Aiton language]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Anushka |title=This Historical Language Spoken in Assam's Remote Pockets May Vanish Soon |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/this-historical-language-spoken-in-assam-s-remote-pockets-may-vanish-soon |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Homegrown |date=8 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> which is similar to other [[Tai languages]] spoken in [[Thailand]].
They have been recognized as Scheduled Tribes (Hills) and are listed as Man-Tai speaking people by the Government of [[Assam]].

Their population is unknown but is expected to be less than 8,000.
The [[Assamese people|other indigenous Assamese communities]] commonly term them as Shyams or the people from [[Siam]] i.e. [[Thailand]]. The names of their villages are directly translatable into modern Thai, as both sounds and meaning correspond.

Man Tai Speaking people are not Ahom people as many may confuse them to be.

==History==
They came to Assam far back in the 16th-17th century from the east crossing the [[Patkai]] hills.

They are Hinayana Buddhists and their language is close to that of [[Isan|North Eastern Thailand]].

==Distribution==
Presently they live in small pockets in [[Upper Assam]] along with the [[Turung people|Turung]] and [[Khamyang people|Khamyang]] people.

They live in certain villages of [[Jorhat]], [[Golaghat]] and [[Karbi Anglong]] districts.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}

[[Category:Tai peoples]]
[[Category:Tribes of Assam]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Assam]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]

Vivek Razdan

2025-07-01T04:01:56Z

Aspjack: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Vivek Razdan
| nickname = Kaptaan
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|8|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm fast-medium
| international = true
| country = India
| internationalspan = 1988–1990
| testdebutdate = 23 November
| testdebutyear = 1989
| testdebutagainst = Pakistan
| testcap = 188
| lasttestdate = 9 December
| lasttestyear = 1989
| lasttestagainst = Pakistan
| odidebutdate = 18 December
| odidebutyear = 1989
| odidebutagainst = Pakistan
| odicap = 73
| lastodidate = 1 December
| lastodiyear = 1990
| lastodiagainst = Sri Lanka
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 2
| runs1 = 6
| bat avg1 = –
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 6[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 240
| wickets1 = 5
| bowl avg1 = 28.20
| fivefor1 = 1
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 5/79
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 3
| runs2 = 23
| bat avg2 = 11.50
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 18
| deliveries2 = 84
| wickets2 = 1
| bowl avg2 = 77.00
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 1/37
| catches/stumpings2 = 4/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 29
| runs3 = 700
| bat avg3 = 25.00
| 100s/50s3 = 2/2
| top score3 = 101
| deliveries3 = 4,060
| wickets3 = 67
| bowl avg3 = 33.79
| fivefor3 = 2
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 5/67
| catches/stumpings3 = 8/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 18
| runs4 =103
| bat avg4 = 14.71
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score4 = 29[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 757
| wickets4 = 14
| bowl avg4 = 43.21
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 3/32
| catches/stumpings4 = 6/–
| date = 4 February
| year = 2006
| source = http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/33151.html CricInfo
}}
'''Vivek Razdan''' ({{Audio|Vivek_Razdan.ogg|pronunciation}}) (born 25 August 1969) is a former Indian [[cricket]]er who played in two [[Test cricket|Test matches]] and three [[One Day International]]s in 1989 and 1990.<ref name=cricinfo1>{{cite web|title=India / Players / Vivek Razdan|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/33151.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/remembering-sachin-tendulkar-s-first-test/237407|title = Remembering Sachin Tendulkar's first Test|date = 24 October 2013}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110222052610/http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Photos-Sport/Sachin50thCentury/Article4-640501.aspx Hindustan Times]</ref> After his retirement, he became a [[Delhi]]-based cricket coach and commentator.

==Early life==
Razdan was born on August 25, 1969 in [[New Delhi]] into a [[Kashmiri Pandit]] family.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 11, 2020 |last=Faysal |first=Muhammad |url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2020/09/11/kashmiris-who-made-it-to-international-cricket/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240614121910/https://freepresskashmir.news/2020/09/11/kashmiris-who-made-it-to-international-cricket/ |archive-date=June 14, 2024 |title=Kashmiris who made it to International Cricket |quote=1. Vivek Razdan |publisher=[[Free Press Kashmir]] |language=en-IN }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Osborne |first=Bridget |date=February 21, 2021 |url=https://chiswickcalendar.co.uk/episode-43-kashmir-where-cricket-has-become-a-political-statement/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222054003/https://chiswickcalendar.co.uk/episode-43-kashmir-where-cricket-has-become-a-political-statement/ |archive-date=February 22, 2021 |title=Episode 43: Kashmir – where cricket has become a political statement |quote=He cites the first Kashmiri cricketers to gain international honours: Vivek Razdan, from the Hindu Pandit community, for India, and the Muslim Tahir Naqqash for Pakistan, both opening bowlers. |publisher=The Chiswick Calendar |language=en-UK }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jain |first=Rishabh |date=May 30, 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=June 14, 2024 |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/how-kashmiri-pace-sensation-umran-malik-took-indian-cricket-by-storm-57560 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530150440/https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/how-kashmiri-pace-sensation-umran-malik-took-indian-cricket-by-storm-57560 |archive-date=May 30, 2022 |title=How Kashmiri pace sensation Umran Malik took Indian cricket by storm |quote=It makes Malik the third ever cricketer from Indian-administered Kashmir to be selected to the Indian national team, after Parvez Rasool and Vivek Razdan. |publisher=[[TRT World]] |language=en-IN }}</ref> He attended [[St. Columba's School, Delhi]] and completed his Class 12 in 1987 from the [[Sardar Patel Vidyalaya]], Delhi.<ref>{{cite web | title =Vivek Razdan | work =Achievers | publisher =Old Columbans' Association | url =http://www.oldcolumban.net/achievers.html | access-date =9 April 2012 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120226125705/http://www.oldcolumban.net/achievers.html | archive-date =26 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last =Santhanam | first =S. | title =The best colts have come from this stable | newspaper =The Indian Express | date =20 July 1998 | url =http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/42766/ | access-date =9 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Career==
In an extremely brief Test career, Vivek Razdan bowled in just two innings for India on the 1989 tour of Pakistan, taking five wickets in the second of them in a fairytale beginning but he faded away just as swiftly as he had risen into the limelight. Having cut his teeth at the MRF Pace Foundation, Razdan, then 20, was selected for the trip to Pakistan on the basis of just two first class appearances, one each in the Duleep and Irani Trophies. After making his Test debut in virtual anonymity in the second Test at Faisalabad, Razdan came roaring back, using some disconcerting movement off the wicket to claim 5–79 in the final Test at Sialkot and help India to a 74-run first innings lead.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vivek Razdan |url=https://www.wisden.com/players/vivek-razdan-2498 |access-date=15 April 2025 |website=Wisden |language=en-GB}}</ref>

That was to be the extent of Razdan's Test opportunities and although going on the subsequent trip to New Zealand, he was not played in the Tests and took just one first class wicket on the entire tour. His third and last ODI against Sri Lanka was at home in the 90–91 season during which, based in Madras as an MRF trainee, he represented Tamil Nadu in the Ranji Trophy. Razdan was a key member of the Delhi squad that lifted the Ranji Trophy in 1991–92, making two hundreds, against Services off only 96 balls, and in the quarterfinal against Bengal, besides a crucial 93 in the final against his former team, Tamil Nadu. Apart from his exploits with the bat, he also grabbed 23 wickets at 25.82. But he soon slipped backstage and into anonymity, with his first-class career coming to a full stop two seasons later. He has since taken up television commentary.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Razdan, Vivek shani}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu cricketers]]
[[Category:Delhi cricketers]]
[[Category:North Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:South Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Delhi]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1960s-stub}}

Department of Human Resources Development (Andhra Pradesh)

2025-06-08T08:06:10Z

Aspjack: Adding the entry w/ refs...

{{Short description|Head of the Ministry of Education of the Government of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Minister of Human Resources Development
| body =
| native_name = {{transliteration|te|Mānava Vanarula Abhivr̥d'dhi Śākha Mantrī}}
| insignia =
| insigniasize = 200
| insigniacaption =
| insigniaalt =
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption = [[Emblem of Andhra Pradesh]]
| image = Nara Lokesh at public meet (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 150px
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent = [[Nara Lokesh]]
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 12 June 2024
| department = Department of Human Resources Development
| style =
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation = HRD
| member_of = [[Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers|Andha Pradesh Cabinet]]
| reports_to = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]] [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator =
| appointer = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]
| appointer_qualified = on the advice of the [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| inaugural = [[Ganta Srinivasa Rao]]
| formation = 8 June 2014
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| superseded_by =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{url|https://schooledu.ap.gov.in/samagrashiksha/|Official website}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Minister of Human Resources Development''' is the head of the '''Department of Education''' of the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]. One of the senior-most officers in the [[Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers|Cabinet of Andhra Pradesh]]. Occasionally, the minister is assisted by the Minister of State for Education.

From June 2014 to May 2019, following the bifurcation of [[United Andhra Pradesh]] into the present-day residual [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], the Education Minister of Andhra Pradesh was [[Ganta Srinivasa Rao]] of the [[Telugu Desam Party]]. Following the cabinet formation on 12 June 2024, [[Nara Lokesh]] assumed the office under the Chief Ministership of [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]].

== List of ministers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! rowspan=2 |#
! rowspan=2 colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan=2 style="width:16em" | Minister {{small|(Lifespan) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan=2 style="width:5em" |Election {{small|(Term)}}
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Ministry
! rowspan=2 style="width:10em" |Chief Minister
!rowspan=2 |Ref.
|-
!Term start
!Term end
!Duration
|-
!1
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[File:Ganta Srinivasarao.jpeg|97x97px]]
|'''[[Ganta Srinivasa Rao]]''' {{small|(born 1960) MLA for [[Bheemili Assembly constituency|Bheemili]]}}
|8 June 2014
|29 May 2019
|'''{{ayd|8 June 2014|29 May 2019}}'''
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] {{small|[[14th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(14th)]]}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|bgcolor="#F5EC7D"| '''[[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu III]]'''
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-08 |title=Chandrababu Naidu's Cabinet: Ayyanna, Ganta to be ministers |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140608/nation-current-affairs/article/chandrababu-naidu%E2%80%99s-cabinet-ayyanna-ganta-be-ministers |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=2022-08-20 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!2
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Audimulapu Suresh.png|97x97px]]
|'''[[Audimulapu Suresh]]''' {{small|(born 1964) MLA for [[Yerragondapalem Assembly constituency|Yerragondapalem]]}}
|8 June 2019
|7 April 2022
|'''{{ayd|8 June 2019|7 April 2022}}'''
|rowspan=2 |[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] {{small|[[15th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(15th)]]}}
| rowspan="2" |[[YSR Congress Party]]
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="#94A2F7"| '''[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry|Jagan]]'''
| rowspan="2" |[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |agency=TNN|date=Jun 8, 2019 |title=YS Jagan Cabinet Ministers List 2019: 25 ministers inducted into AP Cabinet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/andhra-pradesh-cm-ys-jagan-cabinet-ministers-complete-list/articleshow/69699829.cms |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!3
|[[File:Botsa Satyanarayana (cropped).png|97x97px]]
|'''[[Botsa Satyanarayana]]''' {{small|(born 1958) MLA for [[Cheepurupalli Assembly constituency|Cheepurupalli]]}}
|11 April 2022
|8 June 2024
|'''{{ayd|11 April 2022|8 June 2024}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-11 |title=Buggana retains finance, Vanitha gets Home |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/buggana-retains-finance-vanithagets-home/article65311357.ece |access-date=2022-08-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
!4
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[File:Nara Lokesh at public meet (cropped).jpg|97x97px]]
|'''[[Nara Lokesh]]''' {{small|(born 1983) MLA for [[Mangalagiri Assembly constituency|Mangalagiri]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|'''{{ayd|12 June 2024|}}'''
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] {{small|[[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(16th)]]}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|bgcolor="#F5EC7D"| '''[[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu IV]]'''
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-14 |title=Full list of Andhra Pradesh Cabinet Ministers with portfolios: Who gets what |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/andhra-pradesh-council-of-ministers-full-list/article68288989.ece |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.AndhraPradeshtoday.in/Andhra Pradesh/story/amit-shah-home-minister-rajnath-finance-minister-new-list-of-cabinet-ministers-in-modi-govt-1539264-2019-05-31 Amit Shah take charge of EducationMinistry of Andhra Pradesh 2019]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Education (Andhra Pradesh) Minister}}

[[Category:Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ministry of Education (India)]]
[[Category:Lists of government ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]

Kenneth Anson

2025-05-21T05:59:46Z

Aspjack: cleaned up information as per guidelines and added references per sources

{{short description|English cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name =
| image =
| country = England
| fullname = Kenneth George Anson
| nickname =
| birth_date = 13 January 1913
| birth_place = [[Sevenoaks]], [[Kent]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1993|12|16|1913|1|13|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Worthing]], [[Sussex]], England
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| batting = Unknown
| bowling = Unknown
| role =
| family = [[James Anson]] (brother)
| club1 = [[Europeans cricket team|Europeans]]
| year1 = 1940/41
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches1 = 1
| runs1 = 5
| bat avg1 = 2.50
| 100s/50s1 = –/–
| top score1 = 4
| deliveries1 = 66
| wickets1 = 1
| bowl avg1 = 44.00
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = 1/44
| catches/stumpings1 = –/–
| date = 27 November
| year = 2022
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/kenneth-anson-26411 ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Kenneth George Anson''' (13 January 1913 — 16 December 1993) was an [[English people|English]] first-class [[cricket]]er and an officer in both the [[British Indian Army]] and the [[British Army]].

Anson was born at [[Sevenoaks]] in January 1913 and was educated in Scotland at [[Fettes College]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://resources.finalsite.net/images/v1618226688/fettescom/o5jdits81opcgwqw0bk9/SadlyDepartedList-April2021.pdf|title=Sadly Departed - April 2021|page=85|publisher=[[Fettes College]]|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> From there, he attended the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], graduating as a [[Second lieutenant#United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries|second lieutenant]] into the unattached list of the [[British Indian Army]] in February 1933.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33908|date=3 February 1933|page=744}}</ref>

He joined the British Indian Army on the 22 September 1934<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34105|date=16 November 1934|page=7358}}</ref> and was appointed to the 2nd battalion, 8th Gurkha Rifles <ref>July 1939 Indian Army List</ref> with promotion to [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] following in May 1935.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34173|date=21 June 1935|page=4012}}</ref> He transferred to the Indian Army Ordnance Corps (on probation) on 9 May 1938.<ref>July 1939 Indian Army List</ref>

Anson served in the [[Second World War]], during which he was promoted to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] in February 1941.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=35165|date=16 May 1941|page=2827}}</ref>

While serving in [[British India]] during the war, Anson made a single appearance in [[first-class cricket]] for the [[Europeans cricket team]] against [[The Rest cricket team|The Rest]] in the 1940–41 [[Bombay Quadrangular|Bombay Pentangular Tournament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/12/12627/First-Class_Matches.html|title=First-Class Matches played by Kenneth Anson|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=27 November 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He took the wicket of [[Vijay Hazare]] in The Rest's first innings for the cost of 44 runs. Batting twice in the match from the [[Batting order (cricket)#Middle order|middle order]], he was dismissed for a single run by [[Jacob Harris (cricketer)|Jacob Harris]] in the Europeans first innings, while [[follow-on|following-on]] in their second innings he was dismissed for 4 runs by the same bowler.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/17/17288.html|title=Europeans v The Rest, Bombay Pentangular Tournament 1940/41 (Semi-Final)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=27 November 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Following the war, he was promoted to [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]] in July 1946.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=38069|date=12 September 1947|page=4287}}</ref> With [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian Independence in 1947]], Anson was transferred from the now defunct British Indian Army to the [[British Army]] and the [[Royal Army Ordnance Corps]],<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=38187|date=23 January 1948|page=634|supp=y}}</ref> with him retiring from the army as a Major and honorary Lieutenant Colonel in February 1958.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=41341|date=18 March 1958|page=1839|supp=y}}</ref> Anson died at [[Worthing]] in December 1993. His brother, [[James Anson|James]], was also a first-class cricketer.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cricinfo|id=26411}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anson, Kenneth}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Sevenoaks]]
[[Category:People educated at Fettes College]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:English cricketers]]
[[Category:Europeans cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Army Ordnance Corps officers]]

Manoor mandal

2025-05-14T00:53:18Z

Aspjack: Details

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Manoor
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Mandal
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sangareddy district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 502286
| registration_plate = TS 15
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Zaheerabad
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Narayankhed
}}

'''Manoor''' is a [[Tehsil|Mandal]] in [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]] [[Medak district|district]] of [[Telangana]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 13, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

The villages in Manoor mandal include: Athimail, Audathpur, Badalgaon, Bellapur, Borancha, Damargidda, Danvar, Davvur, Dudhagonda, Eanakpally, Erakpalle, Gondegam, Gudur, Karsgutti Kharamungi, Maikode, Manoor, Morgi, Mavinelly, Nadi Gadda, Hukrana Nagalagidda, Pulkurthy, Raipalle, Shari Damargidda, Shelgera, Thimmapur, Thornal, Tumnur, Valloor, [[Yelgoi]], Yesgi etc..

This the most backward mandal in the district. The road connectivity within the mandal and with other parts of the district is very poor. Poor literacy levels are recorded as per the census 2011 and 2014. It comes under [[Narayankhed]] Revenue Division.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:Mandals in Medak district]]

{{Medak-geo-stub}}

Santosh Varkade

2025-01-26T20:36:48Z

Aspjack: Adding pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Sihora Assembly constituency|Sihora]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Santosh Varkade''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Sihora Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sihora Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Sihora Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/sihora-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sihora assembly election results 2023: Sihora Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/sihora-assembly-result-12102 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varkade, Santosh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}